document_title: Jack-o'-lantern

question_text: before the pumpkin what vegetable was traditionally carved on halloween

text: Jack-o'-lantern

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term jack-o'-lantern was originally used to describe the visual phenomenon ignis fatuus (lit., "foolish fire") known as a will-o'-the-wisp in English folklore. Used especially in East England, its earliest known use dates to the 1660s.[1] The term "will-o'-the-wisp" uses "wisp" (a bundle of sticks or paper sometimes used as a torch) and the proper name "Will": thus, "Will-of-the-torch." The term jack-o'-lantern is of the same construction: "Jack of [the] lantern."

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The carving of vegetables has been a common practice in many parts of the world, and gourds were one of the earliest plant species domesticated by humans c. 10,000 years ago.[2] For example, gourds were used to carve lanterns by the Maori over 700 years ago;[3] the Māori word for a gourd also describes a lampshade.[4]

text: It is believed that the custom of making jack-o'-lanterns at Halloween began in Ireland.[5][6][7] In the 19th century, "turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces," were used at Halloween in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[8] In these Gaelic-speaking regions, Halloween was also the festival of Samhain and was seen as a time when supernatural beings (the Aos Sí), and the souls of the dead, roamed the earth. The belief that the souls of the dead roamed the earth at Halloween was also found in other parts of Europe.[citation needed] Jack-o'-lanterns were also made at Halloween in Somerset (see Punkie Night) during the 19th century.[8]

text: By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits or supernatural beings,[8] or were used to ward off evil spirits.[9] For example, sometimes they were used by Halloween guisers to frighten people,[9][10][11] and sometimes they were set on windowsills to keep harmful spirits out of one's home.[10] It has also been suggested that the jack-o'-lanterns originally represented Christian souls in purgatory, as Halloween is the eve of All Saints' Day (1 November)/All Souls' Day (2 November).[12]

text: At Halloween in 1835, the Dublin Penny Journal carried a lengthy discourse on the legend of "Jack-o'-the-Lantern".[13] In 1837, the Limerick Chronicle refers to a local pub holding a carved gourd competition and presenting a prize to "the best crown of Jack McLantern". The term "McLantern" also appears in an 1841 publication of the same paper.[14]

text: There is also evidence that turnips were used to carve what was called a "Hoberdy's Lantern" in Worcestershire, England, at the end of the 18th century. The folklorist Jabez Allies recalls:

text: In my juvenile days I remember to have seen peasant boys make, what they called a "Hoberdy's Lantern," by hollowing out a turnip, and cutting eyes, nose, and mouth therein, in the true moon-like style; and having lighted it up by inserting the stump of a candle, they used to place it upon a hedge to frighten unwary travellers in the night.[15]

text: In North America[edit]

text: Adaptations of Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820) often depict the Headless Horseman with a pumpkin or jack-o'-lantern in place of his severed head. (In the original story, a shattered pumpkin is discovered next to Ichabod Crane's abandoned hat on the morning after Crane's supposed encounter with the Horseman.)

text: The application of the term to carved pumpkins in American English is first attested in 1834.[16] The carved pumpkin lantern's association with Halloween is recorded in the 1 November 1866 edition of the Daily News (Kingston, Ontario):

text: The old time custom of keeping up Hallowe'en was not forgotten last night by the youngsters of the city. They had their maskings and their merry-makings, and perambulated the streets after dark in a way which was no doubt amusing to themselves. There was a great sacrifice of pumpkins from which to make transparent heads and face, lighted up by the unfailing two inches of tallow candle.[17]

text: James Fenimore Cooper wrote a nautical novel titled The Jack O'lantern (le Feu-Follet), Or the Privateer (1842). The Jack O'lantern was the name of the ship.[18]

text: The poet John Greenleaf Whittier, who was born in Massachusetts in 1807, wrote the poem "The Pumpkin" (1850):[19]

text:
Oh!—fruit loved of boyhood!—the old days recalling,
When wood-grapes were purpling and brown nuts were falling!
When wild, ugly faces we carved in its skin,
Glaring out through the dark with a candle within!

text: Agnes Carr Sage, in the article, Halloween Sports and Customs" (Harper's Young People (1885):[20]

text: It is an ancient British custom to light great bonfires (Bone-fire to clear before Winter froze the ground) on Hallowe'en, and carry blazing fagots about on long poles; but in place of this, American boys delight in the funny grinning jack-o'-lanterns made of huge yellow pumpkins with a candle inside.

text: In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween.[21] In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities.[21][22]

text: Folklore[edit]

text: The story of the jack-o'-lantern comes in many variants and is similar to the story of Will-o'-the-wisp[23] retold in different forms across Western Europe,[24] with variations being present in the folklore of Scotland, England, Wales, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden.[25] In Switzerland, children will leave bowls of milk or cream out for mythical house spirits called Jack o' the bowl.[26] An old Irish folk tale from the mid-19th Century tells of Stingy Jack, a lazy yet shrewd blacksmith who uses a cross to trap Satan. One story says that Jack tricked Satan into climbing an apple tree, and once he was up there, Jack quickly placed crosses around the trunk or carved a cross into the bark, so that Satan couldn't get down.[27]

text: Another version[citation needed] of the story says that Jack was getting chased by some villagers from whom he had stolen, when he met Satan, who claimed it was time for him to die. However, the thief stalled his death by tempting Satan with a chance to bedevil the church-going villagers chasing him. Jack told Satan to turn into a coin with which he would pay for the stolen goods (Satan could take on any shape he wanted); later, when the coin (Satan) disappeared, the Christian villagers would fight over who had stolen it. The Devil agreed to this plan. He turned himself into a silver coin and jumped into Jack's wallet, only to find himself next to a cross Jack had also picked up in the village. Jack had closed the wallet tight, and the cross stripped the Devil of his powers; and so he was trapped.

text: In both folktales, Jack lets Satan go only after he agrees to never take his soul. Many years later, the thief died, as all living things do. Of course, Jack's life had been too sinful for him to go to heaven; however, Satan had promised not to take his soul, and so he was barred from hell as well. Jack now had nowhere to go. He asked how he would see where to go, as he had no light, and Satan mockingly tossed him an ember from the flames of Hades, that would never burn out. Jack carved out one of his turnips (which were his favorite food), put the ember inside it, and began endlessly wandering the Earth for a resting place. He became known as "Jack of the Lantern", or jack-o'-lantern.

text: Cornish folklorist Dr. Thomas Quiller Couch (d. 1884) recorded the use of the term in a rhyme used in Polperro, Cornwall, in conjunction with Joan the Wad, the Cornish version of Will-o'-the-wisp. The people of Polperro regarded them both as pixies. The rhyme goes:[28]

text:
Jack o' the lantern! Joan the wad,
Who tickled the maid and made her mad
Light me home, the weather's bad.

text: Jack-o-lanterns were also a way of protecting one's home against the undead. Superstitious people[where?] used them specifically to ward away vampires. They thought this because it was said that the jack-o-lantern's light was a way of identifying vampires who, once their identity was known, would give up their hunt for you.[citation needed]

text: Pumpkin craft[edit]

text: Sections of the pumpkin or turnip are cut out to make holes, often depicting a face, which may be either cheerful, scary, or comical.[29] More complex carvings (or paintings on the gourds) are becoming more common such as: figures, logos, and symbols. A variety of tools can be used to carve and hollow out the gourd, ranging from simple knives and spoons to specialized instruments, typically sold in holiday sections of North American grocery stores. Printed stencils can be used as a guide for increasingly complex designs. After carving, a light source (such as a flame candle, electric candle, or tea light) is placed inside the gourd, and the top is put back into place. The light is normally inserted to illuminate the design from the inside and add an extra measure of spookiness. Sometimes a chimney is carved, too. It is possible to create surprisingly artistic designs, either simple or intricate in nature.

text:
Play media

Picking out and carving pumpkins for Halloween

A Halloween cake topped with a jack-o'-lantern

Pumpkin craft for Halloween, using a commercial carving pattern

text: World records[edit]

text: Most jack-o'-lanterns carved and lit in one place[edit]

text: For a long time, Keene, New Hampshire, held the world record for most jack-o'-lanterns carved and lit in one place. The Life is good company teamed up with Camp Sunshine, a camp for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families, to break the record; a record was set on October 21, 2006, when 30,128 jack-o'-lanterns were simultaneously lit on Boston Common.[30] Highwood, Illinois, tried to set the record on October 31, 2011, with an unofficial count of 30,919 but did not follow the Guinness regulations, so the achievement did not count.[31]

text: On October 19, 2013, Keene, New Hampshire, broke the Boston record and reclaimed the world record for most lit jack-o'-lanterns on display (30,581). Keene has now broken the record eight times since the original attempt.[32]

text: World's largest jack-o'-lantern[edit]

text: On October 31, 2005, Scott Cully carved the world's largest jack-o'-lantern from the world's-largest pumpkin (at the time), in Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania. The pumpkin was grown by Larry Checkon and weighed 1,469 lb (666.33 kg) on October 1, 2005, at the Pennsylvania Giant Pumpkin Growers Association Weigh-off.[33]


document_title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

question_text: who played the prime minister in rogue nation

root

text: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Plot[edit]

text: After intercepting nerve gas being sold to Chechen terrorists in Minsk, IMF agent Ethan Hunt is determined to prove the existence of the Syndicate, a criminal consortium the CIA does not believe exists. Hunt is captured by the Syndicate at a record shop in London, while their leader, a blond man in glasses, kills the IMF agent stationed there. Hunt escapes a torture chamber led by Syndicate member Janik "Bone Doctor" Vinter with the help of disavowed MI6 agent and Syndicate operative Ilsa Faust.

tag: p

text: In Washington, D.C., CIA Director Alan Hunley and IMF Field Operations Director William Brandt testify before a Senate committee. The IMF, currently without a secretary in charge, is controversial because of its destructive methods and other misconduct. Hunley succeeds in having the IMF disbanded and absorbed into the CIA. Brandt, knowing Hunley will try to capture Hunt, warns him to stay undercover. Cut off from the IMF, Hunt follows his only lead: the man in glasses, later identified as former MI6 agent Solomon Lane.

