document_title: Carrie Bradshaw

question_text: where does carrie bradshaw live in sex and the city

text: Carrie Bradshaw

text: Character history and personality[edit]

text: This section may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Carrie writes a weekly column called "Sex and the City" for fictional newspaper, The New York Star. The column focuses on Carrie's sexual escapades and those of her close friends, as well as musings about the relationships between men and women, dating, and New York. It provides Carrie with a certain amount of recognition in the city. People who read her column occasionally describe her as their icon. In the third season, her column is optioned for a film produced by Matthew McConaughey. In the fifth season, some of her columns are compiled into a book. At the end of season four, Carrie begins to write freelance articles for Vogue. Although she initially has trouble dealing with Enid (Candice Bergen), her abrasive, demanding editor at Vogue, she does find her feet and ends up befriending her.

text: Carrie is notoriously led by her emotions. She seeks acceptance (a door key, bathroom cabinet space) from Mr. Big and others (she obsesses over the review her book received from book critic Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times). "Just tell me I'm the one" she urges Mr. Big at the end of Season 1, worried about his refusal to introduce her to his mother. She often behaves in a selfish manner (as seen during her affair) but unless her self-involvement is pointed out by friends, she is apt to blame this on her tendency to get 'Carried Away', a phrase coined by Mr. Big in Season 2. The result is a flawed but relatable character due to the self-deprecating humor with which she tackles stereotypical issues within male–female relationships (commitment being the running theme).

text: Carrie is an on-off smoker and when she smokes, she is mostly seen with Marlboro Lights. She tries to quit in seasons 3 and 4 using the Nicotine patch while dating Aidan. She enjoys cocktails (particularly cosmopolitans—her character's fondness for them helped to popularize the drink). While Carrie is a realist about the difficulties of relationships, having experienced many bad ones throughout the course of the series, she is a romantic on an endless search for true love, and refuses to settle for, as she puts it, "anything less than butterflies." Because of this, she repeatedly expresses doubts that she is the type to get married and raise a family.

text: Carrie is a resident of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. She lives in a brownstone on the Upper East Side at the fictional house number of 245, on East 73rd Street, between Park and Madison. She lives in this apartment throughout the series, having bought it from Aidan in the fourth season, after Aidan had bought it and the apartment next-door for himself and Carrie during their engagement. In the initial episodes of the first season, Carrie's apartment is seen to be above a coffee shop somewhere near the vicinity of Madison Avenue. By approximately the fourth episode, the usual facade of a series of brownstones adjacent to hers is adopted, and remains that way throughout the series. The first episode also features a different apartment from the one used for the next 93 episodes and the movies. In the real life, the building with the famous stairs is 66 Perry Street, N.Y.C (West Village, Manhattan).

text: Little is mentioned about Carrie's life before the series. Carrie arrived in Manhattan on Tuesday, June 11, 1986 when she was approximately 21, given her age that is mentioned at other points in the series. She says in the movie that she's lived in Manhattan for 20 years (although she states at age 35 that she had been living there for a decade). In season four, Carrie tells a photographer that she was so poor when she first moved to New York that she would purchase Vogue instead of dinner. It is mentioned that her father left her and her mother when she was five; no siblings are mentioned. It is also revealed that Carrie had an abortion in 1988 after a one-night stand with a waiter when she was 22.

text: She tells Charlotte that she lost her virginity in Seth Bateman's smelly rec room on the ping pong table in eleventh grade. In Season 6 ("Boy Interrupted"), Carrie meets up with another boyfriend from high school named Jeremy (David Duchovny). Carrie states that she never had sex with him because they were young and wanted to wait.

text: A TV series was made after the production of Sex and the City, called The Carrie Diaries which featured Carrie's life as a teenager prior to her life in Sex and the City. It focused mainly on Carrie who lived with her father and younger sister, Dorrit. She had a few relationships, the main one being her on and off relationship with Sebastian Kydd. She started working at Interview, a magazine firm, juggling between her school and work life. The series was discontinued after Season 2 as it was said that it was not economically feasible although it got positive feedback from its audience.

text: Candace Bushnell, author of Sex and the City, recently released her new book, Summer and the City: A Carrie Diaries Novel as part of her young adult series that follows the Sex and the City characters as teenagers. This novel reveals that Carrie attended the prestigious Ivy League University, Brown, in the 1980s. It also reveals that she took summer classes at the New School. TV Guide described the young version of Carrie Bradshaw as "Even when she's trying to play adult in the city with her fashion-forward style and 'grown-up' conversations, she still exudes an aura that manages to be innocent, cute and self-confident at the same time."[2]

text: Wardrobe[edit]

text: Carrie has been described as someone who lives for fashion, and has confessed to buying Vogue instead of dinner.

text: A known shoe lover with a penchant for expensive designer shoes (notably Manolo Blahniks, but also Christian Louboutins and Jimmy Choos), Miranda once estimated that Carrie has spent over $40,000 on shoes. Her shoes seem to average at least $400 a pair (according to Miranda), and it is implied that she has at least 100 unique pairs. She frequently mixes kitschy vintage finds with high-end labels. It is mentioned that Barneys, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue are among her favorite places to shop.

text: Carrie once agreed to model for a charity fashion show (featuring both "real people" and models), on the condition that she could keep the outfit, a Dolce and Gabbana original. The plan backfired when Carrie's dress was replaced by jeweled silk underwear. Carrie is also known to have worn Alexander McQueen, Anna Molinari, Balenciaga, Betsey Johnson, Bottega Veneta, Céline, Chanel, Chloé, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix, Christian Louboutin, Diane von Fürstenberg, Fendi, Givenchy, Gucci, Heatherette, Helmut Lang, Hermès, Jean Paul Gaultier, Jeremy Scott, Judith Leiber, Jil Sander, Jimmy Choo, Louis Vuitton, Lanvin, Manolo Blahnik, Marc Jacobs, Marni, Missoni, Miu Miu, Moschino, Prada, Oscar de la Renta, Roberto Cavalli, Sonia Rykiel, Tom Ford, Yves Saint Laurent, Vera Wang, Valentino, Versace, Vivienne Westwood, among others.

text: Carrie's incredible wardrobe appears to be unaffordable for a writer on a moderate income (at least until season 5, at which time she is given a book offer. By the time of the films she appears to be more affluent, though that may be because of her husband's wealth). Indeed, many of the people around her comment that she cannot afford her shopping addiction. Carrie occasionally maxes out credit cards, could not secure a loan on her own due to poor savings and a bad credit rating as a result of extensive shopping, and has admitted her "shoe needs" have accounted for most of her spending. In one episode, she wryly comments that she might "literally be the woman who lived in her shoe". Carrie is particularly known for her addiction to shoes, calling it her "substance abuse problem" in the episode "Power of Female Sex" in Season One. Notable couture moments include an incident when she is mugged near West Broadway and the bandit makes off with her Fendi Baguette clutch and Manolo Blahnik pink suede strappy sandals, which she purchased "half off at a sample sale!", adding that they are her favorite shoes.

text: In season 3 she chases after the Staten Island ferry and ends up missing it after slipping out of her shoe, yelling, "Wait, I lost my Choo!". In "A Woman's Right To Shoes" she unashamedly asks for reimbursement from a friend after a pair of Manolos are stolen at that friend's party due to her friend's insistence upon no shoes inside the house. Carrie notes the hypocrisy in the fact that the friend, who 'shoe shames' her ("it was your choice to buy shoes that expensive") is rewarded over the years with thousands of dollars worth of gifts for her life choices (baby showers, engagement presents, wedding gifts, etc.), whereas single women do not have their life choices celebrated ("Hallmark don't make a 'congratulations-you-didn't-marry-the-wrong-guy card'!") and so comes to the conclusion that it is okay to spend that much on oneself to make the single girl's walk through life a little more fun.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: "Mr. Big" John James Preston[edit]

text: Introduced in the first episode and closing the final episode, "Mr. Big" (Chris Noth) is Carrie's central love interest throughout the series and recurring romantic foil – his continual romantic ambiguity and Carrie's diffidence about confronting him over it highlight Carrie's fears, insecurities, and emotional needs. Despite the turmoil in their relationship, Carrie and Big make continuous appearances in each other's lives, which is the source of both joy and stress for Carrie.

text: "Big" is introduced as a wealthy man who runs into Carrie on the street, helping her pick up a large number of condoms that fell out of her purse after it had been knocked from her hand. He later spots her at a party, and after waving to her at the beginning of the evening, he later gives her a ride home in his limo. Their relationship runs the length of the series. At the start, she is intimidated and awed by him, and immediately gives him the nickname "Mr. Big". However, eventually Carrie and Big share a friendly and often passionate intimacy, yet he remains (in producer Michael Patrick King's words), "always slightly out of reach." Mr. Big's name is never mentioned until the last episode of the final season, where it is revealed to be John via Carrie's cell phone caller ID. His full name is finally uncovered in the first movie as John James Preston.

