document_title: Jesus Christ Superstar (film)

question_text: who played jesus in the movie jesus christ superstar

text: Jesus Christ Superstar (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is framed as a group of performers who travel to the desert to re-enact the Passion of Christ. The film begins with them arriving on a bus, assembling their props and getting into costume. One of the group is surrounded by the others, puts on a white robe and emerges as Jesus ("Overture").

text: This story begins with Judas (Anderson), who is worried about Jesus' popularity; he is being hailed as the Son of God, but Judas feels he is just a man who is beginning to believe his own propaganda and fears the consequences of their growing movement ("Heaven on Their Minds"). The other disciples badger Jesus for information about his plans for the future, but Jesus will not give them any ("What's the Buzz?"). Judas' arrival and subsequent declaration that Jesus should not associate with Mary dampens the mood ("Strange Thing Mystifying"). Angrily, Jesus tells Judas that he should leave Mary alone, because his slate is not clean. He then accuses all the apostles of not caring about him. That night at the Temple, Caiaphas is worried that the people will crown Jesus as king, which the Romans will take for an uprising. Annas tries to allay his fears, but he finally sees Caiaphas' point and suggests that he convene the council and explain his fears to them; Caiaphas agrees ("Then We Are Decided"). As Jesus and his apostles settle for the night, Mary soothes him with some expensive ointment, but Judas says that the money spent should have been given to the poor. Jesus rebukes him again, telling him that the poor will be there always but Jesus will not ("Everything's Alright").

text: The next day at the Temple of Jerusalem, the council of the priests discuss their fears about Jesus. Caiaphas tells them that there is only one solution: like John the Baptist, Jesus must be executed for the sake of the nation ("This Jesus Must Die"). As Jesus and his followers joyfully arrive in Jerusalem, Caiaphas orders Jesus to disband the crowd for fear of a riot. Jesus refuses and speaks to the crowd instead ("Hosanna"). Later, the apostle Simon Zealotes (Marshall) and a crowd of followers voice their admiration for Jesus ("Simon Zealotes"). Jesus appreciates this, but becomes worried when Simon suggests directing the crowd towards an uprising against their Roman occupiers. Jesus sadly dismisses this suggestion, saying that they do not understand His true purpose ("Poor Jerusalem").

text: Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, reveals that he has dreamed about a Galilean man (Jesus) and that he will be blamed for this man's death ("Pilate's Dream"). Jesus and his followers arrive at the temple, which has been taken over by money changers and prostitutes ("The Temple"). To Judas' horror and as the priests watch in the background, a furious Jesus destroys the stalls and forces them to leave. Jesus wanders alone outside the city, but is surrounded by a crowd of lepers, all wanting to be healed. Jesus tries to heal as many of them as possible, but is overwhelmed by the sheer numbers and eventually gives up, screaming at them to leave him alone. Mary comforts Jesus and Jesus goes to sleep. Mary loves Jesus, but is confused because he is so unlike any other man she has met ("I Don't Know How to Love Him"). Judas goes to the priests and expresses his concerns, but he is worried about the consequences of betraying Jesus ("Damned for All Time"). The priests take advantage of his doubts and offer him money if he will lead them to Jesus. Judas initially refuses, but Caiaphas and Annas win him over by reminding him that he could use the money to help the poor. Judas reveals that Jesus will be at the Garden of Gethsemene on Thursday night ("Blood Money").

text: At the Last Supper (set outdoors in a garden setting during the day), Jesus reveals that he knows Peter (Toubus) will deny him and Judas will betray him. A bitter argument between Jesus and Judas ensues, in which Judas berates Jesus for destroying their hopes and ideals and threatens to ruin Jesus' ambition by staying there without helping him to reach the Glory; Jesus tells Judas to leave and Judas finally runs off ("The Last Supper"). As the apostles fall asleep, Jesus goes to Gethsemane to pray about his imminent death and reluctantly agrees to go forward with God's plan ("Gethsemane [I Only Want to Say]"). Jesus waits for Judas, who arrives, accompanied by guards, and betrays him with a kiss. The disciples offer to fight the guards, but Jesus will not allow it. Jesus is taken to Caiaphas' house, found guilty of blasphemy and sent to Pilate ("The Arrest"). Peter, meanwhile, fearfully denies Jesus three times after being accused of being one of Jesus' followers ("Peter's Denial"). Jesus is taken to Pilate's house, where the governor, unaware that Jesus is the man from his dream, mocks him. Since he does not deal with Jews, Pilate sends him to Herod ("Pilate and Christ"). The flamboyant King Herod is excited to finally meet Jesus, for he has heard the hype. He tries to persuade Jesus to perform various miracles. When Jesus refuses to answer, Herod orders the guards to take him back to Pilate ("Herod's Song [Try It and See]").

text: The apostles and Mary Magdalene remember how things began and wish that they had not gotten so out of hand ("Could We Start Again Please?"). Jesus is flung into a cell, where he is seen by Judas, who runs to tell the priests that he regrets his part in the arrest. He hurls his money to the ground and curses at the priests before running into the desert. Filled with regret for betraying Jesus, he blames God for his woes by giving him the role of the betrayor and hangs himself ("Judas' Death"). Jesus is taken back to Pilate, who questions him; Herod is also present. Although he thinks Jesus is deluded, Pilate realizes that he has committed no actual crime and has Jesus scourged; Herod is gleeful at first but eventually sickened. Pilate's bemused indifference turns to a frenzy of confusion and anger, both at the crowd's irrational bloodthirstiness and Jesus' inexplicable resignation and refusal to defend himself. Pilate realizes he has no option but to have Jesus executed or the masses will grow violent ("Trial Before Pilate [Including the Thirty-Nine Lashes]"). After Pilate washes his hands of Jesus' fate, Jesus' appearance transforms, the heavens open, and a white-jumpsuit clad Judas descends on a silver cross. Judas laments that if Jesus had returned as the Messiah today, he would have been more popular and his message easier to spread. Judas also wonders what Jesus thinks of other religions' prophets. He ultimately wants to know if Jesus thinks he is who they say he is ("Superstar"). Judas' questions go unanswered, and Jesus is sent to die ("The Crucifixion"), with ominous, atonal music, with Jesus saying some of his final words before dying.

text: As the film ends, the performers, now out of costume, board their bus. Only the performers who had played Pilate, Mary Magdalene and Judas notice the actor who had played Jesus is missing. A shepherd and his flock cross the hillside beneath the empty cross ("John Nineteen Forty-One").

