document_title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

question_text: what is the setting of the wizard of oz

question_tokens: what is the setting of the wizard of oz

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

text: Publication[edit]

text: The book was published by George M. Hill Company. Its first edition had a printing of 10,000 copies and was sold in advance of the publication date of September 1, 1900. On May 17, 1900, the first copy of the book came off the press; Baum assembled it by hand and presented it to his sister Mary Louise Baum Brewster. The public saw the book for the first time at a book fair at the Palmer House in Chicago, July 5–20. The book's copyright was registered on August 1; full distribution followed in September.[1] By October 1900, the first edition had already sold out and the second edition of 15,000 copies was nearly depleted.[2]

text: In a letter to his brother Harry, Baum wrote that the book's publisher George M. Hill predicted a sale of about 250,000 copies. In spite of this favorable conjecture, Hill did not initially predict that the book would be phenomenally successful. He agreed to publish the book only when the manager of the Chicago Grand Opera House Fred R. Hamlin committed to making The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a musical stage play to publicize the novel. The play The Wizard of Oz debuted on June 16, 1902. It was revised to suit adult preferences and was crafted as a "musical extravaganza", with the costumes modeled after Denslow's drawings. Hill's publishing company became bankrupt in 1901, so Baum and Denslow agreed to have the Indianapolis-based Bobbs-Merrill Company resume publishing the novel.[3]

text: Baum's son Harry Neal told the Chicago Tribune in 1944 that L. Frank told his children "whimsical stories before they became material for his books". Harry called his father the "swellest man I knew", a man who was able to give a decent reason as to why black birds cooked in a pie could afterwards get out and sing.[4]

text: By 1938, more than one million copies of the book had been printed.[5] Less than two decades later in 1956, the sales of his novel had grown to three million copies in print.[3]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dorothy is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry and her little dog Toto on a farm in the Kansas prairies. One day, Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that deposits her farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz. The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East, the evil ruler of the Munchkins. The Good Witch of the North arrives with three other grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical Silver Shoes that once belonged to the Wicked witch. The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home is to go to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her. As Dorothy embarks on her journey, the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead, giving her magical protection from harm.

text: On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. The next day, Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted connections of the Tin Woodman, and meets the Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages the three of them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. After several adventures, the travelers enter the gates of the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard. The Wizard appears to Dorothy as a giant head on a marble throne, the Scarecrow as a lovely lady in silk gauze, the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire. The Wizard agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch.

text: The Wicked Witch of the West sees the travelers approaching with her one telescopic eye. She sends a pack of wolves to tear them to pieces, but the Tin Woodman kills them with his axe. She sends wild crows to peck their eyes out, but the Scarecrow kills them by breaking their necks. She summons a swarm of black bees to sting them, but they are killed trying to sting the Tin Woodman while the Scarecrow's straw hides the other three. She sends her Winkie soldiers to attack them, but the Cowardly Lion stands firm to repel them. Finally, she uses the power of the Golden Cap to send the winged monkeys to capture Dorothy, Toto, and the Cowardly Lion, unstuff the Scarecrow, and dent the Tin Woodman. Dorothy is forced to become the Wicked Witch's personal slave, while the witch schemes to steal Dorothy's Silver Shoes.

text: The Wicked Witch successfully tricks Dorothy out of one of her Silver Shoes. Angered, Dorothy throws a bucket of water at her and is shocked to see the witch melt away. The Winkies rejoice at being freed of the witch's tyranny and help restuff the Scarecrow and mend the Tin Woodman. They ask the Tin Woodman to become their ruler, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Dorothy finds the Golden Cap and summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and her companions back to the Emerald City. The King of the Winged Monkeys tells how he and the other monkeys are bound by an enchantment to the cap by the sorceress Gayelette from the North, and that Dorothy may use the cap to summon the Winged Monkeys two more times.

text: When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again, Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals the Wizard. He sadly explains he is a humbug—an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz long ago from Omaha. The Wizard provides the Scarecrow with a head full of bran, pins, and needles ("a lot of bran-new brains"), the Tin Woodman with a silk heart stuffed with sawdust, and the Cowardly Lion a potion of "courage". Their faith in the Wizard's power gives these items a focus for their desires. The Wizard decides to take Dorothy and Toto home and leave the Emerald City. At the send-off, he appoints the Scarecrow to rule in his stead, which he agrees to do after Dorothy returns to Kansas. Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him, but the tethers of the balloon break and the Wizard floats away.

text: Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and Toto home, but they explain they cannot cross the desert surrounding Oz. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers informs Dorothy that Glinda the Good Witch of the South may be able to help her return home, so the friends begin their journey to see Glinda, who lives in Oz's Quadling Country. On the way, the Cowardly Lion kills a giant spider who is terrorizing the animals in a forest. The animals ask the Cowardly Lion to become their king, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys a third time to fly them over a mountain to Glinda's palace. Glinda greets the travelers and reveals that the Silver Shoes Dorothy wears can take her anywhere she wishes to go. Dorothy embraces her friends, all of whom will be returned to their new kingdoms through Glinda's three uses of the Golden Cap: the Scarecrow to the Emerald City, the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country, and the Lion to the forest; after which the cap shall be given to the King of the Winged Monkeys, freeing them. Dorothy takes Toto in her arms, knocks her heels together three times, and wishes to return home. Instantly, she begins whirling through the air and rolling through the grass of the Kansas prairie, up to her Kansas farmhouse. She is now in her stocking feet; her shoes were lost forever in the desert. Dorothy runs to her Aunt Em, saying "I'm so glad to be at home again!"

text: Illustration and design[edit]

text: The book was illustrated by Baum's friend and collaborator W. W. Denslow, who also co-held the copyright. The design was lavish for the time, with illustrations on many pages, backgrounds in different colors, and several color plate illustrations.[citation needed] In September 1900, The Grand Rapids Herald wrote that Denslow's illustrations are "quite as much of the story as in the writing". The editorial opined that had it not been for Denslow's pictures, the readers would be unable to picture precisely the figures of Dorothy, Toto, and the other characters.[6]

text: The distinctive look led to imitators at the time, most notably Eva Katherine Gibson's Zauberlinda, the Wise Witch, which mimicked both the typography and the illustration design of Oz.[7] The typeface was the newly designed Monotype Old Style. Denslow's illustrations were so well known that merchants of many products obtained permission to use them to promote their wares. The forms of the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, the Wizard, and Dorothy were made into rubber and metal sculptures. Costume jewelry, mechanical toys, and soap were also designed using their figures.[8]

text: A new edition of the book appeared in 1944, with illustrations by Evelyn Copelman.[9] Although it was claimed that the new illustrations were based on Denslow's originals, they more closely resemble the characters as seen in the famous 1939 film version of Baum's book.[10]

text: Sources of images and ideas[edit]

text: Baum acknowledged the influence of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, which he was deliberately revising in his "American fairy tales" to include the wonder without the horrors.[11]

text: The Land of Oz and other locations[edit]

text: Local legend has it that Oz, also known as The Emerald City, was inspired by a prominent castle-like building in the community of Castle Park near Holland, Michigan, where Baum lived during the summer. The yellow brick road was derived from a road at that time paved by yellow bricks. These bricks were located in Peekskill, New York, where Baum attended the Peekskill Military Academy. Baum scholars often refer to the 1893 Chicago World's Fair (the "White City") as an inspiration for the Emerald City. Other legends suggest that the inspiration came from the Hotel Del Coronado near San Diego, California. Baum was a frequent guest at the hotel and had written several of the Oz books there.[12] In a 1903 interview with Publishers Weekly,[13] Baum said that the name "OZ" came from his file cabinet labeled "O–Z".[14]

text: Some critics have suggested that Baum may have been inspired by Australia, a relatively new country at the time of the book's original publication. Australia is often colloquially spelled or referred to as "Oz". Furthermore, in Ozma of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are traveling by ship to Australia. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent somewhere to the west of California with inhabited regions bordering on a great desert. One might imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in the center of the great Australian desert.[15]

text: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland[edit]

text: Another influence lay in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. A September 1900 review in the Grand Rapids Herald called The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a "veritable Alice in Wonderland brought up to the present day standard of juvenile literature".[6] Baum found Carroll's plots incoherent, but he identified the books' source of popularity as Alice herself, a child with whom the child readers could identify; this influenced his choice of a protagonist.[11] Baum was also influenced by Carroll's belief that children's books should have many pictures and be pleasurable to read. Carroll rejected the Victorian-era ideology that children's books should be saturated with morals, instead believing that children should be allowed to be children. Building on Carroll's style of numerous images accompanying the text, Baum combined the conventional features of a fairy tale (witches and wizards) with the well-known things in his readers' lives (scarecrows and cornfields).[16]

text: American fantasy story[edit]