text: They break up for the first time due to Mr. Big's inability to be emotionally intimate with Carrie. They reunite but split again when Big announces that he is moving to Paris because of work. When he returns to the United States, he and Carrie bump into each other unexpectedly in the Hamptons. Upon his return, Carrie discovers that he is engaged to a young woman named Natasha, who was working for Ralph Lauren in Paris. Unsurprisingly, Carrie struggles to come to terms with Big's decision and moves on, beginning a relationship with Aidan Shaw. However, Carrie cannot put Big behind her and they have an affair, which she confesses to Aidan moments before Charlotte's wedding. Carrie and Big continue a close, sometimes sexual, always flirtatious yet tempestuous friendship until the final episode. Here we witness a romantic display of love and affection when Big whispers the sorely awaited words to Carrie—"you're the one."

text: At the start of the movie Sex and the City Carrie and Big, in a businesslike fashion, decide to marry. The wedding starts out somewhat simply with 75 guests and with Carrie choosing to wear a simple white skirt suit that she found in a vintage shop. However, after Vivenne Westwood gifts an expensive and exquisite wedding dress that Carrie wore in a Vogue modeling shoot featuring Carrie as a "40 year old bride," the wedding plans balloon into something much more elaborate and now with 200 guests. Leading up to their wedding day, Big becomes overwhelmed by the media attention and the number of guests, telling Carrie that he would have been happy with eloping to City Hall, that all he wanted was Carrie and that he's embarrassed by the attention because it's his third marriage. On the day of the ceremony, Big has a "freakout" and leaves the wedding venue without even getting out of his limousine. When Carrie calls him and asks where he is, he states "I can't do this" and Carrie leaves devastated. He immediately realizes his mistake and tells the limo driver to turn around but the damage is already done. Carrie, hurt and betrayed, blocks all communication, unknowingly ignoring his love letters and apologetic emails. Over the course of the next 7 or 8 months, Carrie reflects on what happened and realizes that she is partially to blame for the wedding fiasco, because she let the wedding "get bigger than Big." Finally, Carrie and Big unintentionally meet, come to terms with each other, reaffirm their feelings and love, and privately marry at City Hall - the way Big had originally envisioned - with Carrie wearing the simple "label-less" vintage suit she had initially chosen, along with the blue Manolo Blahniks that had played a big part in the two of them reuniting.

text: During the second movie, Carrie and Big's passion has waned. Carrie begins to feel that their marriage has lost its "sparkle" as Big enjoys spending nights eating in and watching TV. Carrie feels the urge to escape to her old apartment for two days to meet a writing deadline and enjoy some time to herself, and is surprised when Big picks her up for dinner, and feels the romance re-enter their marriage. Big then suggests to Carrie they spend two days a week apart, to enjoy their own time, which he feels is what is giving their marriage new life. Carrie, somewhat hurt and resistant, reluctantly agrees, and then travels to Abu Dhabi with Samantha, Charlotte and Miranda. While in Abu Dhabi, Carrie learns how important a marriage can be when her butler tells her how he is separated from his wife for months at a time, but when they see each other, nothing else matters. Carrie also reunites with her old flame, Aidan Shaw, whom she meets in a chance encounter at an Abu Dhabi market. Carrie feels distressed due to a bad review of her new book in the New Yorker, and meets Aidan for dinner. The two of them reconnect, and briefly kiss. Carrie immediately regrets it and asks her friends for advice on whether to tell Big. Samantha and Miranda both advise Carrie not to tell Big because it was a minor incident, but Carrie feels too guilty to let it slide and tells Big immediately. Big is hurt, and Carrie worries that Big will go from wanting two days off, to seven days off. Upon Carrie's arrival back in New York, she is upset that Big doesn't pick her up at the airport as originally planned, isn't home and hasn't called. That night, he gets home and Carrie and Big talk about their marriage. Big tells Carrie to stop worrying that they will become a tired, boring old married couple, and they take new wedding vows for each other. Big forgives Carrie and gives her a black diamond ring (to make up for his unromantic marriage proposal - without a ring - 3 years earlier) to really show the world she's off the market. As their marriage grows out of the "terrible twos" Big and Carrie seem very happy and relaxed with each other. Now that they are both making an effort, and due to the ring Big gave her, they have their "sparkle" back.

text: Aidan Shaw[edit]

text: Manhattan furniture designer Aidan Shaw (John Corbett) is Carrie's next serious boyfriend after the painful break-up with Mr. Big. Aidan is the opposite of Mr. Big, as he is a laid-back, low-key nature lover who is patient, straightforward, and somewhat traditional in his relationship with Carrie. Carrie met him through her friend Stanford Blatch when the two of them visited Aidan's furniture store. They share an uncomplicated, loving relationship, which initially confuses Carrie, as she had become used to the stresses of dating Mr. Big. She begins to feel trapped and cannot shake off Mr. Big's presence in her life. Carrie and Aidan first break up when Carrie confesses, on Charlotte and Trey's wedding day, that she had an affair with Mr. Big.

text: Later in the series, Carrie and Aidan get back together, move in together, and become engaged. However, the engagement is broken when Carrie discovers she is not ready to marry him, and he is not willing to wait for her. Further hurt is caused when Carrie realizes Aidan only wants to marry her because he still doesn't trust her. Aidan hoped that by marrying Carrie, it would show the world she was his. During the sixth-season premiere, Carrie runs into Aidan on the street. She discovers that he has married a fellow furniture designer, Cathy, and has a son named Tate (played by Sarah Jessica Parker's son). The two agree to meet for coffee; Carrie states in voiceover that "there are some dates you cannot wait to keep, and there are some you both know you will never keep." In the film Sex and the City 2, a chance encounter between Aidan and Carrie in Abu Dhabi is a major plot point. While shopping at a local market with Miranda in Abu Dhabi, Carrie and Aidan encounter each other, they make a plan to catch up over dinner, where Aidan reveals he and Cathy are still married and have two more sons, Wyatt and Homer and in a moment of passion, share a brief kiss. Carrie becomes emotionally distraught over this and confesses the kiss to Big. After taking his time coming to terms with this revelation and understanding Carrie's mistake was because of her domestic crisis of faith, he forgives her.

text: Jack Berger[edit]

text: Following the end of her relationship with Aidan, Carrie begins to date Jack Berger (Ron Livingston), a novelist with a mixed degree of success. She meets him while discussing her upcoming book at her publisher's (Amy Sedaris) office. That day, Carrie and Berger go for a walk, during which Carrie gets a strawberry milkshake from McDonald's. Berger states to her, "How can anyone order strawberry after the age of eleven?", and Carrie obviously likes his sense of humor. However, when she asks him to be her "Plus One" at her party, he states he has a girlfriend. After an initially rocky start (in which Berger must break ties with his ex-girlfriend, Lauren), they form a rather playful relationship; one that initially seems to make Carrie very happy.

text: Berger is particularly notable for uttering the line, "He's just not that into you," as a response to Miranda's wondering why a recent date has not called her. The line inspired a book and later a film by Sex and the City writers.

text: As Carrie's success begins to mount, and particularly after Berger's second novel is not picked up for publication, the relationship deteriorates. Berger feels insecure about Carrie's newfound success as a writer after her book goes international and she begins receiving high-sum royalties. This is made worse by Carrie's thoughtless reaction to his first novel; her initial reaction – that she loves the book – is overshadowed by her simultaneous criticism of a minor detail about a lead character's hair accessory (i.e., that a modern-day New York woman would not wear a "scrunchie" while out and about).

text: Carrie and Berger fight frequently, culminating in a "break" in their relationship. Berger returns, professing his love for Carrie, and stating that he wishes to try again. However, he ends up leaving later, in the middle of the night, breaking up with Carrie via a Post-it note which reads, "I'm sorry, I can't. Don't hate me." After this hasty departure, Berger is referenced in only one more episode—after Carrie runs into his friends at a bar, she regrets leaving Berger an angry message (through his friends), stating that his break-up method was rude and pathetic.

text: Aleksandr Petrovsky[edit]

text: Next, Carrie meets and begins a relationship with Aleksandr Petrovsky (rus. Александр Пeтpoвcкий; Mikhail Baryshnikov), in the sixth season. He is a rich, successful, and older Russian artist. Carrie enjoys the relationship, but problems arise when she discovers that he already has a daughter in her twenties, and he doesn't want any more children. To ensure this, he has had a vasectomy. Carrie feels forced to choose between a long-term relationship with Petrovsky and the possibility of having children. She wonders if his love will be enough to compensate for the lack of children. She decides to stay in the relationship, despite mounting evidence that he will never be able to fully commit to her emotionally, as he is a very self-involved artist, and even at one point he claims that Carrie is "not his friend", but his lover.

