document_title: Supremacy Clause

question_text: who ensures that the states abide by constitutional and federal law

text: Supremacy Clause

text: Text[edit]

text: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

text: Background[edit]

text: The Federalist Papers[edit]

text: In Federalist No. 44, James Madison defends the Supremacy Clause as vital to the functioning of the nation. He noted that state legislatures were invested with all powers not specifically defined in the Constitution, but also said that having the federal government subservient to various state constitutions would be an inversion of the principles of government, concluding that if supremacy were not established "it would have seen the authority of the whole society everywhere subordinate to the authority of the parts; it would have seen a monster, in which the head was under the direction of the members".

text: Preemption doctrine[edit]

text: The constitutional principle derived from the Supremacy Clause is federal preemption. Preemption applies regardless of whether the conflicting laws come from legislatures, courts, administrative agencies, or constitutions. For example, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, an act of Congress, preempts state constitutions, and Food and Drug Administration regulations may preempt state court judgments in cases involving prescription drugs.

text: Congress has preempted state regulation in many areas. In some cases, such as the 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act, Congress preempted all state regulation. In others, such as labels on prescription drugs, Congress allowed federal regulatory agencies to set national minimum standards, but did not preempt state regulations imposing more stringent standards than those imposed by federal regulators. Where rules or regulations do not clearly state whether or not preemption should apply, the Supreme Court tries to follow lawmakers’ intent, and prefers interpretations that avoid preempting state laws.[7]

text: Supreme Court interpretations[edit]

text: In Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 199 (1796), the United States Supreme Court for the first time applied the Supremacy Clause to strike down a state statute. Virginia had passed a statute during the Revolutionary War allowing the state to confiscate debt payments by Virginia citizens to British creditors. The Supreme Court found that this Virginia statute was inconsistent with the Treaty of Paris with Britain, which protected the rights of British creditors. Relying on the Supremacy Clause, the Supreme Court held that the treaty superseded Virginia's statute, and that it was the duty of the courts to declare Virginia's statute "null and void".

text: In Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), the Supreme Court held that Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and it is the role of the Judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits. Citing the Supremacy Clause, the Court found Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional to the extent it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution.

text: In Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816), and Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264 (1821), the Supreme Court held that the Supremacy Clause and the judicial power granted in Article III give the Supreme Court the ultimate power to review state court decisions involving issues arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States. Therefore, the Supreme Court has the final say in matters involving federal law, including constitutional interpretation, and can overrule decisions by state courts.

text: In McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819), the Supreme Court reviewed a tax levied by Maryland on the federally incorporated Bank of the United States. The Court found that if a state had the power to tax a federally incorporated institution, then the state effectively had the power to destroy the federal institution, thereby thwarting the intent and purpose of Congress. This would make the states superior to the federal government. The Court found that this would be inconsistent with the Supremacy Clause, which makes federal law superior to state law. The Court therefore held that Maryland's tax on the bank was unconstitutional because the tax violated the Supremacy Clause.

text: In Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859), the Supreme Court held that state courts cannot issue rulings that contradict the decisions of federal courts, citing the Supremacy Clause, and overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. Specifically, the court found it was illegal for state officials to interfere with the work of U.S. Marshals enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act or to order the release of federal prisoners held for violation of that Act. The Supreme Court reasoned that because the Supremacy Clause established federal law as the law of the land, the Wisconsin courts could not nullify the judgments of a federal court. The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution, the federal courts have the final jurisdiction in all cases involving the Constitution and laws of the United States, and that the states therefore cannot interfere with federal court judgments.

text: In Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 497 (1956) the Supreme Court struck down the Pennsylvania Sedition Act, which made advocating the forceful overthrow of the federal government a crime under Pennsylvania state law. The Supreme Court held that when federal interest in an area of law is sufficiently dominant, federal law must be assumed to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject; and a state law is not to be declared a help when state law goes farther than Congress has seen fit to go.

text: In Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957), the Supreme Court held that the U.S. Constitution supersedes international treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate.

text: In Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), the Supreme Court rejected attempts by Arkansas to nullify the Court's school desegregation decision, Brown v. Board of Education. The state of Arkansas, acting on a theory of states' rights, had adopted several statutes designed to nullify the desegregation ruling. The Supreme Court relied on the Supremacy Clause to hold that the federal law controlled and could not be nullified by state statutes or officials.

text: In Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624 (1982), the Supreme Court ruled: "A state statute is void to the extent that it actually conflicts with a valid Federal statute". In effect, this means that a State law will be found to violate the Supremacy Clause when either of the following two conditions (or both) exist:[8]

text:
Compliance with both the Federal and State laws is impossible
"State law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress"

tag: ol

text: In 1920, the Supreme Court applied the Supremacy Clause to international treaties, holding in the case of Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416, that the Federal government's ability to make treaties is supreme over any state concerns that such treaties might abrogate states' rights arising under the Tenth Amendment.

text: The Supreme Court has also held that only specific, "unmistakable" acts of Congress may be held to trigger the Supremacy Clause. Montana had imposed a 30 percent tax on most sub-bituminous coal mined there. The Commonwealth Edison Company and other utility companies argued, in part, that the Montana tax "frustrated" the broad goals of the national energy policy. However, in the case of Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana, 453 U.S. 609 (1981), the Supreme Court disagreed. Any appeal to claims about "national policy", the Court said, were insufficient to overturn a state law under the Supremacy Clause unless "the nature of the regulated subject matter permits no other conclusion, or that the Congress has unmistakably so ordained".[9]

text: However, in the case of California v. ARC America Corp., 490 U.S. 93 (1989), the Supreme Court held that if Congress expressedly intended to act in an area, this would trigger the enforcement of the Supremacy Clause, and hence nullify the state action. The Supreme Court further found in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council, 530 U.S. 363 (2000), that even when a state law is not in direct conflict with a federal law, the state law could still be found unconstitutional under the Supremacy Clause if the "state law is an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of Congress's full purposes and objectives".[10] Congress need not expressly assert any preemption over state laws either, because Congress may implicitly assume this preemption under the Constitution.[11]


document_title: Sing for the Moment

question_text: who sings the chorus in sing for the moment by eminem

root

text: Sing for the Moment

text: Background[edit]

text: "Sing for the Moment" contains samples of the song "Dream On" by the rock band Aerosmith. Joe Perry plays the guitar solo at the end of the song, and a sample of Steven Tyler singing is used as the chorus for this song. Eminem chants "sing" when Tyler starts to sing the chorus, and Eminem also chants "sing with me" and "come on". Eminem says the words in his live performances as well. The beginning of the song samples the intro of "Dream On". "Sing for the Moment" was later released on Eminem's greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005).

tag: p

text: "Sing for the Moment" deals with the themes of rap music's effect on society and the misunderstanding Eminem claims critics and parents have towards his message. Eminem uses the song to refute critics who have accused him of promoting violence to young people, saying that committing a crime is ultimately up to the offender in a post-9/11 world. He also explains that his music has an advantage for young people, claiming that his music is a relief from boredom and depression. Eminem's altercation with a bouncer named John Guerra is also referenced in this song.

text: "That's why we seize the moment, try to freeze it and own it - Squeeze it and hold it, 'cause we consider these minutes golden"[1][1]

text: [2] The song reached #14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart, #6 on the UK Singles Chart, and #5 on the Australian ARIAnet Singles Chart.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: David Browne wrote: "In 'Sing for the Moment,' which includes a tirade against the media and politically motivated prosecutors, the intensity of his delivery overcomes the hoariest of ideas – incorporating a portion of an overly familiar classic-rock oldie, Aerosmith's 'Dream On.' The song becomes a clarion call of suburban kids everywhere, not just an easy route to a hit."[3]

text: DX magazine concluded that in this song Eminem is dealing with his life and called it "guitar-fueled track."[4] RapReviews was positive: "'Sing For the Moment' may throw his fans a curveball though: a song which appears to sample Aerosmith's 'Dream On' yet simultaneously features the REAL Joe Perry playing guitar. Obviously not a stretch for the hard rock icons though, who are still remembered for recording 'Walk This Way' with Run-D.M.C. back in the 1980's, so it's an enjoyable diversion from non-stop hardcore hip-hop."[5]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video, released in 2003, is a collage created with various clips, including shots from the Anger Management Tour. It also contains cameos by various fellow rappers, including Dr. Dre, the members of D12, 50 Cent and Ludacris. Eminem stands in neutral positions and stares at the camera several times in the video. The video is very similar to the 50 Cent music video "If I Can't". On The Eminem Show, "Sing for the Moment" segues into "Superman". On Curtain Call: The Hits, the segue also fades out as "Superman", since Superman is not included in the compilation. In a clean version of the video, the word "handguns" is omitted from the second verse ("any dispute won't hesitate to produce handguns").

text: Track listing[edit]

text: German CD single

tag: ul

text: German Maxi CD single

text:
"Sing for the Moment" - 5:40
"Rabbit Run" - 3:10
"Sing for the Moment" (Instrumental) - 6:25
"Sing for the Moment" (Video) - 5:26

text: German Limited Edition Maxi CD single (Encased in a limited edition digipak with three limited edition postcards)

text: UK CD single

text:
"Sing for the Moment" - 5:40
"Sing for the Moment" (Instrumental) - 6:25
"Rabbit Run" (Soundtrack Version) - 3:10
"Sing for the Moment" (Video) - 5:26

text: UK Cassette

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2003)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[6]
5

