document_title: Steve Alford

question_text: what was steve alford free throw percentage in college

text: Steve Alford

text: Playing career[edit]

text: Early life and prep career[edit]

text: Alford was born in Franklin, Indiana and grew up in New Castle.

text: Alford learned to count as a three-year-old by watching the numbers tick off the scoreboard in Monroe City, where his father, Sam Alford, coached the high school team. Sam often moved for various coaching jobs. Steve missed only two of his father's games, once when he had chicken pox and once when he made the regionals of the Elks Club free-throw shooting contest.[1] When Alford was nine years old, he attended a basketball camp put on by Coach Bob Knight.[1] Eventually the Alfords settled in New Castle, Indiana, where Steve played on the New Castle Chrysler High School basketball team with his dad as coach. Alford was known to practice shooting so much that he would wear out six or seven nets a summer and frequently forego social activities.[1]

text: As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game, but then averaged 18.7 the next season.[1] By his senior year in 1983, before the three-point line was even implemented, Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana "Mr. Basketball" award.[2] His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament. Later, shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knight's U.S. Olympic team, he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss.[1]

text: Indiana University[edit]

text: Alford decided to play basketball for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team. At Indiana, he became the university's all-time leading scorer with 2,438 points (a record later eclipsed by Calbert Cheaney, who went on to become the Big Ten's all-time leading scorer). Alford was the first player to be named the team's MVP four times. During his final three seasons, Alford earned first team all-Big Ten honors. In the Legends of College Basketball by The Sporting News Alford was #35 on the list of the 100 greatest Division-I college basketball players. When The Sporting News named its top ten NCAA basketball players of the 1980s in December 1989, Alford was listed at number ten.

text: As a freshman, Alford quickly earned the favor of Coach Knight. Dan Dakich, Alford's former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach, said "Steve was incredibly mature as a freshman. He was getting thrown out of practice then. If Coach respects you and knows you can handle it, he'll do that. When I was a freshman, only Randy Wittman and Ted Kitchel, the seniors, were thrown out." [1] That year Alford helped lead Indiana to an upset of the Michael Jordan-led North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1984 NCAA tournament. As a sophomore Alford was named to the 1985 NIT Tournament All-Tournament team after the Hoosiers finished second behind UCLA.

text: As a junior, Alford and the 1985-86 Hoosiers were profiled in a best-selling book A Season on the Brink. Author John Feinstein was granted unprecedented access to the Indiana basketball program and insights into Knight's coaching style. The book recounts how Knight once criticized Alford's work habits and leadership ability, telling him he couldn't "lead a whore into bed." [1] Knight later admitted Alford was in fact an incredible worker and leader and the comments were just Knight's method of motivating players.[1] The Hoosiers went 21-8 that year and finished second in the Big Ten, with Alford earning All-America and Big Ten Player of the Year honors.

text: In his senior year, the Alford-led 1986-87 Hoosiers won Indiana's fifth national championship, when the team defeated Syracuse in title game of the tournament. The game was decided by a game-winning jump shot by Keith Smart with five seconds remaining.[3] Alford shot 7–10 from the three-point line, scored 23 points, including a buzzer-beating three-pointer at the end of the first half that put the Hoosiers ahead by one point to start the second half.

text: Olympics[edit]

text: For the 1984 Summer Olympics Alford, just 19 years old and a sophomore, was selected to play on the U.S. basketball team, coached by Bob Knight. Alford averaged 10.3 points per game, was second in assists, and shot .644 from the field. He and his teammates went on to win the gold medal at the 1984 games. In this game Alford played alongside Michael Jordan, Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin and Wayman Tisdale. Alford has recounted that during the Olympic training camp, Jordan bet him $100 that he would not last four years on Knight's Indiana team.

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Alford was drafted 26th in the 1987 NBA draft.[4] Many fans in Indiana expected Alford to be drafted by the Indiana Pacers, but the Pacers selected Reggie Miller and Alford fell to the Dallas Mavericks.[5] Initially the choice angered Indiana fans but ultimately they and even Alford embraced the decision. Years later, Alford said "not only was it a much better draft choice than drafting me... Reggie turned out not to be a great pick, he turned out to be great for the state of Indiana."[2] Alford played in the NBA for four seasons, mostly with the Dallas Mavericks, although he spent a portion of one season with Golden State Warriors. Over his career, he started three games, scored 744 points, had 176 assists and shot free throws with an accuracy of 87 percent.

text: Player profile[edit]

text: Alford quickly became the face of Indiana basketball and a fan favorite throughout the state. Dan Dakich, Alford's former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach, said of him, "Basically, he owns all of Indiana." [1] Alford's wife Tanya said, "Everybody talks about his hair, his all-American image, how mothers would want him to marry their daughter. Everybody thinks he's so perfect. Well, that's a pretty accurate image. That's exactly what he is." [1]

text: Alford embodied the "David versus Goliath" image of Indiana basketball popularized in the hit movie Hoosiers (released in 1986 while Alford was at Indiana). He was small for a major-college guard, slow without any compensatory quickness and strong only because he ate and flexed himself up to 185 pounds from 150 as a freshman.[1] According to commentators, Alford owed his success to repetition and work.[1] In his workouts he would pick a spot on the floor and take ten shots. If he did not make eight, he would punish himself with fingertip push-ups or wind sprints. At the end of his college career, Coach Knight said, "He's gotten more out of his abilities offensively than anybody I've seen play college basketball. He's about as good a scorer for being strictly a jump shooter as I've ever seen. He's scored more than 2,400 points that way, and that's incredible, considering he doesn't get any tip-ins, drives or dunks." [1]

text: Alford is considered one of the best free throw shooters in the history of the game.[1] Alford's free throw percentage of .897 (535-596) is ninth best in the history of the NCAA.[6] His form at the foul line is so routine that it inspired a famous mantra from Indiana fans: "Socks, shorts, 1-2-3 swish". Before releasing a free throw, Alford told himself, "Soft over the front edge of the rim," and some people believed they could see his lips move.[1]

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: Manchester University Spartans[edit]

text: Alford began his college coaching career in North Manchester, Indiana in 1991 as head coach of the Division III Manchester University's basketball program. During his four seasons with the team, Alford had a record of 78–29. When Alford began coaching that team, the team had lost its first eight games. During his first season there Alford won four of 20 games. In his first full season as coach the team posted a record of 20–8. In the next season Manchester posted a record of 23–4, and in his fourth and final season his team finished 31–1.

text: In 1994 and 1995 Manchester won conference titles, and in Alford's final three seasons the team competed in the NCAA Division III Tournament. Under Alford, the team won three straight conference tournament titles (1993, 1994, 1995). The team advanced to the Division III championship game in 1995, placing second in the nation after suffering its first defeat in 32 games. The loss to Bo Ryan's University of Wisconsin-Platteville team marked the only title game in NCAA history matching two undefeated squads.

text: In 1993, 1994, and 1995 Alford was named the Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year. In the 1994-95 season the Manchester team was inducted into the school Hall of Fame. In 1999 Alford was also inducted into Manchester's Hall of Fame.

text: Missouri State Bears[edit]

text: Following his time at Manchester, Alford was named the head coach at Southwest Missouri State University. He began his position there in the 1995-96 season, and would remain there until 1999. During his time at Missouri State, his teams posted a 78–48 record. In 1999, the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament before losing to Duke.

text: Iowa Hawkeyes[edit]

text: Steve Alford was named the head coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball program on March 22, 1999.

text: Although Alford's first game as coach was a 70–68 victory against the defending national champion Connecticut Huskies at Madison Square Garden, his team went 14-16 during his first season at Iowa. During his second year (2000–01) the Hawkeyes went 23–12 in the regular season and 7–9 in the Big Ten Conference regular season, but they won the Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament with four straight wins against Northwestern, Ohio State, Penn State, and Indiana. This earned them a #7 seed in the 2001 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, where they defeated Creighton in the first round but lost to Kentucky in the second round.

text: The Hawkeyes' conference record dropped to 5–11 during the 2001–02 season, but they defeated Purdue, Wisconsin, and Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament before losing to Ohio State in the finals. The Hawkeyes played in the National Invitation Tournament that season, but lost to LSU in the first round to finish with a 19–16 record. This was the first of three straight seasons that the Hawkeyes played in the NIT under Alford. They won the first two rounds of the 2003 tournament against Valparaiso and Iowa State before losing to Georgia Tech, finishing with a 17–14 record. That season, leading scorer Pierre Pierce was charged with raping a female Iowa athlete. Alford was adamant about Pierce's innocence. A plea bargain was reached where Pierce pleaded guilty to a lesser charge. He was suspended from the team and redshirted.[7] In 2004, Iowa lost to St. Louis in the first round of the NIT to finish 16–13 despite a 9–7 conference record (the first winning Big Ten Conference record under Alford).

