document_title: Boston Tea Party

question_text: how much was the tax that caused the boston tea party

text: Boston Tea Party

text: Background

text: The Boston Tea Party arose from two issues confronting the British Empire in 1765: the financial problems of the British East India Company; and an ongoing dispute about the extent of Parliament's authority, if any, over the British American colonies without seating any elected representation. The North Ministry's attempt to resolve these issues produced a showdown that would eventually result in revolution.[2]

text: Tea trade to 1767

text: As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China.[3] In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.[4] When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.[5] The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England. British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.[6]

text: Until 1767, the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.[7] Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain. These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into the Dutch Republic was not taxed by the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.[8] The biggest market for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain[9]—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities.[10]

text: In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.[11] To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.[12] Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

text: Townshend duty crisis

text: Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue. Some colonists, known in the colonies as Whigs, objected to the new tax program, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution. Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives. In Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament. Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body. According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies. Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act, Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".

text: When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, Whig colonists again responded with protests and boycotts. Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea.[13] Smuggling continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston. Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston, however, especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement.[14]

text: Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert "the right of taxing the Americans".[15] This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.[16] From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.[17] Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.[18]

text: Tea Act of 1773

text: The Indemnity Act of 1767, which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies, expired in 1772. Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund, effectively leaving a 10% duty on tea imported into Britain.[19] The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767, and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies. With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea, sales plummeted. The company continued to import tea into Great Britain, however, amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy.[20] For these and other reasons, by late 1772 the East India Company, one of Britain's most important commercial institutions, was in a serious financial crisis.[21] The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the verge of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company.

text: Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis. The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed, but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliament's position that it had the right to tax the colonies.[22] More importantly, the tax collected from the Townshend duty was used to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.[23] This was in fact the purpose of the Townshend tax: previously these officials had been paid by the colonial assemblies, but Parliament now paid their salaries to keep them dependent on the British government rather than allowing them to be accountable to the colonists.[24]

text: Another possible solution for reducing the growing mound of tea in the East India Company warehouses was to sell it cheaply in Europe. This possibility was investigated, but it was determined that the tea would simply be smuggled back into Great Britain, where it would undersell the taxed product.[25] The best market for the East India Company's surplus tea, so it seemed, was the American colonies, if a way could be found to make it cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea.[26]

text: The North ministry's solution was the Tea Act, which received the assent of King George on May 10, 1773.[27] This act restored the East India Company's full refund on the duty for importing tea into Britain, and also permitted the company, for the first time, to export tea to the colonies on its own account. This would allow the company to reduce costs by eliminating the middlemen who bought the tea at wholesale auctions in London.[28] Instead of selling to middlemen, the company now appointed colonial merchants to receive the tea on consignment; the consignees would in turn sell the tea for a commission. In July 1773, tea consignees were selected in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston.[29]

text: The Tea Act retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax, arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell, for example, warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained.[30] But North did not want to give up the revenue from the Townshend tax, primarily because it was used to pay the salaries of colonial officials; maintaining the right of taxing the Americans was a secondary concern.[31] According to historian Benjamin Labaree, "A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire."[32]

text: Even with the Townshend duty in effect, the Tea Act would allow the East India Company to sell tea more cheaply than before, undercutting the prices offered by smugglers, but also undercutting colonial tea importers, who paid the tax and received no refund. In 1772, legally imported Bohea, the most common variety of tea, sold for about 3 shillings (3s) per pound.[33] After the Tea Act, colonial consignees would be able to sell it for 2 shillings per pound (2s), just under the smugglers' price of 2 shillings and 1 penny (2s 1d).[34] Realizing that the payment of the Townshend duty was politically sensitive, the company hoped to conceal the tax by making arrangements to have it paid either in London once the tea was landed in the colonies, or have the consignees quietly pay the duties after the tea was sold. This effort to hide the tax from the colonists was unsuccessful.[35]

text: Resisting the Tea Act

text: In September and October 1773, seven ships carrying East India Company tea were sent to the colonies: four were bound for Boston, and one each for New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.[36] In the ships were more than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds of tea.[37] Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route, and opposition began to mount.[38] Whigs, sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or compel the consignees to resign, in the same way that stamp distributors had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis.[39]

text: The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes. The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773. Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues. The familiar "no taxation without representation" argument, along with the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies, remained prominent.[40] Samuel Adams considered the British tea monopoly to be "equal to a tax" and to raise the same representation issue whether or not a tax was applied to it.[41] Some regarded the purpose of the tax program—to make leading officials independent of colonial influence—as a dangerous infringement of colonial rights.[42] This was especially true in Massachusetts, the only colony where the Townshend program had been fully implemented.[43]

text: Colonial merchants, some of them smugglers, played a significant role in the protests. Because the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper, it threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business.[44] Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees by the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin by the Tea Act.[45] Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade, and it was feared that this government-created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods.[46]

text: South of Boston, protesters successfully compelled the tea consignees to resign. In Charleston, the consignees had been forced to resign by early December, and the unclaimed tea was seized by customs officials.[47] There were mass protest meetings in Philadelphia. Benjamin Rush urged his fellow countrymen to oppose the landing of the tea, because the cargo contained "the seeds of slavery".[48] By early December, the Philadelphia consignees had resigned and the tea ship returned to England with its cargo following a confrontation with the ship's captain.[49] The tea ship bound for New York City was delayed by bad weather; by the time it arrived, the consignees had resigned, and the ship returned to England with the tea.[50]

text: Standoff in Boston

text: In every colony except Massachusetts, protesters were able to force the tea consignees to resign or to return the tea to England.[51] In Boston, however, Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground. He convinced the tea consignees, two of whom were his sons, not to back down.[52]

text: When the tea ship Dartmouth arrived in the Boston Harbor in late November, Whig leader Samuel Adams called for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil Hall on November 29, 1773. Thousands of people arrived, so many that the meeting was moved to the larger Old South Meeting House.[53] British law required the Dartmouth to unload and pay the duties within twenty days or customs officials could confiscate the cargo.[54] The mass meeting passed a resolution, introduced by Adams and based on a similar set of resolutions promulgated earlier in Philadelphia, urging the captain of the Dartmouth to send the ship back without paying the import duty. Meanwhile, the meeting assigned twenty-five men to watch the ship and prevent the tea—including a number of chests from Davison, Newman and Co. of London—from being unloaded.[55]

text: Governor Hutchinson refused to grant permission for the Dartmouth to leave without paying the duty. Two more tea ships, the Eleanor and the Beaver, arrived in Boston Harbor (there was another tea ship headed for Boston, the William, but it encountered a storm and was destroyed before it could reach its destination[56]). On December 16—the last day of the Dartmouth's deadline—about 7,000 people had gathered around the Old South Meeting House.[57] After receiving a report that Governor Hutchinson had again refused to let the ships leave, Adams announced that "This meeting can do nothing further to save the country." According to a popular story, Adams's statement was a prearranged signal for the "tea party" to begin. However, this claim did not appear in print until nearly a century after the event, in a biography of Adams written by his great-grandson, who apparently misinterpreted the evidence.[58] According to eyewitness accounts, people did not leave the meeting until ten or fifteen minutes after Adams's alleged "signal", and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over.[59]

text: Destruction of the tea

text: While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House to prepare to take action. In some cases, this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes.[60] While disguising their individual faces was imperative, because of the illegality of their protest, dressing as Mohawk warriors was a specific and symbolic choice. It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with America, over their official status as subjects of Great Britain.[61]

text: That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men, some dressed in the Mohawk warrior disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water.[62] The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study[63] places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street).

text: Reaction

text: Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed, but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it.[64] He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights.[65]

text: By "constitution" he referred to the idea that all governments have a constitution, written or not, and that the constitution of Great Britain could be interpreted as banning the levying of taxes without representation. For example, the Bill of Rights of 1689 established that long-term taxes could not be levied without Parliament, and other precedents said that Parliament must actually represent the people it ruled over, in order to "count".

text: Governor Thomas Hutchinson had been urging London to take a hard line with the Sons of Liberty. If he had done what the other royal governors had done and let the ship owners and captains resolve the issue with the colonists, the Dartmouth, Eleanor and the Beaver would have left without unloading any tea.

text: In Britain, even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies. The Prime Minister Lord North said, "Whatever may be the consequence, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over".[66] The British government felt this action could not remain unpunished, and responded by closing the port of Boston and putting in place other laws known as the "Coercive Acts." Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be paid for, all ninety thousand pounds (which, at two shillings per pound, came to £9,000, or £1.03 million [2014, approx. $1.7 million US]).[67] Robert Murray, a New York merchant, went to Lord North with three other merchants and offered to pay for the losses, but the offer was turned down.[68]

text: The incident resulted in a similar effect in America when news of the Boston Tea Party reached London in January and Parliament responded with a series of acts known collectively in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts. These were intended to punish Boston for the destruction of private property, restore British authority in Massachusetts, and otherwise reform colonial government in America. Although the first two, the Boston Port Act and the Massachusetts Government Act, applied only to Massachusetts, colonists outside that colony feared that their governments could now also be changed by legislative fiat in England. The Intolerable Acts were viewed as a violation of constitutional rights, natural rights, and colonial charters, and united many colonists throughout America,[69] exemplified by the calling of the First Continental Congress in September 1774.

text: A number of colonists were inspired by the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts, such as the burning of the Peggy Stewart. The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War.[citation needed] In his December 17, 1773 entry in his diary, John Adams wrote:

text: Last Night 3 Cargoes of Bohea Tea were emptied into the Sea. This Morning a Man of War sails.

text: This is the most magnificent Movement of all. There is a Dignity, a Majesty, a Sublimity, in this last Effort of the Patriots, that I greatly admire. The People should never rise, without doing something to be remembered—something notable And striking. This Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, intrepid and inflexible, and it must have so important Consequences, and so lasting, that I cant but consider it as an Epocha in History.[70]

text: There was a repeat performance on March 7, 1774, but it was much less destructive.[71]

text: In February 1775, Britain passed the Conciliatory Resolution, which ended taxation for any colony that satisfactorily provided for the imperial defense and the upkeep of imperial officers. The tax on tea was repealed with the Taxation of Colonies Act 1778, part of another Parliamentary attempt at conciliation that failed.