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7]
7

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[8]
6

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[9]
15

Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[10]
14

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[11]
2

Denmark (Tracklisten)[12]
4

Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[13]
2

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[14]
5

France (SNEP)[15]
5

Germany (Official German Charts)[16]
5

Ireland (IRMA)
3

Italy (FIMI)[17]
5

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[18]
8

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19]
5

Norway (VG-lista)[20]
10

Portugal (IFPI)[21]
1

Romania (Romanian Top 100)[22]
11

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[23]
17

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24]
11

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25]
8

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26]
6

US Billboard Hot 100[27]
14

US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[28]
18

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[29]
5

tag: table

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2003)
Position

Australia (ARIA)[30]
56

Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[31]
55

Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[32]
89

Germany (Official German Charts)[33]
45

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[34]
59

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[35]
106

US Billboard Hot 100[36]
89

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United Kingdom (BPI)[37]
Silver
200,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Parliament of Ghana

question_text: who presides over debates in the parliament of ghana

text: Parliament of Ghana

text: History[edit]

text: Legislative representation in Ghana dates back to 1950, when the country (then known as Gold Coast) was a British colony. The body, called the Legislative Council, was purely advisory as the Governor exercised all legislative and executive powers. Reforms were introduced in 1916 and 1925, although the governor's power remained extensive. In 1946, a new constitution was introduced that allowed for an unofficial member of the Legislative Council to become its president while the governor ceased to be the ex officio president of the body. This system continued until 1951 when the Legislature elected its first Speaker - Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist.

text: 1951 was also the first year that elections based on universal suffrage were held. The Convention People's Party (CPP), which was formed in 1949 and led by Kwame Nkrumah, won the election. Another party, the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) led by J.B. Danquah, fared poorly, and was disbanded soon after. Nkrumah, who had been jailed in early 1950 for subversion, was released and appointed Leader of Government Business, becoming the country's first Prime Minister the following year.

text: Legislative Assembly elections held in 1954 resulted in another CPP victory, with the party winning 71 out of a total of 104 seats. It also won 71 out of 104 seats in the 1956 Legislative Assembly election. The Gold Coast was renamed Ghana and granted independence on 6 March 1957, while retaining the British monarch as head of state. The Legislative Assembly was renamed National Assembly.

text: After the approval of a new Republican constitution, Ghana officially became a republic on 1 July 1960 with Kwame Nkrumah as its President. The plebiscite was taken as a fresh mandate from the people and the terms of National Assembly members were extended for another five years. A one-party state was introduced following a referendum in 1964. As a result, only CPP candidates stood in the National Assembly Election held in 1965. Nkrumah was overthrown in 1966 by the military, which banned political parties and dissolved the National Assembly.

text: The country returned to civilian rule in 1969. Elections held on 29 August resulted in victory for the Progress Party (PP) of Kofi Abrefa Busia, which won 105 of the National Assembly's 140 seats. He took office as Prime Minister on 3 September 1969. His government was toppled in a 1972 military coup.

text: During the Third Republic, which lasted from 1979 to 1981, the dominant party in the National Assembly was the People's National Party (PNP), which won 71 out of 104 seats in elections held on 18 June 1979. After the military intervened in 1981, all elected institutions were dissolved and political party activity was prohibited.

text: Parliament of the Fourth Republic[edit]

text: After 11 years of military rule, a new constitution was approved in a 1992 referendum. Presidential elections were held in November and were won by Jerry Rawlings, leader of the 1981 coup and subsequent military ruler. The opposition contested the results and boycotted the December parliamentary elections. As a result, Rawlings' National Democratic Congress (NDC) won 189 out of 200 seats in Parliament.

text: All parties participated in the 1996 parliamentary elections. The NDC won 133 out of a total of 200 seats, while the main opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) won 60. Two small parties won the remaining seats.

text: The 2000 elections were significant in that President Rawlings was constitutionally barred from seeking another term. In the presidential poll, John Kufuor of the NPP defeated the NDC candidate John Atta Mills in a run-off election. In the 200-seat Parliament, the NPP won 100, followed by the NDC's 92. Small political parties and independents won the remaining seats.

text: Kufuor was re-elected in 2004 and the New Patriotic Party (NPP) won 128 out of 230 seats in the concurrent parliamentary election. The main opposition National Democratic Congress (NDC) won 94, while two other parties - The People's National Convention (PNC) and Convention People's Party (CPP) - won 4 and 3 seats, respectively. An Independent captured the remaining seat.

text: The simple majority (or First Past the Post) voting system is used in Ghana's parliamentary elections. Since 2012, the country is divided into 275 single-member constituencies. Members serve four-year terms.

text: Leadership structure[edit]

text: Speaker - The Speaker presides over the Parliament and enforces observance of all rules that govern its conduct. After a general election the majority party in Parliament, in consultation with other parties, nominates a Speaker.

text: The Speaker cannot be a Member of Parliament though he/she must possess the qualifications to stand for elections as a Member of Parliament, such person on appointment as Speaker must resign and declare the seat occupied in Parliament as vacant. The Speaker is assisted by two Deputy Speakers (First and Second Deputy Speakers), who are elected at the commencement of every Parliament. They must come from different political parties. The current Speaker is Prof. Aaron Mike Ocquaye former MP for Dome-Kwabenya constituency of Ghana.

text:
First Deputy Speaker - The First Deputy Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament whenever the Speaker is absent. The current First Deputy Speaker is Joseph Osei Owusu of the New Patriotic Party (NPP).
Second Deputy Speaker - The Second Deputy Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament in the absence of the Speaker and the First Deputy Speaker. The current Second Deputy Speaker is Alban Bagbin of the National Democratic Congress (NDC).
Majority Leader - The Majority Leader is elected from the party with a majority of parliamentary seats. A deputy majority leader and a majority chief whip assist him, constituting the majority leadership of Parliament. The current Majority Leader is Osei Kyei-Mensah Bonsu of the NPP.
Minority Leader - The Minority leader is elected from the second largest party in Parliament. A deputy minority leader and a chief whip assist him, constituting the minority leadership of Parliament. The current Minority Leader is Haruna Iddrisu of the NDC.

text: 2008 elections[edit]

text: Green: National Democratic Congress (NDC) Blue: New Patriotic Party (NPP) Yellow: People's National Convention (PNC) Red: Convention People's Party (CPP)

text: Composition Parliament in 2008[edit]

text:
Region
NPP
NDC
PNC
CPP
Ind.
Total

Ashanti
34
3
-
-
2
39

Brong Ahafo
15
9
-
-
-
24

Central
8
11
-
-
-
19

Eastern
20
7
-
-
1
28

Greater Accra
9
18
-
-
-
27

Northern
3
22
-
-
1
26

Upper East
4
8
1
-
-
13

Upper West
3
6
1
-
-
10

Volta
1
21
-
-
-
22

Western
10
11
-
1
-
22

Total
107
116
2
1
4
230

text: 2012 elections[edit]

text: Past Speakers of the National Assembly/Parliament[edit]

text:
Pre-Independence (1951 – 1957)
Speaker of the National Assembly
Emmanuel Charles Quist (March 1951 – December 1957)

text:
Independent State within the Commonwealth (1957 – 1960) / First Republic (1960 – 1966)
Speakers of the National Assembly
Augustus Molade Akiwumi (February 1958 – June 1960)
Joseph Richard Asiedu (July 1960 – June 1965)
Kofi Asante Ofori-Atta (10 June 1965 – 22 February 1966)

text:
Second Republic (1969 – 1972)
Speaker of the National Assembly
Nii Amaa Ollennu (October 1969 – December 1971)

text:
Third Republic (1979 – 1981)
Speaker of the National Assembly
Jacob Hackenbug Griffiths-Randolph (24 September 1979 – 31 December 1981)

text:
Fourth Republic (1992 – present)
Speakers of Parliament
Daniel Francis Annan (7 January 1993 – 6 January 2001)
Peter Ala Adjetey (7 January 2001 – 6 January 2005)
Ebenezer Sekyi Hughes (7 January 2005 – 6 January 2009)
Joyce Adeline Bamford-Addo (7 January 2009 – 6 January 2013)
Edward Adjaho (7 January 2013 – 6 January 2017)
Aaron Mike Oquaye (7 January 2017 – Present)

text: Members of parliament[edit]

text: For a list of current members, see MPs elected in the Ghanaian parliamentary election, 2012.

text: The composition of the Parliament has changed over the years. There were 140 members in both the Second and the Third Republic parliaments.

text:
2nd Republic parliament: 1969 — 1972
3rd Republic parliament: 1979 — 1981

text: In the current Fourth Republic, the number of MPs have increased first to 200 and subsequently to 275. There have been 6 parliaments so far in the Fourth Republic. The list of its members are below.