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is considered the first American fairy tale because of its references to clear American locations such as Kansas and Omaha. Baum agreed with authors such as Carroll that fantasy literature was important for children, along with numerous illustrations, but he also wanted to create a story that had recognizable American elements in it, such as farming and industrialization.[17]

text: Baum's personal life[edit]

text: Many of the characters, props, and ideas in the novel were drawn from Baum's experiences. As a child, Baum frequently had nightmares of a scarecrow pursuing him across a field. Moments before the scarecrow's "ragged hay fingers" nearly gripped his neck, it would fall apart before his eyes. Decades later, as an adult, Baum integrated his tormentor into the novel as the Scarecrow.[18] According to his son Harry, the Tin Woodman was born from Baum's attraction to window displays. He wished to make something captivating for the window displays, so he used an eclectic assortment of scraps to craft a striking figure. From a washboiler he made a body, from bolted stovepipes he made arms and legs, and from the bottom of a saucepan he made a face. Baum then placed a funnel hat on the figure, which ultimately became the Tin Woodman.[19] John D. Rockefeller was the nemesis of Baum's father, an oil baron who declined to purchase Standard Oil shares in exchange for selling his own oil refinery. Baum scholar Evan I. Schwartz posited that Rockefeller inspired one of the Wizard's numerous faces. In one scene in the novel, the Wizard is seen as a "tyrannical, hairless head". When Rockefeller was 54 years old, the medical condition alopecia caused him to lose every strand of hair on his head, making people fearful of speaking to him.[20]

text: In the early 1880s, Baum's play Matches was being performed when a "flicker from a kerosene lantern sparked the rafters", causing the Baum opera house to be consumed by flames. Scholar Evan I. Schwartz suggested that this might have inspired the Scarecrow's severest terror: "There is only one thing in the world I am afraid of. A lighted match."[21]

text: In 1890, Baum lived in Aberdeen, which was experiencing a drought, and he wrote a witty story in his "Our Landlady" column in Aberdeen's The Saturday Pioneer[22] about a farmer who gave green goggles to his horses, causing them to believe that the wood chips that they were eating were pieces of grass. Similarly, the Wizard made the people in the Emerald City wear green goggles so that they would believe that their city was built from emeralds.[23]

text: During Baum's short stay in Aberdeen, the dissemination of myths about the plentiful West continued. However, the West, instead of being a wonderland, turned into a wasteland because of a drought and a depression. In 1891, Baum moved his family from South Dakota to Chicago. At that time, Chicago was getting ready for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Scholar Laura Barrett stated that Chicago was "considerably more akin to Oz than to Kansas". After discovering that the myths about the West's incalculable riches were baseless, Baum created "an extension of the American frontier in Oz". In many respects, Baum's creation is similar to the actual frontier save for the fact that the West was still undeveloped at the time. The Munchkins Dorothy encounters at the beginning of the novel represent farmers, as do the Winkies she later meets.[24]

text: Baum's wife frequently visited her niece, Dorothy Louise Gage. The infant became gravely sick and died on November 11, 1898, from "congestion of the brain" at exactly five months. When the baby, whom Maud adored as the daughter she never had, died, she was devastated and needed to consume medicine.[25] To assuage her distress, Frank made his protagonist of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a female named Dorothy.[26] Uncle Henry was modeled after Henry Gage, his wife Maud's father. Bossed around by his wife Matilda, Henry rarely dissented with her. He flourished in business, though, and his neighbors looked up to him. Likewise, Uncle Henry was a "passive but hard-working man" who "looked stern and solemn, and rarely spoke".[27] The witches in the novel were influenced by witch-hunting research gathered by Baum's mother-in-law, Matilda. The stories of barbarous acts against accused witches scared Baum. Two key events in the novel involve wicked witches who both meet their death through metaphorical means.[28]

text: Baum held different jobs, moved a lot, and was exposed to many people, so the inspiration for the story could have been taken from many different aspects of his life.[29] In the introduction to the story, Baum writes that "it aspires to being a modernized fairy tale, in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the heart-aches and nightmares are left out."[30] This is one of the explanations that he gives for the inspiration for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Baum, a former salesman of china, wrote in chapter 20 about china that had sprung to life.[23]

text: Influence of Denslow[edit]

text: The original illustrator of the novel, W. W. Denslow, could also have influenced the story and the way it has been interpreted. Baum and Denslow had a close working relationship and worked together to create the presentation of the story through the images and the text. Color is an important element of the story and is present throughout the images, with each chapter having a different color representation. Denslow also added characteristics to his drawings that Baum never described. For example, Denslow drew a house and the gates of the Emerald City with faces on them. In the later Oz books, John R. Neill, who illustrated all of the sequels, continued to include these faces on gates.[31]

text: Allusions to 19th-century America[edit]

text: Baum did not offer any conclusive proof that he intended his novel to be a political allegory. Historian Ranjit S. Dighe wrote that for 60 years after the book's publication, "virtually nobody" had such an interpretation until Henry Littlefield, a high-school teacher.[32] In his 1964 American Quarterly article, "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism",[33] Littlefield posited that the book contained an allegory of the late 19th-century bimetallism debate regarding monetary policy.[34]

text: Not only did Baum draw inspiration from the American land around him, but he also created Oz to display an American utopia where the issues of the day were solved. There is little distinction between utopia and fairy-tale land.[35] Baum believed that the imagination was the best tool for creating a striving society. In a later book in the Oz series, Baum writes: "imaginations and dreams are likely to lead to the betterment of the world. The imaginative child will become the imaginative man or woman most apt to create, to invent and, therefore, to foster civilization."[36] In this way, Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a modern fairy tale depicting Oz as an American utopia that displays numerous allusions and solutions to issues in the late 19th and early 20th century.

text: The realm of Oz very closely resembles America. It contains four countries, the Land of the North, East, West, and South, and the national capital, the Emerald City. America and its inhabitants are often divided into similar categories such as Midwestern, Southern, etc. These locations are also separated by an American color scheme that was relevant to America during the 19th century.[37] The color blue represents the industrial East known for the blue-collar jobs. The South is red for the red earth it contains or the "redneck" inhabitants. Yellow describes the West, denoting the California gold rush. Finally, the Emerald City as Washington D. C., denoting greenbacks and money of the country.

text: The villains of the story are the Wicked Witch of the West and the Wicked Witch of the East. The wicked witches use their power to control and enslave their subjects. There was an equal balance between good and evil, and until this balance was altered, there could be no change or development in Oz. This standoff can be seen as an allusion between the different political parties in America. The Wicked Witch of the West represents the American West, including the wealthy railroad, oil barons, and nature. The American West's greatest weapon in the 19th century, though, was nature, most malignantly the drought. The effects lasted longer than any fire or twister, and a long enough drought could ruin a whole year's worth of crops. Thus, water as the weapon to kill the Witch of the West is quite poetic. The brown mass the witch's remains turn into resembles mud after a heavy storm. Dorothy even cleans the melted witch off the floor and her shoes as if she had walked through a rainy puddle.

text: Baum's Wicked Witch of the East has been suggested to represent Eastern financial and industrial interests, such as Wall Street, which oppresses the agricultural citizens.[38] The Witch of the East enslaved her subjects much as industrialism was thought to enslave the working class in 19th-century Eastern America. Once Dorothy killed the Wicked Witch of the East the balance of power could be shifted. Both these groups opposed Populist efforts to move the U.S. to a bimetallic monetary standard since this would have devalued the dollar and made investments less valuable. Workers and poor farmers supported the move away from the gold standard, as this would have lessened their crushing debt burdens. The Populist party sought to build a coalition of Southern and Midwestern tenant farmers and Northern industrial workers. These groups are represented in the book by the Good Witches of the North and South.

text: At the beginning of the novel, Dorothy is swept from her farm to Oz by a cyclone, which was frequently compared to the Free Silver movement in Baum's time.[33] The yellow brick road represents the gold standard, and the Silver Shoes, which enable Dorothy to travel more comfortably, symbolizes the Populist Party's desire to construct a bimetallic standard of both gold and silver in place of the gold standard. "Oz" is the abbreviated form of ounce, a standard measure of gold.[39] When Dorothy and the Scarecrow walk through the forest, the road begins to be rough and patchy, causing the Scarecrow to trip and fall numerous times. The Scarecrow's falls on the yellow brick road resemble the damage farmers faced owing to deflation caused by the scarcity of gold. Dorothy, however, simply "walks around" the holes in the road, showing that the bimetallic standard works. Even when gold was scarce, the other metal in the bimetal system would be relatively cheap, therefore one bypasses deflation.[40] Throughout the book, most of the characters do not know the magic behind the silver shoes. It is not until Dorothy meets Glinda, the good Witch of the South, that she finds out that the silver shoes have had the power to transfer her back to Kansas all along. Baum is possibly alluding to the fact that the bimetallic standard has been a working solution to the economic crisis all along, though no one knows how to do it. Once Dorothy clicks her heels three times, she returns to Kansas, where she realizes that "The Silver Shoes had fallen off in her flight through the air, and were lost forever in the desert." The silver shoes were lost, much like the fight for the bimetallic standard, which began to fade away in 1900.

text: The Wizard is the national leader of Oz, thus it is fitting for him to symbolize the President(s) of the United States during the 19th century.[38] Politicians have been known to have many faces; it is a must if they want to be able to be everything for everyone. The Great and Terrible Wizard of Oz agrees to meet with each traveler separately, allowing him to alter his appearance to best fit each character. When the gang returns having completed the Wizard's task, they discover that the Wizard is a fake and is actually just "a common man" who has made everyone believe he was powerful. The Scarecrow adds that he is a humbug, in which the Wizard gladly says that is he is exactly that. The Wizard made promises he could not keep, as did many 19th-century politicians. The Wizard later states: "How can I help being a humbug… when all these people make me do things that everyone knows can't be done," showing that he was able to deceive others because others were willing to be deceived.

text: While journeying to the Emerald City, Dorothy encounters a scarecrow, who represents a farmer. The Scarecrow believes he is a fool, since his head is full of straw and not brains. Four years before the book's release, William Allen White, a journalist from Chicago, published an article titled "What's the Matter With Kansas?" In the article White questions why Kansas is unsatisfied and sarcastically answers saying America needs "fewer white shirts and brains", implying Western farmers were ignorant, lazy and bad businessmen.[41] The Scarecrow shares this opinion and doubts himself, believing he is inferior without a brain. In the same year White published his article, William Jennings Bryan delivered his famous "Cross of Gold speech" at the 1896 Democratic Convention. Bryan fought for the farmers and argued against such accusations made by White, exclaiming: "The farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day, begins in the spring and toils all summer, and by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of this country creates wealth, is as much a businessman as the man who goes upon the Board of Trade and bets upon the price of grain."[42] Baum shares Bryan's view on American farmers by showing that the Scarecrow is sharp and capable by his actions throughout the book. The book ends with "farm interests achieving national importance" and farmers' true potential in politics being revealed once the illusion of ignorance has been removed.