text: He asks Carrie to leave her job and life in New York and move with him to Paris, where he has a museum show. After some degree of convincing, she accepts, giving up her job, her apartment, and her friends. But she finds herself to be lonely, disappointed, and confused upon her arrival, waiting for hours to meet with him, while he forgets his dates with her. She doesn't speak French well, and Petrovsky often leaves her alone in order to tend to his own career. His ex-wife warns Carrie that the relationship will be all about him. Meanwhile, Carrie has no friends there, but things start to look up when she meets some fans of her book, and she agrees to meet them at a cafe. However, a very anxious and panicking Alex begs her to accompany him to his museum show preview, and she agrees. But once there, he deserts her and seems to forget about her, and she realizes he doesn't need her. She rushes to meet with the fans, but they have left and mangled her book in the wake of her standing them up. In the series finale, after an argument and Alex impulsively slaps her, Carrie leaves him after facing his emotional shortcomings and his inability to give her an appropriate amount of attention. While in the lobby of the hotel trying to secure a room of her own, she runs into Mr. Big, who runs to defend her against Aleksandr. He finally understands that she is "the one" and pursued her to Paris with the encouragement of her friends. Carrie returns with Mr. Big to New York City.

text: Carrie's ex-lovers[edit]

text: Sebastian Kydd[edit]

text: Carrie shares her first kiss with Sebastian Kydd, a rich kid from town, at her swim club when she was 15. He later becomes her boyfriend, and they share an on-and-off relationship throughout the first season of The Carrie Diaries. They broke up due to being incompatible. During the second season of The Carrie Diaries, the two reignite their love for each other. Sebastian leaves to California with his father, but he and Carrie maintain a long distance relationship. When Sebastian returns to Manhattan, moving into Larissa's old apartment, Carrie realizes his interests have changed. Sebastian remains busy with interests in starting a clothing line and it causes problems in the relationship. Sebastian wanted to move to California to pursue his dreams, but Carrie wanted to stay in Manhattan to work for Interview Magazine. Carrie decides to say yes to a full-time job offer at Interview but loses her chances at going to NYU. She is later fired because of a dispute between Larissa, and Andy. Carrie tries to attend NYU, but she is told it is too late. After hearing about Carrie's situation, Sebastian decides to invite her to go live with him in Malibu where he will work on his clothing business. Carrie agrees to move until she later realizes she belongs in Manhattan. The two say their final goodbyes at Larrisa's wedding.

text: George Silver[edit]

text: Carrie's second boyfriend. She starts dating George after meeting him at her internship at a law firm. She ends their relationship after he tries to force her to have sex in the back of a car. Throughout the relationship she still has feelings for Sebastian, using George to incite feelings of jealousy in Sebastian.

text: Adam Weaver[edit]

text: Carrie's third boyfriend, appearing in Season 2 of The Carrie Diaries. Larissa, Carrie's boss, wanted Carrie to get an interview with Weaver for Interview Magazine. Carrie attends a role play of Weaver's piece. When she laughs during the funeral scene she is frowned at by her friend Bennet, but Adam Weaver later finds her after the show and is charmed by her understanding of the scene. Carrie and Weaver become close as Carrie tries to pry information out of him for Interview. She later drops the assignment and they start to date. In The Carrie diaries she loses her virginity to him. Carrie and Weaver start to have problems when Weaver begins critiquing her work. They get in a fight that ends their relationship, and Weaver accuses her for having feelings for Sebastian. After they break up over Carrie still being in love with Sebastian, Adam writes an article about Carrie as 'Mystery Girl', in which rude and untrue things are said, although nobody knows that the 'Mystery Girl' is Carrie. At the end of Season 2, he goes to her senior prom, apologizing for his behavior.

text: Capote Duncan[edit]

text: According to Candace Bushnell's book, Summer and the City, Capote Duncan was Carrie's classmate in The New School. At the beginning, Carrie hated him because of his arrogance but at the end of the book, it was said that he's the person with whom Carrie lost her virginity. He appears briefly in the beginning of the TV series adaption.

text: Bernard Singer[edit]

text: In Summer and the City, Bernard Singer is a famous writer who Carrie has a brief relationship with, only to realise that Bernard doesn't love Carrie and that she loves Capote Duncan.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Books:

text:
Sex and the City (a collection of her columns)
MEN-hattan
A Single Life
Love Letters
I Do! Do I?

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Critical reception to Carrie tended to be positive during the show's run and in the years immediately thereafter. In 2004, Carrie Bradshaw was listed as number 11 on Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[3][4] In 2009 The Guardian named Bradshaw as an icon of the decade, stating that "Carrie Bradshaw did as much to shift the culture around certain women's issues as real-life female groundbreakers."[5] In 2010, Carrie Bradshaw was listed as the 2nd in TV Guide's list "25 Greatest TV Characters of All-Time". AOL ranked her the 41st Most Memorable Female TV Character.[6] TV Guide named her the most fashionable TV character.[7] Her relationship with Mr. Big was included in TV Guide's list of the best TV couples of all time.[8] Parker received two Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards for her performance.

text: In retrospective analysis of the show, critics have generally reassessed Carrie Bradshaw as an unsympathetic protagonist, despite the show's portrayal of her as a positive figure. In 2013, Glamour magazine called Carrie "the worst" character on the show, saying that "her brattiness and self-absorption eclipsed her redeeming qualities and even her awesome shoes."[9] In a 2010 retrospective about the previous two decades in pop culture, ABC News named Carrie one of the ten worst characters of the past twenty years, calling her a "snippy, self-righteous Manhattan snob" and citing the character's actions in Sex and the City 2 as evidence that she was beyond personal growth or redemption.[10] The New Yorker, looking back on the show a decade after it went off the air, felt that while the character began as a "happy, curious explorer, out companionably smoking with modellizers," from the second season on she "spun out, becoming anxious, obsessive, and, despite her charm, wildly self-centered."[11]


document_title: Dogri language

question_text: in which state of india is dogri spoken

question_tokens: in which state of india is dogri spoken

root

text: Dogri language

text: Script[edit]

text:
DograType
 Abugida
Languages
DogriiDirection
Left-to-rightISO 15924
Dogr, 328Unicode alias
DograUnicode range
U+11800–U+1184F

tag: table

text: Dogri was originally written using the Dogri script[10] which is very close to the Takri script.

tag: p

text: The language is now more commonly written in Devanagari in India, and in the Nastaʿliq form of Perso-Arabic in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered Kashmir.

text: Unicode[edit]

text: Dogri script was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2018 with the release of version 11.0.[11]

text: The Unicode block for Dogra is U+11800–U+1184F and it contains 60 characters:

text:
Dogra[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+1180x

𑠀

𑠁

𑠂

𑠃

𑠄

𑠅

𑠆

𑠇

𑠈

𑠉

𑠊

𑠋

𑠌

𑠍

𑠎

𑠏

U+1181x

𑠐

𑠑

𑠒

𑠓

𑠔

𑠕

𑠖

𑠗

𑠘

𑠙

𑠚

𑠛

𑠜

𑠝

𑠞

𑠟

U+1182x

𑠠

𑠡

𑠢

𑠣

𑠤

𑠥

𑠦

𑠧

𑠨

𑠩

𑠪

𑠫

𑠬

𑠭

𑠮

𑠯

U+1183x

𑠰

𑠱

𑠲

𑠳

𑠴

𑠵

𑠶

𑠷

𑠸

𑠹

𑠺

𑠻

U+1184x

Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text: Some common words[edit]

text:
Devanagari

Perso-Arabic

Transliteration (ISO-15919)

English translation

Comparative

आह

آہ

āh

Yes

Aah/Ho (Nepali), Haan (Hindi, Urdu), Aa (Kashmiri), Haan/Aho (Punjabi) Ho (Pashto)

कन्ने

کنے

kanne

With

Sanga/ Sitya (Nepali), Saath (Hindi/Urdu), Sityə (Kashmiri), Naal (Punjabi)

नुक्कां

نکے

nukkāṃ

Shoes

Jootha (Nepali), Jootey (Hindi, Urdu), Nukke/Juttiaan (Punjabi), khor baan (kashmiri)

भित्त

پت

bhitta

Door

Dokha/ Dailo (Nepali), Darwaza (Persian/Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi/Kashmiri), Phaatak/Dvaar/Kiwaad (Hindi), Buha/Dar/Duar (Punjabi), Bar (Kashmiri)

केह्

کے

keh

What

Ke (Nepali), Kya (Hindi/Urdu/Kashmiri), Ki (Punjabi)

की

کى

kī

Why

Kina (Nepali), Kyun (Hindi/Urdu), Kyazi (Kashmiri), Kyon/Kahte/Kahnu (Punjabi)

दोआना

دوانہ

doāna

Watermelon

Kharbooja (Nepali), Tarbooz (Hindi/Urdu), Hindwana (Urdu/Persian), Hadwana/Mateera (Punjabi), Hyandwand (Kashmiri), Indwanna (Pashto)

दुनिया

دنيہ

duniyā

World

Duniya (Urdu/Nepali/Punjabi/Kashmiri/Persian/Arabic), Jag (Sanskrit/Hindi/Punjabi), Sansaar (Sanskrit/Nepali/Hindi/Punjabi/Kashmiri)

text: Tonality[edit]

text: Western Pahari languages, Punjabi and Punjabi dialects are frequently tonal, which is very unusual for Indo-European languages (although Swedish and Norwegian are tonal also).[12] This tonality makes it difficult for speakers of other Indo-Aryan languages to gain facility in Dogri,[7] though native Punjabi speakers (especially speakers of Northern dialects such as Hindko and Mirpuri) may find it easier to make the transition. Some common examples are shown below.

text:
Sentence

Tone

English translation

Kora ha.