text: Six months later, Hunt, still a fugitive living in Paris (luring a CIA team to a decoy safe house in Havana), enlists former colleague Benji Dunn to attend the opera Turandot in the Vienna state theater, predicting that an assassination attempt will be made on the Austrian Chancellor at the performance, and that Lane will also be there. The two stop three snipers, including Faust, but the Chancellor is ultimately killed by a car bomb, and Lane is still not found. Faust drops hints of Lane's plan to Hunt before leaving. After learning the Syndicate is working against "the old world order" by performing several terrorist acts, Dunn stays with Hunt instead of reporting back to the CIA, despite knowing his action amounts to treason.

text: Hunt, blamed for the Chancellor's death, is pursued by the CIA's Special Activities Division. Brandt contacts Luther Stickell to find Hunt before the CIA does. Stickell tracks Hunt, Dunn, and Faust to Casablanca, where they break into and acquire a secret Syndicate file from a secure building. Faust flees with the data, evading both Hunt and Syndicate members, although Hunt kills the pursuing agents. Dunn reveals he copied the data onto a second USB drive, as Stickell and Brandt catch up to them.

text: Faust returns to London and attempts to use the file to quit her mission to infiltrate the Syndicate, but her MI6 handler, Atlee, compels her to continue, whilst discreetly wiping her drive. Meanwhile, Hunt learns that the data is an encrypted British government red box that requires the Prime Minister's biometrics to unlock it. Lane's men abduct Dunn, and use Dunn and Faust to blackmail Hunt into decrypting the data and delivering it to them. Hunt agrees to the ultimatum, despite protests from Brandt.

text: As part of Hunt's plan, Brandt reveals their location to Hunley. During a charity auction held in Blenheim Palace near Oxford, Hunley, Brandt, and Atlee take the PM to a secure room to protect him from Hunt. Brandt has the PM confirm the existence of the Syndicate, a project proposed by Atlee to perform missions without oversight, effectively making the PM "judge, jury and executioner with zero accountability", before Atlee reveals himself as Hunt in a mask. When the real Atlee arrives, Hunt forces him to admit that he began the Syndicate without permission and that he has been covering up its existence after Lane hijacked the project and went rogue, turning the Syndicate against him and MI6.

text: With the PM's biometrics, Stickell discovers the file contains access to £2.4 billion in various bank accounts, which would allow the Syndicate to continue their operations unnoticed; Hunt promptly destroys the data. At the meeting, outside the Tower of London, he tells Lane he memorized the data and offers himself in exchange for Dunn and Faust. Dunn escapes after the bomb on him is disarmed, while Hunt and Faust are chased through the Tower of London complex by Lane's men. Faust kills Vinter in a knife fight, while Hunt confronts Lane and lures him into a sealed, bulletproof glass cell where he is gassed unconscious and taken into custody.

text: Hunley, having witnessed an IMF operation's success firsthand, returns with Brandt to the Senate committee and convinces them to restore the IMF by covering for Hunt and his team. After the meeting, Brandt congratulates Hunley, who is now the new IMF Secretary.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt, an IMF agent
Simon Pegg as Benji Dunn, an IMF technical field agent
Jeremy Renner as William Brandt, an IMF Field Operations Director
Rebecca Ferguson as Ilsa Faust, an MI6 agent undercover in the Syndicate
Alec Baldwin as Alan Hunley, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Sean Harris as Solomon Lane, a former MI6 agent who went rogue and became the supreme leader of the Syndicate
Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell, an IMF agent and computer specialist
Simon McBurney as Atlee, the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service
Tom Hollander as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Zhang Jingchu as Lauren, a CIA analyst
Jens Hultén as Janik Vinter, a former KGB operative and Lane's second-in-command
Hermione Corfield as an IMF agent who doubles as a record shop owner

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Paramount Pictures announced in August 2013 that Christopher McQuarrie would direct the fifth Mission: Impossible film, from a script by Drew Pearce, with Tom Cruise reprising his role as Ethan Hunt. TC Productions and Bad Robot would produce, and Skydance Productions, who served as co-financers and executive producers of the latest installment, will work closely with the team in the development and production process."[4] On November 14, 2013, Paramount announced a release date of December 25, 2015.[5] The same month, Simon Pegg confirmed he would reprise his role as Benji.[6] In May 2014, Will Staples replaced Pearce as screenwriter.[7] Also that month, Jeremy Renner confirmed he was returning in the role of William Brandt,[8] and Cruise said the film would shoot in London,[9] with a later report saying it would first shoot in Vienna in August.[10] At some point, McQuarrie replaced Staples as screenwriter; the final credits list McQuarrie as screenwriter, with story by Pearce.

text: In July 2014, Rebecca Ferguson was cast and Alec Baldwin was in talks for the film.[11][12] Baldwin was confirmed to have joined the cast in August 2014,[13] and Ving Rhames was confirmed to be reprising his role of Luther Stickell.[14] On September 5, it was announced that Sean Harris was in negotiations for the villain role.[15] On October 2, Simon McBurney joined the cast of the film.[16] On October 6, Chinese actress Zhang Jingchu joined the film's cast (she only appears for 30 seconds in the finished film).[17][18] On March 22, 2015, Paramount revealed the film's official title, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, along with a teaser poster and trailer.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in August 2014. On August 21, the production released its first photos from the set in Vienna, Austria.[13] In August actors Cruise and Pegg, along with director Christopher McQuarrie, were in Vienna, at the Metro[20] and on the roof-top of Vienna State Opera.[20][21][22] After finishing one-and-a-half weeks of filming in Austria, on August 30, Cruise arrived in the Moroccan capital city of Rabat for filming more scenes.[23][24] Here the Marrakesh Highway was closed for fourteen days (August 30–September 12). Other filming locations in Morocco include Agadir, Rabat[25] and.[26][27][28] On September 8 and 9, filming took place in The Marrakesh Stadium, which was closed both days for filming purposes,[29] and Kasbah of the Udayas, in Rabat.[30]

text: After more than a month of shooting in Austria and Morocco, filming moved to London on September 28.[31] On October 10, Cruise and his stuntman Wade Eastwood were filming some scenes in Monaco.[32] Filming of an action scene featuring Ethan Hunt climbing and hanging on the outside of a flying Atlas C1 took place at RAF Wittering near Stamford. Tom Cruise performed the sequence, at times suspended on the aircraft over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the air, without the use of a stunt double.[33] To pull off this particular stunt, the production team were given a limited period of only 48 hours. The plane took off and landed 8 times before they had the perfect shot.[34] On November 9, filming began on Southampton Water, and Fawley Power Station.[35] Tom Cruise trained under diving specialist Kirk Krack to be able to hold his breath for three minutes to perform an underwater sequence which was filmed in a single long take without any edits (though the scene in the movie was cut with several breaks, giving the impression for the scene having several takes).[36] However, stunt coordinator Wade Eastwood claims that Cruise held his breath for just over six minutes.[34]

text: On February 20, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter said filming was halted to give McQuarrie, Cruise, and an unknown third person time to rework the film's ending.[37] Filming ended on March 12, 2015.[38]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation: Music from the Motion PictureSoundtrack album by Joe KraemerReleased
July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)Genre
Film scoreLength
73:21Label
La-La Land Records, Paramount MusicProducer
Joe Kraemer, John FinkleyJoe Kraemer chronology

Dawn Patrol(2015)

Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation: Music from the Motion Picture(2015)

Mission: Impossible chronology

Ghost Protocol(2011)

Rogue Nation(2015)

Fallout(2018)

tag: table

text: The musical score for Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation was composed by Joe Kraemer, who previously collaborated with director McQuarrie on The Way of the Gun and Jack Reacher. Kraemer was announced as the composer for the film in September 2014.[39] The soundtrack was recorded with small orchestral sections at British Grove Studios and with full orchestra at Abbey Road Studios.[40][41]

text: As well as incorporating Lalo Schifrin's thematic material from the television series throughout the score, three tracks ("Escape to Danger," "A Matter of Going", and "Finale and Curtain Call") interpolate Puccini's Nessun dorma aria.[41][42]

text: The physical soundtrack became available from La-La Land Records on July 28, 2015, with the digital album released from Paramount Music on the same day.

text: All music composed by Joe Kraemer.

text: No.TitleLength1."The A400"6:382."Solomon Lane"4:083."Good Evening, Mr. Hunt"2:354."Escape to Danger"2:465."Havana to Vienna"5:136."A Flight at the Opera"2:237."The Syndicate"3:448."The Plan"3:219."It's Impossible" (CD Exclusive Track)1:2310."The Torus"7:0211."Morocco Pursuit"2:2912."Grave Consequences"4:1213."A Matter of Going"5:0514."The Blenheim Sequence"4:0015."Audience with the Prime Minister"4:2316."This is the End, Mr. Hunt" (CD Exclusive Track)3:4817."A Foggy Night in London"2:1018."Meet the IMF"1:4719."Finale and Curtain Call"6:14

text: Release[edit]

text: Paramount had originally scheduled the film for a December 25, 2015 release. On January 26, 2015, Paramount advanced the release date to July 31, 2015.[43] The main reason cited by The Hollywood Reporter was to avoid competition with two other 2015 films, Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Spectre.[44] In the United States and Canada, it was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema, the first ever time for Paramount.[45] On February 13, 2015, Paramount and IMAX Corporation announced that they would digitally re-master the film into the IMAX format and release it in IMAX theaters worldwide on the scheduled date.[46] The film was completed at 2:00AM on July 18, 2015, less than two weeks before its release date. The film was officially released in North America on July 31, 2015. Lotte released the film in South Korea on July 30, 2015.[47] The film was released in China on September 8, 2015.[48]

text: In August 2015, Fox Networks acquired the US cable broadcast rights, for broadcast after its theatrical release. The film will be available for FX Networks and its suite of networks: FX, FXX, FXM, and the video-on-demand platform FXNow.[49]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A teaser trailer for the film was released on March 22, 2015.[50] The following day, a full-length trailer was released.[51] A second full-length trailer was released on June 3, 2015.