text: The next companion Dorothy meets on the yellow brick road is the Tin Woodman who has been cursed by the now deceased Wicked Witch of the East. He was once a hard worker yearning to earn money to start a family with a Munchkin girl. The witch enchanted his axe so that the Woodman chopped off each of his limbs and eventually his body. Each time a tinner healed the Woodman by replacing his body with tin, however once the Tin Woodman's heart was removed he could no longer love. The Tin Woodman symbolizes the Eastern working man competing in an industrialized society. The 19th-century man had to keep up with the machine in order to be useful and relevant. In this way the Witch of the East's curse "dehumanized a simple laborer so that the faster and better he worked the more quickly he became a kind of machine."[38] The Tin Woodman was caught in the rain and rusted in the same position for one year before Dorothy oils his joints to set him free. The Tin Woodman's year of waiting is parallel to the unemployment of Eastern workers during the severe depression of 1893-1897. His calls of help that were never heard relate to President Grover Cleveland's "hard-hearted refusal" to take action during this time to reinstate the economy.[38] While the Tin Woodman stood still for a year, he finally slowed down enough to ponder life. During this time, he discovers that "the greatest loss [he] had known was the loss of [his] heart" for without it he cannot love. Baum portrays the Tin Woodman as an Eastern worker who lost sight of family values for a moment. Part of the Progressive movement in the 19th century was to reestablish the family as the center of American life. The curse of the Tin Woodman by the Wicked Witch of the East is consistent with the depiction of the witch representing Wall Street and other Eastern big businesses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

text: The final addition to the traveling party is the Cowardly Lion. This character is hypothesized to be the famous Populist politician William Jennings Bryan. The muscular, six-foot-tall (183 cm) political figure was known as a compassionate but powerful speaker, which could be compared to a lion's roar.[43] Throughout the book, Baum is mostly sympathetic towards populist characters such as the Scarecrow; thus it seems odd that Baum would refer to the character portraying Bryan as cowardly.[44] However, the late 19th century began an age of American expansionism in which the United States struggled to gain control of countries like Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain. Bryan's non-violent and anti-imperialist stance on the popular Spanish–American War of 1898 was often referred to as unpatriotic and cowardly. Baum seems to take this criticism and turn it into a complaint towards Bryan, showing that although the Lion is the King of the Beasts it shows more bravery to stand by than to run in towards unnecessary obstacles, no matter how popular. The Cowardly Lion's first encounter with the Tin Woodman shows support for both of their characters being based on Bryan and Eastern industrial workers, respectively. When they meet, the Cowardly Lion strikes the Tin Woodman with his sharp claws, but to his surprise "he could make no impression on the tin, although the Woodman fell over in the road and lay still." This refers to Bryan's inability to get votes in the 1896 presidential election from Eastern workers owing to pressure from their employers to vote for McKinley.[38] Bryan himself said, "During the campaign I ran across various evidences of coercion, direct and indirect."[45] Other historical sources share this opinion noting, "for some reason labor remained singularly unimpressed." Thus, the Cowardly Lion's claws did not pierce the Tin Woodman body, just as Bryan's roar did not leave an impression with Eastern industrial workers.

text: Baum's fairy tale contains many other allusions to American life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For instance, Dorothy's loyal companion, Toto, could be a play on "teetotalers" which is a person who never drinks alcohol.[46] The prohibitionists deemed alcohol consumption should be unlawful and they were longtime political allies of Populists during the late 19th century. Toto trots "soberly" behind Dorothy on their adventure. The Winged Monkeys have been thought to resemble the Plains Indians who were "once free people" but were now enslaved by the Wicked Witch of the West. Their actions can be good or bad depending on how they are controlled; however, they "belong to this country alone" and therefore cannot leave, as can be said for American Indians.[38] The Yellow Winkies that inhabit the Land of the West could represent Asian workers in California during the gold rush; their harsh work environment can be seen as enslavement.[38] The lenses that the groups must wear before entering the City of Oz to dim the emeralds' shine turn out to be fake, like the Wizard. The Emerald City is not a city made of emeralds but a plain, white city where the emerald color lenses cast a green hue on everything and everyone. This shows that anything can be made to look spectacular if you allow yourself to be tricked. Baum traveled all over the United States and would have been introduced to all these events in the 19th century, making it very likely that he drew inspiration from the land around him.

text: Baum's modernized fairy tale, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, ends with both the Wicked Witch of the East and West defeated and Dorothy, Toto and the Wizard returning to the United States. The Scarecrow reigns over the Emerald City; thus farmers achieve national importance. The Tin Woodman brings industrialization to the Land of the West. The Cowardly Lion becomes the protector in the Grand Old Forest, as Bryan commanded a smaller number of politicians.[38]

text: Littlefield's thesis achieved some support, but has been strenuously attacked by others.[47][48][49]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has become an established part of multiple cultures, spreading from its early young American readership to becoming known throughout the world. It has been translated or adapted into well over fifty languages, at times being modified in local variations. For instance, in some abridged Indian editions, the Tin Woodman was replaced with a horse.[50] In Russia, a translation by Alexander Melentyevich Volkov produced six books, The Wizard of the Emerald City series, which became progressively distanced from the Baum version, as Ellie and her dog Totoshka travel throughout the Magic Land. The 1939 film adaptation has become a classic of popular culture, shown annually on American television from 1959 to 1991 and then several times a year every year beginning in 1999.[51] More recently, the story has become an American stage production with an all-black cast, set in the context of modern African-American culture.[52][53]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
This last story of The Wizard is ingeniously woven out of commonplace material. It is, of course, an extravaganza, but will surely be found to appeal strongly to child readers as well as to the younger children, to whom it will be read by mothers or those having charge of the entertaining of children. There seems to be an inborn love of stories in child minds, and one of the most familiar and pleading requests of children is to be told another story.

The drawing as well as the introduced color work vies with the texts drawn, and the result has been a book that rises far above the average children's book of today, high as is the present standard....

The book has a bright and joyous atmosphere, and does not dwell upon killing and deeds of violence. Enough stirring adventure enters into it, however, to flavor it with zest, and it will indeed be strange if there be a normal child who will not enjoy the story.
“
”

The New York Times, September 8, 1900[54]

tag: div

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz received positive critical reviews upon release. In a September 1900 review, The New York Times praised the novel, writing that it would appeal to child readers and to younger children who could not read yet. The review also praised the illustrations for being a pleasant complement to the text.[54]

text: During the first 50 years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz's publication in 1900, it received little critical analysis from scholars of children's literature. According to Ruth Berman of Science Fiction Studies, the lists of suggested reading published for juvenile readers never contained Baum's work. The lack of interest stemmed from the scholars' misgivings about fantasy, as well as to their belief that lengthy series had little literary merit.[55]

text: It has frequently come under fire over the years. In 1957, the director of Detroit's libraries banned The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for having "no value" for children of his day, for supporting "negativism", and for bringing children's minds to a "cowardly level". Professor Russel B. Nye of Michigan State University countered that "if the message of the Oz books—love, kindness, and unselfishness make the world a better place—seems of no value today", then maybe the time is ripe for "reassess[ing] a good many other things besides the Detroit library's approved list of children's books".[56]

text: In 1986, seven Fundamentalist Christian families in Tennessee opposed the novel's inclusion in the public school syllabus and filed a lawsuit.[57][58] They based their opposition to the novel on its depicting benevolent witches and promoting the belief that integral human attributes were "individually developed rather than God given".[58] One parent said, "I do not want my children seduced into godless supernaturalism".[59] Other reasons included the novel's teaching that females are equal to males and that animals are personified and can speak. The judge ruled that when the novel was being discussed in class, the parents were allowed to have their children leave the classroom.[57]

text: Leonard Everett Fisher of The Horn Book Magazine wrote in 2000 that Oz has "a timeless message from a less complex era, and it continues to resonate". The challenge of valuing oneself during impending adversity has not, Fisher noted, lessened during the prior 100 years.[60]

text: In a 2002 review, Bill Delaney of Salem Press praised Baum for giving children the opportunity to discover magic in the mundane things in their everyday lives. He further commended Baum for teaching "millions of children to love reading during their crucial formative years".[16]

text: The Library of Congress has declared The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to be "America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale", also naming it the first American fantasy for children and one of the most-read children's books.[61]

text: Editions[edit]

text: After George M. Hill's bankruptcy in 1902, copyright in the book passed to the Bobbs-Merrill Company. The editions they published lacked most of the in-text color and color plates of the original. It was not until the book entered the public domain in 1956 that new editions, either with the original color plates, or new illustrations, proliferated. Notable among them are the 1986 Pennyroyal edition illustrated by Barry Moser, which was reprinted by the University of California Press, and the 2000 Annotated Wizard of Oz edited by Michael Patrick Hearn, which was published by W.W. Norton and included all the original color illustrations, as well as supplemental artwork by Denslow. Other centennial editions included University Press of Kansas's Kansas Centennial Edition, illustrated by Michael McCurdy with black-and-white illustrations, and Robert Sabuda's pop-up book.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz without any thought of a sequel. After reading the novel, thousands of children wrote letters to him, requesting that he craft another story about Oz. In 1904, he wrote and published the first sequel, The Marvelous Land of Oz, explaining that he grudgingly wrote the sequel to address the popular demand.[62] Baum also wrote sequels in 1907, 1908, and 1909. In his 1911 The Emerald City of Oz, he wrote that he could not continue writing sequels because Ozland had lost contact with the rest of the world. The children refused to accept this story, so Baum, in 1913 and every year thereafter until his death in May 1919, wrote an Oz book, ultimately writing 13 sequels. The Chicago Tribune's Russell MacFall wrote that Baum explained the purpose of his novels in a note he penned to his sister, Mary Louise Brewster, in a copy of Mother Goose in Prose (1897), his first book. He wrote, "To please a child is a sweet and a lovely thing that warms one's heart and brings its own reward."[3] After Baum's death in 1919, Baum's publishers delegated the creation of more sequels to Ruth Plumly Thompson who wrote 21.[16] An original Oz book was published every Christmas between 1913 and 1942.[63] By 1956, five million copies of the Oz books had been published in the English language, while hundreds of thousands had been published in eight foreign languages.[3]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has been adapted to other media numerous times, most famously in The Wizard of Oz, the 1939 film starring Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr. Until this version, the book had inspired a number of now less well known stage and screen adaptations, including a profitable 1902 Broadway musical and three silent films. The 1939 film was considered innovative because of its songs, special effects, and revolutionary use of the new Technicolor.[64]

