document_title: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time italy didnt qualify for the world cup

root

text: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text: Champions       Runners-up       Third Place       Fourth Place

tag: p

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D*

L

GF

GA

 1930

Did Not Enter

 1934

Champions

1st

5

4

1

0

12

3

 1938

Champions

1st

4

4

0

0

11

5

 1950

Group Stage

7th

2

1

0

1

4

3

 1954

10th

3

1

0

2

6

7

 1958

Did Not Qualify

 1962

Group Stage

9th

3

1

1

1

3

2

 1966

9th

3

1

0

2

2

2

 1970

Runners-up

2nd

6

3

2

1

10

8

 1974

Group Stage

10th

3

1

1

1

5

4

 1978

Fourth Place

4th

7

4

1

2

9

6

 1982

Champions

1st

7

4

3

0

12

6

 1986

Round of 16

12th

4

1

2

1

5

6

 1990

Third Place

3rd

7

6

1

0

10

2

 1994

Runners-up

2nd

7

4

2

1

8

5

 1998

Quarter Final

5th

5

3

2

0

8

3

  2002

Round of 16

15th

4

1

1

2

5

5

 2006

Champions

1st

7

5

2

0

12

2

 2010

Group Stage

26th

3

0

2

1

4

5

 2014

22nd

3

1

0

2

2

3

 2018

Did Not Qualify

 2022

TBD

Total

4 Titles

18/21

83

45

21

17

128

77

tag: table

text:
showItaly's World Cup record

First Match

 Italy 7–1 United States  (27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Win

 Italy 7–1 United States  (27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Defeat

  Switzerland 4–1 Italy  (23 June 1954; Basel, Switzerland) Brazil 4–1 Italy  (21 June 1970; Mexico City, Mexico)

Best Result

Champions in 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006

Worst Result

Group Stage in 1950, 1954, 1962, 1966, 1974, 2010 and 2014

text: Winning World Cups[edit]

text:
Year

Manager

Captain

Winning Goal Scorer(s)

1934

Vittorio Pozzo

Gianpiero Combi

Raimundo Orsi, Angelo Schiavio

1938

Vittorio Pozzo

Giuseppe Meazza

Gino Colaussi (2), Silvio Piola (2)

1982

Enzo Bearzot

Dino Zoff

Paolo Rossi, Marco Tardelli, Alessandro Altobelli

2006

Marcello Lippi

Fabio Cannavaro

Marco Materazzi, Fabio Grosso (decisive penalty)

text: By Match[edit]

text: Italy's score listed first

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Venue

Scorers

1934
Round of 16
 United States
7–1
Rome
Schiavio (3), Orsi (2), Ferrari, Meazza

Quarter-finals
 Spain
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Florence
Ferrari

 Spain
1–0
Florence
Meazza

Semi-finals
 Austria
1–0
Milan
Guaita

Final
 Czechoslovakia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Rome
Orsi, Schiavio

1938
Round of 16
 Norway
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Marseille
Ferraris, Piola

Quarter-finals
 France
3–1
Paris
Piola (2), Colaussi

Semi-finals
 Brazil
2–1
Marseille
Colaussi, Meazza

Final
 Hungary
4–2
Paris
Colaussi (2), Piola (2)

1950
Group stage
 Sweden
2–3
São Paulo
Carapellese, Muccinelli

 Paraguay
2–0
São Paulo
Carapellese, Pandolfini

1954
Group stage
  Switzerland
1–2
Lausanne
Boniperti

 Belgium
4–1
Lugano
Pandolfini, Galli, Frignani, Lorenzi

  Switzerland
1–4
Basel
Nesti

1962
Group stage
 West Germany
0–0
Santiago
&—

 Chile
0–2
Santiago
&—

  Switzerland
3–0
Santiago
Bulgarelli (2), Mora

1966
Group stage
 Chile
2–0
Sunderland
A. Mazzola, Barison

 Soviet Union
0–1
Sunderland
&—

 North Korea
0–1
Middlesbrough
&—

1970
Group stage
 Sweden
1–0
Toluca
Domenghini

 Uruguay
0–0
Puebla
&—

 Israel
0–0
Toluca
&—

Quarter-finals
 Mexico
4–1
Toluca
Riva (2), Guzmán (o.g.), Rivera

Semi-finals
 West Germany
4–3 (a.e.t.)
Mexico City
Boninsegna, Burgnich, Riva, Rivera

Final
 Brazil
1–4
Mexico City
Boninsegna

1974
Group stage
 Haiti
3–1
Munich
Rivera, Benetti, Anastasi

 Argentina
1–1
Stuttgart
Perfumo (o.g.)

 Poland
1–2
Stuttgart
Capello

1978
Group stage
 France
2–1
Mar del Plata
Rossi, Zaccarelli

 Hungary
3–1
Mar del Plata
Rossi, Bettega, Benetti

 Argentina
1–0
Buenos Aires
Bettega

Second round
 West Germany
0–0
Buenos Aires
&—

 Austria
1–0
Buenos Aires
Rossi

 Netherlands
1–2
Buenos Aires
Brandts (o.g.)

Third place play-off
 Brazil
1–2
Buenos Aires
Causio

1982
Group stage
 Poland
0–0
Vigo
&—

 Peru
1–1
Vigo
Conti

 Cameroon
1–1
Vigo
Graziani

Second round
 Argentina
2–1
Barcelona
Tardelli, Cabrini

 Brazil
3–2
Barcelona
Rossi (3)

Semi-finals
 Poland
2–0
Barcelona
Rossi (2)

Final
 West Germany
3–1
Madrid
Rossi, Tardelli, Altobelli

1986
Group stage
 Bulgaria
1–1
Mexico City
Altobelli

 Argentina
1–1
Puebla
Altobelli

 South Korea
3–2
Puebla
Altobelli (2), Cho K. R. (o.g.)

Round of 16
 France
0–2
Mexico City
&—

1990
Group stage
 Austria
1–0
Rome
Schillaci

 United States
1–0
Rome
Giannini

 Czechoslovakia
2–0
Rome
Schillaci, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Uruguay
2–0
Rome
Schillaci, Serena

Quarter-finals
 Republic of Ireland
1–0
Rome
Schillaci

Semi-finals
 Argentina
1–1 (a.e.t.)  (3–4  pen.)
Naples
Schillaci

Third place play-off
 England
2–1
Bari
R. Baggio, Schillaci

1994
Group stage
 Republic of Ireland
0–1
East Rutherford
&—

 Norway
1–0
East Rutherford
D. Baggio

 Mexico
1–1
Washington, D.C.
Massaro

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Foxborough
R. Baggio (2)

Quarter-finals
 Spain
2–1
Foxborough
D. Baggio, R. Baggio

Semi-finals
 Bulgaria
2–1
East Rutherford
R. Baggio (2)

Final
 Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t.)  (2–3  pen.)
Pasadena
&—

1998
Group stage
 Chile
2–2
Bordeaux
Vieri, R. Baggio

 Cameroon
3–0
Montpellier
Vieri (2), Di Biagio

 Austria
2–1
Saint-Denis
Vieri, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Norway
1–0
Marseille
Vieri

Quarter-finals
 France
0–0 (a.e.t.)  (3–4  pen.)
Saint-Denis
&—

2002
Group stage
 Ecuador
2–0
Sapporo
Vieri (2)

 Croatia
1–2
Ibaraki
Vieri

 Mexico
1–1
Ōita
Del Piero

Round of 16
 South Korea
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Daejeon
Vieri

2006
Group stage
 Ghana
2–0
Hanover
Pirlo, Iaquinta

 United States
1–1
Kaiserslautern
Gilardino

 Czech Republic
2–0
Hamburg
Materazzi, Inzaghi

Round of 16
 Australia
1–0
Kaiserslautern
Totti

Quarter-finals
 Ukraine
3–0
Hamburg
Toni (2), Zambrotta

Semi-finals
 Germany
2–0 (a.e.t.)
Dortmund
Grosso, Del Piero

Final
 France
1–1 (a.e.t.)  (5–3  pen.)
Berlin
Materazzi

2010
Group stage
 Paraguay
1–1
Cape Town
De Rossi

 New Zealand
1–1
Nelspruit
Iaquinta

 Slovakia
2–3
Johannesburg
Di Natale, Quagliarella

2014
Group stage
 England
2–1
Manaus
Marchisio, Balotelli

 Costa Rica
0–1
Recife
&—

 Uruguay
0–1
Natal
&—

text: Record by Opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Argentina
2
3
0
5
6
4

 Australia
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Austria
4
0
0
4
5
1

 Belgium
1
0
0
1
4
1

 Brazil
2
1
2
5
7
9

 Bulgaria
1
1
0
2
3
2

 Cameroon
1
1
0
2
4
1

 Chile
1
1
1
3
4
4

 Costa Rica
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Croatia
0
0
1
1
1
2

 Czech Republic
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Czechoslovakia
2
0
0
2
4
1

 Ecuador
1
0
0
1
2
0

 England
2
0
0
2
4
2

 France
2
2
1
5
6
5

 Germany
3
2
0
5
9
4

 Ghana
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Haiti
1
0
0
1
3
1

 Hungary
2
0
0
2
7
3

 Israel
0
1
0
1
0
0

 Mexico
1
2
0
3
6
3

 Netherlands
0
0
1
1
1
2

 New Zealand
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Nigeria
1
0
0
1
2
1