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ted Neeley as Jesus Christ
Carl Anderson as Judas Iscariot
Yvonne Elliman as Mary Magdalene
Barry Dennen as Pontius Pilate
Bob Bingham as Caiaphas
Kurt Yaghjian as Annas
Josh Mostel as King Herod
Philip Toubus as Peter
Larry Marshall as Simon Zealotes
Richard Orbach as John
Robert LuPone as James

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture"
"Heaven on Their Minds"
"What's the Buzz?"
"Strange Thing Mystifying"
"Then We Are Decided"
"Everything's Alright"
"This Jesus Must Die"
"Hosanna"
"Simon Zealotes"
"Poor Jerusalem"
"Pilate's Dream"
"The Temple"
"Everything's Alright (Reprise)"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"Damned for All Time"
"Blood Money"
"The Last Supper"
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)"
"The Arrest"
"Peter's Denial"
"Pilate and Christ"
"Hosanna (Reprise)"
"King Herod's Song (Try It and See)"
"Could We Start Again Please?"
"Judas' Death"
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)"
"Superstar"
"The Crucifixion"
"John 19: 41"

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: During filming of Fiddler on the Roof, Barry Dennen, who played Pilate on the concept album, suggested to Norman Jewison that he should direct Jesus Christ Superstar as a film. After hearing the album, Jewison agreed.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The cast consisted mostly of actors from the Broadway show, with Ted Neeley and Carl Anderson starring as Jesus and Judas respectively. Neeley had played a reporter and a leper in the Broadway version, and understudied the role of Jesus. Likewise, Anderson understudied Judas, but took over the role on Broadway and Los Angeles when Ben Vereen fell ill. Along with Dennen, Yvonne Elliman (Mary Magdalene), and Bob Bingham (Caiaphas) reprised their Broadway roles in the film (Elliman, like Dennen, had also appeared on the original concept album). Originally, Jewison wanted Ian Gillan, who played Jesus on the concept album, to reprise the role for the film, but Gillan turned down the offer, deciding that he would please fans more by touring with Deep Purple. The producers also considered Micky Dolenz (from The Monkees) and David Cassidy to play Jesus before deciding to go with Neeley.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in Israel (primarily at the ruins of Avdat, Beit Guvrin National Park, and Beit She'an) and other Middle Eastern locations in 1972. [7]

text: Alterations[edit]

text: Like the stage show, the film gave rise to controversy even with changes made to the script. Some of the lyrics were changed for the film. The reprise of "Everything's Alright", sung before the song "I Don't Know How to Love Him" by Mary to Jesus, was abridged, leaving only the closing lyric "Close your eyes, close your eyes and relax, think of nothing tonight" intact, while the previous lyrics were omitted, including Jesus's "And I think I shall sleep well tonight.". In a scene where a group of beggars/lepers overwhelms Jesus, "Heal yourselves!" was changed to "Leave me alone!", and in "Judas' Death", Caiaphas' line "What you have done will be the saving of Israel" was changed to "What you have done will be the saving of everyone."

text: The lyrics of "Trial Before Pilate" contain some notable alterations and additions. Jesus's line "There may be a kingdom for me somewhere else, if I only knew" is changed to "if you only knew." The film version also gives Pilate more lines (first used in the original Broadway production) in which he addresses the mob with contempt when they invoke the name of Caesar: "Well, this is new!/Respect for Caesar?/'Till now this has been noticeably lacking!/Who is this Jesus? Why is he different?/You Jews produce messiahs by the sackful!" and "Behold the man/Behold your shattered king/You hypocrites!/You hate us more than him!" These lines for Pilate have since been in every production of the show.

text: The soundtrack contains two songs that are not on the original concept album. "Then We Are Decided", in which the troubles and fears of Annas and Caiaphas regarding Jesus are better developed, is original to the film. The soundtrack also retains the song "Could We Start Again Please?" which had been added to the Broadway show. Most of these changes have not been espoused by later productions and recordings, although most productions tend to retain the expanded version of "Trial Before Pilate".

text: Reception[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film was very popular earning North American rentals of $10.8 million in 1973.[8] Years later the film was still popular, winning a 2012 Huffington Post competition for "Best Jesus Movie."[9]

text: The film as well as the musical were criticized by some religious groups.[5] A New York Times review said, "When the stage production opened in October, 1971, it was criticized not only by some Jews as anti-Semitic, but also by some Catholics and Protestants as blasphemous in its portrayal of Jesus as a young man who might even be interested in sex."[10]

text: Tim Rice said Jesus was seen through Judas' eyes as a mere human being. Some Christians[who?] found this remark, as well as the fact that the musical did not show the resurrection, to be blasphemous. While the actual resurrection was not shown, the closing scene of the movie subtly alludes to the resurrection (though, according to Jewison's commentary on the DVD release, the scene was not planned this way[11]). Some found Judas too sympathetic; in the film, it states that he wants to give the thirty pieces of silver to the poor, which, although Biblical, leaves out his ulterior motives (see also "Everything's Alright"). Biblical purists pointed out a small number of deviations from biblical text as additional concerns; for example, Pilate himself having the dream instead of his wife, and Catholics argue the line "for all you care, this bread could be my body" is too Protestant in theology, although Jesus does say in the next lines, "This is my blood you drink/This is my body you eat".

text: In the 1980 book The Golden Turkey Awards by Michael Medved and Harry Medved, Neeley was given an award for "The Worst Performance by an Actor as Jesus Christ",[12] yet Neeley and Anderson received Golden Globe nominations for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas in the film version and had subsequently gone on to recreate the roles in numerous national stage tours from 1993-2014 (2004 for Anderson, as he died of leukemia).

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – Nominated[13]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on vinyl by MCA Records in 1973. It was re-released on CD in 1993 and 1998.

text:
Side one

"Overture" – 5:26
"Heaven on Their Minds" – 4:22
"What's the Buzz/Strange Thing Mystifying" – 4:26
"Then We Are Decided" – 2:32
"Everything's Alright" – 3:36
"This Jesus Must Die" – 3:45

Side two

"Hosanna" – 2:32
"Simon Zealotes/Poor Jerusalem" – 6:28
"Pilate's Dream" – 1:45
"The Temple" – 5:26
"Everything's Alright (reprise)"/"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – 3:55
"Damned for All Time/Blood Money" – 4:37

Side three

"The Last Supper" – 7:12
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)" – 5:39
"The Arrest" – 3:15
"Peter's Denial" – 1:26
"Pilate and Christ"/"Hosanna (reprise)" – 2:57
"King Herod's Song (Try it and See)" – 3:13

Side four

"Could We Start Again Please?" – 2:44
"Judas' Death" – 4:38
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)" – 6:47
"Superstar" – 3:56
"The Crucifixion" – 2:40
"John 19:41" – 2:20

text: The soundtrack for the film was released in the USA on vinyl by MCA Records (MCA 2-11000) in 1973, as: JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR / The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album.

