document_title: New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival

question_text: where is jazz fest located in new orleans

text: New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival

text: Overview[edit]

text: Jazz Fest is held annually on the last weekend of April (Friday–Sunday) and the first weekend of May (Thursday–Sunday) between 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. at the Fair Grounds Race Course, a horse racing track in the middle of New Orleans.

text: The festival is a major tourist destination with economic importance for New Orleans rivaled only by Mardi Gras; the event brings to the city $300 million annually.[1] Early Jazz Fests featured almost exclusively local acts. As the event's popularity grew, the festival expanded to include nationally known acts.[2]

text: According to the official website, "the Festival celebrates the indigenous music and culture of New Orleans and Louisiana, so the music encompasses every style associated with the city and the state: blues, R&B, gospel, Cajun, zydeco, Afro-Caribbean, folk, Latin, rock, rap, country, bluegrass, and everything in between. And of course there is lots of jazz, both contemporary and traditional." [3]

text: Food, crafts, and attractions[edit]

text: The Festival also features a wide variety of vendors selling local foods and crafts. The official food policy of the Festival is "no carnival food"[3] and there are more than seventy food booths with food items including: Mango Freeze, crawfish beignets, cochon de lait sandwiches, alligator sausage po' boy (sandwich), boiled crawfish, softshell crab po'boy, Cajun jambalaya, jalapeño bread, fried green tomatoes, Oyster patties, muffulettas, red beans and rice, and crawfish Monica.[2] Vegan and vegetarian options are also available. All food vendors go through a strict screening process to ensure quality and sanitary food handling practices. In addition, most foods are made with fresh, local ingredients, and are prepared by hand. All food vendors are small, locally owned businesses.[3][4]

text: There are craft booths throughout the grounds. The Congo Square African Marketplace contains pieces from local, national, and international artisans, and has the atmosphere of a true marketplace. Many of the artisans utilize ancient crafting techniques. In the Contemporary Crafts area, one can find handmade clothing, leather goods, jewelry, paintings, sculptures, and musical instruments, and visitors can also watch demonstrations of metal, painting, pottery, and fiber works. Lastly, the Louisiana Marketplace contains baskets, hand-colored photographs, jewelry, and landscape-themed art.[3]

text: One unique aspect of the Festival is the allocation of large areas for dedication to cultural and historical practices unique to Louisiana. These dedications depict many cultures that exist in the state, including both the Cajun culture and the culture of the descendants of native Canary Islanders, the Los Isleños, as well as many others. Some of the areas include the Louisiana Folklife Village, which focuses on state art and culture, the Native American Village, and the Grandstand. Many of the folk demonstrators have been recognized by the National Endowment of the Arts for their work.[3]

text: In addition, parades are held throughout the duration of the event. They include parades by the Mardi Gras Indians, marching bands, brass bands, and social aid and pleasure clubs.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The Festival has been held annually since 1970 when it was founded by the New Orleans Hotel Motel Association to form "the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation" that owns the Festival. George Wein's Festival Productions was contracted to produce the Festival. Wein produced the Newport Jazz Festival (1954) and the Newport Folk Festival (1959) in Newport, Rhode Island.[5]

text: To produce the Festival in New Orleans, Wein assembled advisers, among them Ellis Marsalis, Richard B. "Dick" Allen and Harry Souchon. Allen, the curator of Tulane University's Hogan Jazz Archives, recommended Archive employee Allison Miner and intern Quint Davis to Wein to help produce the first festival. Both Miner and Davis knew a great deal about jazz. They went to black clubs to hire performers rather than to Bourbon Street or other tourist destinations because it was at these clubs that live music was being produced. The first person the pair booked was Snooks Eaglin, a street singer who performed at the festival every year.[2] After Wein established the Festival, Miner and Davis oversaw operations of Festival Productions Inc.-New Orleans for many years under the supervision of Wein and the Foundation Board. Quint Davis holds the position of CEO of Festival Productions, Inc.- New Orleans, while Miner is largely credited with founding the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation Archive. AEG Live became a co-producer of the festival in 2004.[6]

text: The Archive contains recordings from musicians interviewed at the festival, as well as other documents, photographs, and ephemera related to the Festival and the Foundation's holdings, including early WWOZ 90.7-FM recordings. It contains business records, photographs, video and audio recordings, as well as other artifacts. The Archive is open to the public by appointment.[7]

text: When Miner died on December 23, 1995,[2] the interviewing stage was renamed in her memory as the Allison Miner Music Heritage Stage. After Hurricane Katrina, the stage was temporarily merged with the Lagniappe Stage, which is housed in the Grandstand. However, in 2009, it was reinstated as a full stage.

text: Before the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, similar New Orleands jazz festivals were held in the 1960s. The first two were in 1970 and 1971 at Louis Armstrong Park, previously called Beauregard Square, in Congo Square and the adjoining New Orleans Municipal Auditorium.[2] The 145-acre New Orleans Fair Grounds and Racetrack began to hold Jazz Fest in 1972. The venue is located at 1751 Gentilly Boulevard, approximately ten minutes from the French Quarter.[3] The New Orleans Fair Grounds and Racetrack is a much larger venue than Congo Square and was chosen to hold the Festival when organizers realized how popular the event was.[8]

text: The first Jazz Fest, in Congo Square, cost $3 for admission and was minimally advertised,[8] and had only a Gospel Tent and four open stages, many of which had no microphones. Musicians were housed in Davis' and Miner's homes; there was no money for hotels.[2] The festivities started on Wednesday night with the Pete Fountain and Clyde Kerr orchestras playing on a midnight steamboat ride.[8]

text: The first Jazz Fest lineup included Mahalia Jackson (who was not booked, but simply heard about the Festival and showed up to sing),[2] the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Duke Ellington, Pete Fountain, Al Hirt, Clifton Chenier, Fats Domino, and The Meters This first lineup received an audience of 350 people, but the numbers grew every year, especially after the introduction of a limited edition silkscreen poster series in 1975. By the end of the 1980s, attendance peaked at 300,000. In 2001, when Louis Armstrong's centennial was celebrated, 650,000 people attended.[3] The poster series has been very popular with collectors. The first poster was designed by Sharon Dinkins and Thorn Grafton. Posters feature a performer or the overall theme of the Festival, and all posters are commissioned by the Festival. In 1998, the Festival added the Congo Square poster series. Artists such as George Dureau, James Michalopoulos, George Rodrigue, Douglas Bourgeois, Duke Jupiter, John Scott, and Bill Hemmerling have been designers of the official festival poster. Congo Square posters have been created by Aziz Diagne, Elizabeth Catlett, Bill Pajaud, and Terrance Osborne. Osborne designed the poster for 2012 (as well as the 2007 and 2010 posters), which featured Trombone Shorty.[5]

text: New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation[edit]

text: The Jazz & Heritage Festival is owned by the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation, which uses the proceeds from the festival for community development programs in education, economics, and culture. The Foundation also owns the broadcast license of radio station WWOZ.[3] The festival is produced by Festival Productions, Inc. - New Orleans and AEG Live as a contract service to the Foundation. Since 2006, the festival's main sponsor has been the Royal Dutch Shell, and the festival's full name is "The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival presented by Shell". Several of the stage names reflect sponsors, such as the Acura Stage, the Sheraton New Orleans Fais Do-Do Stage, the AT&T/ wwoz Jazz Tent, the AIG, Gospel Tent.[9]

text: The Board of Directors for the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation, Inc. is made up of four parts: the Voting Board (30 community members), the Executive Board (President, Vice-President, Secretary, etc.), the Advisory Council (20 non-voting members), and the Past Presidents Senate (15 members). In addition, the Board is split into various committees. Board members serve three year terms, though there is no limit placed on the number of terms. Elections are held annually. Advisory Council members may only serve for two consecutive three year terms, however. Governance does not change much from year to year. Board members are not officially compensated, but they are given perks such as dozens of free tickets.[7]

text: The foundation also owns multiple assets, including: the Jazz and Heritage Gallery, the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, the Jazz and Heritage Radio WWOZ 90.7FM, the Jazz and Heritage Foundation Archive, the Jazz and Heritage Center, and the Jazz and Heritage Gala. Their educational programs include The Don Jamison Heritage School of Music, the Tom Dent Congo Lecture Series, and School Day at the Fest. Economic development for the foundation comes in the forms of community partnership grants (over $250,000 awarded in 2007), Raisin' the Roof (a program that assists southern-Louisiana musicians with home-buying costs), The Jazz and Heritage Music and Media Market, and the Jazz and Heritage Music Exchange. For cultural purposes, the foundation holds the Crescent City Blues and BBQ Festival, Fiesta Latina, the Congo Square Rhythms Festival, the Louisiana Cajun-Zydeco Festival, Gospel is Alive!, Jazz Journey, the Treme Creole Gumbo Festival, and many others.[7]

text: SInce 1979, the nonprofit arm of the organization has given over $1 million in grants to local schools, artists, and musicians.[9]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The festival has featured a variety of musicians and performers every year since its founding, ranging from Louisiana musicians to international pop stars. Many popular New Orleans musicians have played annually for long stretches over the history of the festival such as the Neville Brothers, Dr. John, Ellis Marsalis, and The Radiators.

