document_title: Cruise ship

question_text: when did the first cruise ship set sail

question_tokens: when did the first cruise ship set sail

text: Cruise ship

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a shipping line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company.[5] It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837. In 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta.[5] The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.

text: P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, and P&O Cruises has been recognised as the world's oldest cruise line.[6] The company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of rapid expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger and more luxurious ships to serve the steadily expanding market. Notable ships of the era include the SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built with a total steel superstructure, and the SS Valetta built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.

text: Some sources[which?] mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italy), as the first cruise ship. She was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe. In just over three months, the ship sailed to Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna, Constantinople, delighting passengers with excursions and guided tours, dancing, card tables on the deck and parties on board. However, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour.

text: The cruise of the German ship Augusta Victoria in the Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March 1891, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife,[7] popularized the cruise to a wider market.[n 1] Christian Wilhelm Allers published an illustrated account of it as Backschisch (Baksheesh).

text: The first vessel built exclusively for luxury cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin, general manager of Hamburg-America Line. The ship was completed in 1900.[8]

text: The practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings. In the competition for passengers, ocean liners added luxuries — Titanic being the most famous example — such as fine dining, luxury services, and staterooms with finer appointments.[citation needed] In the late 19th century, Albert Ballin, director of the Hamburg-America Line, was the first to send his transatlantic ships out on long southern cruises during the worst of the winter season of the North Atlantic. Other companies followed suit. Some of them built specialized ships designed for easy transformation between summer crossings and winter cruising.[9]

text: In 1897, there were three luxury liners for transportation, for the Europe to North America trip. These were European-owned. In 1906, the number had increased to seven. The British Inman Line owned City of Paris,[10] the Cunard Line had Compania and Lucania.[11] The White Star Line owned Majestic[12] and Teutonic.[13] La Lorraine and La Savoie were owned by the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.[14]

text: From luxury ocean liners to "megaship" cruising[edit]

text: With the advent of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s, intercontinental travelers switched from ships to planes sending the ocean liner trade into a terminal decline. Certain characteristics of older ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising duties, such as high fuel consumption, deep draught preventing them from entering shallow ports, and cabins (often windowless) designed to maximize passenger numbers rather than comfort.

text: Ocean liner services aimed at passengers ceased in 1986, with the notable exception of transatlantic crossings operated by the British shipping company Cunard Line, catering to a niche market of those who appreciated the several days at sea. In an attempt to shift the focus of the market from passenger travel to cruising with entertainment value, Cunard Line pioneered the luxury cruise transatlantic service on board the Queen Elizabeth 2 ocean liner. International celebrities were hired to perform cabaret acts onboard and the crossing was advertised as a vacation in itself.

text: Queen Elizabeth 2 also inaugurated "one-class cruising" where all passengers received the same quality berthing and facilities. This revitalized the market as the appeal of luxury cruising began to catch on, on both sides of the Atlantic. The 1970s television series Love Boat, helped to popularize the concept as a romantic opportunity for couples.[15] Another ship to make this transition was SS Norway, originally the ocean liner SS France and later converted to cruising duties as the Caribbean's first "super-ship."

text: Contemporary cruise ships built in the late 1980s and later, such as Sovereign-class which broke the size record held for decades by Norway, showed characteristics of size and strength once reserved for ocean liners — some have undertaken regular scheduled transatlantic crossings.[2] The Sovereign-class ships were the first "megaships" to be built for the mass cruising market, they also were the first series of cruise ships to include a multi-story atrium with glass elevators. They also had a single deck devoted entirely to cabins with private balconies instead of oceanview cabins. Other cruise lines soon launched ships with similar attributes, such as the Fantasy-class, leading up to the Panamax-type Vista-class, designed such that two thirds of the oceanview staterooms have verandas. As the veranda suites were particularly lucrative for cruise lines, something which was lacking in older ocean liners, recent cruise ships have been designed to maximize such amenities and have been described as "balcony-laden floating condominiums."

text: Until 1975-1980, cruises offered shuffleboard, deck chairs, "drinks with umbrellas and little else for a few hundred passengers." After 1980, they offered increasing amenities. As of 2010, city-sized ships have dozens of amenities.[16]

text: There have been nine or more new cruise ships added every year since 2001, including the 11 members of the Vista-class, and all at 100,000 GT or greater. The only comparable ocean liner to be completed in recent years has been Cunard Line's Queen Mary 2 in 2004. Following the retirement of her running mate Queen Elizabeth 2 in November 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the only liner operating on transatlantic routes, though she also sees significant service on cruise routes.[3]

text: Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before being surpassed by Royal Caribbean International's Freedom-class vessels in 2006. The Freedom-class ships were in turn overtaken by RCI's Oasis-class vessels which entered service in 2009 and 2010.[17] A distinctive feature of Oasis-class ships is the split "open-atrium" structure, made possible by the hull's extraordinary width, with the 6-deck high "Central Park" and "Boardwalk" outdoor areas running down the middle of the ship and verandas on all decks.

text: In two short decades (1988-2009), the largest class cruise ships have grown a third longer (268 m to 360 m), almost doubled their widths (32.2 m to 60.5 m), doubled the total passengers (2,744 to 5,400), and tripled in weight (73,000 GT to 225,000 GT). Also, the "megaships" went from a single deck with verandas to all decks with verandas. Whereas the golden age of ocean liners has faded, the golden age of cruise ships may well be these recent decades and decades to come.[18]

text: Operators and cruise lines[edit]

text: Operators of cruise ships are known as cruise lines. A cruise line is a company that operates cruise ships and markets cruises to the public.[19] Cruise lines have a dual character; they are partly in the transportation business, and partly in the leisure entertainment business, a duality that carries down into the ships themselves, which have both a crew headed by the ship's captain, and a hospitality staff headed by the equivalent of a hotel manager. Among cruise lines, some are direct descendants of the traditional passenger shipping lines (such as Cunard), while others were founded from the 1960s specifically for cruising.

