document_title: SkyTeam

question_text: which global alliance is aeromexico a founding member of

text: SkyTeam

text: Membership history[edit]

text: Formation and early years[edit]

text: On 22 June 2000, representatives of Aeroméxico, Air France, Delta Air Lines and Korean Air held a meeting in New York to found a third airline alliance.[9] These became the four founding carriers of SkyTeam. Upon its formation, SkyTeam would offer its customers a total of 6,402 daily flights to 451 destinations in 98 countries. In September 2000 (2000-09), the alliance established a cargo alliance, SkyTeam Cargo. The group's inaugural members were Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics and Korean Air Cargo.[9] The following month, the newly established airline alliance announced its intentions to incorporate CSA Czech Airlines as the 5th member in April the following year.[10]

text: The alliance saw the joining of CSA Czech Airlines on 25 March 2001;[11] Alitalia entered SkyTeam on 27 July the same year,[12] with its membership scheduled to become effective 1 November that year.[13] On 30 September 2001, the alliance received KLM's application for membership, following the airline's plans to create a leading airline group with Air France.[14] In 2003, Delta's subsidiary, Delta Express, was replaced by Song.[15][16] That same year, SkyTeam also launched an improved website focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity and other resources.[17]

text: 2004: First major expansion[edit]

text: On 24 May 2004, Aeroflot, the flag carrier and principal airline of Russia, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with SkyTeam as it intended to become a full member. The event took place in Kremlin following the airline's application earlier in the year for membership.[18][19] SkyTeam expressed that Aeroflot has not met the consortium's standards, but that the airline's large hub networks made it ideal for the alliance, and made up for its deficiencies.[20]

text: On 28 August, China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in the People's Republic of China, signed a preliminary agreement in Guangzhou in its bid to become a full member.[21] In the presence of a number of Chinese and airline officials, Yan Zhiqing, the chairman of China Southern Airlines, said, "This agreement-signing event is an important step forward into the future for China Southern Airlines to adapt itself to the need of further reforms and opening to the international community, as it will strengthen the airline's international cooperation and global competitiveness."

text: On 13 September, Continental Airlines, KLM and Northwest Airlines joined the alliance.[22][23] Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history. As a result of the three new members, SkyTeam surpassed Oneworld to become the second largest airline alliance, serving more than 341 million customers with 14,320 daily flights to 658 destinations in 130 countries.[22]

text: Even though member CSA Czech Airlines pledged to help Malév Hungarian Airlines become an associate member of the alliance (as opposed to a full member, an associate has no voting rights), Malév Hungarian Airlines opted to join the Oneworld airline alliance, signing a Memorandum of Understanding late in May. A few days later, SkyTeam announced four new associate members due to join by 2006, each one being "sponsored" by an existing member: Madrid-based Air Europa (sponsored by Air France), Panama-based Copa Airlines (sponsored and partly owned by Continental Airlines), Kenya Airways (sponsored and partly owned by KLM) and Romania's TAROM (sponsored by Alitalia).[24] Every associate adopted a frequent-flyer program of a full member: Copa Airlines already used Continental's OnePass;[25] Kenya Airways and Air Europa used Air France–KLM's Flying Blue.[26]

text: Following a 23-month joining process since May 2004 (2004-05),[27] Aeroflot joined on 14 April 2006.[28] It was the first Russian airline to be associated with any airline alliance.[29][30] Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing International Air Transport Association's (IATA) Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). Delta's subsidiary Song continued to operate as Delta Air Lines.[31] In June, it was announced that Portugália would become the alliance's next associate member candidate.[32] However, in November, rival airline and Star Alliance member TAP Portugal, purchased 99.81% of the airline, bringing a sudden end to its candidacy.[33]

text: 2007: Expansion[edit]

text: On 4 September 2007, Air Europa and Copa Airlines,[nb 1] and Kenya Airways became members of SkyTeam's Associate program,[34] which was launched to serve airlines in strategic regions which intended to become affiliated with the alliance.[35][36] China Southern Airlines joined SkyTeam on 15 November to become the 11th full member and the first carrier from Mainland China to join the alliance.[37][38]

text: 2008–2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives[edit]

text: In June 2008 (2008-06),[39] following an agreement between Continental Airlines and United Airlines,[40] the first of these carriers and Copa Airlines announced their intentions to move to the Star Alliance after Continental's final flight with SkyTeam on 24 October 2009.[41][42][43] That day, as announced, Continental Airlines and Copa Airlines simultaneously left SkyTeam.[44][45] Continental Airlines joined Star Alliance three days later;[46] at the time, it was rumored that the switch was Continental Airlines' initial move in a United-Continental merger.[47]

text: In April 2009 (2009-04), the alliance signed a preliminary agreement with Vietnam Airlines for the airline to become a full member in 2010.[48] Also in 2009, Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane re-launched operations as the new Alitalia,[49] and the alliance announced initiatives towards a centralized management based in Amsterdam.[50] The consortium also named a new managing director, Marie-Joseph Malé, outlined a timeline for the opening of its co-located facilities at London Heathrow Airport, and unveiled a new special livery.[50]

text: Tenth anniversary[edit]

text: To start off 2010, Northwest Airlines and Delta Air Lines's operating certificates were officially combined on 1 January,[51] while on 9 March, China Southern Airlines announced its plans to join SkyTeam Cargo.[52][53][54] With membership expected to be granted in November the same year, the airline was to be the first Chinese carrier to join a global air cargo alliance.[52] On 16 April China Eastern Airlines announced its intention to join SkyTeam, with the official joining ceremony initially expected to occur by mid-2011.[55][56] The announcement came shortly after the airline's merger with Shanghai Airlines, a member of SkyTeam's rival, Star Alliance.