Equal

It was a whip.

Kora ha.

Falling-Rising

It was a horse.

Kora ha.

Rising

It was bitter.

Das kīyān?

Falling

Why is it ten?

Das kīyān.

Rising

Tell me how (it happened).

text: Historical references[edit]

text: The Greek astrologer Pulomi, accompanying Alexander in his 323 B.C. campaign into the Indian subcontinent, referred to some inhabitants of Duggar as "a brave Dogra family living in the mountain ranges of Shivalik."[13] In the year 1317, Amir Khusro, the famous Urdu and Persian poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: "Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."[14][15]

text: Theories on name origin[edit]

text: Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh s/o Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, described 'Duggar' as a distorted form of the word 'Dwigart,' which means "two troughs," a possible reference to the Mansar and Sruinsar Lakes.[16]

text: The linguist George Grierson connected the term 'Duggar' with the Rajasthani word 'Doonger,' which means 'hill,' and 'Dogra' with 'Dongar.'[16] This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and been contradicted by some scholars.[17]

text: Yet another proposal stems from the presence of the word 'Durger' in the Bhuri Singh Museum (in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh). The word Durger means 'invincible' in several Northern Indian languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the Duggar terrain and the historically militarized and autonomous Dogra societies. In Himachal, Dogri is majorly spoken in Hamirpur, Barsar, Una, Chintpurni, Kangra, and Bilaspur regions.

text: In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the 'All India Oriental Conference' held in Dharwar, Karnataka, could not reach consensus on the 'Dwigart' and 'Durger' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent 'All India Oriental Conference' held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words 'Duggar' and 'Dogra' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with a large number of forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has a large number of forts, which may support the opinion above. An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word 'Duggar' is a form of the word 'Duggarh' sounds appropriate."[18]

text: The Turkish Döğer is also the name of a Turkmen Oğuz tribe originating in Central Asia and also found amongst the Kurds. In Turkey one of the towns named after them can be written as Doker, Duger, Döker and Düğer.[dubious  – discuss]

text: Recent history[edit]

text: In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the Takri script) of the Sanskrit classic mathematical opus Lilavati, by the noted mathematician Bhaskaracharya (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.[19] As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the Lilavati translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala.[20]

text: Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th-century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725–1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev’s court to Professor Ram Nath Shastri and Mrs. Padma Sachdev. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his Barah Massa (Twelve Months), Kamal Netra (Lotus Eyes), Bhup Bijog and Bir Bilas.[21] Shiraza Dogri is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include Pala Shpaiya Dogarya, Manney di Mauj and Shhori Deya. The noted Pakistani singer Malika Pukhraj had roots in the Duggar region,[22] and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs, or bhajans, composed by Karan Singh have gained increasing popularity over time, including Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti.

text: Dogri programming features regularly on Radio Kashmir (a division of All India Radio), and Doordarshan (Indian state television) broadcasts in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).

text: Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2 August 1969, the General Council of the Sahitya Academy, Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists.[23] (Indian Express, New Delhi, 3 August 1969). Dogri is one of the state languages of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the Indian constitution.[24][25] In Pakistan, the language (under the name "Pahari") continues to thrive, but is not known to have received official patronage to date. The Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association) is a Pakistani organization dedicated to the advancement and progress of the language.[26]

text: In 2005, a collection of over 100 works of prose and poetry in Dogri published over the last 50 years was made accessible online at the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore. This included works of eminent writer Dhinu Bhai Panth, Professor Madan Mohan Sharma, B.P. Sathai and Ram Nath Shastri.[27]


document_title: Scream (TV series)

question_text: when does season 2 of scream come out

question_tokens: when does season 2 of scream come out

text: Scream (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: After a cyber-bullying incident serves as the catalyst for a brutal murder, a group of teenagers become the prime targets of a serial killer, as dark secrets from Lakewood's troubled past resurface and conjure memories of a similar murder that occurred 20 years earlier in the community. Emma Duval, a teenage girl who is somehow linked to the town's past, is the killer's main obsession and the center of these grisly murders. With both her family and friends in apparent danger, she sets out to uncover the town's dark mysteries and unmask the killer once and for all. This proves difficult, however, especially when everyone is a suspect and anyone could be a victim.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Willa Fitzgerald as Emma Duval, a popular high school student and daughter of Maggie Duval (seasons 1–2)
Bex Taylor-Klaus as Audrey Jensen, a sarcastic, bicurious filmmaker and Emma's friend (seasons 1–2)
John Karna as Noah Foster, a witty and intelligent geek who is extremely knowledgeable about horror films (seasons 1–2)
Amadeus Serafini as Kieran Wilcox, a new student living with his father who becomes Emma's main love interest (seasons 1–2)
Connor Weil as Will Belmont, Emma's ex-boyfriend, and Jake Fitzgerald's best friend (season 1)
Carlson Young as Brooke Maddox, a beautiful, rich but troubled girl who is Emma's best friend (seasons 1–2)
Jason Wiles as Clark Hudson, the former sheriff of Lakewood (season 1)
Tracy Middendorf as Maggie Duval, Emma's mother and the medical examiner (seasons 1–2)
Kiana Brown as Zoe Vaughn, fellow high school student, a driven overachiever who harbors a secret and was Noah's love interest (season 2)
Santiago Segura as Gustavo "Stavo" Acosta, a high school student and the son of Sheriff Acosta, he is a skilled artist who is deeply into horror, serial killers and comic books. (season 2)
RJ Cyler as Deion Elliot, a star running back for the high school football team (season 3)
Jessica Sula as Liv, a member of the cheer squad and an honor roll student (season 3)
Keke Palmer as Kym, a rebel with a thousand causes; she is a bold and beautiful social activist. (season 3)
Giorgia Whigham as Beth, the resident goth girl and a local tattoo artist (season 3)
Tyga as Jamal, Deion's step-brother. He has a big heart and is undyingly loyal to Deion. (season 3)
C.J. Wallace as Amir, a good kid with strict parents who demand he stay away from the ladies and work in the family business. (season 3)
Giullian Yao Gioiello as Manny, a smart, openly gay guy who is loyal to a fault and usually the smartest person in the room (season 3)
Tyler Posey as Shane, a high school dropout. He is a drug dealer and party promoter. (season 3)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Brianne Tju as Riley Marra, Emma's friend who takes an interest in Noah (season 1)
Mike Vaughn as The Killer (voice) (seasons 1–2)
Amelia Rose Blaire as Piper Shaw, a podcaster who comes to Lakewood to investigate the recent murders (season 1; guest season 2)
Tom Maden as Jake Fitzgerald, Brooke's boyfriend and Will Belmont's best friend (seasons 1–2)
Bobby Campo as Seth Branson, a teacher who had a secret relationship with Brooke (seasons 1–2)
Bryan Batt as Mayor Quinn Maddox, Brooke's father and the mayor of Lakewood, who is revealed to be hiding secrets from the town about illegal business deals and cover ups (seasons 1–2)
Sosie Bacon as Rachel Murray, Audrey's ex-girlfriend. She has suicidal inclinations. (season 1; guest season 2)
Sophina Brown as Detective Lorraine Brock, a detective assigned to Nina Patterson's murder case (season 1)
Tom Everett Scott as Kevin Duval, Emma's estranged father and Maggie's ex-husband (season 2; guest season 1)
Anthony Ruivivar as Sheriff Miguel Acosta, an outspoken, competent and experienced cop who returns to his childhood home of Lakewood. He is a devoted, if sometimes strict, family man who is very protective of his son, Stavo. (season 2)
Austin Highsmith as Kristen Lang, an idealistic high school psychology teacher who becomes a confidant and mentor to her students (season 2)
Sean Grandillo as Eli Hudson, Kieran's cousin. He presents a squeaky clean image, but may have ulterior motives. His arrival in Lakewood brings along secrets of Kieran's past that were buried long ago. He takes an interest in Emma. (season 2)
Karina Logue as Tina Hudson, Eli's mother and Kieran's legal guardian. She is proper and polite but with a grifter's sense of self-reliance. (season 2)
Mary Katherine Duhon as Haley Meyers, a classmate from high school who dislikes Emma and her friends (season 2)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)
September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)