text: Historically, the cruise ship business has been volatile. The ships are large capital investments with high operating costs. A persistent decrease in bookings can put a company in financial jeopardy. Cruise lines have sold, renovated, or renamed their ships to keep up with travel trends. The cruise lines operate their ships virtually 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 52 weeks a year. A ship which is out of service for routine maintenance means the loss of tens of millions of dollars. If the maintenance is unscheduled, it can result, potentially, in thousands of dissatisfied customers.[20]

text: A wave of failures and consolidations in the 1990s has led to many cruise lines to be bought by much larger holding companies and to operate as "brands" within larger holding corporations, much as a large automobile company holding several makes of cars. Brands exist partly because of repeat customer loyalty, and also to offer different levels of quality and service. For instance, Carnival Corporation & plc owns both Carnival Cruise Line, whose former image were vessels that had a reputation as "party ships" for younger travelers, but have become large, modern, yet still profitable, and Holland America Line, whose ships cultivate an image of classic elegance. In 2004, Carnival Corporation had merged Cunard's headquarters with that of Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita, California so that administrative, financial and technology services could be combined, ending Cunard's history where it had operated as a standalone company (subsidiary) regardless of parent ownership.[21] However, Cunard did regain some independence in 2009 when its headquarters were moved to Carnival House in Southampton.[22]

text: The common practice in the cruise industry in listing cruise ship transfers[23] and orders[24] is to list the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, as the recipient cruise line of the sale, transfer, or new order. In other words, Carnival Cruise Line and Holland America Line. for example, are the cruise lines from this common industry practice point of view; whereas Carnival Corporation & plc and Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., for example, can be considered holding corporations of cruise lines. This industry practice of using the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, is also followed in the list of cruise lines and in member-based reviews of cruise lines.[25]

text: Some cruise lines have specialties; for example, Saga Cruises only allows passengers over 50 years old aboard their ships, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and Windstar Cruises only operate tall ships. Regent Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels—smaller than the "megaships" of Carnival and Royal Caribbean—designed such that 90% of their suites are balconies. Several specialty lines offer "expedition cruising" or only operate small ships, visiting certain destinations such as the Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galápagos Islands. John W. Brown, which formerly operated as part of the United States Merchant Marine during World War II before being converted to a museum ship, still gets underway several times a year for six-hour "Living History Cruises" that take the ship through Baltimore Harbor, down the Patapsco River, and into the Chesapeake Bay, and she is also the largest cruise ship operating under the American flag on the United States East Coast.[26]

text: Currently the five largest cruise line holding companies and operators in the world are Carnival Corporation & plc, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., Star Cruises (which owns 50% of Norwegian Cruise Line; NCL in its own right is the third largest line), MSC Cruises, and Louis Cruise Lines. Louis Cruises has largely grown its fleet through purchasing older second- or third-hand ships, while the other four operators have largely constructed their own vessels and combined own the majority of the "megaships".

text: Organization[edit]

text: Cruise ships are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. It is not uncommon for the most luxurious ships to have more crew and staff than passengers.

text: Dining[edit]

text: Dining on almost all cruise ships is included in the cruise price.

text: Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow diners to dine whenever they want. Having two dinner times allows the ship to have enough time and space to accommodate all of their guests. Having two different dinner services can cause some conflicts with some of the ship's events (such as shows and performances) for the late diners, but this problem is usually fixed by having a shorter version of the event take place before late dinner. Cunard Line ships maintain the class tradition of ocean liners and have separate dining rooms for different types of suites, while Celebrity Cruises and Princess Cruises have a standard dining room and "upgrade" specialty restaurants that require pre-booking and cover charges. Many cruises schedule one or more "formal dining" nights. Guests dress "formally", however that is defined for the ship, often suits and ties or even tuxedos for men, and formal dresses for women. The menu is more upscale than usual.

text: Besides the dining room, modern cruise ships often contain one or more casual buffet-style eateries, which may be open 24 hours and with menus that vary throughout the day to provide meals ranging from breakfast to late-night snacks. Ships also feature numerous bars and nightclubs for passenger entertainment; the majority of cruise lines do not include alcoholic beverages in their fares and passengers are expected to pay for drinks as they consume them. Most cruise lines also prohibit passengers from bringing aboard and consuming their own beverages, including alcohol, while aboard. Alcohol purchased duty-free is sealed and returned to passengers when they debark.

text: There is often a central galley responsible for serving all major restaurants aboard the ship, though specialty restaurants may have their own separate galleys.

text: As with any vessel, adequate provisioning is crucial, especially on a cruise ship serving several thousand meals at each seating. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and unload 3600 passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each cruise, for the Royal Princess.[27]

text: Other on-board facilities[edit]

text: Most modern cruise ships feature the following facilities:

text:
Casino — Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws
Shops — Only open when ship is at sea to avoid merchandising licensing and local taxes
Spa
Fitness center
Library
Theatre with Broadway-style shows
Cinema
Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool with water slides
Hot tub
Buffet restaurant
Lounges
Gym
Clubs
Basketball courts
Tennis courts
Pool tables
Ping pong tables
Infirmary

text: Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulator, miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts, chain restaurants and/or ropes obstacle courses.

text:
H2OZone aboard Freedom of the Seas

Promenade on the Allure of the Seas

Golf course on Brilliance of the Seas

Molecular Bar aboard the Celebrity Equinox before Christmas

Formal brunch aboard the Celebrity Equinox

Surf simulator on Oasis of the Seas

A junior suite on Radiance of the Seas

A luxury suite aboard the Celebrity Equinox

text: Crew[edit]

text: Crew is usually hired on three to eleven month contracts which may then be renewed as mutually agreed, which is based upon service ratings from passengers as well as the cyclical nature of the cruise line operator. Most staff work 77-hour work weeks for 10 months continuously followed by 2 months of vacation.[28][29]

text: There are no paid vacations or pensions for service, non-management crew, depending on the level of the position and the type of the contract. Non-service and management crew members get paid vacation, medical, retirement options, and can participate in the company's group insurance plan.

text: The direct salary is low for North American standards,[29] though restaurant staff have considerable earning potential from passenger tips. Crew members do not have any expenses while on board as food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are included. This makes a cruise ship career financially attractive enough to compensate for lack of employment benefits.[citation needed]

text: Living arrangements vary by cruise line, but mostly by shipboard position. In general two employees share a cabin with a shower, commode and a desk with a television set, while senior officers are assigned single cabins. There is a set of facilities for the crew separate from that of passengers, such as mess rooms and bars, recreation rooms, prayer rooms/mosques, and fitness center, with some larger ships even having a crew deck with a swimming pool and hot tubs.[30]

text: For the largest cruise operators, most "hotel staff" are hired from under-industrialized countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, and Central America. While several cruise lines are headquartered in the United States, like most international shipping company, ships are registered in countries including the Netherlands, the UK, the Bahamas, and Panama. The International Labour Organization's 2006 Maritime Labour Convention,[31] also known as the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights,"[32] provides comprehensive rights and protections for all crewmembers. The ILO sets rigorous standards regarding hours of work and rest, health and safety, and living conditions for crewmembers and requires governments to ensure ships are in compliance. For cruise routes around Hawaii, operators are required to register their ships in the United States and the crew is unionized, so these cruises are typically much more expensive than Caribbean and Mediterranean.[citation needed]