text: The Hawkeyes finished 21-12 with a 7-9 conference record in the 2004-2005 regular season, but they won their first two Big Ten Tournament games against Purdue and Michigan State before losing the third game to Wisconsin, 59-56. They earned an at-large invitation to the 2005 NCAA Tournament as a #10 seed, where they lost 76-64 to Cincinnati in the first round. In 2005, Pierce was charged with sexual assault of his girlfriend, and he was dismissed from the team before charges were filed.[7][8] However, Alford's reputation among Iowa fans suffered.[8] Pierce later served 11 months in a correctional facility.[9]

text: During the 2005–06 season, the Hawkeyes went undefeated at Carver-Hawkeye Arena and finished in a second-place tie with Illinois with an 11-5 conference record, one game behind Ohio State. However, the Hawkeyes defeated Minnesota, Michigan State, and Ohio State to win the Big Ten Tournament and finish 25-8 going into its third NCAA Tournament under Alford. They were seeded #3 in the Atlanta Regional of the 2006 NCAA Tournament, but lost in a first-round upset to #14 seed Northwestern State 64-63, leaving Alford with only one NCAA Tournament win since taking over at Iowa.

text: During the 2006–2007 season, Alford led the Hawkeyes to an 8–6 non-conference record (losing to in-state rivals Drake and Northern Iowa) and a 9–7 record in the Big Ten Conference (17-14 overall). Iowa failed to make the NCAA tournament or the NIT. It marked the first time since the 1976–1977 season that an Iowa team with a winning record has failed to make either the NCAA tournament or the NIT.

text: At the conclusion of the 2006–2007 season, Alford resigned from the University of Iowa to accept the coaching position at the University of New Mexico.

text: New Mexico Lobos[edit]

text: Alford was named head coach at the University of New Mexico on March 23, 2007 replacing the fired Ritchie McKay. In his first year as the Lobos coach Alford posted a record of 24–9, 11–5 in league play. Twenty-four wins is the most for a New Mexico head coach in their first year. The Lobos were led by future 1st round Boston Celtics draft pick J. R. Giddens. The Lobos were eliminated in the first round of the NIT by Cal.

text: In his second season, led by seniors Daniel Faris, Tony Danridge and Chad Toppert, Alford guided the Lobos to their first conference championship in 15 years. He earned the MWC Coach of the Year Award for his team's performance. Alford also set a record for most wins in the first two seasons for a UNM head coach. Alford and his New Mexico squad fell just short of the NCAA tourney and ended up with their second consecutive NIT bid. They won a first round home game against Nebraska and lost on a last second buzzer beater on the road to Notre Dame.

text: His third year, coaching a mostly young, untested team, Alford's Lobos nevertheless won the regular season MWC title for the second year in a row, were ranked in the top 15 for the majority of the year, and earned a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament, the team's first bid since 2005. In the first round, they survived a tough game against Montana 62–57, but despite Dairese Gary's 28 points, fell in the second round to an upstart Washington side. At the end of the season Coach Alford received a ten-year contract extension through the 2019–2020 season.

text: The 2010-2011 season started with Alford's group at 12-4 after non-conference play, but the team struggled to an 8-8 conference regular season record. Drew Gordon and Dairese Gary led a talented team that underachieved much throughout the year into the conference tournament. The team seemed poised to make a run in the MWC conference tournament, but a tragic ACL injury to Gary in the semi-finals against BYU proved to be too much to overcome for this young UNM squad. Their 2010-2011 season ended with an NIT loss to Alabama 74-67. However, with everyone coming back (with the exception of Gary), the following season seemed to hold promise.

text: The 2011-2012 season began with a rough patch. UNM was picked to win the league for the first time in Alford's five years at the helm, but the team started a questionable 2-2 with losses to home state rival NMSU and a bottom feeder WCC team in Santa Clara. UNM then raced off to a twelve-game win streak and finished the non-conference season at 14-2. UNM then went on to have a 10-4 conference regular season record and a share of the conference title with arch-rival San Diego State. It was only fitting that the regular season co-champions would square off in the MWC tournament title game. With Drew Gordon and Demetrius Walker leading a battle tested UNM team in the championship, Alford and his Lobos prevailed to a 69-58 conference tournament title. UNM received a fifth seed in the NCAA West region, and they defeated Casper Ware and the Long Beach State 49ers in their first game of the NCAA Tournament. The Lobos lost to the Louisville Cardinals in their next game.

text: In the 2012-2013 season, with a vicious defensive team, Alford led his Lobo squad to a 26-5 regular season record, winning the Mountain West Regular Season conference title. Alford won his third MWC coach of the year honor, and New Mexico garnered another Player of the Year award in Kendall Williams. New Mexico was primed to make a deep run in the NCAA tournament after winning the MWC conference tournament for the second straight year. At 29-5 entering the tournament, New Mexico was an early favorite as a Final Four participant by several analysts and publications, but Alford and his Lobos were upset by an underdog Harvard team, who won their first NCAA tournament game in school history.

text: UCLA Bruins[edit]

text: On March 30, 2013, Alford signed a seven-year, $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of the UCLA Bruins, replacing the fired Ben Howland.[10] Ironically, Alford's decision to take the UCLA job came just three days after he had signed a 10-year extension at New Mexico.[11] At UCLA's introductory news conference, Alford was questioned about his handling of Pierce in Iowa, and he stated that he did "everything that [he] was told to do."[7] Criticism grew over his hiring, especially over his handling of Pierce. Two weeks after his hiring, Alford apologized for declaring Pierce's innocence "before the legal system had run its course. This was inappropriate, insensitive and hurtful, especially to the young female victim involved, and I apologize for that."[7]

text: Soon after his hiring, Alford filled his head assistant coaching staff position with good friend and former John Calipari assistant Ed Schilling. Also hired were David Grace, a rising assistant who spent 2008–2013 on the Oregon State staff, and Duane Broussard, who spent 2008–2013 as Alford's assistant at New Mexico. Tyus Edney, who starred on UCLA's 1995 national championship team, continued as director of operations.[12] In his first season, Alford directed the Bruins to the title in the 2014 Pac-12 Tournament, the school's first conference tournament title in six years.[13] They advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 2014 NCAA Tournament—their first regional semifinal appearance since 2008—before falling to Florida, who improved to 4–0 all-time against UCLA in the NCAA tournament.[14]

text: The Bruins began the 2014–15 season at 4–0 and ranked No. 22 before losing two of three games at the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament.[15][16] Beginning with their December loss at home to Gonzaga, the Bruins lost five consecutive games, their longest streak since 2009–10.[17] Losses included a 39-point defeat to No. 1 Kentucky—they fell behind 24–0 and trailed 41–7 at halftime—and by 32 points against Utah.[18][19][20] UCLA closed out the regular season with three straight home wins to finish undefeated (9–0) at home in the conference for the first time since 2006–07.[21] The Bruins went 1–1 in the 2015 Pac-12 Tournament,[22] but proved most major projections wrong by receiving an invitation to the 2015 NCAA tournament, earning a No. 11 seed.[22][23] They advanced to the Sweet 16, when they lost again to Gonzaga.[24] The squad became the lowest-seed UCLA team to ever reach the regional semifinals.[25]

text: Because of these successes on the court, on June 9, 2015, Alford was honored as the 2015 Big Ten Club of Southern California's Person of the Year at the Tournament House, home of the Tournament of Roses in Pasadena.[26]

text: Incidents[edit]

text:
During the 2010 season, during a post-game handshake line, Alford had a confrontation with a Brigham Young player in which Alford called him an "extremely vulgar" name, according to the Wall Street Journal.[27]
In 2011, before a home NIT Tournament game against heated rival UTEP, Alford and his staff got into a heated argument with UTEP coach Tim Floyd and his staff, in a dispute over practice time. After this incident, Alford cancelled the historic and long-standing basketball series between New Mexico and UTEP.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Alford has three children, Kory, Bryce and Kayla. Kory played for the elder Alford at New Mexico and transferred with him to UCLA. Bryce also played under Alford at UCLA, and ended his career as the school's career leader in three-pointers made.[28] He became a professional basketball player.

text: Alford is a Christian. He has spoken openly about his faith, saying, "I’m a Christian first. I’m a family guy second. As much as I like coaching, as much as I like basketball, it’s third, fourth, or fifth down the line."[29]

text: Head coaching record[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason

Manchester Spartans (Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference) (1991–1995)

1991–92
Manchester
4–16
3–11
T–6th

1992–93
Manchester
20–8
7–5
T–2nd
NCAA Division III First Round

1993–94
Manchester
23–4
10–2
1st
NCAA Division III First Round

1994–95
Manchester
31–1
12–0
1st
NCAA Division III Runner-up

Manchester:
78–29 (.729)
32–18 (.640)

Southwest Missouri State Bears (Missouri Valley Conference) (1995–1999)

1995–96
Southwest Missouri State
16–12
11–7
4th

1996–97
Southwest Missouri State
24–9
12–6
T–2nd
NIT First Round

1997–98
Southwest Missouri State
16–16
11–7
T–3rd

1998–99
Southwest Missouri State
22–11
11–7
T–2nd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

Southwest Missouri State:
78–48 (.619)
45–27 (.625)

Iowa Hawkeyes (Big Ten Conference) (1999–2007)

1999–00
Iowa
14–16
6–10
T–7th

2000–01
Iowa
23–12
7–9
T–6th
NCAA Division I Second Round

2001–02
Iowa
19–16
5–11
T–8th
NIT First Round

2002–03
Iowa
17–14
7–9
T–8th
NIT Second Round

2003–04
Iowa
16–13
9–7
4th
NIT First Round

2004–05
Iowa
21–12
7–9
7th
NCAA Division I First Round

2005–06
Iowa
25–9
11–5
T–2nd
NCAA Division I First Round

2006–07
Iowa
17–14
9–7
T–4th

Iowa:
152–106 (.589)
61–67 (.477)

