document_title: Suits (season 7)

question_text: when does the rest of suits season 7 air

root

text: Suits (season 7)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter
Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross
Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt
Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane
Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen
Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson[a]

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Christina Cole as Dr. Paula Agard
Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski
Jordan Johnson-Hinds as Oliver Grady
Peter Cambor as Nathan
Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett[8]
Dulé Hill as Alex Williams[8]
Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane[8]
Jake Epstein as Brian Altman
Paul Schulze as Frank Gallo
Ray Proscia as Dr. Lipschitz
Al Sapienza as Thomas Bratton
Jay Harrington as Mark Meadows
Zoe McLellan as Holly Cromwell

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Gina Torres is credited as a regular cast member for the episodes she appears in, following her departure last season.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [9]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

93
1
"Skin in the Game"
Silver Tree
Aaron Korsh
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)
1.40[10]

Following his breakup with Tara, Louis starts terrorizing the associates. His behavior raises red flags with Rachel, Donna, and Gretchen. Donna has figured out that what she wants is a seat at the table as a senior partner. She uses the situation with Louis to prove to Harvey that she deserves it after all these years of being a key person in running the firm without getting credit. Harvey agrees to name her senior partner, but has to tiptoe around telling Louis. As Rachel convinces Louis that he needs closure with Tara, he allows Rachel, now a lawyer in her own right, to step up and take over the associates from him. Meanwhile, Mike and Harvey team up again to prove to one of Jessica's clients that the firm can handle his case now that Jessica is gone. Harvey has a hard time filling Jessica's shoes and pursues a romantic relationship with his former therapist, Dr. Paula Agard. Mike gives the legal clinic half a million dollars, but his returning to PSL doesn't sit well with his former colleagues, especially Oliver.

94
2
"The Statue"
Michael Smith
Genevieve Sparling
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
1.36[11]

Harvey and Paula agree to get to know one another better. Drawing inspiration from Jessica herself to mark the change of leadership, Harvey decides to drop her oldest client while eyeing an important client from Alex Williams, a lawyer from his past. However, Alex is only willing to transfer said client if he is made name partner at Pearson Specter Litt, which Louis and Donna oppose. Louis is terrified to lose his fragile friendship with Harvey if Alex comes to the firm, so he tries to poach the client behind Alex's back. Harvey goes to meet with Jessica to get her on his side, but the meeting results in a fight. Meanwhile, Mike's pro bono case hits a snag when the opposing lawyer uses Mike's past to prejudice the judge. Katrina tells Harvey that his promoting Donna to senior partner has changed what it means to be named a partner to those both inside and outside the firm, leading to Harvey undoing Donna's promotion. He instead names her COO while agreeing that she gets to have a vote inside the firm. Harvey also denies Alex name partner, but offers him senior partner, which Alex accepts. Jessica and Harvey make up and she confirms that he's ready to take the lead.

95
3
"Mudmare"
Maurice Marable
Sharyn Rothstein
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)
1.41[12]

Louis has a nightmare about going mudding with Harvey in the other tub, only to have Alex join them and claim that he and Harvey go mudding all the time. After a discussion with his therapist, Louis agrees to try and be friends with Alex rather than possibly lose Harvey as a friend. Rachel deals with a fourth-year associate who repeatedly hands off menial procedural work to first-year employees. When Rachel confronts her, Donna steps in, undermining Rachel's authority in front of all the other associates. After an argument, both Rachel and Donna admit they have a lot to learn about their new positions in the company. Rachel concedes she needs to focus on becoming a great lawyer more than being a supervisor. Mike takes a pro bono case concerning the wrongful death of a prisoner, only to find out there's a conflict of interest because the parent company that built and runs the prison is one of Alex's clients. Mike hands the case off to Oliver, who reluctantly takes it after Mike tells him how the incident hits close to home. Elsewhere, Harvey's relationship with Dr. Agard hits a snag.

96
4
"Divide and Conquer"
Anton Cropper
Daniel Arkin
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
1.41[13]

Rachel’s father questions if she and Mike can make time for the wedding and a marriage, as they both are busy with their careers. As Louis finds it difficult to get over Tara, Donna tries to manage the situation. Harvey meets Jessica for help with the fiasco at work and Mike finds it difficult not to help Oliver after signing the agreement to stay away from the prison case. While Louis and Alex get on better terms, Bratton Gould is trying to poach PSL clients, as someone seems to be leaking inside information. As a solution, Harvey tries to convince Zane to agree to a fake merger. Alex proves himself to be loyal to PSL and puts himself at risk to stop Tommy Bratton from coming after PSL clients. Mike and Rachel finally decide to set a date for their wedding, but set it far enough in the future to avoid stress. Harvey learns it was Jessica who leaked the information and he understands that she did so to unite PSL in a time of crisis. Rachel and her father have a heart to heart conversation for the first time in a long while.

97
5
"Brooklyn Housing"
Roger Kumble
Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
1.29[14]

While Mike agrees to work for the clinic on the prison case under the cover of a suit against the Brooklyn Housing Projects, Harvey suggests that Paula take Louis as her lawyer for her lawsuit with Jacob, her ex. Paula admits that she violated the terms of her professional agreement with Jacob. Donna feels that Harvey is hiding something from her. Harvey tries to get Mike’s help regarding a case and Mike’s absence makes him distressed. Holly Cromwell demands a job at PSL and Donna disagrees with Harvey’s decision. The return of Frank Gallo stirs things up. When Mike tries to extract information from Gallo about the prison rewarding him for starting fights, he demands that Mike get him early parole. Louis clears things with Dr. Lipschitz and wins Dr. Agard’s case. Elsewhere, Rachel discovers Mike is still working the prison case and warns him about the agreement. At the clinic, Nathan also deduces that Mike is helping Oliver.

98
6
"Home to Roost"
Valerie Weiss
Sandra Silverstein
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)
1.47[15]

Mike and Oliver visit Frank Gallo, who tips them off to a prosecutor who was going to bring a similar case involving him, but was forced to drop it. Rachel later has to lie to Harvey to cover for where Mike is that day, making her furious. Harvey finds out anyway when Gallo calls Donna, saying Harvey and Mike had better not try to screw him again. Meanwhile, Louis is hit with a sexual harassment lawsuit from Stephanie, the fourth-year associate whom Donna fired. Katrina tries to help by visiting Stephanie as a former colleague, but it still results in Louis needing to admit guilt. Louis eventually apologizes to Stephanie, telling her about losing his chance to be a father, only to find out his rant from before hit close to home with her. Elsewhere, Harvey tells Donna about dating Paula. Donna tells him she already knew, but later admits to Rachel that she didn't know, making her question herself. A pre-trial motion for the prison case goes sour when Alex shows up in court and calls out Mike, who is sitting in the back to support Oliver, forcing Mike to admit he violated conflict of interest and causing the case to be thrown out. Harvey appears to take Alex's side in a fight with Mike, but later visits Alex and demands he tell him the truth.

99
7
"Full Disclosure"
Cherie Nowlan
Ethan Drogin
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)
1.35[16]

In flashbacks to the Pearson Hardman days, it's revealed how Alex arranged for himself and Harvey to get junior partner positions at Bratton Gould, following Harvey's displeasure over Hardman promoting Louis to junior partner ahead of him. Alex assures Tommy Bratton that Harvey's arrival is a "done deal," but Jessica ultimately convinces Harvey to stay, causing problems for Alex. Harvey apologizes to Alex and promises a favor if he ever needs it. Alex is given mostly grunt work and unwinnable cases for several years and his only way back is to become part of an unholy alliance between Bratton, Masterson Construction, and Reform Corp. – an alliance that Mike has just discovered in the present day. Mike tries to get Anita Gibbs to take over the Masterson case as a criminal matter, now that the civil case has been dropped, but Gibbs sees too many conflicts. Also in the past, it is revealed that Jessica was the one who insisted that Louis start seeing Dr. Lipschitz for therapy, while Donna is dumped by Mark (guest star Jay Harrington), her boyfriend of six months, when it becomes clear she will follow Harvey wherever he goes. In the present, Alex reveals all to Mike, including how his life could be in danger if Masterson is prosecuted, while Harvey reveals the same to Donna.

100
8
"100"
Patrick J. Adams
Rick Muirragui
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)
1.51[17]

Harvey asks Robert Zane to take over the prison case, but Zane will only agree if Harvey lets him try the case his own way. Later, Frank Gallo dies in prison, but not before Zane could record a damning video confession from him. Harvey accuses a rep from Reform Corp. of putting a hit on Gallo. While denying involvement, the rep agrees to sign a document revealing the alliance with Tommy Bratton. Harvey uses this to get Bratton to sign a document taking full responsibility and absolving Alex of any wrongdoing. Donna reconnects with her old boyfriend Mark and is taken aback when Mark invites her to his hotel room, even though he is currently married. Elsewhere, Louis wonders why Columbia Law didn't submit any candidates for the firm. He later learns that it's because Sheila Sasz is now working in their placement department. Sheila reveals she is engaged to another man, but invites Louis to a hotel room for one last fling. While Donna backs away at Mark's door, Louis enters Sheila's room.