text: On 10 June, Vietnam Airlines became a full member following a joining ceremony held in Hanoi.[57][58] The airline became the first SkyTeam carrier from Southeast Asia, where Star Alliance has a strong presence through Singapore Airlines and Thai Airways International. With an extra 20 unique destinations added to SkyTeam's route map, Vietnam Airlines helped to strengthen the alliance's foothold in the region.[57]

text: On 22 June, the CEOs and chairmen of the 13 member airlines gathered in New York to celebrate the alliance's 10th anniversary.[59] During its first decade of operation, the world's second largest airline alliance more than tripled its membership, doubled its flights and nearly doubled its destinations.[60] On the same day, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby upgrading Air Europa, Kenya Airways and TAROM statuses from associate to full members.[61] During the ceremony, the Board outlined its plans to recruit members from Latin America, South America and India.[60] Three days later, TAROM officially became the 13th SkyTeam member.[62] As a part of the celebration, SkyTeam offered reductions of round-the-world fares[63] and other promotions. Following the 10th anniversary, SkyTeam intended to enhance customers' travel experience and deepen cooperation among its members to supplement the expansion into regions that are yet to have SkyTeam members.[64]

text:
“
In South America, India and Africa, it is clear there will be a significant battle for positioning to lure good carriers in your alliance.
”

— Leo van Wijk, chairman during a 10th anniversary event of SkyTeam[65]

text: During the year, Delta Air Lines offered US$1.02 billion to Japan Airlines after the Asian airline filed for bankruptcy due to US$26 billion debt,[66] at the same time lobbying Oneworld's largest member in Asia to switch to SkyTeam.[67] Delta, along with American Airlines, wanted Japan Airlines to be in their respective alliances to benefit from the U.S.–Japan Open Skies agreement. Eventually, Japan Airlines opted to remain at Oneworld, citing that the transfer to SkyTeam would confuse its passengers and may not gain antitrust immunity from U.S. regulators.[68]

text: SkyTeam received its second application for full membership within a five-month time-span. China Airlines, Taiwan's flag carrier and largest airline, announced in mid-September that it had formally started the joining process.[69][70][71] Upon joining, the airline's route network supplemented those of China Southern Airlines and China Eastern Airlines, allowing cooperation among the three airlines. The following month, Aerolíneas Argentinas signed an agreement to officially start the process of becoming the first South American SkyTeam member. The airline was set to join in 2012.[72][73][74]

text: On 1 November, Shanghai Airlines exited from Star Alliance to join SkyTeam in the future under its parent company, future SkyTeam member China Eastern Airlines. This bolstered SkyTeam's presence in the People's Republic of China and surrounding areas, making the SkyTeam the number one alliance in the region.[75] Garuda Indonesia formally started its joining process on 23 November and was scheduled to be integrated by 2012.[76] Upon joining, the airline became the second Southeast Asian airline to join SkyTeam, therefore challenging Star Alliance's dominance in the region through Thai Airways International and Singapore Airlines.

text: 2011–present: Second major expansion[edit]

text: On 10 January 2011, Saudi Arabian Airlines signed an agreement to join SkyTeam in 2012.[77] On 28 February the same year, Middle East Airlines agreed to join the alliance.[78][79] Member airlines Delta and Air France-KLM appointed Goldman Sachs in late February 2011 (2011-02) to advise them on a potential bid for Sir Richard Branson's 51% stake in Virgin Atlantic, which could lead to the airline joining SkyTeam and would sharply increase the alliance's footprint in London. Rivals Star Alliance and Etihad Airlines are also investigating competing options with regard to Virgin Atlantic.[80] China Eastern Airlines joined the alliance on 21 June 2011, along with its subsidiary, Shanghai Airlines, to become the 14th member.[81][82] Later in 2011, on 28 September, China Airlines joined the alliance.[83] In November the same year, Xiamen Airlines committed to be incorporated as a full member by the end of 2012,[84] with their entry supported by China Southern Airlines.[85]

text: On 29 May 2012, Saudi Arabian Airlines became both the first carrier in joining the alliance in 2012 and the first one based in the Middle East, which brought the total members to 16.[86][87] The same day of its incorporation, Saudi Arabian Airlines was renamed to Saudia.[88] Middle East Airlines became the 17th member of the alliance a month later, following its incorporation on 28 June 2012.[89][90] On 29 August 2012, Aerolíneas Argentinas became the first South American and the second Latin American airline in joining the alliance,[91][92] bringing the number of members to 18.[93] Following its incorporation on 21 November 2012, Xiamen Airlines became the fourth member in Mainland China,[94] with the overall number of members in the alliance rising to 19.[95][96][97] In late June 2013 (2013-06), the Russian newspaper Kommersant published an article that mentions that Aeroflot was considering leaving the alliance over disagreements with Delta on the pricing on some routes to North America. The report also mentioned that the Russian carrier was considering joining Star Alliance.[98] In order to assess the benefits of the SkyTeam membership, a study was carried out in July; following it, the Aeroflot board reaffirmed its position within the alliance in September 2013 (2013-09).[99]

text: Garuda Indonesia became the 20th member of the alliance on 5 March 2014.[100][101][102] Garuda initially expected to gain SkyTeam membership in 2012, Garuda's joining process took 40 months to be completed.[103]

text: Member airlines[edit]

text: Full members and their member affiliates[edit]

text: As of March 2015[update], the following airlines are members of SkyTeam:[8]

text:
Member airline
Joined
Member affiliates

 Aeroflot
000000002006-04-14-000014 April 2006[28]
N/A

 Aerolíneas Argentinas
000000002012-08-29-000029 August 2012[92]
 Austral Líneas Aéreas[citation needed]

 Aeroméxico[nb 2]
000000002000-06-22-000022 June 2000
 Aeroméxico Connect[citation needed]

 Air Europa
000000002007-09-04-00004 September 2007[34]
N/A

 Air France[nb 2][nb 3]
000000002000-06-22-000022 June 2000
N/A

 Alitalia
000000002009-01-13-000013 January 2009
 Alitalia CityLiner[105]

