document_title: Plant reproductive morphology

question_text: different maturation time of androecium and gynoecium in the same flower is

text: Plant reproductive morphology

text: Use of sexual terminology[edit]

text: Plants have complex lifecycles involving alternation of generations. One generation, the sporophyte, gives rise to the next generation asexually via spores. Spores may be identical isospores or come in different sizes (microspores and megaspores), but strictly speaking, spores and sporophytes are neither male nor female because they do not produce gametes. The alternate generation, the gametophyte, produces gametes, eggs and/or sperm. A gametophyte can be monoicous (bisexual), producing both eggs and sperm or dioicous (unisexual), either female (producing eggs) or male (producing sperm).

text: In the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts), the sexual gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants (including cycads, conifers, flowering plants, etc.) the sporophyte is the dominant generation. The obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small. In seed plants, each female gametophyte, and the spore that gives rise to it, is hidden within the sporophyte and is entirely dependent on it for nutrition. Each male gametophyte typically consists of from two to four cells enclosed within the protective wall of a pollen grain.

text: The sporophyte of a flowering plant is often described using sexual terms (e.g. "female" or "male") based on the sexuality of the gametophyte it gives rise to. For example, a sporophyte that produces spores that give rise only to male gametophytes may be described as "male", even though the sporophyte itself is asexual, producing only spores. Similarly, flowers produced by the sporophyte may be described as "unisexual" or "bisexual", meaning that they give rise to either one sex of gametophyte or both sexes of gametophyte.[2]

text: Flowering plants[edit]

text: Basic flower morphology[edit]

text: The flower is the characteristic structure concerned with sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). Flowers vary enormously in their construction (morphology). A "complete" flower, like that of Ranunculus glaberrimus shown in the figure, has a calyx of outer sepals and a corolla of inner petals. The sepals and petals together form the perianth. Next inwards there are numerous stamens, which produce pollen grains, each containing a microscopic male gametophyte. Stamens may be called the "male" parts of a flower and collectively form the androecium. Finally in the middle there are carpels, which at maturity contain one or more ovules, and within each ovule is a tiny female gametophyte.[3] Carpels may be called the "female" parts of a flower and collectively form the gynoecium.

text: Each carpel in Ranunculus species is an achene that produces one ovule,[4] which when fertilized becomes a seed. If the carpel contains more than one seed, as in Eranthis hyemalis it is called a follicle. Two or more carpels may be fused together to varying degrees and the entire structure, including the fused styles and stigmas may be called a pistil. The lower part of the pistil, where the ovules are produced, is called the ovary. It may be divided into chambers (locules) corresponding to the separate carpels.[5]

text: Variations[edit]

text: A "perfect" flower has both stamens and carpels, and may be described as "bisexual" or "hermaphroditic". A "unisexual" flower is one in which either the stamens or the carpels are missing, vestigial or otherwise non-functional. Each flower is either "staminate" (having only functional stamens) and thus "male", or "carpellate" (or "pistillate") (having only functional carpels) and thus "female". If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on the same plant, the species is called monoecious. If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on different plants, the species is called dioecious.[6] A 1995 study found that about 6% of angiosperm species are dioecious, and that 7% of genera contain some dioecious species.[7]

text: Members of the birch family (Betulaceae) are examples of monoecious plants with unisexual flowers. A mature alder tree (Alnus species) produces long catkins containing only male flowers, each with four stamens and a minute perianth, and separate stalked groups of female flowers, each without a perianth.[8] (See the illustration of Alnus serrulata.)

text: Most hollies (members of the genus Ilex) are dioecious. Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In Ilex aquifolium (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and a four-celled ovary.[9] Since only female plants are able to set fruit and produce berries, this has consequences for gardeners. Amborella represents the first known group of flowering plants to separate from their common ancestor. It too is dioecious; at any one time, each plant produces either flowers with functional stamens but no carpels, or flowers with a few non-functional stamens and a number of fully functional carpels. However, Amborella plants may change their "sex" over time. In one study, five cuttings from a male plant produced only male flowers when they first flowered, but at their second flowering three switched to producing female flowers.[10]

text: In extreme cases, all of the parts present in a complete flower may be missing, so long as at least one carpel or one stamen is present. This situation is reached in the female flowers of duckweeds (Lemna), which comprise a single carpel, and in the male flowers of spurges (Euphorbia) which comprise a single stamen.[11]

text: A species such as Fraxinus excelsior, the common ash of Europe, demonstrates one possible kind of variation. Ash flowers are wind-pollinated and lack petals and sepals. Structurally, the flowers may be bisexual, consisting of two stamens and an ovary, or may be male (staminate), lacking a functional ovary, or female (carpellate), lacking functional stamens. Different forms may occur on the same tree, or on different trees.[8] The Asteraceae (sunflower family), with close to 22,000 species worldwide, have highly modified inflorescences made up of flowers (florets) collected together into tightly packed heads. Heads may have florets of one sexual morphology – all bisexual, all carpellate or all staminate (when they are called homogamous), or may have mixtures of two or more sexual forms (heterogamous).[12] Thus goatsbeards (Tragopogon species) have heads of bisexual florets, like other members of the tribe Cichorieae,[13] whereas marigolds (Calendula species) generally have heads with the outer florets bisexual and the inner florets staminate (male).[14]

text: Like Amborella, some plants undergo sex-switching. For example, Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit) expresses sexual differences at different stages of growth: smaller plants produce all or mostly male flowers; as plants grow larger over the years the male flowers are replaced by more female flowers on the same plant. Arisaema triphyllum thus covers a multitude of sexual conditions in its lifetime: nonsexual juvenile plants, young plants that are all male, larger plants with a mix of both male and female flowers, and large plants that have mostly female flowers.[15] Other plant populations have plants that produce more male flowers early in the year and as plants bloom later in the growing season they produce more female flowers.[citation needed]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The complexity of the morphology of flowers and its variation within populations has led to a rich terminology.

text:
Androdioecious: having male flowers on some plants, bisexual ones on others.[6]
Androecious: having only male flowers (the male of a dioecious population); producing pollen but no seed.[16]
Androgynous: see bisexual.[6]
Androgynomonoecious: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant, also called trimonoecious.[16]
Andromonoecious: having both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant.[6]
Bisexual: each flower of each individual has both male and female structures, i.e. it combines both sexes in one structure.[6] Flowers of this kind are called perfect, having both stamens and carpels. Other terms used for this condition are androgynous, hermaphroditic, monoclinous and synoecious.
Dichogamous: having sexes developing at different times; producing pollen when the stigmas are not receptive,[6] either protandrous or protogynous. This promotes outcrossing by limiting self-pollination.[17] Some dichogamous plants have bisexual flowers, others have unisexual flowers.
Diclinous: see Unisexual.[6]
Dioecious: having either only male or only female flowers.[6] No individual plant of the population produces both pollen and ovules.[18] (From the Greek for "two households". See also the Wiktionary entry for dioecious.)
Gynodioecious: having hermaphrodite flowers and female flowers on separate plants.[19]
Gynoecious: having only female flowers (the female of a dioecious population); producing seed but not pollen.[citation needed]
Gynomonoecious: having both bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.[6]
Hermaphroditic: see bisexual.[6]
Imperfect: (of flowers) having some parts that are normally present not developed,[20] e.g. lacking stamens. See also Unisexual.
Monoclinous: see bisexual.[6]
Monoecious: In the commoner narrow sense of the term, it refers to plants with unisexual flowers which occur on the same individual.[2] In the broad sense of the term, it also includes plants with bisexual flowers.[6] Individuals bearing separate flowers of both sexes at the same time are called simultaneously or synchronously monoecious.[citation needed] Individuals that bear flowers of one sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious.[citation needed] (From the Greek monos "single" + oikia "house". See also the Wiktionary entry for monoecious.)
Perfect: (of flowers) see bisexual.[6]
Polygamodioecious: mostly dioecious, but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few bisexual flowers on the same plant.[2]
Polygamomonoecious: see polygamous.[6] Or, mostly monoecious, but also partly polygamous.[2]
Polygamous: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant.[6] Also called polygamomonoecious or trimonoecious.[21] Or, with bisexual and at least one of male and female flowers on the same plant.[2]
Protandrous: (of dichogamous plants) having male parts of flowers developed before female parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as male and then change to female or producing pollen before the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.[6] (Protoandrous is also used.)
Protogynous: (of dichogamous plants) having female parts of flowers developed before male parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as female and then change to male or producing pollen after the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.[6]
Subandroecious: having mostly male flowers, with a few female or bisexual flowers.[citation needed]
Subdioecious: having some individuals in otherwise dioecious populations with flowers that are not clearly male or female. The population produces normally male or female plants with unisexual flowers, but some plants may have bisexual flowers, some both male and female flowers, and others some combination thereof, such as female and bisexual flowers. The condition is thought to represent a transition between bisexuality and dioecy.[22][23]
Subgynoecious: having mostly female flowers, with a few male or bisexual flowers.[citation needed]
Synoecious: see bisexual.[6]
Trimonoecious: see polygamous[6] and androgynomonoecious.[16]
Trioecious: see polygamous.[citation needed]
Unisexual: having either functionally male or functionally female flowers.[6] This condition is also called diclinous, incomplete or imperfect.