 North Korea
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Norway
3
0
0
3
4
1

 Paraguay
1
1
0
2
3
1

 Peru
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Poland
1
1
1
3
3
2

 Republic of Ireland
1
0
1
2
1
1

 Slovakia
0
0
1
1
2
3

 South Korea
1
0
1
2
4
4

 Soviet Union
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Spain
2
1
0
3
4
2

 Sweden
1
0
1
2
3
3

  Switzerland
1
0
2
3
5
6

 Ukraine
1
0
0
1
3
0

 United States
2
1
0
3
9
2

 Uruguay
1
1
1
3
2
1

text: World Cup Finals[edit]

text: 1934 World Cup Final v Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: With temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F), Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia.

text:
Italy

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 Czechoslovakia

Orsi  81'Schiavio  95'

Report

Puč  71'

text:
GK
Gianpiero Combi (c)

RB
Eraldo Monzeglio

LB
Luigi Allemandi

RH
Attilio Ferraris

CH
Luis Monti

LH
Luigi Bertolini

OR
Enrique Guaita

IR
Giuseppe Meazza

IL
Giovanni Ferrari

OL
Raimundo Orsi

CF
Angelo Schiavio

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK
František Plánička (c)

RB
Josef Čtyřoký

LB
Ladislav Ženíšek

RH
Rudolf Krčil

CH
Štefan Čambal

LH
Josef Košťálek

OR
Antonín Puč

IR
Oldřich Nejedlý

IL
František Svoboda

OL
František Junek

CF
Jiří Sobotka

Manager:

 Karel Petrů

text: 1938 World Cup Final v Hungary[edit]

text: After a difficult route to the final, defeating hosts France in the quarter-finals and Brazil in the semis, Italy was the first team to win the World Cup title on foreign ground. Also, it was the first of only two times in World Cup history that a team successfully defended their title.

text:
Italy

4–2

 Hungary

Colaussi  6', 35'Piola  16', 82'

Report

Titkos  8'Sárosi  70'

text:
GK

Aldo Olivieri

RB

Alfredo Foni

LB

Pietro Rava

RH

Pietro Serantoni

LH

Ugo Locatelli

CH

Michele Andreolo

IR

Giuseppe Meazza (c)

IL

Giovanni Ferrari

OR

Amedeo Biavati

CF

Silvio Piola

OL

Gino Colaussi

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK

Antal Szabó

RB

Sándor Bíró

LB

Gyula Polgár

RH

Gyula Lázár

LH

Antal Szalay

CH

György Szűcs

IR

Gyula Zsengellér

IL

Jenő Vincze

OR

Pál Titkos

CF

György Sárosi (c)

OL

Ferenc Sas

Manager:

 Alfréd Schaffer

text: 1970 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: In 1970, the Brazilian team featured superstars like Pelé, Rivelino, Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto and were considered favourites for the title. Particularly in the second half, the Italians were outclassed by the Brazilians passing play.

text:
Brazil

4–1

 Italy

Pelé  18'Gérson  66'Jairzinho  71'Carlos Alberto  86'

Report

Boninsegna  37'

text:
GK
1
Félix

DF
4
Carlos Alberto (c)

DF
2
Brito

DF
3
Piazza

DF
16
Everaldo

MF
5
Clodoaldo

MF
8
Gérson

FW
7
Jairzinho

FW
9
Tostão

FW
10
Pelé

FW
11
Rivelino

Manager:

 Mário Zagallo

GK
1
Enrico Albertosi

DF
2
Tarcisio Burgnich

DF
5
Pierluigi Cera

DF
8
Roberto Rosato

DF
3
Giacinto Facchetti (c)

MF
10
Mario Bertini

 75'

MF
13
Angelo Domenghini

MF
16
Giancarlo De Sisti

FW
15
Sandro Mazzola

FW
11
Luigi Riva

FW
20
Roberto Boninsegna

 84'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Antonio Juliano

 75'

MF
14
Gianni Rivera

 84'

Manager:

 Ferruccio Valcareggi

text: 1982 World Cup Final v West Germany[edit]

text: Italy played three draws in the first group stage in a worrisome start to the tournament, proceeding ahead of Cameroon only on number of goals scored. However, the Italians continued to defeat Brazil, Argentina and a strong Polish side over the course of the tournament and faced West Germany in the final in Madrid.

text: Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty in the goalless first half, but the dominant Italian side eventually built up a 3-0 lead and won by 3-1 in the end, securing their third World Cup trophy.

text:
Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Rossi  57'Tardelli  69'Altobelli  81'

Report

Breitner  83'

text:
GK
1
Dino Zoff (c)

SW
7
Gaetano Scirea

CB
6
Claudio Gentile

CB
5
Fulvio Collovati

RWB
3
Giuseppe Bergomi

LWB
4
Antonio Cabrini

DM
13
Gabriele Oriali
 73'

RM
16
Bruno Conti
 31'

CM
14
Marco Tardelli

LW
19
Francesco Graziani

 7'

CF
20
Paolo Rossi

Substitutions:

GK
12
Ivano Bordon

MF
10
Giuseppe Dossena

MF
11
Giampiero Marini

MF
15
Franco Causio

 89'

FW
18
Alessandro Altobelli

 7'
 89'

Manager:

Enzo Bearzot

GK
1
Harald Schumacher

SW
15
Uli Stielike
 73'

RB
20
Manfred Kaltz

CB
4
Karlheinz Förster

LB
5
Bernd Förster

RM
6
Wolfgang Dremmler
 61'
 62'

CM
3
Paul Breitner

LM
2
Hans-Peter Briegel

RW
11
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)

 70'

LW
7
Pierre Littbarski
 88'

CF
8
Klaus Fischer

Substitutions:

GK
21
Bernd Franke

DF
12
Wilfried Hannes

MF
10
Hansi Müller

 70'

MF
14
Felix Magath

FW
9
Horst Hrubesch

 62'

Manager:

Jupp Derwall

text: 1994 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: The 1994 final was the first ever to be decided on penalties after goalless 120 minutes. Italian captain Franco Baresi missed the very first penalty, and Roberto Baggio the decisive last one.

text: Italy became the first team to lose two World Cup finals against the same opponent.

text:
Brazil

0–0(a.e.t.)

 Italy

Report

Penalties

Márcio Santos Romário Branco Dunga

3–2

 Baresi Albertini Evani Massaro R. Baggio

text:
GK
1
Cláudio Taffarel

RB
2
Jorginho

 21'

CB
13
Aldair

CB
15
Marcio Santos

LB
6
Branco

CM
5
Mauro Silva

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
17
Mazinho
 4'

AM
9
Zinho

 106'

CF
11
Romário

CF
7
Bebeto

Substitutions:

DF
14
Cafu
 87'
 21'

FW
21
Viola

 106'

Manager:

 Carlos Alberto Parreira

GK
1
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
8
Roberto Mussi

 35'

CB
6
Franco Baresi (c)

CB
5
Paolo Maldini

LB
3
Antonio Benarrivo

RM
14
Nicola Berti

CM
13
Dino Baggio

 95'

CM
11
Demetrio Albertini
 42'

LM
16
Roberto Donadoni

CF
10
Roberto Baggio

CF
19
Daniele Massaro

Substitutes:

DF
2
Luigi Apolloni
 41'
 35'

MF
17
Alberigo Evani

 95'

Manager:

 Arrigo Sacchi

text: 2006 World Cup Final v France[edit]

text: Italian defender Marco Materazzi was involved in all three outstanding moments of the first 120 minutes: He conceded the penalty that was converted by Zinedine Zidane early in the game, equalised with a powerful header soon after, and provoked Zidane in a manner that lead to the French captain being sent off. He also scored in the penalty-shootout that was to follow.

text: It was only the second time a World Cup final was decided on penalties, again involving Italy after the 1994 final lost to Brazil.

text:
Italy

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 France

Materazzi  19'

Report

Zidane  7' (pen.)