text: The story has been translated into other languages (at least once without permission) and adapted into comics several times. Following the lapse of the original copyright, the characters have been adapted and reused in spin-offs, unofficial sequels, and reinterpretations, some of which have been controversial in their treatment of Baum's characters.[citation needed]


document_title: Jane the Virgin (season 4)

question_text: when does jane the virgin season 4 episode 13 come out

root

text: Jane the Virgin (season 4)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva
Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana de la Vega
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano/Anezka Archuletta
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Garcia
Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega
Anthony Mendez as the Latin Lover Narrator (voice over)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro
Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver
Justina Machado as Darci Factor
Bridget Regan as Rose Solano
Priscilla Barnes as Magda
Shelly Bhalla as Krishna
Rosario Dawson as Jane "J.R." Ramos
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge Garcia

text: Special Guest Star[edit]

text: Brooke Shields as River Fields

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Francisco San Martin as Fabian Regalo del Cielo
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan
Sharon Osbourne as herself
Julie Chen as herself
Sara Gilbert as herself
Sheryl Underwood as herself
Eve as herself
Melanie Mayron as Marlene Donaldson
Eva Longoria as herself
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez
Amy Brenneman as Donna

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

65
1
"Chapter Sixty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
0.68[1]

Picking up immediately after where Season 3 left off, Jane is reunited with her first love, Adam, who found the love letter that Michael wrote. She is surprised, but happy, to see him. However, both Xo and Alba are less thrilled that he is back. Meanwhile, Rafael loses ownership of the hotel to his sister and as a result, he finds himself living at Jane's house, broke and homeless. Jane and Rafael learn that the missing Petra has been found after she got away from Anezka and they rush to her side, but Anezka is nowhere to be found. When Petra returns to the hotel, Luisa thinks that Petra is Anezka. Petra goes along with the game, until the real Anezka returns. Elsewhere, Xo and Rogelio's married life is interrupted when they confront the realization that Darci is having Rogelio's baby and she wants full custody.

66
2
"Chapter Sixty-Six"
Gina Lamar
Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
0.61[2]

Jane's relationship with Adam helps bring out her "fun side" and reminds her that she isn't just a mom. However, when Adam gets a job opportunity out of state, he asks for Jane's opinion on if he should stay or go. Meanwhile, Rogelio continues to face issues with his co-star at work and things are about to get even worse. Xo is helping to take care of Darci to prove that Rogelio is committed to being a father to the baby. Also, Petra and Rafael begin working together to try and buy back the hotel from Luisa, but they are running into trouble involving Anezka, causing tension between them.

67
3
"Chapter Sixty-Seven"
Fernando Sariñana
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
0.60[3]

Jane and Adam's relationship seems to be moving on, and Jane thinks that it might be time for him to meet her son Mateo, but Rafael is not happy with this idea. Meanwhile, as the arrival of Darci's baby approaches, Rogelio's jealously of her new boyfriend increases as well. Trying to be supportive, Xo encourages Rogelio to step up and be the father he was meant to be. Elsewhere, Rafael is determined to get his hotel and life back from Luisa and will do whatever he has to do to make it happen, with or without Petra's help. At the same time, Luisa begins seeing visions of a certain 'Carl' who may or may not be real.

68
4
"Chapter Sixty-Eight"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
0.69[4]

Jane becomes angry when she learns that Rafael introduced Mateo to his new girlfriend, Katherine, without her consent because she thinks Katherine is a negative influence on both Rafael and Mateo. Jane turns to Petra for help with the situation. Meanwhile, Rogelio and Darci struggle to choose a name for the baby. Elsewhere, Xo, who is focused on opening her own dance studio, decides to go into business with an unlikely foe.

69
5
"Chapter Sixty-Nine"
Stuart Gillard
Paul Sciarrotta
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
0.65[5]

After Adam reveals his dating past to Jane, she becomes so unsure and insecure that it puts a strain on their relationship. Meanwhile, Lina seeks Jane's advice about whether she should get married or not. Petra hears some important information that could help Rafael get the hotel back. Also, Xo asks Rogelio to consider having a medical procedure (vasectomy) done, but he is very hesitant.

70
6
"Chapter Seventy"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
0.61[6]

Jane's book is finally being released but her plans to have a party at the local bookshop where she was inspired to be a writer hit a snag when the bookshop is in danger of closing for good. Always wanting to help Jane, Rogelio devises a plan to save the day, but one of his arch-rivals threatens to ruin the day. Meanwhile, Rafael gets a new job, but it is not exactly what he was hoping for. Adam tells Jane that he has decided to move to California to take a new job, leading her to break up with him. Also, Petra has come up with an interesting strategy to get the Marbella Hotel back from her mother and Anezka, but Rafael wants nothing to do with the scheme.

71
7
"Chapter Seventy-One"
Micah Schraft
Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
0.65[7]

Anezka is revealed to have faked her death to see where her loyalties lie; initially, she trusts Petra after believing she saw her cry, but after finding out she wasn't crying because of her fake death, she threatens Petra. Later, Anezka falls from Petra's apartment to her death... for real. Meanwhile, Xiomara and Jane set off on Jane's book tour, when Alba decides to tag along. Jane's mental state over her breakup with Adam threatens to derail the reading event. After they get back to Miami, Jane and Rafael share a kiss.

72
8
"Chapter Seventy-Two"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)
0.68[8]

Mateo starts kindergarten and invites a friend over to Xiomara and Rogelio's house. Jane and Rafael try to cover up that they are pretending to live in their house so they don't get kicked out. Jane and Rafael show mixed emotions following the kiss and try again, which Mateo notices. He then proclaims: "Does this mean you're going to get married?" After Xo convinces Rogelio to attend couples therapy, they both are surprised by their emotions. Meanwhile, Petra hires a lawyer named Jane Ramos (Rosario Dawson), to ensure she gets no charges pending Anezka's death. Also, Rafael moves out of Jane's house into his new apartment. Rafael also gets angry when he learns that Luisa has left the mental hospital where he left her and that Petra knew that her brother and Anezka plotted to drive Luisa insane to claim the hotel for themselves.

73
9
"Chapter Seventy-Three"
Eric Lea
Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
0.67[9]

When Jane and Rafael finally realize that the uncertain state of their relationship (or lack of it) is stressing out Mateo, they decide that they need to make a decision. Meanwhile, Petra is on the outs with Jane and Rafael after the Luisa fiasco, so she tries to figure out a way to get back into their good graces. It is also revealed that Petra's lawyer Jane Ramos ("J.R.") has a hidden agenda to helping Petra. Elsewhere, Rogelio and Xo are both contemplating their career choices.

74
10
"Chapter Seventy-Four"
Gina Rodriguez
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
0.80[10]

Jane and Rafael try to be friends, which works great until Jane goes on a date. Meanwhile, Petra and Jane's new partnership is off to a rocky start, but they both know they have to find a way to work together somehow. Rogelio is convinced he has male post-partum depression, which puts him at odds with with celebrity Post-Partum Advocate River Fields (guest star Brooke Shields) on The Talk. Also, Alba finally confides in Jane why she turned down the marriage proposal from Jorge, leaving Jane to help Alba in the romance department when Jane takes Alba to a sex store and buys her a vibrator. Elsewhere, Jane and Rafael agree to have sex, and Petra questions her own sexual identity when she starts to have sex dreams about Jane "J.R." Ramos after the lawyer begins flirting with her.

75
11
"Chapter Seventy-Five"
Gina Lamar
Merigan Mulhern
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
0.59[11]

Jane is ready to move on from the Marbella Hotel issues and pursue writing full time, but an unexpected development forces her to consider returning to her teaching roots. Xiomara decides to go back to school where she listens in on an art history class, while Jane teaches a seminar about writing. Here, Jane finds out Jonathan Chavez, her former advisor, is taking advantage of another student of his. While trying to warn the student, Jane accidentally grabs her breasts to avoid falling over and, as a result, doesn't get the teaching job she was applying for. Meanwhile, Petra gets arrested for Anezka's murder due to the blackmailer planting the screws in her apartment, leading Jane Ramos to tell Petra that she was framing her because she was being threatened by an unknown blackmailer who was threatening J.R.'s mother who is residing in a hospice. Also, Rafael and Jane continue their affair. Elsewhere, Rogelio tries to get Eva Longoria to join his Passions of Santos reboot, but instead finds out the two are distant cousins.

76
12
"Chapter Seventy-Six"
Melanie Mayron
Leah Longoria
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
0.58[12]

Jane's fixation on a negative review has left her with writer's block, so Rogelio suggests she take a writing class to help. With the encouragement of Jane, Rafael is ready to dig into his past to find out who his real biological parents are. Meanwhile, Rogelio is trying to make things less about him and more about Xo, but he grows suspicious when he learns she is keeping a secret from him. But the secret Xo has been keeping is not what Rogelio suspected. Elsewhere, Petra tests the loyalty of her lawyer, Jane Ramos, by pretending to be romantically interested in her while trying to find out the identity of the blackmailer. After Petra confides in Jane Ramos of her feelings which are not fake, the two of them sleep together for the first time.