text: Outcrossing[edit]

text: Outcrossing, cross-fertilization or allogamy, in which offspring are formed by the fusion of the gametes of two different plants, is the most common mode of reproduction among higher plants. About 55% of higher plant species reproduce in this way. An additional 7% are partially cross-fertilizing and partially self-fertilizing (autogamy). About 15% produce gametes but are principally self-fertilizing with significant out-crossing lacking. Only about 8% of higher plant species reproduce exclusively by non-sexual means. These include plants that reproduce vegetatively by runners or bulbils, or which produce seeds without embryo fertilization (apomixis). The selective advantage of outcrossing appears to be the masking of deleterious recessive mutations.[24]

text: The primary mechanism used by flowering plants to ensure outcrossing involves a genetic mechanism known as self-incompatibility. Various aspects of floral morphology promote allogamy. In plants with bisexual flowers, the anthers and carpels may mature at different times, plants being protandrous (with the anthers maturing first) or protogynous (with the carpels mature first).[citation needed] Monoecious species, with unisexual flowers on the same plant, may produce male and female flowers at different times.[citation needed]

text: Dioecy, the condition of having unisexual flowers on different plants, necessarily results in outcrossing, and might thus be thought to have evolved for this purpose. However, "dioecy has proven difficult to explain simply as an outbreeding mechanism in plants that lack self-incompatibility".[7] Resource-allocation constraints may be important in the evolution of dioecy, for example, with wind-pollination, separate male flowers arranged in a catkin that vibrates in the wind may provide better pollen dispersal.[7] In climbing plants, rapid upward growth may be essential, and resource allocation to fruit production may be incompatible with rapid growth, thus giving an advantage to delayed production of female flowers.[7] Dioecy has evolved separately in many different lineages, and monoecy in the plant lineage correlates with the evolution of dioecy, suggesting that dioecy can evolve more readily from plants that already produce separate male and female flowers.[7]


document_title: Kim's Convenience (TV series)

question_text: where is kim's convenience filmed in toronto

question_tokens: where is kim 's convenience filmed in toronto

root

text: Kim's Convenience (TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee as Kim Sang-il ("Mr. Kim"/"Appa") - The family patriarch, Mr. Kim was a teacher in his homeland before immigrating to Canada with his wife where they now own and operate 'Kim's Convenience', a grocery store in Toronto's Moss Park neighbourhood. Mr. Kim is traditional, proud and stubborn, practical, opinionated and blunt. He is estranged from his son Jung, 56 years old at the start of the series.[10]
Jean Yoon as Kim Yong-mi ("Mrs. Kim"/"Umma") - The family matriarch, Mrs. Kim, 54 at the start of the series, was also a teacher in Korea. She is hardworking and kind but also meddles in the lives of her family. Her life revolves around the store, family, and church, where she volunteers.[11]
Simu Liu as Jung Kim, 24 at the start of the series. Mr. and Mrs. Kim's son and Janet's brother. Jung works at Handy Car Rental, where he is promoted to assistant manager at the beginning of the series. He was a rebellious teenager who had engaged in petty street crimes, earning him a brief stint in juvenile detention, but has since cleaned up his act. He was kicked out of the family home by Mr. Kim after stealing from him and remains estranged from his father though he is still in contact with the rest of the family.[12]
Andrea Bang as Janet Kim, 20 at the start of the series, Mr. and Mrs. Kim's daughter and Jung's sister. She is the family member in most frequent contact with Jung. Attending OCAD University, where she studies photography, Janet is a talented artist but is frustrated by her parents' traditionalism, their lack of support for her art, and the fact that they overparent her due to Jung's estrangement from the household.[13]
Andrew Phung as Kimchee, 25 at the start of the series. Jung's best friend, co-worker, roommate, and former partner in crime.[14]
Nicole Power as Shannon Ross, 26. The manager of Handy Car Rental, and Jung and Kimchee's boss, she has a crush on Jung in season 1 and is often awkward in her attempts to appear cool and hip.[15]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
John Ng as Mr. Chin, Mr. Kim's friend and a successful entrepreneur, owning several businesses. Fastidious, he does not like to do manual labour.
Ben Beauchemin as Gerald, Janet's friend, roommate, and a fellow student at OCAD. He's intimidated by Mr. Kim and has awkward interactions with him.
Michael Musi as Terence, a mild-mannered employee at Handy Car Rental whom Kimchee inexplicably hates.
Getenesh Berhe as Semira, another of Janet's OCAD photography classmates and friends.
Soo-Ram Kim as Nayoung, Janet's cousin who visits from South Korea in season 1. In season 2 she moves to Canada to attend the University of Waterloo.
Michael Xavier as Alex Jackson, a police officer who was Jung's childhood friend and who is getting reacquainted with Janet.
Sabrina Grdevich as Ms Murray, one of Janet's professors at OCAD.
Sugith Varughese as Mr. Mehta, a friend of Mr. Kim's who plays cards with him and owns an Indian restaurant.
Hiro Kanagawa as Pastor Choi, the pastor at Mrs. Kim's church.
Christina Song as Mrs. Lee, Grace Lee's mother and Mrs. Kim's friend.
Uni Park as Mrs. Park, a supercilious and well-to-do parishioner at Mrs. Kim's church who looks down on the Kims.
Amanda Brugel as Pastor Nina Gomez, associate pastor at Mrs. Kim's church.
Rodrigo Fernandez-Stoll as Enrique, a nurse and regular customer.
Tina Jung as Jeanie Park, Mrs. Park's introverted teenage daughter.
Kris Hagen as Sketchy-Looking Dude, a regular customer.
Marco Grazzini as Alejandro, Shannon's new boyfriend at the end of season one, continuing into season two.
Derek McGrath as Frank, a repairman and friend of Mr. Kim's who tells pointless anecdotes.
Ellora Patnaik as Mrs. Mehta, Mr. Mehta's wife and a friend of Mrs. Kim.

text: Production[edit]

text: Shooting locations[edit]

text: Interior scenes at the store, Handy Car Rental and home are shot at Showline Studios at 901 Lake Shore Boulevard East, where an exact replica of Mimi Variety, the model for the store, has been recreated. The studio is also used as the exterior of the car rental business. One episode was shot in Koreatown at Bloor and Christie Streets. The long established "Mimi Variety" store at 252 Queen Street East is used for exterior shots and as the model for the interior set built in the studio. While the signage has been adjusted, the "Kim's Convenience" sign uses the same red and green lettering and all other sections, such as the "7 DAYS A WEEK", are the original signage of Mimi Variety.[16] The producers also painted a mural on an exterior wall, mostly seen in the credit sequence and for stock transitional shots as well as for promotional shots. The owners of the store have retained the new signage although the business has not officially changed its name.[16][17]

tag: p

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Originally set to premiere on October 4, 2016, on CBC, the series premiere was delayed to October 11, 2016, with back-to-back episodes, so it would not conflict with the Toronto Blue Jays' American League Wild Card Game.[18] The first season consists of 13 half-hour episodes.[19]

text: CBC announced on December 20, 2016, that it had renewed Kim's Convenience for a second season of 13 episodes.[7] Season 2 premiered on September 26, 2017.[6]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
#overall

# inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Canadian viewers(millions)

11"Gay Discount"Kaeden MichlickIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)0.835[20]
After being accused of homophobia, Appa decides to offer a store discount to gay customers during Toronto Pride Week — but he doesn't seem to be very good at determining who qualifies for it. Meanwhile, Eomma tries to find a "cool Christian Korean boyfriend" for Janet.
22"Janet's Photos"Kaeden MichlickIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)0.805[20]
When Janet's photos start getting attention from admirers, Appa tries to prove he's a better photographer. Meanwhile, Jung decides to apply for a promotion at the car rental agency, to the dismay of Kimchee and Eomma, though for different reasons.
33"Ddongjeem & Eomma's Picture"Peter WellingtonGarry CampbellOctober 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)0.749[22]
Jung draws the wrong kind of attention from his boss when he gives Kimchee a ddong chim (Korean "wedgie") at work. Mr. Kim commissions Janet's friend, Gerald, to take his photo instead of asking Janet.[21]
44"Frank and Nayoung"Dawn WilkinsonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)0.763[23]
Mr. Kim is frustrated with Frank (Derek McGrath), a repairman who talks too much, while Janet's cousin Nayoung (Soo-Ram Kim) visits from Korea, challenging Janet's sense of what it means to be 'Korean.' Jung and Shannon get tickets to a Toronto Raptors game, but Jung starts to wonder if Shannon thinks it's a date.
55"Wingman"James GennGarry CampbellNovember 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)N/A
Mr. Chin asks Mr. Kim to be his wingman on a date, which is fine until Mrs. Kim tags along. Janet asks Jung to help her fix a dripping pipe at the store, but the repair is interrupted by an intruder. A police officer (Michael Xavier) helps Jung resolve a misunderstanding and Jung recognizes him as his childhood friend Alex, who becomes reacquainted with Janet.
66"Rude Kid"[24]James GennSonja BennettNovember 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)N/A
Mr. Kim scolds Janet's professor's 5 year-old kid, when he misbehaves in the store, with unexpected consequences for Janet; Jung discovers Kimchee is making extra money by moonlighting  for a carsharing company, illicitly using Handy Car Rental cars, and has to decide whether to let Terence get fired when Shannon wrongly suspects him as the culprit.[24]
77"Hapkido"[25]Dawn WilkinsonIns ChoiNovember 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)0.887[26]
Janet takes a Hapkido class but Mr. Kim thinks he knows more than her teacher (Tommy Chang). Jung runs into Grace Lee (Eileen Li), an old flame; they both discover that their meeting was not accidental but part of a plan by their mothers to get them back together.[25]
88"Service"[27]James GennRebecca KohlerNovember 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)0.878[28]
Mr. and Mrs. Kim's relationship is tested when Mr. Kim offers the attractive new female pastor (Amanda Brugel) some free items from the store. Janet dates Jung's friend, Alex, and Jung pretends to be cool with it.[27]
99"Best Before"[29]James GennStory by : Kevin White and Ins Choi Teleplay by : Anita KapilaDecember 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)N/A
Mr. Kim tries to prove that "best before" dates mean nothing when Janet objects to his selling expired ravioli; Mrs. Kim's serving up her homemade galbijjim at the church bazaar when a surprise visit by Jung forces her to admit that she's embarrassed by his troubled past.[29]
1010"Janet's New Job"[30]Dawn WilkinsonAnita KapilaDecember 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)N/A
Janet is sick of working for free and finds a job at Handy Car Rental putting Jung in a difficult position when she notices that Jung and Shannon are attracted to each other; Appa hires Gerald to work in the store but Gerald is nervous and clumsy whenver Appa is around, which is all the time.[30]
1111"Handyman"[31]Dawn WilkinsonKevin WhiteDecember 20, 2016 (2016-12-20)0.690[32]
Mr. Kim fixes a broken toilet for Kimchee; Jung hides out with Shannon; when Edwin Carter (Kevin Bundy), an old acquaintance of Eomma's drops by, Janet believes there's more to his relationship with Mrs. Kim.[31]
1212"Appa's Lump"[33]Peter WellingtonAnita KapilaDecember 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)0.805[34]
Mr. Kim finds a lump on his back and goes in for a biopsy; Janet wins an award at school; Shannon brings Jung to a work event which may also be a date, when he learns of Mr. Kim's surgery and must decide whether or not to ditch Shannon and go to hospital.
1313"Family Singing Contest"[35]Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteDecember 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)0.938[34]
Janet signs a lease with Gerald and Semira but doesn't know how to break the news to her parents. Mrs Kim really wants her family to beat the Parks at the church's family singing festival, but Jung is reluctant to join them while Janet hopes entering the contest will put Eomma in a good mood to receive her news; Mr. Kim gets attention for his new SUV. Jung is surprised to learn that Shannon has a  new boyfriend, Alejandro, (Marco Grazzini), whom she brings to the church festival, resulting in Jung realising he may have feelings for her.

tag: table

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
#overall

# inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Canadian viewers(millions)

141"Janet's Roommate"[36]Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteSeptember 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)0.516[37]
Appa and Umma encourage Janet to stay home when her plans to move in with Gerald and Semira hit a snag. Kimchee tells Jung to make a move on Shannon, but her relationship with Alejandro shows no sign of ending.
152"Business Award"[36]Peter WellingtonMatt KippenOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)N/A
An award comes between Appa and Umma. Shannon begins biking to work. Janet and Gerald have their first argument as roommates.
163"House Guest"[38]Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)N/A
Pastor Nina stays with the Kims while her apartment is being renovated. After a night with Janet and her college friends, Jung is worried he might not be that bright.
174"Cardboard Jung"[36]Dawn WilkinsonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)N/A
Appa is ambivalent when Umma brings home a lifesized cardboard cutout of Jung made by Handy Car Rental as a promotion. Janet's cousin Nayoung returns.
185"Date Night"[36]Aleysa YoungIns Choi & Kat SandlerOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)N/A
Appa is pressured to make his date night with Umma more special. Jung looks online to replace Kimchee's sneakers.
196"Resting Place"[36]Peter WellingtonAnita KapilaOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)N/A
A money-saving scheme comes back to haunt Appa when Umma discovers that he sold her burial plot 20 years ago; Janet's bedroom habits make Gerald uncomfortable; Jung does damage control after losing a play wrestling match to Kimchee.
207"Sneak Attack"[36]Gary CampbellAnita KapilaNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)N/A
Appa wants in on Umma's side business, while Janet assumes a new identity accidentally on purpose when she tries to get into a film festival after party.  When Umma offers the store's old freezer to Jung and Kimchee, Jung is reluctant to accept it while Kimchee and Janet fight over who will get the freezer for their respective apartment.
218"Silent Auction"[36]Dawn WilkinsonAnita KapilaNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)N/A
Umma has her heart set on a coat at the auction; Jung accuses Shannon of acting unprofessional; Janet's big payday gets foiled.
229"New TV"[36]Renuka JeyapalanNadyia Chettiar &Kevin WhiteNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)N/A
Appa buys a new TV and Umma donates the old one to a newly arrived refugee family; a photography lecturer notices Janet; Kimchee worries about Jung stealing his girlfriend.
2310"Janet's Boyfriend"[39]Renuka JeyapalanMatt KippenNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)N/A
Janet tries to keep her relationship with Raj Mehta (Ishan Dave) from Appa and Umma; Jung and Kimchee can't agree about their house party.
2411"Good Neighbours"[39]Siobhan DevineNadyia Chettiar &Carly StoneDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)N/A
Appa and Umma meet their new neighbour; Jung starts a new work romance; Janet doesn't like how sweet Gerald's new girlfriend is.
2512"Appa's First Text"[39]Peter WellingtonCarly Stone &Kevin WhiteDecember 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)N/A
Appa inherits Janet's smartphone; Umma discovers a pest in the store; Kimchee tries to help Janet with her F.O.M.O.; Jung tries to reconnect with a girl.
2613"Handy Graduation"[40]Peter WellingtonAnita Kapila, Matt Kippen & Kevin WhiteDecember 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)0.722[41]
Umma wants the family to celebrate Jung getting his GED; Shannon organizes a party to celebrate Jung's achievement but is conflicted when their feelings for each other surface. Janet gets tired of being the good one and feels unappreciated when Umma and Appa celebrate Jung's achievement while ignoring hers. Jung struggles to tell Shannon that he's taking a job elsewhere.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: On March 12, 2018, the cast of Kim's Convenience took to Facebook and Twitter to announce that there would be a Season 3.[42]  Season 3 of the show is scheduled to begin airing in early 2019.[43]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: On May 24, 2018, just 2 months after announcing the season 3 renewal of the show, CBC announced that the show had also been renewed for a season 4.  In this unprecedented move, the show was renewed for a fourth season even before the third season of the show had begun production.[43]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Entertainment One released the first season of Kim's Convenience on Region 1 DVD on March 7, 2017.[44]

text:
Season

Episodes

Release Date

Region 1

1

13

March 7, 2017

2

13

March 6, 2018[45]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The show has received mostly positive reviews.

text: John Doyle of The Globe and Mail wrote that the show "stays away from the pseudo-seriousness that could easily plague a comedy about immigrants and family dynamics." In conclusion, Doyle called it "a clever, generally engaging screwball comedy with an eye on entertainment".[46] The Toronto Star's Tony Wong wrote that "the show is good. Possibly even great. The dialogue is sharp, on point and borderline subversive. It has the potential to be a future classic. It has bite...It’s funny and true, but not a reality we typically see reflected on television."[47]

text: Rick Salutin, also of the Star, was less enthusiastic of the show's portrayal of minorities on television saying "only accents are funny in Kim's Convenience" and that audiences are "laughing at the characters not with them". Salutin concluded by stating "I don't see why supporting Canadian culture means you should be uncritical, as if someone will take it away if you weren't.  You should be most critical about what you care most about like public education or the CBC, you want them to be good not just there".[48]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Midway through its first season, Kim's Convenience was estimated by Numeris to have an average audience of 933,000 per episode, with 39% of viewers between the ages of 25 and 54.[7]

text: Awards[edit]

text: For the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017, Kim's Convenience garnered 11 nominations, including Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Lee), Best Actress in a Comedy Series (Yoon and Bang), and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Phung).[49] Lee won the award for best actor in a continuing leading comedic role for his portrayal of Appa,[50] and Phung won Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Kimchee.[51]

text: Kim's Convenience won two awards at the 2017 Toronto ACTRA Awards, Outstanding Performance - Female for actress Jean Yoon and the Members’ Choice Series Ensemble Award for Best Cast.[52][53]

text: The first-season episodes “Ddong Chim” and “Janet’s Photos” are 2017 Writers Guild of Canada's Canadian Screenwriting Awards finalists in the TV comedy category.[54]

text: At the 6th Canadian Screen Awards in 2018, the series received 12 nominations. It won the awards for Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Lee) and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Phung).