text: Paramount Pictures spent $42 million on advertising for the film.[52]

text: A comic book was released in conjunction with the film's DVD/Blu-ray release. It follows Hunt going rogue during the events of the film. The comic is written by the film's writer and director Christopher McQuarrie and illustrations by Lazarus artist Owen Freeman.[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation grossed $195 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $487.7 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $682.7 million.[3] Although Rogue Nation was projected to become the highest-grossing Mission: Impossible film and the biggest movie for Cruise,[54] it apparently fell short of eclipsing Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol's final gross to become the third-highest-grossing Mission: Impossible film and the third-biggest film for Cruise.[55] It had a worldwide opening of $121 million and an IMAX worldwide opening total of $12.5 million (the third-biggest of July behind The Dark Knight Rises (2012) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)).[56] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $108.9 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[57]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, according to pre-release tracking, the film was projected to earn around $40–50 million in its opening weekend, less than what the first three Mission: Impossible films earned in their initial weekend.[58][59][60] It made $4 million from its Thursday night showings which began at 8 p.m. from 2,764 theaters,[61][62] and $20.3 million on its opening day, which is the second-biggest opening day for Cruise (behind War of the Worlds) and the biggest in the Mission: Impossible franchise (breaking Mission: Impossible 2's record), with 16% of ticket sales from the film's 367 IMAX theaters.[58][63][64] In its opening weekend the film grossed $55.5 million exceeding expectations and is the second-highest opening in the franchise, behind Mission: Impossible 2 ($57.8 million) and the third-biggest for Cruise behind War of the Worlds ($64.8 million) and Mission: Impossible 2.[65][66] IMAX contributed $8.4 million of the total opening gross from 369 IMAX screens which is the third-best for a July opening after The Dark Knight Rises ($19 million) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15.2 million). Premium large format grossed up $2.6 million, 13% of Friday's gross with Cinemark XD grossing close to $700,000 at 108 screens.[65] It remained at the top spot for the second weekend earning an estimated $28.5 million (down 48.7%) from 3,988 theaters (32+ theaters) buoyed by strong word of mouth, rapturous reviews and strong plays at IMAX theaters.[67] Revenues from IMAX also dropped steadily by 39% to $4.3 million in its second weekend.[68] It topped the North American box office for two consecutive weekends until surpassed by the music biographical drama Straight Outta Compton in its third weekend.[69][70][71] It ended its theatrical run on October 29, 2015, playing in theaters for a total of 91 days, or 13 weeks, earning a total of $195 million at the North American box office which is just 28.6% of its total worldwide gross.[3] It is the third-highest-grossing Mission: Impossible film behind Mission: Impossible 2 ($215 million) and Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol ($209 million).[55]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Elsewhere, the film opened in 40 overseas markets including 135 IMAX theaters on July 31, 2015 in big markets such the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Australia.[58] It grossed $64.5 million in its opening weekend and went No. 1 in 33 markets and IMAX contributed $4.1 million of its international opening.[56] Revenues from its second weekend increased by 0.5% to $65 million. It added 18 new markets including India, Japan, and Russia and opened at No. 1 in 17 of the 18 markets with the exception of Japan where it was behind Jurassic World.[72] Overall, it opened at No. 1 in 55 of the 63 territories it has been released in and had the biggest opening weekend ever for the franchise in 46 markets and Cruise's best opening in 40 markets.[56][72][73] It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Paramount's own Terminator Genisys in its fourth weekend[73][74] and four in total.[75]

text: It had the biggest opening for the franchise in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($8.3 million), France ($7 million), India ($6.5 million), Japan ($6.1 million), Russia and the CIS ($5.3 million), Mexico ($5 million), the Middle East ($4.7; including $2.5 million from UAE alone), Taiwan ($5.1 million), Australia ($3.8 million), Germany ($3.2 million) and Brazil ($3.1 million).[56][72][74][76] In South Korea, where the franchise has been a hit it opened to $16.95 million (49% above Ghost Protocol), which is the second-biggest opening ever for Paramount, behind Transformers: Dark of the Moon; Cruise's biggest-ever opening; the best for the Mission: Impossible franchise; and the second-biggest opening for a Western film of 2015.[56][77] It added $8.1 and $3.7 million in its second and third weekend for a total of $41.1 million making South Korea the film's second-highest market followed by Japan ($41.2 million), the United Kingdom ($32 million), France ($20.9 million), and Germany ($13 million).[78][79][80][81] In Japan, it faced competition with the continued run of Jurassic World.[82] In China, Rogue Nation emerged very successful and earned $18.5 million on its opening day of September 8 (including $1.4 million from midnight screenings), which is the country's biggest opening for a Hollywood 2D film, the second-biggest for any 2D film in China (only behind the $22.2 million debut of local 2D film Pancake Man), and the fifth-biggest opening for any film.[83][84] Despite opening on a Tuesday—during which most children are off to school—the film opened successfully and almost matched the opening figure of North America. Rob Cain of Forbes cited out possible reasons for the successful opening: the well-establishment of the franchise in China (its immediate predecessor Ghost Protocol earned $102.7 million), rapid expansion and growth of Chinese movie market, being the second Hollywood movie (after Terminator Genisys) to be released after the nearly 60-day blackout period in which non-Chinese movies were dabarred from going to general release in the country, and the successful awareness campaign and marketing efforts by the team including Tom Cruise visiting several Chinese cities.[84] It went on to earn an estimated $85.8 million through its opening weekend (Tuesday–Sunday) from 5,500 screens.[75] It is the highest-grossing 2D Hollywood film there with $136.8 million (breaking Interstellar's record).[80][81][85][86] Rogue Nation was projected to make roughly 70% of its worldwide gross abroad,[63] and indeed ended up making $487,287,762 or 71.4% of its entire worldwide gross overseas[3] which is the highest among the series.[55]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation has a rating of 93% based on 293 reviews and an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation continues the franchise's thrilling resurgence—and proves that Tom Cruise remains an action star without equal."[87] Metacritic gives the film a score of 75 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[88] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[89]

text: Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called the film "preposterously enjoyable" and said that it "unfolds with fluid, twisty, old-school pleasure," highlighting the performances of Cruise, Pegg, Ferguson, and Baldwin and comparing the action scenes to those of the James Bond films as well as Alfred Hitchcock's The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956). He ultimately gave the film 3 out of 4 stars.[90] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave Rogue Nation 3.5 out of 4 stars, highly praising the film's cast and stating that the film "keeps topping itself". However, he criticized the villain for not being too memorable or intimidating.[91] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that McQuarrie's direction allowed Rogue Nation to stand out among the other films in terms of action and its inclusion of female characters, singling out Ferguson's Ilsa as uniquely empowered and action-oriented, also praising her scenes with Cruise.[92] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic praised Cruise, saying "You overcome the impossible through the application of sheer, unvarnished willpower, a quality that Cruise has always possessed in abundance" and describing him as the driving force of the film and the franchise. He, too, praised Ferguson among the supporting cast for her role as an action heroine.[93] Joseph Wigler of MTV.com considered the movie as "one of the most entertaining Ethan Hunt adventures" which proves that "the franchise still has plenty of fight left in it, with no signs of slowing down."[94] He praised the performances of Cruise and Ferguson,[94] applauding the latter for playing "the most fascinating character in the entire movie" and "one of the most complicated and alluring characters in the entire five film series."[95] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times stated "Sleek and bloated, specific and generic, 'Rogue Nation' is pretty much like most of the 'Impossible' movies in that it’s an immense machine that Mr. McQuarrie, after tinkering and oiling, has cranked up again and set humming with twists and turns, global trotting and gadgets, a crack supporting cast and a hard-working star."[96]

text: A. A. Dowd of The A.V. Club remarked, "Rather than go full auteur on his formulaic material, McQuarrie instead offers a kind of greatest-hits package: 'Rogue Nation' marries the shifting loyalties of Brian De Palma's original to the kinetic action beats of John Woo's series nadir and the all-set-piece structure of Brad Bird's series zenith, adding an omnipotent villain not far removed from the one Philip Seymour Hoffman played in J.J. Abrams' entry. It’s the least visually or conceptually distinctive of the five movies, leaning on what's worked before rather than forging its own path."[97] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, calling it "breathlessly thrilling" and giving high praise to its action sequences, saying " all you can do is pick your jaw off your lap and grin at the breathtakingly bananas spectacle you've just witnessed."[98] Meanwhile, David Edelstein of Vulture.com called Ferguson the "best reason" to see the film. However, he felt it did not surpass its predecessor and singled out several elements of some of the action sequences for criticism.[99] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal also praised Ferguson but felt that she and Cruise had "zero chemistry" onscreen. Nonetheless, he praised the film for working "ingenious changes on old tropes".[100] Daniel Krupa of IGN only gave the film a score of 7/10, praising the action sequences and the performances of the central cast but criticizing it for not adding enough to the series or expanding on the plot of Ghost Protocol.[101]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 15, 2015 in the United States.[102] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on June 26, 2018 along with the first four films.[103]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Critics' Choice Awards[104][105]

Best Action Movie

Nominated

Best Actor in an Action Movie

Tom Cruise

Nominated

Best Actress in an Action Movie

Rebecca Ferguson

Nominated

Empire Awards[106][107]

Best Thriller

Nominated

Best Female Newcomer

Rebecca Ferguson

Nominated

London Film Critics Circle[108][109]

Technical Achievement of the Year: Stunts

Wade Eastwood

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards[110][111]

Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture

Nominated

Visual Effects Society[112]

Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project ("Underwater Torus Chamber")

Vincent Aupetit, Margaux Durand-Rival, Christopher Anciaume, Robert Elswit

Nominated

Saturn Awards[113][114]

Best Action or Adventure Film

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Simon Pegg

Nominated

text: Sequel[edit]

text: By May 2015, Paramount was developing a sixth Mission: Impossible film, with Cruise, Abrams, Ellison, and Goldberg returning to produce, along with Don Granger and Matt Grimm executive producing, and Elizabeth Raposo overseeing development.[115] Christopher McQuarrie returned to write and direct the film, which began filming April 2017 for a July 2018 release.[116]


document_title: Official World Golf Ranking

question_text: how many world ranking points for winning the masters

question_tokens: how many world ranking points for winning the masters

text: Official World Golf Ranking

text: History[edit]

text: The initiative for the creation of the Official World Golf Ranking came from the Championship Committee of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, which found in the 1980s that its system of issuing invitations to The Open Championship on a tour by tour basis was omitting an increasing number of top players because more of them were dividing their time between tours, and from preeminent sports agent Mark McCormack, who was the first chairman of the International Advisory Committee which oversees the rankings. The system used to calculate the rankings was developed from McCormack's World Golf Rankings, which were published in his World of Professional Golf Annual from 1968 to 1985, although these were purely unofficial and not used for any wider purpose (such as inviting players to major tournaments).