Penalties

Pirlo
Materazzi
De Rossi
Del Piero
Grosso

5–3

 Wiltord
 Trezeguet
 Abidal
 Sagnol

text:
GK
1
Gianluigi Buffon

RB
19
Gianluca Zambrotta
 5'

CB
5
Fabio Cannavaro (c)

CB
23
Marco Materazzi

LB
3
Fabio Grosso

RM
16
Mauro Camoranesi

 86'

CM
8
Gennaro Gattuso

CM
21
Andrea Pirlo

LM
20
Simone Perrotta

 61'

SS
10
Francesco Totti

 61'

CF
9
Luca Toni

Substitutions:

MF
4
Daniele De Rossi

 61'

FW
15
Vincenzo Iaquinta

 61'

FW
7
Alessandro Del Piero

 86'

Manager:

 Marcello Lippi

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
19
Willy Sagnol
 12'

CB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
William Gallas

LB
3
Éric Abidal

CM
4
Patrick Vieira

 56'

CM
6
Claude Makélélé
 76'

RW
22
Franck Ribéry

 100'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane (c)
 110'

LW
7
Florent Malouda
 111'

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 107'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Alou Diarra

 56'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 100'

FW
11
Sylvain Wiltord

 107'

Manager:

 Raymond Domenech

text: Player appearances[edit]

text: Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups, trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus (25) and Miroslav Klose (24). This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy.

text: Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon is one of only three players who have been part of five FIFA World Cup squads.[3]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Paolo Maldini
23
1990, 1994, 1998 and 2002

2

Antonio Cabrini
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Gaetano Scirea
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Fabio Cannavaro
18
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

5
Dino Zoff
17
1974, 1978 and 1982

6

Giuseppe Bergomi
16
1982, 1986, 1990 and 1998

Roberto Baggio
16
1990, 1994 and 1998

8

Paolo Rossi
14
1978 and 1982

Gianluigi Buffon
14
2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014

10

Claudio Gentile
13
1978 and 1982

Marco Tardelli
13
1978 and 1982

Gianluca Zambrotta
13
2002, 2006 and 2010

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Two Italians were awarded the Golden Boot for best goalscorer at a FIFA World Cup: Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990 with 6 goals each.[4]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Paolo Rossi
9
1978 (3) and 1982 (6)

Roberto Baggio
9
1990 (2), 1994 (5) and 1998 (2)

Christian Vieri
9
1998 (5) and 2002 (4)

4
Salvatore Schillaci
6
1990

5

Silvio Piola
5
1938

Alessandro Altobelli
5
1982 (1) and 1986 (4)

7

Angelo Schiavio
4
1934

Gino Colaussi
4
1938

9
Raimundo Orsi
3
1934

Giuseppe Meazza
3
1934 (2) and 1938 (1)

Luigi Riva
3
1970

Gianni Rivera
3
1970 (2) and 1974 (1)

text: Awards and Records[edit]

text: Team Awards[edit]

text:
World Champions 1934
World Champions 1938
World Champions 1982
World Champions 2006
Second Place 1970
Second Place 1994
Third Place 1990

tag: ul

text: Individual Awards[edit]

text: Golden Ball award

text:
Golden Ball 1934: Giuseppe Meazza
Golden Ball 1982: Paolo Rossi
Golden Ball 1990: Salvatore Schillaci
Silver Ball 1938: Silvio Piola
Silver Ball 1978: Paolo Rossi
Silver Ball 1994: Roberto Baggio
Silver Ball 2006: Fabio Cannavaro
Bronze Ball 2006: Andrea Pirlo

text: Golden Boot award

text:
Golden Boot 1982: Paolo Rossi
Golden Boot 1990: Salvatore Schillaci
Silver Boot 1934: Angelo Schiavio
Silver Boot 1938: Silvio Piola
Silver Boot 1998: Christian Vieri

text: Other individual awards

text:
Golden Glove 1982: Dino Zoff (oldest Golden Glove winner)
Golden Glove 2006: Gianluigi Buffon
Best Young Player Award 1978: Antonio Cabrini
Man of the Match Award 2006: Andrea Pirlo

text: Refereeing[edit]

text: Three World Cup finals have been officiated by representatives of the Italian football federation, only English referees have had the honour more often (four times). The 1978 final between Argentina and the Netherlands has been led by Sergio Gonella, who had already officiated the European Championship final two years earlier. The other referees are Pierluigi Collina in 2002, and Nicola Rizzoli in 2014.

text: The Italian referee with the most World Cup matches, however, is Roberto Rosetti, who has been in charge of six matches total in 2006 and 2010.


document_title: Microchip implant (animal)

question_text: where is the chip placed in a cat

question_tokens: where is the chip placed in a cat

text: Microchip implant (animal)

text: Uses and benefits[edit]

text: Animal shelters, animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners, avoiding expenses for housing, food, medical care, outplacing and euthanasia. Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals.

text: Microchips are also used by kennels, breeders, brokers, trainers, registries, rescue groups, humane societies, clinics, farms, stables, animal clubs and associations, researchers, and pet stores.

text: Some pet doors can be programmed to be activated by the microchips of specific animals, allowing only certain animals to use the door.[1]

text: Some countries require microchips in imported animals to match vaccination records. Microchip tagging may also be required for CITES-regulated international trade in certain endangered animals: for example, Asian Arowana are tagged to limit import to captive-bred fish.  Also, birds not banded who cross international borders as pets or for trade must be microchipped so that each bird is uniquely identifiable.

text: Usage[edit]

text: Microchips can be implanted by a veterinarian or at a shelter. After checking that the animal does not already have a chip, the vet or technician injects the chip with a syringe and records the chip's unique ID. No anesthetic is required it is a simple procedure and causes little discomfort: the pain is minimal and short-lived[2]. A test scan ensures correct operation.

text: An enrollment form is completed with chip ID, owner contact information, pet name and description, shelter and/or veterinarian contact information, and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner. Some shelters and vets designate themselves as the primary contact to remain informed about possible problems with the animals they place. The form is sent to a registry, who may be the chip manufacturer, distributor or an independent entity such as a pet recovery service. Some countries have a single official national database. For a fee, the registry typically provides 24-hour, toll-free telephone service for the life of the pet. Some veterinarians leave registration to the owner, usually done online, but a chip without current contact information is essentially useless.

text: The owner receives a registration certificate with the chip ID and recovery service contact information. The information can also be imprinted on a collar tag worn by the animal. Like an automobile title, the certificate serves as proof of ownership and is transferred with the animal when it is sold or traded; an animal without a certificate could be stolen.

text: Authorities and shelters examine strays for chips, providing the recovery service with the ID number, description and location so they may notify the owner or contact.  If the pet is wearing the collar tag, the finder does not need a chip reader to contact the registry. An owner can also report a missing pet to the recovery service, as vets look for chips in new animals and check with the recovery service to see if it has been reported lost or stolen.

text: Many veterinarians scan an animal's chip on every visit to verify correct operation. Some use the chip ID as their database index and print it on receipts, test results, vaccination certifications and other records.

text: Some veterinary tests and procedures require positive identification of the animal, and a microchip may be acceptable for this purpose as an alternative to a tattoo.

text: Components of a microchip[edit]

text: A microchip implant is a passive RFID device. Lacking an internal power source, it remains inert until it is powered by the scanner or other power source.

text: Most implants contain three elements: a 'chip' or integrated circuit; a coil inductor, possibly with a ferrite core; and a capacitor. The chip contains unique identification data and electronic circuits to encode that information. The coil acts as the secondary winding of a transformer, receiving power inductively coupled to it from the scanner. The coil and capacitor together form a resonant LC circuit tuned to the frequency of the scanner's oscillating magnetic field to produce power for the chip. The chip then transmits its data back through the coil to the scanner.

text: These components are encased in biocompatible soda lime or borosilicate glass and hermetically sealed. Datamars has also started selling polymer microchips that are being implanted in pets.[3].

text: Implant location[edit]

text: In dogs and cats, chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. According to one reference, continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck.[4] The chip can often be felt under the skin. Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place.

text: Horses are microchipped on the left side of the neck, halfway between the poll and withers and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane, into the nuchal ligament.

text: Birds are implanted in their breast muscles. Proper restraint is necessary so the operation requires either two people (an avian veterinarian and a veterinary technician) or general anesthesia.

text: Implanted microchips can distort magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), including those of the spinal cord.[5]

text: Animal species[edit]

text: Many animal species have been microchipped, including cockatiels and other parrots, horses, llamas, alpacas, goats, sheep, miniature pigs, rabbits, deer, ferrets, penguins, sharks, snakes, lizards, alligators, turtles, toads, frogs, rare fish, chimpanzees, mice, and prairie dogs—even whales and elephants.  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses microchipping in its research of wild bison, black-footed ferrets, grizzly bears, elk, white-tailed deer, giant land tortoises and armadillos.

text: Worldwide use[edit]

text:
Microchips are not yet universal, but they are legally required in some jurisdictions such as the state of New South Wales, Australia[6]
and the United Kingdom (for dogs, since 6 April 2016[7]).

text: Some countries, such as Japan, require ISO-compliant microchips or a compatible reader on imported dogs and cats.[8]

text: In New Zealand, all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 must be microchipped. Farmers protested that farm dogs should be exempt, drawing a parallel to the Dog Tax War of 1898.[9] Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006.[10] A National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock.

text: In April 2012 Northern Ireland became the first part of the United Kingdom to require microchipping of individually licensed dogs.[11] Dog microchipping became mandatory in England on 6 April 2016.[12]

text: In Israel, microchips in dogs are mandatory.[citation needed]

text: Australia has a National Livestock Identification System.

text: The United States uses the National Animal Identification System for farm and ranch animals other than dogs and cats. In most species except horses, an external eartag is typically used in lieu of an implant microchip. Eartags with microchips or simply stamped with a visible number can be used. Both use ISO 15 digit microchip numbers with the U.S. country code of 840.