New Mexico Lobos (Mountain West Conference) (2007–2013)

2007–08
New Mexico
24–9
11–5
3rd
NIT First Round

2008–09
New Mexico
22–12
12–4
T–1st
NIT Second Round

2009–10
New Mexico
30–5
14–2
1st
NCAA Division I Round of 32

2010–11
New Mexico
22–13
8–8
5th
NIT Second Round

2011–12
New Mexico
28–7
10–4
T–1st
NCAA Division I Round of 32

2012–13
New Mexico
29–6
13–3
1st
NCAA Division I Round of 64

New Mexico:
155–52 (.749)
68–26 (.723)

UCLA Bruins (Pac-12 Conference) (2013–present)

2013–14
UCLA
28–9
12–6
2nd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2014–15
UCLA
22–14
11–7
4th
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2015–16
UCLA
15–17
6–12
10th

2016–17
UCLA
31–5
15–3
3rd
NCAA Division I Sweet 16

2017–18
UCLA
21–12
11–7
T-3rd
NCAA Division I First Four

UCLA:
117–57 (.672)
55–35 (.611)

Total:
580–292 (.665)

      National champion         Postseason invitational champion
      Conference regular season champion         Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
      Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
      Conference tournament champion


document_title: Station 19

question_text: who plays the fire chief of station 19

question_tokens: who plays the fire chief of station 19

root

text: Station 19

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows a group of heroic firefighters of the Seattle Fire Department at Station 19 from the captain down the ranks to the newest recruit in their personal and professional lives.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea "Andy" Herrera: A confident Lieutenant at Station 19 and the daughter of Captain Pruitt Herrera. She is Acting Captain of Station 19.[1][2]
Jason George as Ben Warren: A rookie firefighter at Station 19 and a former anesthesiologist-turned-surgical-resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He is married to Miranda Bailey.[1][2]
Grey Damon as Jack Gibson: Lieutenant at Station 19. He is passionate, energetic, and fearless. He is Station 19’s Acting Captain [1][2]
Barrett Doss as Victoria "Vic" Hughes: A younger firefighter at Station 19.[1][2]
Alberto Frezza as Ryan Tanner: A police officer at Seattle PD. He and Andy are longtime friends and had a romantic relationship in high school.[1][2]
Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery: A firefighter and the heart of Station 19.[1][2]
Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller: A charismatic firefighter at Station 19.[1][2]
Danielle Savre as Maya Bishop: A bisexual firefighter at Station 19 and a former Olympic athlete who is also Andy's best friend.[1][2]
Miguel Sandoval as Pruitt Herrera: Captain at Station 19 and a mentor to Andy and Jack. He steps down from his role in the series premiere.[1][2]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey: Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Ben Warren's wife.[3]
Marla Gibbs as Edith, a feisty retirement home retiree who sets up Travis with her grandson, Grant[4]
Brett Tucker as Fire Chief Lucas Ripley, the Fire Chief for Seattle Fire Department[5]
Brenda Song as JJ, a music reviewer who Dean saves from a fire and later begins to date[6]
BJ Tanner as Tuck Jones, the step-son of Warren who is dealing with Warren's change of job and schedule
Leslie Hope as Battalion Chief Frankel, the battalion chief for Seattle Fire Department
Sterling Sulieman as Grant, the sous chef grandson of Edith who she sets up with Travis

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Ellen Pompeo as Meredith Grey: Chief of General Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.[3]
Jake Borelli as Levi Schmitt: A new intern at Grey Sloan Memoral Hospital.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Backdoor pilot (2018)[edit]

text: For the backdoor pilot, "No. overall" and "No. in season" refer to the episode's place in the order of episodes of the parent series Grey's Anatomy.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

306
13
"You Really Got a Hold on Me"
Nzingha Stewart
Stacy McKee
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
7.52[7]

A house fire brings two young boys, who were rescued by the Seattle fire department—Station 19, to the ER. Meredith Grey meets Andy Herrera, a firefighter, who has her hand inside the patient, clamping his abdominal aorta. While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR, Ben Warren struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore. Dr Koracik, Amelia Shepherd's former professor, shows up to help her with her research project, but quickly shoots down her ideas. However, when they confront each other about their difference in opinion, they come up with an idea to save her patient. Richard Webber watches Miranda Bailey very closely, as it's her first day back after recovering from her heart attack. Jackson Avery begins to worry about April Kepner and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her "the Party."

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Stuck"
Paris Barclay
Stacy McKee
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
5.43[8]

When the team responds to an apartment fire, Captain Pruitt takes a hit, the future of the station's leadership is in jeopardy and firefighter Andy Herrera is forced to step up. Meanwhile, new recruit Ben Warren is trading in the scalpel for a fresh start as a firefighter, but it hasn’t been easy and he has a hard time realizing that emergencies in the field are vastly different than those at Grey Sloan Memorial.

2
"Invisible To Me"
Paris Barclay
Stacy McKee
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
5.43[8]

With the absence of Captain Pruitt, Andy and Jack try to navigate how to work together, when they have to take turns on being captain. Andy is the first one, but things get complicated on her first day. Warren and Victoria start working together when the fire alarm is pulled on Ben's son (Tucker)'s school; In the meantime, Dean meets a civilian, JJ, when she asks him help to fix her apartment's alarm. A car accident on a rural road puts both the victims and the crew’s lives at risk.

3
"Contain the Flame"
Mary Lou Belli
Wendy Calhoun
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
5.86[9]

The team responds to the house fire at JJ's apartment with Dean risking his life to save Seth, who ends up dying at the hospital. An emotional JJ visits Dean at the station to help her process the loss. After a disagreement between Jack and Andy on the scene, Frankel calls them both out on their mistakes and later shows her respect for Jack because he, unlike Andy, had to work his way up without connections. Andy overhears this but leaves before Jack tells Frankel that if anything, Andy's father held her back. Maya and Travis pick sides for the Captain position. Ben finds it difficult not to have a follow-up with the people they rescue. Pruitt has a hard time staying at home and ends up returning to the station for administrative duties while Ryan wonders if Andy still sees him as his teenage self like her father does.

4
"Reignited"
Dennis Smith
Ilene Rosenzweig
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
5.09[10]

The team deals with a fire at a brand-new bed-and-breakfast that keeps reigniting. Jack and Andy resume their sexual relationship after a week of bickering as co-captains, but they are not at secretive as they think they are. Maya keeps her distance from Andy after she asked Maya to back off and doesn't tell her when Ryan has her come over to the police station to identify her brother, who was caught shoplifting art supplies. Instead, she confides in Ryan that her brother lost his way because of their parents' devotion to her Olympic career. Dean seeks to ask out JJ and asks Travis and Pruitt for advice. Travis meets a handsome man through Edith. Meanwhile, Ben notices that the blue fire experience has left a mark on Victoria, who denies having developed a fear of fire as it would end her career.

5
"Shock to the System"
Milan Cheylov
Anupam Nigam
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
5.59[11]

Maya and Andy go on a stakeout for a raid set up by Ryan and his team. While they fear for his safety, they hash out the recent tension between them and come clean about their problems. Seeing Ryan in his professional environment sparks Andy's interest. Pruitt turns up the heat on Jack following his discovery of his and Andy's sexual relationship. One by one, the other team members find out as well. Bailey visits the station and reprimands Pruitt for not following her instructions. JJ asks Dean out on a date. The team responds to a man caught in a dangerous, electrical situation while a pregnant woman, who turns out to be the man's wife, comes to the station looking for help with car seats.

6
"Stronger Together"
Nzingha Stewart
Angela L. Harvey
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
5.41[12]

Jack and Andy participate in the captaincy drill test, The Incinerator. Much to their dismay, they learn that all the candidates are up for the department's sole available captain position at Station 19. Jack and Andy decide to work together in order to make sure one of them will end up getting the position. After Andy breaks protocol to save a life, Frankel's bias towards Andy is called into question by Fire Chief Ripley, whom Jack impresses with his test. With Travis as acting captain, the team responds to a woman whose leg is caught in a pothole. Inspired by the woman's courage to finally express her love to her long-time friend, Victoria comes clean to the team about her fear of fire. The team decides to keep it a secret from the lieutenants and to help Victoria any way they can. Pruitt seeks out Bailey for help when his health takes a turn for the worse.

7
"Let It Burn"
James Hanlon
Barbara Kaye Friend
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)
5.17[13]

Despite his increase in symptoms, Pruitt runs before Bailey can perform a checkup. He tries to hide his worsening symptoms but his colleagues find out and take him back to the hospital, where his treatment is increased. He also realizes he has to let people in and allows Andy to be kept in the loop. Edith plays Cupid for Travis and Grant, but Travis isn't too eager to start dating again. Maya and Travis help Victoria face her fears, while Maya runs into her homeless brother again and tries to offer him help. Ryan joins the team as they respond to a strip mall fire much to Jack's dismay. It leads Ryan to discover his heroic side, which causes him to tell Andy that he's done standing back. Bailey discovers that Ben has been hiding the dangerous calls from her.