text: The first ranking list was published prior to the 1986 Masters Tournament. The top six ranked golfers were: Bernhard Langer, Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, Tom Watson, Mark O'Meara and Greg Norman. Thus the top three were all European, but there were 31 Americans in the top 50 (compared with 17 at the end of 2010).

text: The method of calculation of the rankings has changed considerably over the years. Initially, the rankings were calculated over a three-year period, with the current year's points multiplied by four (three in 1986), the previous year's points by two and the third year's points by one. Rankings were based on the total points and points awarded were restricted to integer values. All tournaments recognised by the world's professional tours, and some leading invitational events, were graded into categories ranging from major championship (whose winners would receive 50 points) to "other tournaments" (whose winners would receive a minimum of 8). In all events, other finishers received points on a diminishing scale that began with runners-up receiving 60% of the winners' points, and the number of players in the field receiving points would be the same as the points awarded to the winner. In a major, for example, all players finishing 30th to 40th would receive 2 points, and all players finishing 50th or higher, 1 point.

text: Beginning in April 1989, the rankings were changed to be based on the average points per event played instead of simply total points earned, subject to a minimum divisor of 60 (20 events per year). This was in order to more accurately reflect the status of some (particularly older) players, who played in far fewer events than their younger contemporaries but demonstrated in major championships that their ranking was artificially low. Tom Watson, for example, finished in the top 15 of eight major championships between 1987 and 1989, yet had a "total points" ranking of just 40th; his ranking became a more realistic 20th when based on "average points". A new system for determining the "weight" of each tournament was also introduced, based on the strength of the tournament's field in terms of their pre-tournament world rankings. Major championships were guaranteed to remain at 50 points for the winners, and all other events could attain a maximum of 40 points for the winner if all of the world's top 100 were present. In practice most PGA Tour events awarded around 25 points to the winner, European Tour events around 18 and JPGA Tour events around 12.

text: In 1996, the three-year period was reduced to two years, with the current year now counting double. Points were extended to more of the field, beginning in 2000, and were no longer restricted to integer values. Beginning in September 2001, the tapering system was changed so that instead of the points for each result being doubled if they occurred in the most recent 12 months, one eighth of the initial "multiplied up" value was deducted every 13 weeks. This change effectively meant that players could now be more simply described as being awarded 100 points (not 50) for winning a major. Beginning in 2007, the system holds the points from each event at full value for 13 weeks and then reduces them in equal weekly increments over the remainder of the two-year period.

text: At first only the Championship Committee of the Royal and Ancient used the rankings for official purposes, but the PGA Tour recognized them in 1990, and in 1997 all five of the then principal men's golf tours did so. The rankings, which had previously been called the Sony Rankings, were renamed the Official World Golf Rankings at that time. They are run from offices in Virginia Water in Surrey, England.

text: Calculation of the rankings[edit]

text: Simply put, a golfer's World Ranking is obtained by dividing their points total by the number of events they have played, which gives their average. Players are then ranked; a higher average yields a higher rank.

text: Event ranking[edit]

text: The first stage in the calculation is the ranking of each event. For most events the ranking depends on the current world rankings of the participating golfers and the participation of the leading golfers from the "home tour".

text: A "world rating value" is calculated. Any golfer currently ranked in the world top 200 is given a rating value. The world No. 1 is allocated 45, the No. 2 is allocated 37, the No. 3 is allocated 32, down to those ranked between 101 and 200 who are allocated a rating value of 1 each. The maximum possible world rating value is 925 but this would only happen if all the top 200 golfers were playing.

text: A "home tour rating value" is calculated. The leading 30 golfers from the previous year's "home tour" are given rating values. Most tours use earnings lists for their top 30, but the PGA Tour currently uses the FedEx points list calculated after the playoffs. Major championships and WGC events use the current world top 30 list. The home tour No. 1 is allocated 8 down to those from 16 to 30 who are allocated a rating value of 1 each. The maximum home tour rating value is 75 if all the top 30 players from the home tour are competing. The total home tour rating value is limited to 75% of the world rating value.

text: The world rating value and home tour rating value are added together to given a total rating value. This is then converted into an event ranking using a table. As examples, a total rating value of 10 converts to an event ranking of 8, a total rating value of 100 converts to an event ranking of 24, while a total rating value of 500 converts to an event ranking of 62.

text: Major championships have a fixed event ranking of 100 points. For each tour, there is a minimum ranking for each event. In addition, most tours have a "flagship event" that is guaranteed a higher ranking.

text:
Tour
Minimum
points
Flagship event
Minimum
points

PGA Tour
24
The Players Championship
80

European Tour
24
BMW PGA Championship
64

Japan Golf Tour
16
Japan Open
32

PGA Tour of Australasia
16 (6)
Australian Open
32

Sunshine Tour
14 (6/4)
Alfred Dunhill Championship^
32

Asian Tour
14
Indonesian Masters*
20

Web.com Tour
14
Web.com Tour Championship
20

Challenge Tour
12
Challenge Tour Grand Final
17

Korean Tour
9
n/a
n/a

PGA Tour Canada
6
n/a
n/a

OneAsia Tour
6
n/a
n/a

PGA Tour Latinoamérica
6
n/a
n/a

Asian Development Tour
6
n/a
n/a

PGA Tour China
6
n/a
n/a

Alps Tour
4/6
n/a
n/a

Nordic Golf League
4/6
n/a
n/a

PGA EuroPro Tour
4/6
n/a
n/a

ProGolf Tour
4/6
n/a
n/a

MENA Golf Tour
3/5
n/a
n/a

Big Easy Tour
3/5
n/a
n/a

text:
^ Previously the South African Open
* Previously the Thailand Golf Championship[7]

text: Starting in 2012, several events that previously had not received any points, will now do so: Sunshine Tour "Winter Series" – 6 points (72-hole events), 4 points (54-hole events), PGA Tour of Australasia "State Based and Regional Tournaments" – 6 points.[8]

text: Starting in July 2015, the four third-tier European tours receive points: 6 points for 72-hole events and 4 points for 54-hole events.[3] In April 2016, the Korean Tour's minimum was increased from 6 to 9 points and the MENA Golf Tour was added.[4]

text: Starting in 2018, the Sunshine Tour Big Easy Tour will factor into the World Rankings, making it the 20th professional tour included in the OWGR.[5]

text: 72-hole tournaments which are reduced to 54 holes retain full points, but if a tournament is reduced to 36 holes, its points allocation is reduced by 25%. 54-hole tournaments reduced to 36 holes retain full points.

text: The events with the highest "Total Rating" in 2016 are shown in the following table.[9]

text:
Date
Event
World
rating value
Home tour
rating value
Total
rating value
Event
ranking
Field
size
Winner
Rank

000000002017-07-31-0000Jul 31
PGA Championship
848
75
923
100 !100
156
Jimmy Walker
15

000000002017-07-17-0000Jul 17
The Open Championship
809
74
883
100 !100
156
Henrik Stenson
5

000000002017-06-19-0000Jun 19
U.S. Open
764
75
839
100 !100
156
Dustin Johnson
3

000000002017-05-15-0000May 15
The Players Championship
765
74
839
080 !80
144
Jason Day
1

000000002017-04-10-0000Apr 10
Masters Tournament
724
74
798
100 !100
89
Danny Willett
9

000000002017-03-27-0000Mar 27
WGC-Dell Match Play
708
71
779
076 !76
64
Jason Day
1

000000002017-03-06-0000Mar 6
WGC-Cadillac Championship
695
72
767
076 !76
66
Adam Scott
6

000000002017-08-28-0000Aug 28
The Barclays
665
73
738
074 !74
120
Patrick Reed
9

000000002017-09-05-0000Sep 5
Deutsche Bank Championship
660
71
731
074 !74
97
Rory McIlroy
3

000000002017-09-11-0000Sep 11
BMW Championship
602
61
663
070 !70
69
Dustin Johnson
2

000000002017-10-30-0000Oct 30
WGC-HSBC Champions
585
53
638
070 !70
78
Hideki Matsuyama
6

000000002017-07-03-0000Jul 3
WGC-Bridgestone Invitational
571
59
630
068 !68
61
Dustin Johnson
2

000000002017-06-05-0000Jun 5
Memorial Tournament
531
53
584
066 !66
120
William McGirt
44

000000002017-02-21-0000Feb 21
Northern Trust Open
444
44
488
060 !60
144
Bubba Watson
4

000000002017-03-20-0000Mar 20
Arnold Palmer Invitational
418
34
452
058 !58
120
Jason Day
2

000000002017-09-25-0000Sep 25
The Tour Championship
404
42
446
058 !58
30
Rory McIlroy
3

000000002017-02-28-0000Feb 28
The Honda Classic
420
26
446
058 !58
144
Adam Scott
9

000000002017-05-08-0000May 8
Wells Fargo Championship
396
40
436
058 !58
156
James Hahn
55

000000002017-02-01-0000Feb 1
Farmers Insurance Open
353
42
395
054 !54
156
Brandt Snedeker
12

000000002017-02-14-0000Feb 14
AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am
346
39
385
054 !54
156
Vaughn Taylor
100

000000002017-04-03-0000Apr 3
Shell Houston Open
346
38
384
054 !54
144
Jim Herman
68

000000002017-02-07-0000Feb 7
Waste Management Phoenix Open
350
33
383
054 !54
132
Hideki Matsuyama
12

000000002017-01-24-0000Jan 24
Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship
317
58
375
052 !52
126
Rickie Fowler
4

text: Rank refers to the player's world ranking before the event.

text: Based on the Total Rating, The Players Championship would have had an event ranking of 78.

text: Player rankings[edit]

text: Having calculated the ranking of the event, the ranking points of the players for that event can be calculated. The winner's ranking points are the same as the ranking of the event, so that major winners get 100 ranking points. The second place golfer gets 60% of this amount, 40% for 3rd, 30% for 4th, 24% for 5th, down to 14% for 10th, 7% for 20th, 3.5% for 40th to 1.5% for 60th. Players tied for a position share the points for those positions so that if, for example, two players tie for second place they would each receive 50%, the average of 60% and 40%.