 China Airlines
000000002011-09-28-000028 September 2011[83]
 Mandarin Airlines[citation needed]

 China Eastern Airlines
000000002011-06-21-000021 June 2011[82]
 Shanghai Airlines[82]

 China Southern Airlines
000000002007-11-15-000015 November 2007[38]
N/A

 Czech Airlines
000000002001-03-25-000025 March 2001[11]
N/A

 Delta Air Lines[nb 2]
000000002000-06-22-000022 June 2000
 Delta Connection[citation needed]

 Delta Shuttle[citation needed]

 Garuda Indonesia
000000002014-03-05-00005 March 2014[100]
N/A

 Kenya Airways
000000002007-09-04-00004 September 2007[34]
N/A

 KLM[nb 3]
000000002004-09-13-000013 September 2004
 KLM Cityhopper[citation needed]

 Korean Air[nb 2]
000000002000-06-22-000022 June 2000
N/A

 Middle East Airlines
000000002012-06-28-000028 June 2012[89]
N/A

 Saudia
000000002012-05-29-000029 May 2012[87]
N/A

 TAROM
000000002010-06-25-000025 June 2010[62]
N/A

 Vietnam Airlines
000000002010-06-10-000010 June 2010[57]
N/A

 Xiamen Airlines
000000002012-11-21-000021 November 2012[97]
N/A

text: Former members and member affiliates[edit]

text: Former member airlines and their affiliates[edit]

text:
Former member airline
Joined
Exited
Member affiliates

 Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane[nb 4]
000000002001-07-27-000027 July 2001[12]
000000002009-01-12-000012 January 2009
 Alitalia Express

 Volareweb.com

 Continental Airlines[nb 5]
000000002004-09-13-000013 September 2004[106]
000000002009-10-24-000024 October 2009
 Continental Connection

 Continental Express

 Continental Micronesia

 Northwest Airlines[nb 6]
000000002004-09-13-000013 September 2004[107]
000000002010-01-31-000031 January 2010
 Northwest Airlink

text: Former affiliate members of current full members[edit]

text:
Former member affiliate
Country
Joined
Exited
Member affiliate of

Aerolitoral[nb 7]
 Mexico

2000

2007

 Aeroméxico

Aeroméxico Travel[nb 8]
 Mexico

2008

2011

 Aeroméxico

Brit Air
 France

2000

2013

 Air France

Comair
 United States

2000

2012

 Delta Air Lines

Delta Express[nb 9]
 United States

2000

2003

 Delta Air Lines

Dobrolet
 Russia

2013

2014

 Aeroflot

Régional
 France

2001

2013

 Air France

Song Airlines[nb 10]
 United States

2003

2006

 Delta Air Lines

text: Former associate members[edit]

text:
Former associate member
Country
Joined
Exited
Member affiliates

Copa Airlines
 Panama
000000002007-09-04-00004 September 2007[34]
000000002009-10-24-000024 October 2009[108][109][nb 11]
N/A

text: SkyTeam Cargo[edit]

text: SkyTeam Cargo is a cargo division of SkyTeam. As of June 2013[update], the cargo alliance was formed by eleven members from the passenger alliance: Aeroflot Cargo, Aeroméxico Cargo, Air France Cargo, Alitalia Cargo, China Airlines Cargo, China Cargo Airlines, China Southern Cargo, Czech Airlines Cargo, Delta Cargo, KLM Cargo and Korean Air Cargo.[112] Aerolíneas Argentinas Cargo, the cargo division of Aerolíneas Argentinas, joined the alliance in November 2013 (2013-11).[113]

text: Benefits and services[edit]

text: SkyTeam hubs[edit]

text:
Member airlines
Hub airports

Aeroflot
 Sheremetyevo International Airport[114]

Aerolíneas Argentinas
 Aeroparque Jorge Newbery[114]

 Córdoba Pajas Blancas Airport[114]

 Ministro Pistarini International Airport[114]

Aeroméxico
 Mexico City International Airport[115]

 Monterrey International Airport[115]

Air Europa
 Madrid Barajas Airport[114]

Air France
 Charles de Gaulle Airport[114]

 Paris-Orly Airport[114]

 Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport[114]

Alitalia
 Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport[114]

China Airlines
 Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport[114]

China Eastern Airlines
 Kunming Wujiaba International Airport[114]

 Shanghai Pudong International Airport[114]

 Xi'an Xianyang International Airport[114]

China Southern Airlines
 Beijing Capital International Airport[114]

 Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport[114]

Czech Airlines
 Prague Ruzyne International Airport[114]

Delta Air Lines
 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol[116][117]

 Charles de Gaulle Airport[117]

 Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport[114]

 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport[114]

 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport[114]

 Heathrow Airport[118]

 John F. Kennedy International Airport[114]

 LaGuardia Airport[119][120]

 Logan International Airport[121]

 Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport[114]

 Narita International Airport[114]

 Salt Lake City International Airport[114]

 Seattle Tacoma International Airport[122]

Garuda Indonesia
 Balikpapan Sepinggan International Airport[114]

 Soekarno-Hatta International Airport[114]

 Ngurah Rai International Airport[114]

 Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport[114]

 Juanda International Airport[114]

 Kuala Namu International Airport[114]

Kenya Airways
 Jomo Kenyatta International Airport[114]

KLM
 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol[114]

Korean Air
 Incheon International Airport[114]

Middle East Airlines
 Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport[114]

Saudia
 King Abdulaziz International Airport[114]

 King Fahd International Airport[114]

 King Khalid International Airport[114]

TAROM
 Henri Coandă International Airport[114]

Vietnam Airlines
 Noi Bai International Airport[114]

 Tan Son Nhat International Airport[114]

Xiamen Airlines
 Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport[114]

 Fuzhou Changle International Airport[114]

text: Co-locations[edit]

text:
Serves
Airport
Terminal
Exceptions

 Barcelona
Barcelona Airport
Terminal 1
N/A

 Buenos Aires
Ministro Pistarini International Airport
Terminal C
Air Europa in Terminal A