text: Cross-compatibility and standards issues[edit]

text: In most countries, pet ID chips adhere to an international standard to promote compatibility between chips and scanners. In the United States, however, three proprietary types of chips compete along with the international standard. Scanners distributed to United States shelters and veterinarians well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types. Scanners with quad-read capability are now available and are increasingly considered required equipment.  Older scanner models will be in use for some time, so United States pet owners must still choose between a chip with good coverage by existing scanners and one compatible with the international standard. The four types include:

text:
The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type has the greatest international acceptance. It is common in many countries including Europe (since the late 1990s) and Canada. It is one of two chip protocol types (along with the "Half Duplex" type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals) that conform to International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 11784 & 11785. To support international/multivendor application, the 3-digit country code can contain an assigned ISO country code or a manufacturer code from 900 to 998 plus its identifying serial number.[Note 1]  In the United States, distribution of this type has been controversial. When 24PetWatch.com began distributing them in 2003 (and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004) many shelter scanners couldn't read them.  (Some still can't; asking local shelters about this is still a good idea.)  At least one Banfield-chipped pet was inadvertently euthanized.[13]
The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type in use since 1990 in pets in the United States.[14] Patent problems forced the withdrawal of Trovan's implanter device from United States distribution and they became uncommon in pets in the United States, although Trovan's original registry database "infopet.biz" remained in operation. In early 2007, the American Kennel Club's chip registration service, AKC Companion Animal Recovery Corp, which had been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron/Digital Angel, began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter. These chips are read by the Trovan, HomeAgain (Destron Fearing), and Bayer (Black Label) readers. Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID [15] to license the technology to read the Trovan chips, AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips.
A third type sometimes known as FECAVA or Destron[Note 2] is available under various brand names. These include, in the United States, "Avid Eurochip", the common current 24PetWatch chips, and the original (and still popular) style of HomeAgain chips.  (HomeAgain and 24Petwatch can  now supply the true ISO chip instead on request.) Chips of this type have 10 digit [hexadecimal] chip numbers. This "FECAVA" type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the United States and has been less controversial, although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions.[16][17][18]  The ISO standard has an annex (appendix) recommending that three older chip types be supported by scanners, including a 35-bit "FECAVA"/"Destron" type.[19] The common Eurochip/HomeAgain chips don't agree perfectly with the annex description, although the differences are sometimes considered minor.[Note 3]  But the ISO standard also makes it clear[Note 4] that only its 64-bit "full-duplex" and "half-duplex" types are "conformant"; even chips (e.g., the Trovan Unique) that match one of the Annex descriptions are not. More visibly, FECAVA cannot support the ISO standard's required country/manufacturer codes. They may be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO-standard chips are the norm, but not by those requiring literal ISO conformance.
Finally, there's the AVID brand Friendchip type, which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics.  Cryptographic features are not necessarily unwelcome; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a design that outputs an ID number "in the clear" for anyone to read, along with authentication features for detection of counterfeit chips, but the authentication in "Friendchips" has been found lacking and rather easy to spoof to the AVID scanner. Although no authentication encryption is involved, obfuscation requires proprietary information to convert transmitted chip data to its original label ID code. Well into 2006, scanners containing the proprietary decryption were provided to the United States market only by AVID and Destron/Digital Angel; Destron/Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some, but not all, of its scanners, possibly as early as 1996. (For years, its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain usually had full decryption, while many sold to veterinarians would only state that an AVID chip had been found.)  Well into 2006, both were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the United States shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with the ability to read ISO-compliant chips. Some complained[20] that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan outside the United States. By keeping them out of the United States, it could be considered partly culpable in the missed-ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield.[Note 5]  In 2006, the European manufacturer Datamars, a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others, gained access to the decryption secrets and began supplying scanners with them to United States customers. This "Black Label" scanner was the first four-standard full-multi pet scanner in the United States market. Later in 2006, Digital Angel announced[21] that it would supply a full-multi scanner in the United States.[Note 6] In 2008 AVID announced a "breakthrough" scanner,[22] although as of  October 2010[update] AVID's is still so uncommon that it's unclear whether it supports the Trovan chip. Trovan also acquired the decryption technology in 2006 or earlier, and now provides it in scanners distributed in the United States by AKC-CAR.  (Some are quad-read, but others lack full ISO support.)

text: Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of "frequency". One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the United States endangered their customers' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a "different frequency" from the local shelter's scanner, or that the United States government considered forcing an incompatible frequency change. These claims were little challenged by manufacturers and distributors of ISO chips, although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation. In fact, all chips operate at the scanner's frequency. Although ISO chips are optimized for 134.2 kHz, in practice they are readable at 125 kHz and the "125 kHz" chips are readable at 134.2 kHz.  Confirmation comes from government filings that indicate the supposed "multi-frequency" scanners now commonly available are really single-frequency scanners operating at 125, 134.2 or 128 kHz. In particular, the United States HomeAgain scanner didn't change excitation frequency when ISO-read capability was added; it's still a single frequency, 125 kHz scanner.[23]

text:
Expected results for chip type(OK=Good readNR=No readDO=Detect Only with no number given)

Scanner to test

ISO Conformant Full Duplex chip

AVID Encrypted "FriendChip"

Original U.S. HomeAgain, AVID Eurochip,[Note 7] or FECAVA

"Trovan Unique" and current AKC CAR chips

Minimal ISO Conformant Scanner (also must read HALF Duplex chips common in livestock ear tags)

OK
NR
NR
NR

AVID Basic U.S. Scanner[24]

NR
OK
NR
NR

AVID Deluxe U.S. Scanner

NR
OK
OK
NR

AVID Universal Scanner sold outside U.S.[25]

OK
OK
OK
NR Assumed

AVID MiniTracker Pro Scanner announced August 2008[26]

OK
OK
OK
NR according to some (Few have seen one.)

Various vintages of U.S. HomeAgain "Universal" Shelter Scanners by Destron/Digital Angel Corp.

NR,DO, or OK
OK
OK
Possibly all OK

Typical Destron/Digital Angel Corp. U.S. Veterinarian's scanner pre-2007
[27]

NR
DO
OK
DO

Trovan LID-560-MULTI per mfr. specifications on Web[28]

OK
OK
OK
OK

U.S. Trovan Pocket Scanner per AKC-CAR Web Site[29]

DO
OK
OK
OK

U.S. Trovan ProScan700 per AKC-CAR Web Site[30]

OK
OK
OK
OK

Original 2006 Datamars Black Label Scanner[31]

OK
OK
OK
OK but Reliability Questioned

Datamars Black Label Scanner "classypets" model[32]

OK
NR or DO?
OK
OK but Reliability Questioned

Banfield-Distributed 2004-2005 Vintage Datamars Scanners

OK
Possibly all DO
OK
Possibly all OK but Reliability Questioned (Undocumented Feature)

Datamars Minimax and Micromax[33]

OK
NR
NR
NR

Typical Homemade Scanner[34]

OK
OK but extra step required (web-based decryption service)
OK
OK

Microchip ID Systems "Hero" Scanner[35]

OK
OK
OK
NR

Microchip ID Systems "Pocket Hero" Scanner[36]

OK
NR
NR
NR

text: (For users requiring Shelter-Grade certainty, this table is not a substitute for testing the scanner with a set of specimen chips.  One study[37] cites problems with certain Trovan chips on the Datamars Black Label scanner. In general, the study found none of the tested scanners to read all four standards without some deficiency. The study predates the most recent scanner models, however.)

text: Reported adverse reactions[edit]

text: RFID chips are used in animal research, and at least three studies conducted since the 1990s have reported tumors at the site of implantation in laboratory mice and rats.[38] Noted veterinary associations[39] responded with continued support for the procedure as reasonably safe for cats and dogs, pointing to rates of serious complications on the order of one in a million in the U.K., which has a system for tracking such adverse reactions and has chipped over 3.7 million pet dogs. A recent study found no safety concerns for microchipped animals with RFID chips undergoing MRI at one Tesla magnetic field strength.[40] In 2011 a microchip-associated fibrosarcoma was reported found in the neck of a 9-year old, neutered-male cat. Histological examination was consistent with postinjection sarcoma, but all prior vaccinations occurred in the hindlegs.[41]

text: The microchip is implanted in the subcutaneous tissues causing an inflammatory response until scar tissue develops around the microchip. Studies on horses [42] are used as the basis for short inflammatory response claims, while procedures on done on small kittens and puppies.  Humans are reporting swelling and bruising at the time of implant with itching and pinching sensations for up to two years.[43]  The broader impacts on inflammatory disorders and cancer have not been determined and most of the health risks that were defined in the FDA Guidance developed for human implants [44] should be considered.  Adverse event reporting in the US can be made by the pet owner or a veterinarian to the FDA. https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ReportaProblem/ucm055305.htm

text: Adverse event reporting for animal microchips has been inconsistent. The UK’s Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) assumed the task of adverse event reporting for animal microchips there in April 2014.  Mandatory microchipping of dogs and mandatory adverse event reporting went into effect in the UK in February of 2015.  The first report was issued for the period of April 2014 through December 2015 [45]. There were 1,500 adverse events reported for an unknown number of pets.  The estimate for the total cat and dog population of the UK is 16 million with 8.5 million dogs subject to mandatory microchipping. 4.5% of the adverse events are from adverse reactions and most of the rest from scanner failures and migration.  Microchip Adverse Event Reports for 2016 and 2017 do not appear to have been released.


document_title: Daytime

question_text: where does the length of the day remain the same throughout the year

text: Daytime

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Approximately half of the Earth is illuminated at any time by the Sun. The area subjected to direct illumination is almost exactly half the planet; but because of atmospheric and other effects that extend the reach of indirect illumination, the area of the planet covered by either direct or indirect illumination amounts to slightly more than half the surface.

