document_title: Chael Sonnen

question_text: who won anderson silva vs chael sonnen 1

root

text: Chael Sonnen

text: Early life and career

text: Sonnen was born in either Milwaukie, Oregon,[7] or West Linn, Oregon[6] (sources differ), and began wrestling from a young age. He attended West Linn High School, where he was a state runner-up. In 1996, Sonnen began training in boxing, with the hope of competing in the UFC upon graduating from high school.[8][9]

tag: p

text: After high school, Sonnen attended Brigham Young University before transferring to the University of Oregon when BYU began considering cutting their wrestling program. At Oregon, Sonnen earned All-American honors, was a two-time PAC-10 runner-up, was a silver medalist at the 2000 Greco-Roman World University Championships, and was a two-time Dave Schultz Memorial International Greco-Roman winner. He graduated from the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology.[10]

text: Mixed martial arts career

text: Sonnen started his mixed martial arts career in 1997 at the age of 19, by defeating Ben Hailey in Vancouver, Washington. He next defeated future ICON Sport Middleweight Champion and Strikeforce Middleweight contender Jason "Mayhem" Miller. He won his first six fights, before losing to Trevor Prangley. In late 2003, he was submitted by future Ultimate Fighter winner and UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Forrest Griffin with a triangle choke submission.

text: UFC

text: Sonnen made his UFC debut in a Light Heavyweight bout against former IFC Light Heavyweight Champion Renato Sobral at UFC 55, submitting to a second-round triangle choke. He then avenged his first loss, by winning a unanimous decision over Trevor Prangley at UFC Ultimate Fight Night 4. At UFC 60, he fought Jeremy Horn for the third time and submitted to an armbar. Shortly after, he was released from the UFC.

text: Bodog Fight

text: In May 2006, Sonnen debuted for Bodog Fight, defeating Tim Credeur via TKO. He went on to win a unanimous decision over Alexey Oleinik, defeat Tim McKenzie in 13 seconds with a D'arce choke, and finish UFC and PRIDE veteran Amar Suloev via TKO. After leaving Bodog, Sonnen defeated future Ultimate Fighter member Kyacey Uscola at SuperFight 20: Homecoming.

text: World Extreme Cagefighting

text: In December 2007, Sonnen fought Paulo Filho for the WEC Middleweight Championship. Sonnen lost via a controversial submission at 4:55 of the second round. Sonnen did not tap out but screamed in pain, which the referee interpreted as a verbal submission. In his post-fight interview, Sonnen said he told the referee not to stop the fight, and continually said "No" when the referee asked if he wanted to submit. Keith Kizer, executive director of the Nevada State Athletic Commission, claimed Sonnen only yelled "No" after the referee stopped the fight. Kizer and Dana White (who was watching ringside) both agreed with the call.[11]

text: A rematch was scheduled for March 26, 2008, but was cancelled after Filho entered a drug rehabilitation program.[12][13] Sonnen instead faced undefeated contender Bryan Baker and dominated him for three rounds to win a unanimous decision.[14] Sonnen and Filho eventually met again on November 5, 2008, and Sonnen won a unanimous decision. Prior to the fight, Filho weighed in almost seven pounds over the 185 pound limit, so the bout was ruled a non-title match. After Filho lost, he announced he would ship Sonnen the championship belt.[15]

text: Return to UFC

text: Following the dissolution of WEC's Middleweight division, Sonnen returned to the UFC.

text: In his first fight for the promotion since UFC 60, he was submiited by jiu-jitsu ace Demian Maia via triangle choke submission at UFC 95.

text: At UFC 98 in May 2009, Sonnen defeated Dan Miller via unanimous decision. He was a late replacement for Yushin Okami, who tore ligament while training.[16] He took the fight on 22 days notice, and lost 36 pounds in order to compete.[17]

text: In his next fight, at UFC 104, Sonnen outwrestled Okami for a unanimous decision victory.[18][19]

text: Sonnen was expected to face Nate Marquardt at UFC 110, but the fight was moved to UFC 109 on February 6. Sonnen won a unanimous decision, after escaping two deep guillotine chokes in the first and third rounds. With the victory, Sonnen became the number one contender for the UFC Middleweight Championship.

text: Silva vs Sonnen

text: At UFC 117 on August 7, 2010, Sonnen challenged Anderson Silva for the UFC Middleweight Championship.[20] Sonnen had trash talked to hype the fight, stating he was going to retire Silva.[21][22][23] Heading into the fifth round, Sonnen led on the judges' scorecards (40–34, 40–36, and 40–35).[24][25] At 3:10 into the final round, Silva caught Sonnen in a triangle armbar and made him tap out. In a later interview, Sonnen stated it was the choke, not the armbar, that made him submit.[26] The fight earned both fighters Fight of the Night honors, and was considered to be the best fight of the year by many critics. The fight was later awarded 'Fight of the Year' by World MMA Awards.[27]

text: CSAC suspensions and appeals

text: Urinalysis conducted after his loss to Anderson Silva showed Sonnen had an unallowably high testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio of 16.9:1 at the time of the fight. An average man has a T/E ratio of 1:1, and testing bodies may allow a ratio as high as 4:1 for athletes undergoing TRT treatment. In other words, Sonnen's T/E ratio was nearly 17 times than a normal man's and over four times the allowed maximum for an athlete.[28] He was fined $2,500 and suspended for one year (until September 2, 2011) by the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC).[29] His scheduled rematch with Silva was subsequently cancelled.[30][31]

text: Initial appeal

text: Sonnen appealed the CSAC's decision.[32] The hearing was held on December 2, 2010. The principal grounds of his appeal were that he had a medical justification for taking testosterone, and he believed he had taken the necessary steps to disclose the condition and its treatment to the CSAC. He testified he had been diagnosed with hypogonadism in 2008 and was undergoing Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), self-injecting synthetic testosterone two times a week.[33] Sonnen's physician, Dr. Mark Czarnecki, was present at the hearing and attested to these claims.

text: In his sworn testimony, Sonnen claimed to have been previously approved for TRT by the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), and to have spoken directly to NSAC's Executive Director, Keith Kizer, who informed him he was approved for TRT and should not again disclose the treatment on the pre-bout medical disclosure statements required by the NSAC.[34] He said he believed this advice about disclosure also applied to the forms of other state athletic commissions.[34] He said he had previously disclosed his condition to the CSAC before his UFC 104 bout with Yushin Okami, which took place in Los Angeles on October 24, 2009.[35] Based on his testimony, the CSAC voted to recharacterize Sonnen's transgression as a failure to properly disclose a medical treatment, and correspondingly reduced his suspension from twelve months to six, ending March 2, 2011.