77
13
"Chapter Seventy-Seven"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
0.59[13]

When Jane, Rogelio and Alba learn what is going on with Xo who might have breast cancer, they all try to comfort her, but Xo insists they let her live her life. Meanwhile, Rogelio finally gets River Fields to agree to meet with him, but he learns that River has another plan in mind. Also, Rafael is on a mission to find his missing sister Luisa, who may have the information he has been looking for of his origins. Rafael visits Rose in prison to ask for her help, but he quickly turns her down when she makes a demand to know Luisa's location. Also, Jane is upset with Petra after her twin girls spill a secret to Mateo about the Tooth Fairy being make believe. At the same time, Jane 'J.R.' Ramos tells Petra after their romantic night together that she is not interested in a relationship due to the blackmailer paying a visit to Jane R.'s dementia-stricken mother in a rest home. At the end, the identity of Jane R's blackmailer is finally revealed to be Petra's long-suffering and abused secretary Krishna.

78
14
"Chapter Seventy-Eight"
Justin Baldoni
Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
0.65[14]

Xo struggles to make an important decision on whether or not to get a full mastectomy and looks to Jane for guidance, leaving Rogelio feeling like an outsider. Alba is frustrated with Rogelio when it seems he is once again making his career a priority over Xo's well being. Meanwhile, Petra turns to Rafael for advice on her love life after he finally learns about her new romance with J.R.

79
15
"Chapter Seventy-Nine"
Gina Lamar
Paul Sciarrotta
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
0.53[15]

After Jane and Rafael, Petra and J.R. all go out together on a double date, Jane is bothered to learn that J.R. doesn't like her very much. Jane and Rafael brush off a big relationship moment, but they both try to make up for it in different ways. Meanwhile, Rogelio is nervous to tell Darci that he is no longer able to be a "Danny" to their son, so he uses Xo as a scapegoat... landing him in hot water with both Xo and Darci. Also, Jane helps Alba prepare to take the biggest test of her life: a written exam to become a US citizen.

80
16
"Chapter Eighty"
Micah Schraft
Micah Schraft
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
0.57[16]

Jane and Rafael start saving up to buy a one-bedroom apartment, but their plan falls apart when Mateo breaks an antique $4,000 clock. Rafael moves into the Villanueva house, but after Alba hits Mateo, the two get into a heated argument and Rafael moves back out. Xiomara starts chemotherapy, and makes a friend named Donna (guest star Amy Brenneman). The timeline moves forward nine weeks, and Donna dies of unforeseen consequences. Xiomara is shown not to be doing well due to the chemotherapy, Alba and Rafael are still in a fight and River and Rogelio are still arguing over the Passions of Santos adaptation. Alba breaks down to Jane, and she and Rafael make up. Xiomara bonds with River over telenovelas, after she accidentally eats a pot brownie, and she agrees to do the Passions of Steve and Brenda the Latin American way. Jane Ramos gets herself disbarred, and as a result gets the case against Petra thrown out.

81
17
"Chapter Eighty-One"
Gina Lamar
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
0.58[17]

In the fourth season final, Rafael intends to propose to Jane, however Rose's news unsettles him. Meanwhile, Alba finally becomes a naturalized American citizen and the Villanueva's throw her a surprise party. Meanwhile, River spends the week with Rogelio in order to help them be believable as a married couple, but she soon starts to take her role too seriously. Jane Ramos and Petra plan to move in together as a couple, until Jane R. finds out that Petra really did kill Anezka intentionally that night. As she walks out of Petra's office, the imprisoned Krishna phones and tells Jane Ramos that her life is in danger for she was only the blackmailer's associate. J.R. returns and saves Petra's life by shooting, and killing, the blackmailer (who is not shown... leading to "who did J.R. shoot?"). At the end, Jane meets with Rafael, and he shows her that Michael is alive.

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Sixty-Five"
October 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.68[1]
0.3
0.67
0.6
1.35[18]

2
"Chapter Sixty-Six"
October 20, 2017
0.2/1
0.61[2]
0.3
0.58
0.5
1.19[19]

3
"Chapter Sixty-Seven"
October 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.60[3]
N/A
0.54
N/A
1.16[20]

4
"Chapter Sixty-Eight"
November 3, 2017
0.2/1
0.69[4]
0.3
0.55
0.5
1.24[21]

5
"Chapter Sixty-Nine"
November 10, 2017
0.3/1
0.65[5]
N/A
0.61
N/A
1.26[22]

6
"Chapter Seventy"
November 17, 2017
0.2/1
0.61[6]
0.3
0.55
0.5
1.16[23]

7
"Chapter Seventy-One"
December 8, 2017
0.3/1
0.65[7]
0.3
0.61
0.6
1.25[24]

8
"Chapter Seventy-Two"
January 26, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[8]
0.4
0.71
0.6
1.39[25]

9
"Chapter Seventy-Three"
February 2, 2018
0.3/1
0.67[9]
0.3
0.60
0.6
1.27[26]

10
"Chapter Seventy-Four"
February 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[10]
0.3
0.59
0.6
1.39[27]

11
"Chapter Seventy-Five"
March 2, 2018
0.2/1
0.59[11]
0.3
0.62
0.5
1.21[28]

12
"Chapter Seventy-Six"
March 9, 2018
0.2/1
0.58[12]
0.3
0.53
0.5
1.12[29]

13
"Chapter Seventy-Seven"
March 16, 2018
0.2/1
0.59[13]
0.3
0.59
0.5
1.19[30]

14
"Chapter Seventy-Eight"
March 23, 2018
0.2/1
0.65[14]
0.3
N/A
0.5[31]
N/A

15
"Chapter Seventy-Nine"
April 6, 2018
0.2/1
0.54[15]
0.3
0.59
0.5
1.13[32]

16
"Chapter Eighty"
April 13, 2018
0.2/1
0.57[16]
0.2
0.48
0.4
1.10[33]

17
"Chapter Eighty-One"
April 20, 2018
0.2/1
0.58[17]
0.3
0.61
0.5
1.20[34]


document_title: List of NHL records (individual)

question_text: who has the most points in an nhl season

text: List of NHL records (individual)

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Most seasons: Gordie Howe (1946–47 to 1970–1971; 1979–1980) and Chris Chelios (1983–84 to 2009–10, except for the 2004–05 NHL lock-out), 26
Most playoff seasons: Chris Chelios, 24 (1983–84 to 2008–09, except for 1997–98 and the 2004–05 NHL lock-out year)
Most consecutive playoff seasons: Larry Robinson, (1972–73 to 1991–92) and Nicklas Lidstrom, (1991–92 to 2011–12, except for the 2004–05 NHL lock-out), 20[1]

text: Games[edit]

text:
Most games: Gordie Howe, 1,767
Most games, including playoffs: Mark Messier, 1,992
Most playoff games: Chris Chelios, 266
Most games played in a single NHL season, not including playoffs: Jimmy Carson (1992–93) and Bob Kudelski (1993–94), 86
Most consecutive games: Doug Jarvis (October 8, 1975 – October 10, 1987), 964
Most consecutive games by a defenseman: Jay Bouwmeester, 737
Oldest player to play a game: Gordie Howe, 52 years, 11 days
Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final: Dick Irvin (Chicago (5), Toronto (29), Montreal (43)), 77
Most games played in the Finals: Red Kelly (Detroit (37), Toronto (28)), Henri Richard (Montreal), 65
Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals: Scotty Bowman (Montreal (20), Pittsburgh (4), Detroit (12)), 36
Most games coached by the first coach of an NHL expansion franchise: Barry Trotz (Nashville Predators), 1196

text: Stanley Cup[edit]

text:
Most Stanley Cup wins, as a player: Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens, (1956, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73) 11
Most Stanley Cup wins, as a non-player: Scotty Bowman (Montreal: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79 (Coach); Pittsburgh: 1991 (Director of Player Development-Recruitment), 1992 (Head Coach); Detroit: 1997, 98, 2002 (Head Coach), 2008 (Consultant); Chicago: 2010, 13, 15 (Sr. Advisor) 14
Most Stanley Cup wins, combined player or non-player: Jean Beliveau, Montreal Canadiens (Player: 1956, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71; Sr. Vice President: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 93), 17

text: Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams

tag: p

text:
Player - Jack Marshall (Winnipeg Victorias 1901, Montreal AAA 1902, 1903, Montreal Wanderers 1907, 1910, Toronto Blueshirts 1914) and Hap Holmes (Toronto Blueshirts 1914, Seattle Metropolitans 1917, Toronto Arenas 1918, Victoria Cougars 1925), 4
Player/Non-Player - Al Arbour (Player: Detroit 1954, Chicago 1961, Toronto 1962, 1964; Coach: New York Islanders 1980, 81, 82, 83), 4
Non-Player - Tommy Gorman (Ottawa Senators: 1920, 1921, 1923 (Manager); Chicago: 1934 (Manager/Coach); Montreal Maroons: 1935 (Manager/Coach); Montreal Canadiens: 1944, 1946 (Manager) and Scotty Bowman (Montreal: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79 (Coach); Pittsburgh: 1991 (Director of Player Development-Recruitment), 1992 (Head Coach); Detroit: 1997, 98, 2002 (Head Coach), 2008 (Consultant); Chicago: 2010, 13, 15 (Sr. Advisor) 4

text: NHL Awards[edit]

text:
Most Hart Memorial Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 9[2]
Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 8
Most Ted Lindsay Awards: Wayne Gretzky, 5[3]
Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards: Wayne Gretzky, 4
Most Conn Smythe Trophies: Patrick Roy 3[4]
Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies: Bernie Parent, Mario Lemieux, and Sidney Crosby: 2
Most James Norris Trophies: Bobby Orr, 8[5]
Most consecutive James Norris Trophies: Bobby Orr, 8
Most Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophies: Alexander Ovechkin, 6[6]
Most consecutive Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophies: Alexander Ovechkin, 4
Most Art Ross Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 10[7]
Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 7
Most Frank J. Selke Trophies: Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron, 4[8]
Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies: Bob Gainey 4
Most Lady Byng Trophies: Frank Boucher, 7[9]
Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies: Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk, 4
Most William M Jennings Trophies: Patrick Roy, Martin Brodeur, 5[10]
Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies: Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward, 3
Most Vezina Trophies: Jacques Plante, 7[11]
Most consecutive Vezina Trophies: Jacques Plante, 5
Most Jack Adams Awards: Pat Burns, 3[12]
Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards: Jacques Demers, 2