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2017
 15th ACTRA Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actress
Jean Yoon ("Gay Discount")
Won
[55][56]

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble

Won

5th Canadian Screen Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated
[57]

Best Direction in a Comedy Program or Series
Peter Wellington ("Gay Discount")
Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Program or Series
Ins Choi, Kevin White ("Gay Discount")
Nominated

Garry Campbell ("Ddong Chim")
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role
Jean Yoon
Nominated

Andrea Bang
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee
Won

Best Achievement in Casting
Deirdre Bowen, Millie Tom ("Frank & Nayiyng")
Won

Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role  or Guest Role in a Comedic Series
Andrew Phung ("Janet's Photos", "Ddong Chim")
Won

Best Photography in a Comedy Program or Series
Fraser Brown ("Frank & Nayiyng")
Nominated

Best Picture Editing in a Comedy Program or Series
Kye Meechan ("Gay Discount")
Won

 21st WGC Screenwriting Awards
TV Comedy
Garry Campbell ("Ddong Chim")
Nominated
[58]

Ins Choi, Kevin White ("Janet's Photos")
Nominated

2018
 16th ACTRA Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee ("Hapkido")
Nominated
[59]

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble

Nominated

6th Canadian Screen Awards
Best Comedy Series

Won
[60][61]

Best Direction, Comedy
Aleysa Young ("Date Night")
Nominated

Best Photography, Comedy
Fraser Brown ("Cardboard Jung")
Nominated

Best Picture Editing, Comedy
Aren Hansen ("Date Night")
Nominated

Best Writing, Comedy
Anita Kapila ("Resting Place")
Nominated

Matt Kippen ("Business Award")
Nominated

Best Achievement in Casting
Deidre Bowen
Nominated

Best Lead Actor, Comedy
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee
Won

Best Supporting or Guest Actor, Comedy
Andrew Phung ("Cardboard Jung", "Resting Place")
Won

Best Lead Actress, Comedy
Andrea Bang
Nominated

Jean Yoon
Nominated

Best Supporting or Guest Actress, Comedy
Nicole Power
Nominated

 22nd WGC Screenwriting Awards
TV Comedy
Anita Kapila ("Resting Place")
Pending
[62]

Matt Kippen ("Business Award")
Pending


document_title: Amyloplast

question_text: what is the function of starch granules in plant cells

text: Amyloplast

text: Amyloplasts are non-pigmented organelles found in some plant cells. They are responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules, through the polymerization of glucose.[1] Amyloplasts also convert this starch back into sugar when the plant needs energy. Large numbers of amyloplasts can be found in fruit and in underground storage tissues of some plants, such as in potato tubers.

text: Amyloplasts are plastids, specifically leucoplasts. Plastids are a specialized class of cellular organelles that carry their own genome and are believed to be descendants of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) which formed a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic cell.

text: Starch synthesis and storage also takes place in chloroplasts, a type of pigmented plastid involved in photosynthesis. Amyloplasts and chloroplasts are closely related, and amyloplasts can turn into chloroplasts; this is for instance observed when potato tubers are exposed to light and turn green.[2]

text: Statoliths: sensing gravity[edit]

text: In the root cap (a tissue at the tip of the root) there is a special subset of cells, called statocytes. Inside the statocyte cells, some specialized amyloplasts are involved in the perception of gravity by the plant (gravitropism). These specialized amyloplasts—called statoliths—are denser than the cytoplasm and can sediment according to the gravity vector. The statoliths are enmeshed in a web of actin and it is thought that their sedimentation transmits the gravitropic signal by activating mechanosensitive channels. The gravitropic signal then leads to the reorientation of auxin efflux carriers and subsequent redistribution of auxin streams in the root cap and root as a whole. The changed relations in concentration of auxin leads to differential growth of the root tissues. Taken together, the root is then turning to follow the gravity stimuli. Statoliths are also found in the endodermic layer of the inflorescence stem. The redistribution of auxin causes the shoot to turn in a direction opposite that of the gravity stimuli.[citation needed]


document_title: Monday Night Football

question_text: who does opening song for monday night football

question_tokens: who does opening song for monday night football

text: Monday Night Football

text: Overview[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)

text: After 45 seasons, there now have been a total of 730 games televised by the Monday Night Football franchise.

text: Scheduling problems[edit]

text: To avoid any scheduling unfairness where, just before the first playoff game, a team may have five days off and others six, there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season. From 2003 to 2005, one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner. Starting in 2006, when the series moved to cable, two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during "NFL Kickoff Weekend".

text: Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new, teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential, and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form. Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good, or will rebound from a difficult start, interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season.

text: Since the MNF schedule is set in April and cannot be changed, the league and network cannot guarantee a late season matchup will have any significance or be highly anticipated. Teams thought to be good during the off-season could be out of playoff contention by the middle of the season; a prime example occurred in 1999, when the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons both entered the season's final MNF game with 4–11 records. It had seemed like a good pre-season matchup since the Falcons had played in the previous season's Super Bowl and the 49ers coming into the 1999 season had posted 16 consecutive 10-win seasons. It is also possible for a team like the 1999 St. Louis Rams not to be scheduled for a Monday night game because of its dismal record the year before, and many other NFL teams (such as the 2004 San Diego Chargers, with zero primetime games) have had huge unforeseen turnarounds that result in lack of MNF attention (these teams generally receive multiple MNF spots the year after their breakout success, which is great for viewers if those teams continue to play well, and not so great if they return to mediocrity or worse). However, the forecasting abilities of the NFL's scheduling officials have exhibited uncanny proficiency. Many MNF games occurring later in the season feature at least one team that is either headed to the playoffs or must win the MNF game to clinch a playoff spot.

text: The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network. As a result of this, the NFL wished to move the "Game of the Week" idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible. This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC (cable games are protected from the NFL's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006–07 season; the new rule applies only to CBS, Fox, and NBC's Sunday night games). The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football, citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays.

text: Franchises with the most appearances[edit]

text: The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins. The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28–0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12, 2016.

text: The most common Monday Night Football pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders (17 match-ups as of 2013[a]) and Cowboys vs. Redskins (met for a 17th time in 2015).

text: The defunct Candlestick Park in San Francisco currently holds the record for hosting the most Monday Night Football games, including its 36th and final Monday night game on December 23, 2013. Among the active stadiums following the conclusion of the 2013 season, Miami Gardens, Florida's Hard Rock Stadium has hosted the most games with 32.[5]

text: As entertainment[edit]

text: Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run. In addition to the extra cameras, the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations, such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics.

text: Celebrity guests – such as former Vice President Spiro Agnew, singers Plácido Domingo and former Beatle John Lennon, President Bill Clinton, and even Kermit the Frog – were often featured during the game to "liven up" the broadcast. The December 9, 1974 contest featured a rare instance of two celebrities entering the booth, with Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell and California governor Ronald Reagan speaking with Frank Gifford, with Reagan explaining the rules of American football (off-camera) to Lennon as the game went along. However, the late 1990s and early 2000s saw an even more increased reliance on the entertainment factor. Some halftime shows, featuring popular music stars, were broadcast in their entirety rather than being ignored in favor of analysis of the game by the commentators, as in previous seasons.

text: In December 1980, one of the most memorable moments of MNF occurred when Cosell announced in a news flash that Lennon had been shot and killed in New York City. Monday Night Football was the first national broadcast to announce his death.