text:
1st parliament: 1993 — 1997
2nd parliament: 1997 — 2001
3rd parliament: 2001 — 2005
4th parliament: 2005 — 2009
5th parliament: 2009 — 2013
6th parliament: 2013 — 2017

text: Parliamentary constituencies[edit]

text:
[show]
Parliamentary Constituencies of Ghana

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in Ashanti

NPP

Adansi-Asokwa
Afigya Kwabre North
Afigya Kwabre South
Afigya Sekyere East
Ahafo Ano South East
Ahafo Ano South West
Asante-Akim Central
Asante-Akim North
Asante-Akim South
Asokwa
Atwima-Kwanwoma
Atwima-Mponua
Atwima-Nwabiagya North
Atwima-Nwabiagya South
Bantama
Bekwai
Bosome-Freho
Bosomtwe
Effiduase-Asokore
Ejisu
Ejura-Sekyedumase
Fomena
Juaben
Kumawu
Kwabre East
Kwadaso
Mampong North
Mampong South
Manso-Adubia
Manso-Nkwanta
Manhyia North
Manhyia South
Nhyiaeso
Nsuta-Kwamang-Beposo
Obuasi East
Obuasi West
Odotobri
Offinso North
Offinso South
Oforikrom
Old Tafo
Suame
Subin

NDC

Ahafo Ano North
Asawase
New Edubease
Sekyere Afram Plain

NPP (43)
NDC (4)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana

NDC

Atebubu-Amantin
Jaman North
Kintampo North
Kintampo South
Pru
Sene
Tain
Techiman South

NPP

Asunafo North
Asunafo South
Asutifi North
Berekum
Dormaa East
Dormaa West
Jaman South
Nkoranza North

Nkoranza South
Sunyani East
Sunyani West
Tano North
Tano South
Techiman North
Wenchi

awaiting election

Asutifi South

NDC (8)
NPP (15)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Central Region of Ghana

NDC

Abura-Asebu
Ajumako-Enyan-Essiam
Awutu-Senya
Cape Coast
Effutu
Gomoa East
Gomoa West
Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem
Mfantseman-East
Mfantseman-West
Twifo-Atii Morkwaa

NPP

Agona East
Agona West
Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa
Assin North
Assin South
Hemang Lower Denkyira
Upper Denkyira East
Upper Denkyira West

NDC (11)
NPP (8)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Eastern Region of Ghana

NDC

Afram Plains North
Afram Plains South
Asuogyaman
Lower Manya
Upper Manya
Upper West Akim
Yilo Krobo

NPP

Abetifi
Abirem
Abuakwa North
Abuakwa South
Aburi-Nsawam
Akropong
Akim Oda
Akim Swedru
Akwatia
Atiwa
Ayensuano
Fanteakwa
Kade
Lower West Akim
Mpraeso
New Juaben North
New Juaben South
Ofoase-Ayirebi
Okere
Suhum

Independent

Nkawkaw

NDC (7)
NPP (20)
Independent (1)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

NDC

Ablekuma Central
Ablekuma South
Abokobi-Madina
Ada
Adenta
Ashaiman
Ayawaso East
Dade Kotopon
Domeabra-Obom
Korle Klottey
Krowor
Kpone-Katamanso
Ledzokuku
Ningo-Prampram
Odododiodoo
Sege
Shai-Osudoku
Trobu-Amasaman

NPP

Ablekuma North
Ayawaso Central
Ayawaso West
Dome-Kwabenya
Okaikwei North
Okaikwei South
Tema East
Tema West
Weija

NDC (18)
NPP (9)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Northern Region of Ghana

Independent

Wulensi

NDC

Bole
Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo
Chereponi
Damango-Daboya
Gushiegu
Karaga
Kpandai
Kumbungu
Mion
Nalerigu
Saboba
Salaga
Savelugu
Sawla-Tuna-Kalba
Tamale Central
Tamale North
Tamale South
Tolon
Walewale
Yagaba-Kubori
Yapei-Kusawgu
Yendi

NPP

Bimbilla
Nanton
Zabzugu-Tatale

Independent (1)
NDC (21)
NPP (4)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Upper East Region of Ghana

NDC

Bawku Central
Binduri
Bolgatanga Central
Bolgatanga East
Bongo
Builsa North
Chiana-Paga
Garu
Nabdam
Navrongo Central
Pusiga
Talensi
Tempane
Zebilla

NPP

PNC

Builsa South

NDC (14)
NPP (0)
PNC (1)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Upper West Region of Ghana

NDC

Daffiama-Bussie-Issa
Lambussie
Lawra
Nadowli West
Sissala East
Sissala West
Wa Central
Wa East
Wa West

Independent

Jirapa

NDC (9)
Independent (1)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in Volta

NDC

Adaklu
Afadjato South
Agotime-Ziope
Akatsi North
Akatsi South
Anlo
Biakoye
Buem
Central Tongu
Ho Central
Ho West
Hohoe
Keta
Ketu North
Ketu South
Kpando
Krachi East
Krachi Nchumuru
Krachi West
Nkwanta North
Nkwanta South
North Dayi
North Tongu
South Dayi
South Tongu

IND

Akan

NDC (25)
Independent (1)

[hide]

v
t
e

Constituencies in the Western Region of Ghana

NDC

Amenfi Central
Amenfi West
Aowin
Bia
Ellembelle
Juabeso
Prestea-Huni Valley
Sefwi Akontombra
Sefwi-Wiawso
Shama
Suaman

NPP

Ahanta West
Amenfi East
Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai
Effia-Kwesimintsim
Essikado-Ketan
Evalue Gwira
Mpohor-Wassa East
Sekondi
Takoradi
Tarkwa-Nsuaem

CPP

Jomoro

NDC (11)
NPP (10)
CPP (1)


document_title: Pig-Pen

question_text: who is the dirty boy on charlie brown

question_tokens: who is the dirty boy on charlie brown

text: Pig-Pen

text:
Pig-Pen
Peanuts character
First appearance
July 13, 1954Voiced by
Geoffrey Ornstein (1963–1966)Gabrielle DeFaria Ritter (1966–1969)Christopher DeFaria (1969)Tom Muller (1974)Carl Steven (1984–1986)Brandon Taylor (1997)Corey Padnos (2000)Jake Miner (2003)Shane Baumel (2011)AJ Teece (2015)Drake Sanchez (2016)InformationGender
MaleFamily
Unnamed parents

text: "Pig-Pen" is a character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He is a young boy who is, except on very rare occasions, very dirty.

text: History[edit]

text: "Pig-Pen" is a nickname, invariably written in quotation marks in the strip. In the character's first appearance on July 13, 1954, in a strip directly parodying the first chapter of Lord of the Flies, he declares, "I haven't got a name ... people just call me things ... real insulting things."[1] If he does have a real name, it is never mentioned. In a 2000 Gallup Poll "Pig-Pen" was found to be the fifth most popular Peanuts character.[2]

text: "Pig-Pen" is known for his perpetually filthy overalls and the cloud of dirt and dust that follows him wherever he goes. When he takes a deep breath (to sing, for example), the dust rises briefly around him. He sometimes refers to the cloud that surrounds him  with pride as the dust of ancient civilizations.[3] He cannot seem to rid himself of the dust for more than the briefest of periods — indeed, in spite of his best efforts, it appears that he cannot stay clean. He is referred to in an early strip as the only person who can get dirty while walking in a snowstorm.[4] Nevertheless, on rare occasions he has very briefly appeared clean, and hence unrecognizable. Once this was in order to impress Violet, of whom he was a bit fond. On another occasion (September 6, 1954), he managed to keep one side of his body clean and presented this clean side to Patty, causing her to believe that he was completely clean.

text: Once, after bathing and dressing in clean clothes, "Pig-Pen" stepped outside his house, and instantaneously became dirty and disheveled, whereupon he declared to Charlie Brown, "You know what I am? I'm a dust magnet!" On another occasion, "Pig-Pen" decided it was important to have clean hands, but after failing to wash them, realized that he had "reached a point of no return."

text: One notable exception is an earlier strip where he gets caught in a brief but heavy rainfall, and while trying to seek shelter, the storm ends, revealing him to be clean.  He responds with disdain, stating that "in one minute the rain has washed away what took me all day to accomplish".

text: Though "Pig-Pen" is proud of his uncleanliness, Charlie Brown is the only other Peanuts character to unconditionally accept "Pig-Pen" for who he is, even defending "Pig-Pen's" uncleanliness in one strip (which was re-used in A Charlie Brown Christmas):

text: Don't think of it as dust. Just think of it as the dirt and dust of far-off lands blowing over here and settling on "Pig-Pen!" It staggers the imagination! He may be carrying the soil that was trod upon by Solomon or Nebuchadnezzar or Genghis Khan!

text: Charles Schulz admitted that he came to regret "Pig-Pen's" popularity, given the character's essentially one-joke nature; he utilized the character very rarely in the later years of the strip's run[citation needed] (though still appearing commonly in the TV specials and movies of the franchise).

text: Like most of Schulz's characters, "Pig-Pen" has (both with and without lines) appeared in many of the animated Peanuts television specials beginning in the 1960s, as well as all five movies. One time his clean self was shown in a miniseries titled This Is America, Charlie Brown, where he is an astronaut aboard a futuristic space station, demonstrating how personal hygiene would apply in zero gravity. True to form, the clean "Pig-Pen" is immediately dirtied again when dirt is attracted to him magnetically. In the 1990s, he appeared (in an animated overlay against a live-action backdrop) in a series of television commercials for Regina vacuum cleaners where all the dirt is sucked off his body and filthy trousers by one of the company's products, arguably one of the few times where "Pig-Pen" remains clean. In 2015, "Pig-Pen" appeared in a commercial for All laundry detergent for a tie-in with The Peanuts Movie. In the commercial, Snoopy, dressed as a magician, puts a cloth over "Pig-Pen" and instantly makes him clean, causing Snoopy to get dirty. This is also one of the few times where he remains clean.