text: Remakes and related productions[edit]

text: Another film version was made for video in 2000, starring Glenn Carter as Jesus, Jérôme Pradon as Judas, and Reneé Castle as Mary Magdalene. It was shot entirely on indoor sets including graffiti on the wall. Composer Webber has stated in the making-of documentary that this was the version closest to what he had originally envisioned for the project. He chose Gale Edwards to direct after seeing her interpretation of the musical in Dublin, which featured a more modernistic and sinister approach than the original stage productions.

text: In a 2008 interview with Variety magazine, film producer Marc Platt stated that he was in discussions with several filmmakers for a remake of Jesus Christ Superstar.[15]

text: In 2013, a Blu-ray "40th Anniversary" edition of the film was released, featuring commentary from the director and Ted Neeley, an interview with Tim Rice, a photo gallery and a clip of the original trailer.[16]

text: In 2015, Neeley announced the upcoming release a documentary entitled "SUPERSTARS: The Making of and Reunion of the film 'Jesus Christ Superstar'" about the production of the film.[17]


document_title: List of Latin phrases (S)

question_text: if you had kept your mouth shut latin

question_tokens: if you had kept your mouth shut latin

root

text: List of Latin phrases (S)

text: This page lists English translations of notable Latin phrases, such as veni vidi vici and et cetera. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature reached its peak centuries before the rise of ancient Rome.

tag: p

text: List of Latin phrases

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
full

tag: ul

text: S[edit]

text:
Latin
Translation
Notes

saltus in demonstrando
leap in explaining
a leap in logic, by which a necessary part of an equation is omitted.

salus in arduis
a stronghold (or refuge) in difficulties
a Roman Silver Age maxim. Also the school motto of Wellingborough School.

salus populi suprema lex esto
the welfare of the people is to be the highest law
From Cicero's De Legibus, book III, part III, sub. VIII. Quoted by John Locke in his Second Treatise, On Civil Government, to describe the proper organization of government. Also the state motto of Missouri.

salva veritate
with truth intact
Refers to two expressions that can be interchanged without changing the truth value of the statements in which they occur.

Salvator Mundi
Savior of the World
Christian epithet, usually referring to Jesus. The title of paintings by Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci.

salvo errore et omissione (s.e.e.o.)
save for error and omission
Used as a reservation on statements of financial accounts. Often now given in English "errors and omissions excluded" or "e&oe".

salvo honoris titulo (SHT)
Addressing oneself to someone whose title is unknown.|

Sancta Sedes
Holy Chair
literally, "holy seat". Refers to the Papacy or the Holy See.

sancta simplicitas
holy innocence
Or "sacred simplicity".

sancte et sapienter
in a holy and wise way
Also sancte sapienter (holiness, wisdom), motto of several institutions, notably King's College London

sanctum sanctorum
Holy of Holies
referring to a more sacred and/or guarded place, within a lesser guarded, yet also holy location.

sapere aude
dare to know
From Horace's Epistularum liber primus, Epistle II, line 40. Made popular in Kant's essay Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? defining the Age of Enlightenment. The phrase is common usage as a university motto.

sapiens qui prospicit
wise is he who looks ahead
Motto of Malvern College, England

sapienti sat
enough for the wise
From Plautus. Indicates that something can be understood without any need for explanation, as long as the listener has enough wisdom or common sense. Often extended to dictum sapienti sat est ("enough has been said for the wise", commonly translated as "a word to the wise is enough").

sapientia et doctrina
wisdom and learning
Motto of Fordham University, New York. Motto of Hill House School Doncaster, England.

sapientia et eloquentia
wisdom and eloquence
One of the mottos of the Ateneo schools in the Philippines.[1]
Motto of the Minerva Society

sapientia et veritas
wisdom and truth
Motto of Christchurch Girls' High School, New Zealand.

sapientia et virtus
wisdom and virtue
Motto of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

sapientia ianua vitae
wisdom is the gateway to life
Motto of the Wirral Grammar School for Boys, Bebington, England.

sapientia melior auro
wisdom is better than gold
Motto of University of Deusto, Bilbao, San Sebastián, Spain.

sapientia, pax, fraternitas
Wisdom, Peace, Fraternity
Motto of Universidad de las Américas, Puebla, Cholula, Mexico.

sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene
That which has been done well has been done quickly enough
One of the two favorite saying of Augustus. The other is "festina lente".[2]

scientia ac labore
By/From/With knowledge and labour
Motto of several institutions

scientia, aere perennius
knowledge, more lasting than bronze
unknown origin, probably adapted from Horace's ode III (Exegi monumentum aere perennius).

scientia cum religione
religion and knowledge united
Motto of St Vincent's College, Potts Point

scientiae cedit mare
The sea yields to knowledge
Motto of the United States Coast Guard Academy.

scientiae et patriae
For science and fatherland
Motto of University of Latvia

scientia et labor
knowledge and work
motto of Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería

scientia et sapientia
knowledge and wisdom
motto of Illinois Wesleyan University

scientia imperii decus et tutamen
knowledge is the adornment and protection of the Empire
Motto of Imperial College London

scientia ipsa potentia est
knowledge itself is power
Stated originally by Sir Francis Bacon in Meditationes Sacrae (1597), which in modern times is often paraphrased as scientia est potestas or scientia potentia est (knowledge is power).

scientia vincere tenebras
conquering darkness by science
Motto of several institutions, such as the Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel).

scilicet (sc. or ss.)
it is permitted to know
that is to say; to wit; namely; in a legal caption, it provides a statement of venue or refers to a location.

scio
I know

scio me nihil scire
I know that I know nothing

scire quod sciendum
knowledge which is worth having
motto of now defunct publisher Small, Maynard & Company

scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim
Each desperate blockhead dares to write
as translated by Philip Francis. From Horace, Epistularum liber secundus (1, 117)[3] and quoted in Fielding's Tom Jones; lit: "Learned or not, we shall write poems without distinction."

scuto amoris divini
by the shield of God's love
The motto of Skidmore College

seculo seculorum
forever and ever

sed ipse spiritus postulat pro nobis, gemitibus inenarrabilibus
But the same Spirit intercedes incessantly for us, with inexpressible groans
Romans 8:26

sed terrae graviora manent
But on earth, worse things await
Virgil, Aeneid 6:84.

sede vacante
with the seat being vacant
The "seat" refers to the Holy See; the vacancy refers to the interregnum between two popes.

sedes apostolica
apostolic chair
Synonymous with Sancta Sedes.

