document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what age do you have to be to buy alcohol in france

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text: The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18. Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years, Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years, Gambia with a age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant. Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years. However Algeria, Angola (except Luando Province), Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Togo, Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors. In Libya, Somalia and Sudan the sale, production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited.

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Algeria
None[3]

 Angola

None[3]
There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors.

Luanda Province:
18[4]
Legislation in Luanda Province:
It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18. It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.[4]

 Botswana
None[5]
18[5]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy, consume or possess alcoholic beverages.

 Burundi
None[6]
18 (None if accompanied by parent or legal guardian)[6]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years.

 Cameroon
21/18 (if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older)[7]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume, purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older. Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied.

 Cape Verde
None[8]
18[8]
It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Central African Republic
None[3]

 Comoros
None[3]

 Egypt
21[3]

 Equatorial Guinea
None[3]

 Eritrea
None[9]
18[9]
It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Ethiopia
None[10]
15[10]
It is illegal for any person to sell, offer, serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages "in substantial quantities" to any infant or young person. The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years. But the Criminal Code states: "Whoever endangers the health of another, intentionally and unscrupulously, by administering or serving, or by causing or permitting to be administered or served, to minors (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years) (...) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year, and fine."

 Gabon
None[3]

 Gambia
None[11][3]
17[11][3]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person. A "young person" is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1949 Section 2.

 Ghana
18[12]

 Guinea-Bissau
None[3]

 Kenya
None[13]
18[13]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Lesotho
18[14]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for minors to consume, buy or attempt to buy alcohol.

 Liberia
None
18[3]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Libya
Illegal[15]
Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years.[3]

 Malawi
None
18[16]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Mauritius
None
18[17]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Morocco
None[3]

 Mozambique
18[18]

 Namibia
None
18[19]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Niger
18[3]

 Nigeria
18[3]

 Republic of the Congo
None
18[20]

 Rwanda
18[3]

 Senegal
18[21]

 Seychelles
18[3]

 Somalia
Illegal[22]

 South Africa
18
The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[23]

 South Sudan
18[3]

 Sudan
Illegal[24]

 Swaziland
18[3]

 Tanzania
None
18[25]

 Togo
None[3]

 Tunisia
None[3]

 Uganda
None[26]
18
16 (wine, beer, porter, cider, perry or native liquor with meal)[26]
It is illegal for any licensee to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. The law provides a exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age, and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal, in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar.

 Western Sahara
None[3]

 Zambia
18[27]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011, the minimum age to sell, serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years.[28]

 Zimbabwe
None[29]
16 [29]
It is illegal for any person to sell, lend, give, supply, deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years, except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person. The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian.

tag: table

text: Americas[edit]

text: The minimum age to purchase and consume varies, but the most common age is 18 years. However in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age. Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop, supermarket, liquor store, bar, club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age. In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol. Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years, while Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years. In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years, except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal, and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years.

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
hideNotes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Anguilla
None[30]
18 [30]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine.

 Antigua and Barbuda
None
16[31]
The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina
18[32]

 Bahamas
18[33]
It is illegal for any adult to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years). The law provides a exception to treat a illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor.

 Barbados
None
16[34]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years. The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years due to the fact that the law is often violated.[34]

 Belize
18[35]
Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda
18[36]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years.

 Bolivia
None[37]
18 [37]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading: “VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD” (Sale prohibited to (anyone) under 18 years of age) and “EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD” (Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to (ones) health).

 Brazil
None[38]
18 [38]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age. The presidential law enacted on March 17 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence. Any adult person selling, serving, giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years, a fine of R$ 3.000 to R$ 10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol.

 British Virgin Islands
16[35]
It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada
 Alberta
 Manitoba
 Quebec
18[39][40][41]
In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises.[39] In Manitoba a person must not give, sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor. the law provides exceptions for a doctor, dentist, pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes; for sacramental purposes and by the parent, guardian, spouse or common-law partner, if it is given or supplied in a residence.[40] In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years.[41]

 Ontario
 Saskatchewan
 British Columbia
 Newfoundland and Labrador
 Nova Scotia
 New Brunswick
 Prince Edward Island
 Northwest Territories
 Yukon
 Nunavut
19

 Cayman Islands
18[42]
It is prohibited to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for any minor to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages. Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars, and the court may, if the offence was committed by the licensee, order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction.

 Chile
18[43]
The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[44]

 Colombia
None
18[45]
The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[45]

 Costa Rica
None
18[46]
The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries. Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages, will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[46]

 Cuba
None
16[47]
The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years, to habitually consume alcoholic beverages. However this means that defacto anyone selling, serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years. In most cases this law is not strictly enforced.[47][48]

 Dominican Republic
None
18[49]

 Ecuador
None
18[50]
It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age. The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law. However it is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[50]

 El Salvador
None
18[51]
It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months. It is legal for minors to buy, attempt to buy and consume alcohol.[51]

 Falkland Islands
18[52]
It is illegal for any adult to sell, give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises. Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises. Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence. The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination.[52]

 Grenada
18[53]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[53]

 Guatemala
18[54]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[54]

 Guyana
18/16 for beer, wine and cider with meal[55]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcool to a person under 18 years of age. The law provides a exception for minors aged 16 and 17, if they consume a glass of beer, wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant. Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is a offence.[55]

 Haiti
None
18[56]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 2017. Vendors are required to check identification.

 Honduras
18[43]

 Jamaica
None
18[57]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child (which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years).[57]

 Mexico
18[43]
The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.

 Nicaragua
None
14 (restaurant)
18 (bars, clubs, markets, supermarkets, sports and recreation centers)[58]
The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol, is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal. However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions.[58]

 Panama
None
18[59]

 Paraguay
20[60]
According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru
None
18[61]

 Puerto Rico
18

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16[62]

 Trinidad and Tobago
None
18[63]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf. It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol.[63]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
None
18[64]
It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years. Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages.[64]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
Varies by jurisdiction[43]
21[43]
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[65]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[66]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[67]
See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands
18[68]

 Uruguay
None
18[69]
Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.