text: Keith Kizer publicly responded to Sonnen's testimony, claiming the NSAC had never approved Sonnen for TRT, Sonnen had never applied for the approval process, and he had "never talked to Chael Sonnen in [his] life."[36][37][38] At a subsequent meeting between the UFC, Sonnen and the NSAC, Kizer asked Sonnen about his testimony at the December 2, 2010, CSAC hearing. According to Kizer, Sonnen initially deflected his questions but, when pressed further, admitted no conversation between Kizer and himself had occurred. Sonnen explained "My manager and you talked about therapeutic exemptions, and therefore, I just used the wrong word. I should have said 'my' instead of 'I.' As in 'my manager' instead of 'I'". Kizer called this a "strange story" and a "ridiculous explanation"[39] Kizer acknowledged speaking with Sonnen's manager (Matt Lindland) about TRT, but said the conversation concerned only the procedure itself, not the application of any particular fighter.[40]

text: CSAC Executive Director George Dodd has also contradicted Sonnen's testimony, stating the CSAC has no documentary evidence of Sonnen ever being approved for TRT.[41]

text: Subsequent suspension by CSAC

text: Sonnen's abbreviated CSAC suspension expired on March 2, 2011. However, in the third week of April 2011, the CSAC announced it had reversed its decision to lower his sentence, and had placed him on indefinite administrative suspension due to his conviction for money laundering (see below) and his possibly false testimony during the hearing of December 2, 2010.[40] Sonnen appeared before the CSAC on May 18, 2011, requesting the suspension be lifted. After hearing testimony from Keith Kizer via streaming video, as well as from Sonnen and his supporters, the CSAC voted 4–1 to uphold the suspension. Two days later, the CSAC clarified that the applicable regulations only allowed Sonnen to be suspended until his existing license expired (on June 29, 2011).[42] If Sonnen applied for a new license after June 29, 2011, he would have to reappear before the CSAC, which could deny the application.[43]

text: Second return to UFC

text: After his suspension, Sonnen returned to the UFC on October 8, 2011, defeating Brian Stann with a second round arm triangle choke at UFC 136.[44]

text: Sonnen was expected to face Mark Muñoz on January at UFC on Fox 2,[45] but Muñoz was injured and replaced by Michael Bisping.[46] Sonnen was awarded the unanimous decision victory after three rounds.[47]

text: Silva vs Sonnen II

text: A rematch with Anderson Silva was scheduled UFC 147,[48] but the bout was moved to UFC 148 on July 7, 2012, after a scheduling conflict with the UN Conference on Sustainable Development forced UFC 147 into a smaller venue.[49] The fight was considered by many analysts and several major media outlets as the most highly anticipated bout in UFC history.[50][51]

text: As the fight finally took place, Sonnen quickly took the champion down in the first round and maintained a dominant position throughout, eventually gaining full mount while attacking with ground-and-pound.[52] One cageside judge scored it a 10-8 round as Silva was credited with zero strikes.[53] Sonnen connected with 76 strikes from the top position in the opening round, and held a 22-to-15 edge in significant strikes against Silva.[54] However, Sonnen was unable to inflict any damage to the champion, and Silva stopped Sonnen with a knee strike and punches for the TKO at 1:55 of the second round, after Sonnen failed to connect with a spinning elbow strike and tripped.[55]

text: Return to light heavyweight

text: On August 14, 2012, on UFC Tonight, Sonnen announced he would face Forrest Griffin in a Light Heavyweight rematch on December 29, 2012, at UFC 155.[56] But the rematch with Griffin was scrapped after Sonnen was tabbed as a coach for The Ultimate Fighter 17 against Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones.

text: A bout between Sonnen and Jones for the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship took place on April 27, 2013, at UFC 159.[57] Sonnen originally accepted a fight with Jon Jones for the title at UFC 151, after Jones' original challenger Dan Henderson was injured, but Jones declined.[58] Some fighters were upset with his title opportunity because Sonnen, "arguably the most legendary talker in UFC history",[59] has not fought any bout since returning to the light heavyweight division.[60][61][62] Dana White defended the matchup, saying "Sonnen was willing to fly over to Las Vegas to fight Jones on the same day", while other contenders like Maurício Rua and Lyoto Machida turned the offer down.[63][64]

text: Jon Jones showed his lack of interest in the fight and downplayed the contest, making it clear that he does not believe Sonnen is a fit contender. In an interview, Sonnen did his best to hype up interest but Jones gave him "silent treatment", refusing to make eye contact.[65] Jones dispatched the challenger using Sonnen's own style to defeat him via TKO in the first round.[66] Despite the beatdown, Sonnen was likely only 27 seconds away from winning the title, as it was later discovered that, while defending a takedown, Jones suffered a serious toe injury that could have resulted in a doctor's stoppage TKO loss if the bout continued to the second round.[67][68][69]

text: Sonnen was expected to face Maurício Rua on June 15, 2013, at UFC 161, replacing Antônio Rogério Nogueira who pulled out of the bout citing a back injury.[70] Though an alleged visa issue created a problem for Sonnen to get into Canada, resulting in Rua being pulled from the event altogether.[71] The bout with Rua eventually took place on August 17, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 26.[72] Sonnen won via a guillotine choke submission in the first round.[73]

text: Sonnen faced Rashad Evans on November 16, 2013, at UFC 167.[74] He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.

text: The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, failed drug tests, termination and retirement

text: On October 22, 2013, it was announced that Sonnen would be coaching The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, against long-time rival Wanderlei Silva. A bout with Silva, briefly attached to UFC 173,[75] then at The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3 Finale,[76] was expected to take place on July 5, 2014, at UFC 175.[77] Dana White later stated the fight had to be rescheduled because Silva injured his hand from a brawl with Sonnen that took place during the filming of the show.[78] Silva was ultimately pulled from the fight entirely after he failed to submit an application to fight in the state of Nevada, as well as his refusal to undergo a random drug test and was replaced by Vitor Belfort.[79][80] However, Sonnen subsequently failed his random drug test and was removed from the bout.[81]

text: Following the controversy of his second failed drug test, Sonnen announced on the June 11, 2014, episode of UFC Tonight his retirement from MMA competition.[82]

text: Subsequent to his retirement, it was revealed on June 28, 2014, by the NSAC that Sonnen had failed a second random drug test – the third failed drug test throughout his MMA career – due to the presence of human growth hormone (HGH), recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), anastrozole, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).[83]

text: On June 30, 2014, UFC and FOX Sports announced they had terminated Sonnen's contract as a UFC analyst due to his multiple failed drug tests.[84] On July 23, 2014, the NSAC ruled that Sonnen would be suspended for 2 years from martial arts competition worldwide due to his multiple failed drugs tests.[85]

text: Bellator MMA

text: On September 15, 2016, it was reported that Sonnen had signed a multi-fight contract with Bellator MMA.[86]

text: Sonnen made his promotional debut in a light heavyweight match against former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion and UFC Hall of Famer Tito Ortiz on January 21, 2017 in the main event at Bellator 170.[87] He lost the fight via submission in the first round.