text: A player's ranking points for an event must be at least 1.2. Players who would get less than this using the above formula get no ranking points. For example, if an event has a ranking of 10 only the leading 12 players (and ties) receive any ranking points since the player in 12th place gets 12% of the event ranking (i.e. 1.2). The player in 13th position gets no points. Where there is a tie for the final scoring place, those players are guaranteed to receive at least 1.2 points. Using the above example, if there were two or more players tied for 12th place, each would receive 1.2 points. The only exceptions to this system are in the major championships where all players who make the cut get a minimum of 1.5 ranking points.

text: Adjusted rankings[edit]

text: For the first 13 weeks after an event the player receives the full ranking points earned in that event. However, from then onwards they are reduced in equal weekly increments over the remainder of a two-year period. This gives priority to recent form. Each week the ranking points are reduced by a factor of 1/92 (approximately 1.09%) so that in week 14 only 98.91% of the ranking points are credited, continuing until week 104 when only 1.09% is credited. From week 105 the ranking points are completely lost.

text: Ranking average[edit]

text: The player's adjusted points for all events in the two-year period are then added together, and this total is divided by the number of events to give the average ranking. However, players are subject to both a minimum and maximum number of events over the two-year period.

text: If a player competes in fewer than 40 tournaments over the two-year period his adjusted points total is divided by 40 and not the actual number of events he has played in.

text: In 2010, a maximum number of tournaments was also introduced. The maximum number was initially set to 60 from January 2010 and was reduced by 2 every six months until it reached 52 in January 2012. This means that since 2012 only the player's 52 most recent tournaments (within the two-year period) are used to calculate his ranking average.[10]

text: The resulting averages for all players are put into descending order to produce the ranking table. This means that the player who has obtained most cumulative success does not necessarily come top of the rankings: it is average performance levels that are important, and some golfers play substantially more tournaments than others. New rankings are released every Monday.

text: Importance of the rankings[edit]

text: A professional golfer's ranking is of considerable significance to his career. Currently a ranking in the World Top 50 grants automatic entry to all the majors and World Golf Championships; see table below. In addition, rankings are the sole criterion for selection for the International Team in the Presidents Cup, while ranking points are one of the qualification criteria for the European Ryder Cup team. The rankings are also used to help select the field for various other tournaments.

text:
Tournament
Automatic entries

Masters Tournament
Top 50

U.S. Open
Top 60[11]

The Open Championship
Top 50

PGA Championship
(Top 100)see note

WGC-Dell Match Play
Top 64 (sole criterion)

WGC-Cadillac Championship
Top 50

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational
Top 50

WGC-HSBC Champions
Top 50

The Players Championship
Top 50

Summer Olympics (2016)
Top 60see note

text: Note: The PGA Championship does not have an official automatic entry based on the Official World Golf Ranking. However, the PGA of America invites additional players, and traditionally has invited those in the top 100 for the last several years. It makes note of its strong field by referencing the number of top 100 ranked golfers entered in its press releases.[12][13][14]

text: At the 2016 Summer Olympics, the top-15 world-ranked players will be eligible, with a limit of four players from a given country. Beyond the top-15, players will be eligible based on the world rankings, with a maximum of two eligible players from each country that does not already have two or more players among the top-15. Within the 60 players participating, each of the five continents of the Olympic Movement with be guaranteed at least one player and the host nation will be guaranteed one player.[15]

text: Current rankings[edit]

text: These are the top 10 ranked golfers and their average ranking points as of September 17, 2017.[16]

text:
Rank
Change
Player
Country
Points
Top 10 since
Weeks

1

Johnson, DustinDustin Johnson
 United States
12.03
000000002015-02-22-0000February 22, 2015
132

2

Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth
 United States
10.41
000000002014-12-07-0000December 7, 2014
145

3

Matsuyama, HidekiHideki Matsuyama
 Japan
9.00
000000002016-10-23-0000October 23, 2016
47

4

Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas
 United States
7.94
000000002017-08-13-0000August 13, 2017
6

5

Rahm, JonJon Rahm
 Spain
7.70
000000002017-07-09-0000July 9, 2017
11

6
3
Day, JasonJason Day
 Australia
6.60
000000002014-02-23-0000February 23, 2014
186

7
3
Fowler, RickieRickie Fowler
 United States
6.58
000000002017-08-06-0000August 6, 2017
7

8
2
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
6.57
000000002014-05-11-0000May 11, 2014
175

9
2
Stenson, HenrikHenrik Stenson
 Sweden
6.46
000000002013-08-11-0000August 11, 2013
214

10
2
García, SergioSergio García
 Spain
6.30
000000002017-04-09-0000April 9, 2017
24

text:
Top 10 since – indicates the date at which the player entered or last re-entered the top 10.
Weeks – current number of consecutive weeks in the top 10.

text: Since the major revision of the rating method in September 2001, the highest points average as well as the largest lead in points average were set by Tiger Woods on September 16, 2007. After winning the BMW Championship and The Tour Championship in consecutive weeks, he had an average of 24.36 and a lead of 14.73 points over Phil Mickelson.[17]

text: Tiger Woods holds the record for most weeks in the World Top 10, with 860. He is followed by Ernie Els (788 weeks) and Phil Mickelson (774 weeks). Woods had a record run of 736 consecutive weeks in the top-10 from April 13, 1997 to May 15, 2011 and then had a further run of 124 consecutive weeks in the top-10 from March 25, 2012 to August 3, 2014.[18][19][20]

text: Timeline of the "number one" ranking[edit]

text: The first official ranking list was published prior to the Masters in April 1986, with Bernhard Langer the first world No. 1 ranked player, ahead of Seve Ballesteros, who had topped the unofficial McCormack's World Golf Rankings at the end of the previous year. Ballesteros briefly held the No. 1 spot after Langer, before Greg Norman's worldwide success over the rest of that season made him the first year-end No. 1. Ballesteros took the No. 1 position back from Norman in 1987, and the pair exchanged the No. 1 position several times over the next two years. During 1990, Nick Faldo remained ranked just behind Norman despite winning three majors in two years (and more world ranking points in total than his rival, albeit having entered more events). As detailed in Mark McCormack's "World of Professional Golf 1991" annual, it was also the case (but less immediately apparent) that Norman had won a total of 14 events during the ranking period to Faldo's 10, and when the two had competed in the same tournament, had finished ahead of his rival 19 times to 11, so Norman's No. 1 position (on the new "average points" system) had some justification. Faldo did inherit the No. 1 ranking for the first time early in 1991.

text: In April 1991, a quirk in the way the rankings treated results from previous years meant that Ian Woosnam, who had never won a major, took the No. 1 spot from Faldo on the eve of the latter's attempt to win the Masters for a third year in succession; as if justifying the ranking system, Woosnam—and not Faldo—won the tournament. Twelve months later, Fred Couples similarly took over the No. 1 ranking shortly before the 1992 Masters, then also went on to make that tournament his first major victory. Faldo's Open victory in 1992 lifted him back to the No. 1 position, and he held that spot until replaced by Nick Price, who in 1994 became the first African ranked No. 1 after his back-to-back major victories that summer.

text: By 1996, Greg Norman had regained the top spot and ended 1996 and 1997 narrowly ahead of first Tom Lehman, and then Tiger Woods and Ernie Els in the rankings, despite his rivals enjoying major victories in those years while he won none. Lehman, Els and Woods would all briefly become No. 1 during 1997, Lehman for a week – to date, the only player to hold the No. 1 ranking for just one week. In 1996, Colin Montgomerie also led the rankings in total points earned over the two-year period (but never on average points per event); in 1997 Els was top of a similar "total points" list. Those were the last occasions on which a player led on "total" points but not average points until 2016, when Dustin Johnson similarly had more points in total than the world number one Jason Day. Woods then finished 1998 narrowly ahead of Mark O'Meara even though the latter won two major titles that year while Woods won just once on the PGA Tour. In March 1999, David Duval became world No. 1 after winning The Players Championship, his sixth victory in a twelve-month period that came before his first major victory (which would follow two years later at the Open Championship).

text: In 2000, Tiger Woods had an unprecedented season of success that saw him earn 948 world ranking points in a single calendar year, so many points that even had his 1999 points (which represented the previous single-season record) been totally discounted from the calculation, Woods would still have had a points average easily high enough to lead the rankings – and Woods would still have led at the end of 2001 even had he earned no further points that year. Tiger Woods dominated the No. 1 spot for the following five years, but when Vijay Singh won the PGA Championship in 2004 and with it took the No. 1 ranking, that change highlighted the fact that Woods had not won a major for over two years, and also the extraordinary success Singh had recently on tour had that had allowed him to overtake the American. Woods responded by winning the very next major, the 2005 Masters, and with it regained the No. 1 spot, which he would then retain for a further five years. Following knee surgery in the summer of 2008, Woods missed the entire second half of the year, while Pádraig Harrington won two major championships, to add to the Open Championship he won in 2007. Despite earning no further ranking points during his absence, Woods remained No. 1 on the ranking system in December 2008.

text: During 2010, there was much debate as to whether Woods' continued retention of the No. 1 ranking (which he held up until the end of October) was justified given his relatively poor form—Woods finished fourth in two major championships in 2010, but failed to finish in the top ten of any other events he entered. During the 2010 season, several of his rivals for the No. 1 spot - including Masters champion Phil Mickelson (who had won four majors since 2004 but had yet to reach No. 1 in the rankings), Lee Westwood (who had yet to win a major but had finished second in both the Masters and Open Championships in 2010), and then Martin Kaymer (who had won the PGA Championship among four worldwide wins)— each missed opportunities to win particular events that would have taken them above Woods, before Westwood finally became world No. 1 on October 31.

text: During 2011, the possession of the No. 1 ranking would be the subject of much discussion among European golf commentators as it passed from Westwood to Kaymer, back to Westwood and then in May to Luke Donald, who took No. 1 spot by defeating Westwood in a playoff for the BMW PGA Championship. Donald, in becoming the fifteenth world No. 1, also became the first ever to reach No. 1 before having won or finished runner-up in a major championship in his career. Donald's position at the top of the rankings was justified by his consistency through the rest of the 2011 season – becoming the first golfer ever to win the money title on both the European and PGA Tours in the same season.