text: Business model[edit]

text: Most cruise lines since the 2000s have priced the cruising experience, to some extent, a la carte, as passengers spending aboard generates significantly more from ticket sales.[33] The passenger's ticket includes the stateroom accommodation, room service, unlimited meals in the main dining room (or main restaurant) and buffet, access to shows, and use of pool and gym facilities, while there is a daily gratuity charge to cover housekeeping and waiter service. However, there are extra charges for alcohol and soft drinks, official cruise photos, Internet and wi-fi access, and specialty restaurants; it has been reported that the casino and photos have high profit margins. Cruise lines earn significantly from selling onshore excursions (keeping 50 percent or more of what passengers spend for these tours) offered by local contractors.[33] In addition, cruise ships earn significant commissions for sales from onshore stores that are promoted on board as "preferred" (as much as 40 percent of gross sales). Facilitating this practice are modern cruise terminals with establishments of duty-free shops inside a perimeter accessible only by passengers and not locals.[33] Ports of call have often oriented their own businesses and facilities towards meeting the needs of visiting cruise ships. In one case, Icy Strait Point in Alaska, the entire destination was created explicitly and solely for cruise ship visitors.[34]

text: Travel to and from the port of departure are the passengers' responsibility, although purchasing a transfer pass from the cruise line for the trip between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee that the ship will not leave until the passenger is aboard. Similarly, if the passenger books a shore excursion with the cruise line and the tour runs late, the ship is obligated to remain until the passenger returns.[35]

text: Luxury cruise lines such as Regent Seven Seas Cruises and Crystal Cruises market their fares as "all-inclusive".[36] For example, base fare on Regent Seven Seas ships includes most alcoholic beverages onboard ship and most shore excursions in ports of call, as well as all gratuities that would normally be paid to hotel staff on the ship.[37] The fare may also include a one-night hotel stay before boarding, and airfare to and from the cruise's origin and destination ports.[37]

text: Ship naming[edit]

text: Older cruise ships have had multiple owners. it is usual for the transfer of ownership to entail a refitting and a name change. Some ships have had a dozen or more identities.

text: Many cruise lines have a common naming scheme they use for their ships. Some lines use their name as a prefix or suffix in the ship name (such as the prefixes of "Carnival", "AIDA", "Disney", or "Norwegian" and the suffix of "Princess"). Other lines use a unique word or phrase (such as the prefix of "Pacific" for P&O Cruises Australia or the suffixes of "of the Seas" for Royal Caribbean International or "-dam" for ships of the Holland America Line). The addition of these prefixes and suffixes allows multiple cruise lines to use the same popular ship names while maintaining a unique identifier for each ship.

text: Cruise ships utilization[edit]

text: Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several major wars, cruise ships have never been used as troop transport vessels. By contrast, ocean liners were often seen as the pride of their country and used to rival liners of other nations, and have been requisitioned during both World Wars and the Falklands War to transport soldiers and serve as hospital ships.[38][citation needed]

text: Cruise ships and former liners often find employment in applications other than those for which they were built. A shortage of hotel accommodation for the 2004 Summer Olympics led to a plan to moor a number of cruise ships in Athens to provide tourist accommodation.[citation needed]

text: On 1 September 2005, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) contracted three Carnival Cruise Lines vessels (Carnival Fantasy, the former Carnival Holiday, and the Carnival Sensation) to house Hurricane Katrina evacuees.[39]

text: In 2010, in response to the shutdown of UK airspace due to the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano, the newly completed Celebrity Eclipse was used to rescue 2000 British tourists stranded in Spain as an act of goodwill by the owners. The ship departed from Southampton for Bilbao on 21 April, and returned on 23 April.[40]

text: In 2017, cruise ships were used to help transport residents off of some Caribbean islands destroyed by hurricane Irma [2] as well as Puerto Rico residents displaced by hurricane Maria [3]

text: Regional industries[edit]

text: Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. Others operate elsewhere in places like Alaska, the South Pacific, the Baltic Sea and New England. A cruise ship that is moving from one of these regions to another will commonly operate a repositioning cruise while doing so. Expedition cruise lines, which usually operate small ships, visit certain more specialized destinations such as the Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galápagos Islands.

text: The number of cruise tourists worldwide in 2005 was estimated at some 14 million. The main region for cruising was North America (70% of cruises), where the Caribbean islands were the most popular destinations.

text: The second most popular region was continental Europe (13%), where the fastest growing segment is cruises in the Baltic Sea.[41] The most visited Baltic ports are Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki.[42] The seaport of St. Petersburg, the main Baltic port of call, received 426,500 passengers during the 2009 cruise season.[43]

text: According to 2010 CEMAR[44] statistics the Mediterranean cruise market is going through a fast and fundamental change; Italy has won prime position as a destination for European cruises, and destination for the whole of the Mediterranean basin. The most visited ports in Mediterranean Sea are Barcelona (Spain), Civitavecchia (Italy), Palma (Spain) and Venice (Italy).

text: 2013 saw the entrance of the first Chinese company into the cruise market. China's first luxury cruise ship, Henna, made her maiden voyage from Sanya Phoenix Island International Port in late January.[45]

text: Caribbean cruising industry[edit]

text: The Caribbean cruising industry is one of the largest in the world, responsible for over $2 billion in direct revenue to the Caribbean islands in 2012.[46] Over 45,000 people from the Caribbean are directly employed in the cruise industry.[46] An estimated 17,457,600 cruise passengers visited the islands in the 2011-2012 cruise year (May 2011 to April 2012.[46]) Cruise lines operating in the Caribbean include Royal Caribbean International, Princess Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America, P&O, Cunard, Crystal Cruises, Pullmantur Cruises and Norwegian Cruise Line. There are also smaller cruise lines that cater to a more intimate feeling among their guests. The three largest cruise operators are Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean International, and Star Cruises/Norwegian Cruise Lines.

text: Many American cruise lines to the Caribbean depart out of the Port of Miami, with "nearly one-third of the cruises sailing out of Miami in recent years."[47] Other cruise ships depart from Port Everglades (in Fort Lauderdale), Port Canaveral (approximately 45 miles (72 km) east of Orlando), New York, Tampa, Galveston, New Orleans, Cape Liberty, Baltimore, Jacksonville, Charleston, Norfolk, Mobile, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. Some UK cruise lines base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean season, operating direct charter flights out of the UK.

text: The busiest ports of call in the Caribbean for cruising in the 2013 year are listed below[48]

text:
Rank
Destination
Passenger Arrivals (2013)[48]