Aeroméxico in Terminal A

 Beijing
Beijing Capital International Airport
Terminal 2[123]
China Airlines in Terminal 3

Alitalia in Terminal 3[124]

 Bucharest
Henri Coandă International Airport
Terminal 1
N/A

 Atlanta
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Concourses T, A, B, C, D (Domestic)
N/A

Terminals E & F (International)

 Chicago
O'Hare International Airport
Terminal 5 (International)
N/A

Terminal 2 (Domestic)

 Chongqing
Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
Terminal 2A
N/A

 Cincinnati
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
Terminal 3, Concourse B
N/A

 Covington

 Dallas
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Terminal D (KLM & Korean Air)
N/A

 Fort Worth
Terminal E (Delta)

 Detroit
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
McNamara Terminal
N/A

 Frankfurt
Frankfurt Airport
Terminal 2
Middle East Airlines in Terminal 1

 Jakarta
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
Terminal 2E[125]
Garuda Indonesia, Korean Air, Vietnam Airlines, Saudia, China Airlines and XiamenAir in Terminal 3[126][127]
[128][129]

 London
London Heathrow Airport
Terminal 4[130]
Middle East Airlines in Terminal 3

Garuda Indonesia in Terminal 3[131]

Delta Air Lines in Terminal 3[132]

 Madrid
Madrid-Barajas Airport
Terminal 1 (International)
Czech Airlines in Terminal 4

Terminal 2 (European and domestic)

 Manchester
Manchester Airport
Terminal 3
Saudia in Terminal 2[133]

Delta Air Lines in Terminal 2

 Mexico City
Mexico City International Airport
Terminal 2
Air France in Terminal 1
Alitalia in Terminal 1[134]

KLM in Terminal 1

 Minneapolis
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport
Terminal 1 (future co-location)[135][136]
N/A

 Saint Paul

 Monterrey
General Mariano Escobedo International Airport
Terminal B
N/A

 Moscow
Sheremetyevo International Airport
Terminals D and E
Vietnam Airlines at Domodedovo Airport

 Newark
Newark Liberty International Airport
Terminal B
N/A

 New York City
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Terminals 1 and 4 (International)
Aerolineas Argentinas in Terminal 7

Terminals 2 and 4 (Domestic)

 Nice
Nice Côte d'Azur Airport
Terminal 2
N/A

 Paris
Charles de Gaulle Airport
Terminals 2C, 2E (International)
N/A

Terminals 2D, 2F, 2G (European)

 Rome
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
Terminals 1 and 3
Delta Air Lines in Terminal 5

 Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport
Terminal 1
Delta Air Lines in Terminal 2

 San Francisco
San Francisco International Airport
International Terminal A (International)
China Southern Airlines partially in International Terminal G[137]

Terminals 1 B and C (Domestic)

 Seoul
Incheon International Airport
Concourse A
Korean Air (east side of the Main Terminal)

 Seattle
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
South Satellite Terminal
N/A

 Shanghai
Pudong International Airport
Air France, China Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Delta Air Lines, KLM, Korean Air and Shanghai Airlines in Terminal 1
N/A

Aeroflot, Aeroméxico, China Southern Airlines, Garuda Indonesia and Vietnam Airlines in Terminal 2

 São Paulo
São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport
Terminal 1[138]
N/A

 Tokyo
Narita International Airport
Terminal 1 North Wing
China Airlines in Terminal 2

China Eastern Airlines in Terminal 2

 Toronto
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Terminal 3
N/A

 Vancouver
Vancouver International Airport
International Terminal
Delta Air Lines in U.S.A. Transboarder Pre-Clearance

text: Premium status[edit]

text: SkyTeam has two premium levels, Elite and Elite Plus, based on a customer's tier status in a member carrier's frequent-flyer program. Each of the member and associate airlines recognises the elite statuses, with a few exceptions. The statuses have no specific requirements of their own; membership is based solely on the frequent-flyer programs of individual member airlines.

text: SkyTeam Elite[edit]

text: SkyTeam Elite status is awarded to customers who have reached a premium level of a member carrier's frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite membership:

text:
Priority reservations waitlisting
Priority airport standby
Priority boarding
Priority check-in
Preferred seating

tag: ul

text: SkyTeam Elite Plus[edit]

text: SkyTeam Elite Plus status is awarded to customers who have reached a higher premium level of a member carrier's frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite Plus membership:

text:
Priority reservations waitlisting
Priority airport standby
Priority boarding
Priority airport check-in
Preferred seating
Priority baggage handling
Additional checked luggage allowance
Airport lounge access
Guaranteed reservations on sold-out flights
Express airport security (in some hub airports)

text: Qualifying tiers by airline[edit]

text:
Member airline
Frequent flyer program
SkyTeam Elite
(qualifying tiers)
SkyTeam Elite Plus
(qualifying tiers)

Aeroflot
Aeroflot Bonus[8]

Silver

Gold

Aerolíneas Argentinas
Aerolíneas Plus[8]
Oro (Gold)

Platino (Platinum)

Aeroméxico
Club Premier[8]
Gold
Platinum

Titanium

Air Europa
Flying Blue[8]
Silver
Gold

Air France

Kenya Airways
Platinum

KLM

TAROM

Alitalia
MilleMiglia[8]
Silver Ulisse
Freccia Alata

Freccia Alata Plus

China Airlines
Dynasty Flyer[8]
Gold
Emerald

Paragon

China Eastern Airlines
Eastern Miles[8]

Silver

Gold

China Southern Airlines
Sky Pearl Club[8]

Silver

Gold

Czech Airlines
OK Plus[8]
Silver
Gold

Platinum

Delta Air Lines
SkyMiles[8]
Silver Medallion
Gold Medallion

Platinum Medallion

Diamond Medallion

Garuda Indonesia
Garuda Miles[8]
Gold
Platinum

Gold EC+

Korean Air
SKYPASS[8]
Morning Calm
Premium

Million Miler

Middle East Airlines
Cedar Miles[8]