text: In March 2012, Donald lost the No. 1 position to Rory McIlroy; the pair then exchanged the No. 1 position a further four times in the following two months, so the volatility of the No. 1 ranking again became a source of comment. At the end of 2012, McIlroy had opened up a clear lead at the top of the rankings, following his second major victory at the PGA Championship and emulating Donald in leading the money lists on both sides of the Atlantic. However, by the end of March 2013, a resurgent Tiger Woods had returned to the top of the rankings, after adding three PGA Tour wins in 2013 to his three victories from 2012 while McIlroy struggled with his form following equipment changes. Woods then suffered a back injury that sidelined him for the early part of 2014, and in his absence, Adam Scott, winner of the 2013 Masters, became the 17th world No. 1 on May 18, despite not winning an event in 2014 to that date; he would win the following week to secure his No. 1 position and avoid following Tom Lehman as a one-week No. 1. He held the No. 1 position until August 3, when McIlroy regained the top spot by following his Open Championship victory with another at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. Following his second-place finish at the 2015 PGA Championship (that followed earlier wins at the Masters and the U.S. Open), Jordan Spieth became the 18th world No. 1 on August 16, 2015, describing it as "as good a consolation prize as I've ever had". Over the following three weeks, the No. 1 spot passed back and forth between McIlroy and Spieth, due to the way each player's average points (which were almost identical) fluctuated (as their point weightings and events played divisors changed), until, on September 20, both were overtaken by Jason Day, the 2015 PGA Championship winner, who became the 19th world No. 1 with victory in the BMW Championship, his fifth of the season. A week later, Spieth regained the No. 1 spot from Day after winning the Tour Championship (and with it, the FedEx Cup), and concluded 2015 as world No. 1, but Day's continued good form took him back to number one after winning the WGC Matchplay in March 2016.

text: On February 19, 2017, Dustin Johnson became the 20th player to reach number one in the rankings following his victory at the Genesis Open.

text: Breakdown by nationality[edit]

text: A breakdown of the year-end top-100 by nationality.

text:
Country
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986

 United States
42
40
38
40
31
37
32
32
31
34
39
41
41
49
47
48
51
56
55
56
58
56
52
49
53
60
58
55
59
59
59

 England
12
13
8
9
8
8
11
11
8
9
11
11
7
7
4
4
1
2
3
3
4
5
8
9
7
5
3
6
4
3
4

 Japan
6
5
6
5
4
6
8
8
8
3
5
5
4
4
5
9
9
7
5
5
6
7
3
3
5
4
4
5
8
10
10

 South Africa
5
5
7
7
6
8
6
8
9
7
6
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
5
5
3
3
2
2
3
4
3

 South Korea
5
2
1
2
4
4
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Australia
4
7
8
6
9
10
9
10
10
12
11
12
11
7
9
5
5
6
9
8
7
8
8
9
11
11
12
12
9
8
7

 Sweden
4
4
3
5
8
4
4
4
7
6
6
3
4
3
4
6
5
4
4
3
2
3
4
5
3
0
0
1
1
1
1

 Thailand
2
3
1
2
2
0
1
2
2
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Spain
2
2
4
3
6
5
4
4
5
4
4
3
2
5
2
3
4
3
2
3
1
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
2
4
5

 Denmark
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Northern Ireland
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
4
0
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

 Argentina
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0

 Scotland
1
2
4
2
4
2
2
0
0
1
1
1
3
3
2
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
3

 France
1
2
3
2
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Germany
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

 Italy
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Ireland
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
0
0
1
1
3
2
2
0
1

 Wales
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

 Austria
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Netherlands
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 India
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Belgium
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 New Zealand
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

 Venezuela
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Portugal
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Zimbabwe
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3

 Canada
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0

 Finland
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Paraguay
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Fiji
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0

 Colombia
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 China
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Taiwan
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
1

 Trinidad and Tobago
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Philippines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 Namibia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

text: A breakdown of the year-end top-100 by eligibility for the major team competitions: Ryder Cup (USA vs. Europe) and Presidents Cup (USA vs. non-European international team).

text:
Team
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987*
1986*

United States
42
40
38
40
31
37
32
32
31
34
39
41
41
49
47
48
51
56
55
56
58
56
52
49
53
60
58
55
59
59
59

Europe
31
35
34
35
40
33
36
29
30
30
28
28
27
25
23
25
23
19
18
19
18
20
25
27
21
17
18
20
16
15
17

International
27
25
28
25
29
30
32
39
39
36
33
31
32
26
30
27
26
25
27
25
24
24
23
24
26
23
24
25
25
27
25

text:
*Two men tied for 100th place.
Note: The Presidents Cup was founded in 1994.

text: Rankings archive[edit]

text: World Ranking of major championship winners[edit]

text: The table shows the World Rankings of the winners of each major championship in the week before their victory.

text:
Year
Masters Tournament
U.S. Open
The Open Championship
PGA Championship

1986
 Jack Nicklaus
33
 Raymond Floyd
c.20
 Greg Norman
3
 Bob Tway
c.25

1987
 Larry Mize
36
 Scott Simpson
27
 Nick Faldo
46
 Larry Nelson
84

1988
 Sandy Lyle
3
 Curtis Strange
5
 Seve Ballesteros
4
 Jeff Sluman
71

1989
 Nick Faldo
5
 Curtis Strange
4
 Mark Calcavecchia
11
 Payne Stewart
13

1990
 Nick Faldo
2
 Hale Irwin
90
 Nick Faldo
2
 Wayne Grady
55

1991
 Ian Woosnam
1
 Payne Stewart
8
 Ian Baker-Finch
25
 John Daly
168

1992
 Fred Couples
1
 Tom Kite
22
 Nick Faldo
2
 Nick Price
15

1993
 Bernhard Langer
5
 Lee Janzen
34
 Greg Norman
4
 Paul Azinger
6

1994
 José María Olazábal
10
 Ernie Els
11
 Nick Price
3
 Nick Price
2

1995
 Ben Crenshaw
33
 Corey Pavin
9
 John Daly
109
 Steve Elkington
17

1996
 Nick Faldo
9
 Steve Jones
99
 Tom Lehman
13
 Mark Brooks
44

1997
 Tiger Woods
13
 Ernie Els
8
 Justin Leonard
19
 Davis Love III
17

1998
 Mark O'Meara
14
 Lee Janzen
42
 Mark O'Meara
12
 Vijay Singh
18

1999
 José María Olazábal
34
 Payne Stewart
13
 Paul Lawrie
159
 Tiger Woods
2

2000
 Vijay Singh
8
 Tiger Woods
1
 Tiger Woods
1
 Tiger Woods
1

2001
 Tiger Woods
1
 Retief Goosen
44
 David Duval
7
 David Toms
19

2002
 Tiger Woods
1
 Tiger Woods
1
 Ernie Els
3
 Rich Beem
73

2003
 Mike Weir
10
 Jim Furyk
10
 Ben Curtis
396
 Shaun Micheel
169

2004
 Phil Mickelson
8
 Retief Goosen
9
 Todd Hamilton
56
 Vijay Singh
3

2005
 Tiger Woods
2
 Michael Campbell
80
 Tiger Woods
1
 Phil Mickelson
4

2006
 Phil Mickelson
4
 Geoff Ogilvy
17
 Tiger Woods
1
 Tiger Woods
1

2007
 Zach Johnson
56
 Ángel Cabrera
41
 Pádraig Harrington
10
 Tiger Woods
1

2008
 Trevor Immelman
29
 Tiger Woods
1
 Pádraig Harrington
14
 Pádraig Harrington
3

2009
 Ángel Cabrera
69
 Lucas Glover
71
 Stewart Cink
33
 Yang Yong-eun
110

2010
 Phil Mickelson
3
 Graeme McDowell
37
 Louis Oosthuizen
54
 Martin Kaymer
13

2011
 Charl Schwartzel
29
 Rory McIlroy
8
 Darren Clarke
111
 Keegan Bradley
108

2012
 Bubba Watson
16
 Webb Simpson
14
 Ernie Els
40
 Rory McIlroy
3

2013
 Adam Scott
7
 Justin Rose
5
 Phil Mickelson
5
 Jason Dufner
21

2014
 Bubba Watson
12
 Martin Kaymer
28
 Rory McIlroy
8
 Rory McIlroy
1

2015
 Jordan Spieth
4
 Jordan Spieth
2
 Zach Johnson
25
 Jason Day
5

2016
 Danny Willett
12
 Dustin Johnson
6
 Henrik Stenson
6
 Jimmy Walker
48

2017
 Sergio García
11
 Brooks Koepka
22
 Jordan Spieth
3
 Justin Thomas
14

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Event
Total
World
1-10
World
11-50
World
51-100
World
101-200
World
201+

Masters Tournament
32
18
12
2
–
–

U.S. Open
32
14
14
4
–
–

Open Championship
32
16
10
2
3
1

PGA Championship
32
12
12
4
4
–

All majors
128
60
48
12
7
1

text: Year-end world number 1 ranked golfers[edit]

text:
1986 Greg Norman
1987 Greg Norman (2)
1988 Seve Ballesteros
1989 Greg Norman (3)
1990 Greg Norman (4)
1991 Ian Woosnam
1992 Nick Faldo
1993 Nick Faldo (2)
1994 Nick Price
1995 Greg Norman (5)
1996 Greg Norman (6)
1997 Greg Norman (7)
1998 Tiger Woods
1999 Tiger Woods (2)
2000 Tiger Woods (3)
2001 Tiger Woods (4)
2002 Tiger Woods (5)
2003 Tiger Woods (6)
2004 Vijay Singh
2005 Tiger Woods (7)
2006 Tiger Woods (8)
2007 Tiger Woods (9)
2008 Tiger Woods (10)
2009 Tiger Woods (11)
2010 Lee Westwood
2011 Luke Donald
2012 Rory McIlroy
2013 Tiger Woods (12)
2014 Rory McIlroy (2)
2015 Jordan Spieth
2016 Jason Day

text: Mark H. McCormack Award[edit]

text: Awarded to the player with the most weeks at No. 1 during calendar year and named after Mark McCormack, originator of the ranking.