text: Applications to perform (from the general public) are limited to bands from Louisiana to promote and preserve local culture.[3]

text: Stages and tents[edit]

text: There are 12 music stages and tents of various sizes, as well as two food stages, set up at the Festival. The following are the stages for 2015, and they are listed roughly in the order of capacity.[3]

text:
Stages/tents

Description

1

Acura Stage

Primary main stage

2

Gentilly Stage

Secondary main stage

3

Congo Square Stage

Afro-centric and world music

4

Jazz Tent

Contemporary jazz

5

Blues Tent

Blues

6

Gospel Tent

Gospel groups and singers

7

Fais Do-Do Stage

Cajun and zydeco

8

Economy Hall Tent

Traditional New Orleans jazz

9

Jazz & Heritage Stage

New Orleans brass bands, Mardi Gras Indians

10

Lagniappe Stage

A potpourri of sound and style

11

Allison Miner Music Heritage

Information, interviews, panel discussions

12

Kids Tent

Children's music and performances

13

Food Heritage Stage

Local chefs demonstrate

14

Cajun Cabin

Demonstrations of Cajun cooking


document_title: Coneheads (film)

question_text: who played connie conehead in the movie coneheads

root

text: Coneheads (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Upon discovering a UFO in American airspace, the National Guard sends fighter jets to investigate, and they fire on the craft when it doesn't respond. Activating a cloaking device too late, the spaceship crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, near Manhattan. The aliens aboard, Beldar Clorhone and his life-mate Prymaat, survive and quickly adapt to our human way of life, despite standing out with their conical shaped heads. Beldar was assigned by the Highmaster to conquer Earth as a Protoid Re-fueling Station under the title of 'Fuel Survey Underlord of the Wilderness Planet at the end of the Noctolium Solar Chain'. Beldar gets work as an appliance repairman, and when his grateful boss Otto discovers that Beldar has no documentation, he arranges for a false identity, which sends up a red flag that quickly alerts the INS. Meanwhile, after communicating with their world (Remulak) and discovering that a rescue vessel will not arrive for seven "Zurls" (many years), Prymaat informs Beldar that she is pregnant. They now need to completely adapt and safely blend in, in order to raise their child among humans. Ambitious INS agent Gorman Seedling and his assistant Eli attempt to capture Beldar and Prymaat, but they are able to elude the two agents.

tag: p

text: Months later, Beldar has become a respected taxi driver, and the couple live in his boss's basement. After the birth of their daughter Connie, they buy a home and move to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, adopting the surname Conehead. Beldar begins a new career, this time as a driving instructor. Meanwhile, Gorman gets a promotion and decides to leave the Coneheads' case to the agent replacing him. His promotion, however, is soon held-up by the case's extreme expense, forcing Gorman to continue until it's closed.

text: Now a teenager, all Connie Conehead wants to do is fit in with her peers, much to the objections of her father, especially when she begins seeing Ronnie, an auto mechanic. This caused tension between Connie and Beldar, who strongly disapproves of Ronnie, with Beldar going so far as tearing the roof off Ronnie's car and threatening him after Ronnie tries to make love with Connie (an act that angers Connie greatly). Beldar is also preoccupied with winning a golfing trophy at his country club, while Prymaat becomes concerned about her attractiveness to Beldar due to one of Beldar's driving students making a pass at him.

text: Gorman and Eli track the Coneheads down to their home and pose as Jehovah's Witnesses to gain entry to the Conehead home.  During the conversation, Prymaat discovers their communication device to Remulak is beeping, and she promptly tells Beldar that he has a phone call from 'the Big Phone'. This cause Beldar to promptly eject Gorman and Eli from their home. Beldar then receives word that their rescue vessel is on its way.

text: At a costume party that night, Connie is told that they will be rescued soon. She disobeys her parents or "parental units" by returning home with Ronnie. Once there Connie consummates their relationship using her parents' "senso-rings". Beldar and Prymaat walk in on them, just as the INS shows up to take the Coneheads into custody. Their rescue vessel arrives just in time, and Gorman and Eli are taken aboard with Beldar, Prymaat, and Connie.

text: On Remulak, Beldar is welcomed home, presenting Highmaster Mintot with a variety of 'gifts' from earth, including Gorman and Eli as slaves.  Mintot is at first satisfied with what Beldar has accomplished during his time on Earth, until he notices that Beldar got his teeth capped (something Beldar had done from advice from Otto as a part of blending in). He accuses Beldar of treason and sentences him to fight the ferocious Garthok ("narful the Garthok"), much to Prymaat's distress.

text: After the Garthok easily and gruesomely kills others who were sentenced to fight it, Beldar uses his Earthly golfing skills to save himself, killing the creature. For his victory, he is then granted a request: Beldar wishes to return to Earth to oversee its conquest, taking Gorman back with him as a minion. Mintot agrees, and Eli is left behind, becoming the Highmaster's personal lackey, acclimating to his new role rather quickly. Beldar leaves for Earth with Prymaat, Connie, and Gorman in tow. He soon demonstrates that Connie's feelings are more important to him than planetary conquest by quickly faking an Earth attack. Beldar orders his invasion force to retreat and proceed to their secondary target in another part of the galaxy, while making it look like his spaceship has been destroyed by a superior weapon. For sparing his life, Gorman agrees to give the Coneheads Green Cards in exchange for Beldar proving he has a marketable talent no other American citizen possesses, to which Beldar confidently agrees.

text: Some time 2 years later, Ronnie arrives to take Connie to the prom. Beldar gives Ronnie 55 words of advice, and then uses a massive flash bulb arrangement on his home-built Polaroid camera to document the happy event. As Connie and a now-sunburned Ronnie depart, Beldar and Prymaat look at the oversized photo, saying, "Memories, we will enjoy them".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Aykroyd as Beldar Conehead / Donald R. DeCicco
Jane Curtin as Prymaat Conehead / Mary Margaret Rowney
Michelle Burke as Connie Conehead
Michael McKean as INS Deputy Commissioner Gorman Seedling
David Spade as INS Agent Eli Turnbull
Chris Farley as Ronnie Bradford
Sinbad as Otto
Michael Richards as Motel Clerk
Eddie Griffin as Customer
Phil Hartman as Marlax
Adam Sandler as Carmine Weiner
Mitchell Bobrow as Garthok Combatant
Jason Alexander as Larry Farber
Lisa Jane Persky as Lisa Farber
Dave Thomas as Highmaster Mintot
Laraine Newman as Laarta
Garrett Morris as Captain Orecruiser
Drew Carey as Taxi Passenger
Kevin Nealon as Senator
Jan Hooks as Gladys Johnson
Parker Posey as Stephanie
Joey Lauren Adams as Christina
Julia Sweeney as Principal
Ellen DeGeneres as Coach
Tim Meadows as Athletic Cone
Peter Aykroyd as Highmaster Mentot
Jonathan Penner as Air Traffic captain
Whip Hubley as F-16 pilot
Mark Fulton (uncredited) as Hispanic woman
Jon Lovitz (uncredited) as Dr. Rudolph, dentist
Tom Arnold (uncredited) as Golfer

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: While there are some differences, Coneheads mostly follows the same plot as in  the animated special that was created ten years earlier. Similarities include the Coneheads being stranded on Earth, Beldar working as an appliance repair man, and Connie dating an earthling named Ronnie.