1
Bahamas
4,709,236

2
Cozumel, Mexico
2,751,178

3
United States Virgin Islands
1,998,579

4
Sint Maarten
1,779,384

5
Cayman Islands
1,375,872

6
Jamaica
1,288,184

7
Puerto Rico
1,176,343

8
Turks and Caicos Islands
778,920

9
Aruba
688,568

10
Belize
677,350

11
Haiti
643,634

12
Saint Kitts and Nevis
629,000

13
Curacao
610,186

14
Saint Lucia
594,118

15
Barbados
570,263

16
Antigua and Barbuda
533,993

17
Dominican Republic
423,910

18
British Virgin Islands
367,362

19
Bermuda
320,090

20
Dominica
230,588

21
Grenada
197,311

22
Martinique
103,770

23
Bonaire
96,818

24
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
82,974

text: Shipyards[edit]

text: The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by two European companies and one Asian company:

text:
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan.
Meyer Werft of Germany with two shipyards:

Meyer Werft of Germany.
Meyer Turku at Perno shipyard in Turku, Finland

Fincantieri of Italy.

text: A large number of cruise ships have been built by other shipyards, but no other individual yard has reached the large numbers of built ships achieved by the four above.

text: Safety[edit]

text: Security[edit]

text: As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not to mention a considerable amount of cash and jewelery on board (casino and shops), there have been several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, such as on the Seabourn Spirit and MSC Melody.[49][50]

text: As a result, cruise ships have implemented various security measures. While most merchant shipping firms have generally avoided arming crew or security guards for reasons of safety, liability and conformity with the laws of the countries where they dock, cruise ships have small arms (usually semi-automatic pistols) stored in a safe accessible only by the captain who distributes them to authorized personnel such as security or the master-at-arms. The ship's high-pressure fire hoses can be used to keep boarders at bay, and often the vessel itself can be maneuvered to ram pirate craft. A recent technology to deter pirates has been the LRAD or sonic cannon which was used in the successful defense of Seabourn Spirit.[50][51]

text: Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. "puffer machines"), to prevent weapons and contraband on board. Security has been considerably tightened since September 11, 2001, such that these measures are similar to airport security.

text: In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification card, which must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are not entitled to do so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship.[52] The Cruise Ship ID cards are also used as the passenger's room key. CCTV cameras are mounted frequently throughout the ship.

text: Stability[edit]

text: The design of cruise ships has changed dramatically during the past decades. One of the biggest changes has been moving the passenger cabins from inside the hull to the superstructure and adding individual balconies both due to customer demand and because, from a business standpoint, the cruise line can charge passengers much more than for inside staterooms. This has considerably increased the overall height of the ships, making them more susceptible to side wind and waves. As a result, there have been concerns about the stability of modern passenger ships especially in heavy weather. Because there is much more ship above the surface than beneath it, modern cruise ships may appear top-heavy to some.[53]

text: Despite the large superstructure, the center of mass of modern cruise ships is relatively low. This is due to large open spaces and the extensive use of aluminium, high-strength steel and other lightweight materials in the upper parts, and the fact that the heaviest components — engines, propellers, fuel tanks and such — are located in the lower parts of the ship. Thus, even though modern cruise ships may appear top-heavy, proper weight distribution ensures they are not.[54][55] Furthermore, large cruise ships also tend to be very wide, which considerably increases their initial stability by increasing the metacentric height.

text: Although most passenger ships utilize stabilizers to reduce rolling in heavy weather, they are only used for crew and passenger comfort and do not contribute to the overall intact stability of the vessel. The ships must fulfill all stability requirements even with the stabilizer fins retracted.[56]

text: Infections on cruise ships[edit]

text: Norovirus[edit]

text: Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries and is so widespread that only the common cold is reported more frequently.[57] Symptoms usually last between 1 and 3 days and generally resolve without treatment or long term consequences. The incubation period of the virus averages about 24 hours.[58]

text: In its coverage of a 2016 CDC study[1] regarding norovirus on cruise ships, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that, "Perceptions that cruise ships can be luxury breeding grounds for acute gastroenteritis outbreaks don't hold water. A recent CDC report showed that from 2008 to 2014, only 0.18% of more than 73 million cruise passengers and 0.15% of some 28 million crew members reported symptoms of the illness."

text: The estimated likelihood of contracting gastroenteritis from any cause on an average 7-day cruise is less than 1%.[59] In 2009, during which more than 13 million people took a cruise,[60] there were nine reported norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships.[61] Outbreak investigations by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have shown that transmission among cruise ship passengers is primarily person-to-person; potable water supplies have not been implicated. In 2009, ships undergoing unannounced inspections in U.S. ports received an average CDC Vessel Sanitation Program score of approximately 97 out of a total possible 100 points.[62] The minimum passing inspection score is 85.[62] Collaboration with the CDC's Vessel Sanitation Program and the development of Outbreak Prevention and Response Plans have helped to generally decrease the incidence of norovirus outbreaks on ships.[63] The CDC states that the reasons why noroviruses are associated with cruise ships is because "(1) Health officials track illness on cruise ships. So outbreaks are found and reported more quickly on a cruise ship than on land; (2) Close living quarters may increase the amount of group contact; and (3) New passenger arrivals may bring the virus to other passengers and crew."[64] Data for the year 2015 shows that there were just 11 outbreaks of norovirus illnesses on cruise ships.'[65]

text: Legionnaires' disease[edit]

text: Other pathogens which can colonise pools and spas including those on cruise ships include Legionella, the bacteriium which causes Legionnaires' disease. Legionella, and in particular the most virulent strain, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, can cause infections when inhaled as an aerosol or aspirated. Individuals who are immunocompromised and those with pre-existing chronic respiratory and cardiac disease are more susceptible. Legionnaires' has been infrequently associated with cruise ships.[66][67][68] The Cruise industry Vessel Sanitation Program has specific public health requirements to control and prevent Legionella.[69]

text: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)[edit]

text: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a form of E. coli and the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the developing world, as well as the most common cause of diarrhea for travelers to those areas.[70] Since 2008 there has been at least one reported incident each year of E. coli on international cruise ships reported to the Vessel Sanitation Program of the Centers for Disease Control, though there were none in 2015.[71] Causes of E. coli infection include the consumption of contaminated food and the ingestion of water in swimming pools contaminated by human waste.[72]

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: Some cruise lines, such as Cunard, are taking steps to reduce environmental impact by refraining from discharges (RMS Queen Mary 2 has a zero-discharge policy[74]) and reducing their CO2 output every year.[75]


document_title: Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award

question_text: who won mvp of mlb all star game

question_tokens: who won mvp of mlb all star game

root

text: List of winners[edit]

text:
Key

Year

Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball All-Star Game

Player (X)