text:
1998 Tiger Woods
1999 Tiger Woods (2)
2000 Tiger Woods (3)
2001 Tiger Woods (4)
2002 Tiger Woods (5)
2003 Tiger Woods (6)
2004 Tiger Woods (7)
2005 Tiger Woods (8)[21]
2006 Tiger Woods (9)
2007 Tiger Woods (10)
2008 Tiger Woods (11)
2009 Tiger Woods (12)
2010 Tiger Woods (13)
2011 Luke Donald
2012 Rory McIlroy
2013 Tiger Woods (14)
2014 Rory McIlroy (2)
2015 Rory McIlroy (3)
2016 Jason Day
2017 Dustin Johnson

text: Year-end world top 10 players[edit]

text: See History section above for notes on changes to method of calculation.

text:
Rank
2016

1
Jason Day
10.91

2
Rory McIlroy
9.83

3
Dustin Johnson
9.53

4
Henrik Stenson
8.69

5
Jordan Spieth
8.04

6
Hideki Matsuyama
7.49

7
Adam Scott
6.55

8
Patrick Reed
5.40

9
Alexander Norén
5.35

10
Bubba Watson
5.19

text:
Rank
2015
2014
2013

1
Jordan Spieth
11.51
Rory McIlroy
11.04
Tiger Woods
11.69

2
Jason Day
10.94
Henrik Stenson
8.13
Adam Scott
9.60

3
Rory McIlroy
10.75
Adam Scott
7.71
Henrik Stenson
9.16

4
Bubba Watson
7.95
Bubba Watson
7.27
Justin Rose
7.16

5
Henrik Stenson
7.34
Sergio García
6.70
Phil Mickelson
7.06

6
Rickie Fowler
7.13
Justin Rose
6.69
Rory McIlroy
6.50

7
Justin Rose
7.02
Jim Furyk
6.62
Matt Kuchar
6.15

8
Dustin Johnson
6.13
Jason Day
5.81
Steve Stricker
5.72

9
Jim Furyk
5.62
Jordan Spieth
5.75
Zach Johnson
5.45

10
Patrick Reed
4.66
Rickie Fowler
5.47
Sergio García
5.31

text:
Rank
2012
2011
2010

1
Rory McIlroy
13.22
Luke Donald
10.03
Lee Westwood
9.24

2
Luke Donald
8.62
Lee Westwood
8.06
Tiger Woods
7.88

3
Tiger Woods
8.53
Rory McIlroy
7.77
Martin Kaymer
7.26

4
Justin Rose
6.42
Martin Kaymer
6.55
Phil Mickelson
6.70

5
Adam Scott
6.21
Adam Scott
5.50
Jim Furyk
6.22

6
Louis Oosthuizen
6.14
Steve Stricker
5.33
Graeme McDowell
6.18

7
Lee Westwood
6.03
Dustin Johnson
5.27
Steve Stricker
6.11

8
Bubba Watson
5.29
Jason Day
5.07
Paul Casey
5.90

9
Jason Dufner
5.29
Charl Schwartzel
5.06
Luke Donald
5.65

10
Brandt Snedeker
5.23
Webb Simpson
5.03
Rory McIlroy
5.60

text:
Rank
2009
2008
2007

1
Tiger Woods
14.67
Tiger Woods
11.97
Tiger Woods
19.62

2
Phil Mickelson
8.26
Sergio García
8.10
Phil Mickelson
8.72

3
Steve Stricker
6.67
Phil Mickelson
7.03
Jim Furyk
6.55

4
Lee Westwood
6.60
Pádraig Harrington
6.95
Ernie Els
6.51

5
Pádraig Harrington
5.55
Vijay Singh
6.65
Steve Stricker
6.45

6
Jim Furyk
5.53
Robert Karlsson
5.09
Justin Rose
6.00

7
Paul Casey
5.36
Camilo Villegas
4.90
Adam Scott
5.81

8
Henrik Stenson
5.33
Henrik Stenson
4.77
Pádraig Harrington
5.57

9
Rory McIlroy
4.86
Ernie Els
4.77
K. J. Choi
5.15

10
Kenny Perry
4.72
Lee Westwood
4.73
Vijay Singh
5.08

text:
Rank
2006
2005
2004

1
Tiger Woods
20.41
Tiger Woods
17.16
Vijay Singh
12.79

2
Jim Furyk
8.88
Vijay Singh
9.78
Tiger Woods
11.60

3
Phil Mickelson
7.17
Phil Mickelson
8.14
Ernie Els
10.98

4
Adam Scott
7.03
Retief Goosen
8.10
Retief Goosen
7.47

5
Ernie Els
6.05
Ernie Els
8.03
Phil Mickelson
7.00

6
Retief Goosen
5.61
Sergio García
7.23
Pádraig Harrington
5.55

7
Vijay Singh
5.58
Jim Furyk
5.80
Sergio García
5.40

8
Pádraig Harrington
5.46
Colin Montgomerie
4.78
Mike Weir
5.40

9
Luke Donald
5.25
Adam Scott
4.68
Davis Love III
5.38

10
Geoff Ogilvy
5.21
Chris DiMarco
4.58
Stewart Cink
4.65

text:
Rank
2003
2002
2001

1
Tiger Woods
14.58
Tiger Woods
15.72
Tiger Woods
15.67

2
Vijay Singh
9.77
Phil Mickelson
7.72
Phil Mickelson
9.16

3
Ernie Els
8.41
Ernie Els
6.84
David Duval
7.98

4
Davis Love III
7.53
Sergio García
6.19
Ernie Els
6.99

5
Jim Furyk
6.81
Retief Goosen
6.16
Davis Love III
6.02

6
Mike Weir
6.54
David Toms
6.02
Sergio García
5.86

7
Retief Goosen
5.92
Pádraig Harrington
5.63
David Toms
5.83

8
Pádraig Harrington
5.28
Vijay Singh
5.53
Vijay Singh
5.60

9
David Toms
5.09
Davis Love III
4.82
Darren Clarke
5.03

10
Kenny Perry
5.08
Colin Montgomerie
4.39
Retief Goosen
4.95

text:
Rank
2000
1999
1998

1
Tiger Woods
29.40
Tiger Woods
19.98
Tiger Woods
12.30

2
Ernie Els
11.65
David Duval
13.15
Mark O'Meara
10.43

3
David Duval
11.20
Colin Montgomerie
10.36
David Duval
9.67

4
Phil Mickelson
11.07
Davis Love III
9.48
Davis Love III
9.43

5
Lee Westwood
9.46
Ernie Els
8.64
Ernie Els
9.18

6
Colin Montgomerie
8.34
Lee Westwood
7.85
Nick Price
8.98

7
Davis Love III
7.88
Vijay Singh
7.82
Colin Montgomerie
8.91

8
Hal Sutton
7.71
Nick Price
7.20
Lee Westwood
8.65

9
Vijay Singh
7.17
Phil Mickelson
6.58
Vijay Singh
8.51

10
Tom Lehman
7.10
Mark O'Meara
6.52
Phil Mickelson
7.76

text:
Rank
1997
1996
1995 [1]

1
Greg Norman
11.49
Greg Norman
10.78
Greg Norman
21.93

2
Tiger Woods
10.76
Tom Lehman
9.74
Nick Price
16.34

3
Nick Price
9.93
Colin Montgomerie
9.10
Bernhard Langer
15.64

4
Ernie Els
9.89
Ernie Els
8.60
Ernie Els
14.66

5
Davis Love III
9.09
Fred Couples
8.16
Colin Montgomerie
14.00

6
Phil Mickelson
8.73
Nick Faldo
7.98
Nick Faldo
13.94

7
Colin Montgomerie
8.58
Phil Mickelson
7.77
Corey Pavin
13.47

8
Masashi Ozaki
8.05
Masashi Ozaki
7.58
Fred Couples
11.02

9
Tom Lehman
8.02
Davis Love III
7.53
Masashi Ozaki
10.82

10
Mark O'Meara
7.98
Mark O'Meara
7.12
Steve Elkington
10.43

text:
Rank
1994 [2]
1993 [3]
1992 [4]

1
Nick Price
21.30
Nick Faldo
20.65
Nick Faldo
23.54

2
Greg Norman
20.68
Greg Norman
18.79
Fred Couples
16.27

3
Nick Faldo
16.78
Bernhard Langer
17.19
Ian Woosnam
13.14

4
Bernhard Langer
15.66
Nick Price
15.89
José María Olazábal
12.87

5
José María Olazábal
15.18
Fred Couples
14.93
Greg Norman
12.63

6
Fred Couples
13.74
Paul Azinger
14.59
Bernhard Langer
12.44

7
Ernie Els
13.57
Ian Woosnam
11.41
John Cook
11.68

8
Colin Montgomerie
12.38
Tom Kite
10.07
Nick Price
11.51

9
Masashi Ozaki
11.39
Davis Love III
9.61
Paul Azinger
10.83

10
Corey Pavin
10.87
Corey Pavin
9.59
Davis Love III
10.75

text:
Rank
1991 [5]
1990 [6]
1989 [7]

1
Ian Woosnam
17.11
Greg Norman
18.95
Greg Norman
17.76

2
Nick Faldo
15.34
Nick Faldo
18.54
Nick Faldo
16.25

3
José María Olazábal
15.32
José María Olazábal
17.22
Seve Ballesteros
15.03

4
Seve Ballesteros
13.70
Ian Woosnam
15.47
Curtis Strange
13.79

5
Greg Norman
13.11
Payne Stewart
12.75
Payne Stewart
12.82

6
Fred Couples
12.78
Paul Azinger
11.63
Tom Kite
12.41

7
Bernhard Langer
12.59
Seve Ballesteros
10.15
José María Olazábal
12.00

8
Payne Stewart
11.83
Tom Kite
10.10
Mark Calcavecchia
11.81

9
Paul Azinger
10.88
Mark McNulty
10.06
Ian Woosnam
11.56

10
Rodger Davis
8.90
Mark Calcavecchia
9.96
Paul Azinger
10.95

text:
Rank
1988 [8]
1987 [9]
1986 [10]