text: The hemisphere of the Earth experiencing daytime at any given instant changes continuously as the planet rotates on its own axis. The axis of the Earth's rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the Sun (which is parallel with the direction of sunlight), and so the length of the daytime period varies from one point on the planet to another. Additionally, since the axis of rotation is relatively fixed in comparison to the stars, it moves with respect to the Sun as the planet orbits the star. This creates seasonal variations in the length of the daytime period at most points on the planet's surface.

text: The period of daytime from the standpoint of a surface observer is roughly defined as the period between sunrise, when the Earth's rotation towards the east first causes the Sun's disc to appear above the horizon, to sunset, when the continuing rotation of the Earth causes the Sun's disc to disappear below the horizon to the west. Because the Sun is a luminous disc as seen from the Earth, rather than a point source of light, sunrise and sunset are not instantaneous and the exact definition of both can vary with context. Additionally, the Earth's atmosphere further bends and diffuses light from the Sun and lengthens the period of sunrise and sunset. For a certain period after sunset and before sunrise, indirect light from the Sun lightens the sky on Earth; this period is often referred to as twilight. Certain groups, such as Earthly astronomers, do not consider daytime to be truly ended until the Sun's disc is actually well below the Earth's horizon, because of this indirect illumination.

text: Daytime variations with latitude and seasons[edit]

text: Given that Earth's own axis of rotation is tilted about 23.5° to the line perpendicular to its orbital plane, called the ecliptic, the length of daytime varies with the seasons on the planet's surface, depending on the observer's latitude. Areas tilted toward the Sun are experiencing summer. Their tilt toward the Sun leads to more than half of the day seeing daylight and warmer temperatures, due to the higher directness of solar rays, the longer period of daytime itself, and less absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere. While increased daylight can have some effect on the higher temperatures in the summer, most of temperature rise results from the directness of the Sun, not the increased daylight. The high angles (around the zenith) of the Sun causes the tropics to be warm, while low angles (barely above the horizon) causes the polar regions to be cold. The slight effect of daylight hours on average seasonal temperature can be seen with the poles and tropical regions. The poles are still cold during their respective summers, despite seeing 24 hours of daylight for six months, while the Equator remains warm throughout the year, with only 12 hours of daylight per day.

text: Although the daytime length at the Equator remains 12 hours in all seasons, the duration at all other latitudes varies with the seasons. During the winter, daytime lasts shorter than 12 hours; during the summer, it lasts longer than 12 hours. Northern winter and southern summer concur, while northern summer and southern winter concur.

text: At the Equator[edit]

text: At the Equator, the daytime period always lasts almost twelve hours in length, no matter what the season. The Sun always rises nearly perpendicular to the horizon. From the March Equinox to the September Equinox, it rises a bit north of east, and sets a bit north of west. From the September Equinox to the March Equinox, it rises a bit south of east and sets a bit south of west. The path of the Sun lies entirely in the northern half of the sky for the period from the March Equinox to the September Equinox and is entirely in the southern half of the sky from the September Equinox to the March Equinox, with the Sun passing directly overhead at noon on the equinoxes.

text: The fact that the Sun is always so close to the vertical at noon on the Equator (never being more than 23.5° north or south) explains why equatorial regions are the hottest regions on the planet overall. Additionally, sunrise and sunset always occur very quickly at the Equator, because the Sun's path across the sky is so nearly vertical with respect to the horizon; at the equinox, the Sun requires only two minutes to traverse the horizon at sunrise and sunsets.

text: In the tropics[edit]

text: The tropics occupy a zone of Earth's surface between 23.5° north and 23.5° south of the Equator. Within this zone, the Sun will pass (or culminate) almost directly overhead on at least one day per year. The line of 23.5° north latitude is called the Tropic of Cancer, because when it was named, the Sun passed overhead at this location at the time of year when it was within the zodiac sign of Cancer. The equivalent line of south latitude is called the Tropic of Capricorn, for similar reasons. If they had been named today using the constellation in which the sun is currently in at the time it is directly overhead the tropic line, they would have been called, respectively, the Tropics of Gemini and Sagittarius.[citation needed] The sun enters and leaves each sign of the zodiac slightly later each year at the rate of about 1 day every 72 years. For more information, see precession of the equinoxes.

text: On the Tropical Circles, the Sun is directly overhead only once per year, on the corresponding solstice. At latitudes closer to the Equator and on the Equator itself, it will be overhead twice per year (on the equinoxes in the case of the Equator). Outside the tropics, the Sun never passes directly overhead.

text: Around the poles[edit]

text: Around the poles, which coincide with the rotational axis of Earth as it passes through the surface, the seasonal variations in the length of daytime are extreme. In fact, within 23.5° latitude of the poles, there will be at least some days each year during which the sun never goes below the horizon. There will also be days when the Sun never rises above the horizon. This number will be fewer, but close to the number of days in the summer where the sun doesn't set (for example the sunrise is usually a few days before the spring equinox and extends a few days past the fall equinox). This phenomenon of more daylight than night is not unique to the poles. In fact, at any given time slightly more than half of the earth is in daylight. The 24 hours of summer daylight is known as the midnight sun that is famous in some northern countries. To the north, the Arctic Circle marks this 23.5° boundary. To the south, the Antarctic Circle marks the boundary. These boundaries correspond to 66.5° north or south latitude, respectively. Because the Sun's disc itself is about half a degree in diameter and is very bright, truly dark days during which the sun never seems to rise are only seen beyond 72° north or south latitude.

text: At and near the poles, the Sun never rises very high above the horizon, even in summer, which is one of reasons why these regions of the world are consistently cold in all seasons (others include the effect of albedo, the relative increased reflection of solar radiation of snow and ice). Even at the summer solstice, when the Sun reaches its highest point above the horizon at noon, it is still only 23.5° above the horizon at the poles. Additionally, as one approaches the poles the apparent path of the Sun through the sky each day diverges increasingly from the vertical. As summer approaches, the Sun rises and sets become more northerly in the north and more southerly in the south. At the poles, the path of the Sun is indeed a circle, which is roughly equidistant above the horizon for the entire duration of the daytime period on any given day. The circle gradually sinks below the horizon as winter approaches, and gradually rises above it as summer approaches. At the poles, apparent sunrise and sunset may last for several days.

text: At middle latitudes[edit]

text: At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where Southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter and summer solstices. The difference becomes less pronounced the closer one gets to the equator. An approximation to the monthly change can be obtained from the rule of 12ths. With 4 hours change over the six months from winter to summer the day lengthens by about 4*1/12 of an hour (20 mins) in the first month, 4*2/12 (40 mins) in the second month, 4*3/12 (1 hr) in the third month, then 1 hr, 40 mins and 20 mins in the fourth, fifth and six months.

text: Also in the middle latitudes, the seasonal climate variations produced by changes in the length of daytime are the most marked, with very distinct periods of cold and heat, and other secondary seasonal changes such as snow and ice in winter that disappear in summer and so on. At high latitudes, it is cold most of the time, with constant snow and ice, so the seasons are less obvious; and in the tropics, it is hot most of the time, with no snow or ice at all, so again the seasons are less obvious.

text: Variations in solar noon[edit]

text: The exact instant of solar noon, when the sun reaches its highest elevation in the sky, varies with the seasons. This variation is called the equation of time, the magnitude of the variation is about 30 minutes over the course of a year.


document_title: Institutes of the Christian Religion

question_text: where was the institutes of the christian religion published

text: Institutes of the Christian Religion

text: Background[edit]

text: John Calvin was a student of law and then classics at the University of Paris. Around 1533 he became involved in religious controversies and converted to Protestantism, a new Christian reform movement which was persecuted by the Catholic Church in France, forcing him to go into hiding.[2] He moved to Basel, Switzerland, for safety in 1535, and around this time he must have begun writing a summary of theology which would become the Institutes.[3] His Catholic opponents sought to associate him and his associates (known as Huguenots in France) with radical Anabaptists, some of whom had been defeated . He decided to adapt the work he had been writing to the purpose of defending Protestants suffering from persecution from false accusations that they were espousing radical and heretical doctrines. A feature and gain of Calvinism is fellowship and ambition without scaling the religious history of the matriarchy and patriarchy of one's family. Obedience is taught and lived amongst believers, " We are to care for people when they are in abundance or not in abundance." The work, written in Latin, was published in Basel in March 1536 with a preface addressed to King Francis I of France, entreating him to give the Protestants a hearing rather than continue to persecute them.[4] It is six chapters long, covering the basics of Christian creed using the familiar catechetical structure of the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the sacraments, as well as a chapter on Christian liberty and political theology. Soon after publishing it, Calvin began his ministry in Geneva, Switzerland.[5]

text: The Institutes proved instantly popular, with many asking for a revised edition. In 1539, Calvin published a much larger work, with seventeen chapters of about the same length as the six chapters of the first edition. It includes many references to classical authors and Church fathers, as well as many additional references to the Bible.[5] Calvin's epistle to the reader indicates that the new work is intended for theological students preparing for ministry.[6] Four chapters were added in a third edition in 1543, and a 1550 edition was published with only minor changes.[7] The fifth and final edition with which Calvin was involved, and which is used by scholars as the authoritative text, is 80% larger than the previous edition and was published in Geneva in 1559.[8]

text: Calvin's theology did not change substantially throughout his life, and so the Institutes did not undergo changes as far as its substance.[9]

text: Title[edit]