text: Legacy

text:
External video

 Booknotes interview with Alfred Young on The Shoemaker and the Tea Party, November 21, 1999, C-SPAN[72]

text: John Adams and many other Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic following the Boston Tea Party. Tea drinking declined during and after the Revolution, resulting in a shift to coffee as the preferred hot drink.[73]

text: According to historian Alfred Young, the term "Boston Tea Party" did not appear in print until 1834.[74] Before that time, the event was usually referred to as the "destruction of the tea". According to Young, American writers were for many years apparently reluctant to celebrate the destruction of property, and so the event was usually ignored in histories of the American Revolution. This began to change in the 1830s, however, especially with the publication of biographies of George Robert Twelves Hewes, one of the few still-living participants of the "tea party", as it then became known.[75]

text: The issue was never the tax but how the tax was passed without American input; United States Congress taxed tea from 1789 to 1872.[76]

text: The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests. When Mohandas K. Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration cards in South Africa in 1908, a British newspaper compared the event to the Boston Tea Party.[77] When Gandhi met with the British viceroy in 1930 after the Indian salt protest campaign, Gandhi took some duty-free salt from his shawl and said, with a smile, that the salt was "to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party."[78]

text: American activists from a variety of political viewpoints have invoked the Tea Party as a symbol of protest. In 1973, on the 200th anniversary of the Tea Party, a mass meeting at Faneuil Hall called for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon and protested oil companies in the ongoing oil crisis. Afterwards, protesters boarded a replica ship in Boston Harbor, hanged Nixon in effigy, and dumped several empty oil drums into the harbor.[79] In 1998, two conservative US Congressmen put the federal tax code into a chest marked "tea" and dumped it into the harbor.[80]

text: In 2006, a libertarian political party called the "Boston Tea Party" was founded. In 2007, the Ron Paul "Tea Party" money bomb, held on the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, broke the one-day fund-raising record by raising $6.04 million in 24 hours.[81] Subsequently, these fund-raising "Tea parties" grew into the Tea Party movement, which dominated politics for the next two years, culminating in a voter victory for the Republicans in 2010 who were widely elected to seats in the United States House of Representatives.

text: Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum

text: The Boston Tea Party Museum is located on the Congress Street Bridge in Boston. It features reenactments, a documentary, and a number of interactive exhibits. The museum features two replica ships of the period, the Eleanor and the Beaver. Additionally, the museum possesses one of two known tea chests from the original event, part of its permanent collection.[82]

text: Participants

text: Phineas Stearns[83]


document_title: Squeeze play (baseball)

question_text: maneuver consisting of a bunt with a runner on third base providing the runner a chance to score

root

text: Squeeze play (baseball)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In baseball, the squeeze play (a.k.a. squeeze bunt) is a maneuver consisting of a sacrifice bunt with a runner on third base. The batter bunts the ball, expecting to be thrown out at first base, but providing the runner on third base an opportunity to score. Such a bunt is uncommon with two outs because there is a significant chance that the batter would be thrown out at first base, ending the inning. Likewise, such an attempt is unlikely with two strikes because a bunt that is fouled off with two strikes is an automatic strike out. The squeeze play is said to have been invented during a college game at Yale University by Dutch Carter and George B. Case.[1][2]

tag: p

text: In a safety squeeze, the runner at third does not take off until the batter makes contact bunting, waiting for more certainty that the ball will go to a location from which it will be difficult for the fielding team to make an out at home plate.

text: In a suicide squeeze, the runner takes off as soon as the pitcher begins to throw the pitch, before releasing the ball. If properly executed, a play at home plate is extremely unlikely. However, if the batter fails to make contact with the pitch, the runner is likely to be put out at home plate (hence, "suicide"). Therefore, the suicide squeeze usually requires a skilled bunter who can make contact consistently, even on difficult pitches.

text: These plays are often used in the late innings of a close game in order to score a tying, winning, or insurance run.


document_title: List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners

question_text: who was the first indian film maker to be honoured with the magsaysay award

text: List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners

text: Magsaysay awardees[edit]

text: Emergent Leadership[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

1996
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
 India

2001
Oung Chanthol
 Cambodia

2001
Dita Indah Sari
 Indonesia

2002
Sandeep Pandey
 India

2003
Aniceto Guterres Lopes
 Timor-Leste

2004
Benjamin Abadiano
 Philippines

2005
Hye-Ran Yoon
 South Korea

2006
Arvind Kejriwal[1]
 India

2007
Chen Guangcheng
 China

2007
Chung To
 United States in  Hong Kong

2008
Ananda Galappatti
 Sri Lanka

2009
Ka Hsaw Wa
 Burma

2011
Nileema Mishra
 India

2012
Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto
 Indonesia

2014
Randy Halasan
 Philippines

2015
Sanjiv Chaturvedi
 India

2016
Thodur Madabusi Krishna[2]

 India

text: Uncategorized[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

2009
Antonio Oposa, Jr.
 Philippines

2009
Krisana Kraisintu
 Thailand

2009
Deep Joshi
 India

2009
Ma Jun
 China

2009
Yu Xiaogang
 China

2010
Tadatoshi Akiba
 Japan

2010
Huo Daishan
 China

2010
A.H.M. Noman Khan
 Bangladesh

2010
Christopher Bernido
 Philippines

2010
Ma. Victoria Carpio-Bernido
 Philippines

2010
Pan Yue
 China

2010
Fu Qiping
 China

2011
Hasanain Juaini
 Indonesia

2011
Tri Mumpuni
 Indonesia

2011
Harish Hande
 India

2011
Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI)
 Philippines

2011
Koul Panha
 Cambodia

2012
Chen Shu-chu
 Taiwan

2012
Kulandei Francis
 India

2012
Yang Saing Koma
 Cambodia

2012
Syeda Rizwana Hasan
 Bangladesh

2012
Romulo Davide
 Philippines

2013
Habiba Sarobi
 Afghanistan

2013
Lahpai Seng Raw
 Myanmar

2013
Shakti Samuha
   Nepal

2013
Ernesto Domingo
 Philippines

2013
Corruption Eradication Commission
 Indonesia

2014
Hu Shuli
 China

2014
Wang Canfa
 China

2014
Saur Marlina Manurung
 Indonesia

2014
Omara Khan Massoudi
 Afghanistan

2014
The Citizens Foundation
 Pakistan

2015
Kommaly Chanthavong
 Laos

2015
Ligaya Fernando
 Philippines

2015
Anshu Gupta And Sanjiv Chaturvedi
 India

2015
Kyaw Thu
 Myanmar

2016
Conchita Carpio-Morales
 Philippines

2016
Vientiane Rescue
 Laos

2017
Gethsie Shanmugam
 Sri Lanka

2017
Yoshiaki Ishizawa
 Japan

2017
Lilia de Lima
 Philippines

2017
Abdon Nababan
 Indonesia

2017
Tony Tay
 Singapore

2017
Philippine Educational Theater Association
 Philippines

text: Government Service[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

1959
Jose Vasquez Aguilar
 Philippines

1961
Raden Kodijat
 Indonesia

1962
Francisca Reyes-Aquino
 Philippines

1963
Akhtar Hameed Khan
 Pakistan

1964
Yukiharu Miki
 Japan

1965
Puey Ungpakorn
 Thailand

1966
Phon Sangsingkeo
 Thailand

1967
Keo Viphakone
 Laos

1968
Kwoh-Ting Li
 Taiwan

1969
Hsu Shih-chu
 Taiwan

1971
Ali Sadikin
 Indonesia

1972
Goh Keng Swee
 Singapore

1973
B. C. Shekhar
 Malaysia

1974
Hiroshi Kuroki
 Japan

1975
Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim
 Malaysia

1976
Elsie Tu
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1977
Bejamin Galstaun
 Indonesia

1978
Dato Shahrum bin Yub
 Malaysia

1979
Raden Wasito
 Indonesia

1980
Muhammed Alias
 Malaysia

1981
Prawes Wasi
 Thailand

1982
Arturo Alcaraz
 Philippines

1983
Su Nan-cheng
 Taiwan

1984
Ta-You Wu
 Taiwan

1985
Tan Sri Noordin
 Malaysia

1987
Haji Hanafiah
 Malaysia

1988
Miriam Santiago
 Philippines

1989
Zakiah Hanum
 Malaysia

1991
Alfredo R.A. Bengzon
 Philippines

1992
Chamlong Srimuang
 Thailand

1993
Vo Tong Xuan
 Vietnam

1994
Kiran Bedi
 India

1995
Morihiko Hiramatsu
 Japan

1996
T N Seshan
 India

1997
Anand Panyarachun
 Thailand

1998
Syed Adibul Hasan Rizvi
 Pakistan

1999
Tasneem Ahmed Siddiqui
 Pakistan

2000
Jesse Robredo
 Philippines

2001
Yuan Longping
 China

2002
Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
 Philippines

2003
James Michael Lyngdoh
 India

2004
Haydee Yorac
 Philippines

2005
Jon Ungpakorn
 Thailand

2006
Ek Sonn Chan
 Cambodia

2007
Jovito R. Salonga
 Philippines

2008
Grace Padaca
 Philippines

text: Public Service[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

1958
Mary H. Rutnam
 Ceylon

1959
Joaquin Vilallonga
 Spain in  Philippines

1959
Tee Tee Luce
 Burma

1960
Henry Holland
 Great Britain in  Pakistan

1960
Ronald Holland
 Great Britain in  Pakistan

1961
Nilawan Pintong
 Thailand

1962
Horace Kadoorie
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1962
Lawrence Kadoorie
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1963
Helen Kim
 South Korea