sedes incertae
seat (i.e. location) uncertain
Used in biological classification to indicate that there is no agreement as to which higher order grouping a taxon should be placed into. Abbreviated sed. incert.

sedet, aeternumque sedebit
seat, be seated forever
a Virgi's verse, means when you stop trying, then you lose

semel in anno licet insanire
once in a year one is allowed to go crazy
Concept expressed by various authors, such as Seneca, Saint Augustine and Horace. It became proverbial during the Middle Ages.

semper ad meliora
always towards better things
Motto of several institutions

semper anticus
always forward
Motto of the 45th Infantry Division (United States) and its successor, the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)

semper apertus
always open
Motto of University of Heidelberg

semper ardens
always burning
Motto of Carl Jacobsen and name of a line of beers by Danish brewery Carlsberg.

semper eadem
ever the same
personal motto of Elizabeth I, appears above her royal coat of arms. Used as motto of Elizabeth College, Guernsey, Channel Islands, which was founded by Elizabeth I, and of Ipswich School, to whom Elizabeth granted a royal charter. Also the motto of the City of Leicester and Prince George's County.

semper excelsius
always higher
Motto of the K.A.V. Lovania Leuven and the House of Wrigley-Pimley-McKerr[4]

semper fidelis
always faithful
Motto of several institutions, e.g. United States Marine Corps

semper fortis
always brave
Unofficial motto of the United States Navy

semper idem
always the same
Motto of Underberg

semper in excretia sumus solim profundum variat
We're always in the manure; only the depth varies.
Lord de Ramsey, House of Lords, 21 January 1998[5]

semper instans
always threatening
Motto of 846 NAS Royal Navy

semper invicta
always invincible
Motto of Warsaw

semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit
the necessity of proof always lies with the person who lays charges
Latin maxim often associated with the burden of proof

semper liber
always free
Motto of the city of Victoria, British Columbia

semper paratus
always prepared
Motto of several institutions, e.g. United States Coast Guard

semper primus
always first
Motto of several US military units

semper progrediens
always progressing
Motto of the island of Sint Maarten, and of King City Secondary School in King City, Ontario, Canada, and of Fairfax High School (Fairfax, Virginia)

semper reformanda
always in need of being reformed
A phrase deriving from the Nadere Reformatie movement in the seventeenth century Dutch Reformed Church and widely but informally used in Reformed and Presbyterian churches today. It refers to the conviction of certain Reformed Protestant theologians that the church must continually re-examine itself in order to maintain its purity of doctrine and practice. The term first appeared in print in Jodocus van Lodenstein, Beschouwinge van Zion (Contemplation of Zion), Amsterdam, 1674.[6]

semper sursum
always aim high
Motto of Barrow-in-Furness, England. Motto of St. Stephen School, Chandigarh, India. Motto of St. Joseph's College, Allahabad, India. Motto of Palmerston North Girls' High School, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Motto of Vancouver Technical Secondary School, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

semper vigilans
always vigilant
Motto of several institutions (such as the US Air Force Auxiliary Civil Air Patrol). Also the motto of the city of San Diego, California.

semper vigilo
always vigilant
The motto of Scottish Police Forces, Scotland.

Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)
The Senate and the People of Rome
The official name of the Roman Republic. "SPQR" was carried on battle standards by the Roman legions. In addition to being an ancient Roman motto, it remains the motto of the modern city of Rome.

sensu lato
with the broad, or general, meaning
Less literally, "in the wide sense".

sensu stricto cf. stricto sensu
"with the tight meaning"
Less literally, "in the strict sense".

sensus plenior
in the fuller meaning
In biblical exegesis, the deeper meaning intended by God, not intended by the human author.

sequere pecuniam
follow the money
In an effort to understand why things may be happening contrary to expectations, or even in alignment with them, this idiom suggests that keeping track of where money is going may show the basis for the observed behavior. Similar in spirit to the phrase cui bono (who gains?) or cui prodest (who advances?), but outside those phrases' historically legal context.

Sermo Tuus Veritas Est
Thy Word Is Truth
motto of the General Theological Seminary, Cornelius Fontem Esua

sero venientes male sedentes
those who are late are poorly seated

sero venientibus ossa
those who are late get bones

servabo fidem
Keeper of the faith
I will keep the faith.

serviam
I will serve
The answer of St. Michael the Archangel to the non serviam, "I will not serve" of Satan, when the angels were tested by God on whether they will serve an inferior being, a man, Jesus, as their Lord.

servus servorum Dei
servant of the servants of God
A title for the Pope.

sesquipedalia verba
words a foot and a half long
From Horace's Ars Poetica, "proicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba" ("he throws down his high-flown language and his foot-and-a-half-long words"). A self-referential jab at long words and needlessly elaborate language in general.

Si monumentum requiris circumspice
If you seek (his) monument, look around you
from the epitaph on Christopher Wren's tomb in St Paul's Cathedral.

Si non oscillas, noli tintinnare
If you can't swing, don't ring
Inscribed on a plaque above the front door of the Playboy mansion in Chicago.

si omnes... ego non
if all ones... not I

si peccasse negamus fallimur et nulla est in nobis veritas
if we deny having made a mistake, we are deceived, and there's no truth in us
From Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, where the phrase is translated "if we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and there's no truth in us." (cf. 1 John 1:8 in the New Testament)

si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice
if you seek a delightful peninsula, look around
Said to have been based on the tribute to architect Christopher Wren in St Paul's Cathedral, London: si monumentum requiris, circumspice (see above). State motto of Michigan, adopted in 1835.

si quid novisti rectius istis, candidus imperti; si nil, his utere mecum.
if you can better these principles, tell me; if not, join me in following them
Horace, Epistles I:6, 67–68

si tacuisses, philosophus mansisses
If you had kept your silence, you would have stayed a philosopher
This quote is often attributed to the Latin philosopher Boethius of the late fifth and early sixth centuries. It translates literally as, "If you had been silent, you would have remained a philosopher." The phrase illustrates a common use of the subjunctive verb mood. Among other functions it expresses actions contrary to fact. Sir Humphrey Appleby translated it to the PM as: "If you'd kept your mouth shut we might have thought you were clever."

si vales valeo (SVV)
if you are well, I am well (abbr)
A common beginning for ancient Roman letters. An abbreviation of si vales bene est ego valeo, alternatively written as SVBEEV. The practice fell out of fashion and into obscurity with the decline in Latin literacy.

si vis amari ama
If you want to be loved, love
This is often attributed to the Roman philosopher Seneca, found in the sixth of his letters to Lucilius.

si vis pacem, para bellum
if you want peace, prepare for war
From Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari. Origin of the name parabellum for some ammunition and firearms, such as the Luger Parabellum. (Similar to igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum and in pace ut sapiens aptarit idonea bello.)