text: The film mostly takes place in Paramus, New Jersey. Some scenes were filmed in New York City and the New Jersey towns of Jersey City and Wrightstown.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film debuted at No. 6 on its opening weekend, while its domestic box office grossed $7,100,501.[3] By the end of its domestic theatrical run, the film had grossed $21,274,717.[2]

text: Coneheads received mostly negative reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a low score of 33%, based on 30 reviews.[4] Roger Ebert gave the film 1½ stars out of 4, describing Coneheads as "dismal, dreary and fairly desperate" and the actors as unable to overcome an uninspired screenplay.[5] Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film "has its dopey charms", and that it is suitable for people who found Wayne's World too demanding.[6]

text: The Los Angeles Times called it "an unusually companionable jape; in this world it makes perfect sense that the Coneheads' friends and neighbors never really register that there's anything terribly different about them. They're all-American eccentrics — even if they happen to come from the planet Remulak".[7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Coneheads: Music from the Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleased
July 20, 1993 (1993-07-20)Recorded
1992-93Genre
SoundtrackLength
43:27Label
Warner Bros. RecordsProducer
Various Artists
Singles from Coneheads: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Soul to Squeeze"Released: August 19, 1993

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link

text: The soundtrack for Coneheads was released on July 20, 1993 by Warner Bros. Records. It features the songs "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell, "It's a Free World, Baby" by R.E.M. and "Soul to Squeeze" by the band Red Hot Chili Peppers which would go on to reach 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[8] The album itself would peak at 162 on the US Billboard 200 chart.[9]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitlePerformed byLength1."Magic Carpet Ride" (originally performed by Steppenwolf)Michael Monroe and Slash3:402."Tainted Love"Soft Cell2:423."No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer)Andy Bell and k.d. lang3:514."Kodachrome"Paul Simon3:305."Can't Take My Eyes Off You" (originally performed by Frankie Valli)Morten Harket3:436."It's a Free World, Baby"R.E.M.5:127."Soul to Squeeze"Red Hot Chili Peppers4:528."Fight the Power" (originally performed by Public Enemy)Barenaked Ladies4:059."Little Renee"Digable Planets3:2210."Chale Jao"Babble4:1011."Conehead Love featuring Beldar and Prymaat"Nan Schaefer,  Bruce Gowdy, and Peter Aykroyd4:05Total length:43:27

text: None of David Newman's score was included on the above album, but it was issued on a 2015 Intrada album paired with his scores for Talent for the Game and Itsy Bitsy Spider.[10]


document_title: List of South American countries by population

question_text: what country in south america has the lowest population

text: This is a list of the countries of South American countries and dependent territories by population, which is sorted by the 2018 mid-year normalized demographic projections.

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank
Country(or dependent territory)
June 30, 2018projection[1]
% ofpop.
Averagerelativeannualgrowth(%)[2]
Averageabsoluteannualgrowth[3]
Estimateddoublingtime(years)[4]
Officialfigure(whereavailable)
Date oflast figure
Source

1
 Brazil
209,100,000
49.36
0.86
1,750,000
81
209,690,000
August 24, 2018
Official population clock

2
 Colombia
49,755,000
11.64
1.16
555,000
60
49,887,000
August 24, 2018
Official population clock

3
 Argentina
44,100,000
10.41
1.09
463,000
64
43,590,368
July 1, 2016
Official estimate

4
 Peru
32,657,800
7.52
1.10
338,000
64
31,488,625
June 30, 2016
Official estimate

5
 Venezuela
31,568,000
7.39
1.37
414,000
51
31,028,637
2016
Official estimate

6
 Chile
18,006,000
4.35
1.05
187,000
66
18,191,884
2016
Official estimate

7
 Ecuador
16,279,000
3.93
1.57
252,000
44
17,083,400
August 24, 2018
Official population clock

8
 Bolivia
10,520,000
2.54
1.73
179,000
40
10,985,059
2016
Official estimate

9
 Paraguay
7,003,000
1.69
1.58
109,000
44
6,854,536
2016
Official estimate

10
 Uruguay
3,310,000
0.80
0.18
6,000
382
3,480,222
June 30, 2016
Official estimate

11
 Guyana
747,000
0.18
0.00
0
-
747,884
September 15, 2012
Preliminary 2012 census result

12
 Suriname
560,000
0.14
1.08
6,000
64
541,638
August 13, 2012
Final 2012 census result

13
 French Guiana (France)
262,000
0.06
2.75
7,000
26
239,648
January 1, 2012
Official estimate

14
 Falkland Islands (UK)[5]
3,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
2,563
April 15, 2012
Final 2012 census result

Total
414,663,000
100.00
1.04
4,266,000
67

text: South American population by country (top 8).


document_title: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: how many supreme court justices serve on the supreme court

question_tokens: how many supreme court justices serve on the supreme court

text: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

text: Geographic background[edit]

text: For most of the existence of the Court, geographic diversity was a key concern of presidents in choosing justices to appoint.[2] This was prompted in part by the early practice of Supreme Court justices also "riding circuit"—individually hearing cases in different regions of the country. In 1789, the United States was divided into judicial circuits, and from that time until 1891, Supreme Court justices also acted as judges within those individual circuits.[7] George Washington was careful to make appointments "with no two justices serving at the same time hailing from the same state".[8] Abraham Lincoln broke with this tradition during the Civil War,[7] and "by the late 1880s presidents disregarded it with increasing frequency".[9]

text: Although the importance of regionalism declined, it still arose from time to time. For example, in appointing Benjamin Cardozo in 1929, President Hoover was as concerned about the controversy over having three New York justices on the Court as he was about having two Jewish justices.[10] David M. O'Brien notes that "[f]rom the appointment of John Rutledge from South Carolina in 1789 until the retirement of Hugo Black [from Alabama] in 1971, with the exception of the Reconstruction decade of 1866–1876, there was always a southerner on the bench. Until 1867, the sixth seat was reserved as the 'southern seat'. Until Cardozo's appointment in 1932, the third seat was reserved for New Englanders."[11] The westward expansion of the U.S. led to concerns that the western states should be represented on the Court as well, which purportedly prompted William Howard Taft to make his 1910 appointment of Willis Van Devanter of Wyoming.[12]

text: Geographic balance was sought in the 1970s, when Nixon attempted to employ a "Southern strategy", hoping to secure support from Southern states by nominating judges from the region.[1] Nixon unsuccessfully nominated Southerners Clement Haynsworth of South Carolina and G. Harrold Carswell of Georgia, before finally succeeding with the nomination of Harry Blackmun of Minnesota.[13]  The issue of regional diversity was again raised  with the 2010 retirement of John Paul Stevens, who had been appointed from the midwestern Seventh Circuit, leaving the Court with all but one Justice having been appointed from states on the East Coast.[14]

text: As of  2017[update], the Court has a majority from the Northeastern United States, with six justices coming from states to the north and east of Washington, D.C. including four justices born or raised in New York City.  The remaining three justices come from Georgia, California and Colorado; the most recent justice from the Midwest being John Paul Stevens of Illinois who retired in 2010. Contemporary Justices may be associated with multiple states. Many nominees are appointed while serving in states or districts other than their hometown or home state. Chief Justice John Roberts, for example, was born in New York, but moved to Indiana at the age of five, where he grew up. After law school, Roberts worked in Washington, D.C. while living in Maryland. Thus, three states may claim his domicile.

text: Despite the efforts to achieve geographic balance, only seven justices[a] have ever hailed from states admitted after or during the Civil War. Nineteen states have never produced a Supreme Court Justice; in chronological order of admission to the Union these are:

text:
Delaware (original state)
Rhode Island (original state)
Vermont (admitted in 1791)
Arkansas (admitted in 1836)
Florida (admitted in 1845)
Wisconsin (admitted in 1848)
Oregon (admitted in 1859)
West Virginia (admitted in 1863)[b]
Nevada (admitted in 1864)
Nebraska (admitted in 1867)
North Dakota (admitted in 1889)
South Dakota (admitted in 1889)
Montana (admitted in 1889)
Washington (admitted in 1889)
Idaho (admitted in 1890)
Oklahoma (admitted in 1907)
New Mexico (admitted in 1912)
Alaska (admitted in 1959) and
Hawaii (admitted in 1959)

tag: ol

text: In contrast, some states have been over-represented, partly because there were fewer states from which early justices could be appointed. New York has produced fifteen justices, Ohio ten, Massachusetts nine, Virginia eight, six each from Pennsylvania and Tennessee, and five from Kentucky, Maryland, and New Jersey.[13] A handful of justices were born outside the United States, mostly from among the earliest justices on the Court. These included James Wilson, born in Fife, Scotland; James Iredell, born in Lewes, England; and William Paterson, born in County Antrim, Ireland. Justice David Josiah Brewer was born farthest from the U.S., in Smyrna, in the Ottoman Empire, (now İzmir, Turkey). George Sutherland was born in Buckinghamshire, England. The last foreign-born Justice, and the only one of these for whom English was a second language, was Felix Frankfurter, born in Vienna, Austria.[15] The Constitution imposes no citizenship requirement on federal judges.