1964
Augustine Nguyen Lac Hoa
 South Vietnam

1965
Jayaprakash Narayan
 India

1966
Kim Yong-ki
 South Korea

1967
Sithiporn Kridakorn
 Thailand

1968
Seiichi Tobata
 Japan

1969
Kim Hyung-Seo
 South Korea

1971
Pedro Orata
 Philippines

1972
Cecile Guidote
 Philippines

1972
Gilopez Kabayao
 Philippines

1973
Antonio Fortich
 Philippines

1973
Benjamin Gaston
 Philippines

1974
M.S. Subbulakshmi
 India

1975
Phra Parnchand
 Thailand

1976
Hermenegild Fernandez
 France in  Sri Lanka

1977
Fe del Mundo
 Philippines

1978
Prateep Ungsongtham Hata
 Thailand

1979
Chang Kee-ryo
 South Korea

1980
Ohm Dae-sup
 South Korea

1981
Johanna Nasution
 Indonesia

1982
Manibhai Desai
 India

1983
Fua Hariphitak
 Thailand

1984
Thongbai Thongpao
 Thailand

1985
Baba Amte
 India

1986
Abdul Sattar Edhi
 Pakistan

1986
Bilquis Edhi
 Pakistan

1987
Hans Jassin
 Indonesia

1988
Masanobu Fukuoka
 Japan

1989
Lakshmi Chand Jain
 India

1991
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
 Thailand

1992
Angel Alcala
 Philippines

1993
Banoo Jehangir Coyaji
 India

1994
Mechai Viravaidya
 Thailand

1995
Asma Jahangir
 Pakistan

1996
John Woong-Jin Oh
 South Korea

1997
Mahesh Chandra Regmi
   Nepal

1998
Sophon Suphapong
 Thailand

1999
Rosa Rosal
 Philippines

2000
Liang Congjie
 China

2001
Wu Qing
 China

2002
Ruth Pfau
 Pakistan

2003
Gao Yaojie
 China

2004
Jiang Yanyong
 China

2005
Teten Masduki
 Indonesia

2005
V. Shanta
 India

2006
Park Won-soon
 South Korea

2007
Kim Sun-tae
 South Korea

2008
Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions
 Philippines

2008
Therdchai Jivacate
 Thailand

text: Community Leadership[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

1958
Vinoba Bhave[3][4]
 India

1959
14th Dalai Lama
 Tibet

1960
Tunku Abdul Rahman
 Malaya

1961
Gus Borgeest
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1962
Palayil Narayanan
 Malaya

1962
Koesna Poeradiredja
 Indonesia

1963
Verghese Kurien[5][6]
 India

1963
Dara Nusserwanji Khurody
 India

1963
Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel[7][8]
 India

1964
Pablo Torres Tapia
 Philippines

1965
Lim Kim San
 Singapore

1966
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay[9]
 India

1967
Abdul Razak Hussein
 Malaysia

1968
Rosario Encarnacion
 Philippines

1968
Silvino Encarnacion
 Philippines

1969
Ahangamage Ariyaratne
 Sri Lanka

1971
M.S. Swaminathan[10]
 India

1972
Hans Westenberg
 Indonesia

1973
Krasae Chanawongse
 Thailand

1974
Fusaye Ichikawa
 Japan

1975
Lee Tai-Young
 South Korea

1976
Toshikazu Wakatsuki
 Japan

1977
Ela Bhatt[11]
 India

1978
Tahrunessa Abdullah
 Bangladesh

1979
Mabelle Arole
 India

1979
Rajanikant Arole
 India

1980
Fazle Hasan Abed
 Bangladesh

1981
Pramod Karan Sethi
 India

1982
Chandi Prasad Bhatt
 India

1983
Anton Soedjarwo
 Indonesia

1984
Muhammad Yunus
 Bangladesh

1985
Zafrullah Chowdhury
 Bangladesh

1986
John Vincent Daly
 United States in  South Korea

1986
Paul Jeong Gu Jei
 South Korea

1987
Aree Valyasevi
 Thailand

1988
Mohammed Yeasin
 Bangladesh

1989
Kim Im-soon
 South Korea

1991
Ven. Cheng Yen
 Taiwan

1992
Shoaib Sultan Khan
 Pakistan

1993
Abdurrahman Wahid
 Indonesia

1994
Sima Samar
 Afghanistan in  Pakistan

1994
Fei Xiaotong
 China

1995
Ho Ming-Teh
 Taiwan

1996
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
 India

1997
Eva Fidela Maamo
 Philippines

1998
Nuon Phaly
 Cambodia

1999
Angela Gomes
 Bangladesh

2000
Aruna Roy
 India

2001
Rajendra Singh
 India

2002
Cynthia Maung
 Burma

2003
Shantha Sinha
 India

2004
Prayong Ronnarong
 Thailand

2005
Sombath Somphone
 Laos

2006
Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation
 Philippines

2006
Antonio Meloto
 Philippines

2007
Mahabir Pun
   Nepal

2008
Prakash Amte[12][13]
 India

2008
Mandakini Amte[12][13]
 India

2016
Bezwada Wilson[14][15][16]

 India

text: Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

1958
Robert Dick
 Great Britain in  Philippines

1958
Mochtar Lubis
 Indonesia

1959
Tarzie Vittachi
 Ceylon

1959
Edward Michael Law-Yone
 Burma

1961
Amitabha Chowdhury
 India

1962
Chang Chun-Ha
 South Korea

1964
Richard Wilson
 Great Britain in  Hong Kong

1964
Kayser Sung
 China in  Hong Kong

1965
Akira Kurosawa
 Japan

1967
Satyajit Ray
 India

1968
Ton That Thien
 South Vietnam

1969
Mitoji Nishimoto
 Japan

1971
Prayoon Chanyavongs
 Thailand

1972
Yasuji Hanamori
 Japan

1973
Michiko Ishimure
 Japan

1974
Zacarias Sarian
 Philippines

1975
Boobli George Verghese
 India

1976
Sombhu Mitra
 India

1977
Mahesh Chandra Regmi
   Nepal

1978
Yoon Suk-joong
 South Korea

1979
L.T.P. Manju Sri
 Sri Lanka

1980
F. Sionil Jose
 Philippines

1981
Gour Kishore Ghosh
 India

1982
Arun Shourie
 India

1983
Fr. Marcelline Jayakody
 Sri Lanka

1984
R. K. Laxman
 India

1985
Lino Brocka
 Philippines

1986
Radio Veritas
 Philippines

1987
Diane Ying
 Taiwan

1988
Ediriweera Sarachchandra
 Sri Lanka

1989
James Reuter
 Philippines

1991
K.V. Subbanna
 India

1992
Ravi Shankar
 India

1993
Bienvenido Lumbera
 Philippines

1994
Abdul Samad Ismail
 Malaysia

1995
Pramoedya Ananta Toer
 Indonesia

1996
Nick Joaquin
 Philippines

1997
Mahasweta Devi
 India

1998
Ruocheng Ying
 China

1999
Raul Locsin
 Philippines

1999
Lin Hwai-min
 Taiwan

2000
Atmakusumah Astraatmadja
 Indonesia

2001
W.D. Amaradeva
 Sri Lanka

2002
Bharat Koirala
   Nepal

2003
Sheila Coronel
 Philippines

2004
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
 Bangladesh

2005
Matiur Rahman
 Bangladesh

2006
Eugenia Duran Apostol
 Philippines

2007
Palagummi Sainath
 India

2008
Akio Ishii
 Japan

text: Peace and International Understanding (PIU)[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Nationality or Base Country

1958
Operation Brotherhood
 Philippines

1960
Y.C. James Yen
 Taiwan

1961
Genevieve Caulfield
 United States in  Thailand

1962
Mother Teresa
 India

1963
Peace Corps
 United States

1964
Welthy Fisher
 United States in  India

1965
Bayanihan Folk Arts Center and its Supporting Entities
 Philippines

1966
Mekong Committee and Cooperating Entities
 Cambodia

1967
Shiroshi Nasu
 Japan

1968
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)
 Philippines

1969
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
 United States in  Philippines

1971
Saburo Okita
 Japan

1973
Summer Institute of Linguistics
 Philippines

1974
William Masterson
 Philippines

1975
Patrick James McGlinchey
 Ireland in  South Korea

1976
Henning Holck-Larsen
 Denmark in  India

1977
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB)
 Philippines

1978
Soedjatmoko
 Indonesia

1979
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
 Indonesia

1980
Shigeharu Matsumoto
 Japan

1981
Augustine Joung Kang
 South Korea

1983
Aloysius Schwartz
 United States in  South Korea

1984
Jiro Kawakita
 Japan

1985
Harold Ray Watson
 Philippines

1986
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)
 Philippines

1987
Richard William Timm
 Bangladesh /  United States

1988
The Royal Project
 Thailand

1989
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
 Thailand

1991
Press Foundation of Asia
 Philippines

1992
Washington SyCip
 Philippines /  United States

1993
Noboru Iwamura
 Japan

1994
Eduardo Jorge Anzorena
 Argentina in  Japan

1995
Asian Institute of Management (AIM)
 Philippines

1996
Toshihiro Takami
 Japan

1997
Sadako Ogata
 Japan

1998
Corazon Aquino
 Philippines

2000
Jockin Arputham
 India

2001
Ikuo Hirayama
 Japan

2002
Pomnyun Sunim
 South Korea

2003
Tetsu Nakamura
 Japan

2003
Seiei Toyama
 Japan

2004
Laxminarayan Ramdas
 India

2004
Ibn Abdur Rehman
 Pakistan

2006
Sanduk Ruit
   Nepal

2007
Tang Xiyang
 China

2008
Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
 Indonesia


document_title: Languages of South America

question_text: what is the primary language of latin america

text: Languages of South America

text: Main languages[edit]

text:
Quechua
     Guarani
     Aymara

     Nahuatl
     Maya languages
     Mapudungún

text: Spanish is the majority language of South America, by a small margin. Portuguese, with slightly fewer speakers than Spanish, is the second most spoken language on the continent.

text: Other official and majority languages in specific countries are:

text:
Dutch in Suriname
English in Guyana and the Falkland Islands.
French in French Guiana, an overseas department of France.

tag: ul

text: Indigenous languages[edit]

text: Indigenous languages of South America include, among several others, Quechua languages in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and, less common in Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Argentina and Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; Wayuu in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina.

text: In Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, and Tupi Guarani are co-official alongside Spanish. In Paraguay, Guarani shares joint official status with Spanish. In Colombia, the languages of the country's ethnic groups are constitutionally recognized as official languages in their territories; more than 60 such aboriginal languages exist today. In Ecuador, Spanish, Northern Quechua and Shuar are official for intercultural relations. In Peru, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant. There are many other languages once spoken in South America that are extinct today (such as the extinct languages of the Marañón River basin).