2
14
May 30, 2016 (2016-05-30)
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In June 2012, it was reported that MTV was in the early stages of developing a weekly television series based on the Scream film franchise.[9] In April 2013, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that MTV had greenlit the pilot episode, with Wes Craven in talks to direct.[10][11] In July 2013, it was reported that Jay Beattie and Dan Dworkin had officially boarded the project to write the pilot script and in April 2014, it was reported by TVLine that the show would be penned by Jill Blotevogel.[10][12] In August 2014, the series announced its cast as well as the director of the pilot episode, Jamie Travis.[10] The series was originally planned to debut in mid-2014,[13] however, this was changed to summer 2015.[14]

text: On April 12, 2015, the first trailer for the series was aired during the 2015 MTV Movie Awards presented by Bella Thorne, also revealing the series's June 30, 2015 premiere date.[15]

text: On November 9, 2015, it was announced that Jill Blotevogel and Jaime Paglia would be stepping down as showrunners due to creative differences, although Blotevogel would remain a consultant on the series. Michael Gans and Richard Register replaced them for the second season.[16] The second-season premiere date was changed to May 30, 2016.[17] On October 14, 2016, MTV renewed the series for a six-episode third season, and announced that the showrunners would be replaced again.[4]

text: On April 26, 2017, MTV announced that Queen Latifah would be an executive producer for the third season of Scream. The show will undergo a reboot with a new cast and Brett Matthews serving as showrunner. In addition, Shakim Compere and Yaneley Arty would also be credited as executive producers for the series under Flavor Unit Entertainment.[8] On July 19, 2017, Hollywood Reporter announced that the show will transition into an anthology series in the third season. This information was corroborated by MTV president Chris McCarthy.[18]

text: On September 18, 2017, it was announced that the Ghostface mask from the film series would be making an appearance in the third season.[19] On October 10, 2017, Keke Palmer confirmed in an interview that Roger L. Jackson, who voiced Ghostface in the film series, would return for the third season, replacing Mike Vaughn, who served as the voice for The Killer in the first two seasons.[20]

text: On March 28, 2018, it was confirmed that Harvey Weinstein will not be credited as an executive producer in the third season of Scream. In addition, the show will not include The Weinstein Company or its logo in its credits from the third season onward, even though the company was formerly involved in the distribution of the series.[21][22]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On August 5, 2014, both the main cast and recurring cast were announced.[23] However, Amy Forsyth dropped out and was replaced by Bex Taylor-Klaus.[24] On February 22, 2015, it was revealed that Joel Gretsch, who was playing Clark Hudson, had left the show as producers thought his character should go down a different path; he was replaced by Jason Wiles. On December 11, 2014, it was revealed that Bella Thorne would be a part of the cast. Thorne confirmed this during an interview saying, "Yes it's true. I will re-enact the famous scene of Drew Barrymore in the original series."[25] On April 22, 2015, True Blood actress Amelia Rose Blaire was confirmed to be joining the show as Piper Shaw which, by the character description, is a role similar to Gale Weathers from the Scream films.[26]

text: On June 18, 2015, Bella Thorne confirmed she was offered the lead role in the series but turned it down in favor of a smaller role.[27] She went on to explain, "I had the option to do the lead, but I thought I should choose this role because I felt it was more iconic, I thought it was just a little bit more and also I've never been killed on screen before. I've never been killed ever on anything that I've done. I've always been the character that lives at the end so it was my first time dying on screen which is pretty cool. I wouldn't say that my character isn't necessarily in any more of the episodes but you'll see!"[27]

text: It was announced on July 17, 2017, that Tyga and C.J. Wallace will star in the rebooted third season.[5] On September 13, 2017, it was announced that RJ Cyler, Jessica Sula, Keke Palmer, Giullian Yao Gioiello, and Giorgia Whigham joined the main cast of the third season in addition to the previously announced cast members.[28][29] On September 25, 2017, it was announced that Tyler Posey was cast as a series regular in the third season.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: For the first two seasons, the show was filmed in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Filming of season one took place from April through July 2015.[31] Filming for the second season began on February 16, 2016.[32] Filming for the third season began on September 18, 2017 and concluded on November 11, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[33][34]

text: Music[edit]

text: Two official soundtrack albums have been released by MTV. The first season's soundtrack was released on August 14, 2015 under Columbia Records. The second season's soundtrack was released on July 29, 2016 under Island Records.[35]

text:
[show]Scream: Music from Season One

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Mine"
Phoebe Ryan
3:46

2.
"When I Rule the World"
Liz
3:07

3.
"You're the Best"
Wet
2:57

4.
"Monsters"
Ruelle
3:12

5.
"All the Things Lost"
MS MR
3:14

6.
"Set This Heart on Fire"
machineheart
3:28

7.
"Rescue My Heart"
Liz Longley
3:18

8.
"Star Spangled"
REMMI
3:01

9.
"Spectacular Rival"
George Ezra
4:15

10.
"There's a Ghost"
Fleurie
3:11

Total length:
33:29

text:
[show]Scream: Music from Season Two

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"River"
Bishop Briggs
3:34

2.
"I Took a Pill in Ibiza (Seeb Remix)"
Mike Posner
3:15

3.
"Money"
Poppy
3:10

4.
"One in a Million (Kant Remix)"
Midnight To Monaco
5:50

5.
"Hurts So Good"
Astrid S
3:28

6.
"Breathe (featuring Neev)"
Seeb
3:58

7.
"Make Them Wheels Roll"
SAFIA
4:05

8.
"In the Arms of a Stranger (Brian Kierulf Remix)"
Mike Posner
3:26

9.
"Figure You Out"
Keke Palmer
3:25

Total length:
34:11

text: Scream After Dark![edit]

text: Scream After Dark! is a talk show hosted by Jeffery Self, which features behind the scenes footage, and guests discussing episodes of Scream.[36] The first instalment followed the season two premiere and featured Willa Fitzgerald, Bex Taylor-Klaus, John Karna, Amadeus Serafini, Carlson Young, and Kiana Brown, and received 185,000 viewers.[37] The second instalment aired following episode eight and featured Fitzgerald, Taylor-Klaus, Karna, Young, Brown, Santiago Segura, and Sean Grandillo, and received 201,000 viewers.[38] The third and final installment aired following the season two finale and featured Fitzgerald, Taylor-Klaus, Karna, Young, and Serafini, and averaged 145,000 viewers.[39][40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season of Scream has received an overall mixed response. On the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season received a rating of 47%, based on 29 reviews, with a 5.4/10 average rating. The site's critical consensus reads: "Lacking truly compelling characters or scenarios, Scream is formed to trade too heavily on nostalgia for its big-screen predecessors in the franchise."[41] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42]

text: In a positive review, David Hinckley from New York Daily News awarded the pilot four out of five stars and stated, "Happily, Scream maintains a sense of humor, reinforced with snappy, self-aware pop culture dialogue."[43] Similarly, Brian Lowry of Variety commended the show's ability to maintain suspense "without much actually happening during the rest of the episode," noting its use of music, but expressing skepticism if the series could maintain its originality.[44] Aedan Juvet of PopWrapped gave a positive assessment of the series and called it, "a prime example of a game-changing horror series".[45] Conversely, David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle panned the series and gave it one out of four stars, criticizing the acting performances as "bland, robotic, and uninteresting" as well as its apparent lack of racial diversity.[46] In a mixed review, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the show a C+, saying, "There are a few scares here, but while the Scream films kept audiences jumping, Scream: The TV series risks putting viewers to sleep."[47]

text: The second season received more positive reviews with a rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based off five reviews from critics.[48]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 10:00 p.m.
10
June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)
1.03[49]
September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)
0.76[50]
2014–15
0.75[51]

2
Monday 11:00 p.m. (1–4)
Tuesday 10:00 p.m. (5–12, 14)
Tuesday 9:00 p.m. (13)
14
May 30, 2016 (2016-05-30)
0.40[37]
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
0.34[52]
2015–16
0.38[53]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: On October 1, 2015, the entire first season of Scream became available to stream instantly on Netflix worldwide except in the United States. On May 13, 2016, the first season of Scream became available on Netflix in the United States.[54] The streaming service started to broadcast the second season weekly on May 31, 2016, with a one-day delay with respect to the original United States broadcast. On September 30, 2016, the second season of Scream became available on Netflix in the United States. Netflix has first-run streaming rights for the series in UK and Ireland, airing the series a day after the initial broadcast.[55]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Refs