text: The Latin word "institutio", translated in the title as "institutes", may also be translated "instruction", as it was in titles of German translations of the work, and was commonly used in the titles of legal works as well as other summary works covering a large body of knowledge. The title of Desiderius Erasmus's Institutio principis Christiani (1516), which Calvin would have been familiar with, is usually translated The Education of a Christian Prince.[3] The form of the short title of the first edition of Calvin's work, published in 1536 is Christianae religionis institutio.[10] The full title of this edition may be translated The Institute of the Christian Religion, Containing almost the Whole Sum of Piety and Whatever It is Necessary to Know in the Doctrine of Salvation. A Work Very Well Worth Reading by All Persons Zealous for Piety, and Lately Published. A Preface to the Most Christian King of France, in Which this Book is Presented to Him as a Confession of Faith. Author, John Calvin, Of Noyon. Basel, MDXXXVI.[11] In the 1539 edition, the title is Institutio Christianae Religionis, possibly to emphasize the fact that this is a new, considerably expanded work. This is followed by "at length truly corresponding to its title", a play on the grandiosity of the title and an indication that the new work better lives up to the expectation created by such a title.[5]

text: Contents[edit]

text: Institutes in its first form was not merely an exposition of Reformation doctrine; it proved the inspiration to a new form of Christian life for many. It is indebted to Martin Luther in the treatment of faith and sacraments, to Martin Bucer in what is said of divine will and predestination, and to the later scholastics for teaching involving unsuspected implications of freedom in the relation of church and state.[12]

text: The book is prefaced by a letter to Francis I. As this letter shows, Institutes was composed, or at least completed, to meet a present necessity, to correct an aspersion on Calvin's fellow reformers. The French king, wishing to suppress the Reformation at home, yet unwilling to alienate the reforming princes of Germany, had sought to confound the teachings of the French reformers with the attacks of Anabaptists on civil authority. "My reasons for publishing the Institutes," Calvin wrote in 1557, "were first that I might vindicate from unjust affront my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord, and next that some sorrow and anxiety should move foreign people, since the same sufferings threaten many." "The hinges on which our controversy turns," says Calvin in his letter to the king, "are that the Church may exist without any apparent form" and that its marks are "pure preaching of the word of God and rightful administration of the sacraments."

text: Despite the dependence on earlier writers, Institutes was felt by many to be a new voice, and within a year there was demand for a second edition. This came in 1539, amplifying especially the treatment of the fall of man, of election, and of reprobation, as well as that of the authority of scripture. It showed also a more conciliatory temper toward Luther in the section on the Lord's Supper.[12]

text: The opening chapter of the Institutes is perhaps the best known, in which Calvin presents the basic plan of the book. There are two general subjects to be examined: the creator and his creatures. Above all, the book concerns the knowledge of God the Creator, but "as it is in the creation of man that the divine perfections are best displayed", there is also an examination of what can be known about humankind. After all, it is mankind's knowledge of God and of what He requires of his creatures that is the primary issue of concern for a book of theology. In the first chapter, these two issues are considered together to show what God has to do with mankind (and other creatures) and, especially, how knowing God is connected with human knowledge.

text: To pursue an explanation of the relationship between God and man, the edition of 1559, although Calvin claimed it to be "almost a new work", in fact completely recast the old Institutes into four sections and 80 chapters, on the basis of the Apostles' Creed,[12] a traditional structure of Christian instruction used in Western Christianity. First, the knowledge of God is considered as knowledge of the Father, the creator, provider, and sustainer. Next, it is examined how the Son reveals the Father, since only God is able to reveal God. The third section of the Institutes describes the work of the Holy Spirit, who raised Christ from the dead, and who comes from the Father and the Son to affect a union in the Church through faith in Jesus Christ, with God, forever. And finally, the fourth section speaks of the Christian church, and how it is to live out the truths of God and Scriptures, particularly through the sacraments. This section also describes the functions and ministries of the church, how civil government relates to religious matters, and includes a lengthy discussion of the deficiencies of the papacy.

text: Translations[edit]

text: There is some speculation that Calvin may have translated the first edition (1536) into French soon after its publication, but the earliest edition which has survived is Calvin's 1541 translation.[6] It was primarily intended for French-speaking Swiss, since very few copies were able to be smuggled into France. Some of these were publicly burned in front of Notre-Dame Cathedral soon after their publication.[7] Calvin published French editions of the Institutes in 1541, 1545, 1551, and 1560. They follow the expansion and development of the Latin editions, but they are not strictly translations, instead being adapted for use by a lay readership, though retaining the same doctrine.[13]

text: The French translations of Calvin's Institutes helped to shape the French language for generations, not unlike the influence of the King James Version for the English language.

text: The Institutes were translated into many other European languages. A Spanish translation by Francisco de Enzinas of the 1536 Latin text was published in 1540, before Calvin even published his first French edition. An Italian translation of Calvin's French text was made in 1557. Later translations were of the final 1559 Latin text: Dutch (1560), German (1572),[14] Spanish (1597), Czech (1617), Hungarian (1624),[15] and Japanese (1934).[16] Scholars speculate that the seventeenth-century orientalist Johann Heinrich Hottinger translated it into Arabic, but this has not been confirmed.[15] A complete translation by HW Simpson of the 1559 Latin text into Afrikaans was published in four volumes between 1984 and 1992, following an earlier abridged translation by A Duvenhage in 1951.[17]

text: In English, five complete translations have been published – four from the Latin and one from the French. The first was made in Calvin's lifetime (1561) by Thomas Norton, the son-in-law of the English Reformer Thomas Cranmer. In the nineteenth century there were two translations, one by John Allen (1813) and one by Henry Beveridge (1845). The most recent from Latin is the 1960 edition, translated by Ford Lewis Battles and edited by John T. McNeill, currently considered the most authoritative edition by scholars. Calvin's first French edition (1541) has been translated by Elsie Anne McKee (2009). Due to the length of the Institutes, several abridged versions have been made. The most recent is by Tony Lane and Hilary Osborne; the text is their own alteration and abridgment of the Beveridge translation.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Institutes overshadowed the earlier Protestant theologies such as Melanchthon's Loci Communes and Zwingli's Commentary on the True and False Religion. According to historian Philip Schaff, it is a classic of theology at the level of Origen's On First Principles, Augustine's The City of God, Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica, and Schleiermacher's The Christian Faith.[9]

text: List of editions[edit]

text: Latin[edit]

text:
Calvino, Ioanne (1536). Christianae religionis institutio, totam fere pietatis summam, & quicquid est in doctrina salutis cognitu necessarium: complectens: omnibus pietatis studiosis lectu dignissimum opus, ac recens editum: Praefatio ad Christianissimum regem Franciae, qua hic ei liber pro confessione fidei offertur (in Latin). Basel: Thomam Platteru & Balthasarem Lasium.
——— (1539). Institutio Christianae Religionis Nunc vere demum suo titulo respondens (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Strassburg: Wendelinum Rihelium.
——— (1543). Institutio Christianae Religionis Nunc vere demum suo titulo respondens (in Latin) (3rd ed.). Strassburg: Wendelinum Rihelium.
——— (1550). Institutio totius christianae religionis, nunc ex postrema authoris recognitione, quibusdam locis auctior, infinitis vero castigatior. Joanne Calvino authore. Additi sunt indices duo locupletissimi (in Latin) (4th ed.). Genève: Jean Girard.
——— (1559). Institutio christianae religionis, in libros quatuor nunc primum digesta, certisque distincta capitibus, ad aptissimam methodum: aucta etiam tam magna accessione ut propemodum opus novum haberi possit (in Latin) (5th ed.). Genevae: Robert I. Estienne.

text: French[edit]

text:
Calvin, Jean (1541). Institution de la religion chrestienne: en laquelle est comprinse une somme de pieté, et quasi tout ce qui est necessaire a congnoistre en la doctrine de salut [Institution of the Christian Religion: in which is comprised a summary of piety, and almost all that is necessary to know in the doctrine of salvation] (in French). Genève: Michel Du Bois.
——— (1545). Institution de la religion chrestienne: composée en latin par Jehan Calvin, et translatée en francoys par luymesme: en laquelle est comprise une somme de toute la chrestienté [Institution of the Christian Religion: composed in Latin by John Calvin, and translated into French by himself: in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity] (in French). Genève: Jean Girard.
——— (1551). Institution de la religion chrestienne: composée en latin par Jean Calvin, et translatée en françoys par luymesme, et puis de nouveau reveuë et augmentée: en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté [Institution of the Christian Religion: composed in Latin by John Calvin, and translated into French by himself, and again revised & augmented: in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity] (in French). Genève: Jean Girard.
——— (1553). Institution de la religion chrestienne: composée en latin par Jean Calvin, et translatée en françoys par luymesme, et encores de nouveau reveuë et augmentée: en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté [Institution of the Christian Religion: composed in Latin by John Calvin, and translated into French by himself, and yet again revised & augmented: in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity] (in French). Genève: Jean Girard.
——— (1554). Institution de la religion chrestienne: composée en latin par Jean Calvin, et translatée en françoys par luymesme, et encores de nouveau reveuë et augmentée: en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté [Institution of the Christian Religion: composed in Latin by John Calvin, and translated into French by himself, and again revised & augmented: in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity] (in French). Genève: Philbert Hamelin.
——— (1560). Institution de la religion chrestienne [Institution of the Christian Religion] (in French). Genève: Jean Crespin.

text: German[edit]

text:
Calvin, Iohann (1572) [1572]. Institutio Christianae Religionis, Das ist/Underweisung inn Christlicher Religion. Heydelberg: Johannes Meyer.
Unterricht in der christlichen Religion - Institutio Christianae Religionis, Institutes of the Christian Religion based on the last (1559) edition translated and edited by Otto Weber, edited and reissued by Matthias Freudenberg. 2nd edition, Neukirchener Verlag (publisher) located in Neukirchen-Vluyn, Germany, released in 2008. ISBN 978-3-7887-2327-9

text: Italian[edit]

text: Calvino, Giovanni (1557). Institutione della religion christiana di messer Giovanni Calvino, in volgare italiano tradotta per Giulio Cesare P [Institutes of the Christian Religion by master John Calvin, translated into vulgar Italian by Giulio Cesare P] (in Italian). Translated by Giulio Cesare Paschali. Genève: François Jaquy, Antoine Davodeau & Jacques Bourgeois.