1
Seve Ballesteros
1458
Greg Norman
1231
Greg Norman
1507

2
Greg Norman
1365
Seve Ballesteros
1169
Bernhard Langer
1181

3
Sandy Lyle
1297
Bernhard Langer
1112
Seve Ballesteros
1175

4
Nick Faldo
1103
Sandy Lyle
879
Tsuneyuki Nakajima
899

5
Curtis Strange
1092
Curtis Strange
873
Andy Bean
694

6
Ben Crenshaw
898
Ian Woosnam
830
Bob Tway
687

7
Ian Woosnam
854
Payne Stewart
717
Hal Sutton
674

8
David Frost
843
Lanny Wadkins
697
Curtis Strange
653

9
Paul Azinger
825
Mark McNulty
673
Payne Stewart
652

10
Mark Calcavecchia
819
Ben Crenshaw
668
Mark O'Meara
639

text: Single-season total ranking points leaders[edit]

text: Although not recognized by any official award, these golfers have won the most World Ranking Points during the years for which the rankings have been calculated (points totals prior to 1996 are scaled to the current standard, i.e. major wins are worth 100 points):

text:
Year
Player
Points

1984
Tom Watson
376

1985
Bernhard Langer
368

1986
Greg Norman
582

1987
Seve Ballesteros
Ian Woosnam
326

1988
Seve Ballesteros
482

1989
Greg Norman
422

1990
José María Olazábal
466

1991
Seve Ballesteros
392

1992
Nick Faldo
596

1993
Greg Norman
492

1994
Ernie Els
554

1995
Greg Norman
430

1996
Tom Lehman
370

1997
Ernie Els
394

1998
Mark O'Meara
408

1999
Tiger Woods
750

2000
Tiger Woods
948.22

2001
Tiger Woods
568.11

2002
Tiger Woods
684.00

2003
Vijay Singh
550.87

2004
Vijay Singh
707.57

2005
Tiger Woods
772.44

2006
Tiger Woods
746.28

2007
Tiger Woods
689.60

2008
Tiger Woods
426.24

2009
Tiger Woods
604.54

2010
Lee Westwood
374.21

2011
Luke Donald
533.49

2012
Rory McIlroy
596.99

2013
Tiger Woods
488.25

2014
Rory McIlroy
567.77

2015
Jordan Spieth
598.49

2016
Dustin Johnson
454.20

text: World Money List[edit]

text: Since 1996, the International Federation of PGA Tours has sanctioned a World Money List [11] which is the total official money earned by a player on all member tours. It is computed in United States dollars. The yearly leaders are listed below.

text:
Year
Player
Events
Earnings ($)

2012
Rory McIlroy
24
10,961,511

2011
Luke Donald
27
9,371,748

2010
Luke Donald
28
5,867,601

2009
Tiger Woods
19
10,948,054

2008
Sergio García
26
6,979,959

2007
Tiger Woods
17
11,002,706

2006
Tiger Woods
19
11,141,827

2005
Tiger Woods
23
11,515,939

2004
Vijay Singh
32
11,104,892

2003
Vijay Singh
28
7,639,461

2002
Tiger Woods
21
7,392,188

2001
Tiger Woods
21
6,213,229

2000
Tiger Woods
22
9,501,387

1999
Tiger Woods
23
6,981,836

1998
David Duval
24
2,680,489

1997
Tiger Woods
22
2,082,381

1996
Masashi Ozaki
21
1,944,034

text: Players who have reached number two in the ranking but never number one[edit]

text: 13 players have reached world No. 2 in the official rankings, but have never risen to world No. 1.

text:
Player
Country
First
Weeks
Ref

Lyle, SandySandy Lyle
 Scotland
000000001988-04-10-0000April 10, 1988
23
[22]

Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal
 Spain
000000001991-03-17-0000March 17, 1991
35
[23]

Montgomerie, ColinColin Montgomerie
 Scotland
000000001996-03-17-0000March 17, 1996
24
[24]

Pavin, CoreyCorey Pavin
 United States
000000001996-06-02-0000June 2, 1996
1
[25]

Love III, DavisDavis Love III
 United States
000000001998-07-19-0000July 19, 1998
5
[26]

O'Meara, MarkMark O'Meara
 United States
000000001998-09-06-0000September 6, 1998
15
[27]

Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson
 United States
000000002001-02-11-0000February 11, 2001
270
[28]

Furyk, JimJim Furyk
 United States
000000002006-09-10-0000September 10, 2006
39
[29]

García, SergioSergio García
 Spain
000000002008-11-09-0000November 9, 2008
18
[30]

Stricker, SteveSteve Stricker
 United States
000000002009-09-06-0000September 6, 2009
12
[31]

Stenson, HenrikHenrik Stenson
 Sweden
000000002014-05-25-0000May 25, 2014
24
[32]

Watson, BubbaBubba Watson
 United States
000000002015-02-22-0000February 22, 2015
4
[33]

Matsuyama, HidekiHideki Matsuyama
 Japan
000000002017-06-18-0000June 18, 2017
7
[34]

text: First – first week the player reached number 2, Weeks – total weeks at number 2.


document_title: Hispanics and Latinos in California

question_text: when did california become home to a substantial minority of english-speaking settlers

text: Hispanics and Latinos in California

text: History[edit]

text: The Hispanic presence in California has existed since the earliest European exploration of the region, the first such explorer of the California coast being Portuguese explorer and adventurer João Rodrigues Cabrilho (Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo). Cabrillo was commissioned by the Viceroy of New Spain and in 1542 he sailed into what is now San Diego, California. He continued north as far as Pt. Reyes, California.[2]

text: California became part of the Spanish trading route, but was not well explored due to its remoteness from Europe and challenging terrain. In the 1700s, it was claimed by Spain which divided California into two parts, Baja California and Alta California, as provinces of New Spain (Mexico). Baja or lower California consisted of the Baja Peninsula and terminated roughly at San Diego, California where Alta California started. After the establishment of Missions in Alta California after 1769, the Spanish treated Baja California and Alta California as a single administrative unit, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, with Monterey, California, as its capital.

text: In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain, and Alta California became one of the three interior provinces in the First Mexican Empire north of the Rio Grande, along with Texas and New Mexico. The Mexican government was unstable, leading to the annexation of California by the United States in 1846. During Mexican rule, California was sparsely populated, with only a few thousand Mexican residents, compared to tens of thousands of Native Americans, and a handful of Yankee entrepreneurs. At the time of the annexation, "foreigners already outnumbered Californians of Spanish ancestry 9,000 to 7,500".[3] The advent of the California Gold Rush in 1848 led to a massive influx of settlers - including thousands of Mexican miners, but also tens of thousands of Americans from the East. Other substantial immigrant groups included Chileans, and Chinese people.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Spanish is the state's second most spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial, and the San Joaquin Valley.

text: By ethnicity, 38.1% of the total population is Hispanic (of any race).[4] New Mexico and Texas have higher percentages of Hispanics, but California has the highest total number of Hispanics of any U.S. state. As of July 1, 2013, it is estimated that California's Hispanic population has equaled the population of non-Hispanic whites.[5] Hispanics, mainly Mexican Americans, form major portions of the population of Southern California, especially in Los Angeles, as well as the San Joaquin Valley. The city of Los Angeles is often said to be the largest Mexican community in the United States. Census records kept track of the growth since 1850, but Mexican and Mexican Americans have lived in California since the Spanish period. However, the number and percentage population of Hispanics living in California increased rapidly in the late 20th century. The result is that, today, Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in Los Angeles County, at over 40 percent of the county's population. Hispanics are predominantly concentrated in the older eastern and southern suburbs surrounding downtown Los Angeles and northern Long Beach, the southern/eastern San Fernando Valley, and the San Gabriel/Pomona Valleys. They also comprise sizable communities in Bakersfield, El Monte, Fresno, La Puente, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San José, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Stockton and Vallejo. In Santa Ana in Orange County, Hispanics comprise 75 percent of the population. Nearby Anaheim is over half Hispanic, and Orange County's population is 30-35 percent Hispanic.

text: The Imperial Valley on the U.S.-Mexican border is about 70–75% Hispanic; communities with many Hispanics can also be found in Riverside County, especially at its eastern end, and the Coachella Valley. The Central Valley has many Mexican American migrant farm workers. Hispanics are the majority in Colusa, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, San Benito, Santa Cruz, Tulare and Yolo counties.

text: Hispanics make up at least 20% of the San Francisco Bay Area. Many live in San Mateo, Alameda and Santa Clara counties, as well in San Francisco. The Napa Valley and Salinas Valley have predominantly Hispanic communities established by migrant farm workers. San Jose is about 30-35 percent Hispanic, the largest Hispanic community in northern California, while the Mission District, San Francisco and Lower/West Oakland has barrios established by Mexican and Hispanic American immigrants. The Mexican American communities of East Los Angeles and Logan Heights, San Diego, as well the San Joaquin Valley are centers of historic Chicano and Hispanic cultures.

text: Most of the state's Hispanics have Mexican ancestry, but there are many Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans, Guatemalan Americans, Honduran Americans, Salvadoran Americans, and Nicaraguan Americans, Chilean Americans, Colombian Americans, and Peruvian Americans. Los Angeles has the United States' largest Central American community, as well as the largest Mexican American community since the 1910s and 1920s.

text: In Mariposa County, there is a very small community of Californios or Spanish American people as they identify themselves, that dates back before the U.S. annexation of California. Hornitos is home to an estimated 1,000 people and many are "Californio". The community's "Spanish" Californio culture is closely linked with Mexico and other Hispanic American nations.

text: Spanish language in California[edit]

text: As of 2010, 28.46% (9,696,638) of California residents age 5 and older spoke Spanish at home as a primary language. California has the second highest concentration of Spanish speakers in the United States.

text: California's first constitution recognized Spanish language rights:

text: All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.

text: By 1870, English-speaking Americans were a majority in California; in 1879, the state promulgated a new constitution under which all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, a clause that remained in effect until 1966. In 1986, California voters added a new constitutional clause, by referendum, stating that:

text: English is the official language of the State of California.

text: Spanish remains widely spoken throughout the state, and many government forms, documents, and services are bilingual, in English and Spanish. And although all official proceedings are to be conducted in English:

text: A person unable to understand English who is charged with a crime has a right to an interpreter throughout the proceedings.