text: His second promotional fight was a rescheduled match up against Wanderlei Silva on June 24, 2017 in the main event at Bellator NYC.[88] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[89]He got knocked down in the first round but dominated the rest of the fight to guarantee a win over his long-time rival. [90]In his post-fight speech, he called for a bout with heavyweight Fedor Emilianenko, who had lost earlier on the card.[91]

text: Sonnen faced Quinton Jackson for the Bellator Heavyweight World Grand Prix Tournament on January 20, 2018 at Bellator 192.[92] He won the fight via unanimous decision[93], securing a takedown in each round to establish the win.

text: Sonnen is to face Fedor Emelianenko next in the semifinals of the Bellator Heavyweight Grand Prix tournament at a yet-to-be-determined event.[94]

text: Political candidacy

text: Sonnen ran as the Republican candidate for the 37th district of the Oregon House of Representatives in 2010. That June, he dropped out of the race, vaguely referring to a "2006 legal issue" involving real estate.[95]

text: Sports commentary and analysis

text: On November 11, 2014, ESPN announced it had hired Sonnen as an MMA analyst. He debuted on November 14, previewing UFC 180.[96]

text: On May 6, 2015, professional wrestling promotion Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced Sonnen as an "expert analyst" for its future events.[97] On July 24, Sonnen was revealed as part of the announce team for GFW's Amped program.[98]

text: On September 2, 2015, it was announced that Sonnen signed with the World Series of Fighting to become a member of their broadcast team beginning at WSOF 23.[99]

text: Real estate and pizza disputes

text: Sonnen is a licensed realtor in Oregon. In 2006, as the agent for a home sale, he told the title company to pay a plumbing company owned by Sonnen's mother[100] for repairs, even though he knew they would not be carried out. After the mortgage company agreed to the loan, the plumbing company was paid $69,000 and, at Sonnen's direction, paid the home buyer $65,000.[101] On January 3, 2011, Sonnen pleaded guilty to money laundering in connection with mortgage fraud. After agreeing to testify against others involved in the investigation,[102] he was fined $10,000 and sentenced to two years probation.[103]

text: In 2012, Chael Sonnen started Mean Streets Pizza with business partner Lee Gamble in West Linn, Oregon.[104] In February 2013 Chael Sonnen sued his business partner for embezzlement and unpaid rent.[105] Lee Gamble filed a counter lawsuit seeking $400,000 in damages from Sonnen for defamation, wage reimbursement, and his ownership interest in the business.[106] The case was settled and did not go to trial. Sonnen later sold Mean Streets Pizza and it is under new management.

text: Film and television appearances

text: Sonnen has appeared in the following films:

text:
Here Comes the Boom (2012)
Grudge Match (2013)

tag: ul

text: In 2017, he appeared on The New Celebrity Apprentice, the 8th season of reality game show The Celebrity Apprentice. He was fired by host Arnold Schwarzenegger in the show's 4th week after it emerged that he had deliberately cut his team's computer cord in order to gain them more time.[107]

text: Personal life

text: Sonnen is a Catholic.[8]

text: Sonnen married his wife, a woman named Brittany, in July 2013.[108] The couple had their first child, a son named Thero, on June 4, 2015.[109] On the next episode of his podcast, he said that he had never understood parents who describe something as mundane as birth as a miracle, but that now he understood. He also said, "I love hearing him scream. People get upset when their baby cries, man, I've waited a long time to hear that cry, I've got no problem with it. In my house, we understand, if you want to be heard, you gotta make a little noise."[110]

text: On May 5, 2013, Sonnen announced he would like to buy WWE (valued at roughly $700 million[111]) after he retires. Though his representative insisted he was not joking, a WWE representative said it was not for sale, and suggested Sonnen purchase stock in the company instead.[112]

text: Championships and accomplishments

text: Amateur wrestling

text:
National Collegiate Athletic Association

NCAA Division I All-American out of University of Oregon (1998)[10][113]
NCAA Division I 190 lb – 8th place out of University of Oregon (1998)[114]
Pac-10 Conference 197 lb – 2nd place out of University of Oregon (1999)[115]
Pac-10 Conference 197 lb – 2nd place out of University of Oregon (2001)[116]

University National Greco-Roman Championships

187.25 lb – 3rd place out of University of Oregon (1997)[117]
187.25 lb – 2nd place out of University of Oregon (1998)[118]
187.25 lb – 1st place out of University of Oregon (1999)[119]
187.25 lb – 1st place out of University of Oregon (2000)[120]
Awarded "Most Outstanding Wrestler" of 2000 tournament

World University Greco-Roman Championships

187.25 lb – 2nd place (2000)[121]

Senior National Greco-Roman Championships

187.25 lb – 4th place (2000)[122]
185 lb – 4th place (2002)[123]

2000 US Greco-Roman Olympic Team Trials

187.25 lb West Regional Champion [124]
187.25 lb – 3rd place [125]

US Greco-Roman World Team Trials

211.75 lb – 4th place (2002) [126]

Dave Schultz Memorial International Greco-Roman

187.25 lb – 1st place (2000)[127]
213.75 lb – 1st place (2001)[128][129]

University National Freestyle Championships

187.25 lb – 5th place out of University of Oregon (1998)[130]
187.25 lb – 3rd place out of University of Oregon (1999)[131]
187.25 lb – 2nd place out of University of Oregon (2000)[132]

Championship Belt Series Winner, University Level (2000)[133]

text: Mixed martial arts

text:
Ultimate Fighting Championship

Fight of the Night (Two times) vs. Nate Marquardt and Anderson Silva[134][135]
Submission of the Night (One time) vs. Maurício Rua[136]

DangerZone

DangerZone Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)[10]
DangerZone Light Heavyweight Tournament Winner

George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

George Tragos Award (2016)[137]

Gladiator Challenge

Gladiator Challenge Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)[10]

Hitman Fighting Productions

Hitman Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)[10]

World MMA Awards

Fight of the Year (2010) vs. Anderson Silva on August 17
Personality of the Year (2013)[138]

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

Best on Interviews (2010)[139]

text: Mixed martial arts record

text:
Professional record breakdown
[show]

47 matches
31 wins
15 losses

By knockout
7
5

By submission
5
9

By decision
19
1

Draws
1

tag: table

text:
Res.
Record
Opponent
Method
Event
Date
Round
Time
Location
Notes

Win
31–15–1
Quinton Jackson
Decision (unanimous)
Bellator 192
000000002018-01-20-0000January 20, 2018
3
5:00
Inglewood, California, United States
Bellator Heavyweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal.