sic
thus
Or "just so". States that the preceding quoted material appears exactly that way in the source, despite any errors of spelling, grammar, usage, or fact that may be present. Used only for previous quoted text; ita or similar must be used to mean "thus" when referring to something about to be stated.

sic currite ut comprehendatis
Run to win
More specifically, So run, that ye may obtain, 1 Corinthians 24. Motto of Divine Word University, Madang, Papua New Guinea.

sic et non
thus and not
More simply, "yes and no".

sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc
we gladly feast on those who would subdue us
Mock-Latin motto of The Addams Family.

sic infit
so it begins

sic itur ad astra
thus you shall go to the stars
From Virgil, Aeneid book IX, line 641. Possibly the source of the ad astra phrases. Motto of several institutions, including the Royal Canadian Air Force.

sic parvis magna
greatness from small beginnings
Motto of Sir Francis Drake

sic passim
Thus here and there
Used when referencing books; see passim.

sic semper erat, et sic semper erit
Thus has it always been, and thus shall it ever be

sic semper tyrannis
thus always to tyrants
Attributed to Brutus at the time of Julius Caesar's assassination, and to John Wilkes Booth at the time of Abraham Lincoln's assassination; whether it was actually said at either of these events is disputed. State motto of Virginia, adopted in 1776.

sic transit gloria mundi
thus passes the glory of the world
A reminder that all things are fleeting. During Papal coronations, a monk reminds the Pope of his mortality by saying this phrase, preceded by pater sancte ("holy father") while holding before his eyes a burning paper illustrating the passing nature of earthly glories. This is similar to the tradition of a slave in a Roman triumphs whispering memento mori in the ear of the celebrant.

sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas
use [what is] yours so as not to harm [what is] of others
Or "use your property in such a way that you do not damage others'". A legal maxim related to property ownership laws, often shortened to simply sic utere ("use it thus").

sic vita est
thus is life
Or "such is life". Indicates that a circumstance, whether good or bad, is an inherent aspect of living.

sidere mens eadem mutato
Though the constellations change, the mind is universal
Latin motto of the University of Sydney.

signetur (sig) or (S/)
let it be labeled
Medical shorthand

signum fidei
Sign of the Faith
Motto of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools.

silentium est aureum
silence is golden
Latinization of the English expression "silence is golden". Also Latinized as silentium est aurum ("silence is gold").

similia similibus curantur

similia similibus curentur
similar things take care of similar things

let similar things take care of similar things
"like cures like" and "let like be cured by like"; the first form ("curantur") is indicative, while the second form ("curentur") is subjunctive. The indicative form is found in Paracelsus (16th century), while the subjunctive form is said by Samuel Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy, and is known as the law of similars.

similia similibus solvuntur
similar substances will dissolve similar substances
Used as a general rule in chemistry; "like dissolves like" refers to the ability of polar or non polar solvents to dissolve polar or non polar solutes respectively.[7]

simplex sigillum veri
simplicity is the sign of truth
expresses a sentiment akin to Keep It Simple, Stupid

sincere et constanter
sincere and constant
Motto of the Order of the Red Eagle

sine anno (s.a.)
without a year
Used in bibliographies to indicate that the date of publication of a document is unknown.

sine die
without a day
Originally from old common law texts, where it indicates that a final, dispositive order has been made in the case. In modern legal context, it means there is nothing left for the court to do, so no date for further proceedings is set, resulting in an "adjournment sine die".

sine ira et studio
without anger and fondness
Thus, impartially. From Tacitus, Annals 1.1.

sine honoris titulo
without honorary title
Addressing oneself to someone whose title is unknown.

sine labore non erit panis in ore
without labour there will be no bread in mouth

sine loco (s.l.)
without a place
Used in bibliographies to indicate that the place of publication of a document is unknown.

sine metu
"without fear"
Motto of Jameson Irish Whiskey

sine nomine (s.n.)
"without a name"
Used in bibliographies to indicate that the publisher of a document is unknown.

sine poena nulla lex
Without penalty, there is no law
Refers to the ineffectiveness of a law without the means of enforcement

sine prole
Without offspring
Frequently abbreviated to "s.p." or "d.s.p." (decessit sine prole – "died without offspring") in genealogical works.

sine prole superstite
Without surviving children
Without surviving offspring (even in abstract terms)

sine timore aut favore
Without Fear or Favor
St.George's School, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada motto

sine qua non
without which not
Used to denote something that is an essential part of the whole. See also condicio sine qua non.

sine remediis medicina debilis est
without remedies medicine is powerless
Inscription on a stained glass in the conference hall of a pharmaceutical mill in Kaunas, Lithuania.

sine scientia ars nihil est
without knowledge, skill is nothing
Motto of The International Diving Society, and motto of Oxford University Medical Students Society

sisto activitatem
I cease the activity
Phrase, used to cease the activities of the Sejm upon the liberum veto principle

sit nomine digna
may it be worthy of the name
Motto of Rhodesia

sit sine labe decus
let honour stainless be
Motto of the Brisbane Boys' College (Brisbane, Australia).

sit tibi terra levis
may the earth be light to you
Commonly used on gravestones, often contracted as S.T.T.L., the same way as today's R.I.P.

sit venia verbo
may there be forgiveness for the word
Similar to the English idiom "pardon my French".

sol iustitiae illustra nos
sun of justice, shine upon us
Motto of Utrecht University.

sol lucet omnibus
the sun shines on everyone
Petronius, Satyricon Lybri 100.

sol omnia regit
the sun rules over everything
Inscription near the entrance to Frombork Museum

sola fide
by faith alone
The material principle of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas, referring to the Protestant claim that the Bible teaches that men are saved by faith even without works.

sola dosis facit venemum
the dose makes the poison
It is credited to Paracelsus who expressed the classic toxicology maxim "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison."

sola gratia
by grace alone
A motto of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas, referring to the Protestant claim that salvation is an unearned gift (cf. ex gratia), not a direct result of merit.

sola lingua bona est lingua mortua
the only good language is a dead language
Example of dog Latin humor.

sola scriptura
by scripture alone
The formal principle of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas, referring to the Protestant idea that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority, not the Pope or tradition.

sola nobilitat virtus
virtue alone ennobles

solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris
misery loves company
From Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.

soli Deo gloria (S.D.G.)
glory to God alone
A motto of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas, referring to the idea that God is the creator of all good things and deserves all the praise for them. Johann Sebastian Bach often signed his manuscripts with the abbreviation S.D.G. to invoke this phrase, as well as with AMDG (ad maiorem Dei gloriam). The motto of the MasterWorks Festival, an annual Christian performing arts festival.

solus Christus
Christ alone
A motto of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas, referring to the Protestant claim that the Bible teaches that Jesus is the only mediator between God and mankind. Also rendered solo Christo ("by Christ alone").

solus ipse
I alone

solvitur ambulando
it is solved by walking
The problem is solved by taking a walk, or by simple experiment.