text: Geoffrey Ornstein first voiced "Pig-Pen" in the 1965 movie A Charlie Brown Christmas. Although he also later played the role in A Boy Named Charlie Brown, other various actors have voiced him ever since.

text: He last appeared in the Peanuts comic strip on September 8, 1999. That strip was very uncharacteristic of him in that it showed him embarrassed to the point of shame in his dirtiness, with none of the pride or sense of destiny that he expressed in earlier strips.

text: "Pig-Pen" is very good at playing the drums, as shown in the special Play It Again, Charlie Brown. He is also shown playing the double bass, notably in "A Charlie Brown Christmas", as well as in Happy New Year, Charlie Brown!. He plays third base on the Peanuts baseball team.

text: Voiced by[edit]

text:
Geoffrey Ornstein (1963–1966)
Gabrielle DeFaria Ritter (1966–1969)
Christopher DeFaria (1969)
Chris Inglis (1971)
Tom Muller (1974)
Carl Steven (1984–1986)
Brandon Taylor (1997)
Corey Padnos (2000)
Jake Miner (2003)
Shane Baumel (2011)
AJ Teece (2015)
Drake Sanchez (2016)


document_title: I Can Only Imagine (film)

question_text: who plays amy grant in the movie i can only imagine

text: I Can Only Imagine (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Coming from a home with an abusive father, 10-year-old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother, where he meets Shannon. Upon his return from camp, Bart  finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings, leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur, who takes custody of him.

text: Years later, Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon. Hoping to impress his father, he begins playing football. However, he is injured, breaking both ankles and ending his career. In order to make up the credits he would miss from football, he signs up for music class, the only available class left. Initially, Millard is assigned to be a sound technician. After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school, she casts him as Curly, the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma. He doesn't tell his father of his role in the play, and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part, Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain, but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis. The following morning, Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father, who smashes a plate over his head. Shannon presses Bart to open up, but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation.

text: Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe, and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell (Trace Adkins), who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville, leading to meetings with Amy Grant (Nicole DuPort) and Michael W. Smith (Jake B. Miller). Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon, who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase. While the band felt their performance was the best of their career, industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records. In despair, Millard quits the band. After talking with Brickell, who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father, Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again.

text: Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father, who prepares breakfast for him the next morning. His father claims to have become a Christian,  but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father's offer to start over. In anger, Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep, which he had hoped to repair with his son. As Bart prepares to leave, he finds out his father has terminal cancer. Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness.

text: After his father's funeral, Millard rejoins the band and writes "I Can Only Imagine". Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists, including Grant, who, deeply moved by the song, asks to record it herself as her next single. The band accepts Grant's offer. Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert. However, Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song, and offers it back to him, calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience. Millard's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon, who had also been in attendance at the concert. The band releases the song as their first single, achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard
Brody Rose as Young Bart
Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard, Bart's father
Tanya Clarke as Adele
Cloris Leachman as Meemaw, Bart's grandmother
Madeline Carroll as Shannon, Bart's girlfriend
Taegen Burns as Young Shannon
Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell, MercyMe's manager
Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher, Bart's teacher
Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant
Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith
Mark Furze as Nathan

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: The film was announced in December 2016.[4] Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017.[5] Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard.[1] The same month, it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018.[5] In August 2017, Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States.[1][6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  June 24, 2018[update], I Can Only Imagine has grossed $83.4 million in the United States, and Canada and $1.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $85.2 million, against a production budget of $7 million.[2] It is the third-highest grossing music biopic of all-time in the United States, behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line.[7] It is also the highest-grossing independent film of 2018.[8]

text: I Can Only Imagine was released on March 16, 2018, alongside Tomb Raider and Love, Simon, and was originally projected to gross $2–4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend.[9] However, after making $6.2 million on its first day (including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews), weekend estimates were increased to $14 million.[10] It ended up grossing $17.1 million, exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67% of the opening weekend audience was female while 80% was over the age of 35.[11] It was the fourth best-ever opening for a faith-based film, following The Passion of the Christ ($83.8 million), Son of God ($25.6 million) and Heaven Is for Real ($22.5 million).[12] In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19% to $13.8 million, again finishing third.[13] It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend, making $10.4 million (including $3 million on Easter Sunday).[14]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 25 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "I Can Only Imagine's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences, but overall, its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith-based cinema."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[10]

text: The Arizona Republic's James Ward gave the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "Too often faith-based films — say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God's Not Dead series — tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience. The Erwins’ films — I Can Only Imagine definitely among them — are more inclusive, charitable of spirit and hopeful, all qualities that are always appreciated, be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise."[17] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C–" saying: "There’s a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made; why they all end with links to religious websites; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart-brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window...Art can be affirmation, but affirmation cannot be art."[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on iTunes and Google Play on June 5, 2018, and on DVD and Blu-ray on June 12, 2018.[19][20]


document_title: Francis the Talking Mule

question_text: who was the voice of francis the talking mule

text: Francis the Talking Mule

text: The beginning[edit]

text: From the Francis book jacket:[1]

text: David Stern says: "When I joined the Army in 1943, I had been publishing a couple of newspapers. I told this to the classification interviewer, who dutifully recorded my civilian background on a large card. They say the Army always finds the job to fit the man. I was assigned as assistant on a garbage truck.

text: "Circumstances led me, via Officer Candidate School, to Hawaii, where I was assigned as Co-Officer-in-Charge of an Army newspaper called MIDPACIFICAN. One night I was sitting looking at a blank, unpainted wall. To pass the time I wrote four pages of dialogue between a second lieutenant and an Army mule. I had no intention of writing more. But that little runt of a mule kept bothering me. With memories of OCS fresh in my mind I thought I might rid myself of the creature by shipping him off to become a second lieutenant. Francis outwitted me. He refused to go".

text: Under the nom de plume of Peter Stirling, Stern wrote several short stories for Esquire about a nameless, brand-new U. S. Army 2nd lieutenant fighting the Japanese in the jungles of Burma. Following the war, he connected three of the stories, "I Meet Francis", "Francis and the Golden", and "Francis Unmasked" into the 1946 novel Francis.

text: In 1948 Stern published a sequel, Francis Goes to Washington with the former lieutenant (now named Peter Sterling) running for Congress with the help of Francis. Stern gave up fiction writing to become editor of the New Orleans Item, a newspaper he purchased in 1949[2] and ran until 1958.

text: According to his autobiography, Mickey Rooney was originally considered for a United Artists Francis feature film with his company Rooney Inc optioning and then turning down the property [3] before Universal-International acquired the rights. Rooney took the lead after Donald O'Connor left for the final film in the series Francis in the Haunted House.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The book and film series focused on the exploits of Francis, an experienced Army mule, and Peter Stirling (played by Donald O'Connor), the young soldier whom he befriends (and stays with through civilian life and then back into the military). In the original 1950 film the mule identifies himself to the commanding general as "Francis...123rd Mule Detachment...[serial number] M52519". With a plot device like the later series Mister Ed, Francis would usually only talk to Peter, thus causing problems for his nominal "master". The first six films were directed by Universal comedy veteran Arthur Lubin, previously known for helming Abbott and Costello vehicles, who would go on to produce and direct Mister Ed for television.

text: As the titles indicated, each film had a different setting or gimmick, exposing the world-wise mule and the naive GI to race track excitement, the world of journalism, and many branches of the military, from West Point to the WACs to the Navy. The basic plots were fairly similar, however. Stirling, with the sage but sardonic advice of Francis (gleaned from overhearing generals plan strategy or from discussions with other equines), would triumph over his own incompetence. However, inevitably, he would be forced to reveal that his adviser was a mule, and be subject to mental analysis (sometimes more than once per film) until the grand reveal, when Francis displayed his talent (usually either to individuals, or to a large group). The astonishing existence of a talking mule, however, was conveniently forgotten by the next film.

text: Films[edit]

text:
Francis (1950) aka Francis the Talking Mule
Francis Goes to the Races (1951)
Francis Goes to West Point (1952)
Francis Covers the Big Town (1953)
Francis Joins the WACS (1954)
Francis in the Navy (1955)
Francis in the Haunted House (1956)

text: Francis Goes to Washington, based on the 1948 novel by Stern, was meant to be the first Francis sequel,[4] but filming was postponed as there were "too many complications" for it "to be made as things stand at the present".[5]

text: Film series actors[edit]

text: The distinctive voice of Francis was provided by veteran character actor Chill Wills, who lent his deep, rough vocal texture and Western twang to the cynical and sardonic mule. As was customary at the time, Wills never received billing for his vocal work, though he was featured prominently on-screen as blustery General Ben Kaye in the fourth entry, Francis Joins the WACS.

text: The actual mule who appeared on-screen was not a male at all, but a female named Molly, selected because she was easy to handle. She was purchased from Jake and Jenny Frazier in Drexel, Missouri. According to author Pauline Bartel, Universal paid $350 for the animal, but made millions from the film series. Molly was trained by Les Hilton, a former apprentice of Will Rogers, who would also go on to train Bamboo Harvester, the horse who played Mister Ed. To create the impression that the mule was actually talking, Hilton used a thread fed into the animal's mouth, which when tugged, would cause Molly to try to remove it by moving her lips (the same technique used for Mister Ed).