Win
30–15–1
Wanderlei Silva
Decision (unanimous)
Bellator 180
000000002017-06-24-0000June 24, 2017
3
5:00
New York City, New York, United States

Loss
29–15–1
Tito Ortiz
Submission (rear-naked choke)
Bellator 170
000000002017-01-21-0000January 21, 2017
1
2:03
Inglewood, California, United States

Loss
29–14–1
Rashad Evans
TKO (punches)
UFC 167
000000002013-11-16-0000November 16, 2013
1
4:05
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Win
29–13–1
Maurício Rua
Submission (guillotine choke)
UFC Fight Night: Shogun vs. Sonnen
000000002013-08-17-0000August 17, 2013
1
4:47
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Submission of the Night.

Loss
28–13–1
Jon Jones
TKO (elbows and punches)
UFC 159
000000002013-04-27-0000April 27, 2013
1
4:33
Newark, New Jersey, United States
Return to Light Heavyweight; For the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship.

Loss
28–12–1
Anderson Silva
TKO (knee to the body and punches)
UFC 148
000000002012-07-07-0000July 7, 2012
2
1:55
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
For the UFC Middleweight Championship.

Win
28–11–1
Michael Bisping
Decision (unanimous)
UFC on Fox: Evans vs. Davis
000000002012-01-28-0000January 28, 2012
3
5:00
Chicago, Illinois, United States
UFC Middleweight title eliminator.

Win
27–11–1
Brian Stann
Submission (arm-triangle choke)
UFC 136
000000002011-10-08-0000October 8, 2011
2
3:51
Houston, Texas, United States

Loss
26–11–1
Anderson Silva
Submission (triangle armbar)
UFC 117
000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010
5
3:10
Oakland, California, United States
For the UFC Middleweight Championship; Fight of the Night; Fight of the Year. Sonnen tested positive for elevated testosterone levels.[140]

Win
26–10–1
Nate Marquardt
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 109
000000002010-02-06-0000February 6, 2010
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
UFC Middleweight title eliminator; Fight of the Night.

Win
25–10–1
Yushin Okami
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 104
000000002009-10-24-0000October 24, 2009
3
5:00
Los Angeles, California, United States

Win
24–10–1
Dan Miller
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 98
000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Loss
23–10–1
Demian Maia
Submission (triangle choke)
UFC 95
000000002009-02-21-0000February 21, 2009
1
2:37
London, United Kingdom

Win
23–9–1
Paulo Filho
Decision (unanimous)
WEC 36
000000002008-11-05-0000November 5, 2008
3
5:00
Hollywood, Florida, United States
Non-title fight. Filho failed to make weight.

Win
22–9–1
Bryan Baker
Decision (unanimous)
WEC 33
000000002008-03-26-0000March 26, 2008
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Loss
21–9–1
Paulo Filho
Submission (armbar)
WEC 31
000000002007-12-12-0000December 12, 2007
2
4:55
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
For the WEC Middleweight Championship.

Win
21–8–1
Kyacey Uscola
TKO (punches)
SF 20: Homecoming
000000002007-10-27-0000October 27, 2007
1
4:31
Portland, Oregon, United States

Win
20–8–1
Amar Suloev
TKO (punches)
BodogFIGHT: Alvarez vs. Lee
000000002007-07-14-0000July 14, 2007
2
3:33
Trenton, New Jersey, United States

Win
19–8–1
Tim McKenzie
Submission (D'arce choke)
BodogFIGHT: Costa Rica Combat
000000002007-02-18-0000February 18, 2007
1
0:13
San José, Costa Rica

Win
18–8–1
Oleksiy Oliynyk
Decision (unanimous)
BodogFIGHT: USA vs. Russia
000000002006-12-02-0000December 2, 2006
3
5:00
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Win
17–8–1
Tim Credeur
TKO (punches)
BodogFIGHT: To the Brink of War
000000002006-08-22-0000August 22, 2006
1
2:18
San José, Costa Rica

Loss
16–8–1
Jeremy Horn
Submission (armbar)
UFC 60
000000002006-05-27-0000May 27, 2006
2
1:17
Los Angeles, California, United States

Win
16–7–1
Trevor Prangley
Decision (unanimous)
UFC Fight Night 4
000000002006-04-06-0000April 6, 2006
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Return to Middleweight.

Loss
15–7–1
Renato Sobral
Submission (triangle choke)
UFC 55
000000002005-10-07-0000October 7, 2005
2
1:20
Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
Light Heavyweight bout.

Win
15–6–1
Tim Williams
TKO (punches)
SF 11: Rumble at the Rose Garden
000000002005-07-09-0000July 9, 2005
1
3:59
Portland, Oregon, United States

Win
14–6–1
Adam Ryan
TKO (punches)
Euphoria: USA vs World
000000002005-02-26-0000February 26, 2005
1
3:49
Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States

Loss
13–6–1
Terry Martin
TKO (corner stoppage)
XFO 4: International
000000002004-12-03-0000December 3, 2004
2
5:00
McHenry, Illinois, United States

Win
13–5–1
Alex Stiebling
Decision (unanimous)
WEC 12
000000002004-10-21-0000October 21, 2004
3
5:00
Lemoore, California, United States

Loss
12–5–1
Jeremy Horn
Submission (guillotine choke)
SF 6: Battleground in Reno
000000002004-09-23-0000September 23, 2004
2
2:35
Reno, Nevada, United States

Loss
12–4–1
Keiichiro Yamamiya
Decision (majority)
Pancrase: 2004 Neo-Blood Tournament Final
000000002004-07-25-0000July 25, 2004
3
5:00
Tokyo, Japan

Loss
12–3–1
Jeremy Horn
TKO (doctor stoppage)
Extreme Challenge 57
000000002004-05-06-0000May 6, 2004
1
3:34
Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States
Doctor stoppage due to cut.

Win
12–2–1
Justin Bailey
KO (flying knee)
Rage on the River
000000002004-04-17-0000April 17, 2004
1
0:40
Redding, California, United States

Win
11–2–1
Arman Gambaryan
Decision (unanimous)
Euphoria: Russia vs USA
000000002004-03-13-0000March 13, 2004
3
5:00
Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
Middleweight debut.