 Venezuela
None
18[70]
Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.[70]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
Illegal[71]

 Bangladesh
(Illegal for Muslims.)[72]
Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.[citation needed]

 Bhutan
18[73]

 Brunei
17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[43]
Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[43]

 Cambodia
None[74]

 China
18[43]
Introduced in January 2006.[75]

 Hong Kong
18[76]
The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.[citation needed]

 India
18–25 (varies by jurisdiction)[43]

Main article: Alcohol laws of India
Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[77]

 Indonesia
21[78]

 Iran
Illegal [43]
There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[79]

 Iraq
Illegal[80]

 Israel
None
18[43]
Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink, although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public.[citation needed]

 Japan
20[43]

 Jordan
18[81]

 Kazakhstan
21[82]

 Kuwait
Illegal[83]

 Kyrgyzstan
18[43]

 Lebanon
18[43]
Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[84]

 Macau
None[85]

 Malaysia
21
Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017.[86]

 Maldives
Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]
Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[87]

 Mongolia
18[88]

 Myanmar
None
18[89]

   Nepal
18
The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea
18[90]

 Oman
21
Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[91][92]

 Pakistan
Illegal (18 for non-Muslims) [43]
Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[43]

 Palestinian Authority
16[citation needed]
Legal in most cities.[citation needed]

 Philippines
18[93]

 Qatar
Illegal[citation needed]
Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia
Illegal
Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore
None (Private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)
18 (Public places e.g. bars and restaurants)
18[43]
For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".[citation needed]. It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea
None
19[94]
The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[95]

 Sri Lanka
21[43]

 Syria
18[citation needed]

 Taiwan
18[96]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[97]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[98] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[99]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[100] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[101]

 Tajikistan
18[43]

 Thailand
20[102]
The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[102][103]

 Turkmenistan
18[43]

 United Arab Emirates
18–21 (varies by jurisdiction).[104]
Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[105]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[104]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[104]

 Uzbekistan
None
20[43]

 Vietnam
18[43]

 Yemen
Illegal[citation needed]
Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol. Although Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Serbia and Switzerland (except Ticino) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol. In 2005[106], 2007[107] and recently in 2015[108] the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years. But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking/purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors:

text:
In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid,[109] Valencia[110] and Catalonia[111] raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years. Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years, and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23% ABV on and off premises.
In 2004 Denmark[112] raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years.
In November 2005 Switzerland passed its "Food and Commodities Regulation"[113] (German: Lebensmittel- und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung), introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16, although the 1980 passed "Alcohol Law"[114] (German: Alkoholgesetz) already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits. Therefore, it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol (e.g. beer, wine, sparkling wine or cider) to anyone under the age of 16, and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Further the canton of Ticino introduced a contonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years.[115]
In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León[116] raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.
In late 2006, Gibraltar[117] lawmakers passed the "Children and Young Persons (Alcohol, Tobacco and Gaming) Act 2006", which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years. But the new law made an exception: minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer, wine or cider under 15% ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5% ABV (e.g. alcopops).
In 2009 France[118] raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years, and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor (up to 7,500 €). Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years. In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, cider, perry, mead, crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3° alcohol, natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation – to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age.
In October 2009, the government of Malta[119] passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years.
In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.[120]
In 2011 Denmark[121] passed a new law, raising the minimum age for off-premises sale of alcohol >16.5% ABV to 18 years of age. The age to purchase alcohol <16.5% ABV remaines at 16.
Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012. Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off-premises sales, and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced. [122]
In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people: distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18, and other alcohol (e.g. beer, wine or cider) can't be sold to anyone under the age of 16. Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years.[123]
As of 1 January 2014, the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands. Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol <15% ABV, and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15% ABV.[124]
As of March 2015, the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years. Asturias was Spain's last community with a drinking age of 16 years. The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain.[125]
As of 1 January 2018, Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years[126]

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Albania
18[43]

 Andorra
18[127]

 Armenia
None[128]
18[128]
There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[128]

 Austria
 Burgenland
 Lower Austria
 Vienna
16
[129]

 Carinthia
 Upper Austria
 Salzburg
 Styria
 Tyrol
 Vorarlberg
16 (beer, wine and cider)
18 (distilled beverages)
Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[129]

 Azerbaijan
None[130]
18[130]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[130]

 Belarus
None[131]
18[131]
The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[131]

 Belgium
None[132]
16 (beer, wine and cider)
18 (spirits)[132]
Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[132] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
None[133]
18[133]
Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[133]

 Bulgaria
None[134]
18[134]
By law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[134]

 Croatia
None[135]
18[135]
It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[135]

 Cyprus
None[136]
17[136]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[136]

 Czech Republic
None
18[137]
It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[138] (punishable by fine or up to 1[139] or 2[140] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[141]

 Denmark
None
16 (<16.5% ABV)
18 (≥16.5% ABV)
While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:

In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[142]

By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[143] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[144] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[145]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia
18[146]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.

 Finland
18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)
20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)
18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[147]
All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[148] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[147][149]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[150]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[147]

 France
None
18
France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[151] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[152] and can be fined 7500 euros.[151] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[153][154]

 Georgia
None[155]
18[155]
By Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[155]

 Germany
14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)
16 (beer, wine and cider)
18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[156]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the "Protection of Young Persons Act" can be fined up to 50.000€.
See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar
None[157]
18
16(beer, wine and cider)[157]
It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[157]

The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece
None[158]
18[158]
In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[158]

 Hungary
18[43]

 Iceland
None
20[159]
Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.