text: An advertisement during halftime on the October 19, 2015 game featured the world premiere of the third trailer of Star Wars: The Force Awakens.

text: 2006 summary[edit]

text: For its 2006 debut on ESPN, Williams, Jr. re-recorded the MNF opening theme with an all-star jam band that included among others Brian Setzer, Little Richard, Questlove, Joe Perry, Clarence Clemons, Rick Nielsen, Bootsy Collins, Charlie Daniels and Steven Van Zandt. The 2006 telecast generally began with a cinematic tease produced by Rico Labbe, Michael Sciallis and Jason Jobes. It was during one of these teases that Barack Obama spoofed his announcement for the 2008 Presidential candidacy in favor of his hometown Chicago Bears in their game against the St. Louis Rams.[6]

text: That year, the tease was followed by the show open produced by Los Angeles-based The Syndicate called "Transformation". It features computer-generated imagery showing a city being transformed into a football stadium and passers-by on the street turning into players, coaches, fans and officials set to an updated orchestral treatment of the "Heavy Action" theme song. The sequence began every week with a different celebrity walking down the street, picking up a glowing football helmet with the ESPN logo on the side and saying, "I'm ready for some football! Are you?", thus beginning the transformation process. Celebrities for 2006 included Arnold Schwarzenegger, Matthew Fox, Hugh Hefner, Paris Hilton, Spike Lee, Ashton Kutcher, Samuel L. Jackson, Ludacris, Jack Black, Kiefer Sutherland, James Belushi, Ben Stiller, Tyra Banks, Carmen Electra and Eva Longoria.

text: In addition, celebrities returned in full force to the booth, though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN's first MNF season. On the opening weekend, Arnold Schwarzenegger, another celebrity-turned-California governor, was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland, California; before that, Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington, D.C. Following them, celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade, Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley, NASCAR Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon, comedian Jimmy Kimmel (whose opening words to Joe Theismann were "how's the leg?"), actor Sylvester Stallone, film director Spike Lee, hip hop artist Jay-Z, and MNF theme singer Hank Williams Jr.

text: 2007 summary[edit]

text: ESPN scaled back to only one opening tease for the 2007 season. Williams Jr. and the all-star band returned, only this time they played in a "juke joint" set on a country road. The lead singer arrives in a GMC Yukon truck (GMC paid for product placement) with the license plate "BOCEPHUS", which is Williams' nickname. The Syndicate's computer-generated tease was dropped and replaced by short pre-taped films focusing on a team or player in the game. Some of them have featured actor Jamie Foxx.

text: The guest visits continued: Barkley returned to the booth on September 17 in Philadelphia. Other guests throughout the season included Kimmel (another returnee), Drew Carey, Miley Cyrus, Russell Crowe and Terry Bradshaw. In addition, Gordon was a halftime guest on the game just before the season-ending Ford 400 and was joined by teammate Jimmie Johnson.

text: At the end of each game, Williams returned to say, "See you in (city that is the site of the next week's game)." Both the open and close contain helmets of the participating teams, organized in the style of a concert poster.

text: 2008 summary[edit]

text: Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast, ESPN did bring back Hank Williams, Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening. This time, the opening sequence was set in a private residence. At the end of the song, Williams Jr. touched a foot pump, which supposedly contained the helmets of that night's participating teams. The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held. Through computer-generated imagery, the helmets "land" at midfield during a live shot, and then explode. The "exploding helmets" gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease. Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week's matchup.

text: ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music. On September 29 (Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers), ESPN used "Another Way to Die", a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes – the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace, then the latest in the James Bond series.

text: Monday Night Football celebrated its 600th game broadcast on October 20, 2008 in a game which the New England Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos, 41–7.

text: The 39th season of MNF ended on December 22, 2008, when the Bears beat the Green Bay Packers, 20–17, in overtime at home at Soldier Field in Chicago.

text: 2009 summary[edit]

text: The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams, Jr. seen on the steps of a building (presumably a museum), surrounded by dancers, football fans, and statues/busts – which, along with everyone else in the scene, begin to move and dance – patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The transition to Williams Jr. is a book, with the chapter number (in Roman numerals, sequentially with each week) and a tag line about the game to be played that night.

text: At the end of the song, Williams Jr. plugged in the cords, thereby launching animated "helmets" into space, from the building toward the stadium at which the game was held (with the exception of October 5, 2009, when the helmets zoomed towards Brett Favre instead), passing the International Space Station. As with the previous season (as mentioned above), the helmets "land" at midfield during a live shot and then crashed into each other. Williams Jr. appeared again at the end of the telecast to promote the following week's matchup. After that, the picture was freezeframed and the shot zoomed out to the book, which showed the freezeframed picture as part of a page. As this happened, the NFL end-of-game bumper music was played and the book closed, revealing a golden NFL logo on the back cover and signifying the end of the "chapter", or game. The scene was filmed in the summer of 2009 at The Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee.

text: Before Williams Jr. appears, Frank Gifford gave a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night's game.

text: The 40th season of Monday Night Football ended on December 28, 2009 with the Minnesota Vikings–Chicago Bears game in Chicago, in which the Bears won in overtime, 36–30. The telecast ended with a vignette that featured Gifford taking a look back at highlights from the previous four decades – and the 40th season – of MNF, after which the book closed, signifying the end of the season. The 40th season had the highest season viewership for MNF since ESPN acquired the rights to the broadcast.[7]

text: 2010 summary[edit]

text: The opening for the 2010 season was identical to that used in 2009, except for the final scenes. This time, Williams Jr. turns a wheel filled with paint, with CGI colors blasting into the air, revealing the helmets containing logos of the participating teams – which stay on top of the building. In one other minor difference, the chapter numbers in the "book" were changed from Roman to Arabic numerals. Gifford provided new vignettes and the Parthenon scenes were repeated from the year before. The 2010 season marked Williams' 22nd as part of the telecast's open.

text: In an unusual coincidence, both games which had the New York Jets as a home team at New Meadowlands Stadium (now MetLife Stadium) were delayed because of heavy rain and lightning in the area. In the first instance, the September 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens, it was delayed 25 minutes; the second delay, prior to the October 11 contest against the Minnesota Vikings, lasted for 40 minutes. Prior to the September 13 game, the last ESPN telecast to encounter weather problems was on October 4, 1998 (a Sunday night) when lightning halted a game between the Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs during the second quarter. The first delay forced ESPN to use ESPN2 for a game telecast, this time for the Chiefs' home opener against the San Diego Chargers. As in 2007, the broadcast was shifted to ESPN once the first game was over.

text: The game between the Jets and the Vikings was both Brett Favre's first game in East Rutherford since his only season there in 2008 and marked Randy Moss's return to the Vikings. Moss played only four games for Minnesota until he was waived on November 2.

text: 2011 summary[edit]

text: The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed-studio setting, with Hank Williams Jr. (in his 23rd year) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background. The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot. On October 3, 2011, ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program, Fox & Friends, where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama, John Boehner, Joe Biden and John Kasich to "Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu."[8][9] On October 6, 2011, it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song, and that "All My Rowdy Friends" would no longer be used as its theme, as Williams still owns the song. A statement from ESPN said that the network has "decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr. We appreciate his contributions over the past years. The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue."[10] Williams commented on the matter: "After reading hundreds of e-mails, I have made my decision... By pulling my opening October 3, [ESPN] stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech, so therefore me, my song, and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here. It's been a great run."[10] MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season.

text: With Suzy Kolber reassigned to the new studio show NFL32, and Michele Tafoya having left ESPN for NBC Sunday Night Football, the sideline reporter position rotated between various reporters for the season.

text: For the second year in a row, and the third time overall, the beginning of the 10:15 p.m. Eastern Time game (Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos) was shown on ESPN2 as the game that began at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time (New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins) ran past the scheduled time period.

text: 2012 summary[edit]

text: Lisa Salters was named the permanent solo sideline reporter for the 2012 season. In addition, color commentator Ron Jaworski did not return to the program. As a result, Jon Gruden became the solo color commentator, with MNF going back to a two-man booth for the first time since its final season on ABC (2005). MNF's opening graphic sequence, which showed the helmet logos of the game's two participating NFL teams and then the program's logo, was seen before the Monday Night Football Launch segment.

text: 2013–14 summary[edit]

text: The opening animation sequence begins with an image of a 2014 GMC Sierra (GMC paid for product placement) and then goes into a timeline of historical events that occurred during the Monday Night Football era, including some highlights of MNF games from the previous 43 seasons up to 2012. At the end of the sequence, helmets featuring logos of that night's two participating teams are shown, followed by the various Monday Night Football logos used since the program's debut in 1970. The 80-second opening animation sequence, which also featured Pac-Man, Darth Vader and President Ronald Reagan, was created by actor/filmmaker Peter Berg.