101
9
"Shame"
Silver Tree
Sharyn Rothstein
September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)
1.64[18]

Feeling shame and guilt following a night of passion with Sheila, Louis throws himself into a case with his associate Brian while simultaneously avoiding an appointment with Dr. Lipschitz. When Louis finally meets with Lipschitz, he explains his actions by saying that Sheila, not Tara, is his one true love. Mike, meanwhile, suggests that Harvey reestablish his strength by taking on a prosecutor who is making waves by going after corrupt Wall Street brokers and winning every case. After finding a client to defend, Harvey learns that the prosecutor, Andy Malick (Usman Ally), once worked with him in the Manhattan DA's office. Harvey does not remember Andy, but Andy definitely remembers Harvey as being Cameron Dennis' pet employee. Donna is drawn into the case as well, being the only other person aware of the shady things that went on under Cameron's leadership. Elsewhere, Rachel goes after predatory lenders in a pro bono case with her father, later learning that the case is deeply personal for Robert.

102
10
"Donna"
Michael Smith
Genevieve Sparling
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
1.68[19]

Louis finds a way to get Donna off the hook with Malick by citing that everything she and Harvey worked on under Cameron Dennis is work product and therefore privileged information. At the pre-trial hearing, Mike and Harvey successfully prevent Malick from using that information, but Malick surprises them by questioning Donna about the documents she shredded in the Coastal Motors case. Unprepared and under oath, Donna admits to doing so, but says she acted alone and not under Harvey's direction. Donna later finds that Malick got the Coastal Motors information from Holly, but Holly will not take the stand. Mike and Harvey are able to prove that Malick manufactured evidence, offering to ignore it in exchange for Malick dropping the case against their client. Elsewhere, Rachel and Robert Zane continue their case against the bank executive who abused Robert's sister. Robert almost ruins the case by letting his emotions take over, but Rachel finds another path they can take to win the case and get the executive fired. Louis helps Alex when the other half of Bratton Gould tries to poach a huge client. Malick returns with a new angle to get back at Harvey: he intends to get Jessica disbarred for knowing about Mike's fraud and covering it up. Jessica arrives at Harvey's home and says that she is okay with the consequences. Harvey insists that he will fight for her, but she urges him to let it go and remove her name from the wall. Louis helps Donna realize that she should fight for the one she loves when he relays his own regrets over Sheila. When Harvey comes to talk to Donna, she stuns him with a kiss, apologizing and telling him she just had to know.

103
11
"Hard Truths"
Christopher Misiano
Ethan Drogin
March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)
1.18[20]

Harvey and Louis fight to protect the future of the firm from its past; Alex worries Mike's instincts could risk a client relationship; Donna and Harvey delve into the aftermath of their kiss.

104
12
"Bad Man"
Roger Kumble
Rick Muirragui
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
1.06[21]

Harvey has to call in an old debt for the firm; Mike goes toe to toe with an unlikely opponent; Louis comes to terms with his new role.

105
13
"Inevitable"[22]
TBA
TBA
April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
TBD

106
14
"Pulling the Goalie"[22]
TBA
TBA
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
TBD

107
15
"Tiny Violin"[23]
TBA
TBA
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
TBD

108
16
"Good-Bye"[23]
TBA
TBA
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
TBD

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Skin in the Game"
July 12, 2017
0.4
1.40[10]
0.4
1.31
0.8
2.71[24]

2
"The Statue"
July 19, 2017
0.4
1.36[11]
N/A
1.27
N/A
2.63[25]

3
"Mudmare"
July 26, 2017
0.3
1.41[12]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Divide and Conquer"
August 2, 2017
0.4
1.41[13]
0.4
1.38
0.8
2.79[26]

5
"Brooklyn Housing"
August 9, 2017
0.3
1.29[14]
0.5
1.54
0.8
2.83[27]

6
"Home to Roost"
August 16, 2017
0.4
1.47[15]
0.4
1.27
0.8
2.73[28]

7
"Full Disclosure"
August 23, 2017
0.4
1.35[16]
0.4
1.52
0.8
2.87[29]

8
"100"
August 30, 2017
0.4
1.51[17]
0.3
1.34
0.7
2.85[30]

9
"Shame"
September 6, 2017
0.4
1.64[18]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Donna"
September 13, 2017
0.5
1.68[19]
0.3
1.30
0.8
2.98[31]

11
"Hard Truths"
March 28, 2018
0.3
1.18[20]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Bad Man"
April 4, 2018
0.3
1.06[21]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

question_text: who did half time at super bowl 2017

question_tokens: who did half time at super bowl 2017

text: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

text: Background[edit]

text: During most of the Super Bowl's first decade, the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. The middle of the third decade, in an effort to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game,[7] saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block, Gloria Estefan, Michael Jackson, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett. Starting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged "wardrobe malfunction", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered "family friendly" and the time in which they took place has been described as "the age of reactionary halftime shows.[8] Since Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.

tag: p

text: The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends.[9] Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation.[10][11][12][11] According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure.[13] For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a "chilly" response from those involved.[14][15]

text: History[edit]

text: The following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show.

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

I

Date: Jan 15, 1967
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Performers: University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band, Al Hirt, Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls
Producer: Tommy Walker
Setlist: "The Liberty Bell" (The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band)
References:[16][17][18]

II

Date: Jan 14, 1968
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Grambling State University Marching Band
References:[16]

III

Date: Jan 12, 1969
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: America Thanks
Performers: Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

IV

Date: Jan 11, 1970
Lon: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Mardi Gras
Performers: Marguerite Piazza, Doc Severinsen, Al Hirt, Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band
References:[16]
Setlist:

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

V

Date: Jan 17, 1971
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Southeast Missouri State Marching Band
References:[16][19]

VI

Date: Jan 16, 1972
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to Louis Armstrong
Performers: Ella Fitzgerald, Carol Channing, Al Hirt, USAFA Cadet Chorale, & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][20]
Setlist:

"Mack the Knife" (Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt)

VII

Date: Jan 14, 1973
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Theme: Happiness Is
Performers: University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams
Producer: Tommy Walker
References:[16][21][22]
Setlist: (partial)

"Put on a Happy Face" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"La Virgen de la Macarena" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"This Land Is Your Land" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"Marmalade, Molasses & Honey" (Andy Williams)
"People" (Andy Williams)

VIII

Date: Jan 13, 1974
Location: Rice Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: A Musical America
Performers: University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett (Miss Texas 1973) on fiddle
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

IX

Date: Jan 12, 1975
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Duke Ellington
Performers: Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][18]

X

Date: Jan 18, 1976
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: 200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XI

Date: Jan 9, 1977
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: It's a Small World
Performers: Los Angeles Unified All-City Band & Audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]

XII

Date: Jan 15, 1978
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: From Paris to Paris of America
Performers: Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team, and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt
References:[16]

XIII

Date: Jan 21, 1979
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Caribbean
Performers: Ken Hamilton, various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica
Producer: Bob Jani
Sponsor: Carnival
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XIV

Date: Jan 20, 1980
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: A Salute to the Big Band Era
Performers: Up with People, Grambling State University Marching Bands
References:[16][23]

XV

Date: Jan 25, 1981
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Mardi Gras Festival
Performers: Southern University Marching Band, Helen O'Connell
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

XVI

Date: Jan 24, 1982
Location: Pontiac Silverdome (Pontiac, Michigan)
Theme: Salute to the 1960s and Motown
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XVII

Date: Jan 30, 1983
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: KaleidoSUPERscope
Performer: Los Angeles Super Drill Team
Producer: Bob Jani
References:[16]

XVIII

Date: Jan 22, 1984
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen
Performers: University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Setlist:[16]

Introduction by Phyllis George
"Hooray for Hollywood"
"You Oughta Be in Pictures"
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"
"Puttin' on the Ritz"
"42nd Street"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XIX

Date: Jan 20, 1985
Location: Stanford Stadium (Stanford, California)
Theme: World of Children's Dreams
Performer: Tops In Blue
Producer: Air Force Entertainment
References:[16]

XX

Date: Jan 26, 1986
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Beat of the Future
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XXI