Spartam nactus es; hanc exorna
your lot is cast in Sparta, be a credit to it
from Euripides's Telephus, Agamemnon to Menelaus.[8]

specialia generalibus derogant
special departs from general

species nova
new species
Used in biological taxonomy

speculum speculorum
mirror of mirrors

spem gregis
the hope of the flock
from Virgil's Eclogues

spem reduxit
he has restored hope
Motto of New Brunswick.

spero meliora
I hope for better things

spes bona
good hope
Motto of University of Cape Town.

spes vincit thronum
hope conquers (overcomes) the throne
Refers to Revelation 3:21, "To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne." On the John Winthrop family tombstone, Boston, Massachusetts.

spiritus mundi
spirit of the world
From The Second Coming (poem) by William Butler Yeats. Refers to Yeats' belief that each human mind is linked to a single vast intelligence, and that this intelligence causes certain universal symbols to appear in individual minds. The idea is similar to Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious.

spiritus ubi vult spirat
the spirit spreads wherever it wants
Refers to The Gospel of Saint John 3:8, where he mentions how Jesus told Nicodemus "The wind blows wherever it wants, and even though you can hear its noise, you don't know where it comes from or where it goes. The same thing happens to whomever has been born of the Spirit." It is the motto of Cayetano Heredia University[9]

splendor sine occasu
brightness without setting
Loosely "splendour without diminishment" or "magnificence without ruin". Motto of British Columbia.

stamus contra malo
we stand against by evil
The motto of the Jungle Patrol in The Phantom. The phrase actually violates Latin grammar because of a mistranslation from English, as the preposition contra takes the accusative case. The correct Latin rendering of "we stand against evil" would be "stamus contra malum".

stante pede
with a standing foot
"Immediately".

stare decisis
to stand by the decided things
To uphold previous rulings, recognize precedent.

stat sua cuique dies
There is a day [turn] for everybody
Virgil, Aeneid, X 467

statim (stat)
"immediately"
Medical shorthand used following an urgent request.[10]

statio bene fide carinis
A safe harbour for ships
Motto of Cork City, Ireland. Adapted from Virgil's Aeneid (II, 23: statio male fida carinis, "an unsafe harbour") but corrupted for unknown reasons to "fide".

status quo
the situation in which
The current condition or situation. Also status quo ante ("the situation in which [things were] before"), referring to the state of affairs prior to some upsetting event (cf. reset button technique).

status quo ante bellum
the state before the war
A common term in peace treaties.

stet
let it stand
Marginal mark in proofreading to indicate that something previously deleted or marked for deletion should be retained.

stet fortuna domus
let the fortune of the house stand
First part of the motto of Harrow School, England, and inscribed upon Ricketts House, at the California Institute of Technology.

stipendium peccati mors est
the reward of sin is death
From Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. (See Rom 6:23, "For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.")

strenuis ardua cedunt
the heights yield to endeavour
Motto of the University of Southampton.

stricto sensu cf. sensu stricto
with the tight meaning
Less literally, "in the strict sense".

stupor mundi
the wonder of the world
A title given to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. More literally translated "the bewilderment of the world", or, in its original, pre-Medieval sense, "the stupidity of the world".

sua sponte
by its own accord
Legal term when a court takes up a motion on its own initiative, not because any of the parties to the case has made the motion. The regimental motto of the 75th Ranger Regiment of the U.S. Army.

sub anno
under the year
Commonly abbreviated sa, it is used in citing annals, which record events by year.

sub cruce lumen
The Light Under the Cross
Motto of the University of Adelaide, Australia. Refers to the figurative "light of learning" and the Southern Cross constellation, Crux.

sub divo
under the wide open sky
Also, "under the sky", "in the open air", "out in the open" or "outdoors". Ablative "divo" does not distinguish divus, divi, a god, from divum, divi, the sky.

sub finem
toward the end
Used in citations to refer to the end of a book, page, etc., and abbreviated 's.f.' Used after the page number or title. E.g., 'p. 20 s.f. '

sub Iove frigido
under cold Jupiter
At night; from Horace's Odes 1.1:25

sub judice
under a judge
Said of a case that cannot be publicly discussed until it is finished. Also sub iudice.

sub poena
under penalty
Commonly rendered subpoena. Said of a request, usually by a court, that must be complied with on pain of punishment. Examples include subpoena duces tecum ("take with you under penalty"), a court summons to appear and produce tangible evidence, and subpoena ad testificandum ("under penalty to testify"), a summons to appear and give oral testimony.

sub rosa
under the rose
"In secret", "privately", "confidentially", or "covertly". In the Middle Ages, a rose was suspended from the ceiling of a council chamber to indicate that what was said in the "under the rose" was not to be repeated outside. This practice originates in Greek mythology, where Aphrodite gave a rose to her son Eros, and he, in turn, gave it to Harpocrates, the god of silence, to ensure that his mother's indiscretions—or those of the gods in general, in other accounts—were kept under wraps.

sub nomine (sub nom.)
under the name
"in the name of", "under the title of"; used in legal citations to indicate the name under which the litigation continued.

sub silentio
under silence
implied but not expressly stated.

sub specie aeternitatis
under the sight of eternity
Thus, "from eternity's point of view". From Spinoza, Ethics.

sub specie Dei
under the sight of God
"from God's point of view or perspective".

sub tuum praesidium
Beneath thy compassion
Name of the oldest extant hymn to the Theotokos (Blessed Virgin Mary). Also "under your protection". A popular school motto.