Denotes winning player and number of times they had won the award at that point

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

^

Denotes player who is still active

*

Denotes year in which the award was shared

tag: table

text:
Year

Player

Team

League

Position

1962[a]

Maury Wills

Los Angeles Dodgers

National

Shortstop

1962[a]

Leon Wagner

Los Angeles Angels

American

Left fielder

1963

Willie Mays

San Francisco Giants

National

Center fielder

1964

Johnny Callison

Philadelphia Phillies

National

Right fielder

1965

Juan Marichal

San Francisco Giants

National

Pitcher

1966

Brooks Robinson

Baltimore Orioles

American

Third baseman

1967

Tony Pérez

Cincinnati Reds

National

Third baseman

1968

Willie Mays (2)

San Francisco Giants

National

Center fielder

1969

Willie McCovey

San Francisco Giants

National

First baseman

1970

Carl Yastrzemski

Boston Red Sox

American

Center fielder/First baseman

1971

Frank Robinson

Baltimore Orioles

American

Right fielder

1972

Joe Morgan

Cincinnati Reds

National

Second baseman

1973

Bobby Bonds

San Francisco Giants

National

Right fielder

1974

Steve Garvey

Los Angeles Dodgers

National

First baseman

1975*[b]

Bill Madlock

Chicago Cubs

National

Third baseman

1975*[b]

Jon Matlack

New York Mets

National

Pitcher

1976

George Foster

Cincinnati Reds

National

Left fielder

1977

Don Sutton

Los Angeles Dodgers

National

Pitcher

1978

Steve Garvey (2)

Los Angeles Dodgers

National

First baseman

1979

Dave Parker

Pittsburgh Pirates

National

Right fielder

1980

Ken Griffey, Sr.

Cincinnati Reds

National

Right fielder

1981

Gary Carter

Montreal Expos

National

Catcher

1982

Dave Concepción

Cincinnati Reds

National

Shortstop

1983

Fred Lynn

California Angels

American

Center fielder

1984

Gary Carter (2)

Montreal Expos

National

Catcher

1985

LaMarr Hoyt

San Diego Padres

National

Pitcher

1986

Roger Clemens

Boston Red Sox

American

Pitcher

1987

Tim Raines

Montreal Expos

National

Left fielder

1988

Terry Steinbach

Oakland Athletics

American

Catcher

1989

Bo Jackson

Kansas City Royals

American

Left fielder

1990

Julio Franco

Texas Rangers

American

Second baseman

1991

Cal Ripken Jr.

Baltimore Orioles

American

Shortstop

1992

Ken Griffey Jr.

Seattle Mariners

American

Center fielder

1993

Kirby Puckett

Minnesota Twins

American

Center fielder

1994

Fred McGriff

Atlanta Braves

National

First baseman

1995

Jeff Conine

Florida Marlins

National

Left fielder

1996

Mike Piazza

Los Angeles Dodgers

National

Catcher

1997

Sandy Alomar Jr.

Cleveland Indians

American

Catcher

1998

Roberto Alomar

Baltimore Orioles

American

Second baseman

1999

Pedro Martínez

Boston Red Sox

American

Pitcher

2000

Derek Jeter

New York Yankees

American

Shortstop

2001

Cal Ripken Jr. (2)

Baltimore Orioles

American

Shortstop/Third baseman[c]

2002[d]

—

—

—

—

2003

Garret Anderson

Anaheim Angels

American

Left fielder

2004

Alfonso Soriano

Texas Rangers

American

Left fielder

2005

Miguel Tejada

Baltimore Orioles

American

Shortstop

2006

Michael Young

Texas Rangers

American

Shortstop

2007

Ichiro Suzuki^

Seattle Mariners

American

Center fielder

2008

J. D. Drew

Boston Red Sox

American

Right fielder

2009

Carl Crawford

Tampa Bay Rays

American

Left fielder

2010

Brian McCann^

Atlanta Braves

National

Catcher

2011

Prince Fielder

Milwaukee Brewers

National

First baseman

2012

Melky Cabrera^

San Francisco Giants

National

Center fielder

2013

Mariano Rivera

New York Yankees

American

Pitcher

2014

Mike Trout^

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

American

Outfielder

2015

Mike Trout^ (2)

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

American

Outfielder

2016

Eric Hosmer^

Kansas City Royals

American

First baseman

2017

Robinson Canó^

Seattle Mariners

American

Second baseman

2018

Alex Bregman^

Houston Astros

American

Third baseman


document_title: Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who determines the number of justices on the supreme court

text: Nomination[edit]

text: Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:

tag: p

text: he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court...

text: Upon the election of a new President, incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court, considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role. Besides considering national figures whose views are well-known, they consider others who are less recognized. They go through published rulings, articles, speeches, and other background material to get an idea of candidates' values and views on constitutional issues. Age, health, race, gender, and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations. Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens, the President discusses the candidates with advisors. Senators also call the President with suggestions. After a first choice is decided, the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court. Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out. They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help. Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President. After making a final decision, the President calls the candidate, who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President's formal announcement.

text: Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views.[1] In many cases, however, a Justice's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated. A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge, but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court's history. Eisenhower later called the appointment "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made".[2] Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter, who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative; however, after becoming a Justice, his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum.

text: Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice, the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court. However, that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate.

text: Confirmation[edit]

text: In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special-interest groups, many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee, depending on whether the nominee's track record aligns with the group's views. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings, questioning nominees to determine their suitability. By convention, nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court. At the close of confirmation hearings, the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report.

text: The Committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent, beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated. Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition. The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter, who only addressed (at the Committee's request) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him.[3] The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan's confirmation, hence the decision to testify.[4][5]

text: Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture, which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987, when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork.

text: Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate. Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate. A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate, preventing a final vote on the nominee. President Lyndon Johnson's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President Donald Trump's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy.[6][7][8] This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.[9]

text: Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun, citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations.

text: The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination, which expires at the end of the session. For example, President Dwight Eisenhower's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia; the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump's appointment of Neil Gorsuch.[10]

text: Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, Justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, however, the process has taken much longer. According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months).[11][12] Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past.[13] The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism. For example, columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork's nomination "unjust" and, more generally, that the nomination process does "not delve deeply into the nominee's jurisprudential thinking."[14] Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left, middle, or right.[15] One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage; before 1925, nominees were never questioned;[16] after 1955, every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits (before 1980) to double digits today.[17] Another example of the politicization of the process was the Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination, which remained before the Senate far longer than any other nominee.