text: In Brazil, there are around 135 indigenous languages confirmed. The regions with the most speakers are northern and southern Brazil, where there is a larger concentration of native people. Indigenous populations have been trying to keep their traditions of their homeland, with the help of Funai, the agency responsible for the protection of the native people.

text:
Language
Speakers
Countries

Quechua
8,900,000[1]
Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Colombia

Guarani
4,900,000[2]
Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina

Aymara
2,800,000[3]
Bolivia, Peru, Chile

text: Linguistic Classification of Central and South America[edit]

text:
Macro-Chibchan

Chibchan

Chibcha-Duit, Tunebo, Arhuaco, Cuna-Cueva, Guaymi-Dorasque, Talamanca, Rama-Guatuso
Misumalpan, Paya, Xinca, Lenca
Shiriana

Paezan

Choco, Cuaiquer, Andaki, Paez-Coconuco, Colorado-Cayapa, Warrau, Mura-Matanawi, Jirajira, Yunca, Atacameno, Itonama

Andean-Equatorial

Andean

Ona, Yahgan, Alacaluf, Tehuelche, Puelche, Araucanian
Quechua, Aymara
Zaparoan

Aomurano, Cabela

Cahuapana
Leco, Sec, Culle, Xibito-Cholon, Catacao, Colan
Simacu

Jibaro-Kandoshi, Esmeralda, Cofan, Yaruro
Macro-Tucanoan

Tucano

Auixira

Catuquina, Ticuna, Muniche, Auaque, Caliana, Macu, Yuri, Canichana, Mobima
Puinave

Equatorial

Arawak

Chapacura-Uanhaman, Chamicuro, Apolista, Amuesha, Araua, Uru

Tupi

Ariqueme

Timote, Cariri, Zamuco, Guahibo-Pamigua, Saliban, Otomaco-Taparita, Mocoa, Tuyuneri, Yuruneri, Trumai, Cayuvava

Ge-Pano-Carib

Macro-Gê

Ge, Caingang, Camacan, Machacali, Puri, Patacho, Malali, Coropo, Botocudo, Chiquita, Guato, Fulnio, Oti
Bororo
Caraja

Macro-Panoan

Tacana-Pano, Moseten, Mataco, Lule, Vilela, Mascoy, Charrua, Guaycuru-Opaie

Oto-Mangue
Tarascan
Hokan

Jicaque, Yurumangui

Penutian

Mixe Zoque, Huave, Mayan, Totonac

Azteco-Tanoan

text: Other languages[edit]

text: Italian is spoken by communities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Peru, and Venezuela.

text: German is used by some in Brazil, Argentina, Guyana, Suriname, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

text: Speakers of Arabic (chiefly of Lebanese, Syrian or Palestinian descent), are commonly found in parts of in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile (largest Palestinian colony outside the Middle East) and Venezuela.

text: Welsh is spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia.

text: There are small Croatian, Greek, Polish, Ukrainian and Russian-speaking communities in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.

text: There are also many Romani-speakers, originating in Eastern Europe, throughout South America particularly in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina.

text: There are Eastern European Romanian speakers, esp. in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia, where Romanian populations live.

text: There are also small clusters of Japanese-speakers in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia (including Okinawans from the island of Okinawa), Colombia, Paraguay, and Ecuador. Brazil currently holds the largest Japanese community outside Japan [5]

text: Hindustani and other Indian languages are commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

text: Javanese is commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

text: The Rapa Nui Language is a Polynesian origin found in Easter Island, Chile and Maori is also found in Easter Island.

text: Most South American countries mandate the regular study of one or more of English, French, German or Italian. These countries often have advanced cultural language institutes for those respective languages centered in their major cities.

text: In Brazil, Italian and German dialects, specifically Talian, East Pomeranian and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, have co-official status alongside Portuguese in about a dozen cities, and are mandatory subjects in schools in other municipalities. Brazil's largest city Sao Paulo has large numbers of German, Italian, Japanese and Levantine Arabic speakers.

text: Languages in censuses


document_title: Cedar Point

question_text: where does cedar point get its name from

question_tokens: where does cedar point get its name from

text: Cedar Point

text: History[edit]

text: In the mid-19th century, the south shore region of Lake Erie was a popular vacation destination for the emerging middle class in the United States. The lake's islands, such as Kelleys Island and South Bass Island, were gaining a reputation for their freshwater bathing resorts.[10] The Cedar Point peninsula, named for its abundance of cedar trees, was originally known for its fishing. Local fishermen leased land and built living quarters there.[11] Sandusky, which featured an important shipping harbor and two railroads, transformed into a major economic center over the next three decades.[12] Railroad and steamship travel supported an emerging tourism industry, and rapid development of the area began.[13]

text: In the 1860s during the American Civil War, housing for a battery of four field artillery pieces was constructed at the tip of the peninsula. It was used to defend a prison for Confederate soldiers on nearby Johnson's Island. Louis Zistel, a German immigrant, built two boats to transport the prisoners. In 1870, he began to ferry locals to the Cedar Point peninsula, which was regaining popularity as a summer picnic destination. Zistel opened a bathhouse on the north shore of the peninsula and the same year built a beer garden with a small dance floor.[10] He charged 25 cents per person to ride from Sandusky to Cedar Point on his boat, Young Reindeer. This marked the beginning of commercial tourism on the Cedar Point peninsula.[14]

text: Benjamin F. Dwelle and Captain William Slackford leased land on the peninsula in 1882 and built eight new bathhouses, a dance hall and wooden walkways on the beach.[10] The steamboats R.B. Hayes and Lutts provided transport to Biemiller's Cove and Cedar Point Light.[14] Building on early success, Dwelle and Slackford continued to expand the offerings for their visitors each year and added picnic tables, cleared acres of brush, and built a baseball diamond. In 1888, after Slackford became ill, Dwelle entered a more lucrative partnership with Adam Stoll and Louis Adolph, who owned land at Cedar Point, and investors Charles Baetz and Jacob Kuebeler.[15] The partnership's first venture was constructing a Grand Pavilion, which opened in 1888. It was a two-story theater and concert hall with a bowling alley and photographer's studio. The building was recognized for its unusual architecture, and still stands in the park.[15] The first amusement ride at Cedar Point, a water toboggan ride consisting of a ramp that launched riders into Lake Erie, opened in 1890. Electricity was installed at Cedar Point in 1891.[16] The first roller coaster, Switchback Railway, opened the following year. It stood 25 feet (7.6 m) high and had a top speed of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h). The Switchback Railway was designed as two identical tracks side-by-side – one for the ride down and the other for the train to be hauled back to the top by the ride attendant.[10]

text: Boeckling era[edit]

text: Representatives of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad purchased the peninsula for US$256,000 (equivalent to about $7,530,500 in 2017) in 1897, and formed the Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company.[17][18] The company appointed George A. Boeckling, a businessman from Indiana, as the park's new manager. Under his tenure, the peninsula was transformed from a picnic ground into a nationally recognized amusement park and resort destination.[10][14]

text: The second roller coaster at Cedar Point, the Figure-Eight Roller Toboggan, debuted in 1902. It was moved several years later and renamed The Racer.[19][20] A pony track was built near the beach the same year. Mosquitos were becoming a problem, so in 1904, the park hired the Detroit Dredging Company to drain swampy areas on the peninsula. Detroit Dredging connected a series of lagoons to form a water passageway that quickly became one of the park's signature attractions. Aside from sightseeing passenger boats, the passageway was used to transport coal to power plants near the center of the peninsula.[10] The historic Hotel Breakers opened in 1905 as one of the largest hotels in the Midwest; it had 600 guest rooms and a cafe that could seat 400 guests. A new area of the park called "Amusement Circle" was designed in 1906 to link the pier to the beach. It was located southeast of the Coliseum, a large arena built the same year that featured a grand ballroom and other attractions.[14]

text: In 1908, the Dip the Dips Scenic Railway roller coaster opened but was soon overshadowed in 1912 by the larger Leap the Dips ride. In 1917, Dip the Dips was razed and replaced by the Leap Frog Scenic Railway. With three roller coasters and a growing variety of other rides, Cedar Point was beginning to grow as an amusement park, though that was not Boeckling's priority. He marketed the peninsula primarily as a bathing resort complete with shows, exhibits, motion pictures, and other forms of entertainment, but did not emphasize the park's rides.[21]

text: Many more hotels and restaurants were constructed in the remaining years of Boeckling's tenure, including Hotel Cedars, White House Hotel, Crystal Rock Castle, and Crystal Gardens Ballroom. The Cyclone, a rickety and rough coaster, was built in 1926. Cedar Point continued to update its ride attractions, replacing the Racer, the Circle Swing, and many other rides to make way for a Shoot-the-Chutes water ride, a Tilt-A-Whirl, and fun houses such as Noah's Ark and Bluebeard's Palace. Boeckling's health began to deteriorate in the late 1920s. In 1931, Boeckling became confined to a wheelchair, but he continued to oversee park operations, and was pushed around Cedar Point by an employee or relative. His condition worsened, however, and he eventually had to remain indoors. Boeckling died on July 24, 1931 from uremia. His portrait in the lobby of Breakers Hotel was draped in black. Flags in the resort and on the G.A. Boeckling steamboat were lowered to half mast.[22]

text: After Boeckling-George A Roose Era[edit]

text: Edward Smith took over Cedar Point's management after Boeckling's death. Little expansion happened through the 1930s; one of the few rides built in that period was the Tumble Bug. The decaying Leap the Dips coaster was demolished in the mid-1930s. In the late 1930s, the resort was on the brink of being sold to the state of Ohio for US$3,000,000 (equivalent to about $51,069,400 in 2017). After the 1938 season, the directors had the second floor of the Coliseum modernized in the art deco style with a new stage. In the middle, the giant dance floor remained. Some of the top bands of the time played in the ballroom. As a result, it kept Cedar Point operating through the rest of the Depression.[22] Momma Berardi's Home Made French Fries came to Cedar Point, Momma Berardi's family played an important role in the food industry at Cedar Point. Momma Berardi's fries were sold there from 1942 until 1978, winning four Reader's Choice Awards.[23]