text: A revision of the opening sequence was used for the 2014 season. Among the few changes, GMC's product placement promoted the automaker's line of Denali vehicles, while the sequence itself included some additional highlights of MNF games from the previous 44 seasons up to 2013.

text: 2015 summary[edit]

text: A 3D opening animation sequence is used for the 2015 season (46th season overall and tenth on ESPN). GMC's product placement once again promoted the automaker's line of Denali vehicles, including the Yukon Denali that is seen at the beginning. Also among the many changes is the highlights of MNF games — this time, they are set inside a computer-generated stadium using 3D imagery — from the previous 45 seasons up to 2014.

text: 2016 summary[edit]

text: After three years of using the timeline-themed open, MNF debuted a new 75-second, Hollywood-themed open on September 12, 2016 and it features ESPN's new MNF broadcast team — Sean McDonough (play-by-play), Jon Gruden (color) and Lisa Salters (sideline reporter) — and more than 20 current NFL stars and Pro Football Hall of Famers walking along a red carpet entrance lined by cheering fans and photographers taking pictures. It begins with a shot of a downtown stadium surrounded by skyscrapers, with a 2017 GMC Acadia (product placement again provided by GMC) displaying the location for that week's MNF game on its navigation system. The Acadia then heads to a glitzy red carpet at the stadium's entrance, where McDonough, Gruden and Salters exit the car, followed on the carpet by a flood of NFL players representing the past and present of MNF. Players then pose for pictures and wave to the crowd as they reach the stadium entrance. Josh Norman (Redskins), Larry Fitzgerald (Cardinals) and Rob Gronkowski (Patriots) are among the current players being represented in the open, with Franco Harris (Steelers), Jerry Rice (49ers), Barry Sanders (Lions) and Bruce Smith (Bills) among the past players being represented. For the Spanish-language version of the Hollywood-themed open, it features ESPN's Spanish-language MNF broadcast team — Álvaro Martín (play-by-play), Raúl Allegre (color) and John Sutcliffe (sideline reporter) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of NFL Live led by Ciro Procuna.

text: 2017 summary[edit]

text: MNF returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN (2006). The Hollywood-themed open was repeated from the previous season, this time with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker's product placement.

text: Also, Hank Williams, Jr. returned to MNF on September 11, 2017 with an all-new version of the iconic opening theme song, "All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night" (used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season) and it appeared just before that night's New Orleans Saints-Minnesota Vikings game. The new version, which is seen just before the kickoff of each game, is a collaboration of Williams, Jr, country duo Florida Georgia Line, and R&B singer Jason Derulo.

text: Theme music[edit]

text: Hank Williams Jr. reworked his country music hit "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" to be included in the telecast's introduction as "All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night" (the original introduction music was an organ-based piece called "Score", written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob's Band). In addition, Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic "Heavy Action" theme in 1989.

text: For ABC's last MNF game in 2005, Williams Jr.'s rendition of "Turn Out the Lights, The Party's Over", closed the broadcast.[11]

text: Digital on-screen graphics[edit]

text: Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Prior to 1997, Monday Night Football had a limited graphics package. A CGI-based intro began being used in 1984, with on-screen graphics still limited to basic text.[12][13] In 1988, the entire graphics package was updated significantly to be more in line with the rest of ABC Sports' presentations. That year, it introduced the "clashing helmets" intro, with on-screen graphics consisting of italicized text underlined in red.[14] It was updated in 1994, the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXIX, with a more box-like design.[15] A permanent score bug would not be introduced until 1997.

text: Monday Night Football began using a score bug in 1997, the second network to do so after Fox introduced the first regular on-screen scoring bug when it began airing NFL games in 1994. Prior to this, the graphics package was limited, but followed a basic "ketchup and mustard" color scheme of red and yellow. The first scorebug included team names, scores, time remaining, and displayed which quarter the game was in.[16] This design was used through the 1998 season.

text: ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999, and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN. ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names (for example, "TENN", "VIKES", "PACK", and "FINS" instead of "TEN", "MIN", "GB", and "MIA"), as four-letter and five-letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage. The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font.[17] It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme.[18]

text: The graphics for Monday Night Football were changed in the 2002 season, the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXXVII. The scorebug was a solid color, with a more rounded shape, and a horizontally compressed font. ESPN's graphics were no longer similar to those of ABC's (with ESPN instead using a gray and black design with rounded corners).[19] In 2005, the broadcast's final year on ABC, Monday Night Football began using a horizontal bar on the bottom of the screen rather than a scorebug, with all information being contained on a single line.[20]

text: After Monday Night Football moved to ESPN in 2006 (around the same time that ABC Sports rebranded as ESPN on ABC), ESPN changed its entire graphics package to a red and black design, while NFL coverage used a separate design. For NFL telecasts in 2006 and 2007, a dark gray, metallic scorebug was used, located in an unorthodox placement at the center of the bottom of the screen.

text: For the 2008 season, a new graphics scheme was introduced that was built around a new display known as the "dashboard"; the scoreboard, which now took the form of a horizontal bar, was mounted in a dedicated area spanning across the bottom the screen. All lower-third graphics were also displayed within the dashboard, replacing the scorebar when in use.[21]

text: For the 2009 and 2010 seasons, a revamped version of the 2008 design was used, incorporating a new, metallic silver design. Timeout indicators were added to the score bar in Week 4 of the 2009 season. For the 2009 season only, a "40th anniversary" logo was incorporated into the bar in celebration of Monday Night Football's 40th season. The "silver" graphics scheme would later be adopted by other ESPN properties, such as its college football games in December 2009.

text: In the 2011 season, the banner was restructured as a black, metallic design, which was considerably larger than most scorebars – including the previous one (although its sizes has varied, becoming significantly wider, though thinner in 2012). For ESPN's first pre-season game of 2012, the timeout indicators were also accompanied by two smaller red lamps to the right, indicating the number of play challenges remaining, but these were unexpectedly removed the following game. On September 10, 2012, Monday Night Countdown began using MNF's graphics scheme.

text: For the 2015 season, the graphics were completely overhauled to match the motif that has been used for ESPN's NFL studio programming since the year prior. However, the studio programming uses the new motif only for introductions and transitions, while the actual insert graphics use the standard ESPN package used for SportsCenter and all other sports. Meanwhile, MNF uses the NFL motif for all insert graphics, not just introductions and transitions. Most notably, the NFL motif uses a horizontal score bar across the bottom of the screen, whereas the standard graphics package uses a score box. The layout is standard, with teams on the background of their color, with timeout indicators also displaying in team colors. Experimentally, the score bar "auto-hides" itself during plays, though it is shown permanently during the final two minutes of each half and, if necessary, overtime. This is also the first time that ESPN has used the full 16:9 frame for its NFL graphics.

text: Scoring records[edit]

text:
Most points

59 – Philadelphia Eagles, November 15, 2010 vs. Washington Redskins
55 – Indianapolis Colts, October 31, 1988 vs. Denver Broncos
52 – San Francisco 49ers, December 23, 1991 vs. Chicago Bears
52 – San Diego Chargers, December 20, 1982 vs. Cincinnati Bengals
51 – New Orleans Saints, November 24, 2008 vs. Green Bay Packers
49 – Philadelphia Eagles, November 15, 2004 vs. Dallas Cowboys
49 – Kansas City Chiefs, December 13, 2004 vs. Tennessee Titans
48 – Detroit Lions, October 19, 1981 vs. Chicago Bears
48 – Green Bay Packers, October 17, 1983 vs. Washington Redskins
48 – Baltimore Ravens, December 19, 2005 vs. Green Bay Packers
48 – Tennessee Titans, October 11, 2004 vs. Green Bay Packers

Most one-sided games

45 points – Baltimore 48, Green Bay 3 – December 19, 2005
42 points – New England 45, N.Y. Jets 3 – December 6, 2010
42 points – Miami 45, N.Y. Jets 3 – November 24, 1986
42 points – Seattle 42, Philadelphia 0 – December 5, 2005 (largest margin of victory by an MNF road team)
41 points – San Francisco 41, Chicago 0 – December 14, 1987
39 points – Los Angeles 42, Philadelphia 3 – November 3, 1975
38 points – Green Bay 45, Minnesota 7 – November 14, 2011
38 points – San Francisco 52, Chicago 14 – December 23, 1991
38 points – San Francisco 41, Atlanta 3 – November 9, 1992
38 points – St. Louis Cardinals 38, Dallas 0 – November 16, 1970