Silver Cedar

Golden Cedar

Saudia
Alfursan[8]

Silver

Gold

Vietnam Airlines
Golden Lotus Plus[8]
Gold
Platinum

Titanium

Xiamen Airlines
Egret Club[8]

Silver

Gold

text: Livery and logo[edit]

text: SkyTeam launched in 2009 a special livery celebrating its 10th anniversary, with Delta Air Lines being the first airline to paint one of its aircraft with these colours. The livery consisted of an all-metallic silver fuselage and a dark blue empennage with SkyTeam's logo on it. On the fuselage, however, the alliance emblem is painted on both sides. As of August 2016[update], the SkyTeam livery is worn by 52 aircraft.[139]


document_title: Army–Navy Game

question_text: where is the army and navy game playing

question_tokens: where is the army and navy game playing

root

text: Army–Navy Game

text: Series history[edit]

text: Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]

tag: p

text: This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.

text: Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.

text: The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.

text: At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.

text: The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]

text: The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.

text: The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.

text: Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.

text: Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]

text: Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.

text: The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]

text: Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.

text: Future venues[edit]

text: All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]

text: Total games by venue and geography[edit]

text:
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)
41
16
22
3
1936
1979

Franklin Field
18
11
7
0
1899
1935

Veterans Stadium
17
11
5
1
1980
2001

Lincoln Financial Field
11
1
10
0
2003
2017

Polo Grounds
9
5
3
1
1913
1927

Giants Stadium
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

M&T Bank Stadium
4
1
3
0
2000
2016

The Plain
2
0
2
0
1890
1892

Worden Field
2
1
1
0
1891
1893

Municipal Stadium (Baltimore)
2
2
0
0
1924
1944

Yankee Stadium
2
2
0
0
1930
1931

Osborne Field
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Soldier Field
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Thompson Stadium
1
0
1
0
1942
1942

Michie Stadium
1
0
1
0
1943
1943

Rose Bowl
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

FedExField
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

tag: table

text:
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York City
11
7
3
1
1913
1931

Baltimore
6
3
3
0
1924
2016

East Rutherford, New Jersey
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

West Point, New York
3
0
3
0
1890
1943

Annapolis, Maryland
3
1
2
0
1891
1942

Princeton, New Jersey
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Chicago
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Pasadena, California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

Landover, Maryland
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

text:
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Pennsylvania
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York
14
7
6
1
1890
1943

Maryland
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

New Jersey
5
1
3
1
1905
2002

Illinois
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text:
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA
19
8
9
2
1890
2002

Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Army victories
Navy victories
Ties