 Ireland
None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[160]
18[160]
It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[161]

 Italy
None [162]
18[163][162]
In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[162] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo
None[citation needed]

 Latvia
None[164]
18[164]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[164]

 Liechtenstein
16 beer, wine and cider
18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[165]
Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[165]

 Lithuania
20[126]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018.[126]

 Luxembourg
None [166]
16[166]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[166]

 Macedonia
18[167]
Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta
17[168]
Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova
None[169]
18[169]
It is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[170][169]

 Montenegro
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands
18
The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal.[citation needed]

 Norway
None[171]
18 (<22%)
20 (≥22% ABV)[43]
Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[172]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[173]

 Poland
None[174]
18[174]
Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[175] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking in public places, with the exception of designated drinking zones, is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal
None[176]
18[176]

 Romania
None
18[177]
According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia
None
18[178]
There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 San Marino
16[179]

 Serbia
None
16[180]

 Slovakia
18[181]

 Slovenia
None
18[182]
There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain
18
Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[183]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants)
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)
20 (Systembolaget shops)[184],

See also: Alcohol in Sweden
Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private "in moderation". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[185] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland
  Switzerland (federal law)
None
(See notes)
16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[186]
18 (spirits) [187]
Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[188] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[189]

 Ticino
18
The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[190]

 Turkey
18[43]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine
18[43]

 United Kingdom
 England
 Wales
18[191]
16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[191]
5 (private)[192]
None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[192]
Legislation in  England and  Wales:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[191]

Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[191]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.

It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[192]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [193]

 Scotland
18
16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[194]
None (private)
Legislation in  Scotland:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[195]

Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[195]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.

Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [193]

 Northern Ireland
18
Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.

 United Kingdom
Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)
Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[196] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 American Samoa
21[197]

 Australia
18[43][198]

Main article: Alcohol laws of Australia
Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[199]

 Fiji
18[200]
The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[200]

 Guam
21[201]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
18[202]

 New Zealand
None
18[203]
Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[204]
Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[205]

 Northern Mariana Islands
21[206]

 Palau
21[207]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age. Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. Minors buying, consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are commiting a offence. The law provides a exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony.[207]

 Papua New Guinea
18[208]
It is illegal for a minor to purchase, consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages. Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to, is at least 18 years of age. Violation of this law is fined.[208]

 Samoa
21[209]
Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[210]

 Solomon Islands
None[210]
21[210]
Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[210]

 Tokelau
18[211]

 Tonga
18[212]
Selling, serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal. It is also illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000.[212]

 Vanuatu
18[213]
It is unlawful to sell, serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months, or by both, fine and imprisonment. Any minor under the age of 18 years, being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000.[213]


document_title: United States presidential nominating convention

question_text: when did national conventions begin in american politics

root

text: Logistics[edit]

text: Calendars[edit]

text: The convention cycle begins with the Call to Convention. Usually issued about 18 months in advance, the Call is an invitation from the national party to the state and territory parties to convene to select a presidential nominee. It also sets out the number of delegates to be awarded to each, as well as the rules for the nomination process. The conventions are usually scheduled for four days of business, with the exception of the 1972 Republican and 2012 Democratic conventions, which were three days each. (The 2008 and 2012 Republican conventions were also three days each, but in each case was shortened from the scheduled four days due to weather issues).

tag: p

text: There is no rule dictating the order of the conventions, but since 1956 the incumbent party has held its convention second. Between 1864 and 1952, the Democrats went second every year (except for 1888). In 1956, when Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was the incumbent, the Democrats went first, and the party out of power has gone first ever since. (Between 1936 and 1952, the Democrats were the incumbent party and went second, but it is unclear whether they went second because they held the White House or because they had always gone second.) Since 1952, all major party conventions have been held in the months of July, August or (for the first time in 2004), early September. (Election laws in some states would likely prevent conventions from moving into mid-September). Between the middle of the 20th century and 2004, the two major party conventions were primarily scheduled about one month apart, often with the Summer Olympics in between so they did not have to compete for viewers. In 1996, both were held in August to accommodate the Atlanta Olympics in July, the last Summer Olympics to date to be played in the U.S. In 2000, both conventions preceded the Sydney Olympics in late September.

text: In 2008 and 2012, the Democratic and Republican conventions were moved to back-to-back weeks following the conclusion of the Olympics. One reason for these late conventions had to do with campaign finance laws, which allow the candidates to spend an unlimited amount of money before the convention, but forbid fundraising after the convention, in order for the parties to receive federal campaign funds.[1] However, if Barack Obama's choice not to receive federal campaign funds for the 2008 general election is repeated in future elections, this reason for the late scheduling of conventions will no longer be valid.  Another reason for the lateness of the conventions is due to the primary calendar, which ends in early June, and the political party's desire to turn the convention into a four-day tightly scripted political rally for their nominee, which just happens to have a roll call vote for President.  This includes such logistics as where each delegation sits on the convention floor, the order of speeches, how the nominee wants to present him or herself, and allows time for any negotiations in regards to the running mate. Finally, the parties also did not want to schedule their conventions around the Olympics. One reason why the Democratic Party held its 2008 convention after the two-week-long Beijing Olympics was, according to them, to "maximize momentum for our Democratic ticket in the final months of the Presidential election".[2] But moving the conventions later into early September led to conflicts with the National Football League's season kickoff game, which opens the season on the first Thursday of September. However, the NFL accommodated the conventions and moved its games to an earlier start time in 2008,[3] and an earlier date in 2012.

text: In 2016, both the Republican and Democratic conventions moved to July, before the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in August. One reason why the Republican Party wanted a July convention was to help avoid a drawn-out primary battle similar to what happened in 2012 that left the party fractured heading into the general election. The Democrats then followed suit so they could provide a quicker response to the Republicans, rather than wait for more than two weeks until after the Olympics are over.[4]

text: Participation[edit]

text: Each party sets its own rules for the participation and format of the convention. Broadly speaking, each U.S. state and territory party is apportioned a select number of voting representatives, individually known as delegates and collectively as the delegation. Each party uses its own formula for determining the size of each delegation, factoring in such considerations as population, proportion of that state's Congressional representatives or state government officials who are members of the party, and the state's voting patterns in previous presidential elections. The selection of individual delegates and their alternates, too, is governed by the bylaws of each state party, or in some cases by state law.