Date: Jan 25, 1987
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: Salute to Hollywood's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe
Performers: George Burns, Mickey Rooney, Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands, Disney characters, Southern California-area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Ghost Riders in the Sky"
Theme songs from Bonanza, Indiana Jones, and Footloose
Hoedown song
"Cheek to Cheek"
"What a Feeling" (Theme from Flashdance)
"That's Entertainment"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XXII

Date: Jan 31, 1988
Location: Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Something Grand
Performers: Chubby Checker, The Rockettes, 88 grand pianos, and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
References:[16][17]

XXIII

Date: Jan 22, 1989
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: 1950's Rock and Roll (Be Bop Bamboozled in 3-D)
Performers: Elvis Presto, South Florida-area dancers and performers
Producer: MagicCom Entertainment, Dan Witkowski
Sponsor: Diet Coke
Setlist:

Introduction by Bob Costas and 3-D commercial for Diet Coke
"Rock This Town"
audience participation card trick
"Tutti Frutti"
"Do You Love Me"
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
"Great Balls of Fire"
"Greased Lightnin'"
"True Love"

References:[16][24]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXIV

Date: Jan 28, 1990
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts
Performers: Pete Fountain, Doug Kershaw, Irma Thomas, Nicholls State University Marching Band, Southern University Marching Band, USL Marching Band
Producer: Select Productions
References:
Setlist:

"(Up A) Lazy River"
"Waiting For The Robert E. Lee"
"Here Comes the Showboat"
"When the Saints Go Marching In" (Pete Fountain on clarinet)
"Happy Birthday to You"

XXV

Date: Jan 27, 1991
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl
Performers: New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), Disney characters, Warren Moon, 2,000 local children, audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Sponsor: Walt Disney World and Coca-Cola
References:[16]
Setlist:

"It's a Small World After All"/ "We Are the World"/ "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (children)
"Step by Step" (NKOTB)
"This One's For The Children" (NKOTB and children)
"It's a Small World After All" (children)

Notes: The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm

XXVI

Date: Jan 26, 1992
Location: Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Theme: Winter Magic, salute to 1992 Winter Olympics
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill, members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, and the University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Timberline Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Winter Magic"
"Walking in a Winter Wonderland"
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"
"Frosty" (University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"One Moment in Time" (featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill)
"Don't Stop Me Now" (featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team)
"Live for Loving You" (Gloria Estefan)
"Get on Your Feet" (Gloria Estefan)

Notes: During the halftime, rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color, one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming. The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast.[citation needed] In mid-1992, citing this, Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert-type performances from top contemporary musical artists.[citation needed] The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson.[citation needed]

XXVII

Main article: Super Bowl XXVII halftime show

Date: Jan 31, 1993
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Performer: Michael Jackson
Producer: Radio City, Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Jam" (M. Jackson)
"Billie Jean" (M. Jackson)
"Black or White" (M. Jackson)
"We Are the World" (children's choir)
"Heal the World" (M. Jackson)

Notes: This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount. It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history. After 1993, the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows.[25]

XXVIII

Date: Jan 30, 1994
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Rockin' Country Sunday
Performers: Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, The Judds
Producer: Select Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tuckered Out" (Clint Black)
"It's a Little Too Late" (Tanya Tucker)
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E" (Travis Tritt)
"No One Else on Earth" (Wynonna Judd)
"Love Can Build a Bridge" (The Judds, joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse)

Notes: Travis Tritt of Atlanta, joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown. The special guests for the finale included: Stevie Wonder, Ashley Judd, Lisa Hartman Black, The Georgia Satellites, Joe Namath, Elijah Wood, and Charlie Daniels.

XXIX

Date: Jan 29, 1995
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye
Performers: Patti Labelle, Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood, Teddy Pendergrass, Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval, Miami Sound Machine
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Release Yourself" (Patti Labelle)
"Caravan" (Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine)
"New Attitude" (Patti Labelle)
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett)

XXX

Date: Jan 28, 1996
Location: Sun Devil Stadium (Tempe, Arizona)
Theme: Take Me Higher: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl
Performer: Diana Ross
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16][17]
Setlist: A medley of the following songs:

"Stop In The Name Of Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Baby Love"
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"Chain Reaction"
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"I Will Survive"
"Take Me Higher"

XXXI

Date: Jan 26, 1997
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Blues Brothers Bash
Performers: The Blues Brothers (Dan Aykroyd, John Goodman and James Belushi), ZZ Top, James Brown, Catherine Crier ("news" intro)
Producer: Select Productions, Radio City, House of Blues
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (The Blues Brothers)
"Soul Man" (The Blues Brothers)
"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (James Brown)
"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (James Brown)
"Tush" (ZZ Top)
"Legs" (ZZ Top)
"Gimme Some Lovin'" (all performers joined together)

XXXII

Date: Jan 25, 1998
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Salute to Motown's 40th Anniversary
Performers: Boyz II Men, Smokey Robinson, Martha Reeves, The Temptations, Queen Latifah, Grambling State University Marching Band
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises
References:[16][17][18][26]
Setlist:

"Get Ready" (The Temptations)
"I Can't Help Myself" (The Temptations)
"The Tracks of My Tears" (Smokey Robinson)
"My Girl" (The Temptations with Smokey Robinson)
"Heat Wave" (Martha and the Vandellas)
"Paper" (Queen Latifah)
"Motownphilly" (Boyz II Men)
"A Song for Mama" (Boyz II Men)
"Dancing in the Street" (all artists joined by GSU Marching Band)

XXXIII

Date: Jan 31, 1999
Location: Pro Player Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Celebration of Soul, Salsa and Swing
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Stevie Wonder, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Savion Glover
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Progressive Auto Insurance
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Go Daddy O" (Big Bad Voodoo Daddy)
"Sir Duke" (Stevie Wonder)
"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life" (Stevie Wonder)
"I Wish" (Stevie Wonder)
"Oye!" (Gloria Estefan)
"Turn The Beat Around" (Gloria Estefan)
"You'll Be Mine (Party Time)/Another Star/My Cherie Amour" (Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder)

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXXIV

Date: Jan 30, 2000
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Tapestry of Nations
Performers: Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Toni Braxton, 80-person choir, Edward James Olmos (narrator)
Producer: Disney
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][27]
Setlist:

"Reflections of Earth" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand" (Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias)
"Tapestry of Nations" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Two Worlds" (Phil Collins)
"We Go On" (Toni Braxton)

XXXV

Date: Jan 28, 2001
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: The Kings of Rock and Pop
Performers: Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller, Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Aerosmith, and 'N Sync
"Bye Bye Bye" ('N Sync)
"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (Aerosmith)
"It's Gonna Be Me ('N Sync)
"Jaded" (Aerosmith)
"Walk This Way" (Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly)

XXXVI

Date: Feb 3, 2002
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks
Performer: U2
Producer: Clear Channel Entertainment
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Beautiful Day"
"MLK"
"Where the Streets Have No Name"

XXXVII

Date: Jan 26, 2003
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Performers: Shania Twain, No Doubt, Sting
Producer: Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen
Sponsor: AT&T Wireless
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Man! I Feel like a Woman!" (Shania Twain)
"Up!" (Shania Twain)
"Just a Girl" (No Doubt)
"Message in a Bottle" (Sting with No Doubt)

XXXVIII

Date: Feb 1, 2004
Location: Reliant Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: Choose or Lose
Performers: Jessica Simpson, the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston, and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands, Janet Jackson, P. Diddy, Nelly, Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: AOL TopSpeed
References:[16][17]
Setlist:[28]

'Choose to Party!' Intro (Jessica Simpson)
Marching bands
"All for You" (Janet Jackson)
"Bad Boy for Life" (P. Diddy)
"Diddy" to the tune of "Mickey" (P. Diddy)
"Hot in Herre" (Nelly),
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (P. Diddy)
"Bawitdaba" (Kid Rock),
"Cowboy" (Kid Rock)
"Rhythm Nation" (Janet Jackson)
"Rock Your Body" (Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson)

Further information: Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

XXXIX

Date: Feb 6, 2005
Location: Alltel Stadium (Jacksonville, Florida)
Performer: Paul McCartney
Producer: Don Mischer Productions
Sponsor: Ameriquest Mortgage
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Drive My Car"
"Get Back"
"Live and Let Die"
"Hey Jude"

XL

Date: Feb 5, 2006
Location: Ford Field (Detroit, Michigan)
Performer: The Rolling Stones
Producer: Don Mischer Production
Sponsor: Sprint Nextel
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Start Me Up"
"Rough Justice"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

XLI

Date: Feb 4, 2007
Location: Dolphin Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performers: Prince, Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"We Will Rock You" (Intro)
"Let's Go Crazy"
"Baby I'm a Star"
"Proud Mary"
"All Along the Watchtower"
"Best of You"
"Purple Rain"