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Institucion de la religion Cristiana, 1597, translation by Cipriano de Valera

text: Czech (Bohemian)[edit]

text: Zpráva a vysvětlení náboženství křesťanského, cca 1615, translation by Jiří Strejc

text: English[edit]

text:
Caluin, Iohn (1561) [1559]. The Institvtion of Christian Religion, vvrytten in Latine by maister Ihon Caluin, and translated into Englysh according to the authors last edition. Translated by Thomas Norton. London: Reinolde Vvolf & Richarde Harisson.
Calvin, John (1813). Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1. Translated by John Allen. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication.

——— (1813). Institutes of the Christian Religion. 2. Translated by John Allen. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication.

——— (1845). Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 1. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society.

——— (1845). Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 2. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society.
——— (1845). Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 3. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society.

——— (1960) [1559]. Institutes of the Christian Religion: in Two Volumes. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 978-0-66422028-0.
——— (1959) [1536]. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles (1536 ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-80284167-4.
——— (2009) [1541]. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Elsie Anne McKee (1541 French ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-80280774-8.
——— (2014) [1541]. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Robert White (1541 French ed.). Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth. ISBN 9781848714632.

text: Afrikaans[edit]

text:
Calvyn, Johannes (1984) [1559]. Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 1. Translated by HW Simpson (1559 Latin ed.). Potchefstroom: Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds. ISBN 0 86990 746 8.

——— (1986) [1559]. Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 2. Translated by HW Simpson (1559 Latin ed.). Potchefstroom: Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds. ISBN 0-86990-860-X.
——— (1988) [1559]. Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 3. Translated by HW Simpson (1559 Latin ed.). Potchefstroom: Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds. ISBN 0 86955 064 0.
——— (1992) [1559]. Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 4. Translated by HW Simpson (1559 Latin ed.). Potchefstroom: Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds. ISBN 0-86955-106-X.


document_title: Pearson (surname)

question_text: where did the last name pearson come from

text: Pearson (surname)

text: Pearson is an English surname at Norman conquest of England period, and may refer to many people.

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: A[edit]

text:
Aaron Pearson (born 1964), American football player
Adam Pearson, chairman of Hull City A.F.C.
Albert H. Pearson, American politician
Albie Pearson, American baseball player
Alister Pearson, British illustrator
Allison Pearson, British journalist
Andrew Pearson (cricketer) (born 1957), English cricketer
Andrew Pearson (runner) (born 1971), English cross country runner
Anthony Pearson (martyr), English Protestant martyr
Anthony Pearson (Quaker)
April Pearson, British actress
Arthur Pearson (UK politician) (1897–1980), British Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontypridd 1938–1970
Sir Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet (1866–1921), British newspaper magnate and publisher
Arthur Maurice Pearson (1890–1976), Canadian Senator from Saskatchewan

text: B[edit]

text:
Beatrice Pearson (1920–1986), American actress
Ben Pearson (bowyer), arrow and bow maker and businessman
Ben Pearson, footballer
Ben Pearson (photographer), photographer, notably of music album covers
Bernard Pearson, Discworld modeler
Bill Pearson (disambiguation), multiple people
Bird M. Pearson Florida supreme court justice

text: C[edit]

text:
Carl Pearson, later Karl Pearson, statistician
Carlton Pearson, American evangelical minister
Carol Lynn Pearson, American poet and playwright
Charles Pearson, British promoter of the first underground railway in London
Charles Henry Pearson, British historian
Charles John Pearson, Scottish politician and judge
Chris Pearson (politician), Canadian politician
Chris Pearson (radio), British radio presenter
Colin Pearson, Baron Pearson (1899–1980), Canadian-born English barrister and judge
Coreco “C.J.” Pearson, simply known as C.J. Pearson, American political activist
Cyril Arthur Pearson, British newspaperman

text: D[edit]

text:
Dan Pearson (disambiguation)
David Pearson (computer scientist)
David Pearson, American racing driver
Denise Pearson, British singer-songwriter
Derrick Pearson, American sports commentator
Digby Pearson, British record label executive
Don Pearson, American management consultant
Drew Pearson (journalist) (1897–1969), American journalist
Drew Pearson (American football) (born 1951), American football player
Duke Pearson, American jazz musician

text: E[edit]

text:
Egon Sharpe Pearson (1895–1980), statistician, son of Karl Pearson
Edmund Pearson (1880–1937), American librarian and author

text: F[edit]

text: Fred Stark Pearson (1861–1915), American electrical and mechanical engineer

text: G[edit]

text:
Gary Pearson (disambiguation)
George Pearson (disambiguation)
Geoffrey Pearson, Canadian diplomat

text: H[edit]

text:
Henry Harold Welch Pearson (1870 – 1916), British-born South African botanist
Henry Shepherd Pearson (c. 1775–1840), British Governor of Penang
Hesketh Pearson (1887 – 1964), British biographer
Hugh Pearson (disambiguation)

Hugh Pearson (1817–1882), British vicar and canon
Hugh Nicholas Pearson (1776–1856), his father, British dean of Salisbury and biographer

Humphrey Pearson (1893 – 1937), American screenwriter and playwright

text: I[edit]

text:
Ian Pearson, British politician
Isaac N. Pearson (1842–1908), American politician
Isabelle Pearson, Canadian judoka

text: J[edit]

text:
James Pearson (disambiguation)

James B. Pearson (1920–2009), US senator from Kansas
James Larkin Pearson (1879–1981), poet and editor

Joe Pearson (1877–1946), English soccer player
Joe Pearson (fighter) (born 1978), American mixed martial artist
Joe Pearson (politician), American politician
John Pearson (disambiguation):

John A. Pearson (1867–1940), Canadian architect
John Pearson (bishop) (1612–1686), English theologian and scholar
John Pearson (author) (born 1930), British author
John Pearson (artist), original member of C. R. Ashbee's Guild of Handicraft
John Pearson (VC) (1825–1892), English Victoria Cross recipient
John Andrew Pearson, Royal Navy officer during WWII
John James Pearson (1800–1888), United States Congressman from Pennsylvania
John Loughborough Pearson (1817–1897), English architect

Johnny Pearson (born 1925), British composer and pianist
Joseph Pearson (1776–1834), Congressional Representative from North Carolins
Josh T. Pearson (born 1974), American musician
Justin Pearson, American rock musician

text: K[edit]

text:
Karl Pearson (1857–1936), British statistician
Kayleigh Pearson (born 1985), English model
Kenneth Pearson (born 1951), English cricketer
Kevin Pearson (politician) (born 1959), Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives

text: L[edit]

text:
Landon Pearson (born 1930), former Canadian politician
Larry Pearson (born 1953), former American NASCAR driver
Lars Pearson, American publisher
Les Pearson, rugby league footballer of the 1930s for Salford
Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972), Prime Minister of Canada and Nobel Prize winner

text: M[edit]

text:
Malcolm Pearson, Baron Pearson of Rannoch (born 1942), British businessman and UKIP member of the House of Lords
Mark Pearson (journalist) (1957-2012), American agricultural journalist and television personality
Maryon Pearson (1901–1989), wife of Lester Bowles Pearson
Michael Pearson (disambiguation), several people, including:

Michael Pearson (horologist), English horologist
Michael Pearson (author) (born 1949), American author
Mike Pearson (born 1980), American player of American and Canadian football
Mike Parker Pearson, English archaeology professor