Sub umbra floreo
Under the shade I flourish
National Motto of Belize, referring to the shade of the mahogany tree.

sub verbo; sub voce

Under the word or heading, as in a dictionary; abbreviated s.v.

sublimis ab unda
Raised from the waves
Motto of King Edward VII and Queen Mary School, Lytham

subsiste sermonem statim
stop speaking immediately

Succisa virescit
Cut down, we grow back stronger
Motto of Delbarton School

Sudetia non cantat
One doesn't sing on the Sudeten Mountains
Saying from Hanakia

sui generis
Of its own kind
In a class of its own.

sui iuris
Of one's own right
Capable of responsibility. Has both legal and ecclesiastical use. Commonly rendered sui juris.

sum quod eris
I am what you will be
A gravestone inscription to remind the reader of the inevitability of death (cf. memento mori). Also rendered fui quod sis ("I have been what you are") and tu fui ego eris ("I have been you, you will be I").

sum quod sum
I am what I am
from Augustine's Sermon No. 76.[11]

summa cum laude
with highest praise

summa potestas
sum or totality of power
It refers to the final authority of power in government. For example, power of the Sovereign.

summa summarum
all in all
Literally "sum of sums". When a short conclusion is rounded up at the end of some elaboration.

summum bonum
the supreme good
Literally "highest good". Also summum malum ("the supreme evil").

summum ius, summa iniuria
supreme law, supreme injustice
From Cicero (De officiis, I, 10, 33). An acritical application of law, without understanding and respect of laws's purposes and without considering the overall circumstances, is often a means of supreme injustice. A similar sentence appears in Terence (Heautontimorumenos, IV, 5): Ius summum saepe summa est malitia ("supreme justice is often out of supreme malice (or wickedness)").

sunt lacrimae rerum
there are tears for things
From Virgil, Aeneid. Followed by et mentem mortalia tangunt ("and mortal things touch my mind"). Aeneas cries as he sees Carthaginian temple murals depicting the deaths of the Trojan War. See also hinc illae lacrimae.

sunt omnes unum
they are all one

sunt pueri pueri, pueri puerilia tractant
Children are children, and children do childish things
anonymous proverb

suo jure
in one's own right
Used in the context of titles of nobility, for instance where a wife may hold a title in her own right rather than through her marriage.

suo motu
upon one's own initiative
Also rendered suo moto. Usually used when a court of law, upon its own initiative, (i.e., no petition has been filed) proceeds against a person or authority that it deems has committed an illegal act. It is used chiefly in South Asia.[citation needed]

suos cultores scientia coronat
Knowledge crowns those who seek her
The motto of Syracuse University, New York.

super firmum fundamentum dei
On the firm foundation of God
The motto of Ursinus College, Pennsylvania.

super fornicam
on the lavatory
Where Thomas More accused the reformer, Martin Luther, of going to celebrate Mass.

superbia in proelia
pride in battle
Motto of Manchester City F.C.

supero omnia
I surpass everything
A declaration that one succeeds above all others.

surdo oppedere
to belch before the deaf
From Erasmus' collection of annotated Adagia (1508): a useless action.

surgam
I shall rise
Motto of Columbia University's Philolexian Society.

sursum corda
Lift up your hearts

sutor, ne ultra crepidam
Cobbler, no further than the sandal!
Thus, don't offer your opinion on things that are outside your competence. It is said that the Greek painter Apelles once asked the advice of a cobbler on how to render the sandals of a soldier he was painting. When the cobbler started offering advice on other parts of the painting, Apelles rebuked him with this phrase in Greek, and it subsequently became a popular Latin expression.

suum cuique tribuere
to render to every man his due
One of Justinian I's three basic precepts of law. Also shortened to suum cuique ("to each his own").

s.v.

Abbreviation for sub verbo or sub voce (see above).

tag: table


document_title: Weather front

question_text: what type of front would cause several days of rain and clouds

text: Weather front

text: Bergeron classification of air masses[edit]

text: The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters. The first letter describes its moisture properties, with c used for continental air masses (dry) and m for maritime air masses (moist). The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical, P for polar, A for arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air (dry air formed by significant upward motion in the atmosphere). The third letter designates the stability of the atmosphere. If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w.[3] Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along troughs of lower pressure.[4]

text: Surface weather analysis[edit]

text: A surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map which provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.[5] Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea-level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information. For example, an H may represent high pressure, implying fair weather. An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.[5]

text: Front Types[edit]

text: There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone. The term "anafront" describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes. A "katafront" is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall.[6]

text: Cold front[edit]

text: A cold front is located at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis shows up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough. Cold fronts often bring heavy thunderstorms, rain and hail. Cold fronts can produce sharper changes in weather and move up to twice as quickly as warm fronts, since cold air is denser than warm air and rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangle-shaped pips pointing in the direction of travel, and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.[2] Cold fronts come in association with a low-pressure area. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is often used to depict how air is lifted along a frontal boundary. The cold air wedging underneath warmer air creates the strongest winds just above the ground surface, a phenomenon often associated with property-damaging wind gusts. This lift would then form a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms if enough moisture were present. However, this concept isn't an accurate description of the physical processes;[7] upward motion is not produced because of warm air "ramping up" cold, dense air, rather, frontogenetical circulation is behind the upward forcing.

text: Warm front[edit]

text: Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to remove from the Earth's surface.[2] This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.[2]

text: Occluded front[edit]

text: An occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,[8] and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas.[2] The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point.[9] It lies within a sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cool air ahead of the warm front and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air ahead of the warm front and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air.[2]

text: A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with the trowal, the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression.[10]

text: Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.[2] The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines.

text: Stationary front[edit]

text: A stationary front is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, usually moving in waves.[11] There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary with more widely spaced isotherm packing.

text: A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there. Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into a cold or warm front if conditions aloft change. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing in opposite directions, indicating no significant movement.

text: When stationary fronts become smaller in scale, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines.[12] A shearline is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes.[2] Stationary fronts may bring snow or rain for a long period of time.

text: Dry line[edit]

text: A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the dry line, which is the boundary between air masses with significant moisture differences. When the westerlies increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered pressure will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to the formation of a lee trough. Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front. At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when a triple point is formed with a cold front.[13] A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in moisture. When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal thunderstorms.[14]

text: The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between desert areas and warm seas. The southern plains west of the Mississippi River in the United States are a particularly favored location. The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night. A dry line is depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion.[15]

text: Squall line[edit]

text: Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[16] Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.[17]

text: These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a haboob may result.[18] Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or SQUALL LINE, while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of OUTFLOW BOUNDARY.

text: Precipitation produced[edit]

text: Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. Convective precipitation (showers, thundershowers, and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air. If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream, "roll clouds" and tornadoes may occur.[19]

text: In the warm season, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. Orographic precipitation is precipitation created through the lifting action of air moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas.[20] Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in the air mass which is being lifted.[1]

text: Movement[edit]

text: Fronts are generally guided by winds aloft, but do not move as quickly. Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and a warm front moves from northwest to southeast. Movement is largely caused by the pressure gradient force (horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure) and the Coriolis effect, which is caused by Earth's spinning about its axis. Frontal zones can be slowed down by geographic features like mountains and large bodies of warm water.[2]


document_title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

question_text: which office is second in authority in the house of representatives

text: Selection[edit]

text: The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person, even for someone who is not a member of the House at all. They may also abstain by voting "present".[5]

text: Although no rule exists, based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation, to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, i.e. excluding those who abstain. If no candidate wins such a majority, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected. The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923, when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot.[5]

text: The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.