text: By the end of World War II, Cedar Point was in need of financial help. The wood of the Cyclone roller coaster was rotting, the boardwalk was cracked in many places, and the fishing dock was in need of repair. In 1946, Cedar Point's oldest still-existing ride, the Midway Carousel, was installed. By 1951, the Cyclone coaster was razed because of its poor condition, leaving the resort without a roller coaster. As the Cyclone was being removed, the Laff-in-the-Dark, Rocket Ships, and Loop-A-Plane attractions were installed. Cedar Point Causeway was built in 1957, and is still in use. The president of Cedar Point, Bernie Zeiher, was replaced by George Roose around 1958, and Emile Legros was elected chairman that same year.[16][19]

text: In the 1950s, the Pagoda Gift Shop was a post-office and the Crystal Rock Castle was turned into a maintenance shop in the late-1950s. In 1959, the hotels were repainted, new admission gates were installed, and over US$1,200,000 (equivalent to about $10,074,000 in 2017) was spent to refresh Cedar Point. The park's first roller coaster since the Cyclone, the Wild Mouse, was built. The resort also got a new kind of ride, a monorail that was the most popular ride in 1959. Breakers Hotel was restored, and the neglected cottages were demolished. The Coliseum and Grand Pavilion were both painted and remodeled. The Crystal Rock Castle Maintenance Shop, bathhouses, and the old powerhouse were demolished, and a new $50,000 bathhouse, boiler house, and maintenance shop were built in their place.[16][19]

text: In the 1960s, the idea of  "pay one price" season passes became common.[11] On March 28, 1960, Cedar Point announced plans to transform the park into a "Disneyland" amusement center.[24] Those plans fell through, however. Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad opened in 1963, transporting passengers from the middle of the park to the back. In 1964, Cedar Point built its oldest surviving roller coaster, the Blue Streak. It was named after the local high school's sports teams, the Sandusky Blue Streaks.[25] Jungle Larry's Safari Island was a well-known attraction that operated from 1965 until 1994 despite the death of Jungle Larry in 1984.[26] The Cedar Creek Mine Ride opened in 1969; it is currently the second oldest roller coaster at Cedar Point.[27]

text: In 1970, the Centennial Theatre, named in honor of Cedar Point's 100th anniversary, was built. 1972 brought Giant Wheel and the now-defunct Jumbo Jet coaster, which was noted for being the fastest coaster at that time. In 1975, Robert L. Munger Jr. took over as president of Cedar Point after Roose retired. The record-breaking  Corkscrew roller coaster was built in 1976; it was the first roller coaster to span a midway and have three inversions. Gemini opened in 1978 and was advertised as the tallest, fastest and steepest roller coaster in the world.[28] A kiddie coaster, named Jr. Gemini (now known as Wilderness Run), opened the following year across from the Gemini. White Water Landing opened in 1982, replacing the original Shoot the Rapids log flume. In 1983, Demon Drop was built at the front of the park. Avalanche Run opened in 1985 close to the beach, and would later be re-themed as Disaster Transport.[19] That same year, the San Francisco Earthquake Ride was transformed into the Berenstain Bear Country.[22]

text: Dick Kinzel era[edit]

text: In 1986, Robert L. Munger Jr, the President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Cedar Fair, stepped down due to health issues, and was replaced by Richard "Dick" Kinzel.[29] Thunder Canyon, a river rafting ride manufactured by Intamin, also opened in 1986. In 1987, Iron Dragon, a suspended roller coaster, debuted on the Million Dollar Midway near the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad station. In 1988, Soak City (now known as Cedar Point Shores), Cedar Point's outdoor water park, was constructed near Hotel Breakers. It featured speed slides, more than 10 body and tube slides, a family raft ride, a water playhouse and two lazy rivers.[22]

text: Several new rides and roller coasters opened at Cedar Point from 1989 to 2011 that were record-breakers. Magnum XL-200 debuted in 1989, breaking the world height and speed records. It was the first roller coaster to exceed a height of 200 feet (61 m) and speeds over 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) and was the first hypercoaster in the world.[22] For the 1990 season, Avalanche Run was transformed into Disaster Transport; the ride was fully enclosed and special effects were added.[22] In subsequent years, the special effects and theming were removed, leaving the ride almost completely dark. Mean Streak opened in 1991 as the northernmost attraction in the park. It broke records for the fastest and tallest wooden roller coaster in the world, reaching speeds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and a height of 161 feet (49 m).[16][22] Challenge Park was built between Hotel Breakers and Soak City in 1992. Challenge Park included RipCord, Skyscraper, and two eighteen-hole mini-golf courses.[22]

text: Snake River Falls was constructed in 1993 because of the popularity of Soak City. The 82-foot (25 m)-tall structure sends riders plunging down 40 mph (64 km/h) at a 50-degree angle.[30] At the bottom of the hill, the ride ends with a splash landing in which the boat creates a large wave, splashing spectators on an overlooking bridge. When it opened, it was the tallest and fastest water ride in the world.[22] In 1994, Cedar Point installed Raptor. The Mill Race log flume was removed from the park, and the circular Calypso was relocated to make room for Raptor, the first inverted roller coaster to feature a cobra roll.[31] In December 1994, the park held its only Christmas in the Park. The Midway Carousel was open, and a horse-drawn carriage gave behind-the-scenes tours of the park, and the midway held many Christmas festivals, including a Christmas tree.[16] In 1996, Cedar Point opened Mantis, then the tallest, steepest, and fastest stand-up roller coaster in the world.[16] Originally, the ride was to be called "Banshee", but it was later changed after negative public reaction.[32] The discarded name would later be reused for Banshee at Kings Island in 2014.[33] In 1997, the park added HalloWeekends, a Halloween event with haunted houses and mazes that typically operates from September through late October.[34] Camp Snoopy debuted in 1999; it features eight Snoopy-themed attractions, with the exception of a Tilt-A-Whirl. The area also features a junior roller coaster built by Vekoma, Woodstock Express.[35]

text: Cedar Point built the first giga coaster, Millennium Force, in 2000. When it debuted, it was the tallest and fastest complete-circuit roller coaster in the world, climbing 310 ft (94 m) and reaching a maximum speed of 93 mph (150 km/h).[36] In 2002, Wicked Twister opened as the tallest, fastest, and longest inverted impulse roller coaster of its kind.[37] In the midst of a highly-competitive industry with other parks, Cedar Point again set new records the following year with the debut of Top Thrill Dragster, which opened as the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world in 2003.[38] It reached a height of 420 ft (130 m) and a maximum speed of 120 mph (190 km/h).[38] Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure broke both records two years later.[39] maXair debuted in 2005 as only the second HUSS Giant Frisbee ride in the United States.[40] Dan Keller also retired in 2005 as Vice President and general manager. He was replaced by John Hildebrandt, who had been the Vice President and general manager of Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom since May 2004.[41] In 2006, Skyhawk was built next to Snake River Falls; it is currently the tallest Screamin' Swing in the world.[42] In the 2007 season, Cedar Point built Maverick, which features a 100-foot (30 m) drop at a 95-degree angle and includes a linear synchronous motor (LSM) launch in the middle of the ride reaching speeds of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).[43] In 2008, Cedar Point introduced Planet Snoopy, a kids' area constructed on the site of Peanuts Playground; it consists of family and children's rides relocated from Cedar Point's sister park Geauga Lake after it closed. The area also consisted of a "Kids Only" restaurant called Joe Cool Cafe, which had a small menu for adults.[44] Starlight Experience, a night-time LED light extravaganza with floats themed to the four seasons, debuted in 2009. The $1,000,000 attraction took place on the Frontier Trail nightly beginning at twilight.[45] In 2010, Cedar Point added a new flume ride on the park's Frontier Trail named Shoot the Rapids, which included two drops and a three-minute journey through a rustic, western-themed environment. It was removed in February 2016 following a history of low ridership and a serious incident in 2013 injuring seven riders.[46][47] WindSeeker, a 301-foot (92 m) tall tower that spins riders along the shoreline of Lake Erie, was introduced in 2011. WindSeeker did not open on time due to construction delays and opened to the public on June 14, 2011.[48]

text: Matt Ouimet era[edit]

text: On June 20, 2011, Cedar Fair announced that Dick Kinzel would retire on January 3, 2012, and Matt Ouimet would become the CEO of the company. Ouimet was employed by The Walt Disney Company for 17 years, including tenures as president of Disney Cruise Line and the Disneyland Resort.[49]

text: In 2012, Cedar Point added Dinosaurs Alive!, a walk-through exhibit featuring approximately 50 life-size animatronic dinosaurs. It is located on Adventure Island and replaced the Paddlewheel Excursions boat cruise ride.[50] A six-lane mat racer slide complex called Dragster H2O was added to Soak City. The slides around Dragster H2O were repainted and the Speed Slides were dismantled to make room for Dragster H2O. Cedar Point also introduced Fast Lane, their version of a fast-pass system, and a new nighttime show, Luminosity – Ignite the Night!. Cedar Point also removed WildCat for the 2012 season to make room for Luminosity.[51] This was the first time since 1978 that a roller coaster was removed from Cedar Point.[27]

text: On July 13, 2012, Cedar Point announced the removal of Disaster Transport and Space Spiral.[52] Exactly a month later, Cedar Point announced GateKeeper, the longest wing coaster in the world, which opened on May 11, 2013. Along with GateKeeper, a new main entrance plaza was constructed, replacing the entrance that was built in the 1960s. It features two 100-foot (30 m)-tall support columns that the GateKeeper trains go through.[53] Cedar Point invested $60 million in its resort hotels over the next three years, starting in the 2013–2014 offseason.[54] At the end of the 2013 season, John Hildebrandt retired as the park's general manager and was replaced by Jason McClure, the former Vice President and general manager of Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom.[55]

text: Two new family attractions called Pipe Scream and Lake Erie Eagles were added in 2014, along with a pay-per-ride thrill ride named SlingShot. Camp Snoopy and the Gemini Midway underwent renovations the same year, and some rides within those areas were relocated and given new themes. In 2015, the stand-up coaster Mantis was transformed into a floorless roller coaster called Rougarou, receiving new trains and a new green and orange paint scheme in the process. Also in 2015, Hotel Breakers received a $25-million renovation. A new roller coaster called Valravn debuted in 2016 as the tallest, fastest, and longest dive coaster in the world.[56] The 223-foot-tall (68 m) ride replaced the 40-year-old Good Time Theater along with an antique car ride known as Turnpike Cars. Calypso was also moved in the process to the beach area near Wicked Twister, where it was renamed Tiki Twirl. Raptor and Top Thrill Dragster were repainted as well.[57][58]