text: The seventh and final entry in the series, Francis in the Haunted House, was made without any of the key creative personnel. Leonard Maltin, in most editions of his Movie Guide, says O'Connor quit, quoting the actor, "When you've made six pictures and the mule still gets more fan mail than you do...." Mickey Rooney, who according to his autobiography was originally considered for a United Artists "Francis" movie before Universal bought the rights, replaced O'Connor as a new but similar character, David Prescott. Director Lubin and Chill Wills were also absent, replaced respectively by Charles Lamont and voice actor Paul Frees, who did a close approximation of Wills' voice. The film did not attempt any real explanation as to why Francis had left Peter Stirling. Francis explains that he decided to befriend reporter Prescott because he once lived on a farm owned by Prescott's uncle and wanted to protect his nephew out of respect for the deceased. With the original elements gone, the film became a standard tale of fake ghosts and gangsters, was poorly received, and is widely viewed as the weakest entry in the series.

text: Later appearances[edit]

text: Francis also made a brief cameo, in animated form and voiced by Marvin Miller, in the UPA cartoon short How Now Boing Boing (1954), starring Gerald McBoing Boing. David Stern and Frank Thomas scripted a 1952-53 syndicated comic strip, Francis, the Famous Talking Mule, illustrated by Cliff Rogerson, who also drew the gag panel, Tee Vee Laffs (1957–85). 17 issues of "Francis the Famous Talking Mule" were published as part of Dell`s "Four Color Comics" series from 1951–60, illustrated by, alternately, David Gantz and Don Gunn. Francis is said to have provided the inspiration for the title of rock band The Mars Volta's second album, Frances the Mute.[citation needed] Many years later, offbeat director John Waters joked about making a film starring Francis and Divine.[citation needed]

text: Video releases[edit]

text: The original film, Francis (1950) was released in 1978 as one of the first-ever titles in the new LaserDisc format, DiscoVision Catalog #22-003.[6] It was later re-issued in May 1994 on LaserDisc by MCA/Universal Home Video (Catalog #: 42024) as part of an Encore Edition Double Feature with Francis Goes to the Races (1951).

text: The first two Francis films were released again in 2004 by Universal Pictures on Region 1 and Region 4 DVD, along with the next two in the series, as The Adventures of Francis the Talking Mule Vol. 1. Several years later, Universal released all 7 Francis films as a set on three Region 1 and Region 4 DVDs, Francis The Talking Mule: The Complete Collection.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Farrar, Straus And Co.; 1st edition (1946)
Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (2012). Military Comedy Films: A Critical Survey and Filmography of Hollywood Releases Since 1918. McFarland. pp. 119–120.
Jump up ^ p.199 Lertzman, Richard A. & Birnes, William J. The Life and Times of Mickey Rooney Simon and Schuster, 20 Oct 2015
Jump up ^ "Looking At Hollywood: Bette Davis in Joyous Mood Over Work on New Picture" Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963) [Chicago, Ill] 13 Mar 1950: b14.
Jump up ^ Drama: Hugh Marlowe Romantic Rival of Milland; Wald, Krasna to Seek Talent Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] 29 May 1951: A7.
Jump up ^ http://www.blamld.com/DiscoVision/Classic_Film/22-003.htm

text: Sources[edit]

text: Bartel, Pauline. Amazing Animal Actors. Dallas: Taylor Publishing, 1997. 0878339744

text: Fictional mulesFilm seriesFictional characters introduced in 1946Fantasy novels

text: All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from January 2008Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008


document_title: When You Reach Me

question_text: who is the laughing man in when you reach me

text: When You Reach Me

text: Concept and development[edit]

text: The two main characters are Miranda, and Marcus (Laughing Man). Stead began writing When You Reach Me in 2007 after reading an article in The New York Times gave her an idea for a novel about traveling in time to save someone's life.[1] The article was about a man who woke up in Denver suffering from amnesia, having forgotten who he was or why he was there.[2] Many people worked with the man to help him regain his memory. Under hypnosis, he spoke about his apparent wife, Penny, and two daughters who died in a car crash. However, when he and Penny reunited, the man found out she was only his fiancée — and they had no children.[2] Upon reading this, Stead wondered if somehow the man had returned to the past to prevent an accident but lost his memory along the way.[3] In addition, the article reminded Stead of a strange old man, called the 'laughing man', who lived near her house as a child.[1]

text:
"All along, the goal was to be certain that the logic would stand up to the merciless scrutiny of a smart kid. Someone might finish the book and then go right back and start again, reading so closely that she or he would spot any inconsistency. We didn't want to let the reader down."

— Editor Wendy Lamb[3]

text: While the news story initially inspired Stead, she also tied in parts of her childhood into the novel. Besides the laughing man, she included her primary school, her apartment and a sandwich store where she used to work. Stead also added memories of herself acting mean without reason. Slowly the novel became "more and more about these ordinary mysteries of life and less about the fantastic time-travel-y one".[1] After developing the basic idea, Stead began researching the science behind time travel to make sure her ideas would be logical. She asked her father for help with the science and complicated technical aspects, since he enjoyed mathematical puzzles. As they talked about time travel, Stead "just kept falling into the same hole with the logic, and he really helped me straighten it out".[2]

text: When Stead was only halfway done, she hit a wall: she wondered if she had focused the novel too much on her own personal life and problems. By her 40th birthday in January 2007, she had stopped writing. One week after her birthday celebration, Stead went to a writers' conference where the presenter advised attendees to stop thinking and just write?. This speech worked as an antidote to Stead's writer's block; she started working on When You Reach Me again.[1] After she had written two-thirds of the novel, Stead sent the draft to her editor Wendy Lamb at Random House. Perusing the script, Lamb found herself absorbed and wanted to help develop the book. Unlike Stead's debut novel First Light, which Lamb heavily edited, Lamb modified nothing on the first draft of When You Reach Me. Throughout the process, Stead helped Lamb understand the complicated concepts in the book and had drafts read by others to make sure, "revision hadn't created any holes or contradictions in the plot".[3]

text: A Wrinkle in Time[edit]

text: Throughout the story, the main character Miranda is often reading Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time, Stead's favorite book as a child; she read and reread it multiple times. She recalls that L'Engle was the only author she met in her childhood.[2] Stead described the novel as a talisman for Miranda;[4] she included it in the first draft and planned to remove it, "because you can't just toss A Wrinkle in Time in there casually".[4] Her editor suggested leaving it in if it could be better tied into the story.[5] Stead was aware that she did not want A Wrinkle in Time to have too big an influence on When You Reach Me. Keeping this in mind, she reread A Wrinkle in Time through the perspective of different characters, which enabled her to develop new connections and ideas in her own work.[4]

text: Setting[edit]

text: When You Reach Me takes place during the 1978-1979 school year of Miranda, the main character. Stead placed Miranda's home in the Upper West Side, New York City, where Stead grew up. Many parts of the novel explore "the same streets where Stead grew up, and riffs on some of her experiences".[6] Stead was inspired to use this setting because she moved into an apartment near her childhood home early in the development of the story. There she had experienced her first independence while exploring the streets, only to find a scary man near her house. Wondering why he was there, Stead later used this encounter as "the anchor as she wrote When You Reach Me".[3]

text: Plot Summary[edit]

text:
M,
This is hard. Harder than I expected, even with your help. But I have been practicing, and my preparations go well. I am coming to save your friend's life and my own.
I ask two favours.
First, you must write me a letter,
Second, please remember to mention the location of your house key.
The trip is a difficult one. I will not be myself when I reach you.

— The first note Miranda receives[7]

text: When You Reach Me follows a sixth-grade protagonist, Miranda. She lives with her single mother who has a kindhearted boyfriend, Richard. Miranda's best friend Sal, whom she has known since she was a small child, had recently started ignoring Miranda after he had been punched in the stomach by another boy, Marcus.

text: A homeless man lives on the corner of Miranda's street. She calls him the "laughing man" for his tendency to laugh without cause. Miranda notices that he always utters the words "book bag pocket shoe." She later realizes the phrase refers to the order and place he will send Miranda notes—her library book, a bread bag, her coat pocket and Richard's shoe. The first three notes instruct Miranda to write a letter describing the future events. The notes, whose writer claims to be coming to Miranda's time to save a life, offer three signs of the truth of the messages. As the plot develops, the proofs come true, and Miranda is intrigued.

text: Miranda and her new friends, Annemarie and Colin find a sandwich shop on the corner, wondering if they can get a job there. The owner, Jimmy, agrees, but he does not wish to pay them with money; instead he gives them a free pop and a sandwich each day. Miranda, Annemarie, and Colin discover a Fred Flintstone bank in the back of sandwich shop. Colin, wanting to see more of the bank, is pulled way by Annemarie insisting that Jimmy could find them. The next day, Jimmy fires the three workers, thinking that one of them stole the Flintstone bank, when the laughing man actually stole it. The workers write a card, give it to Jimmy and insist that they did not steal the bank. Jimmy believes them and let them work at the sandwich shop. He then tells them that he figured out who stole the bank. He thinks that it is Julia, a classmate in their class, and a best friend to Annemarie. He thinks she did it because she is African American. This upsets Annemarie greatly and she immediately quits her job.