8
"Every Second Counts"
Marisol Adler
Tia Napolitano
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
5.14[14]

The time has come for peer reviews in the battle for the Captain position. Fire Chief Ripley interviews each team member and stresses the importance of a call earlier that day that went horribly wrong due to decisions made by both Jack and Andy. After piecing together what happened exactly from their testimonies, Ripley forces everyone to take a side based on the difficult dilemma the lieutenants were faced with. Victoria lashes out and tells him he has to pick either Jack or Andy rather than an outside candidate, but her behavior does more harm than good. Maya is surprised by Ripley's recommendation to run for Lieutenant herself. Travis surprisingly backs Andy given his bad experiences with incapable Captains while Dean also backs her despite his support for Jack. Pruitt, who's stuck at the hospital for a new round of chemo, confides in Ripley that he should choose neither Jack nor Andy.

9
"Hot Box"
Nicole Rubio
Phillip Iscove
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
4.45[15]

Pruitt warns Andy not to get her hopes up for the Captain position. A tired Dean messes up at the scene of a house fire and traps part of the team, police officers, and a civilian in a garage that was specifically built to keep people out. As the rest of the team has trouble reaching the fire inside the highly protected house, the temperature in the garage keeps rising, threatening the lives of everyone inside. With a similar call that ended with the deaths of his colleagues in his mind, Pruitt arrives at the scene to urge Andy to fight herself a way out. The trapped people work together and cause an explosion to bust open the garage doors. While celebrating their victory, Victoria covers for Dean, Jack finds out about Andy's involvement with Ryan, and Pruitt comes clean to Andy about his recommendation for the Captain position, explaining he wanted to rally the team against an outsider.

10
"Not Your Hero"
Paris Barclay
Stacy McKee
May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)
5.10[16]

The team celebrates Ben surviving 50 fires. Ripley's interviews with the remaining candidates are cut short when he has to help out at a skyscraper fire. Jack tells Andy he's transferring to another station if he doesn't make Captain. After remaining on standby for hours, the team is finally called to the skyscraper fire. Maya and Victoria work with Molly, an evacuation captain, to control a crowd stuck on a floor above the fire. Maya hides her hearing problems following the barotrauma she suffered in the garage. Dean and Jack try to keep the fire away from combustibles on the building's maintenance floor. After the fire jumps floors and chaos ensues, Ben has to save a lethally injured Travis and finds a trampled Molly in the staircase, forcing him to choose between saving her or Travis. Andy saves Charlotte and impresses Ripley. However, she openly defies his orders by sending an elevator to the floor Jack and Dean are stuck on. Jack stays behind to close fire doors to save the scattered crew. As Andy begs him to save himself, they lose contact and a blast shakes the building, putting everyone's life in jeopardy. Meanwhile, back the station, Ryan and Bailey work to resuscitate an unconscious Pruitt.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On May 16, 2017, ABC chief Channing Dungey announced at ABC's upfront presentation that the network had given a straight-to-series order for a second Grey's Anatomy spin-off. Stacy McKee, a long-term Grey's writer and executive producer, will serve as showrunner and executive producer, with Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers also serving as executive producers. The series, which would be set in a Seattle firehouse, would follow the lives of a group of firefighters.[17] The order consisted of 10 episodes.[2] When announcing the series, Dungey said, "No one can interweave the jeopardy firefighters face in the line of duty with the drama in their personal lives quite like Shonda, and Grey's signature Seattle setting is the perfect backdrop for this exciting spinoff."[18] Patrick Moran, president at ABC Studios, added that "We talked [with Shonda] about the elements of Grey's Anatomy that seem to resonate with the audience — emotional storytelling, deep human connection, a high-stakes environment and strong and empowered women — and those elements will carry over to the spinoff."[19] In July 2017, Paris Barclay signed on to the series as producing director and executive producer.[20] In January 2018, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo had renewed her contract to portray Meredith Grey through season 16 of Grey's, in addition to becoming a producer on the show and a co-executive producer on the spin-off.[21] Later that month, ABC announced that the series would be titled Station 19.[22]

text: An episode of Grey's Anatomy, originally planned to air in fall 2017 but instead set to air in March 2018, will serve as a backdoor pilot for the series.[20][23] The backdoor pilot episode will feature the introduction of the lead character of the spin-off, Andy Herrera, "as a story within the episode" and "showcase a really lovely story for Ben, where we get to just juxtapose his two worlds and see his reaction as he transitions from one world to the next".[23]

text: On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[24]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On July 26, 2017, Jaina Lee Ortiz was cast as the female lead.[25] In September 2017, it was announced that Jason George, who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 of Grey's Anatomy, would be leaving the series to join the spin-off as a series regular. He is expected to continue to be a series regular on Grey's until production on the spin-off begins.[26] On October 6, Grey Damon was cast as Lieutenant Jack, Jay Hayden as Travis, Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean, Danielle Savre as Maya, and Barrett Doss as Victoria.[27][28][2] They were shortly followed by Miguel Sandoval as Captain Pruitt,[29] and Alberto Frezza as police officer Ryan.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series began on October 18, 2017,[31] and concluded on April 2, 2018.[citation needed] Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles;[23] additional filming for the series takes place in Seattle.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Station 19 began airing on March 22, 2018, on ABC in the United States.[33] CTV acquired the broadcast rights for Canada.[34] Sky Living acquired the rights for to air the series in the UK & Ireland.[citation needed]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In early December 2017, Entertainment Weekly released first look images of the series.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Stuck"
March 22, 2018
1.1/5
5.43[8]
0.9
3.11
2.0
8.54[35]

2
"Invisible To Me"
March 22, 2018
1.1/5
5.43[8]
0.9
3.11
2.0
8.54[35]

3
"Contain the Flame"
March 29, 2018
1.2/5
5.86[9]
0.8
2.70
2.0
8.56[36]

4
"Reignited"
April 5, 2018
1.0/4
5.09[10]
0.8
2.63
1.8
7.72[37]

5
"Shock to the System"
April 12, 2018
1.0/4
5.59[11]
0.8
2.40
1.8
7.99[38]

6
"Stronger Together"
April 19, 2018
1.1/4
5.41[12]
0.7
2.42
1.8
7.84[39]

7
"Let It Burn"
April 26, 2018
0.9/3
5.17[13]
0.7
2.30
1.6
7.47[40]

8
"Every Second Counts"
May 3, 2018
1.0/4
5.14[14]
0.7
N/A
1.7[41]
N/A

9
"Hot Box"
May 10, 2018
0.9/4
4.45[15]
0.7
N/A
1.6[42]
N/A

10
"Not Your Hero"
May 17, 2018
1.0/4
5.10[16]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 62% approval rating with an average rating of 6.14/10 based on 13 reviews.[43] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44]


document_title: Withdrawn Canadian banknotes

question_text: when was the 2 dollar bill discontinued in canada

text: Withdrawn Canadian banknotes

text: Current issues[edit]

text: The Bank of Canada, Canada's sole issuer of bank notes, currently issues five different denominations ($5, $10, $20, $50 and $100). Smaller denominations have been replaced by coins, and larger ones are felt to be no longer required in an era of electronic transmission of most large transactions. Despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes (most notably, the 500 euro banknote), there are no plans to re-issue Canadian banknotes larger than $100.

text: Defunct currency[edit]

text: Notes issued by these former issuing authorities are considered to be withdrawn from circulation:

text:
Colonial governments, prior to each province or dominion entering confederation.
The Dominion of Canada between 1870 and 1935, which issued notes in denominations of 25¢, $1, $2, $4, $5, $50, $100, $500, and $1,000
Canadian chartered banks, from  pre-Confederation to 1944. Further information: Canadian chartered bank notes

text: Bank of Canada notes[edit]

text: All Bank of Canada notes issued prior to the current Frontier Series are being withdrawn from circulation.[1] The following Bank of Canada denominations included in previous series have been permanently retired:

text: The $25 note was issued only in 1935, to commemorate the silver jubilee of King George V. As with other 1935 issues, separate English and French versions were printed. This was a limited release that was never printed in large quantities. The note was coloured an appropriate royal purple; both the King & his consort Queen Mary were featured, with Windsor Castle appearing on the back. The $25 note was withdrawn from circulation in 1937.[2]

text: The $500 denomination was included only in the 1935 series. No note of this denomination has been printed since. The note was coloured sepia, or burnt sienna; the face featured Sir John A. Macdonald, and the back depicted a fertility allegory. The $500 note was withdrawn from circulation in 1938.[2]

text: There had been two previous printings of the $500 note by the Dominion of Canada, one in 1925 featuring King George V, and one in 1911 picturing Queen Mary. Of the latter, only three are known to still exist, one of which sold for US$322,000 in a Heritage auction in October 2008.[3]  It is unlikely that further 1911 notes survived the Depression.

text: Printing of the $1 note ceased in 1989 after the release of the loonie (in 1987) had been implemented. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the $1 note was the Scenes of Canada, with the $1 note released in 1974, coloured green and black. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured an image of Parliament Hill from across the Ottawa River, with log driving activities taking place on the water.

text: Printing of the $2 note ceased on February 18, 1996, with initial release of the toonie, a coin that replaced it. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the two-dollar note was the Birds of Canada series in 1986, in which this note was a terra cotta colour. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured a meadow scene with two robins. Prior to the withdrawal of the $1 note, the $2 was not as widely circulated and was difficult to find in some regions, Alberta in particular. After the $1 note was withdrawn, the $2 was much more widely circulated.