Win
10–2–1
Homer Moore
Decision (unanimous)
ROTR 4.5: Proving Grounds
000000002003-12-27-0000December 27, 2003
2
5:00
Hilo, Hawaii, United States

Win
9–2–1
Greg Curnut
Submission (punches)
FCFF: Rumble at the Roseland 10
000000002003-12-13-0000December 13, 2003
1
1:07
Portland, Oregon, United States

Win
8–2–1
Jason Lambert
Decision (unanimous)
Gladiator Challenge 20
000000002003-12-13-0000December 13, 2003
3
5:00
Colusa, California, United States
Won Gladiator Challenge Light Heavyweight Championship.

Loss
7–2–1
Forrest Griffin
Submission (triangle choke)
IFC: Global Domination
000000002003-09-06-0000September 6, 2003
1
2:25
Denver, Colorado, United States

Win
7–1–1
Renato Sobral
Decision
Hitman Fighting 3[141]
000000002003-05-02-0000May 2, 2003
N/A
N/A
Santa Ana, California, United States

Draw
6–1–1
Akihiro Gono
Draw
Pancrase: Hybrid 2
000000002003-02-16-0000February 16, 2003
2
5:00
Osaka, Japan

Loss
6–1
Trevor Prangley
Technical Submission (armbar)
XFA 5: Redemption
000000002003-01-25-0000January 25, 2003
1
2:49
West Palm Beach, Florida, United States

Win
6–0
Justin Hawes
TKO (punches)
UFCF: Rumble in Rochester
000000002002-08-24-0000August 24, 2002
2
4:26
Rochester, Washington, United States

Win
5–0
Jesse Ault
Decision (unanimous)
Real Fighting Championships 1: The Beginning
000000002002-07-13-0000July 13, 2002
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Win
4–0
Scott Shipman
Submission (forearm choke)
Dangerzone 13: Caged Heat
000000002002-04-13-0000April 13, 2002
2
2:08
New Town, North Dakota, United States
Dangerzone Light Heavyweight Tournament Final; Won Dangerzone Light Heavyweight Championship.

Win
3–0
Jesse Ault
Decision (unanimous)
Dangerzone 13: Caged Heat
000000002002-04-13-0000April 13, 2002
2
5:00
New Town, North Dakota, United States
Dangerzone Light Heavyweight Tournament Semifinal.

Win
2–0
Jason Miller
Decision (unanimous)
HFP 1: Rumble on The Reservation
000000002002-03-30-0000March 30, 2002
2
5:00
Anza, California, United States

Win
1–0
Ben Hailey
Decision (unanimous)
Battle of Fort Vancouver
000000001997-05-10-0000May 10, 1997
1
N/A
Vancouver, Washington, United States

text: Submission grappling record

text:
Professional record breakdown
[show]

5 matches
1 win
2 losses

By submission
0
2

By decision
1
0

By disqualification
0
0

Draws
2

text:
Result
Opponent
Method
Event
Date
Time
Notes

Loss
 Craig Jones
Submission (heel hook)
ADCC 2017
September 24, 2017
N/A

Win
 Léo Vieira
Referee Decision
ADCC 2017
September 24, 2017
25:00

Draw
 Michael Bisping
Draw
UR Fight 2016
March 20, 2016
15:00
Three 5 minute rounds.

Draw
 Renato Sobral
Draw
Metamoris VI
May 9, 2015
20:00

Loss
 André Galvão
Submission (rear-naked choke)
Metamoris IV
August 9, 2014
13:49


document_title: List of mnemonics

question_text: what mnemonic is spelled out by the first letters of the life processes

text: List of mnemonics

text: Astronomy[edit]

text: Order of planets from the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)

text: Biology[edit]

text:
To remember the order of taxa in biology (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, [Variety]):

"Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti/Soup" is often cited as a non-vulgar method for teaching students to memorize the taxonomic classification system.[2][3] Other variations tend to start with the mythical king, with one author noting "The nonsense about King Philip, or some ribald version of it, has been memorized by generations of biology students".[4]
Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk?[5]:69
Dumb Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach[5]:69
Do Kindly Place Cover On Fresh Green Spring Vegetables[5]:69

To remember the processes that define living things:

MRS GREN: Movement; Respiration; Sensation; Growth; Reproduction; Excretion; Nutrition[5]:135[6]

To remember the number of humps on types of camels:[5]:67[7]

D in Dromedary has one hump; B in Bactrian has two

text: Engineering[edit]

text: For the EIA electronic color code, Black(0), Brown(1), Red(2), Orange(3), Yellow(4), Green(5), Blue(6), Violet(7), Gray(8), White(9), Gold(5%), Silver(10%), None(20%)

text: A mnemonic to remember which way to turn common (right-hand thread) screws and nuts, including light bulbs, is "Righty-tighty, Lefty-loosey"; another is "Right on, Left off".[5]:165

text: Geology[edit]

text: Geological periods: Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent (Holocene)

text:
Pregnant Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak? Possibly Early Oiling Might Prevent Permanent Rheumatism[5]:62-63
Paleozoic to Cenozoic: Pregnant Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak[10]

text: Mohs scale of mineral hardness 1-10:[11]

text:
Tall Girls Can Fight And Other Queer Things Can Develop[5]:64
TAll GYroscopes CAn FLy APart ORbiting QUickly TO COmplete DIsintegration[5]:64
Toronto Girls Can Flirt And Only Quit To Chase Dwarves
Terrible Giants Can Find Alligators Or Quaint Trolls Conveniently Digestible

text:
Differentiating stalactites from stalagmites.[12]

The 'mites go up and the 'tites come down. When one has ants in one's pants, the mites go up and the tights come down.[5]:66 (In a strict scientific sense, a mite is not an ant, although "mite" in common speech can refer to any small creature.)
Stalactites hang tight, hang down like tights on a line; stalagmites might bite (if you sit on them), might reach the roof.[5]:66
Tights hang from the Ceiling, and Mites crawling around on the Ground
You need might to do push-ups (from the floor). You must hold tight doing chin-ups (off the ceiling).
Stalactites are on the ceiling. Stalagmites are on the ground.[5]:66
Stalactites cling tight to the ceiling; stalagmites might reach the ceiling.

text: History[edit]

text:
Wives of Henry VIII manner of death: Divorced, beheaded, died / Divorced, beheaded, survived.[5]:104
Wives of Henry VIII names: Aragon, Boleyn, Seymour, Cleves, Howard, Parr

text: All Boys Should Come Home Please[5]:103

text: Languages[edit]

text: Grammar[edit]

text:
Adjective order in English: OSASCOMP (Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose)[13]
The verbs in French that use the auxiliary verb être can be memorized using the phrase "Dr. (and) Mrs. Vandertramp":