text: Ethnicity[edit]

text: All Supreme Court justices were white and of European heritage until the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, the first African American Justice, in 1967. Since then, only two other non-white Justices have been appointed, Marshall's African-American successor, Clarence Thomas in 1991, and Latina Justice Sonia Sotomayor in 2009.

text: Foreign birth[edit]

text: There have been six foreign-born justices in the Court's history: James Wilson (1789-1798), born in Caskardy, Scotland; James Iredell (1790-1799), born in Lewes, England; William Paterson (1793-1806), born in County Antrim, Ireland; David Brewer (1889-1910), born to American missionary parents in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire (now İzmir, Turkey);[16] George Sutherland (1922-1939), born in Buckinghamshire, England; and Felix Frankfurter (1939-1962), born in Vienna, Austria.[17]

text: White justices[edit]

text: The vast majority of white justices have been of Northern European, Northwestern European, or Germanic Protestant descent. Up until the 1980s, only six justices of "central, eastern, or southern European derivation" had been appointed, and even among these six justices, five of them "were of Germanic background, which includes Austrian, German-Bohemian, and Swiss origins (John Catron, Samuel F. Miller, Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, and Warren Burger)" while only one justice was of non-Germanic, Southern European descent (Benjamin N. Cardozo, of Iberian descent).[18] Cardozo, appointed to the Court in 1932, was the first justice known to have non-Germanic or non-Anglo-Saxon ancestry and the first justice of Southern European descent.[citation needed]. Both of Justice Cardozo's parents descended from Sephardic Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who fled to Holland during the Spanish Inquisition then to London, before arriving in New York prior to the American Revolution.[19][page needed] Justice Antonin Scalia, who served from 1986-2016, and Justice Samuel Alito, who has served since 2006, are the first justices of Italian descent to be appointed to the Supreme Court.[citation needed] Justice Scalia's father and both maternal grandparents as well as both of Justice Alito's parents were born in Italy.[20][21][22] Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born to a father who immigrated from Russia at age 13 and a mother who was born four months after her parents immigrated from Poland.[23]

text: African American justices[edit]

text: No African-American candidate was given serious consideration for appointment to the Supreme Court until the election of John F. Kennedy, who weighed the possibility of appointing William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.[24] Hastie had been the first African-American elevated to a Court of Appeals when Harry S. Truman had so appointed him in 1949, and by the time of the Kennedy Administration, it was widely anticipated that Hastie might be appointed to the Supreme Court.[25] That Kennedy gave serious consideration to making this appointment "represented the first time in American history that an African American was an actual contender for the high court".[24]

text: The first African American appointed to the Court was Thurgood Marshall, appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. The second was Clarence Thomas, appointed by George H. W. Bush to succeed Marshall in 1991.

text: Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark, saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." Marshall was confirmed as an Associate Justice by a Senate vote of 69–11 on August 31, 1967.[26] Johnson confidently predicted to one biographer, Doris Kearns Goodwin, that a lot of black baby boys would be named "Thurgood" in honor of this choice (in fact, Kearns's research of birth records in New York and Boston indicates that Johnson's prophecy did not come true).[27]

text: Bush initially wanted to nominate Thomas to replace William Brennan, who stepped down in 1990, but he then decided that Thomas had not yet had enough experience as a judge after only months on the federal bench.[28] Bush therefore nominated New Hampshire Supreme Court judge David Souter (who is not African American) instead.[28] The selection of Thomas to instead replace Marshall preserved the existing racial composition of the court.

text: Hispanic and Latino justices[edit]

text: The words "Latino" and "Hispanic" are sometimes given distinct meanings, with "Latino" referring to persons of Latin American descent, and "Hispanic" referring to persons having an ancestry, language or culture traceable to Spain or to the Iberian Peninsula as a whole, as well as to persons of Latin American descent, whereas the term "Lusitanic" usually refers to persons having an ancestry, language or culture traceable to Portugal specifically.

text: Sonia Sotomayor—nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, and sworn in on August 8—is the first Supreme Court Justice of Latin American descent. Born in New York City of Puerto Rican parents, she has been known to refer to herself as a "Nuyorican". Sotomayor is also generally regarded as the first Hispanic justice, although some sources claim that this distinction belongs to former Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo.

text:
It has been claimed that "only since the George H. W. Bush administration have Hispanic candidates received serious consideration from presidents in the selection process",[29] and that Emilio M. Garza (considered for the vacancy eventually given to Clarence Thomas[30]) was the first Hispanic judge for whom such an appointment was contemplated.[31]  Subsequently, Bill Clinton was reported by several sources to have considered José A. Cabranes for a Supreme Court nomination on both occasions when a Court vacancy opened during the Clinton presidency.[32][33]
The possibility of a Hispanic Justice returned during the George W. Bush Presidency, with various reports suggesting that Emilio Garza,[34] Alberto Gonzales,[35] and Consuelo M. Callahan[36] were under consideration for the vacancy left by the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor.  O'Connor's seat eventually went to Samuel Alito, however.  Speculation about a Hispanic nomination arose again after the election of Barack Obama.[37] In 2009, Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor, a woman of Puerto Rican descent, to be the first unequivocally Hispanic Justice.[38] Both the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials and the Hispanic National Bar Association count Sotomayor as the first Hispanic justice.[39][40]

text: Some historians contend that Cardozo—a Sephardic Jew believed to be of distant Portuguese descent[41]—should also be counted as the first Hispanic Justice.[1] Schmidhauser wrote in 1979 that "[a]mong the large ethnic groupings of European origin which have never been represented upon the Supreme Court are the Italians, Southern Slavs, and Hispanic Americans."[18] The National Hispanic Center for Advanced Studies and Policy Analysis wrote in 1982 that the Supreme Court "has never had an Hispanic Justice",[42] and the Hispanic American Almanac similarly reported in 1996 that "no Hispanic has yet sat on the U.S. Supreme Court".[43] However, Segal and Spaeth state: "Though it is often claimed that no Hispanics have served on the Court, it is not clear why Benjamin Cardozo, a Sephardic Jew of Spanish heritage, should not count." They identify a number of other sources that present conflicting views as to Cardozo's ethnicity, with one simply labeling him "Iberian." In 2007, the Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History also listed Cardozo as "the first Hispanic named to the Supreme Court of the United States."[44]

text: The nomination of Sonia Sotomayor, widely described in media accounts as the first Hispanic nominee, drew more attention to the question of Cardozo's ethnicity.[39][40][45][46] Cardozo biographer Andrew Kaufman questioned the usage of the term "hispanic" during Cardozo's lifetime, commenting: "Well, I think he regarded himself as Sephardic Jew whose ancestors came from the Iberian Peninsula."[39] However, "no one has ever firmly established that the family's roots were, in fact, in Portugal".[47] It has also been asserted that Cardozo himself "confessed in 1937 that his family preserved neither the Spanish language nor Iberian cultural traditions".[48] By contrast, Cardozo made his own translations of authoritative legal works written in French and German.[49]

text: Ethnic groups that have never been represented[edit]

text: Many ethnic groups have never been represented on the Court. There has never been a Justice with any Asian, Native American, or Pacific Islander heritage, and no person having such a heritage was publicly considered for an appointment until the 21st century. Legal scholar Viet D. Dinh, of Vietnamese descent, was named as a potential George W. Bush nominee.[50] During the presidency of Barack Obama, potential nominees have included Harold Hongju Koh, of Korean descent, and former Idaho attorney general Larry Echo Hawk, a member of the Pawnee tribe.[51]

text: Public opinion on ethnic diversity[edit]

text: Public opinion about ethnic diversity on the court "varies widely depending on the poll question's wording".[6] For example, in two polls taken in 1991, one resulted in half of respondents agreeing that it was "important that there always be at least one black person" on the Court while the other had only 20% agreeing with that sentiment, and with 77% agreeing that "race should never be a factor in choosing Supreme Court justices".[6]

text: Gender[edit]

text: Of the 113 justices, 109 (96.5%) have been men.  All Supreme Court justices were males until 1981, when Ronald Reagan fulfilled his 1980 campaign promise to place a woman on the Court,[52] which he did with the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor. O'Connor was later joined on the Court by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, appointed by Bill Clinton in 1993. After O'Connor retired in 2006, Ginsburg would be joined by Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, who were successfully appointed to the Court in 2009 and 2010, respectively, by Barack Obama.[53] The only other woman to be nominated to the Court was Harriet Miers, whose nomination to succeed O'Connor by George W. Bush was withdrawn under fire.