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series

1890
Navy
24–0
"The Plain" USMA
West Point, New York
Navy 1–0

1891
Army
32–16
Worden Field USNA
Annapolis, Maryland
Tied 1–1

1892
Navy
12–4
"The Plain"
West Point, New York
Navy 2–1

1893
Navy
6–4
Worden Field
Annapolis, Maryland
Navy 3–1

1899
Army
17–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 3–2

1900
Navy
11–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–2

1901
Army
11–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–3

1902
Army
22–8
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 4–4

1903
Army
40–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 5–4

1904
Army
11–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–4

1905
Tie
6–6
Osborne Field
Princeton, New Jersey
Army 6–4–1

1906
Navy
10–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–5–1

1907
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 6–6–1

1908
Army
6–4
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 7–6–1

1910
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 7–7–1

1911
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 8–7–1

1912
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 9–7–1

1913
Army
22–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 9–8–1

1914
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 9–9–1

1915
Army
14–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 10–9–1

1916
Army
15–7
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–9–1

1919
Navy
6–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–10–1

1920
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 11–11–1

1921
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 12–11–1

1922
Army
17–14
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 12–12–1

1923
Tie
0–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 12–12–2

1924
Army
12–0
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 13–12–2

1925
Army
10–3
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 14–12–2

1926
Tie
21–21
Soldier Field
Chicago
Army 14–12–3

1927
Army
14–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 15–12–3

1930
Army
6–0
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 16–12–3

1931
Army
17–7
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 17–12–3

1932
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 18–12–3

1933
Army
12–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–12–3

1934
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–13–3

1935
Army
28–6
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 20–13–3

1936
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 20–14–3

1937
Army
6–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 21–14–3

1938
Army
14–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–14–3

1939
Navy
10–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–15–3

1940
Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–16–3

1941
#11 Navy
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–17–3

1942
Navy
14–0
Thompson Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland
Army 22–18–3

1943
#6 Navy
13–0
Michie Stadium
West Point, New York
Army 22–19–3

1944
#1 Army
23–7
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 23–19–3

1945
#1 Army
32–13
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 24–19–3

1946
#1 Army
21–18
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 25–19–3

1947
#12 Army
21–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–3

1948
Tie
21–21
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–4

1949
#4 Army
38–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–19–4

1950
Navy
14–2
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–20–4

1951
Navy
42–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–21–4

1952
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–22–4

1953
#18 Army
20–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–22–4

1954
#6 Navy
27–20
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–23–4

1955
Army
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–4

1956
Tie
7–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–5

1957
#8 Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–24–5

1958
#5 Army
22–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–24–5

1959
Navy
43–12
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–25–5

1960
#7 Navy
17–12
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–26–5

1961
Navy
13–7
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–27–5

1962
Navy
34–14
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–28–5

1963
#2 Navy
21–15
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–29–5

1964
Army
11–8
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–5

1965
Tie
7–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–6

1966
Army
20–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–29–6

1967
Navy
19–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–30–6

1968
Army
21–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 33–30–6

1969
Army
27–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–30–6

1970
Navy
11–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–31–6

1971
Army
24–23
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 35–31–6

1972
Army
23–15
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–31–6

1973
Navy
51–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–32–6

1974
Navy
19–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–33–6

1975
Navy
30–6
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–34–6

1976
Navy
38–10
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–35–6

1977
Army
17–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–35–6

1978
Navy
28–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–36–6

1979
Navy
31–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 37–37–6

1980
Navy
33–6
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–6

1981
Tie
3–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–7

1982
Navy
24–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 39–37–7

1983
Navy
42–13
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Navy 40–37–7

1984
Army
28–11
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 40–38–7

1985
Navy
17–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–38–7

1986
Army
27–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–39–7

1987
Army
17–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–40–7

1988
Army
20–15
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 41–41–7

1989
Navy
19–17
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Navy 42–41–7

1990
Army
30–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 42–42–7

1991
Navy
24–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 43–42–7

1992
Army
25–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 43–43–7

1993
Army
16–14
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 44–43–7

1994
Army
22–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 45–43–7

1995
Army
14–13
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 46–43–7

1996
#23 Army
28–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 47–43–7

1997
Navy
39–7
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 47–44–7

1998
Army
34–30
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–44–7

1999
Navy
19–9
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–45–7

2000
Navy
30–28
PSINet Stadium
Baltimore
Army 48–46–7

2001
Army
26–17
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 49–46–7

2002
Navy
58–12
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 49–47–7

2003
Navy
34–6
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Army 49–48–7

2004
Navy
42–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Tied 49–49–7

2005
Navy
42–23
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 50–49–7

2006
Navy
26–14
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 51–49–7

2007
Navy
38–3
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 52–49–7

2008
Navy
34–0
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 53–49–7

2009
Navy
17–3
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 54–49–7

2010
Navy
31–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 55–49–7

2011
Navy
27–21
FedExField
Landover, Maryland
Navy 56–49–7

2012
Navy
17–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 57–49–7

2013
Navy
34–7
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 58–49–7

2014
Navy
17–10
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 59–49–7

2015
#21 Navy
21–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–49–7

2016
Army
21–17
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 60–50–7

2017
Army
14–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–51–7

2018

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2019

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2020

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2021

MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey

2022

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

text: Notable games[edit]

text: Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]

text: On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]

text: In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]

text: In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]

text: On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]


document_title: List of Jane the Virgin episodes

question_text: when does episode 18 of jane the virgin come out

text: List of Jane the Virgin episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

2
22
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)

3
20
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)

4
17
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)

5
19[9]
2019 (2019)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014-15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One"
Brad Silberling
Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
1.61[10]

2
2
"Chapter Two"
Uta Briesewitz
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
1.36[11]

3
3
"Chapter Three"
Brad Silberling
Meredith Averill
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
1.09[12]

4
4
"Chapter Four"
Debbie Allen
Corinne Brinkerhoff
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
1.01[13]

5
5
"Chapter Five"
Edward Ornelas
Josh Reims
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
1.22[14]

6
6
"Chapter Six"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
1.09[15]

7
7
"Chapter Seven"
Janice Cooke
David S. Rosenthal
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
0.96[16]

8
8
"Chapter Eight"
Norman Buckley
Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
1.22[17]

9
9
"Chapter Nine"
Zetna Fuentes
Corinne Brinkerhoff
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
1.28[18]

10
10
"Chapter Ten"
Elodie Keene
Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
1.39[19]

11
11
"Chapter Eleven"
Joanna Kerns
Gracie Glassmeyer
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
1.55[20]

12
12
"Chapter Twelve"
Gina Lamar
David S. Rosenthal
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
1.24[21]

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen"
Howard Deutch
Josh Reims
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
1.34[22]

14
14
"Chapter Fourteen"
Brad Silberling
Paul Sciarrotta
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
1.31[23]

15
15
"Chapter Fifteen"
Melanie Mayron
Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.26[24]

16
16
"Chapter Sixteen"
Joanna Kerns
Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.10[25]

17
17
"Chapter Seventeen"
Uta Briesewitz
Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
0.93[26]

18
18
"Chapter Eighteen"
Edward Ornelas
Meredith Averill
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
1.03[27]

19
19
"Chapter Nineteen"
Robert Luketic
Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
1.05[28]

20
20
"Chapter Twenty"
Debbie Allen
Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
1.06[29]

21
21
"Chapter Twenty-One"
Stuart Gillard
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
1.05[30]

22
22
"Chapter Twenty-Two"
Zetna Fuentes
Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
1.24[31]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Chapter Twenty-Three"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
1.06[32]

24
2
"Chapter Twenty-Four"
Edward Ornelas
David S. Rosenthal
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
0.84[33]

25
3
"Chapter Twenty-Five"
Robert Luketic
Corinne Brinkerhoff
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
0.94[34]

26
4
"Chapter Twenty-Six"
Zetna Fuentes
Paul Sciarrotta
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
1.09[35]

27
5
"Chapter Twenty-Seven"
Jann Turner
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)
1.11[36]

28
6
"Chapter Twenty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
1.10[37]

29
7
"Chapter Twenty-Nine"
Edward Ornelas
David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey
November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)
0.98[38]

30
8
"Chapter Thirty"
Uta Briesewitz
Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
0.98[39]

31
9
"Chapter Thirty-One"
Joanna Kerns
Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
0.99[40]

32
10
"Chapter Thirty-Two"
Jason Reilly
Micah Schraft
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
1.04[41]

33
11
"Chapter Thirty-Three"
Uta Briesewitz
Michael J. Cinquemani
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
0.94[42]

34
12
"Chapter Thirty-Four"
Howard Deutch
Madeline Hendricks
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
0.94[43]

35
13
"Chapter Thirty-Five"
Melanie Mayron
Chantelle M. Wells
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
0.91[44]

36
14
"Chapter Thirty-Six"
Uta Briesewitz
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
0.92[45]

37
15
"Chapter Thirty-Seven"
Melanie Mayron
Sarah Goldfinger
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
0.77[46]

38
16
"Chapter Thirty-Eight"
Georgina Garcia Riedel
Micah Schraft
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
0.94[47]