text: As the 2016 season came to close, Cedar Point announced that Mean Streak would close permanently on September 16, 2016, though park officials declined to confirm that it was being torn down.[59] The park teased subtle hints over the following year that the roller coaster was in fact being refurbished.[60] In August 2017, Cedar Point officially confirmed that Mean Streak would reemerge as Steel Vengeance in 2018.[60]

text: Park timeline[edit]

text:
1870: Cedar Point opens
1892: Switchback Railway opens
1899: Bay Shore Hotel opens
1902: Figure-Eight Roller Toboggan opens
1905: Hotel Breakers opens
1907: Switchback Railway closes
1908: Dip the Dips Scenic Railway opens
1910: Racer opens
1912: Leap the Dips opens
1917: Dip the Dips Scenic Railway closes
1918: High Frolics (formerly known as Leap Frog Railway) opens
1925: Noah's Ark opens
1928: Racer closes
1929: Cyclone opens
1933: Leap Frog Railway was renamed High Frolics
1934: Tumble Bug opens
1935: Leap the Dips closes
1940: High Frolics closes
1946: Midway Carrousel opens
1951: Cyclone closes
1952: Super Coaster opens
1955: Fascination opens
1957: The Cedar Point Causeway opens
1958: Cadillac Cars open
1959: Monorail, Turnpike Cars, and Wild Mouse opens; Noah's Ark closes; Construction is completed on the Cedar Point Marina

text:
1960: Scrambler opens
1961: Sky wheel, Rotor, and Star Voyager (formerly called Super Jets) open
1962: Sky Ride and Scamper opens
1963: Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad and Mill Race open; Wild Mouse closes
1964: Blue Streak, and Paddlewheel Excursions (formerly called Western Cruise) open
1965: Space Spiral, Earthquake, and Jungle Larry's African Safari open
1966: Pirate Ride, Trabant, and Upside Down Funhouse opens
1967: Cedar Downs Racing Derby, Second Rotor, Sealand Marine exhibit, Shoot-the-Rapids, and Frontiertown open; Super Coaster closes
1968: Frontier Lift, Kiddieland Carousel and Sky Slide open
1969: Cedar Creek Mine Ride, Antique Cars, and the Town Hall Museum open; Scamper closes
1970: WildCat, Bayern Kurve, Dodgem No. 2, Monster, Schwabinchen, Calypso, Super Himilaya, Centennial Theatre, Kiddy Kingdom, and Tiki Twirl open, Cedar Point marked the 100th anniversary
1971: Frontier Trail and Camper Village RV Campground open; Zugspitze closes
1972: Frontiertown Carousel, Jumbo Jet, Giant Wheel and Matterhorn open
1975: The Cedar Point Cinema opens
1976: Corkscrew and Troika open
1977: Witches' Wheel opens
1978: Gemini opens; Jumbo Jet was closed down
1979: Jr. Gemini and Wave Swinger open

text:
1980: Oceana Dolphin stadium opens; Sky Wheel closes;
1981: Ocean Motion opens; Sky Wheel, Funhouse and Shoot-the-Rapids close
1982: White Water Landing and Kid Arthur's Court open
1983: Demon Drop opens
1984: Tiki Twirl, Rotor, Bayern Curve and Earthquake close
1985: Avalanche Run and Berenstain Bear Country indoor complex opens; Frontier Lift closes; WildCat, Matterhorn and Super Himalaya moved to make room for Avalanche Run; Schwabinchen relocated near Ocean Motion
1986: Thunder Canyon opens; Sir Rub-A-Dub's Tubs added to Kiddy Kingdom
1987: Iron Dragon opens; Monster is relocated to make room for Iron Dragon; Western Cruise station is moved and renamed Paddlewheel Excursions to make room for Iron Dragon
1988: Soak City waterpark opens
1989: Magnum XL-200 opens
1990: Sandcastle Suites; Main Stream and Tadpole Town added to Soak City; Trabant closes; Avalanche Run is transformed into Disaster Transport
1991: Mean Streak opens; Sky Slide closes
1992: Challenge Park opens; outdoor complex added to Berenstain Bear Country
1993: Snake River Falls opens; Mill Race closes
1994: Raptor opens; Jungle Larry's African Safari closes; Calypso and Midway Carousel relocated to make room for Raptor; Turnpike Cars reduced to make room for Raptor; Christmas in the Park is held for the first and last time
1995: Zoom Flume and laser light show added; Renegade River and Choo-Choo Lagoon debut in Soak City; Breakers East is added to Hotel Breakers
1996: Mantis and Ripcord open; Pirate Ride closes
1997: Chaos opens; Soak city expansion; HalloWeekends introduced for the first time
1998: Power Tower opens; Bumper Boats relocated from Kiddy Kingdom to Gemini Midway
1999: Camp Snoopy opens; Breakers Tower is added to Hotel Breakers; Super Himalaya is relocated to make room for Camp Snoopy; Oceana Dolphin stadium is renamed The Aquatic Stadium with new show, Splash!; Kid Arthur's Court closes

text:
2000: Millennium Force and Breakers Express open; Giant Wheel relocated to make room for Millennium Force.
2001: Lighthouse Point opens; The Aquarium closes; VertiGo is open 4 months before being demolished, Dodgem No.1 closes.
2002: Wicked Twister opens; "Snoopy Rocks! On Ice" ice skating show debuts; Cedar Point Cinema is converted into Good Time Theatre; Schwabinchen closes.
2003: Top Thrill Dragster opens; Swan Boats close; Troika and Chaos are relocated to make room for Top Thrill Dragster; Troika and WildCat repainted.
2004: $10 million in capital improvements with expansions at Lighthouse Point luxury camping complex; Splash City added to Soak City; Iron Dragon repainted.
2005: maXair opens; White Water Landing closes; Magnum XL-200 repainted.
2006: Skyhawk opens; Hot Summer Lights nighttime show.
2007: Maverick opens; Peanuts Playground closes.
2008: Planet Snoopy and SkyScraper open; the Aquatic Stadium is renamed Extreme Sports Stadium with new show, All Wheels Extreme.
2009: Starlight Experience opens; Demon Drop closes.
2010: Shoot the Rapids opens; Chaos closes.
2011: WindSeeker opens; Ocean Motion relocated to the former Demon Drop site to make room for WindSeeker; Paddlewheel Excursions and WildCat close, Speed Slides in Soak City close; Millennium Force repainted.
2012: Dinosaurs Alive! opens; Dragster H2O added to Soak City; Fast Lane is introduced; Iron Dragon Midway renamed Celebration Plaza with new show, Luminosity – Ignite the Night!; Disaster Transport and Space Spiral close.
2013: GateKeeper opens; new entrance plaza debuts; Bumper Boats closes.
2014: Pipe Scream, Lake Erie Eagles, and SlingShot open with renovated Gemini Midway; Frog Hopper becomes Woodstock's Airmail and relocates to Camp Snoopy; Jr. Gemini entrance moves to Camp Snoopy and renamed Wilderness Run; Mantis, Turnpike Cars, Sir Rub-a-Dubs Tubs and Good Time Theatre close.
2015: Mantis reopens as Rougarou, a floorless coaster; Hotel Breakers finishes renovation; Calypso renamed Tiki Twirl and relocates; Dodgem relocated and cars are replaced with more padding; Maverick gets new restraints; Challenge Racing, Skyscraper, and Shoot the Rapids close.
2016: Valravn opens, along with a new restaurant called Frontier Inn; Raptor and Top Thrill Dragster repainted; Mean Streak, Challenge Park, Challenge Golf, and Choo Choo Lagoon at Soak City close.
2017: Soak City expands and becomes Cedar Point Shores; Hotel Breakers expands; Breakers Express expands and becomes Cedar Point’s Express Hotel; new sporting complex called Cedar Point Sports Center opens; RipCord relocated to the former Shoot the Rapids location and renamed Professor Delbert's Frontier Fling; Joe Cool's Cafe is replaced by Melt Bar & Grilled; Sandcastle Suites and Extreme Sports Stadium close;  Luminosity – Ignite the Night! issues its final performance.
2018: Mean Streak reopens as Steel Vengeance, marketed as a record-breaking, wooden hybrid coaster.

text: Sources:[14][16][22][61][62][63][64][65]

text: List of attractions[edit]

text:
Thrill level (out of 5)[66]

  1 (low)   2 (mild)   3 (moderate)   4 (high)    5 (aggressive)

text: Roller coasters[edit]

text: As of  May 2018[update], Cedar Point features 17 roller coasters.[67] It is tied with Canada's Wonderland for second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain, which has 19.[68][69]

text:
Coaster

Picture

Opened

Manufacturer

Description

Thrilllevel[66]

Blue Streak

1964

Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters

A wooden roller coaster. It is the oldest operating roller coaster at Cedar Point.

4

Cedar Creek Mine Ride

1969

Arrow Dynamics

A steel mine train Hybrid roller coaster.

4

Corkscrew

1976

Arrow Dynamics

A steel roller coaster that spans the midway. It was the first coaster with 3 inversions and the first coaster to span a midway when it opened.

5

GateKeeper

2013

Bolliger & Mabillard

A steel wing coaster that travels from the beach through the main gate. It is the highest and longest Wing Coaster as well as having the highest inversion on any roller coaster in the world.[70]

5

Gemini

1978

Arrow Dynamics

A steel racing Hybrid roller coaster. It was marketed as the tallest, fastest and longest when it opened.

5

Iron Dragon

1987

Arrow Dynamics

A steel suspended roller coaster. Supports were painted yellow for the 2004 season.

4

Magnum XL-200

1989

Arrow Dynamics

A steel hyper roller coaster. It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened.[16]

5

Maverick

2007

Intamin

A steel launched roller coaster. With its 95-degree drop, it is the steepest roller coaster in the park.