text: The 2004 Democratic National Convention counted 4,353 delegates and 611 alternates. The 2004 Republican National Convention had 2,509 delegates and 2,344 alternates. But these individuals are dwarfed by other attendees who do not participate in the formal business of the convention. These include non-delegate party officials and activists, invited guests and companions, and international observers, not to mention numerous members of the news media, volunteers, protesters, and local business proprietors and promoters hoping to capitalize on the quadrennial event.

text: Host city[edit]

text: The convention is typically held in a major city selected by the national party organization 18–24 months before the election is to be held. As the two major conventions have grown into large, publicized affairs with significant economic impact, cities today compete vigorously to be awarded host responsibilities, citing their meeting venues, lodging facilities, and entertainment as well as offering economic incentives.

text: The location of early conventions was dictated by the difficulty of transporting delegates from far-flung parts of the country; early Democratic and Whig Conventions were frequently held in the central Eastern Seaboard port of Baltimore, Maryland. As the U.S. expanded westward and railroads connected cities, Midwestern cities such as Chicago, Illinois—which since 1860 has held 25 Republican and Democratic Conventions combined, more than any other urban center in the USA—became the favored hosts. In the present day, political symbolism affects the selection of the host city as much as economic or logistical ones do. A particular city might be selected to enhance the standing of a favorite son, or in an effort to curry favor with residents of that state. For example, in 2011, Obama campaign manager Jim Messina noted: "We put the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina in part because we believe so deeply in" a "New South map."[5]  Likewise, New York City was selected as the host of the 2004 Republican National Convention to evoke memories of George W. Bush's leadership in the September 11 attacks.

text: The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers, but in recent decades the two major parties have favored sports arenas and stadiums to accommodate the increasing capacity, the former because indoor arenas are usually off-season outside of WNBA sites, allowing plenty of time for preparation (the major political parties have avoided baseball stadiums ever since the 1992 Republican National Convention at the Houston Astrodome forced the Houston Astros to play 26 consecutive road games). Bids for the 2008 Republican National Convention, for example, were required to have a facility with a seating capacity of at least 20,500 people, including a convention floor of about 5,500 delegates and alternates;[6] the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota was eventually selected. Meanwhile, approximately 84,000 people attended the last day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention at Denver's Invesco Field at Mile High.[7] The last day of the 2012 Democratic Convention was originally also scheduled for an outdoor football stadium, but was moved indoors due to weather concerns. The last non-sporting venue to host the Democratic National Convention was San Francisco's Moscone Center in 1984. In 1996, the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego became the last non-sporting venue to host the Republican National Convention.

text: Proceedings[edit]

text: During the day, party activists hold meetings and rallies, and work on the platform. Voting and important convention-wide addresses usually take place in the evening hours.

text: In recent conventions, routine business such as examining the credentials of delegations, ratifying rules and procedures, election of convention officers, and adoption of the platform usually take up the business of the first two days of the convention. Balloting was usually held on the third day, with the nomination and acceptance made on the last day, but even some of these traditions have fallen away in 21st century conventions. The only constant is that the convention ends with the nominee's acceptance speech.

text: Platform[edit]

text: Each convention produces a statement of principles known as its platform, containing goals and proposals known as planks. Relatively little of a party platform is even proposed as public policy. Much of the language is generic, while other sections are narrowly written to appeal to factions or interest groups within the party. Unlike electoral manifestos in many European countries, the platform is not binding on either the party or the candidate.

text: Because it is ideological rather than pragmatic, however, the platform is sometimes itself politicized. For example, defenders of abortion rights lobbied heavily to remove the Human Life Amendment plank from the 1996 Republican National Convention platform, a move fiercely resisted by conservatives despite the fact that no such amendment had ever come up for debate.

text: Voting[edit]

text: Since the 1970s, voting has for the most part been perfunctory; the selection of the major parties' nominees have rarely been in doubt, so a single ballot has always been sufficient. Each delegation announces its vote tallies, usually accompanied with some boosterism of their state or territory. The delegation may pass, nominally to retally their delegates' preferences, but often to allow a different delegation to give the leading candidate the honor of casting the majority-making vote.

text: Before the presidential nomination season actually begins, there is often speculation about whether a single front runner would emerge. If there is no single candidate receiving a majority of delegates at the end of the primary season, a scenario called a brokered convention would result, where a candidate would be selected either at or near the convention, through political horse-trading and lesser candidates compelling their delegates to vote for one of the front runners. The best example was the 1924 Democratic Convention, which took 103 ballots. The situation is more likely to occur in the Democratic Party, because of its proportional representation system,[8] but such a scenario has been the subject of speculation with regard to most contested nominations of both parties without actually coming to pass in recent years.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] It is a common scenario in fiction, most recently in an episode of The West Wing. The closest to a brokered convention in recent years was at the 1976 Republican National Convention, when neither Gerald Ford nor Ronald Reagan received enough votes in the primary to lock up the nomination.[17] Since then, candidates have received enough momentum to reach a majority through pledged and bound delegates before the date of the convention.

text: More recently, a customary practice has been for the losing candidates in the primary season to release their delegates and exhort them to vote for the winning nominee as a sign of party unity. Thus, the vote tallied on the floor is unanimous or nearly so. Some delegates may nevertheless choose to vote for their candidate. And in 2008 both happened: Hillary Clinton received over 1,000 votes before she herself moved to nominate Barack Obama by acclamation, officially making it a unanimous vote.

text: The voting method at the conventions is a "roll call of the states" – which include territories such as Washington D.C., American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, and a catch-all "delegates abroad" category.  The states are called in alphabetical order (Alabama is first; Wyoming is last).  The state's spokesperson (who generally begins his or her speech with glowing comments about the state's history, geography, and notable party elected officials) can either choose to announce its delegate count or pass.  Once all states have either declared or passed, those states which passed are called upon again to announce their delegate count.  (Generally, a decision is made beforehand that some states will pass in the first round, in order to allow a particular state – generally either the presidential or vice presidential nominee's home state – to be the one whose delegate count pushes the candidate "over the top", thus securing the nomination.)