39
17
"Chapter Thirty-Nine"
Matthew Diamond
Carolina Rivera
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
0.93[48]

40
18
"Chapter Forty"
Anna Mastro
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
0.96[49]

41
19
"Chapter Forty-One"
Gina Lamar
Joe Lawson
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
0.84[50]

42
20
"Chapter Forty-Two"
Zetna Fuentes
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
0.86[51]

43
21
"Chapter Forty-Three"
Melanie Mayron
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)
0.90[52]

44
22
"Chapter Forty-Four"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)
0.97[53]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Chapter Forty-Five"
Gina Lamar
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
1.09[54]

46
2
"Chapter Forty-Six"
Brad Silberling
David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta
October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)
1.10[55]

47
3
"Chapter Forty-Seven"
Eva Longoria Baston
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)
0.97[56]

48
4
"Chapter Forty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
1.08[57]

49
5
"Chapter Forty-Nine"
Anna Mastro
Paul Sciarrotta
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
0.93[58]

50
6
"Chapter Fifty"
Melanie Mayron
Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
1.01[59]

51
7
"Chapter Fifty-One"
Gina Lamar
Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)
1.15[60]

52
8
"Chapter Fifty-Two"
Anna Mastro
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
0.99[61]

53
9
"Chapter Fifty-Three"
Gina Lamar
Chantelle M. Wells
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
0.91[62]

54
10
"Chapter Fifty-Four"
Melanie Mayron
Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
0.93[63]

55
11
"Chapter Fifty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
1.07[64]

56
12
"Chapter Fifty-Six"
Matthew Diamond
Valentina Garza
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
1.06[65]

57
13
"Chapter Fifty-Seven"
Zetna Fuentes
Madeline Hendricks
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
0.88[66]

58
14
"Chapter Fifty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Merigan Mulhern
March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)
0.84[67]

59
15
"Chapter Fifty-Nine"
Anna Mastro
Deidre Shaw
March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)
0.89[68]

60
16
"Chapter Sixty"
Micah Schraft
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)
0.79[69]

61
17
"Chapter Sixty-One"
Melanie Mayron
Paul Sciarrotta
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
0.77[70]

62
18
"Chapter Sixty-Two"
Fernando Sariñana
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal
May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)
0.99[71]

63
19
"Chapter Sixty-Three"
Gina Lamar
Paul Sciarrotta
May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
0.76[72]

64
20
"Chapter Sixty-Four"
Melanie Mayron
Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
0.96[73]

text: Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

65
1
"Chapter Sixty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
0.68[74]

66
2
"Chapter Sixty-Six"
Gina Lamar
Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
0.61[75]

67
3
"Chapter Sixty-Seven"
Fernando Sariñana
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
0.60[76]

68
4
"Chapter Sixty-Eight"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
0.69[77]

69
5
"Chapter Sixty-Nine"
Stuart Gillard
Paul Sciarrotta
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
0.65[78]

70
6
"Chapter Seventy"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
0.61[79]

71
7
"Chapter Seventy-One"
Micah Schraft
Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
0.65[80]

72
8
"Chapter Seventy-Two"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)
0.68[81]

73
9
"Chapter Seventy-Three"
Eric Lea
Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
0.67[82]

74
10
"Chapter Seventy-Four"
Gina Rodriguez
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
0.80[83]

75
11
"Chapter Seventy-Five"
Gina Lamar
Merigan Mulhern
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
0.59[84]

76
12
"Chapter Seventy-Six"
Melanie Mayron
Leah Longoria
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
0.58[85]

77
13
"Chapter Seventy-Seven"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
0.59[86]

78
14
"Chapter Seventy-Eight"
Justin Baldoni
Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
0.65[87]

79
15
"Chapter Seventy-Nine"
Gina Lamar
Paul Sciarrotta
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
0.53[88]

80
16
"Chapter Eighty"
Micah Schraft
Micah Schraft
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
0.57[89]

81
17
"Chapter Eighty-One"
Gina Lamar
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
0.58[90]


document_title: List of Trojan War characters

question_text: what side of the trojan war was hera on

question_tokens: what side of the trojan war was hera on

text: List of Trojan War characters

text: Armies[edit]

text:
Greek armies
Trojan armies*

Abantes
Arcadia
Aetolia
Athens and Salamis
Tiryns
Boebeans (Thessaly)
Boeotia
Crete
Dulichium
Elis
Elone (Thessaly)
Enienes
Iolcus (Thessaly)
Ithaca
Locris
Magnesia
Meliboea
Minyans
Mycenae and Corinth
Myrmidones of Argos
Oechalia
Ormenius
Pherae
Phylacia
Phocis
Pylos
Rhodes
Sparta
Syme
Amazons
Adrasteia
Chalybes (Halizones)
Colonae
Cicones
Dardania
Aethiopia
Lycia
Maeonia
Miletus
Mysia
Paionia
Pelasgians
Percote
Phrygia
Thrace
Troy
Zeleia

text: * See Catalogue of Ships

text: Individuals[edit]