text: Substantial public sentiment in support of appointment of a woman to the Supreme Court has been expressed since at least as early as 1930, when an editorial in the Christian Science Monitor encouraged Herbert Hoover to consider Ohio justice Florence E. Allen or assistant attorney general Mabel Walker Willebrandt.[54] Franklin Delano Roosevelt later appointed Allen to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit—making her "one of the highest ranking female jurists in the world at that time".[55] However, neither Roosevelt nor his successors over the following two decades gave strong consideration to female candidates for the Court. Harry Truman considered such an appointment, but was dissuaded by concerns raised by justices then serving that a woman on the Court "would inhibit their conference deliberations", which were marked by informality.[55]

text: President Richard Nixon named Mildred Lillie, then serving on the Second District Court of Appeal of California, as a potential nominee to fill one of two vacancies on the Court in 1971.[52] However, Lillie was quickly deemed unqualified by the American Bar Association, and no formal proceedings were ever set with respect to her potential nomination. Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist were then successfully nominated to fill those vacancies.

text:
hideName

State

Birth

Death

Yearappointed

Leftoffice

Appointed by

Reason fortermination

Sandra Day O'Connor

Arizona
1930
living
1981
2006
Reagan
retirement

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

New York
1933
living
1993
incumbent
Clinton
—

Sonia Sotomayor

New York
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
—

Elena Kagan

New York
1960
living
2010
incumbent
Obama
—

text: Public opinion on gender diversity[edit]

text: In 1991, a poll found that 53% of Americans felt it "important that there always be at least one woman" on the Court.[6] However, when O'Connor stepped down from the court, leaving Justice Ginsburg as the lone remaining woman, only one in seven persons polled found it "essential that a woman be nominated to replace" O'Connor.[6]

text: Marital status and sexual orientation[edit]

text: Marital status[edit]

text: All but a handful of Supreme Court justices have been married. Frank Murphy, Benjamin Cardozo, and James McReynolds were all lifelong bachelors.[56] In addition, retired justice David Souter and current justice Elena Kagan have never been married.[57][58] William O. Douglas was the first Justice to divorce while on the Court, and also had the most marriages of any Justice, with four.[56] Justice John Paul Stevens divorced his first wife in 1979, marrying his second wife later that year. Sonia Sotomayor was the first female justice to be appointed as an unmarried woman, having divorced in 1983, long before her nomination in 2009.[56][58]

text: Several justices have become widowers while on the bench. The 1792 death of Elizabeth Rutledge, wife of Justice John Rutledge, contributed to the mental health problems that led to the rejection of his recess appointment.[59] Roger B. Taney survived his wife, Anne, by twenty years. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. resolutely continued working on the Court for several years after the death of his wife.[60] William Rehnquist was a widower for the last fourteen years of his service on the Court, his wife Natalie having died on October 17, 1991 after suffering from ovarian cancer.[61] With the death of Martin D. Ginsburg in June 2010, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the first woman to be widowed while serving on the Court.[62]

text: Sexual orientation[edit]

text: With regards to sexual orientation, no Supreme Court justice has identified himself or herself as anything other than heterosexual, and no incontrovertible evidence of a justice having any other sexual orientation has ever been uncovered. However, the personal lives of several justices and nominees have attracted speculation.

text: G. Harrold Carswell was unsuccessfully nominated by Richard Nixon in 1970, and was convicted in 1976 of battery for making an "unnatural and lascivious" advance to a male police officer working undercover in a Florida men's room.[63] Some therefore claim him as the only gay or bisexual person nominated to the Court thus far.[64][65] If so, it is unlikely that Nixon was aware of it; White House Counsel John Dean later wrote of Carswell that "[w]hile Richard Nixon was always looking for historical firsts, nominating a homosexual to the high court would not have been on his list".[65]

text: Speculation has been recorded about the sexual orientation of a few justices who were lifelong bachelors, but no unambiguous evidence exists that they were gay. Perhaps the greatest body of circumstantial evidence surrounds Frank Murphy, who was dogged by "[r]umors of homosexuality [...] all his adult life".[66]

text: For more than 40 years, Edward G. Kemp was Frank Murphy's devoted, trusted companion. Like Murphy, Kemp was a lifelong bachelor. From college until Murphy's death, the pair found creative ways to work and live together. [...] When Murphy appeared to have the better future in politics, Kemp stepped into a supportive, secondary role.[67]

text: As well as Murphy's close relationship with Kemp, Murphy's biographer, historian Sidney Fine, found in Murphy's personal papers a letter that "if the words mean what they say, refers to a homosexual encounter some years earlier between Murphy and the writer." However, the letter's veracity cannot be confirmed and a review of all the evidence led Fine to conclude that he "could not stick his neck out and say [Murphy] was gay".[68]

text: Speculation has also surrounded Benjamin Cardozo, whose celibacy suggests repressed homosexuality or asexuality. The fact that he was unmarried and was personally tutored by the writer Horatio Alger (alleged to have had sexual relations with boys) led some of Cardozo's biographers to insinuate that Cardozo was homosexual, but no real evidence exists to corroborate this possibility. Constitutional law scholar Jeffrey Rosen noted in a New York Times Book Review of Richard Polenberg's book on Cardozo:

text: Polenberg describes Cardozo's lifelong devotion to his older sister Nell, with whom he lived in New York until her death in 1929. When asked why he had never married, Cardozo replied, quietly and sadly, "I never could give Nellie the second place in my life." Polenberg suggests that friends may have stressed Cardozo's devotion to his sister to discourage rumors "that he was sexually dysfunctional, or had an unusually low sexual drive or was homosexual." But he produces no evidence to support any of these possibilities, except to note that friends, in describing Cardozo, used words like "beautiful", "exquisite", "sensitive" or "delicate."[69]

text: Andrew Kaufman, author of Cardozo, a biography published in 2000, notes that "Although one cannot be absolutely certain, it seems highly likely that Cardozo lived a celibate life".[70] Judge Learned Hand is quoted in the book as saying about Cardozo: "He [had] no trace of homosexuality anyway".[71]

text: More recently, when David Souter was nominated to the Court, "conservative groups expressed concern to the White House... that the president's bachelor nominee might conceivably be a homosexual".[72] Similar questions were raised regarding the sexual orientation of unmarried nominee Elena Kagan.[73] However, no evidence was ever produced regarding Souter's sexual orientation, and Kagan's apparent heterosexuality was attested by colleagues familiar with her dating history.[74]

text: Religion[edit]

text: When the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the first members came from among the ranks of the Founding Fathers and were almost uniformly Protestant. Of the 113 justices who have been appointed to the court, 91 have been from various Protestant denominations, 12 have been Catholics (one other justice, Sherman Minton, converted to Catholicism after leaving the Court). Another, Neil Gorsuch, was raised in the Catholic Church but later attended an Episcopal church, though without specifying the denomination to which he felt he belonged.[75] Eight have been Jewish and one, David Davis, had no known religious affiliation. Three of the 17 chief justices have been Catholics, and one Jewish justice, Abe Fortas, was unsuccessfully nominated to be chief justice.

text: The table below shows the religious affiliation of each of the justices sitting as of  August 2018[update]:

text:
Name

Religion

Appt. by

On the Court since

John Roberts (Chief Justice)

Roman Catholicism

G.W. Bush

2005

Clarence Thomas

Roman Catholicism

G.H.W. Bush

1991

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Judaism

Clinton

1993

Stephen Breyer

Judaism

Clinton

1994

Samuel Alito

Roman Catholicism

G.W. Bush

2006

Sonia Sotomayor

Roman Catholicism

Obama

2009

Elena Kagan

Judaism

Obama

2010

Neil Gorsuch

Raised Roman Catholic, attends Episcopal Church[75]