text: Printing of the $1,000 note ceased in 2000. The denomination was withdrawn on the advice of the Solicitor General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), as it was often used for money laundering and organized crime.[4] The Bank of Canada has requested that financial institutions return $1,000 notes for destruction.[5] The most recent issue of this denomination was in 1992 as part of the Birds of Canada series. It was pink in colour, featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, and two pine grosbeaks on the back.

text: Status of withdrawn banknotes[edit]

text: Currency withdrawn from circulation remains legal tender, but this does not obligate any creditor to accept it as a medium of exchange.[6] Withdrawn currency is usually exchanged at commercial bank branches, though some banks require that exchangers be bank customers. The bank then returns the withdrawn currency, together with worn out currency, to the Bank of Canada for destruction.

text: Liabilities for outstanding provincial and Dominion of Canada notes was transferred to the Bank of Canada in 1935, and liability for chartered bank notes in 1950. As of December 31, 2016, the total value of provincial, Dominion, chartered bank, and discontinued Bank of Canada denominations still outstanding is $1.139 billion, of which more than $765 million is in $1,000 notes.[7] The liability for this amount remains on the Bank of Canada's books up to the present day.

text: On February 27, 2018, The Government of Canada announced in their 2018 Federal Budget that there are plans to make all withdrawn banknotes no longer legal tender. If passed into law, these notes will still retain face value and may still be redeemed at banks in exchange for current banknotes.[8]  The current five denominations - $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100 - will not be affected at this time, but the government may decide to remove legal tender status from older series versions of these denominations in the future.


document_title: List of Presidents of India

question_text: who became the first muslim president of indian national congress

text: List of Presidents of India

text: Presidents[edit]

text: This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who have functioned as acting presidents, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:

text:
№
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Elected
Took office
Left office
Vice President

1
Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963)

1952
1957
26 January 1950
12 May 1962
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Prasad, from Bihar, was the first President of independent India, and also the longest-serving President, for 12 years.[8][9] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[10] Prasad was the only president to serve two terms in office.[5]

2
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975)

1962
13 May 1962
13 May 1967
Zakir Husain

Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[11] He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI. He received Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[12] He was the first President from South India.

3
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)

1967
13 May 1967
3 May 1969
Varahagiri Venkata Giri

Husain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[13] He died in office, the first to do so. He was also the shortest-serving President. He was also the first Muslim President.

–
Varahagiri Venkata Giri *
(1894–1980)

–
3 May 1969
20 July 1969
–

He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[14] He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[6]

–
Mohammad Hidayatullah *
(1905–1992)

–
20 July 1969
24 August 1969
–

Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[15] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.

4
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)

1969
24 August 1969
24 August 1974
Gopal Swarup Pathak

Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[16]

5
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977)

1974
24 August 1974
11 February 1977
Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974)

Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977)

Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before historical term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[17] He was also president during Emergency.[18]

–
Basappa Danappa Jatti *
(1912–2002)

–
11 February 1977
25 July 1977
–

Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore.[17][19]

6
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996)

1977
25 July 1977
25 July 1982
Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979)

Muhammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982)

Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[20] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.

7
Giani Zail Singh
(1916–1994)

1982
25 July 1982
25 July 1987
Muhammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984)

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)

In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[21]

8
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009)

1987
25 July 1987
25 July 1992
Shankar Dayal Sharma

In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[22] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[23]

9
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999)

1992
25 July 1992
25 July 1997
Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[24]

10
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005)

1997
25 July 1997
25 July 2002
Krishan Kant

Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[25] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[26] He was the first President from Kerala, and also the first Dalit President.

11
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015)

2002
25 July 2002
25 July 2007
Krishan Kant (2002)

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007)

Kalam was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[27] He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam was affectionately known as the People's President, due to his extra-Presidential activities. He was the first bachelor president of India, and the first Muslim President who completed his term. Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong. [28][29][30]

12
Pratibha Patil
(1934–)

2007
25 July 2007
25 July 2012
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.[31][32]

13
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–)

2012
25 July 2012
25 July 2017
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[33]

14
Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–)

2017
25 July 2017
Incumbent
Mohammad Hamid Ansari (2017)

Venkaiah Naidu

Kovind was Governor of Bihar from 2015 until 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 until 2006. He is the second Dalit president after K. R. Narayanan. He originally belongs to BJP and is an active member of RSS since his youth.


document_title: Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States

question_text: what are the laws in new york regarding texting or phoning while driving

text: Regulatory laws[edit]

text: The laws regulating driving (or distracted driving) may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement by state, county or local authorities.[1] All State-level cell phone use laws in the United States are of the primary enforcement type—meaning an officer may cite a driver for using a hand-held cell phone without any other traffic offense having taken place—except in some cases involving newer (or "novice"), drivers.[2] In the case of secondary enforcement, a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a cell phone use violation if the driver has committed another primary violation (such as speeding, failure to stop, etc.) at the same time.

text: A federal transportation funding law passed in July 2012, known as the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), provided $17.5 million in grants during fiscal year 2013 for states with primary enforcement laws against distracted driving, including laws prohibiting cell phone use while driving. States with secondary enforcement laws or no laws at all are ineligible to receive this grant funding.[3][4]

text: Laws by state[edit]

text: No state bans all cell phone use for all drivers. However, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia (plus Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands) prohibit all drivers from using hand-held cell phones while driving. 36 states and Washington, D.C. ban all cell phone use by newer drivers; while 19 states and Washington, D.C. prohibit any cell phone use by school bus drivers if children are present.[2]

text:
State
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
Bus driver use restriction(s)
Texting & Internet Access
Comment

Alabama
16 and under, and 17 w/ temporary license or if licensed under six months (primary violation)

texting prohibited (primary)[6]

Alaska

totally prohibited
No restrictions on cell phone use[7]

Arizona

texting prohibited[6]
none[6]

Arkansas
18–20 years old (primary violation)
under 18 (secondary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited (primary)[6]
Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones (secondary violation).

California
All (primary violation)[8]
under 18 (secondary violation)[9]
totally prohibited (primary)
texting prohibited[6]

Colorado

on learner's permit or under 18 (primary violation)[8]

totally prohibited (primary)[6]

Connecticut
All (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Delaware
All (primary violation)
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)[8]
totally prohibited

Florida

Cell phone use allowed while operating a car as long as the sound goes through only one ear.[8]

Georgia

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Guam
All (primary violation)

Hawaii
All (primary violation)[10]
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Statewide law entered into force July 2013; all counties had existing bans on cell phone use. Drivers 18 and older may use hands-free devices.[10]

Idaho

No statewide laws enacted; authorities track "distractions" on accident reports.

Illinois
All (primary violation)
any driver under 19 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene (primary violation).[11]

Indiana

under 18 (primary violation)

Iowa

on restricted or intermediate license (primary violation)

totally prohibited (primary)
July 1, 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop you. "Texting" is defined as: texting, internet browsing, playing games, and reading social media applications.[12][13]
If proven you were "texting" during a traffic fatality, it is deemed a Class C felony, and you can be put into prison for up to 10 years.[14][13]

Kansas

on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Kentucky

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Louisiana
learner or intermediate license holder (regardless of age) (primary violation)
1st year of license (primary violation if under 18)
totally prohibited

Maine
under 18 (primary violation)
under 18 w/ learner or provisional license (secondary violation)[8]

Maryland
all (primary violation)[15]
under 18 w/ restricted learner or intermediate license[8]

Massachusetts

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Cell phone use allowed as long as one hand is on the wheel at all times.[8]

Michigan

level-1 or level-2 license (primary violation)

Minnesota

under 18 w/ learner or provisional license (primary violation)[8]
totally prohibited

Mississippi

totally prohibited

Missouri

Montana

None.

Nebraska

under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)

Nevada
all (primary violation)[16]

New Hampshire
all (primary violation)

totally prohibited

# (1st Offense) $100 Fine

(2nd Offense) $250 Fine.
(3rd Offense) $500 Fine, + a 2-year suspension of drivers license.

New Jersey
all (primary violation)[17]
on permit or provisional license (primary violation).[8]
totally prohibited

New Mexico
Local Option by Jurisdiction[8]
on learner or provisional license (primary violation)

New York
all (primary violation)[18]

North Carolina

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

texting prohibited (Primary) Internet access okay

North Dakota

under 18 (primary violation)

Ohio

under 18 (primary violation)[19]

Oklahoma
learner or intermediate license holder (primary violation)

totally prohibited

Oregon
all (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)[8]

Pennsylvania

$50 fine for texting while driving.[8]

Puerto Rico
all (primary violation)

Rhode Island

under 18 (primary violation)[8]
totally prohibited

South Carolina

Authorities can impose fines and track "distractions" on accident reports under Contributing Factors.

South Dakota

on learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)

Tennessee

on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)[8]
totally prohibited
texting prohibited [20]

Texas
Driving through school zones
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited [21]

Utah

under 18 (primary violation)

Regulated under distracted driving laws.[8]

Vermont
all (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation) [22]

Virgin Islands
all (primary violation)

Virginia
under 18 (primary violation)[8]
under 18 (secondary violation)[8]
totally prohibited
texting prohibited
Use of phone for text or email by the driver whilst vehicle is operational on state roads is prohibited. An exception exists for using GPS, dialing a number to make a call, or reporting an emergency.