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Show
Scream
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Willa Fitzgerald
Nominated

Choice TV: Scene Stealer
Bella Thorne
Nominated

2016
Leo Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Carlson Young
Nominated

MTV Fandom Awards
Best New Fandom of the Year
Scream
Nominated


document_title: Good Times

question_text: who sang the theme song from good times

question_tokens: who sang the theme song from good times

text: Good Times

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 North Gilbert Avenue, apartment 17C, in a housing project in a poor, black neighborhood in inner-city Chicago. The project is unnamed on the show, but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini–Green projects, shown in the opening and closing credits.[1][2] Florida and James have three children: James Jr., also known as "J.J."; Thelma; and Michael, called "the militant midget" by his father due to his passionate activism. When the series begins, J.J. is seventeen years old, Thelma is sixteen, and Michael is eleven. Their exuberant neighbor, and Florida's best friend, is Willona Woods, a recent divorcée who works at a boutique. Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman (seasons 2–6), who James, Willona and later J.J. refer to as "Buffalo Butt", or, even more derisively, "Booger".

text: The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans, with Florida employed as Maude Findlay's housekeeper in Tuckahoe, New York, and Henry employed as a New York City firefighter. When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show, they changed the characters' history to fit a new series that was well into development rather than start from scratch to create a consistent starring vehicle. Henry's name became James, he worked various odd jobs, there was no mention of Maude, and the couple lived in Chicago.[3]

text: Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago. James Evans often works at least two jobs, mostly manual labor such as dishwasher, construction laborer, etc. Often he is unemployed, but he is a proud man who will not accept charity. When he has to, he hustles money playing pool, although Florida disapproves of this.

text: Cast conflicts[edit]

text: Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos. Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with.

text: However, Jimmie Walker's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series. J.J.'s frequent use of the expression "Dy-no-mite!" (often in the phrase "Kid Dy-no-mite!"), credited to director John Rich, became a popular catchphrase (later included in TV Land's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special).[4] Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode. Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea, but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience.[5] As a result of the character's popularity, the writers focused more on J.J.'s comedic antics instead of serious issues.

text: Through seasons two and three, Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J.'s antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior.[6] Rolle was vocal about her hate of his character. In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated:

text: He's 18 and he doesn't work. He can't read or write. He doesn't think. The show didn't start out to be that...Little by little—with the help of the artist, I suppose, because they couldn't do that to me—they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role. Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child.[7]

text: Although doing so less publicly, Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character. Amos stated:

text: The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying "DY-NO-MITE", and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue.[8]

text: While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction, he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear. Amos' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career, but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed. Amos stated, "That's the same thing as being fired."[9] The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans, instead opting to kill off the character in the two-part season four episode, "The Big Move".[10][11]

text: Final seasons[edit]

text: By the end of season four, Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show's direction and decided to leave the series. In the final two episodes of the season, "Love Has a Spot On His Lung", Rolle's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn), a man she began dating toward the end of season four. In the season five premiere episode, it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl's health.[12]

text: With Amos and Rolle gone, Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character, as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone.[2][13] In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast, playing Penny Gordon Woods, an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona.[12]

text: Before taping of season six began, CBS and the show's producers decided that they had to do "something drastic" to increase viewership. According to then-vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills, "We had lost the essence of the show. Without parental guidance the show slipped. Everything told us that: our mail, our phone calls, our research. We felt we had to go back to basics."[12]

text: Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series. Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands (including an increased salary and higher quality scripts), she agreed to return to the series on a full-time basis. Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible, as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths. She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character, as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James' death or leave her children. Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl, who was an atheist.[12][14]

text: In the season six premiere episode "Florida's Homecoming: Part 1", Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson (Ben Powers, who joined the cast for the final season). In a rare uncut version of "Florida's Homecoming: Part 2", after Florida arrives home from Arizona, Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl, to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer. Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they'd both bought him.[3] Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle's request and her return, ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978–79 season.[15][16]

text: In the series finale, "The End of the Rainbow", each character finally gets a "happy ending." J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character, DynoWoman, which is based on Thelma (much to her surprise and delight), and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends. Michael attends college and moves into an on-campus dorm. Keith's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy, leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football. Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city's upscale Gold Coast district. Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple's first child. Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby. Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects. Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith, Thelma and Florida are moving to; once again, she and Penny become the Evans' downstairs neighbors.[16]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6

Esther Rolle
Florida Evans
Main

Main

John Amos
James Evans
Main

Ja'net Dubois
Willona Woods
Main

Jimmie Walker
James "J.J." Evans, Jr.
Main

Ralph Carter
Michael Evans
Main

Bern Nadette Stanis*
Thelma Evans Anderson
Main

Johnny Brown
Nathan Bookman

Recurring
Main

Janet Jackson
Millicent "Penny" Gordon Woods

Main

Ben Powers
Keith Anderson

Main

*Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as "Bern Nadette" during early episodes of season one, and later as "Bernnadette Stanis."

text: Minor characters[edit]

text:
Ned the Wino (Raymond Allen) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside. In the season one episode "Black Jesus", J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus. Another episode is centered on Michael's plan to "clean up" Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans' house.
Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for. Despite their religious differences, Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four. Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer. After a talk from Bookman, Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage. The two marry off-screen and move to Arizona. Florida returns at the beginning of season six, without Carl, for Thelma's wedding. Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six, but he is never mentioned again (Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon). (Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out.) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer.
Marion "Sweet Daddy" Williams (Theodore Wilson) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp, who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry. He is usually accompanied by bodyguards (one portrayed by Bubba Smith, the other by series painter Ernie Barnes) and comes across as cool and threatening, but has shown a soft heart on occasion, particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket (to settle a debt) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother. (Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode, "The Comedian and the Loan Sharks").
Alderman Fred C. Davis (Albert Reed, Jr.) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise. Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon, he would state in a speech "I am not a crook." He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family (his "favorite project family") for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support. In a running joke, Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona's name and calls her another similar-sounding name that began with a "W" (such as Wilhemina, Winnifrieda, Winsomnium, Wyomia and even Waldorf-Astoria), thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname "Baldy".
Lenny (Dap 'Sugar' Willie) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat. He usually approaches people with a laid-back rap and a rhyme ("my name is Len-nay, if I ain't got it, there ain't an-nay"). He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying "that's cold" or uses a small brush to "brush off" the negativity.
"Grandpa" Henry Evans (Richard Ward) is James' long lost father. He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them. This hurt James deeply, who disregarded his father's existence, telling everyone he was dead. Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research. She meets him and invites him to the Evans' home to surprise James for his birthday, not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life. After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family, he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave. Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so. Henry and James have a heart-to-heart talk, with Henry being remorseful and apologetic. James ultimately forgives his father. After James' death, the Evans family embraces Henry into the family, alongside his common law (and eventually legal) wife Lena in later episodes.
Wanda (Helen Martin) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside. Earlier episodes show her at a women's support group, and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party. Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals, whether she knew the person or not, thus earning her the nickname "Weeping Wanda" from J.J. and Willona.
Lynnetta Gordon (Chip Fields) is Penny's abusive biological mother. Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode, "The Evans Get Involved". Lynnetta's father abandoned her when she became pregnant at 16. As a result, she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny, including burning her with a hot iron. After the abuse is finally brought to light, she tells the Evans family that she, herself, was abused as a child. She gets into a fighting match with Willona and Thelma, and they plead for her to seek therapy. Just before she disappears, she expresses regret for hurting her child, telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her. This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny. She reappears more than a year later, in the sixth-season episode, "A Matter of Mothers", having gotten married, and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family. She uses her husband's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts, and in an effort to regain custody of Penny, she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive mother who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees. However, her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back. After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening to hurt her again, which is stopped by Willona, Penny tells her birth mother that no matter what anyone says, she will always consider Willona her mother. Devastated, she agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her, never to be seen again.
Cleatus (Jack Baker) is a cousin of J.J. Evans, Thelma Evans Anderson, and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans. He made one appearance in the episode "Cousin Cleatus".
Violet Bookman (Marilyn Coleman) is the wife of Bookman (episodes: "Bye, Bye Bookman" and "Willona, the Other Woman" in season 5).