text: Vice Presidential voting has been problematic since the beginning, as the delegates generally don't really want to deal with it, and it provides for mischief, as was the case in 1972's Democratic Convention where the vote was scattered between 50 "candidates" and 1976 Republican convention, where the vote was also scattered widely. In 1988, both parties decided to have the designated candidate nominated by "suspending the rules" and declaring him or her nominated by "acclamation." The last Vice Presidential roll call vote was at the 1984 Republican convention.

text: If, after the first round of voting, there is no candidate with a majority of votes, subsequent roll calls are held.  In between, "back room deals" can be made between candidates, swapping delegates for positions in the administration or other favors, or candidates can release their delegates to vote for whoever they personally prefer.  Roll calls continue until one candidate has a majority.  The record is held by the 1924 Democratic National Convention where divisions within the party concerning Prohibition led to 102 ballots between Alfred E. Smith and William G. McAdoo before the relatively unknown John W. Davis was chosen as a compromise candidate on the 103rd ballot.

text: History: How are Presidential nominating convention delegates selected?[edit]

text: Every year of a Presidential election, the United States' Political parties have national conventions that result in Presidential candidates. However, candidates are not chosen by the public, but by selected Delegates from each state.

text: Including delegates in the nomination process began after the Presidential election year of 1968, when there was widespread dissatisfaction of the presidential nominating process. The chances of candidates from major parties winning majority of the electoral votes was threatened by 3rd and 4th party movements, which resulted in the reformation of the presidential election process. [18]  The George Wallace faction was partly responsible for this shift in the political climate.

text: Selecting delegates served as the country's way of ensuring that non-major parties wouldn't be able to dominate an election.

text: Selection Process: Democrats[edit]

text: Each party and state has their own process to selecting delegates

text: Generally speaking, delegates of both major parties usually pledge their votes to a specific candidate, and those who are associated with the Democratic party and are unpledged are considered super delegates.  These super delegates may include Governors who identify with the party, members of Congress, as well as members of the Democratic National Committee .[19] Super Delegates aren't pledged to a particular candidate, and can vote for who they please.[19] Any registered democrat is able to run to be a delegate, and wins are based off the congressional votes.[19] Once Democrats chose their delegates, they distribute delegates to each candidate evenly, the number of delegates a candidate can receive is based off the number of congressional district votes they get (must be at least 15%).[19]

text: Selection Process: Republicans[edit]

text: Rule 14 of the Republican party's national rules determines the size of delegates for each state, territory, or political subdivision.[20] Delegate selection for the Republican party must take place prior to March 1st or after the 2nd Saturday in June in the year that the convention is held.[21] The republican party uses a "Proportional Allocation" rule, which states that delegates should be based on the statewide votes or the number of congressional district votes in proportion to the number of votes received by each candidate.[21] Also, each state must advocate to have an equal number of men and women in its delegation.[21]

text: Delegates/ Alternate Delegates for the Republican party National convention may be selected or bound by only one of the following:[21]

text:
Primary election
Republican State Committee
State and Congressional district conventions
Any method that stays consistent with the rules by which they were selected

tag: ul

text: Speeches[edit]

text: Minor figures in the party are given the opportunity to address the floor of the convention during the daytime, when only the small audiences of C-SPAN and other cable television outlets are watching. The evening's speeches - designed for broadcast to a large national audience—are reserved for major speeches by notable, respected public figures; the speakers at the 2004 Democratic convention included Ted Kennedy, a forty-year veteran of the United States Senate, and Jimmy Carter, a former Democratic President, while at the Republican convention speakers included Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of California and Governor George Pataki of New York, two of the largest states in the nation.

text: The organizers of the convention may designate one of these speeches as the keynote address, one which above all others is stated to underscore the convention's themes or political goals. For instance, the 1992 Democratic National Convention keynote address was delivered by Georgia Governor Zell Miller, whose stories of an impoverished childhood echoed the economic themes of the nominee, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. The 1996 Republican National Convention was keynoted by U.S. Representative Susan Molinari of New York, intended to reassure political moderates about the centrism of the nominee, former Senator Bob Dole. And the 2004 Democratic National Convention featured Senator Barack Obama, whose speech brought the future President national recognition for the first time.

text: Uniquely, Miller, by then a Senator, would also be the keynote speaker at the 2004 Republican convention, despite still maintaining his Democratic registration.

text: The final day of the convention usually features the formal acceptance speeches from the nominees for President and Vice President. Despite recent controversy maintaining that recent conventions were scripted from beginning to end, and that very little news (if any) comes out of the convention, the acceptance speech has always been televised by the networks, because it receives the highest ratings of the convention. In addition, the halls of the convention are packed at this time, with many party loyalists sneaking in. Afterwards, balloons are usually dropped and the delegates celebrate the nomination.

text: History[edit]

text: In the early 19th century, members of Congress met within their party caucuses to select their party's nominee. Conflicts between the interests of the Eastern Congressional class and citizens in newer Western states led to the hotly contested 1824 election, in which factions of the Democratic-Republican Party rejected the caucus nominee, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and backed John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson (all of whom carried more states than Crawford in the election) instead.

text: In 1831 the Anti-Masonic Party convened in Baltimore, Maryland to select a single presidential candidate agreeable to the whole party leadership in the 1832 presidential election. The National Republican and Democratic Parties soon followed suit.

text: Conventions were often heated affairs, playing a vital role in deciding each party's nominee. The process remained far from democratic or transparent, however. The party convention was a scene of intrigue among political bosses, who appointed and otherwise controlled nearly all of the delegates. Winning a nomination involved intensive negotiations and multiple votes; the 1924 Democratic National Convention required a record 103 ballots to nominate John W. Davis. The term "dark horse candidate" was coined at the 1844 Democratic National Convention, at which little-known Tennessee politician James K. Polk emerged as the candidate after the failure of the leading candidates—former President Martin Van Buren and Senator Lewis Cass—to secure the necessary two-thirds majority.