XLII

Date: Feb 3, 2008
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performer: Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"American Girl"
"I Won't Back Down"
"Free Fallin'"
"Runnin' Down a Dream"

XLIII

Date: Feb 1, 2009
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Performers: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out"
"Born to Run"
"Working on a Dream"
"Glory Days"

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XLIV

Date: Feb 7, 2010
Location: Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performer: The Who
Producer: White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Pinball Wizard"
"Baba O'Riley"
"Who Are You"
"See Me, Feel Me"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"

XLV

Date: Feb 6, 2011
Location: Cowboys Stadium (Arlington, Texas)
Performers: The Black Eyed Peas, Usher, Slash, Dallas/Ft. Worth-area area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:[29]

"I Gotta Feeling" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Boom Boom Pow" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Sweet Child O' Mine" (Slash & Fergie)
"Pump It" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Let's Get It Started" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"OMG" (Usher & will.i.am)
"Where Is The Love?" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"The Time (Dirty Bit)" with "I Gotta Feeling" reprise (The Black Eyed Peas)

XLVI

Main article: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2012
Location: Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Performers: Madonna, LMFAO,[30] Cirque du Soleil,[31] Nicki Minaj,[32] M.I.A.,[33] Cee Lo Green,[30] Andy Lewis,[34] Avon High School Drumline, Center Grove High School Drumline, Fishers High School Drumline, Franklin Central High School Drumline, Southern University Dancing Dolls, 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
Setlist:[30]

"Vogue" (Madonna)
"Music" / "Party Rock Anthem" / "Sexy and I Know It" (Madonna with LMFAO)
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" (Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.)
"Open Your Heart" / "Express Yourself" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)
"Like a Prayer" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)

XLVII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVII halftime show

Date: Feb 3, 2013
Location: Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Performers: Beyoncé, Destiny's Child
Producer: Ricky Kirshner[35]
Director: Hamish Hamilton[35]
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[36]
Setlist:

"Run The World (Girls)" (Intro) / Vince Lombardi "Excellence" speech voiceover
"Love on Top" (chorus a cappella) (Beyoncé)
"Crazy in Love" (Beyoncé)
"End of Time" (Beyoncé)
"Baby Boy" (Beyoncé)
"Bootylicious" (Destiny's Child)
"Independent Women Part I" (Destiny's Child)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams)
"Halo" (Beyoncé)

XLVIII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show

Date: Feb 2, 2014
Location: MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey)
Performers: Bruno Mars, Red Hot Chili Peppers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[37]
Setlist:

"Billionaire" (Intro) (children's choir)
"Locked Out of Heaven" (Bruno Mars)
"Treasure" (Bruno Mars)
"Runaway Baby" (Bruno Mars)
"Give It Away" (Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars)
"Just the Way You Are" (Bruno Mars)

XLIX

Main article: Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

Date: Feb 1, 2015
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performers: Katy Perry, Lenny Kravitz, Missy Elliott, and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[38][39][40]
Setlist:

"Roar" (Katy Perry)
"Dark Horse" (Katy Perry)
"I Kissed a Girl" (Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry)
"Teenage Dream" (Katy Perry)
"California Gurls" (Katy Perry)
"Get Ur Freak On" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Work It" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Lose Control" (Missy Elliott)
"Firework" (Katy Perry)

50

Main article: Super Bowl 50 halftime show

Date: Feb 7, 2016
Location: Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, California)
Performers: Coldplay, Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, Gustavo Dudamel, University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A.
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[41][42][43][44][45]
Setlist:[46]

"Yellow" (intro a cappella) (Coldplay)
"Viva la Vida" (Coldplay)
"Paradise" (Coldplay)
"Adventure of a Lifetime" (Coldplay)
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars)
"Formation" (Beyoncé)
"Crazy In Love"/"Uptown Funk" (Beyoncé, Bruno Mars)
"Clocks" (instrumental) (Coldplay)
"Fix You"/"Up & Up" (Coldplay, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars)

LI

Main article: Super Bowl LI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2017
Location: NRG Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Performer: Lady Gaga
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi Zero Sugar
References:[47][48]
Setlist:

"God Bless America"/"This Land Is Your Land"
"Poker Face"
"Born This Way"
"Telephone"
"Just Dance"
"Million Reasons"
"Bad Romance"

LII

Main article: Super Bowl LII halftime show

Date: Feb 4, 2018
Location: U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Performer: Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References: [49][50][51][52][53]
Setlist:

"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack"
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River"
"Suit & Tie" (Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (Pre-recorded video of Prince (displayed on a projection screen) with Justin Timberlake)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"

text: Details on specific shows[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXVI[edit]

text: U2 performed 3 songs: "Beautiful Day," "MLK," and "Where the Streets Have No Name." During the beginning of "MLK" and continuing until the end of "Where The Streets Have No Name," a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks. Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket, the inside of which displayed the American flag.

text: Super Bowl XL[edit]

text: For The Rolling Stones, the stage was in the form of the group's iconic tongue logo (John Pasche's "Cunning Linguist" first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album). It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show, with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600-member volunteer stage crew. The group performed three songs: "Start Me Up," "Rough Justice," and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction." The show was viewed by 89.9 million people, more than the audiences for the Oscars, Grammys and Emmy Awards combined.[54] In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake, ABC and the NFL imposed a five-second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger's microphone—censoring to which the group had previously agreed.[55] However, the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit "Motown Sound," and no artists from the area were included.[56]


document_title: Pottery in the Indian subcontinent

question_text: major different styles of unglazed pottery making in india

text: Pottery in the Indian subcontinent

text: History[edit]

text: Vedic pottery[edit]

text: Wilhelm Rau (1972) has examined the references to pottery in Vedic texts like the Black Yajur Veda and the Taittiriya Samhita. According to his study, Vedic pottery is for example hand-made and unpainted. According to Kuzmina (1983), Vedic pottery that matches Willhelm's Rau description cannot be found in Asia Minor and Central Asia, though the pottery of Andronovo culture is similar in some respects.[1]

text: Indus Valley Civilization[edit]

text: Indus valley has a great and ancient tradition of pottery making. The origin of pottery in India can be traced back to the neolithic age, with coarse handmade pottery - bowls, jars, vessels - in various colors such as red, orange, brown, black and cream. The real beginning of Indian pottery is with the Indus Valley Civilization. There is proof of pottery being constructed in two ways, handmade and wheel-made.[2] Harappan and Mohanjodaro cultures heralded the age of wheel-made pottery, characterized by well-burnt black painted red wares.

text: Painted Grey Ware[edit]

text: During first millennium BC, painted grey ware was found in parts of North India and the Gangetic plain. Decorated pottery becomes significant in the Shunga, Kushan and Gupta periods.[3]

text: Red Polished Ware (Gujarat)[edit]

text: The Red Polished Ware (RPW) is found in great quantities in Gujarat, especially in the Kathiawar region.[4] Commonly, it consist of domestic forms like cooking pots, and it dates to around first century BC.

text: But this type of ware also is widely distributed in other places in India. It is found at Baroda, Timberva (Surat), Vadnagar, Vala, Prabhas, Sutrapada, Bhandaria, and many other places. The use of this pottery continued for many centuries.

text: Early on, the scholars considered this pottery as a diagnostic marker for ‘Indo-Roman trade’, showing the possibility of the Roman empire influence. Also, this type of pottery was identified at sites bordering the Persian Gulf, so it became significant for the research on the Indian Ocean trade.

text: Red Polished Ware was first identified in 1953 by B. Subbarao.[5] According to him, a "high degree of finish led to consider it as an imported ware or at least an imitation of the Roman Samian Ware".[6]

text: But in 1966 S. R. Rao in his report on Amreli rejected this possibility of a Roman influence. He insisted on an indigenous origin as none of the forms shared the shapes of Roman prototype.[7] He presented a broad variety of vessel types consisting of clay suitable to that definition. Instead he referred to a similarity of vessels of Black Ware with polished surface [Black Polished ware] from the same site noted in layers beyond the first occurrence of RPW.[8]

text: According to Heidrun Schenk, the pottery defined as RPW consists of two very distinct functional groups. Thus, the subject needs more precise classification and dating.

text: One group belongs to the local pottery development of a region around Gujarat -- mostly domestic vessels like cooking pots. The core area of this group is western India, but it is also distributed elsewhere on the western littoral of the Indian Ocean.

text: The other group are the very specialized types of the 'sprinkler' and 'spouted' water jars, that often go together. This special group is widely found in the eastern region of the Indian Ocean, throughout the South Asian subcontinent and South East Asia with many different fabrics. This group represents a later development continuing well into the Middle Ages.