text: At school, Julia starts shouting at Miranda for letting Annemarie drink soda and eat sandwiches, saying that because Annemarie is epileptic she has to eat a special diet. Miranda explains that she didn't know that. Colin is later hanging out with Sal. Colin then asks Miranda if she wants to hang out. Miranda declines, saying that her mom is sick. Later on, someone taps on her door which scares her because she doesn't know anyone that knocks like that. She looks though the peep hole and sees Colin. She opens the door and he looks at her then kisses her. She then kisses him back. Colin smiles and then runs off.

text: In a later scene, Marcus encounters Sal. Marcus wants to apologize for his misbehavior, and chases Sal when he flees. Sal runs onto a street right ahead of an oncoming truck. Before the truck can hit Sal, the laughing man kicks Sal out of the way, sacrificing his own life for Sal's. Miranda finds the fourth note in Richard's shoe and learns that the laughing man came from the future to save Sal's life. The note asks Miranda to prepare a chronicle of recent events and deliver it by hand, but she does not know who to give it to.

text: Miranda's mom is invited to appear on the $20,000 Pyramid. In hopes of winning the money and having a better life, Miranda and her mom's boyfriend Richard prep her for the show. Miranda and Sal are friends again. While her mother is on-stage, Miranda reminisces about a conversation with Marcus about how no one would recognize a time-traveler from a different age. She suddenly realizes that the laughing man is an older incarnation of Marcus, who has come from the future to save Sal's life. He needed to deliver the notes to the young Marcus through Miranda. Later on Miranda goes to the mailbox the laughing man (Marcus) slept under, where she finds a picture of an older version of Julia smiling happily. The novel ends as Miranda reflects on the events in an epilogue.

text: Genres[edit]

text: When You Reach Me is classified in the science fiction and mystery genres, but includes features of some other genres. Monica Edinger of The New York Times found When You Reach Me to be "a hybrid of genres, it is a complex mystery, a work of historical fiction, a school story and one of friendship, with a leitmotif of time travel running through it."[8] Augusta Scattergood of the Christian Science Monitor wondered, "Is When You Reach Me science fiction? Time travel? A highly imaginative girl's completely conceived experience? Maybe it's historical fiction. After all, it is set in 1979."[9] According to Mary Quattlebaum of The Washington Post, the novel is of the science fiction and time travel genres. Quattlebaum found that, unlike the usual time travel stories, When You Reach Me does not involve "cheesy time travel machines and rock-'em-sock-'em action [but instead] far surpasses the usual whodunit or sci-fi adventure to become an incandescent exploration of 'life, death, and the beauty of it all.' "[10] Both Kirkus Reviews and Publishers Weekly found that despite the book's science-fiction devices, the setting was still "firmly rooted in reality."[11][12]

text: Some reviewers have placed parts the novel in the mystery genre. Edinger found that despite the broad genres, the novel is mainly "a thrilling puzzle".[8] She relates the pieces slowly; clues are found in the story itself, on the map, in words and chapter titles. At the end of the book everything is tied together and makes sense.[8] Ann Crewdson of School Library Journal found that each note Miranda receives foreshadows the next event. Each note is "skillfully" integrated into the novel, along with subsequent clues, until the climax is reached and all the clues come together.[13] Stead's editor Lamb agreed with the mystery genre, in that "there's plenty to wonder about after you finish the book. Just as we wonder why our feelings change so suddenly, or why someone like the laughing man appears on the corner one day."[3] Gurdon of The Wall Street Journal concurred with Lamb, adding that although the novel is clearly a mystery, the mystery itself is not revealed until the end where the last note comes and where everything ties together.[14]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Aaron Mead found that, "the novel addresses the question of how to hold on to old friendships without stifling them, and it insightfully brings out the stabilizing effect that new friendships can have in the effort to preserve or reclaim old ones". He noted that the novel deeply helps children in middle school.[15] Crewdson opined that the book deals with the "intricacies of friendship".[13]

text: This theme of friendship is explored when Sal abandons his friendship with Miranda after Marcus hits him. Elli Housden of The Courier-Mail found that Miranda is forced to deal with the fact that Sal seemingly abandons their friendship and ignores her for no apparent reason.[16] Scattergood considered the novel an "ordinary friendship story" with Sal ignoring Miranda to find other friends.[9] Julie Long from Reading Time noted how the incident forces Miranda to find new friends and become more active in school, where she starts learning the dynamics of that environment.[17]

text: Mead noted that "the book builds toward second chances for Miranda's mother—both vocationally and relationally."[15] As the novel progresses, Miranda gives second chances to Julia, a girl whom Miranda initially hates, and Alice, a girl who always needs to use the bathroom but never does. Miranda previously considered Julia "a competitor for Annemarie's affection, and Alice as the weird kid who waited too long to go to the bathroom". By the end of the book, she finds Julia to be Annemarie's friend and discovers that Alice is an insecure girl.[15]

text: Stead finds that kids today are much less independent since her childhood. She wrote, "[F]rom age nine, my friends and I were on the streets, walking home, going to each other's houses, going to the store. I really wanted to write about that: the independence that's a little bit scary but also a really positive thing in a lot of ways. And I'm not sure that most kids have that today".[6] Throughout the novel, Miranda and her friends often walk around town without any adults. They are even found working in a sandwich store at lunch and walking home from school while trying to avoid the laughing man. While writing the novel, Stead hoped to show her sons the time period in which she lived, "send[ing] them on a little time-travel journey of their own".[6] Laura Miller of The New Yorker found that this lack of independence in today's youth is mainly due to the fact that kids now grow up with adults constantly watching them. Miller noted how, despite the lower crime rate in current times, the "characters, middle-class middle school students, routinely walk around the Upper West Side by themselves, a rare freedom in today's city."[18]

text: Time travel[edit]

text: Julianna Helt from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette found that time travel forms a central theme as Miranda constantly wonders how time travel could be possible.[19] In When You Reach Me, Marcus helps Miranda realize that the three old ladies from A Wrinkle in Time lied to Meg by promising they would return five minutes before they left. Marcus explains:

text: "So the garden is where they appear when they get home at the end of the book. Remember? They land in the broccoli. So if they had gotten home five minutes before they left, like those ladies promised they would, then they would have seen themselves get back. Before they did".[7]

text: Roger Sutton from Horn Book Magazine felt that the moment Marcus explains this flaw to Miranda is the first exchange that shows the novel to be complicated and mysterious.[20] Quattlebaum noted, "The story's structure – an expert interweaving of past, present and future – brilliantly contradicts Miranda's commonsensical belief that the end can't happen before the middle."[10] Stead explained her view of time travel in her novel, where going back in time is fulfilling the future, rather than changing it. She hoped to make the time travel element logical to show that "Miranda wasn't struggling to understand the seeming randomness and infinity of the universe, but learning that her world has value and that people do care about her".[21]

text: Audiobook adaption[edit]

text: The audiobook adaption of When You Reach Me was released by Listening Library and contains four disks. In praise of Cynthia Holloway's performance of Miranda, M.V.P from Horn Book Magazine stated that her tone "emphasized the novel's interpersonal aspects". The reviewer found it beneficial that the chapter titles were added to the audio, since they seemed to add more detail about the book, but can be easily skipped over when reading. M.V.P criticized the voicing of Miranda's mom.[22] AudioFile praised Halloway for "a strong reading...[that] makes listeners curious about this story's nonlinear structure" and for managing the different elements of the story.[23]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: When You Reach Me was published on July 14, 2010, in hardcover format by Wendy Lamb Books, an imprint of Random House Children's Books.[24] Reception of When You Reach Me was positive. Reviewers praised the details and characters. The novel has reached many bestseller lists; it was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 16 weeks ending May 9, 2010.[25] It was number 127 on USA Today's bestseller list during the week of January 28, 2010.[26] On April 22, 2010, after staying at number 15 for two weeks, When You Reach Me left the Los Angeles Times bestseller list.[27]

text: Reviewers lauded the realistic setting and characters. Ilene Cooper of Booklist acknowledged that although she was unsure if the ending was logical, "everything else is quite wonderful". She praised the realistic portrayal of New York and mentioned that "the characters, children and adults ... are honest bits of humanity".[28] Julianna M. Helt of The Post Gazette felt that along with the "wonderful sense of middle school dynamics", Stead's depiction of New York City in the 1970s was superb.[19] Quattlebaum considered no character to be minor; each plays an important part in the story.[10] Caitlin Augusta of School Library Journal found the setting to be "consistently strong. The stores—and even the streets—in Miranda's neighborhood act as physical entities and impact the plot in tangible ways".[27]

text: Reviewers praised how Stead made every small detail matter. Augusta Scattergood of the Christian Science Monitor enjoyed the detailed work: "The beauty of Stead's writing is found in the way she weaves subplots and settings together seamlessly. Richard's stolen shoe drops into place. A reference to forbidden grapes is tied up sweetly. Stolen $2 bills? Another part of the enigma explained by the end."[9] Edginer agreed, commenting that despite the small size of the novel compared to other popular books, When You Reach Me is a "taut novel, every word, every sentence, has meaning and substance."[8] Publishers Weekly added that even the smallest of details—Miranda's name, her strange habits and why she carries A Wrinkle in Time with her—have a reason for their inclusion by the end of the novel.[12]

text: 2010 Newbery Medal[edit]

text: Stead won the annual Newbery Medal recognizing When You Reach Me as the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children".[29] The judges chose the novel for making the small details important to the plot.[30] Chairwoman of the Newbery committee Katie O'Dell felt that "Every scene, every nuance, every word is vital both to character development and the progression of the mystery that really is going to engage readers and satisfy them".[31] The committee was "very excited about this book because it is exceptionally conceived, finely crafted and highly original".[31]

text: On January 18, 2010, a worker at Random House had tweeted the result 17 minutes prior to the official announcement. The tweet was quickly taken down when the mistake was noticed.[32]

text: 2012 survey[edit]

text: In 2012, When You Reach Me was ranked number 11 among all-time best children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. It was the only 21st-century work among the top 20.[33]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Year
Result