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: Quadratic equation[edit]

text: The articulation of the quadratic equation can be sung to the tune of various songs as a mnemonic device.[15]

text: Medicine[edit]

text:
To remember the 10 organ systems of the human body:[16]

NICER DRUMS (Nervous, Intergumentary, Circulatory, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal)

Intrinsic muscles of hand[17]

text: 'A OF A OF A'

text: Thenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface):

text: Hypothenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface):

text:
Bones of the wrist:
Scaphoid bone, Lunate bone, Triquetral bone, Pisiform bone, Trapezium (bone), Trapezoid bone, Capitate bone & Hamate bone

text: Differential Diagnosis

text: Cranial nerves

text:
List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves, their respective type and foramen

NERVE:
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Pathic (Trochlear) nerve
Trigeminal (dentist) nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulo-cochlear (Auditory) nerve
Glosso-pharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Spinal Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

Mnemonic:
(for nerve)[18]
OLd
OPen
OCeans
TROuble
TRIbesmen
ABout
Fish
VEnom
Giving
VArious
ACute / SPlitting
Headaches

TYPE:
Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both (sensory + motor)
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor

Mnemonic:
(for type)[19]
Some
Say
Money
Matters,
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Brains
Matter
More

FORAMINA:
Cribriform plate
Optic canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Superior Orbital Fissure
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Foramen
Hypoglossal Canal

Mnemonics:
(for foramina)
Cleaners
Only
Spray
Smelly
Stuff
Right
On
Smelly
Idiots
In
Jumbled
Junkyards
Juggled
High

Carl
Only
Swims
South.
Silly
Roger
Only
Swims
In
Infiniti
Jacuzzis.
Jane
Just
Hitchhikes.

text: Music[edit]

text: Guitar[edit]

text: Mnemonics are also used in remembering guitar string names in standard tuning.[20]

text:
Every Average Dude Gets Better Eventually
Eggs Are Deliciously Good Breakfast Energy
Eddy Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddy
Every Adult Dog Growls Barks Eats.
Every Acid Dealer Gets Busted Eventually
Even After Dinner Giant Boys Eat
Elephants And Donkeys Grow Big Ears
Every American Dog Gets Bones Easily
Every Angel Does Good Before Evil

text: Thus we get the names of the strings from 6th string to the 1st string in that order.

text: Conversely, a mnemonic listing the strings in the reverse order is:

text:
Every Beginning Guitarist Does All Exercises!
Elvis' Big Great Dane Ate Everything
Every Big Girl Deserves An Elephant
Easter Bunny Gets Drunk At Easter

text: Ukulele[edit]

text: As for guitar tuning, there is also a mnemonic for ukuleles.

text: Good Cooks Eat A-lot

text: In the other direction it is Aunt Evy Cooks Grits

text: Reading music[edit]

text: Musicians can remember the notes associated with the five lines of the treble clef using any of the following mnemonics, EGBDF: (from the bottom line to the top)

text:
Every Good Boy Does Fine.[21]
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge (or Footie, Friendship, Fun, Fruit, etc.)
Every Green Bogey Deserves Flicking
Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips
Ernie Gave Bert Dead Fish
Every Good Bird Does Fly
Elvis's Guitar Broke Down Friday

text:
The four spaces of the treble clef spell out (from the bottom to the top) FACE
The five lines of the bass clef from the bottom to the top

text:
Good Boys Do Fine Always
Grizzly Bears Don't Fly Airplanes
Great Basses Dig Fine Altos
Goblins Bring Death For All

text: The four spaces of the bass clef from the bottom to the top

text:
All Cows Eat Grass
All Cars Eat Gas

text: The five lines of the alto clef from the bottom to the top

text: Fat Alley Cat Eats Garbage

text: The four spaces of the alto clef from the bottom to the top

text: Green Birds Do Fly

text: The order of sharps in key signature notation is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯, which can be remembered using the phrase

text:
Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.[22]
Fat Cats Go Down Alleys Eating Birds.

text: The order of flats is B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, and F♭ (reverse order of sharps), which can be remembered using the phrase:

text:
Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.[22]
Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First.

text: Philosophy[edit]

text:
THE LAD ZAPPA is a mnemonic for the first 11 (and most important) Ionian philosophers: Thales, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Leucippus, Anaximander, Democritus, Zeno, Anaximenes, Protagoras, Parmenides, Anaxagoras .
THE PLAZA PAD is another mnemonic for the first 11 (and most important) Ionian philosophers: Thales, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Protagoras, Leucippus, Anaximander, Zeno, Anaximenes, Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Democritus.

text: Physics[edit]

text: Sequence of colors in a rainbow or visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet):

text: Microwave frequency bands

text: Spelling[edit]

text: Characteristic sequence of letters[edit]

text: I always comes before E (but after C, E comes before I)[24][25]

text: In most words like friend, field, piece, pierce, mischief, thief, tier, it is "i" which comes before "e". But on some words with c just before the pair of e and i, like receive, perceive, "e" comes before "i". This can be remembered by the following mnemonic,

text: But this is not always obeyed as in case of weird and weigh, weight, height, neighbor etc. and can be remembered by extending that mnemonic as given below

text: Another variant, which avoids confusion when the two letters represent different sounds instead of a single sound, as in atheist or being, runs

text: Where ever there is a Q there is a U too

text: Most frequently u follows q. e.g.: Que, queen, question, quack, quark, quartz, quarry, quit, Pique, torque, macaque, exchequer. Hence the mnemonic:

text: Letters of specific syllables in a word[edit]

text: BELIEVE

text: SECRETARY

text: TEACHER

text: MEASUREMENT

text: FRIEND

text: SPECIAL

text: BEAUTIFUL

text: SEPARATE

text: Distinguishing between similar words[edit]

text: Difference between Advice & Advise, Practice & Practise, Licence & License etc.

text: Advice, Practice, Licence etc. (those with c) are nouns and Advise, Practise, License etc. are verbs.