text: In particular, in Tissamaharama, in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka, a good stratigraphy is found.

text: Early Red Polished Ware is often associated with the Northern Black Polished ware (NBP), and goes back to 3rd century BC.[9]

text: Turko-Mughal period[edit]

text: The phase of glazed pottery started in the 12th century AD, when Turkic Muslim rulers encouraged potters from Persia, Central Asia and elsewhere to settle in present-day Northern India. Glazed pottery of Persian models with Indian designs, dating back to the Sultanate period, has been found in Gujarat and Maharashtra.

text: Styles[edit]

text: Over time India's simple style of molding clay went into an evolution. A number of distinct styles emerged from this simple style. Some of the most popular forms of pottery include unglazed pottery, glazed pottery, terracotta, and papier-mache.[10]

text: Unglazed pottery[edit]

text: This is the oldest form of pottery practiced in India. There are three types of unglazed pottery. First is paper thin pottery, biscuit-colored pottery decorated with incised patterns. Next is the scrafito technique; the pot is polished and painted with red and white slips along with intricate patterns. The third is polished pottery; this type of pottery is strong and deeply incised, and has stylized patterns of arabesques.[10]

text: Glazed pottery[edit]

text: This era of pottery began in the 12th century AD. This type of pottery contains a white background and has blue and green patterns. Glazed pottery is only practiced in selected regions of the country.[10]

text: Terracotta sculpture[edit]

text: Terracotta is the term used for unglazed earthenware, and for ceramic sculpture made in it. Indian sculpture made heavy use of terracotta from a very early period (with stone and metal sculpture being rather rare), and in more sophisticated areas had largely abandoned modelling for using moulds by the 1st century BC. This allows relatively large figures, nearly up to life-size, to be made, especially in the Gupta period and the centuries immediately following it. Several vigorous local popular traditions of terracotta folk sculpture remain active today, such as the Bankura horses.[11] Often women prepare clay figures to propitiate their gods and goddesses, during festivals. In Moela deities are created with moulded clay on a flat surface. They are then fired and painted in bright colours. Other parts of India use this style to make figures like horses with riders, sometimes votive offerings.[10]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

question_text: who holds the record for most 3 pointers in the nba

text: Three-point field goals made leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular-season three-point field goals made.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Rank
Name
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[6]
Total 3-point field
goals made
Total 3-point field
goals attempted
3-point field goal
percentage

1
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
2,973
7,429

.400

2
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
2,560
6,486
.395

3
Terry, JasonJason Terry^
SG/PG
Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)
2,242
5,900
.380

4
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (1999–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
2,143
5,816
.368

5
Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
SG/SF
Philadelphia 76ers (2003–2007)
Utah Jazz (2007–2010)
Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)
Atlanta Hawks (2012–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
2,076
4,813
.431

6
Crawford, JamalJamal Crawford^
SG/PG
Chicago Bulls (2000–2004)
New York Knicks (2004–2008)
Golden State Warriors (2008–2009)
Atlanta Hawks (2009–2011)
Portland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)
Los Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2017–present)
2,066
5,903
.350

7
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
2,055
5,506
.373

8
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
1,988
5,701
.349

9
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
PG
Golden State Warriors (2009–present)
1,961
4,492
.437

10
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
SG/SF
Boston Celtics (2001–2002)
Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)
Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)
Miami Heat (2016)
Utah Jazz (2016–present)
1,940
5,203
.373

11
Billups, ChaunceyChauncey Billups†
PG/SG
Boston Celtics (1997–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)
Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)
New York Knicks (2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)
1,830
4,725
.387

12
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
1,827
5,546
.330

13
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1999–present)
1,795
4,704
.382

14
Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith^
SG
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2004–2006)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2015)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)
1,790
4,801
.373

15
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis†
SF/PF
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2007)
Orlando Magic (2007–2010)
Washington Wizards (2010–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
1,787
4,625
.386

16
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
SF
Sacramento Kings (1999–2006)
Indiana Pacers (2006)
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2006–2010)
Toronto Raptors (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011)
1,760
4,392
.401

17
Ellis, DaleDale Ellis
SF/SG
Dallas Mavericks (1983–1986)
Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)
San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)
Denver Nuggets (1994–1997)
Charlotte Hornets (2000)
1,719
4,266
.403

18
Nash, SteveSteve Nash†
PG
Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)
Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)
1,685
3,939
.428

19
Richardson, JasonJason Richardson†
SG
Golden State Warriors (2001–2007)
Charlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2010)
Orlando Magic (2010–2012)
Philadelphia 76ers (2012–2015)
1,608
4,344
.370

20
Miller, MikeMike Miller^
SF/SG
Orlando Magic (2000–2003)
Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)
Washington Wizards (2009–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2013)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)
Denver Nuggets (2015–2017)
1,590
3,910
.407

21
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
SF
Miami Heat (1989–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1995–1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)
New York Knicks (2000–2001)
Houston Rockets (2001–2003)
Los Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)
1,559
3,896
.400

22
Jones, EddieEddie Jones
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)
Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)
Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)
Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)
1,546
4,147
.373

23
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
PG
Golden State Warriors (1989–1993, 1994--1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)
Denver Nuggets (2002)
Indiana Pacers (2003)
1,542
4,345
.355

24
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)
Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)
Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)
1,528
4,278
.357

25
Bibby, MikeMike Bibby
PG
Vancouver Grizzlies (1999–2001)
Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)
Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)
Washington Wizards (2011)
Miami Heat (2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2012)
1,517
3,999
.379

26
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
1,483
4,338
.342

27
Finley, MichaelMichael Finley
SF
Phoenix Suns (1995–1996)
Dallas Mavericks (1996–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010)
1,454
3,880
.375

28
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (2002–present)
1,436
3,891
.369

29
Harden, JamesJames Harden^
SG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)
Houston Rockets (2012–present)
1,428
3,915
.365

30
Barry, BrentBrent Barry
SG
Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1998)
Chicago Bulls (1999)
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)
San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)
Houston Rockets (2008–2009)
1,395
3,442
.405

31
Walker, AntoineAntoine Walker
PF
Boston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)
Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)
Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)
1,386
4,264
.325

32
Thompson, KlayKlay Thompson^
SG
Golden State Warriors (2011–present)
1,372
3,266
.420

33
Majerle, DanDan Majerle
SG/SF
Phoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
1,360
3,798
.358

34
Davis, BaronBaron Davis
PG
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002)
New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)
Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)
Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)
New York Knicks (2012)
1,332
4,159
.320

35
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1999–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
1,326
3,419
.388

36
Houston, AllanAllan Houston
SG
Detroit Pistons (1993–1996)
New York Knicks (1996–2005)
1,305
3,247
.402

37
Dunleavy Jr., MikeMike Dunleavy Jr.^
SF/SG
Golden State Warriors (2002–2007)
Indiana Pacers (2007–2011)
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)
Chicago Bulls (2013–2016)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)
Atlanta Hawks (2017)
1,304
3,460
.377

38
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
1,297
3,360
.386

39
Redick, J. J.J. J. Redick^
SG
Orlando Magic (2006–2013)
Milwaukee Bucks (2013)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2017)
Philadelphia 76ers (2017–present)
1,294
3,117
.415

40
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF/SG
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)
Golden State Warriors (2016–present)
1,292
3,390
.381

41
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
PG
New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)
1,283
3,816
.336

42
Matthews, WesleyWesley Matthews^
SG
Utah Jazz (2009–2010)
Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)
Dallas Mavericks (2015–present)
1,282
3,333
.385

43
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell
SG
San Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)
Houston Rockets (1990–1995)
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)
Orlando Magic (1998)
Charlotte Hornets (1998)
Sacramento Kings (1999)
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)
Dallas Mavericks (2001)
1,256
3,931
.320

44
Robinson, CliffordClifford Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
1,253
3,515
.356

45
Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson†
SG/SF
New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)
San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)
Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)
Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)
Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)
Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
1,252
3,763
.333

46
Battier, ShaneShane Battier†
SF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2006, 2011)
Houston Rockets (2006–2011)
Miami Heat (2011–2014)
1,250
3,254
.384

47
Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher†
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004, 2007–2012)
Golden State Warriors (2004–2006)
Utah Jazz (2006–2007)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012, 2013–2014)
Dallas Mavericks (2012)
1,248
3,341
.374

48
Türkoğlu, HedoHedo Türkoğlu†
SF
Sacramento Kings (2000–2003)
San Antonio Spurs (2003–2004)
Orlando Magic (2004–2009, 2010–2014)
Toronto Raptors (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010)
Los Angeles Clippers (2014–2015)
1,246
3,246
.384