Washington
all (primary violation)[8]
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Texting prohibited

Washington, D.C.
all (primary violation)
on learner permit (primary violation)[8]
totally prohibited

West Virginia
all (primary violation)
under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Wisconsin
Driving through construction zones
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Wyoming

on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)[8]

text: Preemption Laws[edit]

text: Often, local authorities pass their own distracted driving bans—most include the use of cell phones while driving. Several states (Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Oklahoma) have prohibited localities from enacting their own laws regarding cell phone use.[2]

text: Cost of distracted driving[edit]

text: A 2014 report from the National Safety Council, which compiles data on injuries and fatalities from 2013 and earlier, concluded that use of mobile phones caused 26% of U.S. car accidents.[23] Just 5% of mobile phone-related accidents in the U.S. involved texting: "The majority of the accidents involve drivers distracted while talking on handheld or hands-free cellphones."[23]

text: The U.S. Department of Transportation has established an official website to combat distracted driving, Distraction.gov.[24]

text: In 2010, the State Farm insurance company stated that mobile phone use annually resulted in: 636,000 crashes, 330,000 personal injuries, 12,000 major injuries, 2,700 deaths, and US$43 billion in damages.[25]


document_title: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

question_text: who plays the grown up alex in jumanji

question_tokens: who plays the grown up alex in jumanji

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1996 in Brantford, New Hampshire, teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game which was found by his father on a beach. Alex sets the game aside. That night, it transforms into a video game cartridge which catches Alex's attention when he is awakened by the Jumanji drum beats. When he begins playing it, he is transported into the game.

text: Twenty years later, in 2016, Spencer Gilpin gets caught writing an essay for former friend Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, Bethany Walker makes a video call during an English class quiz and Martha Kaply refuses to participate in gym class. All four of them serve detention. They are sent to the school basement to prepare magazines for recycling and to think about their future. Fridge discovers Alex's discarded video-game system when he explores the basement, and he and Spencer set up the game. Although it has five playable characters, the first one cannot be selected. Spencer and Fridge choose two characters, and the girls choose their own. When Spencer presses "Start", they are transported into the game.

text: They are in a jungle, in the forms of their game avatars. Spencer is tough, muscular explorer and archaeologist Dr. Smolder Bravestone; Fridge is diminutive zoologist Franklin "Mouse" Finbar; Bethany is a overweight male cartographer named Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon and Martha is female commando and martial arts expert, Ruby Roundhouse. They each have three lives on their arms and Bethany loses one of her lives after being eaten by a hippo. Spencer deduces that if they lose all three, they die for real.

text: They learn the game's story from NPC Nigel: corrupt archeologist Russel Van Pelt stole the Jaguar's Eye a magic jewel from its shrine, cursing Jumanji. Nigel escaped Van Pelt with the jewel, and the players must return it to a jaguar statue and call "Jumanji" to lift the curse. Nigel warns them that Van Pelt will stop at nothing to retrieve the jewel, which gives him control of Jumanji's animals. They begin tackling the game's increasingly-difficult "levels", losing lives as they do so. The four are rescued by Alex, the missing fifth player, whose avatar is pilot Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough. Taking shelter in a jungle house built by the game's previous player Alan Parrish, Alex believes that he has been in the game for a few months and is distressed to learn that it is really twenty years. The newcomers vow to help him return home. They break into a transportation shed, commandeering a helicopter to fly to the jaguar statue and return the jewel, but Fridge drops the jewel into a herd of white rhinoceros. Spencer sacrifices one of Fridge's lives, pushing him out of the helicopter as a distraction, and retrieves the jewel. Alex loses his last life when a mosquito bites him, but Bethany performs CPR and transfers one of her lives to him.

text: At the statue, the players are surrounded by a pack of jaguars and Van Pelt's forces. They outmaneuver their opposition while Spencer and Martha race to the statue. Van Pelt confronts Martha (trapped in a pit of mambas) and demands the jewel, but she sacrifices one of her lives to re-spawn and get it to Spencer. With the players on their last lives, they end the game with Van Pelt disintegrating into a bunch of rats and return to the real world, but Alex does not appear with them. They find the formerly-dilapidated Vreeke home restored and decorated for a Christmas family gathering. An adult Alex arrives, having had returned to where he left off in 1996. Now married with children, he named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life and introduces them to his infant son, Andy.

text: Spencer and Fridge reconcile, Bethany begins caring for others more than herself and plans a summer wilderness backpacking adventure, Martha and Spencer become romantically involved and the four are now friends after their experiences in the game. When they hear Jumanji's drumbeats, they bring the game behind the school and Fridge destroys it with a bowling ball to prevent anyone from playing it again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Players

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone, an Indiana Jones-like archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer's avatar; he is the leader of his team.
Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin, a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School. Panphobic; his experience as Smolder Bravestone helps him cope with his anxiety and develop assertiveness.
Jack Black as Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon, a cartographer, cryptographer, archaeologist, and paleontologist who is Bethany's male avatar.
Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker, a pretty, popular, self-centered teenage girl at Brantford High School.
Kevin Hart as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, a zoologist and weapons specialist who is Fridge's avatar.
Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, a Brantford High School football jock coasting on his athletic prowess who cares more about dating than studying.
Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse, a Lara Croft-like martial artist, and dance fighter who is Martha's avatar.
Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, a shy and cynical intellectual at Brantford High School who believes that physical education is needless and who dislikes popular peers like Bethany and Fridge.
Nick Jonas as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough, a young aircraft pilot in Jumanji who is Alex Vreeke's avatar.[9]
Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage gamer who was trapped inside the Jumanji video game for two decades.
Colin Hanks plays the adult Alex when he appears two decades later.

text: Game

text:
Bobby Cannavale as Russel Van Pelt, an archeologist-turned-mercenary and an enemy of Smolder Bravestone. He tries to retrieve the Jaguar's Eye, whose power possesses him.
Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley, the main guide.
William Tokarsky as a food vendor.
Rohan Chand as a young guide at the bazaar.

text: Reality

text:
Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley, who makes Spencer, Bethany, Fridge, and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention.
Carlease Burke as Miss Mathers, Spencer and Fridge's U.S. History teacher.
Sean Buxton as Mr. Vreeke, Alex's father who discovered the Jumanji game.
Tim Matheson (uncredited) as Old Man Vreeke. His narration at the beginning of the film implies that seeing his son teleported into the game had traumatized him. After Alex's return to him, he is a happy family man and close to his son and grandchildren.
Maribeth Monroe as Bethany's English teacher.
Missi Pyle as Coach Webb; Martha, Spencer and Bethany's gym teacher.
Kat Altman as Lucinda, Bethany's friend.
Marin Hinkle as Mrs. Gilpin, Spencer's mother.
Tracey Bonner as Mrs. Johnson, Fridge's mother.
Natasha Charles Parker as Mrs. Walker, Bethany's mother.
Michael Shacket as Fussfeld, a friend of Spencer at Brantford High School who is infatuated with Bethany.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In July 2012, rumors circulated that a remake of Jumanji was in development. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said: "We're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present."[10] On August 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version with William Teitler (who produced the original film).[11]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the film was scheduled for release on December 25, 2016.[12] Online reception to the news was negative, with some saying that the announcement came too soon after the August 2014 death of Robin Williams (who played Alan Parrish in the original film).[13][14] The announcement was criticized by Bradley Pierce (who played Peter Shepherd in Jumanji) and by E! News, which called the remake "unnecessary and kind of insulting".[15][16] On October 23, 2015, Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film, whose production was a high priority for the studio.[17] On January 14, 2016, Deadline Hollywood reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct the film from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers.[18]

text: In March 2017, during CinemaCon, it was announced that the film's complete title was Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. Its plot involved teenagers cleaning out a school's basement who find a vintage video-game version of Jumanji and are sucked into the first film's jungle setting. Although fans debated whether the film was a sequel or a reboot, the second trailer (released on September 20, 2017) indicated that the sequel is set 21 years after the first.

text: Casting[edit]

text: On April 15, Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film (although both actors had other projects).[19] Later in the month, Johnson confirmed his casting on Instagram.[20] In July, it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film's cast with Johnson, Hart, and Jack Black.[21] The following month, Johnson said that the film would not be a reboot but a continuation of the 1995 film;[22] Karen Gillan was announced as part of the cast.[23] On September 20, Ser'Darius Blain was cast as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson and Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker. Two days later, Rhys Darby was cast as Nigel Billingsley, Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, and Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin.[24][25][26] In November 2016, Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film,[27] and in December 2016, Tim Matheson joined the cast as Old Man Vreeke.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on September 19, 2016, in Honolulu, Hawaii,[19][29] primarily at the Kualoa Ranch nature reserve.[30] The film wrapped on December 8 in Atlanta, Georgia.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text: James Newton Howard was originally signed to compose the film's score,[32] he was replaced by Henry Jackman when the film's release date was postponed six months.[1]The soundtrack was released digitally on 15 December 2017 by Sony Masterworks