text: A few, mostly Western, states adopted primary elections in the late 19th century and during the Progressive Era, but the catalyst for their widespread adoption came during the election of 1968. The Vietnam War energized a large number of supporters of anti-war Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, but they had no say in the matter. Vice President Hubert Humphrey—associated with the unpopular administration of Lyndon B. Johnson—did not compete in a single primary, yet controlled enough delegates to secure the Democratic nomination. This proved one of several factors behind rioting which broke out at the Democratic convention in Chicago.

text: Media images of the event—angry mobs facing down police—damaged the image of the Democratic Party, which appointed a commission headed by South Dakota Senator George McGovern to select a new, less controversial method of choosing nominees. The McGovern–Fraser Commission settled on the primary election, adopted by the Democratic National Committee in 1968. The Republicans adopted the primary as their preferred method in 1972. Henceforth, candidates would be given convention delegates based on their performance in primaries, and these delegates were bound to vote for their candidate.

text: As a result, the major party presidential nominating convention has lost almost all of its old drama. The last attempt to release delegates from their candidates came at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, when Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts sought votes of delegates held by incumbent President Jimmy Carter. The last major party convention whose outcome was in doubt was the 1976 Republican National Convention, when former California Governor Ronald Reagan nearly won the nomination away from the incumbent President, Gerald Ford.

text: Television coverage[edit]

text: While rank and file members had no input in early nominations, they were still drawn by the aura of mystery surrounding the convention, and networks began to broadcast speeches and debates to the general public. NBC affiliate W2XBS in New York City made the first telecast of a national party convention, of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the other two of the Big Three television networks soon followed. As NBC News anchorman John Chancellor stated just before the start of the 1972 Democratic National Convention, "convention coverage is the most important thing we do.  The conventions are not just political theater, but really serious stuff, and that's why all the networks have an obligation to give gavel-to-gavel coverage.  It's a time when we all ought to be doing our duty".[22]

text: With the rise of the direct primary, and in particular with states moving earlier and earlier in the primary calendar since the 1988 election, the nominee has often secured a commanding majority of delegates far in advance of the convention. As such, the convention has become little more than a coronation, a carefully staged campaign event designed to draw public attention and favor to the nominee, with particular attention to television coverage. For instance, speeches by noted and popular party figures are scheduled for the coveted prime time hours, when most people would be watching.

text: As the drama has left the conventions, and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies, viewership—and television network advertising revenue—have fallen off. Midway through the 1996 Republican National Convention, Nightline host Ted Koppel told viewers he was going back home, saying:

text: There was a time when the national political conventions were news events of such complexity that they required the presence of thousands of journalists  ... But not this year  ... This convention is more of an infomercial than a news event.[23]

text: Thus in subsequent election years, the broadcast networks began increasingly limiting their coverage, arguing that those interested can watch the proceedings on a cable news network such as CNN, MSNBC, or the Fox News Channel. In 2004, the big three networks started devoting only three hours of live coverage to each political convention, although there were highlights of speeches during the networks' morning and evening newscasts.

text: However, many journalists still believe that the public should be exposed to political conventions. PBS, of note, continues to provide full prime-time coverage of the political conventions, although it breaks away from minor speakers and mundane business for analysis and discussion.[24] C-SPAN broadcasts both major conventions in their entirety, and the parties stream their conventions on the internet.

text: The presence of journalists at presidential nominating conventions have increased with the television networks.  In 1976, the Democratic Convention consisted of 3,381 delegates and 11,500 reporters, broadcasters, editors and camera operators.[25]  This is on par with the increase in the number of televisions in American's homes.  In 1960, 87 percent of people had a television, compared to 98 percent by 1976.[26]  By the 1992 conventions, network coverage increased from three networks (NBC, ABC and CBS) to five networks (NBC, ABC, CBS, Fox and PBS).[27]  At the 1996 Republican National Convention there were approximately seven journalists per one delegate, or about 15,000 journalists.[25]

text: The increase of the media at these conventions originally led to a growth in the public's interest in elections.  Voter turnout in the primaries increased from less than five million voters in 1948 to around thirteen million in 1952.[28] By broadcasting the conventions on the television, people were more connected to the suspense and the decisions being made, therefore making them more politically aware, and more educated voters.  When scholars studied the 1976 conventions they determined that by watching nomination conventions, even viewers that were not previously very politically active developed a much stronger interest in the election process and the candidate.[29]

text: Lists of political party conventions[edit]

text: Significant third-party conventions before 1860[edit]

text:
Elec-tion

Party

City

Year

Presidential nominee

Notes

1832

Anti-Masonic

Baltimore

1831

William Wirt

usually considered the first U.S. political party nominating convention

1840

Liberty

Albany

1840

James G. Birney

first U.S. anti-slavery political party

1844

Liberty

Buffalo

1843

James G. Birney

1848

Free Soil

Utica & Buffalo

1848

Martin Van Buren

united Liberty Party supporters with anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs

1852

Free Soil

Pittsburgh

1852

John P. Hale

Most Free-Soilers joined the Republican Party after its foundation in 1854.

1856

American

Philadelphia

1856

Millard Fillmore

The anti-immigrant American (or Know Nothing) Party endorsed Fillmore in February 1856, followed by the Whigs in September.

text: Major party conventions[edit]

text: The two right-hand columns show nominations by notable conventions not shown elsewhere. Some of the nominees (e.g. the Whigs before 1860 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912) received very large votes, while others who received less than 1% of the total national popular vote are listed to show historical continuity or transition. Many important candidates are not shown here because they were never endorsed by a national party convention (e.g. William Henry Harrison in 1836, George C. Wallace in 1968, John B. Anderson in 1980 and Ross Perot in 1992).

text:
Note that there is no organizational continuity between the American Parties of 1856 and 1972, the Union Parties of 1860, 1864, 1888 and 1936, or the Progressive Parties of 1912-16, 1924 and 1948-52.
.

text: M "Middle of the Road" faction of the People's Party, who opposed fusing with the Democrats after 1896.