49
Curry, DellDell Curry
SG
Utah Jazz (1986–1987)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1987–1988)
Charlotte Hornets (1988–1998)
Milwaukee Bucks (1999)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2002)
1,245
3,098
.402

50
Williams, JasonJason Williams
PG
Sacramento Kings (1999–2001)
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2005, 2011)
Miami Heat (2005–2008)
Orlando Magic (2009–2011)
1,238
3,784
.327

text: Progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
HOU
Houston Rockets
ORL
Orlando Magic
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHA
Charlotte Bobcats
IND
Indiana Pacers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
TOR
Toronto Raptors

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MIA
Miami Heat
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WAS
Washington Wizards

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

GSW
Golden State Warriors
NYK
New York Knicks
SDC
San Diego Clippers

text:
Progressive 3 point Leaders

Season
Year-by-year leader
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career record
3P
Single season record
3P
Season

1979–80
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
1979–80

1980–81
Mike Bratz000CLE
57
134
134
1980–81

1981–82
Don Buse000IND
73
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
1981–82

1982–83
Mike Dunleavy000 SAS
67
194
194
1982–83

1983–84
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
Darrell Griffith000UTA
154
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
1983–84

1984–85
92
246
Darrell Griffith000UTA
246
92
1984–85

1985–86
Larry Bird*000BOS
82
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
1985–86

1986–87
90
357
357
1986–87

1987–88
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
455
455
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
1987–88

1988–89
Michael Adams000DEN
166
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Michael Adams000DEN
166
1988–89

1989–90
158
568
568
1989–90

1990–91
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
Michael Adams
000DEN 1990–91
000WSB 1991–92
658
Michael Adams
000DEN 1990–91
000WSB 1991–92
658
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
1990–91

1991–92
162
783
783
1991–92

1992–93

Reggie Miller*000IND
Dan Majerle000PHO
167
Dale Ellis
000 SAS 1992–94
000 DEN 1994–97
882
Dale Ellis
000 SAS 1992–94
000 DEN 1994–97
882
1992–93

1993–94
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1,013
1,013
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1993–94

1994–95
John Starks000NYK
217
1,119
1,119
John Starks000NYK
217
1994–95

1995–96
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1,269
1,269
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1995–96

1996–97
Reggie Miller*000IND
229
1,461
1,461
1996–97

1997–98
Wesley Person000CLE
192
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
1997–98

1998–99
Dee Brown000TOR
135
1,702
1,702
1998–99

1999–00
Gary Payton*000SEA
177
1,867
1,867
1999–00

2000–01
Antoine Walker000BOS
221
2,037
2,037
2000–01

2001–02
Allen, RayRay Allen†000MIL
229
2,217
2,217
2001–02

2002–03
201
2,330
2,330
2002–03

2003–04
Peja Stojaković000SAC
240
2,464
2,464
2003–04

2004–05

Quentin Richardson†0PHO
Kyle Korver^00PHI

226
2,560
2,560
2004–05

2005–06
Allen, RayRay Allen†000SEA
269
Allen, RayRay Allen†
000SEA 2005–07
000BOS 2007–12
000MIA 2012–14
1,755
Allen, RayRay Allen†000SEA
269
2005–06

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas00WAS
Raja Bell†00PHO

205
1,920
2006–07

2007–08
Jason Richardson†000CHA
243
2,100
2007–08

2008–09
Rashard Lewis†000ORL
220
2,299
2008–09

2009–10
Aaron Brooks^000HOU
209
2,444
2009–10

2010–11
Dorell Wright†000GSW
194
2,612
Allen, RayRay Allen†
000BOS 2010–12
000MIA 2012–14
2,612
2010–11

2011–12
Ryan Anderson^000ORL
166
2,718
2,718
2011–12

2012–13
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2,857
2,857
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2012–13

2013–14
261
2,973
2,973
2013–14

2014–15
286
Jason Terry^
000HOU 2014–16
000MIL 2016–17
2,076
286
2014–15

2015–16
402
2,169
402
2015–16

2016–17
324
2,242
2016–17

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
3P
Active Player Leader
3P
Career Record
3P
Single Season Record
3P
Season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3-point field goals until the 1979–80 season
Jump up ^ "NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals". Basketball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).
Jump up ^ "2018 Hall of Fame Candidates". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBA Win Shares". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.


document_title: Epistle to the Romans

question_text: when was the epistle to the romans written

question_tokens: when was the epistle to the romans written

text: Epistle to the Romans

text: General presentation[edit]

text: In the opinion of Jesuit scholar Joseph Fitzmyer, the book "overwhelms the reader by the density and sublimity of the topic with which it deals, the gospel of the justification and salvation of Jew and Greek alike by the grace of God through faith in Jesus Christ, revealing the uprightness and love of God the Father."[2]

text: N. T. Wright notes that Romans is

text: ...neither a systematic theology nor a summary of Paul's lifework, but it is by common consent his masterpiece. It dwarfs most of his other writings, an Alpine peak towering over hills and villages. Not all onlookers have viewed it in the same light or from the same angle, and their snapshots and paintings of it are sometimes remarkably unalike. Not all climbers have taken the same route up its sheer sides, and there is frequent disagreement on the best approach. What nobody doubts is that we are here dealing with a work of massive substance, presenting a formidable intellectual challenge while offering a breathtaking theological and spiritual vision.[3]

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The scholarly consensus is that Paul wrote the Epistle to the Romans.[4]

text: C. E. B. Cranfield, in the introduction to his commentary on Romans, says:

text: The denial of Paul's authorship of Romans by such critics ... is now rightly relegated to a place among the curiosities of NT scholarship. Today no responsible criticism disputes its Pauline origin. The evidence of its use in the Apostolic Fathers is clear, and before the end of the second century it is listed and cited as Paul's. Every extant early list of NT books includes it among his letters. The external evidence of authenticity could indeed hardly be stronger; and it is altogether borne out by the internal evidence, linguistic, stylistic, literary, historical and theological.[5]

text: Dating[edit]

text: The letter was most probably written while Paul was in Corinth, probably while he was staying in the house of Gaius, and transcribed by Tertius, his amanuensis.[6] There are a number of reasons why Corinth is considered most plausible. Paul was about to travel to Jerusalem on writing the letter, which matches Acts[Acts 20:3] where it is reported that Paul stayed for three months in Greece. This probably implies Corinth as it was the location of Paul’s greatest missionary success in Greece.[7] Additionally, Phoebe was a deacon of the church in Cenchreae, a port to the east of Corinth, and would have been able to convey the letter to Rome after passing through Corinth and taking a ship from Corinth’s west port.[7] Erastus, mentioned in Romans 16:23, also lived in Corinth, being the city's commissioner for public works and city treasurer at various times, again indicating that the letter was written in Corinth.[8]

text: The precise time at which it was written is not mentioned in the epistle, but it was obviously written when the collection for Jerusalem had been assembled and Paul was about to "go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints", that is, at the close of his second visit to Greece, during the winter preceding his last visit to that city.[9] The majority of scholars writing on Romans propose the letter was written in late 55/early 56 or late 56/early 57.[10] Early 55 and early 58 both have some support, while German New Testament scholar Gerd Lüdemann argues for a date as early as 51/52 (or 54/55), following on from Knox, who proposed 53/54. Lüdemann is the only serious challenge to the consensus of mid to late 50s.[11]

text: Subscriptions[edit]

text: Some manuscripts have a subscription at the end of the Epistle:

text:
προς Ρωμαιους ("to the Romans") is found in these manuscripts: Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex Claromontanus;
προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου ("to the Romans it was written from Corinth"): B2, D2 (P);
προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου ("to the Romans it was written from Corinth by Phoebus the deacon"): 42, 90, 216, 339, 462, 466*, 642;
εγραφη η προς Ρωμαιους επιστολη δια Τερτιου επεμφτη δε δια Φοιβης απο Κορινθιων της εν Κεγχρεαις εκκλησιας ("the epistle to the Romans was written by Tertius and was sent by Phoebus from the Corinthians of the church in Cenchreae"): only in 337;
προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου της εν Κεγχρεαις εκκλησιας ("to the Romans it was written from Corinth by Phoebus the deacon of the church in Cenchreae"): 101, 241, 460, 466, 469, 602, 603, 605, 618, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1932, followed by Textus Receptus.[12]

text: Paul's life in relation to his epistle[edit]

text: For ten years before writing the letter (approx. 47–57), Paul had traveled around the territories bordering the Aegean Sea evangelizing. Churches had been planted in the Roman provinces of Galatia, Macedonia, Achaia and Asia. Paul, considering his task complete, wanted to preach the gospel in Spain, where he would not "build upon another man’s foundation".[Rom 15:20][13] This allowed him to visit Rome on the way, a long-time ambition of his. The letter to the Romans, in part, prepares them and gives reasons for his visit.[13]

text: In addition to Paul’s geographic location, his religious views are important. First, Paul was a Hellenistic Jew with a Pharisaic background (see Gamaliel), integral to his identity: see Paul the Apostle and Judaism for details. His concern for his people is one part of the dialogue and runs throughout the letter. Second, the other side of the dialogue is Paul’s conversion and calling to follow Christ in the early 30s.