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals career: Wayne Gretzky, 894
Most goals playoffs career; Wayne Gretzky, 122
Most goals career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 1,016
Most goals, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82), 92
Most goals scored by a single player in an expansion team's inaugural season: William Karlsson (2017-18), 43
Most goals, in playoffs one season: Reggie Leach (1976) and Jari Kurri (1985), 19
Most goals, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 100
Most goals, one playoff series: Jari Kurri (six-game series) (1985), 12
Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final: Cyclone Taylor (1918, five games), Frank Foyston (1919, five games), Babe Dye (1922, five games), 9
Most goals in the Finals, career: Maurice Richard, 34
Most goals, 50 games from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82 and 1983–84), 61
Fastest 50 goals from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (December 30, 1981), 39 games
Most goals, one regular season game: Joe Malone (January 31, 1920), 7
Most goals, one regular season home game: Joe Malone (January 31, 1920), 7
Most goals, one regular season road game: Red Berenson (November 7, 1968), 6
Most goals, one playoff game: Newsy Lalonde (March 1, 1919), Maurice Richard (March 23, 1944), Darryl Sittler (April 22, 1976), Reggie Leach (May 6, 1976), and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 5
Most goals, one home playoff game: Maurice Richard (March 23, 1944), Darryl Sittler (April 22, 1976), Reggie Leach (May 6, 1976), and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 5
Most goals, one road playoff game: Newsy Lalonde (March 1, 1919), 5
Most goals, one period: Max Bentley (January 28, 1943), Busher Jackson (November 20, 1934), Clint Smith (March 4, 1945), Red Berenson (November 7, 1968), Wayne Gretzky (February 18, 1981), Grant Mulvey (February 3, 1982), Bryan Trottier (February 13, 1982), Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), Al Secord (January 7, 1987), Joe Nieuwendyk (January 11, 1989), Peter Bondra (February 5, 1994), Mario Lemieux (January 26, 1997), and Patrick Marleau (January 23, 2017), 4
Most goals in one period during the Finals: Busher Jackson (April 5, 1932), Ted Lindsay (April 5, 1955), Maurice Richard (April 6, 1957), Wayne Gretzky (May 25, 1985), Dirk Graham (June 1, 1992), and Peter Forsberg (June 6, 1996), 3
Most game-winning goals in a season: Phil Esposito (1970–71 and 1971–72) and Michel Goulet (1983–84), 16
Most game-winning goals in playoffs one season: Brad Richards (2004), 7
Most game-winning goals in a playoff series: Mike Bossy (six-game series) (1983), 4
Most game-winning goals career: Jaromir Jagr, 135
Most game-winning goals playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull, 24

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists regular season career: Wayne Gretzky, 1,963
Most assists playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky 260
Most assists career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 2,223
Most assists, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 163
Most assists, one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1987–88), 31
Most assists, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 174
Most assists, playoff series: Rick Middleton (seven-game series) (1983), Wayne Gretzky (six-game series) (1985), 14
Most assists, one game: Billy Taylor (March 16, 1947) and Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980, December 11, 1985, and February 14, 1986), 7
Most assists, one home game: Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980, and February 14, 1986), 7
Most assists, one road game: Billy Taylor (March 16, 1947) and Wayne Gretzky (December 11, 1985), 7
Most assists, one playoff game: Mikko Leinonen (April 8, 1982), and Wayne Gretzky (April 9, 1987), 6
Most assists, one playoff home game: Mikko Leinonen (April 8, 1982), and Wayne Gretzky (April 9, 1987), 6
Most assists, one period: Dale Hawerchuk (March 6, 1984), 5

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points regular season career: Wayne Gretzky, 2,857
Most points playoff career: Wayne Gretzky, 382
Most points career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 3,239
Most points, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 215
Fastest 100 points from the start of a season: Wayne Gretzky (December 27, 1981), 34 games
Most points, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1984–85), 255
Most points, one game: Darryl Sittler (February 7, 1976), 10
Most points, one home game: Darryl Sittler (February 7, 1976), 10
Most points, one road game: Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny, (February 22, 1981), 8
Most points, one playoff game: Patrik Sundstrom (April 22, 1988) and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 8
Most points, one playoff home game: Patrik Sundstrom (April 22, 1988) and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 8
Most points, one period: Bryan Trottier (December 23, 1978), 6
Most points, one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1985), 47
Most points, one playoff series: Rick Middleton (seven-game series) (1983), 19
Most points, team's first postseason: Jonathan Marchessault (2018), 21
Most points in the Final, one series: Wayne Gretzky (1988), 13
Most points in the Final, career: Jean Beliveau, 62

text: Plus/minus[edit]

text:
Best ± rating, regular season career: Larry Robinson, +722
Best ± rating one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), +124
Best ± rating one game: Tom Bladon (December 11, 1977, 11-1 game against the Cleveland Barons), +10
Worst ± rating, season: Bill Mikkelson (1974–75), -82
Worst ± rating, game: Doug Wilson (February 10, 1993 against the Calgary Flames) and Chris Butler, (January 5, 2012 against the Boston Bruins), -7
Worst ± rating, regular season career: Bob Stewart, -257
Best ± ratings playoffs career: Charlie Huddy, +94
Best ± ratings one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1984–85), +28

text: Power-play goals[edit]

text:
Most power-play goals, career: Dave Andreychuk, 274
Most power-play goals, one season: Tim Kerr (1985–86), 34
Most power-play goals, one season for a defenseman: Sheldon Souray (2006–07), 19
Most power-play goals, career playoffs: Brett Hull 38,
Most power-play goals, one playoff season: Mike Bossy, (1981), and Cam Neely, (1991), 9
Most power-play goals, one playoff series: Chris Kontos (seven-game series), (1989), 6
Most power-play goals, one playoff game: Syd Howe (March 23, 1939), Sid Smith (April 10, 1949), Phil Esposito (April 2, 1969), Johnny Bucyk (April 2, 1969), Denis Potvin (April 17, 1981), Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), Jari Kurri (April 3, 1987), Mark Johnson (April 22, 1988), Dino Ciccarelli (April 29, 1993, May 11, 1995) and Valeri Kamensky (April 24, 1997), Jonathan Toews (May 7, 2010), 3
Most power-play goals, one playoff game period: Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), 3
Most power-play goals, rookie Joe Nieuwendyk (1987-88) 31

text: Shorthanded goals[edit]

text:
Most shorthanded goals, career: Wayne Gretzky, 73
Most shorthanded goals, career playoffs: Mark Messier, 14
Most shorthanded goals, one season: Mario Lemieux (1988–89), 13
Most shorthanded goals, one playoff season: Derek Sanderson (1969), Bill Barber (1980), Lorne Henning (1980), Wayne Gretzky (1983), Wayne Presley (1989), and Todd Marchant (1997), 3
Most shorthanded goals, one playoff series: Bill Barber (five-game series) (1980) and Wayne Presley (six-game series) (1989), 3
Most shorthanded goals, one game: Theoren Fleury (March 9, 1991), 3
Most shorthanded goals, rookie: Jordan Staal (2006–07), 7
Most two-man shorthanded goals, career: Mike Richards, 3

text: Overtime[edit]

text:
Most overtime goals, career: Alexander Ovechkin, 22
Most playoff overtime goals, career: Joe Sakic, 8
Most overtime assists, career: Mark Messier, 18
Most overtime points, career: Sergei Fedorov, 27
Most overtime goals, season: Steven Stamkos (2011–12), Jonathan Toews (2015–16), Alex Galchenyuk (2016–17), and Brad Marchand (2017–18),5
Most overtime goals by a rookie, season: Shayne Gostisbehere, 4
Most overtime goals, playoffs season: Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3
Most overtime goals, one playoff series: Mel Hill, 3
Most consecutive overtime goals: Andrew Cogliano (2007–08) and Nathan Horton (2010–11), 3

text: Goals/assists/points by position[edit]

text:
Most goals by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 894
Most goals by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82), 92
Most assists by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 1,963
Most assists by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 163
Most points by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 2,857
Most points by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 215

text:
Most goals by a left wing, career: Luc Robitaille, 668
Most goals by a left wing, one season: Alexander Ovechkin (2007–08), 65
Most assists by a left wing, career: John Bucyk, 813
Most assists by a left wing, one season: Joe Juneau (1992–93), 70
Most points by a left wing, career: Luc Robitaille, 1,394
Most points by a left wing, one season: Luc Robitaille (1992–93), 125

text:
Most goals by a right wing, career: Gordie Howe, 801
Most goals by a right wing, one season: Brett Hull (1990–91), 86
Most assists by a right wing, career: Jaromir Jagr, 1,155
Most assists by a right wing, one season: Jaromir Jagr (1995–96), 87
Most points by a right wing, career: Jaromir Jagr, 1,921
Most points by a right wing, one season: Jaromir Jagr (1995–96), 149