text:
Elec-tion

Democratic convention

Democratic nominee

Republican convention

Republican nominee

Other conventions

Other nominees

1832

Baltimore

Andrew Jackson

Baltimore (National Republican, 1831)

Henry Clay

1836

Baltimore (1835)

Martin Van Buren

1840

Baltimore

Martin Van Buren

Harrisburg, Penna. (Whig, 1839)

William Henry Harrison

1844

Baltimore

James K. Polk

Baltimore (Whig)

Henry Clay

1848

Baltimore

Lewis Cass

Baltimore (Whig)

Zachary Taylor

1852

Baltimore

Franklin Pierce

Baltimore (Whig)

Winfield Scott

1856

Cincinnati

James Buchanan

Philadelphia

John C. Frémont

Baltimore (Whig)

Millard Fillmore

1860

Charleston &  Baltimore

Stephen A. Douglas (Official); John C. Breckinridge (Southern)

Chicago

Abraham Lincoln

Baltimore (Constitutional Union)

John Bell

1864

Chicago

George B. McClellan

Baltimore  (National Union)

Abraham Lincoln

Cleveland (Radical Democracy)

John C. Frémont  — withdrew

1868

New York City

Horatio Seymour

Chicago

Ulysses S. Grant

1872

Baltimore

Horace Greeley

Philadelphia

Ulysses S. Grant

Cincinnati (Liberal Republican)

Horace Greeley

1876

St. Louis

Samuel J. Tilden

Cincinnati

Rutherford B. Hayes

Indianapolis (Greenback)

Peter Cooper

1880

Cincinnati

Winfield S. Hancock

Chicago

James A. Garfield

Chicago (Greenback)

James B. Weaver

1884

Chicago

Grover Cleveland

Chicago

James G. Blaine

Indianapolis (Greenback)

Benjamin F. Butler

1888

St. Louis

Grover Cleveland

Chicago

Benjamin Harrison

Cincinnati (Union Labor)

Alson Streeter

1892

Chicago

Grover Cleveland

Minneapolis

Benjamin Harrison

Omaha (People's)

James B. Weaver

1896

Chicago

William Jennings Bryan

St. Louis

William McKinley

St. Louis (People's)

William Jennings Bryan

1900

Kansas City

William Jennings Bryan

Philadelphia

William McKinley

Cincinnati (People's M)

Wharton Barker

1904

St. Louis

Alton B. Parker

Chicago

Theodore Roosevelt

Indianapolis (People's M)

Thomas E. Watson

1908

Denver

William Jennings Bryan

Chicago

William Howard Taft

Chicago (Independence)

Thomas L. Hisgen

1912

Baltimore

Woodrow Wilson

Chicago

William Howard Taft

Chicago (Progressive)

Theodore Roosevelt

1916

St. Louis

Woodrow Wilson

Chicago

Charles Evans Hughes

Chicago (Progressive)

Theodore Roosevelt — declined

1920

San Francisco

James M. Cox

Chicago

Warren G. Harding

Chicago (Farmer-Labor)

Parley P. Christensen

1924

New York City

John W. Davis

Cleveland

Calvin Coolidge

Cincinnati (Progressive)

Robert La Follette

1928

Houston

Al Smith

Kansas City

Herbert Hoover

Chicago (Farmer-Labor)

Frank E. Webb

1932

Chicago

Franklin Roosevelt

Chicago

Herbert Hoover

Omaha (Farmer-Labor)

Jacob S. Coxey, Sr.

1936

Philadelphia

Franklin Roosevelt

Cleveland

Alf Landon

Cleveland (Union)

William Lemke

1940

Chicago

Franklin Roosevelt

Philadelphia

Wendell Willkie

1944

Chicago

Franklin Roosevelt

Chicago

Thomas E. Dewey

1948

Philadelphia

Harry S. Truman

Philadelphia

Thomas E. Dewey

Philadelphia (Progressive); Birmingham (States' Rights Democratic)

Henry A. Wallace (Prog.); Strom Thurmond (States' Rights)

1952

Chicago

Adlai Stevenson II

Chicago

Dwight Eisenhower

Chicago (Progressive)

Vincent Hallinan

1956

Chicago

Adlai Stevenson II

San Francisco

Dwight Eisenhower

Richmond (States' Rights)

T. Coleman Andrews

1960

Los Angeles

John F. Kennedy

Chicago

Richard Nixon

Dayton (National States' Rights)

Orval Faubus

1964

Atlantic City

Lyndon B. Johnson

San Francisco

Barry Goldwater

1968

Chicago

Hubert Humphrey

Miami Beach

Richard Nixon

1972

Miami Beach

George McGovern

Miami Beach

Richard Nixon

Louisville (American)

John G. Schmitz

1976

New York City

Jimmy Carter

Kansas City

Gerald Ford

1980

New York City

Jimmy Carter

Detroit

Ronald Reagan

Cleveland (Citizens)

Barry Commoner

1984

San Francisco

Walter Mondale

Dallas

Ronald Reagan

Saint Paul (Citizens)

Sonia Johnson

1988

Atlanta

Michael Dukakis

New Orleans

George H.W. Bush

1992

New York City

Bill Clinton

Houston

George H.W. Bush

1996

Chicago

Bill Clinton

San Diego

Bob Dole

Long Beach & Valley Forge (Reform)

Ross Perot

2000

Los Angeles

Al Gore

Philadelphia

George W. Bush

Long Beach (Reform)

Pat Buchanan

2004

Boston

John Kerry

New York City

George W. Bush

2008

Denver

Barack Obama

Saint Paul

John McCain

2012

Charlotte

Barack Obama

Tampa

Mitt Romney

2016

Philadelphia

Hillary Clinton

Cleveland

Donald Trump

text: Third-party conventions since 1872[edit]

text: Prohibition and socialist parties[edit]

text: The Prohibition Party was organized in 1869. The Socialist Party of America (1901–1972) resulted from a merger of the Social Democratic Party (founded 1898) with dissenting members of the Socialist Labor Party (founded 1876). The Socialist Party of America stopped running its own candidates for President after 1956, but a minority of SPA members who disagreed with this policy broke away in 1973 to form the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA).