Michelle Pearson (born 1962), former Australian swimmer
Monte Pearson (1908–1978), American baseball player

text: N[edit]

text:
Nate Pearson (born 1996), American baseball pitcher
Neil Pearson (born 1959), English actor
Nigel Pearson (born 1963), English football manager
Noel Pearson (born 1965), Australian lawyer
Noel Pearson, Irish film and theatre producer

text: O[edit]

text: Oliver Paynie Pearson (1915–2003), zoologist

text: P[edit]

text:
Patricia Pearson, Canadian journalist
Paul Pearson (disambiguation), several people
Pepe Pearson (born 1975), former American football player
Peter Pearson (disambiguation), several people
Preston Pearson (born 1945), former American football player

text: R[edit]

text:
R. B. Pearson, author
Ralph Pearson, American inorganic chemist
Richard Pearson (police officer) (1831–1890), British police commissioner
Richard J. Pearson (born 1938), Canadian archaeologist
Rick Pearson (golfer) (born 1958), American golfer
Ridley Pearson (born 1953), American writer
Robert Pearson, Canadian politician
Rob Pearson (born 1971), retired Canadian ice hockey player
Roger Pearson (anthropologist) (born 1927), British anthropologist
Roger Pearson (linguist), British linguist
Ross Pearson (born 1984), English mixed martial artist
Roy L. Pearson, Jr., $67 million pants-suit litigant

text: S[edit]

text:
Stan Pearson (1919–1997), English footballer
Stedman Pearson (born 1964), English singer
Stephen Pearson (born 1982), Scottish footballer
Stuart Pearson (disambiguation), several people:
Sally Pearson, Australian runner

text: T[edit]

text:
T. R. Pearson (born 1956), American novelist
Tilian Pearson, American singer formerly of Tides of Man and currently in Dance Gavin Dance
Ted Pearson (born 1948), American poet
Thomas Gilbert Pearson (1873–1943), American conservationist and university professor
Todd Pearson (born 1977), Australian swimmer
Tom Pearson (1866–1915), English footballer
Tom Pearson (rugby player) (1872–1957), Wales international rugby player
Tony Pearson (cricketer) (born 1941), former English cricketer
Tony Pearson (bodybuilder) (born 1957), American bodybuilding champion
Travis Pearson (born 1971), American football player

text: V[edit]

text:
Vaughn Pearson
Victor Pearson
Virginia Pearson (1886–1958), American actress

text: W[edit]

text:
Walter 'Puggy' Pearson (1929–2006), American poker player
Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray (1856–1927), English engineer and oil industrialist
Wilf Pearson, rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, and 1940s
William Pearson (disambiguation), several people, including:

William Gaston Pearson (1858–1947), African-American educator and businessman
William Pearson (1934–1995), American baritone

text: Z[edit]

text: Zachariah Pearson, shipowner and civic figure of Kingston upon Hull

text: This page lists people with the surname Pearson. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: Surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: List of territorial entities where German is an official language

question_text: countries where german is the only official language

text: German as an official language[edit]

text: German is the official language of six countries, all of which lie in central Europe. These countries (with the addition of South Tyrol) also form the Council for German Orthography and are referred to as the German Sprachraum (German language area).

text:
Country
Population
2014/2015[1]
Speakers
Notes

(native)[2][3][4]
(second)[2][4]

 Germany
81,083,600
74,430,000 (91.8%)
5,600,000 (6.9%)
Sole nationwide official language[a]

 Belgium
11,245,629
73,000 (0.6%)
2,472,746 (22%)
De jure nationwide co-official language (majority language only in German speaking community)

 Austria
8,602,112
7,999,964 (93%)
516,000 (6%)
De jure sole nationwide official language

  Switzerland
8,256,000
5,329,393 (64.6%)
395,000 (5%)
Co-official language at federal level; de jure sole official language in 17, co-official in 4 cantons (out of 26)

 Luxembourg
562,958
11,000 (2%)
380,000 (67.5%)
De jure nationwide co-official language

 Liechtenstein
37,370
32,075 (85.8%)
5,200 (13.9%)
De jure sole nationwide official language

Total
109,787,669
87,875,432
9,368,946
Total speakers: 97,244,378

text: Dependent entities[edit]

text: German, or one of its dialects, is a co-official language in several dependent entities. In each of these regions, German, along with the official language of the host nation, is an official language on the administrative level.

text:
Region
Country
Population
2006/2011
Native
speakers
Notes

 Autonomous Province of South Tyrol
 Italy
511,750
354,643 (69.3%)[5]
Co-official language on province level; equal to Italian

 Opole Voivodeship (28 communes)
 Silesian Voivodeship (3 communes)
 Poland
250,000
~50,000 (~20%)[6]
Auxiliary language in 31 communes;[7]
also national minority language[8]

 Espírito Santo (5 municipalities)
 Santa Catarina (2 municipalities)
 Rio Grande do Sul (2 municipalities)
 Brazil
205,000
N/A
Co-official language in 9 municipalities[9] (as "German", "Pomeranian", and "Hunsrückisch");
also statewide cultural language in Espírito Santo[10]

text: In the two Slovak villages of  Krahule/Blaufuss and  Kunešov/Kuneschhau (total population 530) the percentage of ethnic Germans exceeds 20%,[11] therefore making German a co-official language according to Slovak law.[12][13][14] However, due to the size of the villages and the approximate number of native German speakers (~100), the administrative impact is negligible.

text: Other legal statuses[edit]

text: There are other political entities (countries as well as dependent entities) which acknowledge other legal statuses for the German language or one of its dialects. While these may cover minority rights, support of certain language facilities (schools, media, etc.), and the promotion of cultural protection/heritage, they do not encompass the establishment of German as an "official" language, i.e., being required in public offices or administrative texts.

text:
Brazil (cultural language in Espírito Santo; also co-official in 9 municipalities in southern Brazil)[10]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (national minority language)[8]
 Czech Republic (national minority language)[4][8][15]
 Denmark (minority language in Syddanmark)[8][16][17]
 Hungary (national minority language)[8][18][19]
 Italy (outside South Tyrol) (minority language in Trentino[20][21] (as "Cimbrian" & "Mòcheno/Fersentalerisch"); Piedmont[22]/Valle d'Aosta[23] (as Walser German); Friuli-Venezia Giulia[24] (various dialects))
 Kazakhstan (national minority language)[25]
 Namibia (national language; co-official language 1984–90)[4][26]
 Poland (national minority language; also auxiliary language in 31 communes)[8]
 Romania (national minority language)[4][8][27]
 Russia (minority language in the Azov German National District)[28]
 Slovakia (national minority language; also co-official in 2 villages)[8]
 Ukraine (national minority language)[8]

text: Although in  France, the High German varieties Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as "regional languages" according to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of 1998, the French government has not yet ratified the treaty, and those varieties have no official legal status.[29]

text: The constitution of  South Africa identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to "promote and ensure respect" for it.[30]

text: Due to the German diaspora, other countries with sizable populations of (mostly bilingual) German L1 speakers include  Argentina,  Australia,  Canada,  Costa Rica,  Paraguay, as well as the  United States.[31] However, in none of these countries does German or a German variety have any legal status.

text: In the  Netherlands, the Limburgish, Frisian, and Low German languages are protected regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages,[8] however they are widely considered separate languages and neither German nor Dutch dialects.

text: International institutions[edit]

text: German is an official language of the following international institutions:

text:
European Patent Organisation – EPO
European Space Agency – ESA
European Union - EU
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - OSCE
Reporters Without Borders – RWB
World Association of Newspapers – WAN
Numerous international sports associations:

European Handball Federation – EHF
Fédération Internationale de Basketball – FIBA
Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing – FIBT
Fédération Internationale de Football Association – FIFA
Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique – FIG
Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course – FIL
Fédération Internationale de Ski – FIS
International Biathlon Union – IBU
Union of European Football Associations – UEFA

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ While several specific laws, e.g., §23 VwVfG or $184 GVG, specify German as the administrative language in Germany, the Grundgesetz does not specifically mention it as federal official language.

tag: ol


document_title: Schatz

question_text: what is the meaning of schatz in german

question_tokens: what is the meaning of schatz in german

text: Schatz

text: The term Schatz can refer to:

text:
An ornamental or occupational German surname meaning "treasure" or "treasury" (as a town treasurer)

A term of endearment in German-speaking countries, comparable to "honey" or "darling" in English

Two-year debt issued by the German Federal Government, in full ‘Bundesschatzanweisungen’, in German abbreviated to Schätze, and in English to Schatz.
The futures contract listed on Eurex with this two-year debt as the underlying.
A Hebrew term or surname meaning "the one sent by the community" (from the acronym for "shaliach tzibbur"), used to describe the member of the community leading prayers. The term can be used either for a regular lay member of the community leading prayers at the moment or for the "cantor" leading prayers on a regular basis.

text: Surnames[edit]

text: People with the surname Schatz or variants include:

text:
Aaron Schatz, NFL analyst and creator of the website Football Outsiders
Albert Schatz (disambiguation)
Avner Shats, Israeli author
Boris Schatz, founder of Bezalel Academy
Brian Schatz, American politician, representing Hawaii in U.S. Senate
Carla J. Shatz, American neurobiologist
Carsten Schatz (*1970), German politician (Die Linke)
Donny Schatz, World of Outlaws sprint car driver
George C. Schatz, American theoretical chemist
Gottfried Schatz, Swiss - Austrian biochemist
Henry L. Schatz, German American Agriculture Attaché, involved in Canadian Caper
Herman Schatz, American blacksmith and politician
Ilene Kristen (born Ilene Schatz)
Jerry Tucker (born Jerome H. Schatz)
Leslie Shatz, American sound engineer
Lydia Schatz, Liberian-American girl, killed by her own parents
Mark Schatz, musician
Mike Schatz, American Creative Director, copywriter, and voice actor.
Paul Schatz (1898–1979), a sculptor, inventor and mathematician
Roman Schatz, German-born Finnish television presenter and writer
Ruta Šaca-Marjaša (Ruta Maksovna Shats-Mariash)
Shaul Shats, Israeli painter
Thomas Rivera Schatz, President of the Senate of Puerto Rico
Warren Schatz, American producer, arranger and orchestra conductor
Zahara Schatz, Israeli fine and decorative artist