text: Here or Hear

text: Complement and Compliment

text: Principle and Principal

text: Remedial and Menial

text: Their, There and They're

text: Stationary and stationery

text: First letter mnemonics of spelling[edit]

text: DIARRH(O)EA

text: ARITHMETIC

text: NECESSARY

text: BECAUSE

text: MNEMONICS

text: GEOGRAPHY

text: TOMORROW

text: RHYTHM

text: Transportation[edit]

text:
"Red, Right, Return" reminds the skipper entering ("returning to") an IALA region B port to keep red markers to the starboard of the vessel.
The phrase "there's always some red port (wine) left" is used to remember the basics in seafaring. "Red" refers to the color of navigation lights on the port (left) side of a vessel (as opposed to green on the starboard side).[30]
"Nuclear Restrictions Constrain Fishing and Sailing, People Say" is used to encode the "order of priority" for which vessels have right of way (earlier in the list has priority over later): Not under command; Restricted; Constrained by draft; Fishing vessel; Sailboat; Powerboat; Seaplane.[30]

text: Aviation[32] uses many mnemonics in addition to written checklists. See also Category: Aviation mnemonics

text:
pre-landing: GUMPS - Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Speed.
pre-final: MARTHA - Missed (procedure), Altitude (limit), Radios (set), Time (limit), Heading (final), Airspeed (descent)
pre-high-altitude - FLOWER - Flow (enabled), Lights (test), Oxygen (charged), Water (humidity), Electricity (on), Radio (check)
pre-flight-paperwork - ARROW - Airworthiness (certificate), Registration, Required (charts), Operating (checklists), Weight and balance
night collision avoidance: Red, Right, Returning - Red nav light on Right implies target is Returning (closing)
radio loss Instrument course - CDEF - as Cleared, else Direct to last fix, else as directed to Expect, else as flight plan Filed
spin recovery - POKER - Power (off), Opposite (full rudder), Klean (flaps, ...), Elevator (briskly forward), Recover (from dive)

text: Units of measure[edit]

text: Metric System - common SI Prefixes: kilo-, hecto-, deca-, unit, deci-, centi-, milli-, in descending order of magnitude.

text: King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk[33]

text: Metric System - large SI Prefixes: exa-, peta-, tera-, giga-, mega- kilo-, hecto-, deca-

text: Every person that gave me kisses has diarrhea.

text: Metric System - small SI Prefixes: deci-, centi-, milli-, micro-, nano-, pico-, femto-, atto-

text: Dairy cows make milk, not pink fruit, asshole.


document_title: North Pole

question_text: who was first man to reach north pole

question_tokens: who was first man to reach north pole

text: North Pole

text: Precise definition[edit]

text: The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude," as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.

text: It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevations or orography) to fixed landforms. Of course, given plate tectonics and isostasy, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System.

text: Exploration[edit]

text: As early as the 16th century, many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea.[6] It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes.

text: One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45′ North. In 1871 the Polaris expedition, a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, ended in disaster. Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole, part of the British Arctic Expedition, by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then-record 83°20'26" North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879–1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship, the USS Jeanette, was crushed by ice. Over half the crew, including DeLong, were lost.

text: In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen's icebound ship Fram. The pair reached latitude 86°14′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards, eventually reaching Franz Josef Land.

text: In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ("Eagle"), but came down 300 km (190 mi) north of Kvitøya, the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago. They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later.  In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition.

text: The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ("Pole Star") from Norway in 1899. On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp, remaining there until 23 June. On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway.

text: The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted.[8]

text: The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary, who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909, accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary's claim remains highly disputed and controversial. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in [Western] navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole.

text: The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people, almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point. Peary's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line – the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing – is contradicted by Henson's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads.

text: The  British explorer Wally Herbert, initially a supporter of Peary, researched Peary's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer's navigational records. He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole.[9] Support for Peary came again in 2005, however, when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours – nearly five hours faster than Peary. However, Avery's fastest 5-day march was 90 nautical miles, significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary. Avery writes on his web site that "The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia. Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole."[10]

text: Another rejection of Peary's claim arrived in 2009, when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology, an experienced referee of scientific claims, reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies.[11][unreliable source?]

text: The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft. Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society, this claim has since been undermined[12] by the 1996 revelation that Byrd's long-hidden diary's solar sextant data (which the NGS never checked) consistently contradict his June 1926 report's parallel data by over 100 mi (160 km).[13] The secret report's alleged en-route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later (while the original version was hidden for 70 years), a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing.[14]

text: According to Standish, "Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook, nor Peary, nor Byrd reached the North Pole; and they all knew it."[11][unreliable source?]

text: The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge.[15] Norge, though Norwegian-owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the Norge, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship Italia. The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew.

text: In May 1937 the world's first North Pole ice station, North Pole-1, was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres (13 mi) from the North Pole. The expedition members: oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov, meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, and the leader Ivan Papanin[16] conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months. By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland.[17][18]

text: In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles. The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force. It carried an 11-man crew, with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations. In 2006, Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.[19]

text: Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party[20] including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko,[21] and other scientists and flight crew (24 people in total)[22] of Aleksandr Kuznetsov's Sever-2 expedition (March–May 1948).[23] It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route.[24] The party flew on three planes (pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4:44pm (Moscow Time, UTC+04:00) on 23 April 1948.[25] They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations. On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent.

text: Next year, on 9 May 1949[26] two other Soviet scientists (Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev)[27] became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole.[28] They jumped from a Douglas C-47 Skytrain, registered CCCP H-369.[29]

text: On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict, along with scientist Albert P. Crary, landed a modified Douglas C-47 Skytrain at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole[30] until the Soviet landings became widely known.

text: The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so.[31]

text: Setting aside Peary's claim, the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier, who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position.

text: On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill, Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans-Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot (albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops). They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean – and by its longest axis, Barrow, Alaska to Svalbard – a feat that has never been repeated.[32][33] Because of suggestions (later proven false) of Plaisted's use of air transport, some sources classify Herbert's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means.[33][34] In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided.[35] It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility.[36]

text: On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole.

text: In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier, Ellesmere Island, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80:31N 00:59W. As a result of this journey, which formed a section of the three-year Transglobe Expedition 1979–1982, Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles, by surface travel alone. This achievement remains unchallenged to this day.

text: In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary (the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest) and Neil Armstrong (the first man to stand on the moon) landed at the North Pole in a small twin-engined ski plane.[37] Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest.

text: In 1986 Will Steger, with seven teammates, became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply.

text: USS Gurnard (SSN-662) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Pintado (SSN-672). On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, Gurnard deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. Gurnard surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the USS Seahorse (SSN-669).[citation needed]

text: On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish (SSN 678), USS Ray (SSN 653) and USS Hawkbill (SSN-666) surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole.

text: On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle.[38][39]

text: On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish (SSN 676), USS Sea Devil (SSN 664) and HMS Superb (S 109) surfaced at the North Pole, the first international surfacing at the North Pole.