Trump

2017

text: Protestant justices[edit]

text: Most Supreme Court justices have been Protestant Christians. These have included 33 Episcopalians, 18 Presbyterians, nine Unitarians, five Methodists, three Baptists, and lone representatives of various other denominations.[76] William Rehnquist was the Court's only Lutheran.  Noah Swayne was a Quaker. Some 15 Protestant justices did not adhere to a particular denomination.  Baptist denominations and other evangelical churches have been underrepresented on the Court, relative to the population of the United States.  Conversely, mainline Protestant churches historically were overrepresented.[citation needed]

text: Following the retirement of John Paul Stevens in June 2010, the Court had an entirely non-Protestant composition for the first time in its history.[77][78] Although Neil Gorsuch, appointed in 2017, attends an Episcopalian church, he was raised Catholic and it is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.[75]

text: Catholic justices[edit]

text: The first Catholic justice, Roger B. Taney, was appointed chief justice in 1836 by Andrew Jackson. The second, Edward Douglass White, was appointed as an associate justice in 1894, but also went on to become chief justice. Joseph McKenna was appointed in 1898, placing two Catholics on the Court until White's death in 1921. This period marked the beginning of an inconsistently observed "tradition" of having a "Catholic seat" on the court.[79]

text: Other Catholic justices included Pierce Butler (appointed 1923) and Frank Murphy (appointed 1940). Sherman Minton, appointed in 1949, was a Protestant during his time on the Court. To some, however, his wife's Catholic faith implied a "Catholic seat".[80]  Minton joined his wife's church in 1961, five years after he retired from the Court.[81]  Minton was succeeded by a Catholic, however, when President Eisenhower appointed William J. Brennan to that seat. Eisenhower sought a Catholic to appoint to the Court—in part because there had been no Catholic justice since Murphy's death in 1949, and in part because Eisenhower was directly lobbied by Cardinal Francis Spellman of the Archdiocese of New York to make such an appointment.[82] Brennan was then the lone Catholic justice until the appointment of Antonin Scalia in 1986, and Anthony Kennedy in 1988.

text: Like Sherman Minton, Clarence Thomas was not a Catholic at the time he was appointed to the Court. Thomas was raised Catholic and briefly attended Conception Seminary College, a Roman Catholic seminary,[83] but had joined the Protestant denomination of his wife after their marriage. At some point in the late 1990s, Thomas returned to Catholicism. In 2005, John Roberts became the third Catholic Chief Justice and the fourth Catholic on the Court. Shortly thereafter, Samuel Alito became the fifth on the Court, and the eleventh in the history of the Court. Alito's appointment gave the Court a Catholic majority for the first time in its history. Besides Thomas, at least one other Justice, James F. Byrnes, was raised as a Roman Catholic, but converted to a different branch of Christianity prior to serving on the Court.

text: In contrast to historical patterns, the Court has gone from having a "Catholic seat" to being what some have characterized as a "Catholic court."  The reasons for that are subject to debate, and are a matter of intense public scrutiny.[84] That the majority of the Court is now Catholic, and that the appointment of Catholics has become accepted, represents a historical 'sea change.'  It has fostered accusations that the court has become "a Catholic boys club" (particularly as the Catholics chosen tend to be politically conservative) and calls for non-Catholics to be nominated.[85]

text: In May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated a Catholic woman, Sonia Sotomayor, to replace retiring Justice David Souter.[86] Her confirmation raised the number of Catholics on the Court to six, compared to three non-Catholics (all Jewish). With Antonin Scalia's death in February 2016, the number of Catholic Justices went back to five. Neil Gorsuch, appointed in 2017, was raised Catholic but attends an Episcopalian church; it is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.[75] With Anthony Kennedy's retirement in July 2018, the number of Catholic Justices went down to four.

text: All of the Catholic justices have been members of the Roman (or Latin) rite within the Catholic Church.

text:
hideName

State

Birth

Death

Yearappointed

Leftoffice

Appointed by

Reason fortermination

Roger B. Taney

Maryland
1777
1864
1836
1864
Jackson
death

Edward Douglass White

Louisiana
1845
1921
1894
1921
Cleveland (associate)Taft (chief)[87]
death

Joseph McKenna

California
1843
1926
1898
1925
McKinley
retirement

Pierce Butler

Minnesota
1866
1939
1923
1939
Harding
death

Frank Murphy

Michigan
1890
1949
1940
1949
F. Roosevelt
death

Sherman Minton

Indiana
1890
1965
1949
1956
Truman
death[88]

William J. Brennan, Jr.

New Jersey
1906
1997
1956
1990
Eisenhower
death[88]

Antonin Scalia

New Jersey
1936
2016
1986
2016
Reagan
death

Anthony Kennedy

California
1936
living
1988
2018
Reagan
retirement

Clarence Thomas

Georgia
1948
living
1991
incumbent
G. H. W. Bush
—

John Roberts

Maryland
1955
living
2005
incumbent
G. W. Bush
—

Samuel Alito

New Jersey
1950
living
2006
incumbent
G. W. Bush
—

Sonia Sotomayor

New York
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
—

text: Jewish justices[edit]

text: In 1853, President Millard Fillmore offered to appoint Louisiana Senator Judah P. Benjamin to be the first Jewish justice, and the New York Times reported (on February 15, 1853) that "if the President nominates Benjamin, the Democrats are determined to confirm him". However, Benjamin declined the offer, and ultimately became Secretary of State for the Confederacy during the Civil War. The first Jewish nominee, Louis Brandeis, was appointed in 1916, after a tumultuous hearing process. The 1932 appointment of Benjamin Cardozo raised mild controversy for placing two Jewish justices on the Court at the same time, although the appointment was widely lauded based on Cardozo's qualifications, and the Senate was unanimous in confirming Cardozo.[89]

text: Cardozo was succeeded by another Jewish Justice, Felix Frankfurter, but Brandeis was succeeded by Protestant William O. Douglas.  Negative reaction to the appointment of the early Jewish justices did not exclusively come from outside the Court. Justice James Clark McReynolds, a blatant anti-semite, refused to speak to Brandeis for three years following the latter's appointment and when Brandeis retired in 1939, did not sign the customary dedicatory letter sent to Court members on their retirement.  During Benjamin Cardozo's swearing in ceremony McReynolds pointedly read a newspaper muttering "another one" and did not attend that of Felix Frankfurter, exclaiming "My God, another Jew on the Court!"[90]

text: Frankfurter was followed by Arthur Goldberg and Abe Fortas, each of whom filled what became known as the "Jewish Seat". After Fortas resigned in 1969, he was replaced by Protestant Harry Blackmun. No Jewish justices were nominated thereafter until Ronald Reagan nominated Douglas H. Ginsburg in 1987, to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Lewis F. Powell; however, this nomination was withdrawn, and the Court remained without any Jewish justices until 1993, when Ruth Bader Ginsburg (unrelated to Douglas Ginsburg) was appointed to replace Byron White.  Ginsburg was followed in relatively quick succession by the appointment of Stephen Breyer, also Jewish, in 1994 to replace Harry Blackmun. In 2010, the confirmation of President Barack Obama's nomination of Elena Kagan to the Court ensured that three Jewish justices would serve simultaneously. Prior to this confirmation, conservative political commentator Pat Buchanan stated that, "If Kagan is confirmed, Jews, who represent less than 2 percent of the U.S. population, will have 33 percent of the Supreme Court seats".[91] At the time of his remarks, 6.4 percent of justices had been Jewish in the history of the court.[91]

text:
hideName

State

Birth

Death

Yearappointed

Leftoffice

Appointed by

Reason fortermination

Louis Brandeis

Kentucky
1856
1941
1916
1939
Wilson
retirement[92]

Benjamin N. Cardozo

New York
1870
1938
1932
1938
Hoover
death

Felix Frankfurter

New York
1882
1965
1939
1962
F. Roosevelt
retirement

Arthur Goldberg

Illinois
1908
1990
1962
1965
Kennedy
resigned to becomeUN Ambassador

Abe Fortas

Tennessee
1910
1982
1965
1969
L.B. Johnson
resignation

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

New York
1933
living
1993
incumbent
Clinton
—

Stephen Breyer

California
1938
living
1994
incumbent
Clinton
—

Elena Kagan

New York
1960
living
2010
incumbent
Obama
—

text: The shift to a Catholic majority, and non-Protestant Court[edit]

text: At the time of Breyer's appointment in 1994, there were two Roman Catholic justices, Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy, and two Jewish justices, Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Clarence Thomas, who had been raised as a Roman Catholic but had attended an Episcopal church after his marriage, returned to Catholicism later in the 1990s. At this point, the four remaining Protestant justices—Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, and Souter—remained a plurality on the Court, but for the first time in the history of the Court, Protestants were no longer an absolute majority.

text: The first Catholic plurality on the Court occurred in 2005, when Chief Justice Rehnquist was succeeded in office by Chief Justice John Roberts, who became the fourth sitting Catholic justice. On January 31, 2006, Samuel Alito became the fifth sitting Catholic justice, and on August 6, 2009, Sonia Sotomayor became the sixth. By contrast, there has been only one Catholic U.S. President, John F. Kennedy (unrelated to Justice Kennedy), and one Catholic U.S. Vice President, Joe Biden, and there has never been a Jewish U.S. President or Vice President.