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony gave the film a release date of December 25, 2016.[33] Since filming did not begin until September 2016, the release was pushed back to July 28 and then to December 20, 2017.[2]

text: On November 29, 2017, it was announced that Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to tickets for a December 8 screening of the film at select Regal, National Amusements, ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters.[34] The screenings sold out at 1,200 theaters and earned $1.9 million.[35] The film was released on IMAX 2D on January 12, 2018.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle grossed $404.5 million in the United States and Canada and $557.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $962.2 million.[6] On April 10, 2018, the film passed Spider-Man ($403.7 million) to become Sony's highest-grossing film domestically. Deadline Hollywood calculated its net profit as $305.7 million when factoring all expenses and revenues, making it 2017's fourth-most-profitable release.[36]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, the film was released on December 20, 2017 with The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross about $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six-day opening weekend; the studio predicted a $45 million debut.[37][38] It earned $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day. Over the three-day weekend, the film grossed $36.2 million (for a six-day total of $71.9 million), finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[4] Its weekend-only earnings increased to $50.1 million during its second weekend, again finishing in second place at the box office.[39] The 38.4-percent weekend-to-weekend increase was the fourth-largest for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters; The Greatest Showman set the record for best hold the same weekend.[40][41] The film passed Star Wars: The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend, declining 28.1 percent to $36 million,[42] and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million (and a total of $35.2 million over the four-day MLK weekend).[43] Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle remained atop the box office for its third weekend, earning $19.5 million.[44]

text: It again topped the box office for a fourth consecutive week (its sixth week overall in theatres) with $20 million, easily surpassing new releases 12 Strong and Den of Thieves (both films finished their entire run with box office lower than Jumanji: Welcome...  grossed in its first 10 days).[45] The film continued to do well the following week, dropping 16 percent (to $16.4 million) and finishing second to Maze Runner: The Death Cure,[46] before regaining the top spot for a fifth time the following weekend with $11.1 million.[47]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 189 reviews (143 fresh and 46 rotten), and an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material."[48] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a normalized score of 58 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[49] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 84% overall positive score.[4]

text: Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise: "Jumanji: Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds, a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually".[50] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C grade, calling it unnecessary but mildly amusing: "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality. Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years, Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs".[51] For Variety, Owen Gleiberman wrote: "Excitement! Suspense! Childlike innocence! Ingeniously staged action set pieces! These are a few of the things you will not find, anywhere, in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle ... It's supposed to be a board game come to life but really, it's just a bored game."[52]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Kids Choice Awards

March 2018

Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie

Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

Won

[53][54]

Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Actor

Dwayne Johnson

Won

Kevin Hart

Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

June 16, 2018

Best Comedic Performance

Jack Black

Nominated

Best On-Screen Team

Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Jack Black, Karen Gillan and Nick Jonas

Nominated

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Fantasy Film

Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

Nominated

[55]

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Comedy Movie

Nominated

[56]

Choice Comedy Movie Actress

Karen Gillan

Nominated

Choice Comedy Movie Actor

Dwayne Johnson

Won

Choice Comedy Movie Actor

Jack Black

Nominated

Choice Comedy Movie Actor

Kevin Hart

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle was released on Digital HD on March 6, 2018 and on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 20, although the film was still in theatres. The Blu-ray and digital versions include two additional featurettes: "Surviving the Jungle: Spectacular Stunts!" and "Book to Board Game to Big Screen & Beyond! Celebrating The Legacy of Jumanji."[57]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Dwayne Johnson, Jack Black and Nick Jonas discussed Jumanji 3's plot in interviews, including the possibility of the film's exploring the origins of the game. According to Karen Gillan, the alternate ending of Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another installment.[58][59][60][61] In February 2018, it was announced that Kasdan would direct the sequel, with Rosenberg and Pinkner again writing the script and Johnson, Hart, Black and Gillan reprising their roles.[62] The film is slated to be released December 13, 2019.[63]


question_text: who is the head of international criminal court

text:
President of the
International Criminal Court

Incumbent
Chile Eboe-Osuji
since March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)

Seat
The Hague

Appointer
Judges of the ICC

Term length
Three years
renewable once

Constituting instrument
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Formation
2003

First holder
Philippe Kirsch

Website
The Presidency

text: The Presidency of the International Criminal Court is the organ responsible for the proper administration of the Court (apart from the Office of the Prosecutor).[1] The Presidency oversees the activities of the Registry and organises the work of the judicial divisions. It also has some responsibilities in the area of external relations, such as negotiating agreements on behalf of the court and promoting public awareness and understanding of the institution.[2]

text: The Presidency comprises the President and the First and Second Vice-Presidents — three judges of the court who are elected to the Presidency by their fellow judges for a maximum of two three-year terms.[3]

text: As of March 2018, the President is Chile Eboe-Osuji from Nigeria, who took office on 11 March 2018. His first term will expire in 2021.[4]

text:
Members of the Presidency of the International Criminal Court

President
First Vice-President
Second Vice-President

Term
Office-holder
Term
Office-holder
Term
Office-holder

2003–2006
 Philippe Kirsch
2003–2006
 Akua Kuenyehia[5]
2003–2006
 Elizabeth Odio Benito[6]

2006–2009
2006–2009
2006–2009
 René Blattmann[7]

2009–2012
 Sang-Hyun Song[8]
2009–2012
 Fatoumata Dembele Diarra[9]
2009–2012
 Hans-Peter Kaul[10]

2012-2015
2012–2015
 Sanji Mmasenono Monageng[11]
2012–2015
 Cuno Tarfusser[11]

2015-2018
 Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi[12]
2015-2018
 Joyce Aluoch[12]
2015-2018
 Kuniko Ozaki

since 2018
 Chile Eboe-Osuji[4]
since 2018
 Robert Fremr[4]
since 2018
 Marc Perrin de Brichambaut


document_title: Phosphorylation

question_text: what adds a phosphate group to adp to form atp

text: Phosphorylation

text: Glucose[edit]

text: Phosphorylation of sugars is often the first stage of their catabolism. It allows cells to accumulate sugars because the phosphate group prevents the molecules from diffusing back across their transporter. Phosphorylation of glucose is a key reaction in sugar metabolism because many sugars are first converted to glucose before they are metabolized further.

text: The chemical equation for the conversion of D-glucose to D-glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis is given by

text: Researcher D. G. Walker of the University of Birmingham determined the presence of two specific enzymes in adult guinea pig liver, both of which catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate. The two enzymes have been identified as a specific glucokinase (ATP-D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase) and non-specific hexokinase (ATP-D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase).

text: Hepatic cell is freely permeable to glucose, and the initial rate of phosphorylation of glucose is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism by the liver (ATP-D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase) and non-specific hexokinase (ATP-D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase).[11]

text: The role of glucose 6-phosphate in glycogen synthase: High blood glucose concentration causes an increase in intracellular levels of glucose 6 phosphate in liver, skeletal muscle and fat (adipose) tissue. (ATP-D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase) and non-specific hexokinase (ATP-D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase). In liver, synthesis of glycogen is directly correlated by blood glucose concentration and in skeletal muscle and adipocytes, glucose has a minor effect on glycogen synthase. High blood glucose releases insulin, stimulating the trans location of specific glucose transporters to the cell membrane.[11][12]

text: The liver’s crucial role in controlling blood sugar concentrations by breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and glycogen is characterized by the negative delta G value, which indicates that this is a point of regulation with. The hexokinase enzyme has a low Km, indicating a high affinity for glucose, so this initial phosphorylation can proceed even when glucose levels at nanoscopic scale within the blood.

text: The phosphorylation of glucose can be enhanced by the binding of Fructose-6-phosphate, and lessened by the binding fructose-1-phosphate. Fructose consumed in the diet is converted to F1P in the liver. This negates the action of F6P on glucokinase,[13] which ultimately favors the forward reaction. The capacity of liver cells to phosphorylate fructose exceeds capacity of metabolize fructose-1-phosphate. Consuming excess fructose ultimately results in an imbalance in liver metabolism, which indirectly exhausts the liver cell’s supply of ATP.[14]

text: Allosteric activation by glucose 6 phosphate, which acts as an effector, stimulates glycogen synthase, and glucose 6 phosphate may inhibit the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase.[12]

text: Phosphorylation of glucose is imperative in processes within the body. For example, phosphorylating glucose is necessary for insulin-dependent mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activity within the heart. This further suggests a link between intermediary metabolism and cardiac growth.[15]

text: Protein phosphorylation[edit]

text: Function[edit]

text: Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is an important regulatory mechanism that occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.[16][17][18][19] It is estimated that 230,000, 156,000 and 40,000 phosphorylation sites exist in human, mouse and yeast, respectively.[2] Kinases phosphorylate proteins and phosphatases dephosphorylate proteins. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Reversible phosphorylation results in a conformational change in the structure in many enzymes and receptors, causing them to become activated or deactivated. Phosphorylation usually occurs on serine, threonine, tyrosine and histidine residues in eukaryotic proteins. Histidine phosphorylation of eukaryotic proteins appears to be much more frequent than tyrosine phosphorylation.[20] In prokaryotic proteins phosphorylation occurs on the serine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine or arginine or lysine residues.[16][17][20][21] The addition of a phosphate (PO4) molecule to a non-polar R group of an amino acid residue can turn a hydrophobic portion of a protein into a polar and extremely hydrophilic portion of a molecule. In this way protein dynamics can induce a conformational change in the structure of the protein via long-range allostery with other hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in the protein.

text: One such example of the regulatory role that phosphorylation plays is the p53 tumor suppressor protein. The p53 protein is heavily regulated[22] and contains more than 18 different phosphorylation sites. Activation of p53 can lead to cell cycle arrest, which can be reversed under some circumstances, or apoptotic cell death.[23] This activity occurs only in situations wherein the cell is damaged or physiology is disturbed in normal healthy individuals.

text: Upon the deactivating signal, the protein becomes dephosphorylated again and stops working.[citation needed] This is the mechanism in many forms of signal transduction, for example the way in which incoming light is processed in the light-sensitive cells of the retina.

text: Regulatory roles of phosphorylation include

text:
Biological thermodynamics of energy-requiring reactions

Phosphorylation of Na+/K+-ATPase during the transport of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the cell membrane in osmoregulation to maintain homeostasis of the body's water content.