text:
Most goals by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 410
Most goals by a defenseman, one season: Paul Coffey (1985–86), 48
Most goals by a defenseman, one game: Ian Turnbull (February 2, 1977), 5
Most assists by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 1,169
Most assists by a defenseman, one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), 102
Most assists by a defenseman, one game: Babe Pratt (January 8, 1944), Pat Stapleton (March 30, 1969), Bobby Orr (January 1, 1973), Ron Stackhouse (March 8, 1975), Paul Coffey (March 14, 1986), and Gary Suter, (April 4, 1986), 6
Most points by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 1579
Most points by a defenseman, one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), 139
Most points by a defenseman, one game: Tom Bladon (December 11, 1977) and Paul Coffey (March 14, 1986), 8
Most points by a defenseman, one playoff year: Paul Coffey (1985), 37

text:
Most goals by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur (February 15, 2000 & March 21, 2013), 2
Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs: Ron Hextall (April 11, 1989) and Martin Brodeur (April 17, 1997), 1
Most goals by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Martin Brodeur, 3
Most assists by a goaltender, one season: Grant Fuhr, 14
Most assists by a goaltender, regular season career: Tom Barrasso, 48
Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur (2011–12), 4
Most assists by a goaltender, playoffs career: Grant Fuhr, 14
Most assists by a goaltender, career, including playoffs: Grant Fuhr (46 regular season, 14 playoffs), 60
Most assists by a goaltender, one game Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3
Most points by a goaltender, one season: Grant Fuhr (1983–84), 14
Most points by a goaltender regular season career: Tom Barrasso, 48 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender regular season one season: Grant Fuhr (1983–84), 14 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender career, including playoffs Grant Fuhr (46 regular season, 14 playoffs), 60
Most points by a goaltender regular season one game: Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur (2011–12), 4 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender, one period: Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3 - all assists

text: Records by a rookie[edit]

text:
Most goals by a rookie, one season: Teemu Selanne (1992–93), 76
Most goals by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Joe Malone (December 19, 1917, January 12, 1918 and February 2, 1918), Howie Meeker (January 8, 1947) and Don Murdoch (October 12, 1976), 5
Most goals by a player in his first NHL game: Joe Malone (December 19, 1917), 5
Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game: Auston Matthews (October 12, 2016), 4
Most assists by a rookie, one season: Peter Stastny (1980–81) and Joe Juneau (1992–93), 70
Most assists by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980), 7
Most assists by a player in his first NHL game: Dutch Reibel (October 8, 1953), 4
Most points by a rookie, one season: Teemu Selanne (1992–93), 132
Most goals by a rookie, one playoff season: Dino Ciccarelli (1981), 14
Most assists by a rookie, one playoff season: Ville Leino (2010), 14
Most points by a rookie, one playoff season: Dino Ciccarelli (1981), Ville Leino (2010), and Jake Guentzel (2017), 21
Most points by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny (February 22, 1981), 8
Most points by a player in his first NHL game: Al Hill (February 14, 1977), 5
Most goals by a rookie defenseman, one season: Brian Leetch (1988–89), 23
Most assists by a rookie defenseman, one season: Larry Murphy (1980–81), 60
Most points by a rookie defenseman, one season: Larry Murphy (1980–81), 76
Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 14 games
Longest point streak by a rookie, one season: Paul Stastny (February 3, 2007 – March 17, 2007), 20 games
Longest point streak by an eighteen-year-old: Nathan MacKinnon (January 10, 2014 – March 6, 2014), 13 games
Longest point streak by a rookie defenseman: Shayne Gostisbehere (January 19, 2016 – February 20, 2016), 15 games

text: Points/goals/assists per game average[edit]

text:
Highest goals-per-game average, career (among players with 200-or-more goals): Mike Bossy, .762
Highest goals-per-game average including playoffs, career (among players with 200-or-more goals): Mario Lemieux, .749
Highest goals-per-game average, one season (among players with 20-or-more goals): Joe Malone (1917–18), 2.20
Highest goals-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more goals): Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 1.18
Highest assists-per-game average, career (among players with 300-or-more assists): Wayne Gretzky, 1.320
Highest assists-per-game average, one season (among players with 35-or-more assists): Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 2.04
Highest points-per-game average, career (among players with 500-or-more points): Wayne Gretzky, 1.921
Highest points-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more-points): Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 2.77

text: Milestone goal seasons[edit]

text:
Most 20-or-more goal seasons: Gordie Howe, 22
Most consecutive 20-or-more goal seasons: Gordie Howe (1949–1971), 22
Most 30-or-more goal seasons: Mike Gartner, 17
Most consecutive 30-or-more goal seasons: Mike Gartner (1979–1994) and Jaromir Jagr (1991–2007), 15
Most 40-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 12
Most consecutive 40-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1979–1991), 12
Most 50-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky, 9
Most consecutive 50-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy (1977–1986), 9
Most 60-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky, 5
Most consecutive 60-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1981-1984), 4
Most 70-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 4
Most consecutive 70-or more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1981–1984), 4
Most 80-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 2
Most 90-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 1

text: Hat trick or better games[edit]

text:
Most three-or-more goal games, career: Wayne Gretzky, 50
Most three-or-more goal games, playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky, 10
Most three-or-more goal games, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82 and 1983–84), 10
Most three-or-more goal games, one playoffs season: Jari Kurri (1985), 4
Most three-or-more goal games, one playoff series: Jari Kurri (1985), 3
Most four-or-more goal games, one season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 5
Most five-or-more goal games, one season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 3

text: Goal/assist/point streaks[edit]

text:
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak from start of NHL career: Joe Malone (1917–18), 14 games
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak: Punch Broadbent, 16 games (1921–22)
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak, one playoff season: Reggie Leach 10 games (1976)
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak by a defenseman: Mike Green (2008–09), 8 games
Longest consecutive assist-scoring streak: Wayne Gretzky (1990–91), 23 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 51 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak, one playoff season: Bryan Trottier (1981), 18 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 51 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a defenseman from start of season: John-Michael Liles (2010–11), 9 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a defenseman: Paul Coffey (1985–86), 28 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a rookie forward: Paul Stastny (2006–07), 20 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a rookie defenseman: Shayne Gostisbehere (2015–16), 15 games

text: Fastest goals[edit]

text:
Fastest goal from start of game: Doug Smail (December 20, 1981), Bryan Trottier (March 22, 1984), and Alexander Mogilny (December 21, 1991), 5 seconds
Fastest goal from start of game, playoffs: Don Kozak (April 17, 1977), 6 seconds
Fastest goal from start of period: Claude Provost (November 9, 1957), Denis Savard (January 12, 1986), and James van Riemsdyk (March 28, 2014), 4 seconds
Fastest goal from start of period, playoffs: Pelle Eklund (April 25, 1989), 6 seconds
Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game: Dave Christian (March 2, 1980), 7 seconds
Fastest two goals from start of game: Mike Knuble, 27 seconds (February 14, 2003)
Fastest two goals from start of game, playoffs: Dick Duff (April 9, 1963), 68 seconds
Fastest two goals: Nels Stewart (January 3, 1931) and Deron Quint (December 15, 1995), 4 seconds
Fastest two goals, playoffs: Norm Ullman (April 11, 1965), 5 seconds
Fastest three goals: Bill Mosienko (March 23, 1952), 21 seconds
Fastest three assists: Gus Bodnar (March 23, 1952), 21 seconds
Fastest regular season overtime goal: Mats Sundin, Alexander Ovechkin, William Nylander, David Legwand, and Andreas Athanasiou, 6 seconds
Fastest playoff overtime goal: Brian Skrudland (May 18, 1986), 9 seconds
Fastest goal after being scored on: Doug Gilmour (December 19, 1987), and Mikael Granlund (January 5, 2016), 2 seconds

text: Shots[edit]

text:
Most shots on goal, career: Ray Bourque, 6,206
Most shots on goal, playoffs career: Ray Bourque, 812
Most shots on goal, one season: Phil Esposito (1970–71), 550
Most shots on goal, one playoff season: Henrik Zetterberg, 116
Most shots on goal, one game: Ray Bourque (March 21, 1991), 19
Most shots on goal, one playoff game: Daniel Briere (April 22, 2006), 14

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Most hits, one season: Matt Martin (2014–15), 382
Most hits, one playoff season: Dustin Brown (2014), 125
Most hits, regular season career: Dustin Brown, 3166
Most hits, playoff career: Brooks Orpik, 499
Most hits, one game: Brenden Morrow, 19
Most hits, one regular season game: Gary Roberts (March 10, 1999) and Zdeno Chara (November 3, 1999) 17
Most hits, one playoff game: Brenden Morrow (May 4, 2008), 19

text: Blocked Shots[edit]

text:
Most blocked shots, one season: Kris Russell (2014–15), 283
Most blocked shots, one playoff season: Anton Volchenkov (2007), 80
Most blocked shots, career: Dan Girardi, 1846
Most blocked shots, playoffs career: Chris Pronger, 374
Most blocked shots, one game: Kris Russell (March 5, 2015), 15
Most blocked shots, one playoff game: Richard Matvichuk (May 1, 2001), 13

text: Time on Ice[edit]

text:
Most time on ice per game by a defenseman, one season: Chris Pronger, 30:36
Most time on ice per game by a forward, one season: Pavel Bure, 26:52
Most time on ice per game by a defenseman, playoff season: Chris Pronger, 35:52
Most time on ice per game by a forward, playoff season: Boyd Devereaux, 32:46
Most time on ice by a defenseman, one regular season game: Dennis Wideman (January 18, 2014), 38:05
Most time on ice by a forward, one regular season game: Vyacheslav Kozlov (October 10, 2003), 30:00
Most time on ice by a defenseman, one playoff game: Sergei Zubov (April 24, 2003), 63:51
Most time on ice by a forward, one playoff game: Jaromir Jagr (May 4, 2000), 59:08

text: Penalty Shots[edit]