text: ¶ Note that the years refer to the relevant presidential election and not necessarily to the date of a convention making a nomination for that election. Some nominating conventions meet in the year before an election.

text:
Elec-tion

Prohibition Party convention

Prohibition Party nominee

Socialist Labor Party convention

Socialist Labor Party nominee

Social Democratic or Socialist Party convention

Social Democratic or Socialist Party nominee

1872
Columbus, Ohio
James Black

1876
Cleveland
Green Clay Smith

1880
Cleveland
Neal Dow

1884
Pittsburgh
John St. John

1888
Indianapolis
Clinton B. Fisk

1892
Cincinnati
John Bidwell
New York City
Simon Wing

1896
Pittsburgh
Joshua Levering
New York City
Charles Matchett

1900
Chicago
John G. Woolley
New York City
Joseph F. Malloney
Indianapolis (SDP)
Eugene V. Debs

1904
Indianapolis
Silas C. Swallow
New York City
Charles H. Corregan
Chicago (SPA)
Eugene V. Debs

1908
Columbus
Eugene W. Chafin
New York City
August Gillhaus
Chicago (SPA)
Eugene V. Debs

1912
Atlantic City
Eugene W. Chafin
New York City
Arthur E. Reimer
Indianapolis (SPA)
Eugene V. Debs

1916
St. Paul
J. Frank Hanly
New York City
Arthur E. Reimer
(mail ballot)

1920
Lincoln, Nebraska
Aaron Watkins
New York City
William Wesley Cox
New York City (SPA)
Eugene V. Debs

1924
Columbus
Herman P. Faris
New York City
Frank T. Johns
Cleveland (SPA)
Robert La Follette, Sr. (Progressive)

1928
Chicago
William F. Varney
New York City
Verne L. Reynolds
New York City (SPA)
Norman Thomas

1932
Indianapolis
William D. Upshaw
New York City
Verne L. Reynolds
Milwaukee (SPA)
Norman Thomas

1936
Niagara Falls, New York
D. Leigh Colvin
New York City
John W. Aiken
Cleveland (SPA)
Norman Thomas

1940
Chicago
Roger W. Babson
New York City
John W. Aiken
Washington, D.C. (SPA)
Norman Thomas

1944
Indianapolis
Claude A. Watson
New York City
Edward A. Teichert
Reading (SPA)
Norman Thomas

1948
Winona Lake, Indiana
Claude A. Watson
New York City
Edward A. Teichert
Reading (SPA)
Norman Thomas

1952
Indianapolis
Stuart Hamblen
New York City
Eric Hass
Cleveland (SPA)
Darlington Hoopes

1956
Milford, Indiana
Enoch A. Holtwick
New York City
Eric Hass
Chicago (SPA)
Darlington Hoopes

1960
Winona Lake
Rutherford Decker
New York City
Eric Hass

1964
Chicago
E. Harold Munn
New York City
Eric Hass

1968
Detroit
E. Harold Munn
Brooklyn
Henning A. Blomen

1972
Wichita, Kansas
E. Harold Munn
Detroit
Louis Fisher

1976
Wheat Ridge, Colorado
Benjamin C. Bubar
Southfield, Michigan
Jules Levin
Milwaukee (SPUSA)
Frank P. Zeidler

1980
Birmingham
Benjamin C. Bubar

Milwaukee (SPUSA)
David McReynolds

1984
Mandan, North Dakota
Earl Dodge

Milwaukee (SPUSA)
Sonia Johnson (Citizens')

1988
Springfield, Illinois
Earl Dodge

Milwaukee (SPUSA)
Willa Kenoyer

1992
Minneapolis
Earl Dodge

Chicago (SPUSA)
J. Quinn Brisben

1996
Denver
Earl Dodge

Cambridge (SPUSA)
Mary Cal Hollis

2000
Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania
Earl Dodge

Milwaukee (SPUSA)
David McReynolds

2004
Fairfield Glade, Tennessee
Gene Amondson

Chicago (SPUSA)
Walt Brown

2008
Indianapolis
Gene Amondson

St. Louis (SPUSA)
Brian Moore

2012
Cullman, Alabama
Jack Fellure

Los Angeles (SPUSA)
Stewart Alexander

2016
Conference Call
James Hedges

Milwaukee (SPUSA)
Mimi Soltysik

text: Libertarian, Green, and Constitution Parties[edit]

text: In 1999, the United States Taxpayers' Party changed its name to the Constitution Party.

text: The individual article about a Libertarian convention after 1980 or a Green Party convention after 1996 is linked to its respective city in the table below. Cities linked for Constitution and U.S. Taxpayers' Party conventions lead to individual sections of Constitution Party National Convention.

text:
Elec-tion

Libertarian Party convention

Libertarian Party nominee

Green Party convention

Green Party nomineee

U.S. Taxpayers' or Constitution Party convention

U.S. Taxpayers' or Constitution Party nominee

1972

Denver

John Hospers

1976

New York

Roger MacBride

1980

Los Angeles

Ed Clark

1984

New York (1983)

David Bergland

1988

Seattle (1987)

Ron Paul

1992

Chicago (1991)

André Marrou

New Orleans (USTP)

Howard Phillips

1996

Washington, D.C.

Harry Browne

Los Angeles

Ralph Nader

San Diego (USTP)

Howard Phillips

2000

Anaheim

Harry Browne

Denver

Ralph Nader

St. Louis (Const. 1999)

Howard Phillips

2004

Atlanta

Michael Badnarik

Milwaukee

David Cobb

Valley Forge, Pa. (Const.)

Michael Peroutka

2008

Denver

Bob Barr

Chicago

Cynthia McKinney

Kansas City (Const.)

Chuck Baldwin

2012

Las Vegas

Gary Johnson

Baltimore

Jill Stein

Nashville (Const.)

Virgil Goode

2016

Orlando

Gary Johnson

Houston

Jill Stein

Salt Lake City (Const.)

Darrell Castle