text: In 1988 a 13-man strong team (9 Soviets, 4 Canadians) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada. One of the Canadians, Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean.

text: On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58-day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km.[40]

text: On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels.[41] Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later[42] with the Healy.

text: In 1998, 1999, and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs (special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO, Lada/Vaz's experimental product division) were driven to the North Pole.[43][44] The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole. The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20–15 km/h in an average temperature of −30 °C.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole.  For example, the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait.  In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies. Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years. The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002, and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter.

text: The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University, but ended in fatality. The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club, and ended in success on 24 April 1999. The divers were Michael Wolff (Austria), Brett Cormick (UK), and Bob Wass (USA).[45]

text: In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte (SSN-766) surfaced through 155 cm (61 in) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there.[46]

text: In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km (0.62 mi) swim at the North Pole. His feat, undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming, took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes.[47] His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole, was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days. The expedition was then abandoned.

text: By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish Oden, 3 times by German Polarstern, 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea, and once by CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking.[48]

text: 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed[edit]

text: On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole, to a depth of 4.3 km (2.7 mi), as part of the research programme in support of Russia's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor. The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov. In a symbolic act of visitation, the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole.[49][50][51]

text: The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to The New York Times.[52] The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries, such as China and the United States, toward the top of the world, where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable.[53]

text: MLAE 2009 Expedition[edit]

text: In 2009 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE-2009) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs — Yemelya-1 and Yemelya-2, designed by Vasily Elagin, a known Russian mountain climber, explorer and engineer. The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009, 17:30 (Moscow time). The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation. The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole.

text: MLAE 2013 Expedition[edit]

text: On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE 2013) with Vasily Elagin as a leader, and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs — Yemelya-3 and Yemelya-4,— started from Golomyanny Island (the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast. The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 (83°08N, 075°59W Ward Hant Island), and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay, NU. The way between the Russian borderland (Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, 80°15N, 097°27E) and the Canadian coast (Ward Hant Island, 83°08N, 075°59W) took 55 days; it was ~2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total. The expedition was totally self-dependent and used no external supplies. The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society.[54]

text: Day and night[edit]

text: The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter. Sunrise is just before the March equinox (around 20 March); the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 23½° elevation at the summer solstice (around 21 June), after which time it begins to sink, reaching sunset just after the September equinox (around 23 September). When the sun is visible in the polar sky, it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation (in degrees) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox.  Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth.

text: A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset, a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset.

text: These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

text: Time[edit]

text: In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as Greenwich Mean Time, or the time zone of the country from which they departed[citation needed].

text: Climate[edit]

text: The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate (ETf) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing.[citation needed]

text: Winter temperatures at the northernmost weather station in Greenland can range from about −50 to −13 °C (−58 to 9 °F), averaging around −31 °C (−24 °F), with the North Pole being slightly colder.A However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 °C (33 °F) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy, located at 87.45°N, on December 30, 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm.[55] Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)). The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F),[56] much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).[57] A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15, 2016 when temperatures hit freezing.[58] Yet again, February 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup, the world's northernmost weather station in Greenland, reached 6.1 °C (43 °F) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing.[59] Meanwhile, the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 °C (35 °F). This same temperature of 1.6 °C (35 °F) was also recorded at the Hollywood Burbank Airport in Los Angeles at the very same time.[60]

text: The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) thick,[61] although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate.[62]  Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years.[63] It is likely that global warming has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic.[64] Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.[65] This may have significant commercial implications; see "Territorial Claims," below.

text: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.[66]

text:
hideClimate data for Greenlandic Weather StationA (eleven year average observations)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

−13 (9)

−14 (7)

−11 (12)

−6 (21)

3 (37)

10 (50)

13 (55)

12 (54)

7 (45)

−2 (28)

0.6 (33.1)

0.7 (33.3)

13 (55)

Average high °C (°F)

−29 (−20)

−31 (−24)

−30 (−22)

−22 (−8)

−9 (16)

0 (32)

2 (36)

1 (34)

−7 (19)

−18 (0)

−25 (−13)

−26 (−15)

−16 (3)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−31 (−24)

−32 (−26)

−31 (−24)

−23 (−9)

−11 (12)

−1 (30)

1 (34)

0 (32)

−9 (16)

−20 (−4)

−27 (−17)

−28 (−18)

−18 (0)

Average low °C (°F)

−33 (−27)

−35 (−31)

−34 (−29)

−26 (−15)

−12 (10)

−2 (28)

0 (32)

−1 (30)

−11 (12)

−22 (−8)

−30 (−22)

−31 (−24)

−20 (−4)

Record low °C (°F)

−47 (−53)

−50 (−58)

−50 (−58)

−41 (−42)

−24 (−11)

−12 (10)

−2 (28)

−12 (10)

−31 (−24)

−41 (−42)

−41 (−42)

−47 (−53)

−50 (−58)

Average relative humidity (%)

83.5

83.0

83.0

85.0

87.5

90.0

90.0

89.5

88.0

84.5

83.0

83.0

85.8

Source: Weatherbase[56]

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: Polar bears are believed to travel rarely beyond about 82° North owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi (1.6 km) from the Pole.[67][68] The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole, and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km (37 mi) away at 89°40′ N.[69][70]

text: Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting, northern fulmar and black-legged kittiwake, though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions.[71]

text: Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole, but these are probably few in number.[71] A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there.[50] However, it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods.[72]

text: Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions[edit]

text: Currently, under international law, no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russian Federation, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States, are limited to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone off their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority.

text: Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200-mile exclusive economic zone.  If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone.[73] Norway (ratified the convention in 1996[74]), Russia (ratified in 1997[74]), Canada (ratified in 2003[74]) and Denmark (ratified in 2004[74]) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation.[75][76]

text: In 1907 Canada invoked a "sector principle" to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. This claim has not been relinquished, but was not consistently pressed until 2013.[77][78]

text: Cultural associations[edit]

text: In some children's Western cultures, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus' workshop and residence,[79][80] although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole.[citation needed] Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of "Ho ho ho!").[81]

text: This association reflects an age-old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world-axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings.[82] The popular figure of the pole-dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence.[83]

text: As Henry Corbin has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism. "The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that cannot be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north."[84]

text: Owing to its remoteness, the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf (Jabal Qaf), the "farthest point of the earth".[85][86] According to certain authors, the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra, a mountain whose ascent, like Dante's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory, represents the pilgrim's progress through spiritual states.[87] In Iranian theosophy, the heavenly Pole, the focal point of the spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet to draw beings to its "palaces ablaze with immaterial matter." [88]