text: In modern practice, the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes. Previous Speakers have been minority leaders (when the majority party changes, as they are already the House party leader, and as the minority leader are usually their party's nominee for Speaker), or majority leaders (upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party), assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed. In the past, other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees.

text: So far, the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House. However, Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann, R-IL, who had been Minority Leader for eight years, and elected a backbencher representative, Frederick H. Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann had "angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor," and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL18) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911, and was still in the House. Many members "suspected that he [Mann] would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker."[6] More recently, although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the "Contract with America", which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day. Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen.

text: It is expected that members of the House vote for their party's candidate. If they do not, they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Those who vote for the other party's candidate often face serious consequences, up to and including the loss of seniority. The last instance where a representative voted for the other party's candidate was in 2000, when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert. In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.

text: If the Speaker's party loses control of the House in an election, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election, the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest. Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership (Tom Foley lost his seat, Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007). However, Speakers Joseph William Martin, Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader, after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections.

text: History[edit]

text: The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg: he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress, an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses, and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress,[7] according to the Biographical Directory of Congress, though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses.[8]

text: The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).[9] In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates, and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the declaration of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay's "American System" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result. During this time, Speakers tended to have very short tenures. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers, only one of whom served for more than one term. To date, James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States.

text: Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the most important sources of the Speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House. Furthermore, several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

text: The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,[10] sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".[11] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved, and that the result would be invalid. Reed, however, declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda.

text: The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process. He determined the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each bill. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.[12] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position.

text: One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.[13] Rayburn was the longest-serving Speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman. Rayburn's successor, Democrat John William McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, it once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker.

text: Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

text: The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate, since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the first times since 1953–1955 that there was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001–2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51-49 majority.

text: In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first female to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington.[14] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour[15] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections. House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker.[16]

text: Notable elections[edit]

text:
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text: Historically, there have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

text: Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in December 1855, most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker, but because of sectional distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.[17] The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months. After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860.[18]

text: The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress. In 1917, neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party. The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James "Champ" Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members. In 1931, both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote. The Farmer-Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats' candidate for Speaker, John Nance Garner, who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt.

text: In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then Minority Leader) as Speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay, chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him Speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

text: The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then Minority Leader, was selected as Speaker-designate by House Democrats.[20] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233-202, becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House. Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress. For the 112th Congress, Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker-designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House. As a show of dissent, nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi, who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats' candidate for Speaker.

text: Partisan role[edit]

text: The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The Speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the Majority Leader. However, despite having the right to vote, the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes.

text: The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party's steering committee in the House. While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

text: When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party, the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low-key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush. Nevertheless, there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party, and thus, the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.[21] The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats' legislation with their "Fire Pelosi" bus tour.[15]

text: On the other hand, when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and de facto Leader of the Opposition), the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President's agenda. In this scenario, the Speaker is known for undercutting the President's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Old Guard" wing of the Republican Party, while his President – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party.

text: More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War;[16] and John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care.[22]

text: Presiding officer[edit]

text: As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government.[23] The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.[24] During important debates, the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The Speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

text: Under the Rules of the House, the Speaker, "as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter," must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties.[25]

text: On the floor of the House, the presiding officer is always addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker," even if it is a Speaker pro tempore, and not the Speaker themselves. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman." To speak, members must seek the presiding officer's recognition. The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

text: The Speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the Speaker has great influence over the committee process. The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the Speaker determines which committee will consider it. As a member of the House, the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but, by custom, only does so in exceptional circumstances. Ordinarily, the Speaker votes only when the Speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.[26]

text: Other functions[edit]

text: Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber, the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President, and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests. However, the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election.

text: The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House: the Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, the Chief Administrative Officer, and the Chaplain. The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers. The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and, jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders, appoints the House Inspector General.

text: The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, immediately after the Vice President, under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments.

text: To date, the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President. Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew. At the time, many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal, allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency. However, before he resigned, Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Nevertheless, the United States government takes the Speaker's place in the line of succession seriously enough that, for example, following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011. The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty-fifth Amendment.

text: List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives[edit]

text: Recent election results[edit]

text: To be elected as Speaker, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, excluding those who abstain.[27]

text: January 2011[edit]

text: Source: Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. January 5, 2011.

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ John Boehner (R)
242
55.6%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
173
40.0%

Heath Shuler (D)
11
2.5%

John Lewis (D)
2
0.5%

Dennis Cardoza (D)
1
0.2%

Jim Costa (D)
1
0.2%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

Steny Hoyer (D)
1
0.2%

Marcy Kaptur (D)
1
0.2%

Total
433
100.0%

"Present"
1
0.2%

Not voting
1
0.2%

text: January 2013[edit]

text: Source: Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. January 3, 2013.

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ John Boehner (R)
220
50.8%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
192
44.3%

Eric Cantor (R)
3
0.7%

Jim Cooper (D)
2
0.5%

Allen West (R)[a]
2
0.5%

Justin Amash (R)
1
0.2%

John Dingell (D)
1
0.2%

Jim Jordan (R)
1
0.2%

Raul Labrador (R)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Colin Powell (R)[a]
1
0.2%

David Walker (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Total
426
100.0%

"Present"
1
0.2%

Not voting
6
1.4%

Vacant
2
0.5%

text: January 2015[edit]

text: Source: Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. January 6, 2015.

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ John Boehner (R)
216
52.9%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
164
40.2%

Dan Webster (R)
12
2.9%

Louie Gohmert (R)
3
0.7%

Ted Yoho (R)
2
0.5%

Jim Jordan (R)
2
0.5%

Jeff Duncan (R)
1
0.2%

Rand Paul (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Colin Powell (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Trey Gowdy (R)
1
0.2%

Kevin McCarthy (R)
1
0.2%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

Peter DeFazio (D)
1
0.2%

Jeff Sessions (R)[a]
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Total
408
100.0%

"Present"
1
0.2%

Not voting
25
5.7%

Vacant
1
0.2%

text: October 2015[edit]

text: On September 25, 2015, Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30, 2015, which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time.[28] The election was held on October 29.[29]

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ Paul Ryan (R)
236
54.3%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
184
42.3%

Dan Webster (R)
9
2.0%

Colin Powell (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Total
432

Not voting
3

Vacant
0

text: January 2017[edit]

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ Paul Ryan (R)
239
55.2%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
189
43.6%

Tim Ryan (D)
2
0.5%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Dan Webster (R)
1
0.2%

Total
433

Not voting
2

Vacant
0