text:
Participants on the Greek side (Achaeans)
Participants on the Trojan side

Gods
Humans
Gods
Humans

Athena
Hera
Poseidon
Hermes
Hephaestus
Thetis
Abantes
Acamas
Achilles
Agamemnon
Agapenor
Ajax the Great
Ajax the Lesser
Alcmaeon
Amphidamas
Amphimachus
Anticlus
Antilochus
Antimachus
Antiphates
Antiphus
Arcesilaus
Ascalaphus
Asclepius
Automedon
Calchas
Canopus
Clonius
Cyanippus
Demophon
Diomedes
Diores
Echion
Epeius
Epistrophus
Eteoneus
Eumelus
Eurymedon
Euryalus
Eurybates
Eurydamas
Eurymachus
Eurypylus
Guneus
Halaesus
Ialmenus
Iasus
Idomeneus
Iphidamas
Leitus
Leonteus
Lycomedes
Machaon
Medon
Meges
Meleager
Menelaus
Menestheus
Meriones
Neoptolemus
Nestor
Nireus
Odysseus
Patroclus
Peneleos
Pheidippus
Philoctetes
Podalirius
Podarces
Podalirius
Polypoetes
Protesilaus
Prothoenor
Prothous
Schedius
Sinon
Stentor
Sthenelus
Talthybius
Teucer
Thalpius
Thersander
Thersites
Thoas
Thrasymedes
Tlepolemus
Aphrodite
Ares
Apollo
Artemis
Scamander
Leto
Phobos
Deimos
Eris
Zeus
Acamas
Adrestus
Aeneas
Ainia
Agenor
Amphimachus
Amphius
Anchises
Andromache
Antenor
Antibrote
Antiphus
Archilochus
Ascanius
Asius
Asteropaios
Astyanax
Axylus
Calesius
Caletor
Cassandra
Cebriones
Chromis
Clete
Coroebus
Cycnus
Deiphobus
Dolon
Ennomus
Epistrophus
Eteoneus
Euphemus
Euphorbus
Eurypylus
Eurytion
Glaucus
Gorgythion
Hector
Hecuba
Helenus
Hicetaon
Hippothous
Iapyx
Ilioneus
Imbrius
Laocoon
Lycaon
Memnon
Mentes (King of the Cicones)
Mentes (King of the Taphians)
Mesthles
Mygdon of Phrygia
Mynes
Nastes
Odius
Othryoneus
Pandarus
Panthous
Paris
Pedasus
Peirous
Penthesilea
Phorcys
Polites
Poludamas
Polyxena
Priam
Pylaemenes
Pylaeus
Pyraechmes
Rhesus
Sarpedon
Scylaceus
Tenes
Troilus
Ucalegon

text: Who killed whom[edit]

text: This table lists characters killed during the war, and who was responsible for their deaths.

text:
Character
Killer

Achilles
Paris

Telamonian Ajax
suicide

Antilochus
Memnon

Antiphus
Agamemnon

Ascalaphus
Deiphobus

Astyanax
Neoptolemus (or Odysseus)

Cebriones
Patroclus

Cycnus
Achilles

Deiphobus
Menelaus

Dolon
Odysseus and Diomedes

Epipole
Palamedes

Eurypylus, son of Telephus
Neoptolemus

Hector
Achilles

Machaon
Pandarus

Medon
Aeneas

Memnon
Achilles

Palamedes
Odysseus and Diomedes

Pandarus
Diomedes

Paris
Philoctetes

Patroclus
Hector

Penthesilea
Achilles

Phorcys
Telamonian Ajax

Polites
Neoptolemus

Polyxena
Neoptolemus

Priam
Neoptolemus

Protesilaus
Hector

Rhesus
Diomedes

Sarpedon
Patroclus

Thersander
Telephus

Thersites
Achilles

Tlepolemus
Sarpedon

Troilus
Achilles

Two sons of Merops
(Adrastus and Amphius)
Diomedes


document_title: Green and black poison dart frog

question_text: what kind of frog is green with black spots

text: Green and black poison dart frog

text: Description[edit]

text: The green-and-black poison dart frog has the typical appearance of the members of its family. Males average 0.75 inches (1.9 cm), while females are slightly larger, averaging an inch or longer. The green-and-black poison frog typically has mint-green coloration; however, this pigment can also be forest, lime, emerald green, turquoise, or even cobalt blue or pale yellow. Mixed with this typically green are splotches of dark color, ranging from wood brown to black. The green-and-black poison dart frog is one of the most variable of all poison frogs in appearance; some have black or brown splotches, others are dappled, or have "splashes" of black, like Oophaga sylvaticus.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: The green-and-black poison dart frog is found in the humid lowlands from southeastern Nicaragua on the Atlantic slope and southeastern Costa Rica on the Pacific versant through Panama to northwestern Colombia (Chocó Department).[1][2][4] An introduced populations exist on Oahu;[1][2][3][5] the species was on purpose introduced there in 1932 for mosquito control. Later on, it seems to have also become established on Maui.[3]

text: Poison[edit]

text: The green-and-black poison dart frog, while not the most toxic poison dart frog, is still a highly toxic animal. The very small amount of poison the frog possesses is enough to make a human heart stop beating. However, like most poison dart frogs, the green-and-black poison dart frog only releases its poison if it feels threatened, and wild specimens can be handled provided the human holding it is calm and relaxed. The green-and-black poison dart frog, as with all poison dart frogs, loses its toxicity in captivity due to a change in diet. This has led some scientists to believe that the green-and-black poison frog actually takes its poison from the mites and other insects on which it feeds.[6]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: The green-and-black poison dart frog is semiarboreal, hunting, courting, and sleeping in the trees. However, as it is a small frog, it cannot jump far enough to span the distances between trees, so it returns to the ground when it wants to travel. To assist in climbing, the frog has small, sucker-like discs on the ends of its toes, which create a slight suction as the frogs climb, making their grip mildly adhesive.

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Like all poison dart frogs, green-and-black poison dart frogs gather in large groups before mating. They squabble over territories; eventually, each individual male frog clears a small patch for himself. Females wander among the males, with the latter then attempting to impress the former with their bird-like mating calls. Once a male has caught the attention of a female, he leads her to a site he has selected for egg deposition. The female lays her eggs, which he then fertilizes. In about 14 days, these hatch into tadpoles.[7] Their parents, typically the male, then carry the tadpoles into the canopy, with the tadpoles sticking to the mucus on their parents' backs. The parents then deposit their tadpoles into the small pools of water that accumulate in the center of bromeliads, and guard the tadpoles while they feed on algae and small invertebrates that inhabit the tiny pool.

text: As pets[edit]

text: Green-and-black poison dart frogs are popular exotic pets due to their small size, bright colors, and intriguing behavior. As with all frogs, they have permeable skin and should not be handled.