Highest scoring games

95 points – Green Bay 48, Washington 47 – October 17, 1983
87 points – Kansas City 49, Tennessee 38 – December 13, 2004
87 points – Philadelphia 59, Washington 28 – November 15, 2010
86 points – San Diego 52, Cincinnati 34 – December 20, 1982
82 points – Dallas 43, Seattle 39 – December 6, 2004
80 points – New Orleans 51, Green Bay 29 – November 24, 2008
80 points – Green Bay 43, Atlanta 37 – December 8, 2014
79 points – Oakland 45, Pittsburgh 34 – October 20, 1980
78 points – Indianapolis Colts 55, Denver Broncos 23 – October 31, 1988
78 points – Dallas 41, Philadelphia 37 – September 15, 2008
78 points – Oakland 40, Dallas 38 – October 23, 1983

Lowest scoring games

3 points – Pittsburgh 3, Miami 0 – November 26, 2007
9 points – Jacksonville 9, Pittsburgh 0 – September 18, 2006
10 points – San Francisco 7, N.Y. Giants 3 – December 3, 1990
12 points – Oakland 9, Denver 3 – December 1, 1980
13 points – Baltimore 10, Washington 3 – November 7, 1977
13 points – Los Angeles 10, Pittsburgh 3 – December 20, 1975
14 points – Washington 9, Dallas 5 – October 2, 1978
15 points – Buffalo 9, Indianapolis 6 – October 20, 1997
15 points – Detroit 13, Minnesota 2 – December 5, 1983
15 points – Houston 9, Miami 6 – November 5, 1979

Ties

Detroit 14, Green Bay 14 – November 1, 1971
Oakland 23, Denver 23 – October 22, 1973
N.Y. Giants 20, St. Louis 20 (OT) – October 24, 1983

text: Scheduling on local stations[edit]

text: From 1970 to 1997, ABC's Monday Night Football coverage began at 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time, with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour. Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time in 1998, with a pre-game show titled Monday Night Blast, hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of the game at 8:20 p.m. This was done mainly to address ABC's inability to find a suitable 8:00 p.m. lead-in program for MNF since MacGyver ended its run in 1992 (not even two other series from MacGyver's production company Paramount Television – The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Marshal – saw success, despite the former's ties to Paramount's Indiana Jones film series), and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times. Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season, with MNF once again moving to 9:00 p.m. in 1999, though in many NFL markets, the 8:00 p.m. (Eastern Time) hour from 1999 to 2006 was replaced by affiliates with locally produced and programmed sports discussion and coaches shows, with ABC programming in that hour moved to late night or weekend slots; by the end of the ABC run, the 8:00 p.m. timeslot was filled with either newsmagazines and short-lived reality television programs which failed to make any ratings headways due to affiliate pre-emptions.

text: From 1970 to 1995, Fisher Broadcasting's ABC affiliates in Seattle (KOMO-TV) and Portland (KATU) aired MNF games on a one-hour tape delay starting at 7:00 p.m. Pacific Time (games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6:00 p.m., corresponding to 9:00 Eastern) in order to accommodate local newscasts (unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing, in which case the game would be shown live). The practice, long opposed by viewers and ABC, ended in 1996. KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as KOMO 4 News Primetime, touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour. Additionally, this practice was done in Hawaii, where Honolulu ABC affiliate KITV delayed the game until 6:00 p.m. Hawaii-Aleutian Time, corresponding to 11:00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland. Thus, the game, which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3:00 or 4:00 p.m., was almost over before it aired on television. In the case of Guam, KTGM, the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory, aired MNF live on Tuesdays at 11:00 a.m., as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line.

text: The demand to broadcast Monday Night Football games live across the United States over ABC was difficult to reconcile with other prime time programming, which is usually set to begin at a certain local time regardless of time zone. On the East Coast, with MNF beginning at 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time, there was an hour of primetime in which to schedule regular programming. However, on the West Coast, the games lasted from 6:00 to 9:30 p.m. Pacific Time (or in the case of Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995, 7:00 to 10:30 p.m.), leaving little or no time for additional network programming on Monday. As a result, network programs scheduled for prime time on the East Coast were broadcast at various hours on the West Coast. Most affiliates pushed the network shows to immediately after the game; however, Los Angeles owned-and-operated station KABC-TV postponed them until 10:00 p.m. from at least the mid-1990s until 2005 to show trivia contests and other sports shows produced locally (the longest-tenured such show was Monday Night Live, hosted by sports anchor Todd Donoho). Meanwhile, KOMO, one of the stations that tape-delayed MNF in most cases, broadcast new episodes of the sitcom Coach on Saturday afternoons (usually reserved, coincidentally enough, for college football telecasts; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus). Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995, ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates, though the ABC network-owned stations (e.g. Los Angeles) aired the program earlier in the afternoon.

text: Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006, games normally have a kickoff time of 8:30 p.m. Eastern. However, when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season, the games respectively start at 7:00 and 10:15 p.m. Eastern. There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era, where stations in each team's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates, which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air NFL. This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late-evening local newscasts, and has resulted in the program's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late-night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted.

text: In some cases, the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead (for example, until 2011 in the Minneapolis–St. Paul market, when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of MNF games, if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP-TV, sister independent station KSTC-TV aired DWTS live). In 2016, for the opening week Monday night game (the second in a doubleheader) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers, the ABC-owned stations in both markets (KABC-TV and KGO-TV) would broadcast World News Tonight and DWTS in their live Eastern Time Zone slots, thus airing at 3:30 and 5pm PT respectively.

text: Commentators[edit]

text: Foreign-language versions[edit]

text: Spanish version[edit]

text: Since 2006, a Spanish-language telecast is also broadcast on ESPN Deportes, the Spanish version of ESPN and on ESPN Latin América featuring NBA and NFL play-by-play announcer Álvaro Martín, Super Bowl winner Raul Allegre as color commentator and John Sutcliffe as the field reporter. This is the same crew of La NFL Dominical, the Spanish version of ESPN Sunday Night Football, until 2005. The announcers of the second game of the 2006 doubleheader were Eduardo Varela (play-by-play), Robert Abramowitz (color) and Georgina Ruiz Sandoval (field reporter). Preceding the game NFL Esta Noche (NFL Tonight), the 30-minute pre-game show, can be seen on both networks.

text: The four booth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN's Bristol, Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors. None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks. Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites. Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers; he was replaced by Abramovitz.

text: In 2008, Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys-Eagles game, during the NFL's celebrations of the Hispanic Heritage Month.

text: As part of ESPN's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC, Martin and Allegre's Spanish-language commentary is carried over the SAP channel on ABC, equivalent to the rest of the NFL's over-the-air broadcast partners.

text: In 2016, ESPN Deportes served as the official Spanish-language broadcaster of Super Bowl 50 in parallel with CBS's English-language broadcast, with Martin and Allegre commentating.[22][23][24][25]

text: During the first 9 weeks of the 2017 NFL season, ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes' broadcast, NFL Esta Noche, and the Spanish version of SportsCenter.[26]

text: Portuguese version[edit]

text: Since the 1990s, ESPN Latin America has a feed in Portuguese language targeted to their viewers in Brazil. Ivan Zimmermann (play-by-play), André José Adler (play-by-play), Roberto Figueroa (color), Marco Alfaro (color) among others, were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN's headquarters. Since 2006, the structure of the Brazilian feed was merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is made from São Paulo. The current announcers are Everaldo Marques (play-by-play) and Paulo Antunes (color). Ari Aguiar (play-by-play), Rômulo Mendonça (play-by-play), Paulo Mancha (color) and Antony Curti (color) occasionally fill-in.

text: Radio broadcasts[edit]

text: Monday Night Football has also been carried on national radio networks over the years. The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially, with Van Patrick (1972–1973), Lindsey Nelson (1974–1977) and Al Wester announcing. CBS Radio took over the rights in 1978 with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating. After a two-year stint (1985–1986) with Don Criqui and Bob Trumpy calling the games on NBC Radio, Buck and Stram resumed with CBS Radio in 1987. In 1996, Howard David and Matt Millen replaced Buck and Stram. Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason were the MNF radio voices from 2002 to 2009, with Kevin Harlan replacing Albert in 2010. Kurt Warner joined the crew in 2014 for games when Esiason is unavailable.

text: In the 1990s, CBS Radio purchased a controlling stake in Westwood One, which in turn had bought out both the NBC and Mutual networks. As of 2008, Westwood One was no longer controlled by CBS, but the network retained its NFL broadcast rights. In 2011, Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global. Then in 2014, Dial Global, including Westwood One, was acquired by Cumulus Media.

text: The Spanish-language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio.