text: Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925:

text:
Year
Nominee
# Hours

1925
Harlan Fiske Stone
7000500000000000000♠5

1938
Felix Frankfurter
–

1955
John Marshall Harlan II
–

1957
William J. Brennan, Jr.
7000300000000000000♠3

1967
Thurgood Marshall
7000700000000000000♠7

1971
William H. Rehnquist
7000700000000000000♠7

1975
John Paul Stevens
7000600000000000000♠6

1981
Sandra Day O'Connor
7001120000000000000♠12

1987
Robert Bork (not confirmed)
7001300000000000000♠30

1987
Anthony Kennedy
7001110000000000000♠11

1990
David H. Souter
7001200000000000000♠20

1991
Clarence Thomas
7001250000000000000♠25

1993
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
7001200000000000000♠20

1994
Stephen G. Breyer
7001200000000000000♠20

2005
John G. Roberts, Jr.
7001200000000000000♠20

2016
Merrick Garland (not confirmed)
5000000000000000000♠0

2017
Neil Gorsuch
7001200000000000000♠20

Sources: The New York Times (2005, 2009), MSNBC (2005)[3][4][17]

text: Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote, the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House.[18] The President then prepares and signs a commission, and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office.[19] The date of commission determines a Justice's seniority.[20] A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath, which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President, and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office.

text: Recess appointments[edit]

text: Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that:

text: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

text: Thus, when the Senate is in recess, the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval, including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court, without the Senate's advice and consent. Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session (always less than two years). To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service, the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment. No president since Dwight Eisenhower (who made three such appointments) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts. During the 110th Congress, the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions.

text: In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances.[21] Being a resolution, it has no legally binding effect, but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions. The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines.[21] [22]

text: Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court:[23]

text:
Justice
Appointed by
Date of
Appointment
Date of
Nomination
Date of
Senate action
Senate
action

Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson
Washington
000000001791-08-05-0000August 5, 1791
000000001791-10-31-0000October 31, 1791
000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791
Confirmed

Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
(as Chief Justice)
Washington
000000001795-07-01-0000July 1, 1795
000000001795-12-10-0000December 10, 1795
000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795
Rejected

Washington, BushrodBushrod Washington
J. Adams
000000001798-09-29-0000September 29, 1798
000000001798-12-19-0000December 19, 1798
000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798
Confirmed

Livingston, Henry BrockholstHenry Brockholst Livingston
Jefferson
000000001806-11-10-0000November 10, 1806
000000001806-12-15-0000December 15, 1806
000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806
Confirmed

Thompson, SmithSmith Thompson
Monroe
000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823
000000001823-12-05-0000December 5, 1823
000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823
Confirmed

McKinley, JohnJohn McKinley
Van Buren
000000001837-04-22-0000April 22, 1837
000000001837-09-18-0000September 18, 1837
000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837
Confirmed

Woodbury, LeviLevi Woodbury
Polk
000000001845-09-20-0000September 20, 1845
000000001845-12-23-0000December 23, 1845
000000001846-01-03-0000January 3, 1846
Confirmed

Curtis, Benjamin RobbinsBenjamin Robbins Curtis
Fillmore
000000001851-09-22-0000September 22, 1851
000000001851-12-11-0000December 11, 1851
000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851
Confirmed

Davis, DavidDavid Davis
Lincoln
000000001862-10-17-0000October 17, 1862
000000001862-12-01-0000December 1, 1862
000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862
Confirmed

Warren, EarlEarl Warren
(as Chief Justice)
Eisenhower
000000001953-10-02-0000October 2, 1953
000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954
000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954
Confirmed

Brennan, Jr., William J.William J. Brennan, Jr.
Eisenhower
000000001956-10-15-0000October 15, 1956
000000001957-01-14-0000January 14, 1957
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
Confirmed

Stewart, PotterPotter Stewart
Eisenhower
000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958
000000001959-01-17-0000January 17, 1959
000000001959-12-05-0000December 5, 1959
Confirmed

text: Tenure and vacancies[edit]

text: The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court. The Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior" (unless appointed during a Senate recess). The term "good behavior" is well understood to mean Justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, although they can voluntarily resign or retire. A Justice can also be removed by Congressional impeachment and conviction. However, only one Justice has been impeached by the House (Samuel Chase, in 1805) and he was acquitted in the Senate. Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently (for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, once in 1953 and again in 1970), but they have not reached a vote in the House. No mechanism presently exists for removing a Justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, both unable to resign and unable to resume service.[24]

text: Because Justices have indefinite tenure, it is impossible to know when a vacancy will next occur. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II, who retired within a week of each other. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (by death and retirement, respectively) in 2005 and 2006.

text: It is also theoretically possible for Congress to create additional vacancies by expanding the Court itself. The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court, but in Article III it authorizes the Congress to fix the number of justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices. As the country grew geographically, Congress increased the number of justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits. In 1807, the court was expanded to seven members, allowing Thomas Jefferson to appoint Thomas Todd as a new Justice. The expansion to nine members in 1837 allowed Andrew Jackson to appoint John Catron, and Martin Van Buren to appoint John McKinley; and the addition of a tenth seat in 1863 allowed Abraham Lincoln to name Stephen Johnson Field to the Court. However, at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act (1866) which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced; thus, the size of the Court should have eventually reached seven by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. However, this law did not play out to completion, for in the Judiciary Act of 1869,[25] also known as the Circuit Judges Act, the number of justices was again set at nine, where it has since remained. The new seat created in 1869 was filled the following year by Ulysses S. Grant's appointment of Joseph P. Bradley - the last justice to be appointed to a newly created seat on the Court.

text: President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937, seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement; under Roosevelt's proposal, such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices. Ostensibly, the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges, but the President's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation.[26] This plan, usually called the "Court-packing Plan", failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt.[27] The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice.[28]

text: Despite the variability, nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice. The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Jimmy Carter. Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor (John Tyler) made an appointment during that presidential term. Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term, although his successor (Millard Fillmore) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court, which Congress may dictate. Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency.