text: The churches in Rome[edit]

text: The most probable ancient account of the beginning of Christianity in Rome is given by a 4th-century writer known as Ambrosiaster:[14]

text: It is established that there were Jews living in Rome in the times of the Apostles, and that those Jews who had believed [in Christ] passed on to the Romans the tradition that they ought to profess Christ but keep the law [Torah] ... One ought not to condemn the Romans, but to praise their faith, because without seeing any signs or miracles and without seeing any of the apostles, they nevertheless accepted faith in Christ, although according to a Jewish rite.[15]

text: From Adam Clarke:

text: The occasion of writing the epistle: ... Paul had made acquaintance with all circumstances of the Christians at Rome ... and finding that it was ... partly of heathens converted to Christianity, and partly of Jews, who had, with many remaining prejudices, believed in Jesus as the true Messiah, and that many contentions arose from the claims of the Gentiles to equal privileges with the Jews, and from absolute refusal of the Jews to admit these claims, unless the Gentile converts become circumcised; he wrote this epistle to adjust and settle these differences.[16]

text: At this time, the Jews made up a substantial number in Rome, and their synagogues, frequented by many, enabled the Gentiles to become acquainted with the story of Jesus of Nazareth. Consequently, churches composed of both Jews and Gentiles were formed at Rome. According to Irenaeus, a 2nd-century Church Father, the church at Rome was founded directly by the apostles Peter and Paul.[17] However, many modern scholars disagree with Irenaeus, holding that while little is known of the circumstances of the church's founding, it was not founded by Paul:[18]

text: Many of the brethren went out to meet Paul on his approach to Rome. There is evidence that Christians were then in Rome in considerable numbers and probably had more than one place of meeting.

text: Note the large number of names in Romans 16:3–15 of those then in Rome, and verses 5, 15 and 16 indicate there was more than one church assembly or company of believers in Rome. Verse 5 mentions a church that met in the house of Aquila and Priscilla. Verses 14 and 15 each mention groupings of believers and saints.[20]

text: Jews were expelled from Rome because of disturbances around AD 49 by the edict of Claudius.[21] Fitzmyer claims that both Jews and Jewish Christians were expelled as a result of their infighting.[22] Claudius died around the year AD 54, and his successor, Emperor Nero, allowed the Jews back into Rome, but then, after the Great Fire of Rome of 64, Christians were persecuted.  Fitzmyer argues that with the return of the Jews to Rome in 54 new conflict arose between the Gentile Christians and the Jewish Christians who had formerly been expelled.[23] Keck thinks Gentile Christians may have developed a dislike of or looked down on Jews (see also Antisemitism and Responsibility for the death of Jesus), because they theologically rationalized that Jews were no longer God's people.[24]

text: Style[edit]

text: Scholars often have difficulty assessing whether Romans is a letter or an epistle, a relevant distinction in form-critical analysis:

text: A letter is something non-literary, a means of communication between persons who are separated from each other. Confidential and personal in nature, it is intended only for the person or persons to whom it is addressed, and not at all for the public or any kind of publicity...An Epistle is an artistic literary form, just like the dialogue, the oration, or the drama. It has nothing in common with the letter except its form: apart from that one might venture the paradox that the epistle is the opposite of a real letter. The contents of the epistle are intended for publicity—they aim at interesting "the public."[25]

text: Joseph Fitzmyer argues, from evidence put forth by Stirewalt, that the style of Romans is an "essay-letter."[26] Philip Melanchthon, a writer during the Reformation, suggested that Romans was caput et summa universae doctrinae christianae ("a summary of all Christian doctrine").[27] While some scholars attempt to suggest, like Melanchthon, that it is a type of theological treatise, this view largely ignores chapters 14 and 15 of Romans. There are also many "noteworthy elements" missing from Romans that are included in other areas of the Pauline corpus.[28] The breakdown of Romans as a treatise began with F.C. Baur in 1836 when he suggested "this letter had to be interpreted according to the historical circumstances in which Paul wrote it."[27]

text: Paul sometimes uses a style of writing common in his time called a "diatribe". He appears to be responding to a "heckler" (probably an imaginary one based on Paul's encounters with real objections in his previous preaching), and the letter is structured as a series of arguments. In the flow of the letter, Paul shifts his arguments, sometimes addressing the Jewish members of the church, sometimes the Gentile membership and sometimes the church as a whole.[citation needed]

text: Purposes of writing[edit]

text: To review the current scholarly viewpoints on the purpose of Romans, along with a bibliography, see Dictionary of Paul and His Letters.[29] For a 16th-century "Lollard" reformer view, see the work of William Tyndale. In his prologue to his translation of the book of Romans, which was largely taken from the prologue of German Reformer Martin Luther, Tyndale writes that:

text: ... this epistle is the principal and most excellent part of the new testament, and most pure evangelion, that is to say glad tidings and what we call the gospel, and also a light and a way in unto the whole scripture ... The sum and whole cause of the writings of this epistle, is, to prove that a man is justified by faith only: which proposition whoso denieth, to him is not only this epistle and all that Paul writeth, but also the whole scripture, so locked up that he shall never understand it to his soul's health. And to bring a man to the understanding and feeling that faith only justifieth, Paul proveth that the whole nature of man is so poisoned and so corrupt, yea and so dead concerning godly living or godly thinking, that it is impossible for her to keep the law in the sight of God.[30]

text: Contents[edit]

text: This essay-letter composed by Paul was written to a specific audience at a specific time; to understand it, the situations of both Paul and the recipients must be understood.

text: Prologue (1:1–15)[edit]

text: Greeting (1:1–7)[edit]

text: The introduction[Rom 1:1–16] provides some general notes about Paul. He introduces his apostleship here and introductory notes about the gospel he wishes to preach to the church at Rome. Jesus' human line stems from David.[1:3] Paul, however, does not limit his ministry to Jews. Paul's goal is that the Gentiles would also hear the gospel.[1:5]

text: Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:8–15)[edit]

text: He commends the Romans for their faith.[1:8] Paul also speaks of the past obstacles that have blocked his coming to Rome earlier.[1:11–13]

text: Salvation in the Christ (1:16 –8:39)[edit]

text: Righteousness of God (1:16–17)[edit]

text: Paul's announcement that he is not "ashamed" (epaiscúnomai) of his gospel because it holds power (dúnamis). These two verses form a backdrop for the rest of the book. First, we note that Paul is unashamed of his love for this gospel that he preaches about Jesus Christ. He also notes that he is speaking to the "Jew first."[1:16] There is significance to this, but much of it is scholarly conjecture as the relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still debated. We are hard-pressed to find an answer to such a question without knowing more about the audience in question. Wayne Brindle argues, based on Paul's former writings against the Judaizers in Galatians and 2 Corinthians, that rumors had probably spread about Paul totally negating the Jewish existence in a Christian world (see also Antinomianism in the New Testament and Supersessionism). Paul may have used the "Jew first" approach to counter such a view.[31]

text: Condemnation: The Universal corruption of Gentiles and Jews (1:18 –3:20)[edit]

text: The judgment of God (1:18–32)[edit]

text: Paul now begins into the main thrust of his letter. He begins by suggesting that humans have taken up ungodliness and wickedness for which there will be wrath from God.[1:18] People have taken God's invisible image and made him into an idol. Paul draws heavily here from the Wisdom of Solomon.[32] He condemns unnatural sexual behavior and warns that such behavior will result in a depraved body and mind ("reprobate mind" in the King James Version) [1:26–27] and says that people who do such things (including murder and wickedness [1:29]) are worthy of death.[1:32] Paul stands firmly against the idol worship system which was common in Rome. Several scholars believe the passage is a non-Pauline interpolation.[33]

text: Paul's warning of hypocrites (2:1–4)[edit]

text: On the traditional Protestant interpretation, Paul here calls out Jews who are condemning others for not following the law when they themselves are also not following the law. Stanley Stowers, however, has argued on rhetorical grounds that Paul is in these verses not addressing a Jew at all but rather an easily recognizable caricature of the typical boastful person (ὁ ἀλαζων). Stowers writes, "There is absolutely no justification for reading 2:1–5 as Paul's attack on 'the hypocrisy of the Jew.' No one in the first century would have identified ho alazon with Judaism. That popular interpretation depends upon anachronistically reading later Christian characterizations of Jews as 'hypocritical Pharisees'".[34] See also Anti-Judaism.