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)

text: The highest-rated Monday Night Football telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2, 1985, which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46. ABC's lowest-rated MNF game was the St. Louis Rams' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18, 2004, which drew a 7.7 rating.

text: During the 1995–1996 television season, Monday Night Football averaged a 17.1 household rating. Its main competitor, Murphy Brown on CBS, averaged a 12.3 rating.[27]

text: The highest-rated Monday Night Football game on ESPN, and the highest-rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time, was the Minnesota Vikings' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30–23 on October 5, 2009, with a rating of 15.3. The game featured the much-hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team. In a press release, ESPN noted that the telecast "was watched by more than 16.8 million people. The previous record was more than 13.6 million viewers for 2008's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys. This was subsequently beaten by ESPN's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game. ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network's 30-year history. The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears-Vikings game on Dec. 6, 1987, during ESPN's first season of televising NFL games".[28] ESPN's lowest-rated MNF game to date was the New York Giants' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15, 2007, which drew a 5.7 rating.

text: ESPN's third season of Monday Night Football was the most-watched program on cable television in 2008, setting an all-time cable viewership record for the third straight year and drawing that year's three largest cable household audiences and 13 of the top 15. In three seasons on ESPN, Monday Night Football has registered seven of the top 10 all-time largest household audiences in cable history, led by the Eagles-Cowboys telecast on September 15, 2008, which attracted cable's largest household audience ever (an average of 12,953,000 homes). ESPN's 17 MNF telecasts in 2008 averaged an 8.9 rating, representing an average of 8,679,000 households (11,962,000 viewers), increases of 3%, 5% and 7%, respectively, vs. 2007 (8.6; 8,277,000 and 11,230,000).[29]

text: Additional NFL game rights[edit]

text: Playoff games[edit]

text: When ABC first acquired the rights to air MNF in 1970, it did not include any playoff games. The network was eventually allowed into the rotation of airing the Super Bowl, starting with Super Bowl XIX in January 1985. When the league expanded the playoffs from a 10-team to a 12-team tournament in 1990, ABC was then given the rights to air the first two Wild Card Playoff games.

text: After MNF was awarded to ESPN and Sunday Night Football was acquired by NBC in 2006, the Wild Card doubleheader that had aired on ABC, as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl, was also given to NBC.

text: On April 22, 2014, the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN's recent contract extension for Monday Night Football rights to air a first-round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season. This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States, in lieu of any of the league's broadcast network partners.[30][31][32] The MNF broadcast team of Mike Tirico, Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game, the first of the 2014–15 NFL playoffs. The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27–16.[30][31] As with all MNF games, the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the-air access to the game.

text: However, the cable-only playoff game experiment would only last one season. On May 11, 2015, it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season.[33] This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since MNF left the network at the end of the 2005 season. The game, announced by the broadcast team of Tirico, Gruden and Salters, was the first of the 2015–16 NFL playoffs. The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30–0. The ESPN/ABC simulcast continued for the 2016 season as well.[34][35]

text: Pro Bowl[edit]

text: ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987, and again from 1995 to 2003.

text: As part of their 2011 rights agreement, ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022.[30] Starting in 2018, it will be simulcast on ABC.


document_title: List of states in India by past population

question_text: only indian state whose population has decreased as compared to census 2001 in 2011

text: Census of India[edit]

text: The first population census in India was conducted in 1872. Since then the a decennial census has been conducted in 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, and 1941 by the Government. Since India's independence in 1947, a census has been carried out every 10 years by the Indian Government, starting from 1951.[4] The census in India is carried out by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government.[5]

text: Latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India.[6] During the decade of 2001–2011, India's annual population rising rate has slowed down from 2.15 to 1.76.[6][6] Based on decennial census data, Dadra and Nagar Haveli shows the highest growth rate of 55.5 percent. It is followed by Daman and Diu (53.5 percent), Meghalaya (27.8 percent) and Arunachal Pradesh (25.9 percent). Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of -0.5 percent.[6]

text: India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas.[6] Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500–999 persons; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000–1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200–499. There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more.[2] India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[7] In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population.[8][9] On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million, followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million). Uttar Pradesh (−2.6 million) and Bihar (−1.7 million) topped the list for interstate emigration.[10] The four states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and account for almost half (48.89 percent) of the total Indian population.[6]

text: States and union territories of India by past population (1947–2011)[edit]

text: The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres (1,269,210 sq mi)α.[2]

text: As per census data 2011, the total population of India is: 1,210,193,422.[6]

text:
Rank
State or union territory
Population (1951 Census)[11]
Population (1961 Census)[11]
Population (1971 Census)[11]
Population (1981 Census)[11]
Population (1991 Census)[11]
Population (2001 Census)[11]
Population (2011 Census)[11]

1
Uttar Pradesh
60,274,800
70,144,160
83,849,775
105,113,300
132,062,800
166,053,600
199,581,477

2
Maharashtra
32,002,500
39,554,900
50,412,240
62,782,820
78,937,190
96,752,500
112,372,972

3
Bihar
29,085,900
34,841,490
42,126,800
52,303,000
64,531,200
82,879,910
103,804,630

4
West Bengal
26,300,670
34,926,000
44,312,017
54,580,650
68,077,970
80,221,300
91,347,736

5
Madhya Pradesh
18,615,700
23,218,950
30,017,180
38,169,500
48,566,800
60,385,090
72,597,565

6
Tamil Nadu
30,119,680
33,687,100
41,199,170
48,408,080
55,859,300
62,111,390
72,138,958

7
Rajasthan
15,971,130
20,156,540
25,765,810
34,361,860
44,005,990
56,473,300
68,621,012

8
Karnataka
19,402,500
23,587,910
29,299,015
37,135,710
44,977,200
52,734,986
61,130,704

9
Gujarat
16,263,700
20,633,305
26,697,488
34,085,800
41,309,580
50,597,200
60,383,628

10
Andhra Pradesh
31,115,000
35,983,480
43,502,710
53,551,030
66,508,170
75,728,400
49,665,533

11
Odisha
14,646,100
17,549,500
21,944,625
26,370,270
31,659,740
36,707,900
41,947,358

12
Telangana
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
35,193,978

13
Kerala
13,549,000
16,904,560
21,347,300
25,453,680
29,098,523
31,839,000
33,387,677

14
Jharkhand
9,697,300
11,606,504
14,227,493
17,612,000
21,844,550
26,946,070
32,966,238

15
Assam
8,029,100
10,837,700
14,625,157
18,041,250
22,414,320
26,638,600
31,169,272

16
Punjab
9,160,990
11,135,404
13,551,069
16,788,920
20,281,971
24,289,130
27,704,236

17
Haryana
5,674,400
7,591,190
10,036,430
12,922,122
16,464,600
21,083,900
25,753,081

18
Chhattisgarh
7,457,700
9,154,330
11,637,800
14,010,110
17,615,600
20,834,530
25,540,196

19
Jammu and Kashmir
3,254,650
3,561,100
4,616,632
5,987,389
7,718,700
10,070,300
12,548,926

20
Uttarakhand
2,946,900
3,611,200
4,493,800
5,726,550
7,051,600
8,489,100
10,116,752

21
Himachal Pradesh
2,386,940
2,812,300
3,460,434
4,280,818
5,170,877
6,077,453
6,856,509

22
Tripura
639,984
1,142,282
1,556,342
2,053,058
2,757,205
3,191,880
3,671,032

23
Meghalaya
606,300
769,990
1,011,699
1,335,819
1,774,778
2,306,540
2,964,007

24
Manipurβ
578,060
780,340
1,073,509
1,421,290
1,837,900
2,294,480
2,721,756

25
Nagaland
213,700
369,309
516,110
775,570
1,210,492
1,990,275
1,980,602

26
Goa
547,000
590,875
795,997
1,008,373
1,170,115
1,348,900
1,457,723

27
Arunachal Pradesh
NA
337,300
468,885
632,502
865,900
1,098,328
1,382,611

28
Mizoram
196,970
266,200
332,190
494,440
690,963
889,690
1,091,014

29
Sikkim
138,093
162,863
210,205
316,840
406,000
541,902
607,688

UT1
Delhi
1,744,500
2,659,990
4,066,400
6,220,973
9,421,311
13,851,503
16,753,235

UT2
Puducherry
317,407
369,355
472,836
604,281
808,117
974,820
1,244,464

UT3
Chandigarh
24,948
120,480
257,100
452,960
642,374
901,080
1,054,686

UT4
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
31,480
64,160
115,874
189,496
281,990
356,650
379,944

UT5
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
42,846
58,020
74,880
104,300
138,290
220,963
342,853

UT6
Daman and Diu
49,482
37,587
63,000
79,842
102,110
158,080
242,911

UT7
Lakshadweep
21,000
24,370
32,900
40,250
52,820
61,300
64,429

Total
India
361,088,400
439,235,720
548,160,050
683,329,900
846,421,830
1,028,737,690
1,210,193,422