5

Millennium Force

2000

Intamin

A steel giga roller coaster. It set several records when it opened such as the tallest, fastest and steepest roller coaster in the world.[71]

5

Raptor

1994

Bolliger & Mabillard

A steel inverted roller coaster. It was the tallest, fastest and longest inverted roller coaster in the world when it opened. It was also the first inverted roller coaster with a cobra roll and custom layout.[31]

5

Rougarou

1996

Bolliger & Mabillard

A steel floorless coaster previously known as Mantis, which was the tallest, fastest and steepest stand-up roller coaster in the world when it opened in 1996. Rougarou opened in 2015 as a renovated version of Mantis featuring new trains, new colors, and a new theme.[72][73]

5

Steel Vengeance

2018

Rocky Mountain Construction

A steel hybrid coaster that opened as the tallest, longest, and fastest of its kind in the world.

5

Top Thrill Dragster

2003

Intamin

A steel strata accelerator roller coaster. It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened.[38]

5

Valravn

2016

Bolliger & Mabillard

A steel Dive Coaster that opened as the tallest, fastest, longest of its kind in the world.[56]

5

Wicked Twister

2002

Intamin

A steel inverted impulse roller coaster. It is currently the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world.

5

Wilderness Run

1979

Intamin

A steel children's roller coaster, previously known as Jr. Gemini until 2014. It was the first roller coaster manufactured by Intamin.[74] Entrance was moved to Camp Snoopy and renamed Wilderness Run in 2014.[57]

2

Woodstock Express

1999

Vekoma

A steel junior roller coaster. It is located within Camp Snoopy.

4

text: Thrill rides[edit]

text: Cedar Point has 17 thrill rides. The newest is SlingShot, which was introduced in 2014.[75]

text:
Ride

Year opened

Manufacturer

Description

Thrill level[66]

Cedar Downs Racing Derby

1967

Prior and Church

A high-speed, circular ride resembling a carousel themed to horse racing. It is one of only two remaining installations of its kind still operating in the United States.[76] Manufactured in 1920 by Prior and Church, the ride was sold to Cedar Point in 1965. It was originally located at the defunct Euclid Beach Park in east Cleveland, where it was called "Great American Racing Derby", and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[77][78]

3

Dodgem

1970

Soli of Italy

A classic bumper cars attraction.

4

Matterhorn

1972

Mack Rides

A matterhorn circular ride that swings riders as it moves in a clockwise motion while traveling up and down.

3

maXair

2005

HUSS Park Attractions

A Giant Frisbee ride, it is one of only two Giant Frisbees made by HUSS in the world.

5

Monster

1970

Eyerly Aircraft Company

A standard monster ride.

3

Ocean Motion

1981

HUSS Park Attractions

A swinging pirate ship ride that reaches a height of 65 feet (20 m).

3

Pipe Scream

2014

Zamperla

A Disk'O ride where a single car travels along a 302-foot (92 m) long, U-shaped track, reaching a height of 43 feet (13 m).

4

Power Tower

1998

S&S Worldwide

A combo drop tower ride featuring both a Space Shot and a Turbo Drop. Power Tower is the only four-towered drop tower ride in the world, devoting two towers to each drop cycle.

5

Professor Delbert's Frontier Fling

1996

Ride Entertainment Group

A 152 feet (46 m) dual arch Skycoaster model. Operated as Ripcord in Challenge Park from 1996–2016. This is an upcharge attraction.

5

Scrambler

1960

Eli Bridge Company

A twist ride that is one of the oldest rides operating at Cedar Point.

3

Skyhawk

2006

S&S Worldwide

A Screamin' Swing ride, which is currently the world's largest swinging ride.

5

SlingShot

2014

Funtime

A 236 feet (72 m) tall Sling Shot ride that launches riders up 360 feet (110 m) at speeds up to 62 miles per hour (100 km/h). SlingShot is an additional charge attraction.

5

Super Himalaya

1970

Mack Rides

A circular Music Express ride that travels in a clockwise motion on a track of various elevations.

3

Tiki Twirl

1970

Mack Rides

A spinning ride that spins riders in two degrees of motion. Previously known as Calypso prior to its relocation in 2015.

3

Troika

1976

HUSS Park Attractions

A Troika ride in which riders reach a height of 25 feet (7.6 m).

3

Wave Swinger

1979

Zierer

A wave swinger ride featuring hand painted murals. Riders reach a height of 16 feet (4.9 m).

3

WindSeeker

2011

Mondial

A WindSeeker tower swinger ride. It was one of the first of its kind.

4

Witches' Wheel

1977

HUSS Park Attractions

An Enterprise ride. It turns riders upside down more than a dozen times, 60 feet (18 m) above the ground.

4

text: Family rides[edit]

text: Cedar Point has 9 family rides.

text:
Ride

Year opened

Manufacturer

Description

Thrill level[66]

Antique Cars

1969

Arrow Dynamics

An automobile track ride with cars that resemble an early Cadillac car. It is one of two track rides in the park.

3

Cadillac Cars

1958

Arrow Dynamics

A second track ride with cars designed to look like a 1910 Cadillac.

3

Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad

1963

Engines:
Davenport Locomotive Works
H.K. Porter, Inc.
Vulcan Iron Works

A 15-minute, western-themed train excursion encompasses a two-mile (3.2 km) trip.[79] The 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge[80] train features two stations: one near Iron Dragon and the other near Steel Vengeance.

1

Giant Wheel

1972[14]

Anton Schwarzkopf

A giant Ferris wheel. At 136 feet (41.5 m) tall, it is one of the tallest wheels in North America.[81]

2

Kiddy Kingdom Carousel

1968

William H. Dentzel firm

A classic carousel ride. It is located in the Kiddy Kingdom section of the park and is listed on the NRHP.[82]

1

Lake Erie Eagles

2014

Larson International

A flying eagles ride with eight carriages that each have a paddle, enabling guests to change the movement of their carriage.

3

Midway Carousel

1946

Daniel Muller

A classic carousel ride. One of the few remaining Daniel Muller Carousels, it was built in 1912 and moved to Cedar Point 1946. It is the oldest operating ride at Cedar Point and is listed on the NRHP.[83]

1

Sky Ride

1962

Von Roll

A standard gondola lift ride. It transports passengers from the front of the park to a station near Celebration Plaza. The cars used are from the defunct Frontier Lift.

3

Tilt-a-Whirl

1999

Sellner

A standard Tilt-A-Whirl ride. It is the only ride located in Camp Snoopy that is not themed to Snoopy.

3

text: Water rides[edit]

text: Cedar Point has two water rides, excluding attractions located in Cedar Point Shores.[84]

text:
Ride

Opened

Manufacturer

Description

Thrill level[66]

Snake River Falls

1993

Arrow Dynamics

A Shoot-the-Chute ride. It opened as the tallest and fastest water ride in the world with a drop of 80 feet (24 m).[22]

5

Thunder Canyon

1986

Intamin

A river rafting ride. Thunder Canyon normally closes in late August and is transformed into a HalloWeekends attraction called CornStalkers.

4

text: Children rides[edit]

text: Kiddy Kingdom opened in 1970 as Kiddieland but was renamed in 1993.[16] It is located near the first aid station and maXair. It contains 10 rides.

text:
Name
Thrill level[66]

4x4's
2

Dune Buggies
1

Helicopters
2

Motorcycles
1

Mustangs
1

Police Cars
1

Rock Spin & Turn
2

Roto Whip
2

Sky Fighters
2

Space Age
2

text: Opened in 2008, Planet Snoopy is Cedar Point's newest children's area. All of its rides come from the defunct Geauga Lake park.[44] It is located near WindSeeker and contains eight rides.

text:
Name
Thrill level[66]

Flying Ace Balloon Race
2

Joe Cool's Dodgem School
2

Kite Eating Tree
2

Peanuts Road Rally
1

Snoopy's Deep Sea Divers
2

Snoopy's Space Race
2

Snoopy's Express Railroad
1

Woodstock's Whirlybirds
2

text: Camp Snoopy opened in 1999 and is located near the entrance to Dinosaurs Alive!. It contains six rides and two kiddie coasters.

text:
Name
Thrill level[66]

Balloon Race
2

Camp Bus
2

Charlie Brown's Wind Up
2

Peanuts 500
2

Red Baron
2

Snoopy Bounce
2

Wilderness Run
2

Woodstock Express
4

Woodstock’s Airmail
2

text: Cedar Point Shores[edit]

text: Opened in 1988 as Soak City, Cedar Point Shores is Cedar Point's water park. It is adjacent to Cedar Point and requires separate admission. Guests must get their hands stamped to re-enter Cedar Point. On August 18, 2016, Cedar Point announced that Soak City would be expanded and renamed Cedar Point Shores.

text: Live entertainment[edit]

text: Venues[edit]

text:
The Celebration Plaza Stage is in Celebration Plaza in front of the Iron Dragon. It was built for the 2012 season as part of Luminosity – Ignite the Night! and replaced a giant screen used for Hot Summer Lights.
The Red Garter Saloon is a stage located on the Frontier Trail.
The Palace Theater is next to the Last Chance Saloon in Frontiertown.
The Camp Snoopy Theatre is a small stage in Camp Snoopy.
The Jack Aldrich Theatre formerly called the Centennial Theatre is a stage located between Midway Carousel and the Skyride.

text: Shows[edit]

text:
Bandstand USA is a musical medley of tributes featuring a handful of Motown classics.
Beach Band is brass and percussion band that travels around the park playing pop, rock and other genres.
Charlie Brown's Funtime Frolics takes place in the Camp Snoopy Theatre.
Jamming DJ's are disc jockeys (DJ's) who take requests from people waiting in line for the Millennium Force daily and for the Raptor on weekends during the summer.
Vertical Impact is a action show that features  Acrobats, Extreme Athletes, and Dancers.
Lusty Lil’s Revue is a musical comedy show set to a western theme in the Palace Theater.
Peanuts' Celebration at the Point is a Peanuts show performed on the Celebration Plaza stage.
Snoopy's Sing-A-Long is a singing and dancing show in the Camp Snoopy Theatre.
Toes in the Sand Band is a band that plays outside of the Hotel Breakers on the beach.
Totally Live – This Country Rocks is a country music and dancing show in the Red Garter Saloon.