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Debbie Allen as J.J.'s heroin-addicted fiancée, Diana in "J.J.'s Fiancee (Parts 1 & 2)" (season 3)[17]
Matthew "Stymie" Beard (former Our Gang child actor) in five episodes, including four appearances as James' friend Monty
Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith, J.J.'s boss at the ad agency (season 5, episode 17)
Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam "the Happiness Man", who befriended James in the military (season 1, episode 4)
T. K. Carter as J.J.'s friend "Head" (part of the "Awesome Foursome", later the "Gleesome Threesome", the "Gruesome Twosome" and the "Lonesome Onesome", as stated in the episode "The New Car"
Rosalind Cash as Thelma's teacher, Jessica Bishop, who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. (season 4, episode 3)
Judith Cohen as herself in the episode "The Judy Cohen Story" (season 4, episode 12)
Gary Coleman as Gary, a sharp-tongued classmate of Penny's in two season five episodes
Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson, Willona's supervisor at her short-lived second job as security in a department store (season 5, episode 6)
Kim Fields (real-life daughter of Chip Fields) as Penny's friend, Kim, who has a tendency to add the suffix "-ness" to emphasize her anxiety such as "hopelessnessness" (2 season 6 episodes)
Carl Franklin as Larry, Thelma's fiancé', ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him (2 episodes)
Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs, a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona (3 episodes)
Ron Glass as Michael's elementary school principal (2.4); also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family (2.8)
Louis Gossett, Jr., in season two as Thelma's older boyfriend (Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference) (2.6); also appears as Uncle Wilbert (Florida's brother), who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away (3.8)
Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode "Requiem for a Wino" (season 5, episode 11)
Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode "J.J.'s Fiancee (Part 2)" (season 3, episode 18)
Shirley Hemphill as "Roz", the dimwitted sister of Edna, who was being tutored by Thelma (season 4, episode 10)
Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers, the head of security at Willona's short-lived second job as security in a department store (season 5, episode 6)
Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode "Where Have All The Doctors Gone" (season 6, episode 17)
Jay Leno as "Young Man" in the season three's "J.J. in Trouble", which was one of the first times that the subject of "VD" (STD) was addressed on a primetime series
Calvin Lockhart as Florida's cousin Raymond, who earned his riches by betting on horses (season 6, episode 23)
Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode " The Investigation" (season 3, episode 20).
Paul Mooney as "The Second Guy" in the episode "J.J. and T.C." (season 6)
Debbi Morgan as Samantha, a date of J.J.'s (3.23); and as Ellen (4.18)
J. A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode "Wilona's Dilemma" (season 3, episode 10)
Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James (season 2, episode 14)
Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode "J.J. and The Plumber's Helper" (season 6, episode 9)
Bubba Smith as Claude, a bodyguard/thug working for Marion "Sweet Daddy" Williams (4 season 6 episodes)
Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris, a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem (season 3, episode 20)
Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie, Thelma's college-age boyfriend (season 1, episode 6)
Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason, Willona's boyfriend (2 season 5 episodes)
Vernee Watson-Johnson as Thelma's friend and college mate Valerie, in the episode "Thelma's African Romance (Part 1)" (season 4)
Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks, husband of the 'nude' model for J.J.'s painting (season 2, episode 16)
Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode; James' friend, Willie Washington (season 2); and Mr. Mitchell, the father of Earl Mitchell, who is an art student of J.J.'s (season 6)
John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode "A Matter of Mothers" (season 6, episode 20)

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans. The series also features a character named "Michael Evans", after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear-produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons.[18]

text: Theme song and opening sequence[edit]

text: The gospel-styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman. It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals.

text: The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern, notably the line "Hangin' in a chow line"/"Hangin' in and jivin'" (depending on the source used). Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his "I Know Black People" skit on Chappelle's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer.[19] The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as "Hangin' in a chow line". However, the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually "Hangin' in and jivin'."[19] Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits, with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The program premiered in February 1974; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974–75 season, as it was the seventeenth-highest-rated program that year. During its first full season on the air, 1974–75, the show was the seventh-highest-rated program in the Nielsen ratings, with more than 25% of all American households tuning into an episode each week. Three of the top ten highest-rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African-Americans: Sanford and Son, The Jeffersons, and Good Times.

text: The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time, partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos.[20] The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons:

text:
Season
TV Season
No. of Episodes
Time slot (ET)
Nielsen ratings[21]

Rank
Rating

1
1973–1974
13
Friday at 8:30 pm
17
21.4 (Tied with Barnaby Jones)

2
1974–1975
24
Tuesday at 8:00 pm
7
25.8

3
1975–1976
24
24
21.0

4
1976–1977
24
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-15, 17-24)
Wednesday at 8:30 pm (Episode 16)
26
20.5

5
1977–1978
24
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-16)
Wednesday at 8:30 pm (Episode 2)
Monday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 17-24)
53 [22]
N/A

6
1978–1979
22
Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episode 1)
Saturday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 2-10)
Wednesday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 11-22)
83 [22]
14.4 [22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Recipient(s) / work
Result

1974
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actor – Television
Jimmie Walker
Nominated

1975
Best TV Actress – Musical/Comedy
Esther Rolle
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Television
Jimmie Walker
Nominated

Humanitas Prize
30 Minute Category
John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode: "The Lunch Money Ripoff"
Nominated

30 Minute Category
Bob Peete / episode: "My Girl Henrietta"
Nominated

2006
TV Land Awards
Impact Award
John Amos, Ralph Carter, Ja'net DuBois, Esther Rolle (posthumously), BernNadette Stanis, and Jimmie Walker
Won

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19, 2004 until 2012. The network began airing the series again in June 2013. Good Times has also aired at various times on TV Land, Antenna TV and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView. As of January 1, 2018, Good Times airs on GetTV. Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006, with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28, 2008. Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27, 2006.

text: On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times.[23] They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD.[24][25]

text: On September 1, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Good Times- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[26]

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release date

The Complete First Season
13
February 4, 2003
January 21, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Second Season
24
February 3, 2004
January 21, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Third Season
24
August 10, 2004
May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Fourth Season
24
February 15, 2005
May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Fifth Season
24
August 23, 2005

The Complete Sixth and Final Season
24
August 1, 2006

The Complete Series
133
October 28, 2008
September 1, 2015 (re-release)


document_title: Cutman

question_text: what is the metal thing they put on boxers faces

text: Cutman

text: Treatments[edit]

text: Before the fight, cutmen will usually put petroleum jelly on the most likely areas of impact, especially the fighter's face, making the skin more elastic and slippery, and hence less likely to tear. It is not considered good practice to use large amounts of petroleum jelly, since during the fight it is likely to end up on the gloves of the opponent, and later in the eyes of the fighter if the opponent lands a punch close to their eyes. Cutmen might also tape fighters' hands, which helps protect the bones and tendons. Wraps are used during training but are illegal during competition, though people still commonly use the term "wrap" in error to describe the taping method of using gauze and tape.

text: During the fight, cutmen try to control any swelling or bleeding during the breaks between rounds. Since cutmen are not doctors, and have a very short period of time to treat the fighter, their treatments are limited to advanced first aid treatments.

text: Swelling[edit]

text: Swelling is usually associated with facial hematomas (bruises), and is traditionally reduced by applying firm pressure with a chilled enswell or an ice bag on top of the area of trauma.[2] The cutman presses the enswell against a fighter's skin to cool and reduce swelling from injuries, especially in areas around the eyes where swelling can impair vision. Since the time between rounds is very short, cutmen try to apply the enswell right away and hold it as long as they can, but a common mistake is using the enswell to push directly on the swollen area in an attempt to disperse it or move it into a safer place such as away from the eye.[3] Such treatment will not move the hematoma, and may disrupt the microscopic blood vessels under the skin, thus causing an increase in bleeding and enlargement of the swelled area.[citation needed]

text: Cuts[edit]

text: Cuts (lacerations) are the primary focus of the cutman because unless the bleeding is stopped promptly, the fight physician may stop the fight and declare that the injured fighter has lost the match. Physicians also will stop a match for a laceration that is perpendicular to the eye. The most common area of the face to be cut is around the eye. Cuts are treated by applying a cold towel to clean and simultaneously cool the area of the cut, causing a decrease in blood flow. A cotton swab soaked in epinephrine is applied with pressure to decrease blood flow even more, and Avitene is put into the cut to coagulate the blood.[1] A cutman might also cover the area with petroleum jelly to prevent further damage.

text: Nosebleeds[edit]

text: Most nosebleeds occur near the opening of the nose. To stop the bleeding, cutmen generally apply a cotton swab soaked in adrenaline hydrochloride to the damaged area, while simultaneously pressing the nostril against the cotton swab with the other hand. Once the bleeding has stopped, the area is chilled with an ice pack or an enswell. The fighter is usually instructed to breathe through the mouth during the treatment.[2]

text: A broken nose is a more difficult case, and can be detected by a heavy flow of dark colored blood from the nose. The bleeding is generally treated the same way; however, the fighter is usually instructed to avoid swallowing blood as it may induce nausea or vomiting, and the cutman is more likely to consult the ringside physician to ensure the fighter's safety.