document_title: Paul "Jesus" Monroe

question_text: who plays the character jesus in the walking dead

text: Paul "Jesus" Monroe

text: Personality[edit]

text: Paul shares similarities with the biblical Jesus in his forgiving and open nature, as well as his long hair and beard. He is also shown to be extremely tactical, though sometimes letting his fury and emotions get the better of him. In addition to these, he has been shown to be a highly skilled combatant, being able to defeat his opponent while completely unarmed (instead using his hands and feet as a primary weapon). It can be assumed because of this that he has had formal training of a military and/or martial nature. He also has skills as an escape artist, and has shown himself to be a competent tracker.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Comic book series[edit]

text: Paul is introduced spying on the Alexandria Safe-Zone community shortly following the horde invasion. Paul is later attacked by Michonne and Abraham Ford where he easily immobilizes them. After insisting to meet Rick Grimes, he is knocked out and tied up. After the interrogations, Rick eventually decides to let Paul take him to Hilltop. On the way, Paul reveals that he could have escaped any time but remained there to see if Rick could be trusted. The two make up and continue their way. After reaching Hilltop, Paul defends Rick after he kills a citizen who has been sent by Negan to deliver a message. Paul then reveals to Rick and his group, that he and the rest of his people, have for months, been under siege by the Saviors. He attempts to track them back to their base, but is caught and chased back to the colony.[volume & issue needed]

text: In the aftermath of Glenn's death at the hands of Negan, he decides to join Rick in his fight against the Saviors and becomes a key member in Rick's decision-making committee. After Rick decides to let go of a captive Dwight, Rick tells Paul to follow him and see what they are up against, but to tell no one of their plans. After gearing up, Paul begins to follow Dwight, hoping to discover the Saviors base of operations. He is later ambushed by three Saviors. As he tries to fight off the Savior trio, he is subdued by one of the members. After being knocked to the floor, Paul is almost killed by the Saviors, however, he is saved by Dwight and another Savior, who tell Paul's attackers to stand down, as they have some "important" questions for Paul. Dwight and the other Savior tie Paul up and load him onto a jeep. They drive to Sanctuary, allowing Paul to get a good look at the area and he bails out of the jeep at the very last second, narrowly avoiding capture and reports it back to Rick. He introduces Rick to Ezekiel, the leader of the Kingdom, in the hopes of forming the three communities into standing against the Saviors. As he sneaks into the Hilltop to tell Maggie of Rick's plan, he learns that Kal betrayed him and ran off to inform the Saviors of their plan in which Jesus catches up to him and convinces him to change his mind. He continues to recruit members of the Hilltop, much to Gregory's dismay.[volume & issue needed]

text: Later, as Negan holds Rick, Nicholas, Heath & Holly hostage for attempting to kill him, Jesus arrives at the Safe Zone, hidden away from Negan and his men. He then grabs a Savior by his foot and trips him over. The Saviors open fire, but instead of hitting Paul they kill the Savior. Negan tells them to hold fire and at that moment Paul throws himself at the nearest Savior and orders Rick, Heath, Holly, and Nicholas into a trench. He proceeds to fight the Saviors until he works his way to Negan, whom he disarms and captures. Negan frantically tells the Saviors to hold fire and Paul issues an order to let the survivors go and threatens to kill Negan. He tells Paul that even if he were to succeed, the Saviors would still open fire and kill Paul. However it is revealed that Paul's intentions were to stall the Saviors until Ezekiel and his soldiers arrive. Jesus continues to aid Rick and Ezekiel in their fight against the Saviors until Negan is defeated.[volume & issue needed]

text: Two years after Negan's incarceration, Jesus acts as Maggie's second-in-command at the Hilltop, while still making periodical visits to Alexandria.[volume & issue needed] He is also in a relationship with Aaron.[1]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Robert Kirkman has confirmed that Jesus will recur in future seasons of the show.[2] In September 2015, Tom Payne was cast as Paul Monroe.[3]

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Jesus makes his debut in the episode "The Next World," first seen bumping into Rick who is on a supply run with Daryl. Jesus pulls a smooth-talking con on them, pick-pocketing keys from Rick and planting the idea of approaching walkers in their mind so that they react predictably when firecrackers he had set go off, allowing him to drive off with their truck of supplies. When attacked by Rick and Daryl later, Jesus is able to physically defend himself, displaying impressive combat abilities, though he surrenders when they threaten him at gunpoint. Jesus is bound at his wrists and ankles and left at the side of the road but in seconds is able to free himself and climb onto the truck unobserved. Later, when they realize he is on the truck and slam on the brakes, Jesus takes a considerable fall at speed but is immediately able to get up and run, outpacing Daryl who gives chase. Jesus gets into the truck where he is fought by Daryl, and grabs Daryl's gun in order to kill a walker that would have otherwise attacked Daryl from behind. Daryl pulls Jesus from the truck, which is accidentally released of its brakes, and Jesus is knocked unconscious in the process of the truck rolling backwards into a lake. Jesus is brought back to Alexandria and despite being bound in a locked room in a guarded house, Jesus is able to free himself and escape confinement without raising an alarm, and identify and infiltrate Rick's home where he asks to speak with Rick.

text: In the following episode, "Knots Untie", Jesus is humble about his impressive escape, saying that, "Knots untie, locks get picked, anarchy comes from order," suggestive of a philosophy that seeks harmony rather than control. While he was free, Jesus located, infiltrated and took an accounting of Alexandria's armory and food supplies, and an estimate of their population. Noting that they are low on provisions, he suggests they trade with his community and takes them to The Hilltop. When Gregory, The Hilltop's leader, tries to get the upper hand on the Alexandrians who might face starvation without their food, Jesus works his influence to convince The Hilltop that being charitable with the Alexandrians in their time of need and building a relationship of trust and respect will pay back far more in the future than this single exchange. Jesus also intercedes when Rick and his group stop an assassination attempt on Gregory instigated by Negan, preventing further bloodshed. The Hilltop has suffered considerably from The Saviors' extortions, and while they did not have enough fighters or ammunition to move against Negan and his gang, Jesus readily volunteers to join when Daryl and the group offers to take out Negan and rescue Craig, a Hilltop hostage.

text: In the episode "Not Tomorrow Yet", Jesus is shown to have joined Rick's attack on the Savior's compound. He later comforts Tara who is feeling guilty about lying to Denise and her experiences when she was last involved in an attack on a community of survivors. Jesus tells Tara that it is her love for Denise which gives her a reason to fight. When gunfire breaks out, Jesus and Tara both urge Andy and Craig to leave, to ensure The Hilltop is not connected to the attack on the Saviors, though Jesus dons his mask and rushes in with confidence that the Saviors will never see him. He is later seen saving Glenn and Heath from a dying Savior by shooting him before stating "So this is the next world."