text: Fast Lane[edit]

text: Fast Lane, introduced at Cedar Point in 2012, is a secondary queue system that offers shorter wait times on the park's most popular rides.[86] In addition to the standard admission charge, visitors can bypass the standard wait line by purchasing a wristband that grants access to the Fast Lane queue. A limited number of wristbands are sold each day. The two options available for purchase are "Fast Lane" and "Fast Lane Plus". The standard Fast Lane offers access to 24 attractions, while Fast Lane Plus covers the same rides and adds Top Thrill Dragster, GateKeeper, Maverick, Valravn, and Steel Vengeance.[87]

text: Beginning in the 2014 season, Cedar Point offers a Halloween-themed version of Fast Lane called Fright Lane with Skeleton Key, available during HalloWeekends. In addition to Fast Lane access, this version provides priority access to haunted attractions within the park. It also includes a key that provides access to a secret room in each haunted attraction.[88]

text: Awards/rankings[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Cedar Point won the Golden Ticket Award from Amusement Today for "Best Amusement Park in the World" for 16 consecutive years from 1997–2013.[9] The park has also placed in categories for "Friendliest Park Staff" (2002, 2004 – 2006), "Cleanest Park" (2004, 2005), "Best Capacity" (1998–2002), "Best Kid's Area" (2004, 2013), "Best Outdoor Night Production" (2004–2007), "Best Shows" (2004, 2005), "Best Games Area" (2002), "Best Souvenirs" (2002), and "Best Halloween Event" (2005 – 2008, 2013, 2014). The park also won the Golden Ticket Award for "Best New Ride of 2007" with the roller coaster Maverick.[89] Cedar Point has also won several IAAPA awards, including the Applause Award in 1996.[90]

text: Rankings[edit]

text: Cedar Point's roller coasters have consistently ranked high in the Golden Ticket Awards. In the 2013 rankings, GateKeeper debuted at 28th, making it the first time ever that the park had six steel roller coasters in the top 50. The following steel and wooden coasters were ranked by Amusement Today in 2017:[91]

text: Steel[edit]

text:
Millennium Force: 2nd
Maverick: 10th
Top Thrill Dragster: 17th
Magnum XL-200: 23rd

text: Wood[edit]

text: Blue Streak: 42nd

text: Attendance[edit]

text: In 1960, the park's attendance reached 1 million for the first time. Just five years later, the attendance reached 2 million.[16][92] In 1975, attendance reached 3 million for the first time.[92] Cedar Point's attendance peaked in 1994 with 3.6 million visitors,[93] a feat not matched again until 2016. In 2017, the park was ranked fourteenth overall in North America for attendance and first in the United States among seasonal amusement parks, with an estimated 3.6 million visitors.[1]

text:
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

3.30[94]
3.43[95]
3.10[96]
3.25[97]
3.30[98]
3.20[98]
3.10[98]
3.07[98]
3.12[98]
3.20[99]
2.94[100]
3.05[101]
3.14[102]
3.22[103]
3.38[104]
3.25[105]
3.51[106]
3.60[1]

text: Resorts[edit]

text: Cedar Point owns and operates five resorts located either on park grounds or less than a mile away.[107] Most of the resorts are within walking distance of the Cedar Point Beach. All facilities are non-smoking, and all Cedar Point Resort guests can enter the park one hour before it opens to the general public. Rides that operate during this early-entry session are: Valravn, Millennium Force, Maverick, GateKeeper, Tiki Twirl, Cadillac Cars, Dodgem, Cedar Downs, Midway Carousel, and Kiddie Kingdom.[107]

text: On December 2, 2012, Cedar Point announced that it would invest $60 million in its hotel resorts over three years, starting in the 2013–2014 offseason. No additional rooms were added to any of the hotels.[54][108]

text: On-site resorts, marina, and campgrounds[edit]

text: Hotel Breakers, the oldest resort at Cedar Point, was built in 1905. The hotel has over 500 rooms and suites and is the closest resort to Cedar Point and Cedar Point Shores. In 1997, Hotel Breakers was renovated and expanded, doubling its then size. Hotel Breakers has standard hotel rooms, suites with views of Lake Erie, Snoopy-themed rooms and Wi-Fi in the lobby, rotunda and conference center. It has two pools, beach access, a conference center, and five restaurants including T.G.I. Friday's and Perkins Restaurant and Bakery.[109]

text: Lighthouse Point contains 64 cottages and 40 cabins and is located along the west bank of the peninsula. The centerpiece of Lighthouse Point is the Cedar Point Light, which was built in 1862 and is the oldest existing structure on the peninsula. It has an outdoor pool and outdoor whirlpool spa, a shuffleboard court, a game room, and shuttle service.[110]

text: Camper Village is the only place at Cedar Point where it is possible to hook up a recreational vehicle (RV) to water and electricity. Camper Village sites range from deluxe sites with electricity, water, sewer and cable to 112 electric-only sites. The Camper Village has the Camper Village Store, an outdoor pool, a shuffleboard court, a game room, a shuttle service, a dump station and laundry facilities.[111]

text: The Cedar Point Marina is located on the Sandusky Bay side of the peninsula, directly adjacent to the amusement park. The marina is one of two operated by Cedar Point. It is also one of the largest on Lake Erie with docks, able to accommodate vessels up to 100 ft, for both seasonal and transient boaters. The Marina has fuel docks with holding tank pumpout, a small marina store, dedicated restroom and shower facilities, laundry facilities, and a marina only pool. There are 2 restaurants located at the marina, Famous Daves Bar-B-Que, and Bay Harbor Inn (an upscale seafood restaurant).  Seasonal dockers receive various perks with their docks including 2 Platinum Season Passes, a visitors parking pass, and various extra discounts.  Seasonal and transient boaters can access the park through the Marina Gate and also receive the same perks as at the other resorts including early entry and discount tickets. The marina is the base for the ILYA affiliated Point Yacht Club, and home port for most of the members. The marina season roughly parallels the park's operating season and is open from early May through late October or early November.

text: Off-site Cedar Point-owned resorts[edit]

text: Castaway Bay is an indoor waterpark resort opened by Cedar Fair in November 2004. It houses over 38,000 square feet (3,500 m2) of water attractions, shops, and restaurants, in addition to more than 200 guest rooms and a marina.

text: Cedar Point's Express Hotel, formerly Breakers Express, is a hotel located one mile (one point six kilometres) from Cedar Point. Opened in 2000, it is the closest off-site hotel to the peninsula and includes over 400 guest rooms.[112][113]

text: National Register of Historic Places[edit]

text: Cedar Point features several historic buildings on the peninsula. Many of the buildings and structures on the peninsula are from the late 1800s or early 1900s. The oldest structure on the peninsula is the Cedar Point Light. It is a restored lighthouse that was built in 1862 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on July 19, 1984.[114]  Located along the main midway is the Coliseum. The Coliseum was built in 1906 with the newly expanded Midway. It has a ballroom known for holding several dances that helped Cedar Point out of The Depression. It was added to the NRHP on October 2, 1982.[115]  Another building that is listed on the NRHP is the U.S. Coast Guard Building located along Perimeter Road that stretches around the peninsula.[116]

text: All three of Cedar Point's carousels are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Midway Carousel, otherwise known as the Daniel C. Muller Carousel, is located at the front of the park. It opened in 1912 and was brought to Cedar Point in 1946. A Sandusky family purchased the ride and operated it at the park. It became property of Cedar Point in 1963. It is Cedar Point's oldest operating ride and was added to the NRHP on October 20, 1982.[76][83]  The second carousel at the park is the Cedar Downs Racing Derby, also known as the Great American Racing Derby. It originally opened at Euclid Beach Park in 1921 and was transported to Cedar Point for the 1967 season.[78]  It is only one of two racing carousels still operating in the United States,[76] and was added to the NRHP on November 8, 1990.[77] The third carousel is the Kiddy Kingdom Carousel, located in Kiddy Kingdom. It is also known as William H. Dentzel 1924 Carousel and opened at Cedar Point in 1968. It was added to the NRHP on November 8, 1990.[82]

text: Cedar Point used to have a fourth carousel located in Frontiertown, next to the Wave Swinger. It was known as the Frontier Carousel or William H. Dentzel 1921 Carousel. It opened at Cedar Point in 1972 when it was bought from a family in Lansing, Michigan. It was listed on the NRHP on November 8, 1990.[117] After the 1994 season, the carousel closed and was moved to Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, where it operates under the name Antique Carousel. Its building is currently used for the HalloWeekends attraction, Eternity Infirmary.

text: Former[edit]

text: Cedar Point's oldest hotel is the Hotel Breakers. It opened in 1905 during the "golden age" of resort hotels. It was added to the NRHP on March 9, 1987. After several major alterations, most notably the Breakers Tower in 1998, the National Park Service removed the Hotel Breakers from the NRHP on August 7, 2001.[118]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Cedar Point has had a cultural influence on American society as evidenced in many forms of media such as books, television, and film. In the 1940 biographical film Knute Rockne, All American documenting the life of famous Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne, Cedar Point is featured at a pivotal point in the story. In 1913, Knute works as a lifeguard on a beach at Cedar Point, where he and his college roommate Gus Dorais worked on the forward pass. The concept, which was first used in a scrimmage game at Cedar Point, would revolutionize the sport and the film would later be preserved in the Library of Congress National Film Registry.[119][120] In 2004, an independently-produced film, Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind: Infestation From Mars, was shot at several historic locations around Sandusky including Cedar Point. Dick Kinzel, CEO of Cedar Fair at the time, had a brief speaking role in the film.[121]

text: In the 2006 book The Warrior Heir by Cinda Williams Chima, the main characters take a field trip to Cedar Point with their high school class.[122][123] In a 2010 episode of Bert the Conqueror on the Travel Channel, Bert takes the "Foursome Fearsome" roller-coaster challenge in which he rides the four fastest and tallest coasters in the park in under an hour.[124][125] A 2012 episode of Travel Channel's Off Limits takes a look at off-season maintenance at the park and features the host, Don Wildman, working with the maintenance crew on Mean Streak and Millennium Force.[126][127] In 2012, the "Extreme Heights" and "Speed Demons" episodes of Insane Coaster Wars on the Travel Channel feature Cedar Point coasters Millennium Force and Top Thrill Dragster, respectively. Commentary for the series was primarily filmed at Cedar Point.[128][129]