text: Tools[edit]

text: Equipment[edit]

text:
Enswell, sometimes called end-swell, endswell, stop-swell, no-swell or simple eye iron, is a small piece of metal with a handle. It is traditionally kept on ice and is used to cool the area of a bruise or a cut by applying direct pressure to decrease the blood flow to the area.
Cotton swabs are used to apply medications to the fighter's wounds. While some cutmen use ready-made cotton swabs, others make their own.[1] It has been suggested that the practice of past cutmen's in keeping cotton swabs behind their ears or in their mouths is unsanitary and unprofessional.[3]
Ice packs are used to cool bruises, cuts and sprains, and to keep the enswell cold.
Petroleum jelly is put on the cuts and most likely areas of impact to make the skin more elastic and slippery, and hence less likely to tear. Some cutmen cover cuts with homemade salve containing a mix of petroleum jelly and adrenaline chloride, so that adrenaline keeps getting applied to the wound during the bout. Also, perspiration from above the eyes will be prevented from reaching the eyes by applying petroleum jelly to the eyebrows.
Gauze pads are used to dry cuts.
Medical gloves are worn by the cutman to limit the fighter's exposure to infectious matter, as well as limiting the cutman's exposure to blood.

text: Medications[edit]

text: Cutmen used to create their own medications, and the recipes were passed from masters to apprentices as trade secrets. Today, the use of various medications in sports is highly controlled, and most cutmen use only two or three standard medications from the list below.

text:
Adrenaline hydrochloride (also adrenaline chloride, usually a 1:1000 solution): Applied topically to decrease blood flow. This is arguably the most common medication used by cutmen.[3]
Avitene (microfibrillar collagen hemostat): Coagulant used for bleeding cuts. Usually used in a powder form. It works best when the surface is dry.[4] The treatment includes covering the affected area with Avitene, and applying moderate pressure with dry gauze.
Thrombin: Coagulant used when the blood is removed and the surface is dry.
Surgicel and Gelfoam: Two other substances also used for coagulation, although less frequently than Avitene or Thrombin.
Monsel's solution: This widely outlawed hemostatic quickly stops the blood flow by chemically cauterizing the tissues surrounding the cut, while generating severe scar tissue. The application of a lead-based hemostatic can be recognized by the appearance of a dark ring of damaged tissue around the cut. However, Monsel's solution is an iron (sub)sulfate solution that contains no lead, contrary to popular misconception.[3]

text: Notable cutmen[edit]

text: Chuck Bodak, a legendary boxing cutman who worked with over 50 World Champions including Muhammad Ali, Rocky Marciano, Tommy Hearns, Julio Cesar Chavez, Evander Holyfield and Oscar De La Hoya.[5]

text: Rafael Garcia, a legendary cutman known for working with Floyd Mayweather, Jr.

text: Cutmen in popular culture[edit]

text: Film and TV[edit]

text:
Here Comes the Boom, a 2012 Columbia Pictures film, featured Jacob Duran as a cutman for a fictional UFC fight between "Scott Voss" Kevin James and "Ken Dietrich" Krzysztof Soszynski
Million Dollar Baby, a 2004 Academy Award-winning film. Clint Eastwood stars as a trainer and cutman.
More Than Famous, a 2003 documentary on Salvadoran/American boxer Carlos 'Famoso' Hernández, featured prominent cutman Chuck Bodak as himself.
The Cutman, a 2003 short film by Yon Motskin, is a drama focusing on a cutman's life.
Play It to the Bone, a 1999 Touchstone Pictures film, featured cutmen Chuck Bodak as "Cesar's Cutman" and Jacob Duran as "Vince's Cutman".
In The Boxer, a 1997 Universal Pictures film, Ken Stott plays "Ike Weir", "Danny Flynn's" coach, and is seen performing cutman's duties by treating Danny's cut with two cotton swabs.
In the 1976 film Rocky, during Rocky Balboa's fight with heavyweight champion Apollo Creed, Rocky's cutman is Al, played by former boxing trainer Al Silvani (credited as Al Salvani). During the fight, between the 14th and 15th rounds, Rocky's eyes have swollen so badly that he cannot see, so Salvani famously cuts Rocky's eyelid to restore his vision. He also serves as Rocky's cutman in both Rocky II and Rocky III.
In the 2006 film Rocky Balboa, Jacob Duran portrays a cutman in the corner of Mason Dixon.
In the 2015 film Creed, Jacob Duran portrays himself as the cutman in the corner of Adonis Creed.
The Aaron Sorkin TV show Sports Night includes an episode featuring Allen Garfield as Chuck "the Cut-Man" Kimmel.
The Contender, a TV boxing reality show which exposes and elevates prominent fighters to a celebrity status, earning the opportunity to fight for The Contender title. Featuring Sugar Ray Leonard and Carlos Vargas as the cutman in the corner.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Fight Night Round 2 and Fight Night: Round 3 by Electronic Arts allow the player to perform the cutman duties during the breaks between rounds. The player has a very limited time to apply enswell to the bruises and treat cuts with adrenaline-soaked cotton swabs.

text: Fiction[edit]

text: Million Dollar Baby: Stories from the Corner by F.X. Toole contains several short stories on the lives of cutmen and their relationships with the fighters.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Whisler, John (2004). "Battered boxers want Joe Souza in their corner". www.mysanantonio.com. URL last accessed May 9, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Tenny, Dave (2002). "How to Use Enswell and Take Care of a Nosebleed" Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine.. www.thecutman.com. URL last accessed March 18, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Guzman, Trinidad; Duran, Jacob (2004). "Boxing through the eyes of a cutman" Archived 2006-05-04 at the Wayback Machine.. www.fightnews.com. URL last accessed March 18, 2006.
Jump up ^ Davol, Inc. Avitene Microfibrillar Collagen Hemostat Instructions for Use Archived 2006-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.. www.davol.com. URL last accessed March 20, 2006.
Jump up ^ Chuck Bodak passes Fightnews.com, February 6, 2009

tag: ol


document_title: Mass number

question_text: what is the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom

text: Mass number

text:
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word Atomgewicht (atomic weight),[1] also called  atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element.  This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus:

N
=
A
−
Z

{\displaystyle N=A-Z}

.[2]

text: The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or 12C, which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number: 126C.[3]  This is technically redundant, as each element is defined by its atomic number, so it is often omitted.

text: Mass number changes in radioactive decay[edit]

text:
Different types of radioactive decay are characterized by their changes in mass number as well as atomic number, according to the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy.
For example, uranium-238 usually decays by alpha decay, where the nucleus loses two neutrons and two protons in the form of an alpha particle.  Thus the atomic number and the number of neutrons each decrease by 2 (Z: 92→90, N: 146→144), so that the mass number decreases by 4 (A = 238→234); the result is an atom of thorium-234 and an alpha particle (42He2+):[4]

text:
23892U
→
23490Th
+
42He2+

text: On the other hand, carbon-14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay, whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino.  Thus the atomic number increases by 1 (Z: 6→7) and the mass number remains the same (A = 14), while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 (N: 8→7).[5]  The resulting atom is nitrogen-14, with seven protons and seven neutrons:

text:
146C
→
147N
+
e−
+
νe

text: Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus. Since all the protons and neutrons remain in the nucleus unchanged in this process, the mass number is also unchanged.

text: Mass number and isotopic mass[edit]

text: The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units (u). For 12C the isotopic mass is exactly 12, since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of 12C. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885. The difference between mass number of an atom and its isotopic mass is known as the mass excess. Mass excess should not be confused with mass defect which is the difference between the mass of an atom and its constituent particles (namely protons, neutrons and electrons).

text: There are two reasons for mass defect/excess:

text:
The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy, and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. For 35Cl the isotopic mass is less than 35 so this must be the dominant factor.

text: Relative atomic mass of an element[edit]

text: The mass number should also not be confused with the standard atomic weight (also called atomic weight) of an element, which is the ratio of the average atomic mass of the different isotopes of that element (weighted by abundance) to the unified atomic mass unit.[6] The atomic weight is an actual mass (made relative, i.e., a ratio), while the mass number is a counted number (and so an integer).

text: This weighted average can be quite different from the near-integer values for individual isotopic masses. For instance, there are two main isotopes of chlorine: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subjected to mass separation there will be roughly 75% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-35 and only 25% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-37. This gives chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.5 (actually 35.4527 g/mol).

text: Moreover, the weighted average mass can be near-integer, but at the same time not corresponding to the mass of any natural isotope. For example, bromine has only two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, naturally present in approximately equal fractions, which leads to the standard atomic mass of bromine close to 80 (79.904 g/mol),[7] even though the isotope 80Br with such mass is unstable.