text:
Most penalty shot goals, career: Pavel Bure, 7
Most penalty shot goals, playoffs career: Michael Frolik, 2
Most penalty shot goals, one season: Pavel Bure, 3
Most penalty shot attempts, career: Vincent Lecavalier, 13
Most penalty shot attempts, playoffs career: Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik, 2
Most penalty shot attempts, one season: Erik Cole, 5
Most penalty shot attempts, one game: Erik Cole (November 9, 2005), Max Pacioretty (February 6, 2009), and Auston Matthews (November 3, 2017), 2
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, career: Marc-Andre Fleury, 21
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, playoffs career: Dominik Hasek, 5
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, one game: Ben Bishop (October 8, 2015), Miikka Kiprusoff (March 4, 2011), Roberto Luongo (February 6, 2014), and Jonathan Quick (November 3, 2017), 2
Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender, career: Marc-Andre Fleury, 15
Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender, playoffs career: Dominik Hasek, 4
Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender, career: Tomas Vokoun, 8

text: Penalty minutes[edit]

text:
Most penalty minutes, career: Tiger Williams, 3,966
Most penalty minutes, playoffs career: Dale Hunter, 729
Most penalty minutes, career, including playoffs: Tiger Williams, 4,421
Most penalty minutes, one season: Dave Schultz (1974–75), 472
Most penalties, one game: Chris Nilan (March 31, 1991), 10
Most penalties, one playoff game: Forbes Kennedy (April 2, 1969) and Kim Clackson (April 20, 1980), 8
Most penalty minutes, one game: Randy Holt (March 11, 1979), 67
Most penalty minutes, one playoff game: Dave Schultz (April 22, 1976) and Deryk Engelland (April 17, 2015), 42
Most penalty minutes, career, in the Stanley Cup Final: Gordie Howe, 94

text: Goaltending[edit]

text:
Most wins by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 691
Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 151
Most wins by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Martin Brodeur 804
Best Winning Percentage (minimum 250 played): Ken Dryden .740 in 397 games played
Best Winning Percentage (minimum 500 games played): Jacques Plante .610 in 837 games played
Most wins by a goaltender, one season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07) and Braden Holtby (2015–16), 48
Most wins by a goaltender, career, in the Finals: Jacques Plante, 25
Most wins by a goaltender, expansion team season: Marc-Andre Fleury (2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights), 28
Most ties, career: Terry Sawchuk, 172
Most losses by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 397
Most losses by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 94
Most losses by a goaltender, one season: Gary Smith (1970–71), 48
Most losses by a goaltender, one playoff season: Ron Hextall (1987), Miikka Kiprusoff (2004), Henrik Lundqvist (2014), Ben Bishop (2015), 11
Most shutouts regular season career: Martin Brodeur 125
Most shutouts playoffs career: Martin Brodeur 24
Most shutouts by a goaltender, including playoffs, expansion team season: Marc-Andre Fleury (2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights), 9
Most shutouts, including playoffs career: Martin Brodeur 149
Most shutouts, one regular season: George Hainsworth (1928–29), 22
Most shutouts, one playoff season: Martin Brodeur (2002–03), 7
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, career regular season: Martin Brodeur, 1,265
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, career playoffs: Patrick Roy, 247
Most games appeared in by a goaltender career, including playoffs Martin Brodeur, 1,470
Most games appeared in by a goaltender career, in the Finals: Jacques Plante (Montreal-38), St. Louis-3), 41
Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender: Glenn Hall, 502 (1955–1962)
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, one regular season: Grant Fuhr, 79 (1995–96)
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, one playoff season Ron Hextall (1986–87) and Jonathan Quick (2013–14), 26
Most minutes played by a goaltender, career: Martin Brodeur, 74,380
Most minutes played by a goaltender, one season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07), 4,697
Least time played by a goaltender, career Jorge Alves Dec 31, 2016, 7.6 sec
Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender: Alec Connell (7 games, 2 periods) (1927–28), 461 minutes, 29 seconds
Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career: Matt Hackett (December 6 & 8, 2011), 102 minutes, 48 seconds
Longest winning streak by a goaltender, one season: Gilles Gilbert (1975–76), 17 games
Longest winning streak to start a season: Carey Price (2016–17), 10 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender, one season: Gerry Cheevers (24 wins, 8 ties 1971–72), 32 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season: Grant Fuhr (15 wins, 8 ties 1981–82), 23 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career: Patrick Lalime (14 wins, 2 ties 1996–97), 16 games
Most 20-or-more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur, 16
Most consecutive 20-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (1995–2008) and Henrik Lundqvist (2005–2017), 12
Most 30-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur 14
Most consecutive 30-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (1995–2008), 12
Most consecutive 30-or-more win seasons to start a career: Henrik Lundqvist (2005–2012), 7
Most 40-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur 8
Most consecutive 40-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (2005–2008) and Evgeni Nabokov (2007–10), 3
Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season: Bill Durnan (1943–44), 10
Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season: George Hainsworth (1926–27), 11
Most losses by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 397
Most losses by a goaltender, one season: Gary Smith (1970–71), 48
Most home games played by a goaltender, one season: Roberto Luongo (2006–07), 41
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a regular season game: Sam LoPresti (March 4, 1941), 83
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a season: Roberto Luongo (2005–06), 2,488
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a playoff game: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender career: Martin Brodeur, 28,928
Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 6,561
Most saves by a goaltender, including playoffs career: Martin Brodeur, 33,758
Most saves by a goaltender, in a regular season game: Sam LoPresti (March 4, 1941), 80
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoff game: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoffs overtime game shutout: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender, in a regular season shutout: Ben Scrivens (January 29, 2014), 59
Most saves by a goaltender, in a season: Roberto Luongo (2003–04), 2,303
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoff run: Tim Thomas (2011), 798
Most saves by a goaltender, in a Stanley Cup finals series: Tim Thomas (2011), 238
Highest save percentage, in a regular season: Craig Anderson (2013), .941
Highest save percentage, playoffs (minimum 10 games): Jonathan Quick (2012), .946
Lowest goals-against average in a season (minimum 20 games): George Hainsworth, 0.92
Lowest goals-against average playoffs (minimum 10 games): Frank Brimsek, 1.25
Highest goals-against average in a season (minimum 20 games): Frank Brophy, 7.11
Highest goals-against average playoffs (minimum 10 games): Murray Bannerman, 4.77
Most overtime wins: Roberto Luongo, 49
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career: Ron Hextall, 584
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career: Ron Hextall, 115
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Ron Hextall (584 regular season, 115 playoffs), 699
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall (1988–89), 113
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall (1986–87), 43
Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular-season games: Patrick Roy 22 yrs
Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular-season games: Patrick Roy 23 yrs
Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 26 yrs., 1 mos
Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 29 yrs., 7 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 31 yrs., 10 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 35 yrs., 6 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 37 yrs., 11 mos.
Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular-season games: Henrik Lundqvist 727
Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender: Jacques Plante (Montreal: 8 (1953, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60); St. Louis: 2 (1969, 70)), 10
Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender: Jacques Plante (Montreal (1953, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60), 8
Least saves required in a win: Ryan Miller (Anaheim Jan. 25, 2018) 11:40 min; Antti Niemi (Dallas, Dec. 12 ,2015) 6:43 min; Richard Bachman (Dallas Mar. 29, 2013) 2:32 min; Craig Billington (Colorado Dec. 21, 1998) 1:52 min, (Colorado Dec. 31, 1996) 0:12 sec; Steve Weeks (NY Rangers Mar. 24, 1982) 0:17 sec 0

text: Shootout[edit]

text:
Most shootout goals in one season: Ilya Kovalchuk (2011–12), 11
Most game-deciding shootout goals in one season: Ilya Kovalchuk (2011–12), 7
Most shootout goals career: Frans Nielsen, 48
Most game-deciding shootout goals career: Frans Nielsen, 22
Highest shootout percentage (Minimum 15 attempts): Brayden Point, 66.7% (10/15)
Most shootout attempts in a season: Radim Vrbata, 18
Most shootout attempts career: Radim Vrbata, 105
Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07), 16
Most shootout games played by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 107
Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season: Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur (2006–07), Mathieu Garon (2007–08), and Jonathan Quick (2010–11), 10
Most shootout wins by a goaltender career: Ryan Miller, 59
Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season: Tomas Vokoun (2009–10) and Tuukka Rask (2014–15), 9
Most shootout losses by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 55
Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 126
Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career: Henrik Lundqvist, 278

text: Age[edit]

text:
Oldest Forward: Gordie Howe, April 11, 1980, 52 years, 11 days
Oldest Defensemen: Chris Chelios, April 6, 2010, 48 years, 71 days
Oldest Goaltender: Maurice Roberts, November 25, 1951, 45 years, 345 days
Oldest Player to play his first NHL game: Connie Madigan, February 6, 1973, 38 years, 94 days
Oldest Goalie to play his first NHL game: Jorge Alves, December 31, 2016, 37 years, 30 days
Youngest Player to play his first NHL game: Bep Guidolin, November 12, 1942, 16 years, 337 days
Youngest Goalie to play his first NHL game: Harry Lumley, December 23, 1943, 17 years, 42 days
Oldest Goalie to play in Stanley Cup Finals: Lester Patrick, April 7, 1928, 44 years, 90 days
Oldest Defensemen to play in the Stanley Cup Finals: Doug Harvey, May 11, 1968, 43 years, 137 days
Oldest Forward to play in Stanley Cup Finals: Mark Recchi, June 15, 2011, 43 years, 134 days
Youngest Player to play in the Stanley Cup Finals: Gaye Stewart, 18 years, 288 days
Youngest Player to win the Stanley Cup: Larry Hillman, April 14, 1955 18 years, 68 days
Oldest Player to win the Stanley Cup: Chris Chelios, June 4, 2008, 46 years, 130 days
Oldest Goalie to win the Stanley Cup: Lester Patrick April 14, 1928, 44 years, 97 days