text: At the beginning of 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens was the sole remaining Protestant on the Court.[86][93] In April 2010, Justice Stevens announced his retirement, effective as of the Court's 2010 summer recess. Upon Justice Stevens' retirement, which formally began on June 28, 2010, the Court lacked a Protestant member, marking the first time in its history that it was exclusively composed of Jewish and Catholic justices.[77] Although in January 2017, after seven years with no Protestant justices serving or nominated, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to the Court, as noted above it is unclear whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian.[94][75]

text: This development led to some comment. Law school professor Jeffrey Rosen wrote that "it's a fascinating truth that we've allowed religion to drop out of consideration on the Supreme Court, and right now, we have a Supreme Court that religiously at least, by no means looks like America".[95]

text: Religions that have never been represented[edit]

text: A number of sizable religious groups, each less than 2% of the U.S. population,[96] have had no members appointed as justices. These include Orthodox Christians, Mormons, Pentecostals, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Sikhs. George Sutherland has been described as a "lapsed Mormon"[97] because he was raised in the LDS Church, his parents having immigrated to the United States during Sutherland's infancy to join that church.[98] Sutherland's parents soon left the LDS Church and moved to Montana.[98] Sutherland himself also disaffiliated with the faith, but remained in Utah and graduated from Brigham Young Academy in 1881, the only non-Mormon in his class.[99] In 1975, Attorney General Edward H. Levi had listed Dallin H. Oaks, a Mormon who had clerked for Earl Warren and was then president of Brigham Young University, as a potential nominee for Gerald Ford. Ford "crossed Oaks's name off the list early on, noting in the margin that a member of the LDS Church might bring a 'confirmation fight'".[100]

text: No professing atheist has ever been appointed to the Court, although some justices have declined to engage in religious activity, or affiliate with a denomination. As an adult, Benjamin Cardozo no longer practiced his faith and identified himself as an agnostic, though he remained proud of his Jewish heritage.[101]

text: Age[edit]

text: Unlike the offices of President, U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, there is no minimum age for Supreme Court justices set forth in the United States Constitution. However, justices tend to be appointed after having made significant achievements in law or politics, which excludes many young potential candidates from consideration. At the same time, justices appointed at too advanced an age will likely have short tenures on the Court.

text: The youngest justice ever appointed was Joseph Story, 32 at the time of his appointment in 1812; the oldest was Charles Evans Hughes, who was 67 at the time of his appointment as Chief Justice in 1930. (Hughes had previously been appointed to the Court as an associate justice in 1910, at the age of 48, but had resigned in 1916 to run for president). Story went on to serve for 33 years, while Hughes served 11 years after his second appointment. The oldest justice at the time of his initial appointment was Horace Lurton, 65 at the time of his appointment in 1909. Lurton died after only four years on the Court. The oldest sitting justice to be elevated to Chief Justice was Hughes' successor, Harlan Fiske Stone, who was 68 at the time of his elevation in 1941. Stone died in 1946, only five years after his elevation. The oldest nominee to the court was South Carolina senator William Smith, nominated in 1837, then aged around 75 (it is known that he was born in 1762, but not the exact date). The Senate confirmed Smith's nomination by a vote of 23–18, but Smith declined to serve.[102]

text: Of the justices currently sitting, the youngest at time of appointment was Clarence Thomas, who was 43 years old at the time of his confirmation in 1991. As of the beginning of the 2017–18 term, Neil Gorsuch is the youngest justice sitting, at 50 years of age. The oldest person to have served on the Court was Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., who stepped down two months shy of his 91st birthday.[103] John Paul Stevens, second only to Holmes,[103] left the court in June 2010, two months after turning 90.

text: The average age of the Court as a whole fluctuates over time with the departure of older justices and the appointment of younger people to fill their seats. The average age of the Court is 72 years, 8 months. Just prior to the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist in September 2005, the average age was 71. After Sonia Sotomayor was appointed in August 2009, the average age at which current justices were appointed was about 53 years old.

text: The longest period of time in which one group of justices has served together occurred from August 3, 1994, when Stephen Breyer was appointed to replace the retired Harry Blackmun, to September 3, 2005, the death of Rehnquist, totaling 11 years and 31 days. From 1789 until 1970, justices served an average of 14.9 years. Those who have stepped down since 1970 have served an average of 25.6 years. The retirement age had jumped from an average of 68 pre-1970 to 79 for justices retiring post-1970. Between 1789 and 1970 there was a vacancy on the Court once every 1.91 years. In the next 34 years since the two appointments in 1971, there was a vacancy on average only once every 3.75 years. The typical one-term president has had one appointment opportunity instead of two.[104]

text: Commentators have noted that advances in medical knowledge "have enormously increased the life expectancy of a mature person of an age likely to be considered for appointment to the Supreme Court".[105] Combined with the reduction in responsibilities carried out by modern justices as compared to the early justices, this results in much longer potential terms of service.[105] This has led to proposals such as imposing a mandatory retirement age for Supreme Court justices[106] and predetermined term limits.[107]

text: Educational background[edit]

text: Although the Constitution imposes no educational background requirements for federal judges, the work of the Court involves complex questions of law—ranging from constitutional law to administrative law to admiralty law—and consequently, a legal education has become a de facto prerequisite to appointment on the Supreme Court. Every person who has been nominated to the Court has been an attorney.[7]

text: Before the advent of modern law schools in the United States, justices, like most attorneys of the time, completed their legal studies by "reading law" (studying under and acting as an apprentice to more experienced attorneys) rather than attending a formal program. The first justice to be appointed who had attended an actual law school was Levi Woodbury, appointed to the Court in 1846. Woodbury had attended Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, the most prestigious law school in the United States in that day, prior to his admission to the bar in 1812. However, Woodbury did not earn a law degree. Woodbury's successor on the Court, Benjamin Robbins Curtis, who received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1832, and was appointed to the Court in 1851, was the first Justice to bear such a credential.[108]

text: Associate Justice James F. Byrnes, whose short tenure lasted from June 1941 to October 1942, was the last justice without a law degree to be appointed; Stanley Forman Reed, who served on the Court from 1938 to 1957, was the last sitting justice from such a background. In total, of the 113 justices appointed to the Court, 48 have had law degrees, an additional 18 attended some law school but did not receive a degree, and 47 received their legal education without any law school attendance.[108] Two justices, Sherman Minton and Lewis F. Powell, Jr., earned a Master of Laws degree.[109]

text: The table below shows the college and law school from which each of the justices sitting as of  April 2017[update] graduated:

text:
Name

Appt. by

College

Law school

John Roberts (Chief Justice)

G.W. Bush

Harvard

Harvard

Anthony Kennedy

Reagan

Stanford

Harvard

Clarence Thomas

G.H.W. Bush

Holy Cross

Yale

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Clinton

Cornell

Columbia

Stephen Breyer

Clinton

Stanford

Harvard

Samuel Alito

G.W. Bush

Princeton

Yale

Sonia Sotomayor

Obama

Princeton

Yale

Elena Kagan

Obama

Princeton

Harvard

Neil Gorsuch

Trump

Columbia

Harvard

text: Professional background[edit]

text: Not only have all justices been attorneys, nearly two thirds had previously been judges.[7] As of  2017[update], eight of the nine sitting justices previously served as judges of the United States Courts of Appeals, while Justice Elena Kagan served as Solicitor General, the attorney responsible for representing the federal government in cases before the Court. Few justices have a background as criminal defense lawyers, and Thurgood Marshall is reportedly the last justice to have had a client in a death penalty case.[110]

text: Historically, justices have come from some tradition of public service; only George Shiras, Jr. had no such experience.[111] Relatively few justices have been appointed from among members of Congress. Six were members of the United States Senate at the time of their appointment,[112][113] while one was a sitting member of the House of Representatives.[114] Six more had previously served in the Senate. Three have been sitting governors.[112][115] Only one, William Howard Taft, had been President of the United States.[116] The last justice to have held elected office was Sandra Day O'Connor, who was elected twice to the Arizona State Senate after being appointed there by the governor.

text: Financial means[edit]

text: The financial position of the typical Supreme Court Justice has been described as "upper-middle to high social status: reared in nonrural but not necessarily urban environment, member of a civic-minded, politically active, economically comfortable family".[108] Charles A. Beard, in his An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, profiled those among the justices who were also drafters of the Constitution.