Mediates enzyme inhibition

Phosphorylation of the enzyme GSK-3 by AKT (Protein kinase B) as part of the insulin signaling pathway.[24]
Phosphorylation of src tyrosine kinase (pronounced "sarc") by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) induces a conformational change in the enzyme, resulting in a fold in the structure, which masks its kinase domain, and is thus shut "off".[25]

Important for protein-protein interaction via "recognition domains."

Phosphorylation of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase, a large membrane-bound, multi-protein enzyme present in phagocytic cells, plays an important role in the regulation of protein-protein interactions in the enzyme.[26]

Important in protein degradation.

In the late 1990s, it was recognized that phosphorylation of some proteins causes them to be degraded by the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. These target proteins become substrates for particular E3 ubiquitin ligases only when they are phosphorylated.

Important in glycolysis.

text: Glycolysis is an essential process of glucose degrading into two molecules of pyruvate, through various steps, with the help of different enzymes. It occurs in ten steps and proves that phosphorylation is a much required and necessary step to attain the end products. Phosphorylation initiates the reaction in step 1 of the preparatory step[27] (first half of glycolysis), and initiates step 6 of payoff phase (second phase of glycolysis).[28]

text: Glucose, by nature, is a small molecule with the ability to diffuse in and out of the cell. By phosphorylating glucose (adding a negatively charged phosphate group), glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate and trapped within the cell as the cell membrane is negatively charged. This reaction occurs due to the enzyme hexokinase, an enzyme that helps phosphorylate many six-membered ring structures. Glucose-6-phosphate cannot travel through the cell membrane and is therefore, coerced to stay inside the cell. Phosphorylation takes place in step 3, where fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase.

text: While phosphorylation is performed by ATPs during preparatory steps, phosphorylation during payoff phase is maintained by inorganic phosphate. Each molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is phosphorylated to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This reaction is catalyzed by GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). The cascade effect of phosphorylation eventually causes instability and allows enzymes to open the carbon bonds in glucose.

text: Phosphorylation functions as an extremely vital component of glycolysis, for it helps in transport, control and efficiency.[29]

text: Signaling networks[edit]

text: Elucidating complex signaling pathway phosphorylation events can be difficult. In cellular signaling pathways, protein A phosphorylates protein B, and B phosphorylates C. However, in another signaling pathway, protein D phosphorylates A, or phosphorylates protein C. Global approaches such as phosphoproteomics, the study of phosphorylated proteins, which is a sub-branch of proteomics, combined with mass spectrometry-based proteomics, have been utilised to identify and quantify dynamic changes in phosphorylated proteins over time. These techniques are becoming increasingly important for the systematic analysis of complex phosphorylation networks.[30] They have been successfully used to identify dynamic changes in the phosphorylation status of more than 6000 sites after stimulation with epidermal growth factor.[31] Another approach for understanding Phosphorylation Network, is by measuring the genetic interactions between multiple phosphorylating proteins and their targets. This reveals interesting recurring patterns of interactions – network motifs.[32] Computational methods have been developed to model phosphorylation networks [33][34] and predict their responses under different perturbations.[35]

text: Types of phosphorylation[edit]

text: Within a protein, phosphorylation can occur on several amino acids. Phosphorylation on serine is thought to be the most common, followed by threonine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is relatively rare but lies at the head of many protein phosphorylation signalling pathways (e.g. in tyrosine kinase-linked receptors) in most of the eukaryotes. Phosphorylation on amino acids, such as serine, threonine, and tyrosine results in the formation of a phosphoprotein, when the phosphate group of the phosphoprotein reacts with the -OH group of a Ser, Thr, or Tyr sidechain in an esterification reaction.[36] However, since tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are relatively easy to purify using antibodies, tyrosine phosphorylation sites are relatively well understood. Histidine and aspartate phosphorylation occurs in prokaryotes as part of two-component signaling and in some cases in eukaryotes in some signal transduction pathways.The analysis of phosphorylated Histidine using standard biochemical and mass spectrometric approaches is much more challenging than that of Ser, Thr or Tyr.[9][6][7] and [37] In prokaryotes, archea, and some lower eukaryotes histidine's nitrogen act as a nucleophile and binds to a phosphate group.[38] Once histidine is phosphorylated the regulatory domain of the response regulator catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate to aspartate.

text: Phosphorylation of histones[edit]

text: Eukaryotic DNA is organized with histone proteins in specific complexes called chromatin. The chromatin structure functions and facilitates the packaging, organization and distribution of eukaryotic DNA. However, it has a negative impact on several fundamental biological processes such as transcription, replication and DNA repair by restricting the accessibility of certain enzymes and proteins. Post-translational modification of histones such as histone phosphorylation has been shown to modify the chromatin structure by changing protein:DNA or protein:protein interactions.[39] Histone post-translational modifications modify the chromatin structure. The most commonly associated histone phosphorylation occurs during cellular responses to DNA damage, when phosphorylated histone H2A separates large chromatin domains around the site of DNA breakage.[40] Researchers investigated whether modifications of histones directly impact RNA polymerase II directed transcription. Researchers choose proteins that are known to modify histones to test their effects on transcription, and found that the stress-induced kinase, MSK1, inhibits RNA synthesis. Inhibition of transcription by MSK1 was most sensitive when the template was in chromatin, since DNA templates not in chromatin were resistant to the effects of MSK1. It was shown that MSK1 phosphorylated histone H2A on serine 1, and mutation of serine 1 to alanine blocked the inhibition of transcription by MSK1. Thus results suggested that the acetylation of histones can stimulate transcription by suppressing an inhibitory phosphorylation by a kinase as MSK1.[41]

text: Detection and characterization[edit]

text: Antibodies can be used as powerful tool to detect whether a protein is phosphorylated at a particular site. Antibodies bind to and detect phosphorylation-induced conformational changes in the protein. Such antibodies are called phospho-specific antibodies; hundreds of such antibodies are now available. They are becoming critical reagents both for basic research and for clinical diagnosis.

text: Posttranslational modification (PTM) isoforms are easily detected on 2D gels. Indeed, phosphorylation replaces neutral hydroxyl groups on serines, threonines, or tyrosines with negatively charged phosphates with pKs near 1.2 and 6.5. Thus, below pH 5.5, phosphates add a single negative charge; near pH 6.5, they add 1.5 negative charges; above pH 7.5, they add 2 negative charges. The relative amount of each isoform can also easily and rapidly be determined from staining intensity on 2D gels.

text: In some very specific cases, the detection of the phosphorylation as a shift in the protein's electrophoretic mobility is possible on simple 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels, as it's described for instance for a transcriptional coactivator by Kovacs et al.[42] Strong phosphorylation-related conformational changes (that persist in detergent-containing solutions) are thought to underlie this phenomenon. Most of the phosphorylation sites for which such a mobility shift has been described fall in the category of SP and TP sites (i.e. a proline residue follows the phosphorylated serine or threonine residue).

text: More recently large-scale mass spectrometry analyses have been used to determine sites of protein phosphorylation. Over the last 4 years, dozens of studies have been published, each identifying thousands of sites, many of which were previously undescribed.[43][44] Mass spectrometry is ideally suited for such analyses using HCD or ETD fragmentation, as the addition of phosphorylation results in an increase in the mass of the protein and the phosphorylated residue. Advanced, highly accurate mass spectrometers are needed for these studies, limiting the technology to labs with high-end mass spectrometers. However, the analysis of phosphorylated peptides by mass spectrometry is still not as straightforward as for “regular”, unmodified peptides. Recently EThcD has been developed combining electron-transfer and higher-energy collision dissociation. Compared to the usual fragmentation methods, EThcD scheme provides more informative MS/MS spectra for unambiguous phosphosite localization.[45]

text: A detailed characterization of the sites of phosphorylation is very difficult, and the quantitation of protein phosphorylation by mass spectrometry requires isotopic internal standard approaches.[46] A relative quantitation can be obtained with a variety of differential isotope labeling technologies.[47] There are also several quantitative protein phosphorylation methods, including fluorescence immunoassays, Microscale thermophoresis, FRET, TRF, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence-quenching, mobility shift, bead-based detection, and cell-based formats.[48][49]

text: ATP[edit]

text: ATP, the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell, is synthesized in the mitochondrion by addition of a third phosphate group to ADP in a process referred to as oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is also synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis. ATP is synthesized at the expense of solar energy by photophosphorylation in the chloroplasts of plant cells.