Andre Norton Award
2009
Nominated[34][35]

The New York Times Notable Book
2009
Listed[36]

Kirkus Reviews Best Children's Books
2009
Listed[37]

Publishers Weekly Best Children's Book of the Year
2009
Listed[38]

School Library Journal Best Book of the Year
2009
Listed[39]

Booklist Editors' Choice
2009
Listed[40]

Newbery Medal
2010
Won[41]

ALA Notable Children's Book
2010
Listed[42]

Indian Paintbrush Book Award
2011
Nominated[43]

Massachusetts Children's Book Award
2012
Won[44]


document_title: Golden Gate

question_text: where did the name golden gate bridge come from

text: Golden Gate

text: Geology

text: During the last Ice Age, when sea level was several hundred feet lower, the waters of the glacier-fed Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River scoured a deep channel through the bedrock on their way to the ocean. (A similar process created the undersea Hudson Canyon off the coast of New York and New Jersey.) The strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small whirlpools and eddies can form in its waters. With its strong currents, rocky reefs and fog, the Golden Gate is the site of over 100 shipwrecks.[citation needed]

text: Climate

text: The Golden Gate is often shrouded in fog, especially during the summer. Heat generated in the California Central Valley causes air there to rise, creating a low pressure area that pulls in cool, moist air from over the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate forms the largest break in the hills of the California Coast Range, allowing a persistent, dense stream of fog to enter the bay there.[1]

text: History

text: Before the Europeans arrived in the 18th century, the area around the strait and the bay was inhabited by the Ohlone to the south and Coast Miwok people to the north. Descendants of both tribes remain in the area.

text: The strait was surprisingly elusive for early European explorers, presumably due to this persistent summer fog. The strait is not recorded in the voyages of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo nor Francis Drake, both of whom may have explored the nearby coast in the 16th century in search of the fabled Northwest Passage. The strait is also unrecorded in observations by Spanish galleons returning from the Philippines that laid up in nearby Drakes Bay to the north. These galleons rarely passed east of the Farallon Islands (27 miles (43 km) west of the Golden Gate), fearing the possibility of rocks between the islands and the mainland.

text: The first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. In 1769, Sgt José Francisco Ortega, the leader of a scouting party sent north along the San Francisco Peninsula by Don Gaspar de Portolá from their expedition encampment in San Pedro Valley to locate the Point Reyes headlands, reported back to Portolá that he could not reach the location because of his encounter with the strait.[2] On 5 August 1775 Juan de Ayala and the crew of his ship San Carlos became the first Europeans known to have passed through the strait, anchoring in a cove behind Angel Island, the cove now named in Ayala's honor. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the "Boca del Puerto de San Francisco" ("Mouth of the Port of San Francisco"). On 1 July 1846, before the discovery of gold in California, the entrance acquired a new name. In his memoirs, John C. Frémont wrote, "To this Gate I gave the name of "Chrysopylae", or "Golden Gate"; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn."[3]

text: Coordinates: 37°49′N 122°29′W / 37.817°N 122.483°W / 37.817; -122.483

text: In the 1920s, no bridge spanned the watery expanse between San Francisco and Marin in California—so when the U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp on 1 May 1923, celebrating The Golden Gate, the issue naturally portrayed the scene without a bridge.[4] The schooner sailing ship in the engraving is the USS Babcock, which served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919, and is seen passing through the Golden Gate into San Francisco Bay, its port of call.[5]

text: Golden Gate Bridge

text: The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County.

text: The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when completed in 1937, and is an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California in general. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

text: In local culture

text: The name "Golden Gate" holds an important connotation in the Bay Area as a reference point for the region, and is attached to the bridge that spans the strait, a large park in San Francisco, and various local establishments.

text: Golden Gate Park

text: Golden Gate Park, located in San Francisco, California, is a large urban park consisting of 1,017 acres (412 ha) of public grounds. Configured as a rectangle, it is similar in shape but 174 acres (70 ha) larger than Central Park in New York, to which it is often compared. With 13 million visitors annually, Golden Gate is the fifth most visited city park in the United States after Central Park, Lincoln Park in Chicago, and Balboa and Mission Bay Parks in San Diego.[6] It is not adjacent to the Golden Gate strait.


document_title: Federal Reserve Board of Governors

question_text: who was the chairman of the federal reserve system in 2011

text: Federal Reserve Board of Governors

text: Description[edit]

text: By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country".[1][2] As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are two of seven members of the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors.[1][2]

text: The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress, and the terms of the seven members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms. Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president, he or she functions mostly independently. The Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[3] It also supervises and regulates the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks, and the U.S. banking system in general.

text: Membership is by statute limited in term, and a member that has served for a full 14 year term is not eligible for reappointment.[4] There are numerous occasions where an individual was appointed to serve the remainder of another member's uncompleted term, and has been reappointed to serve a full 14-year term.[4] Since "upon the expiration of their terms of office, members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified",[4] it is possible for a member to serve for significantly longer than a full term of 14 years. The law provides for the removal of a member of the Board by the President "for cause".[4]

text: The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors. They both serve a four-year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses, until their terms on the Board of Governors expire.[1]

text: Current members[edit]

text: The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows:[5]

text:
Governor
Political Party
Entered office
Term expires

Janet Yellen
(Chair)
Democratic
February 3, 2014 (as Chair)
October 4, 2010 (as Governor)
February 3, 2018 (as Chair)
January 31, 2024 (as Governor)

Vacant
(Vice Chair)

N/A (as Vice Chair)
January 31, 2020* (as Governor)

Randal Quarles
(Vice Chair for Supervision)
Republican
October 13, 2017 (as Vice Chair for Supervision)
October 13, 2017
October 13, 2021 (as Vice Chair for Supervision)
January 31, 2018 (as Governor)

Jerome Powell
May 25, 2012
June 16, 2014 (new term)
January 31, 2028

Lael Brainard
Democratic
June 16, 2014
January 31, 2026

Vacant

January 31, 2022*

Vacant

January 31, 2030*

text: *Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position.

text: Committees[edit]

text:
Committee on Board Affairs

Governor Powell, Chairman
Vice Chairman (vacant)

Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs

Governor Brainard, Chair
Vacant

Committee on Economic and Financial Monitoring and Research

Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard

Committee on Financial Stability

Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard
Vacant

Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs

Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard

Committee on Bank Supervision

Vacant, Chairman
Governor Powell
Governor Brainard

Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking

Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard

Committee on Payments, Clearing, and Settlement

Governor Powell, Chairman
Vacant

text: Source: [6]

text: List of governors[edit]

text:
Name
Bank
Begin
End
Term (Years)
Notes

Frederic A. Delano
Chicago
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001918-07-21-0000July 21, 1918
4

Paul M. Warburg
New York
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001918-08-09-0000August 9, 1918
4

William P.G. Harding
Atlanta
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001922-08-09-0000August 9, 1922
8
Chairman (1916–1922)

Adolph C. Miller
San Francisco
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
12

Charles S. Hamlin
Boston
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
12
Chairman (1914–1916)

Albert Strauss
New York
000000001918-10-26-0000October 26, 1918
000000001920-03-15-0000March 15, 1920
2

Henry A. Moehlenpah
Chicago
000000001919-11-10-0000November 10, 1919
000000001920-08-09-0000August 9, 1920
1

Edmund Platt
New York
000000001920-06-20-0000June 20, 1920
000000001930-09-14-0000September 14, 1930
10

David C. Wills
Cleveland
000000001920-09-20-0000September 20, 1920
000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
1

John R. Mitchell
Minneapolis
000000001921-05-12-0000May 12, 1921
000000001923-05-12-0000May 12, 1923
2

Milo D. Campbell
Chicago
000000001923-03-14-0000March 14, 1923
000000001923-03-22-0000March 22, 1923
<1
Died in office

Daniel R. Crissinger
Cleveland
000000001923-05-01-0000May 1, 1923
000000001927-09-15-0000September 15, 1927
4
Chairman (1923–1927)

Edward H. Cunningham
Chicago
000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923
000000001930-11-28-0000November 28, 1930
7
Died in office

George R. James
St. Louis
000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
13

Roy A. Young
Minneapolis
000000001927-10-04-0000October 4, 1927
000000001930-08-31-0000August 31, 1930
3
Chairman (1927–1930)

Eugene Meyer
New York
000000001930-09-16-0000September 16, 1930
000000001933-05-10-0000May 10, 1933
3
Chairman (1930–1933)