text: James Wilson, Beard notes, "developed a lucrative practice at Carlisle" before becoming "one of the directors of the Bank of North America on its incorporation in 1781".[117] A member of the Georgia Land Company, Wilson "held shares to the amount of at least one million acres".[118] John Blair was "one of the most respectable men in Virginia, both on account of his Family as well as fortune".[119] Another source notes that Blair "was a member of a prominent Virginia family. His father served on the Virginia Council and was for a time acting Royal governor. His granduncle, James Blair, was founder and first president of the College of William and Mary."[120] John Rutledge was elected Governor of South Carolina at a time when the Constitution of that state set, as a qualification for the office, ownership of "a settled plantation or freehold ... of the value of at least ten thousand pounds currency, clear of debt".[121] Oliver Ellsworth "rose rapidly to wealth and power in the bar of his native state" with "earnings... unrivalled in his own day and unexampled in the history of the colony", developing "a fortune which for the times and the country was quite uncommonly large".[122] Bushrod Washington was the nephew of George Washington, who was at the time of the younger Washington's appointment the immediate past President of the United States and one of the wealthiest men in the country.[123]

text: "About three-fifths of those named to the Supreme Court personally knew the President who nominated them".[82] There have been exceptions to the typical portrait of justices growing up middle class or wealthy. For example, the family of Sherman Minton went through a period of impoverishment during his childhood, resulting from the disability of his father due to a heat stroke.[124]

text: In 2008, seven of the nine sitting justices were millionaires, and the remaining two were close to that level of wealth.[125] Historian Howard Zinn, in his 1980 book A People's History of the United States, argues that the justices cannot be neutral in  matters between rich and poor, as they are almost always from the upper class.[126] Chief Justice Roberts is the son of an executive with Bethlehem Steel; Justice Stevens was born into a wealthy Chicago family;[127] and Justices Kennedy and Breyer both had fathers who were successful attorneys. Justices Alito and Scalia both had educated (and education-minded) parents: Scalia's father was a highly educated college professor and Alito's father was a high school teacher before becoming "a long-time employee of the New Jersey state legislature".[128]  Only Justices Thomas and Sotomayor have been regarded as coming from a lower-class background. One authority states that "Thomas grew up in poverty. The Pin Point community he lived in lacked a sewage system and paved roads. Its inhabitants dwelled in destitution and earned but a few cents each day performing manual labor".[129] The depth of Thomas' poverty has been disputed by suggestions of "ample evidence to suggest that Thomas enjoyed, by and large, a middle-class upbringing".[130]

text: Financial disclosures[edit]

text: Beginning in 1979, the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 required federal officials, including the justices, to file annual disclosures of their income and assets.[131] These disclosures provide a snapshot into the wealth of the justices, reported within broad ranges, from year to year since 1979. In the first such set of disclosures, only two justices were revealed to be millionaires: Potter Stewart[132] and Lewis F. Powell,[133] with Chief Justice Warren Burger coming in third with about $600,000 in holdings.[132] The least wealthy Justice was Thurgood Marshall.[132]

text: The 1982 report disclosed that newly appointed Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was a millionaire, and the second-wealthiest Justice on the Court (after Powell).[134] The remaining justices listed assets in the range of tens of thousands to a few hundred-thousand, with the exception of Thurgood Marshall, who "reported no assets or investment income of more than $100".[134] The 1985 report had the justices in relatively the same positions,[135] while the 1992 report had O'Connor as the wealthiest member of the Court, with Stevens being the only other millionaire, most other justices reporting assets averaging around a half million dollars, and the two newest justices, Clarence Thomas and David Souter, reporting assets of at least $65,000.[136] (In 2011, however, it was revealed that Thomas had misstated his income going back to at least 1989.[137][138][139])

text: The 2007 report was the first to reflect the holdings of John Roberts and Samuel Alito. Disclosures for that year indicated that Clarence Thomas and Anthony Kennedy were the only justices who were clearly not millionaires, although Thomas was reported to have signed a book deal worth over one million dollars.[140] Other justices reported holdings within the following ranges:[141][142]

text:
Justice
Lowest range
Highest range

John Roberts
$2,400,000
$6,200,000

John Paul Stevens
$1,100,000
$3,500,000

Anthony Kennedy
$365,000
$765,000

David Souter
?
?

Clarence Thomas
$150,000
$410,000

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
$5,000,000
$25,000,000

Stephen Breyer
$4,900,000
$16,800,000

Samuel Alito
$770,000
$2,000,000

Neil Gorsuch
$3,200,000
$7,300,000

text: The financial disclosures indicate that many of the justices have substantial stock holdings.[140] This, in turn, has affected the business of the Court, as these holdings have led justices to recuse themselves from cases, occasionally with substantial impact. For example, in 2008, the recusal of John Roberts in one case, and Samuel Alito in another, resulted in each ending in a 4–4 split, which does not create a binding precedent.[143] The Court was unable to decide another case in 2008 because four of the nine justices had conflicts, three arising from stock ownership in affected companies.[144]


document_title: United Kingdom weather records

question_text: what is the highest 24 hour rainfall to be recorded in the uk

text: United Kingdom weather records

text: Records[edit]

text: As of July 2010, the records as recorded by the Met Office were:[1]

text: Highest temperature[edit]

text:
°C
°F
Location
Date

Highest (England)
38.5°C[1]
101.3 F
Faversham, Kent
10 August 2003

Highest (Wales)
35.2°C
95.4°F
Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire
2 August

Highest (Scotland)
32.9°C
91.2°F
Greycrook, Scottish Borders
9 August 2003

Highest (Northern Ireland)
30.8°C
87.4°F
Knockarevan, County Fermanagh
30 June 1976

Shaw's Bridge, Belfast, County Antrim
12 July 1983

text: Lowest temperature[edit]

text:
°C
°F
Location
Date

Lowest (Scotland)
-27.2°C[1]
-17.0°F
Braemar, Aberdeenshire
11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982

Altnaharra, Sutherland
30 December 1995

Lowest (England)
-26.1°C[1]
-15.0°F
Newport, Shropshire
11 January 1982

Lowest (Wales)
-23.3°C
-9.9°F
Rhayader, Powys
21 January 1940

Lowest (Northern Ireland)
-18.7°C
-1.6°F
Castlederg, County Tyrone
24 December 2010

text: Rainfall[edit]

text:
Duration
Level
Location
Date

Highest 5-min total
Approx. 32 mm[1]
Preston, Lancashire
10 August 1893

Highest 30-min total
80 mm
Eskdalemuir, Dumfries and Galloway[2]
26 June 1953

Highest 60-min total
92 mm[1]
Maidenhead, Berkshire
12 July 1901

Highest 90-min total
117 mm[1]
Dunsop Valley, Lancashire
8 August 1967

Highest 120-min total
155 mm[1][3]
Hewenden Reservoir, West Yorkshire
11 June 1956

Highest 155-min total
169 mm[1]
Hampstead, London
14 August 1975

Highest 180-min total
178 mm[1]
Horncastle, Lincolnshire
7 October 1960

Highest 24-hour total (1800-1800)
341.4 mm[1]
Honister Pass, Cumbria
5 December 2015

Highest 24-hour total (0900-0900)
279 mm[1]
Martinstown, Dorset
18 July 1955

Highest 48-hour total (0900-0900)
405 mm
Thirlmere, Cumbria
4 to 5 December 2015

Highest 72-hour total (0900-0900)
456.4 mm
Seathwaite, Cumbria
17 to 19 November 2009

Highest 96-hour total (0900-0900)
495 mm
Seathwaite, Cumbria
16 to 19 November 2009

Highest Monthly Total
1396.4 mm
Crib Goch, Snowdon
1 to 31 December 2015

text: Sunshine[edit]

text:
Duration
Location
Date

Highest monthly total (England)[4]
383.9 hours
Eastbourne, Sussex
July 1911

Highest monthly total (Northern Ireland)[4]
298 hours
Mount Stewart, County Down
June 1940

Highest monthly total (Scotland)[4]
329.1 hours
Tiree, Argyll & Bute
May 1975

Highest monthly total (Wales)[4]
354.3 hours
Dale Fort, Pembrokeshire
July 1955

text: Wind speed[edit]

text:
Ground Level
Wind Speed
Location
Date

mph
km/h
knots

Low level
142
228
123[1]
Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire
13 February 1989

High level
173
278
150[1]
Cairn Gorm
20 March 1986

text: Shetland holds the unofficial British record for wind speed, which in 1962 was recorded at 177 mph (285 km/h) at RAF Saxa Vord.[5]

text: Atmospheric Pressure[edit]