text: Justification: The Gift of Grace and Forgiveness through Faith (3:21 –5:11)[edit]

text: Paul says that a righteousness from God has made itself known apart from the law, to which the law and prophets testify, and this righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus to all who believe.[3:21–22] He describes justification – legally clearing the believer of the guilt and penalty of sin – as a gift of God,[3:24] and not the work of man (lest he might boast), but by faith.[3:28]

text: Assurance of salvation (5 –11)[edit]

text: In chapters five through eight, Paul argues that believers can be assured of their hope in salvation, having been freed from the bondage of sin. Paul teaches that through faith,[3:28] [4:3] the faithful have been joined with Jesus[5:1] and freed from sin.[6:1–2] [6:18] Believers should celebrate in the assurance of salvation[12:12] and be certain that no external force or party can take their salvation away from them.[8:38-39][35]  This promise is open to everyone since everyone has sinned,[3:23] save the one who paid for all of them.[3:24]

text: In chapters 9–11 Paul addresses the faithfulness of God to the Israelites, where he says that God has been faithful to his promise. Paul hopes that all Israelites will come to realize the truth[9:1–5] since he himself was also an Israelite,[11:1] and had in the past been a persecutor of Early Christians. In Romans 9–11 Paul talks about how the nation of Israel has been cast away, and the conditions under which Israel will be God's chosen nation again: when Israel returns to its faith, sets aside its unbelief.[11:19–24]

text: In Romans 7:1, Paul says that humans are under the law while we live: "Know ye not...that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth?" However, Jesus' death on the cross makes believers dead to the law (7:4, "Wherefore, my brethren, ye are also become dead to the law by the body of Christ"), according to an antinomistic interpretation.

text: Transformation of believers (12 –15:13)[edit]

text: From chapter 12 through the first part of chapter 15, Paul outlines how the Gospel transforms believers and the behaviour that results from such a transformation. This transformation is described as a "renewing of your mind" (12:2),[36] a transformation that Douglas J. Moo characterizes as “the heart of the matter.”[37] It is a transformation so radical that it amounts to “a transfiguration of your brain,” a "metanoia", a “mental revolution.”[38]

text: Paul goes on to describe how believers should live. Christians are no longer under the law, that is, no longer bound by the law of Moses,[39] but under the grace of God, see Law and grace. We do not need to live under the law because to the extent our minds have been renewed, we will know "almost instinctively" what God wants of us. The law then provides an "objective standard" for judging progress in the "lifelong process" of our mind's renewal.[40]

text: To the extent they have been set free from sin by renewed minds (Romans 6:18),[41] believers are no longer bound to sin. Believers are free to live in obedience to God and love everybody. As Paul says in Romans 13:10, "love (ἀγάπη) worketh no ill to his neighbor: therefore love is the fulfilling of law".[42]

text: Obedience to earthly powers (13:1–7)[edit]

text: The fragment in Romans 13:1–7 dealing with obedience to earthly powers is considered by some, for example James Kallas,[43] to be an interpolation.[44] (See also the Great Commandment and Christianity and politics). Paul Tillich accepts the historical authenticity of Romans 13:1–7, but claims it has been misinterpreted by churches with an anti-revolutionary bias:

text: One of the many politico-theological abuses of biblical statements is the understanding of Paul’s words [Romans 13:1–7] as justifying the anti-revolutionary bias of some churches, particularly the Lutheran. But neither these words nor any other New Testament statement deals with the methods of gaining political power. In Romans, Paul is addressing eschatological enthusiasts, not a revolutionary political movement.[45]

text: The passage was cited by Jeff Sessions to justify separating immigrant children from their parents,[46] in the 1840s and 1850s to justify Slavery in the United States,[citation needed] and prior to the American Revolution to both support and reject the right of King George's rule.[citation needed]

text: Epilogue (15:1 –16:23)[edit]

text:
Admonition (15:1–7)
Summary of the Epistle (15:8)

text: Paul's ministry and travel plans (16:14–27)[edit]

text: The concluding verses contain a description of his travel plans, personal greetings and salutations. One-third of the twenty-one Christians identified in the greetings are women, some of whom played an important role in the early church at Rome. Additionally, none of these Christians answer to the name Peter, although according to the Catholic tradition, he had been ruling as Pope in Rome for about 25 years. Possibly related was the Incident at Antioch between Paul and Cephas.

text:
Personal greetings (16:1–23 [24])
Closing doxology (16:25–27)

text: Hermeneutics[edit]

text: Catholic interpretation[edit]

text: Roman Catholics accept the necessity of faith for salvation but point to Romans 2:5–11 for the necessity of living a virtuous life as well:[47]

text: But by your hard and impenitent heart you are storing up wrath for yourself on the day of wrath when God's righteous judgment will be revealed. For he will render to every man according to his works: to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life; but for those who are factious and do not obey the truth, but obey wickedness, there will be wrath and fury. There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil, the Jew first and also the Greek, but glory and honor and peace for every one who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek. For God shows no partiality.

text: Throughout his writings, St. Augustine strongly affirms the Catholic understanding of this and other such Scriptural admonitions. In his sermons to his Catholic congregations, he is especially careful to warn them against an inordinate desire for a complete assurance of salvation. In his Exposition of Psalm 147 for example, he states:[48]

text: The gospel warned us, "Be on the watch for the last day, the day when the Son of Man will come," because it will spell disaster for those it finds secure as they are now – secure for the wrong reasons, I mean, secure in the pleasures of this world, when they ought to be secure only when they have dominated this world's lusts. The apostle certainly prepares us for that future life in words of which I also reminded you on that occasion.

text: Again, in his Exposition of Psalm 85, Augustine is perhaps even more specific:[49]

text: Let us not expect security while we are on pilgrimage. When we do find ourselves wanting it, what we are looking for is bodily sluggishness rather than personal security.

text: Catholics would also look to the passage in Romans 8:13 for evidence that justification by faith is only valid so long as it is combined with obedient cooperation with The Holy Spirit, and the passage in Romans 11:22 to show that the Christian can lose their justification if they turn away from cooperating with The Holy Spirit and reject Christ through mortal sin.

text: Protestant interpretation[edit]

text: In the Protestant interpretation, the New Testament epistles (including Romans), describes salvation as coming from faith and not from righteous actions.[50] For example, Romans 4:2–5 (underlining added):

text: They also point out[citation needed] that in Romans chapter 2:9, Paul says that God will reward those who follow the law and then goes on to say that no one follows the law perfectly (see also Sermon on the Mount: Interpretation) Romans 2:21–25:

text: Martin Luther described Paul's letter to the Romans as "the most important piece in the New Testament. It is purest Gospel. It is well worth a Christian's while not only to memorize it word for word but also to occupy himself with it daily, as though it were the daily bread of the soul".[51]

text: Luther controversially added the word "alone" (allein in German) to Romans 3:28 so that it read: "thus, we hold, then, that man is justified without doing the works of the law, alone through faith".[52] The word "alone" does not appear in the original Greek text,[53] but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required both by idiomatic German and Paul's intended meaning. This is a "literalist view" rather than an literal view of the Bible.[54]

text: Apologist James Swan lists numerous Catholic sources that also translated Romans 3:28 with the word "alone," or testified to others doing so before Luther.[55] A Bible commentary published in 1864 reports that:

text: Catholic translators before the time of Luther had given the same translation. So in the Nuremberg Bible, 1483, "Nur durch den glauben." And the Italian Bibles of Geneva, 1476, and of Venice, 1538, per sola fede. The Fathers also often use the expression, "man is justified by faith alone;" [56]

text: The Romans Road (or Roman Road) refers to a set of scriptures from Romans that Christian evangelists use to present a clear and simple case for personal salvation to each person, as all the verses are contained in one single book, making it easier for evangelism without going back and forth through the entire New Testament. The core verses used by nearly all groups using Romans Road are: Romans 3:23, 6:23, 5:8, 10:9, and 10:13.[57]

text: Romans has been at the forefront of several major movements in Protestantism. Martin Luther's lectures on Romans in 1515–1516 probably coincided[citation needed] with the development of his criticism of Roman Catholicism which led to the 95 Theses of 1517. In 1738, while hearing Luther's Preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at St. Botolph Church on Aldersgate Street in London, John Wesley famously felt his heart "strangely warmed", a conversion experience which is often seen[citation needed] as the beginning of Methodism. In 1919 Karl Barth's commentary on Romans, The Epistle to the Romans, was the publication which is widely seen as the beginning of neo-orthodoxy.[citation needed]