Wayland W. Magee
Kansas City
000000001931-05-18-0000May 18, 1931
000000001933-01-24-0000January 24, 1933
2

Eugene R. Black
Atlanta
000000001933-05-19-0000May 19, 1933
000000001934-08-15-0000August 15, 1934
1
Chairman (1933–1934)

J.J. Thomas
Kansas City
000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933
000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936
3

M.S. Szymczak
Chicago
000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933
000000001961-05-31-0000May 31, 1961
28

Marriner S. Eccles
San Francisco
000000001934-11-15-0000November 15, 1934
000000001951-07-14-0000July 14, 1951
17
Chairman (1934–1948)

Joseph A. Broderick
New York
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001937-09-30-0000September 30, 1937
2

John K. McKee
Cleveland
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946
10

Ronald Ransom
Atlanta
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001947-12-02-0000December 2, 1947
12
Died in office

Ralph W. Morrison
Dallas
000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936
000000001936-07-09-0000July 9, 1936
<1

Chester C. Davis
Richmond
000000001936-06-25-0000June 25, 1936
000000001941-04-15-0000April 15, 1941
5

Ernest G. Draper
New York
000000001938-03-30-0000March 30, 1938
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
12

Rudolph M. Evans
Richmond
000000001942-03-14-0000March 14, 1942
000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954
12

James K. Vardaman, Jr.
St. Louis
000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946
000000001958-11-30-0000November 30, 1958
12

Lawrence Clayton
Boston
000000001947-02-14-0000February 14, 1947
000000001949-12-04-0000December 4, 1949
3
Died in office

Thomas B. McCabe
Philadelphia
000000001948-04-15-0000April 15, 1948
000000001951-03-31-0000March 31, 1951
3
Chairman (1948–1951)

Edward L. Norton
Atlanta
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
000000001952-01-31-0000January 31, 1952
1

Oliver S. Powell
Minneapolis
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
000000001952-06-30-0000June 30, 1952
2

William McChesney Martin
New York
000000001951-04-02-0000April 2, 1951
000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970
19
Chairman (1951–1970)

A.L. Mills, Jr.
San Francisco
000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952
000000001965-02-28-0000February 28, 1965
13

J.L. Robertson
Kansas City
000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952
000000001973-04-30-0000April 30, 1973
21

C. Canby Balderston
Philadelphia
000000001954-08-12-0000August 12, 1954
000000001966-02-28-0000February 28, 1966
12

Paul E. Miller
Minneapolis
000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954
000000001954-10-21-0000October 21, 1954
<1
Died in office

Charles N. Shepardson
Dallas
000000001955-03-17-0000March 17, 1955
000000001967-04-30-0000April 30, 1967
12

G.H. King, Jr.
Atlanta
000000001959-03-25-0000March 25, 1959
000000001963-09-18-0000September 18, 1963
4

George W. Mitchell
Chicago
000000001961-08-31-0000August 31, 1961
000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976
14

J. Dewey Daane
Richmond
000000001963-11-29-0000November 29, 1963
000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974
11

Sherman J. Maisel
San Francisco
000000001965-04-30-0000April 30, 1965
000000001972-05-31-0000May 31, 1972
7

Andrew F. Brimmer
Philadelphia
000000001966-03-09-0000March 9, 1966
000000001974-08-31-0000August 31, 1974
8

William W. Sherrill
Dallas
000000001967-05-01-0000May 1, 1967
000000001971-11-15-0000November 15, 1971
5

Arthur F. Burns
New York
000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970
000000001978-03-31-0000March 31, 1978
8
Chairman (1970–1978)

John E. Sheehan
St. Louis
000000001972-01-04-0000January 4, 1972
000000001975-06-01-0000June 1, 1975
3

Jeffrey M. Bucher
San Francisco
000000001972-06-05-0000June 5, 1972
000000001976-01-02-0000January 2, 1976
4

Robert C. Holland
Kansas City
000000001973-06-11-0000June 11, 1973
000000001976-05-15-0000May 15, 1976
3

Henry C. Wallich
Boston
000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974
000000001986-12-15-0000December 15, 1986
12

Philip E. Coldwell
Dallas
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
000000001980-02-29-0000February 29, 1980
6

Philip C. Jackson, Jr.
Atlanta
000000001975-07-14-0000July 14, 1975
000000001978-11-17-0000November 17, 1978
3

J. Charles Partee
Richmond
000000001976-01-05-0000January 5, 1976
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
10

Stephen S. Gardner
Philadelphia
000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976
000000001978-11-19-0000November 19, 1978
3
Died in office

David M. Lilly
Minneapolis
000000001976-06-01-0000June 1, 1976
000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978
2

G. William Miller
San Francisco
000000001978-03-08-0000March 8, 1978
000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979
1
Chairman (1978–1979)

Nancy H. Teeters
Chicago
000000001978-09-18-0000September 18, 1978
000000001984-06-27-0000June 27, 1984
6

Emmett J. Rice
New York
000000001979-06-20-0000June 20, 1979
000000001986-12-31-0000December 31, 1986
8

Frederick H. Schultz
Atlanta
000000001979-07-27-0000July 27, 1979
000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982
3

Paul A. Volcker
Philadelphia
000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979
000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987
8
Chairman (1979–1987)

Lyle E. Gramley
Kansas City
000000001980-05-28-0000May 28, 1980
000000001985-09-01-0000September 1, 1985
5

Preston Martin[7]
San Francisco
000000001982-03-31-0000March 31, 1982
000000001986-04-30-0000April 30, 1986
4

Martha R. Seger
Chicago
000000001984-07-02-0000July 2, 1984
000000001991-03-11-0000March 11, 1991
7

Manuel H. Johnson
Richmond
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
000000001990-08-03-0000August 3, 1990
4

Wayne D. Angell
Kansas City
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994
8

H. Robert Heller
San Francisco
000000001986-08-19-0000August 19, 1986
000000001989-07-31-0000July 31, 1989
3

Edward W. Kelley, Jr.
Dallas
000000001987-05-26-0000May 26, 1987
000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001
14

Alan Greenspan
New York
000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
19
Chairman (1987–2006)

John P. LaWare
Boston
000000001988-08-15-0000August 15, 1988
000000001995-04-30-0000April 30, 1995
7

David W. Mullins, Jr.
St. Louis
000000001990-05-21-0000May 21, 1990
000000001994-02-14-0000February 14, 1994
4

Lawrence B. Lindsey
Richmond
000000001991-11-26-0000November 26, 1991
000000001997-02-05-0000February 5, 1997
5

Susan M. Phillips
Chicago
000000001991-12-02-0000December 2, 1991
000000001998-06-30-0000June 30, 1998
7

Alan S. Blinder
Philadelphia
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
000000001996-01-31-0000January 31, 1996
2

Janet Yellen
San Francisco
000000001994-08-12-0000August 12, 1994
000000001997-02-17-0000February 17, 1997
3

Laurence H. Meyer
St. Louis
000000001996-06-24-0000June 24, 1996
000000002002-01-31-0000January 31, 2002
6

Alice M. Rivlin
Philadelphia
000000001996-06-25-0000June 25, 1996
000000001999-07-16-0000July 16, 1999
3

Edward M. Gramlich
Richmond
000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997
000000002005-08-31-0000August 31, 2005
8

Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
Boston
000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997
000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006
8

Mark W. Olson
Minneapolis
000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001
000000002006-06-30-0000June 30, 2006
5

Susan S. Bies
Chicago
000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001
000000002007-03-30-0000March 30, 2007
5

Ben S. Bernanke
Atlanta
000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002
000000002005-06-21-0000June 21, 2005
3

Donald L. Kohn
Kansas City
000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002
000000002010-09-01-0000September 1, 2010
8

Ben S. Bernanke
Atlanta
000000002006-02-01-0000February 1, 2006
000000002014-01-31-0000January 31, 2014
8
Chairman (2006–2014)

Kevin M. Warsh
New York
000000002006-02-24-0000February 24, 2006
000000002011-04-02-0000April 2, 2011
5

Randall S. Kroszner
Richmond
000000002006-03-01-0000March 1, 2006
000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009
3

Frederic S. Mishkin
Boston
000000002006-09-05-0000September 5, 2006
000000002008-08-31-0000August 31, 2008
2

Elizabeth A. Duke
Philadelphia
000000002008-08-05-0000August 5, 2008
000000002013-08-31-0000August 31, 2013
5

Daniel Tarullo
Boston
000000002009-01-28-0000January 28, 2009
000000002017-04-05-0000April 5, 2017
8

Janet Yellen
San Francisco
000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010
000000002024-01-31-0000January 31, 2024 (Incumbent)

Chair (2014–present)

Sarah Bloom Raskin
Richmond
000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010
000000002014-03-13-0000March 13, 2014
3

Jerome Powell
New York
000000002012-05-25-0000May 25, 2012
000000002028-01-31-0000January 31, 2028 (Incumbent)

Jeremy C. Stein
Chicago
000000002012-05-30-0000May 30, 2012
000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014
2

Stanley Fischer
New York
000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014
000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017
3

Lael Brainard
Richmond
000000002014-06-16-0000June 16, 2014
000000002026-01-31-0000January 31, 2026 (Incumbent)

Randal Quarles

000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017
000000002018-01-31-0000January 31, 2018 (Incumbent)

Vice Chair for Supervision (2017–present)

text: Source: [8]