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Jesus first appears in the fifth episode of the season, "Go Getters", where he attempts to comfort Maggie and Sasha (who are hiding in the Hilltop from Negan) on their lost loved ones. Gregory decides that the two of them must leave and when Jesus disagrees, Gregory states he is free to go with them. Sasha later tells Jesus that he should be in charge of the community, though he insists that he just tries to help, Sasha tells him he might have to do more. When the Hilltop is attacked by walkers let in by the Saviors, Jesus helps Sasha fend them off (once again showing off his impressive skills in hand-to hand combat) while Maggie destroys the car system drawing them in. The next day, Jesus continues to argue with Gregory as he refuses to turn away Maggie (who is pregnant) as well as Sasha as the two helped save them. When Simon, one of the head Saviors, arrives at the Hilltop, Gregory attempts to turn over the two, but is foiled by Jesus hiding them elsewhere. When confronted about it, Jesus tells him they are all staying and though he doesn't want to be in charge, Gregory won't be either. The episode ends with Jesus sneaking aboard one of the Savior's trucks in order to find Negan where he discovers Carl Grimes already there, bent on killing Negan. Jesus briefly appears in the following episode "Sing Me a Song", as he and Carl continue towards the Sanctuary. Jesus uses syrup from the supply shipment to mark a trail for them before suggesting they jump out and continue following on foot as "it's not the fall that gets you. It's fighting it." He then rolls from the truck only to see Carl did not follow him, much to Jesus's amusement. He is later seen on top of a truck as Carl leaves the Sanctuary. He is then seen in "Hearts Still Beating" where he finds Daryl inside the Sanctuary and helps him escape. Jesus is later seen watching Daryl and Maggie reunite with their friends and walks beside them as they go to plan for their fight against the Saviors. The following episode "Rock in the Road" shows Rick and Jesus failing to convince Gregory to fight the Saviors. They do find several members of the community who come forward to volunteer their help. As the group discusses strategies for beating the Saviors, Rick states they need more help, Jesus tells them he knows a group who can help. To this end he brings them to the Kingdom, a flourishing community that are also forced to serve the Saviors. Jesus is shown to be well known there and is on good terms with their leader, King Ezekiel. When Ezekiel refuses to join their fight, Jesus leaves with the others and later returns to the Hilltop with Sasha. "The Other Side" shows Jesus bonding with Maggie and revealing more of his past to her (including that he grew up in a corporal camp and that he is gay) and stating that she and Sasha help him feel more at home. He provides Sasha with a layout of the Sanctuary to help with her plans to kill Negan (though he disagrees with her decision). Jesus is later confronted by Gregory who states he has been shirking his scavenging/scouting duties and has too many people in his trailer. When Gregory mentions that he should show more respect or something may happen with the Saviors constantly coming around, Jesus quickly sees Gregory is threatening him. Gregory denies it, but also claims that he takes care of his friends and that the two of them are not friends. In "Something They Need", Jesus is part of the group Rick takes to a community called Oceanside with the intent of stealing their weapons. Their plan succeeds, but Jesus appears to be conflicted about their actions.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: Jesus will appear in Season 8.

text: Video game series[edit]

text: Jesus appears in the video game by Telltale Games' The Walking Dead: Season Three, which is set in the comic book universe. He displays many of the same characteristics, having escaped from ties and knowing martial arts. His attire closely resembles what he has worn in the television series, while his physical appearance matches his comic book counterpart.[4] He is voiced by actor Brandon Keener.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Weekly Crisis listed Jesus as #10 in their list of The Ten Best Characters in The Walking Dead, saying: "Being nicknamed after the son of God seems like one hell of an exaggeration, but Jesus has shown time and time again that he is a good, trusting man who just wants what’s best for everyone. The name fits. Even though we’ve only recently been introduced to him, Jesus is quickly showing himself to be one of the book’s greatest characters."[5]


document_title: List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel

question_text: who has the second largest military in the world

text: Guide to the list

text: The list consists of columns that can be sorted by clicking on the appropriate title:

text:
The names of the states, accompanied by their respective national flags.
The number of military personnel on active duty that are currently serving full-time in their military capacity.
The number of military personnel in the reserve forces that are not normally kept under arms, whose role is to be available to mobilize when necessary.
The number of personnel in paramilitary forces: armed units that are not considered part of a nation's formal military forces.
The total number of active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel.
The ratio per thousand inhabitants of total military (active, reserve, and paramilitary).
The ratio per thousand inhabitants of active military only.

tag: ul

text: As military forces around the world are constantly changing in size, no definitive list can ever be compiled.

text: Many of the 171 countries listed here, especially those with the highest number of total soldiers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam, include a large number of paramilitaries, civilians and policemen in their reserve personnel. Some countries, such as Italy and Japan, have only volunteers in their armed forces. Other countries, such as Mauritius and Panama, have no national armies, but only a paramilitary force.

text: List

text: The following list is sourced from the 2017 edition of "The Military Balance" published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

text:
Flag
Country
Active military
Reserve military
Paramilitary
Total
Per 1000 capita
(total)
Per 1000 capita
(active)

Afghanistan[1]
171,200
0
148,200
319,400
9.6
5.1

Albania[2]
8,000
0
500
8,500
2.8
2.6

Algeria[3]
130,000
150,000
187,200
467,200
11.6
3.2

Angola[4]
107,000
0
10,000
117,000
5.8
5.3

Antigua and Barbuda[5]
180
80
0
260
2.8
1.9

Argentina[6]
74,200
0
31,250
105,450
2.4
1.7

Armenia[7][Note 1][Note 2]
44,800
210,000
4,300
259,100
84.9
14.7

Australia[8]
57,800
21,100
0
78,900
3.4
2.5

Austria[9]
21,350
146,000
0
167,350
19.2
2.5

Azerbaijan[10]
66,950
300,000
15,000
381,950
38.7
6.8

Bahamas[11]
1,300
0
0
1,300
4
4

Bahrain[12]
8,200
0
11,260
19,460
14.1
5.9

Bangladesh[13]
157,050
0
63,900
220,950
1.4
1

Barbados[14]
610
430
0
1,040
3.6
2.1

Belarus[15]
62,000
344,750
150,000
556,750
58.2
6.5

Belgium[16]
29,600
6,750
0
36,350
3.2
2.6

Belize[17]
1,500
700
0
2,200
6.2
4.2

Benin[18]
7,250
0
2,500
9,750
0.9
0.7

Bolivia[19]
34,100
0
37,100
71,200
6.5
3.1

Bosnia and Herzegovina[20]
10,500
0
0
10,500
2.7
2.7

Botswana[21]
9,000
0
0
9,000
4.1
4.1

Brazil[22]
334,500
1,340,000
395,000
2,069,500
10.1
1.6

Brunei[23]
7,000
700
2,250
9,950
22.8
16

Bulgaria[24]
31,300
3,000
16,000
50,300
7
4.4

Burkina Faso[25]
11,200
0
250
11,450
0.6
0.6

Burundi[26]
30,000
0
21,000
51,000
4.6
2.7

Cambodia[27]
124,300
0
67,000
191,300
12
7.8

Cameroon[28]
14,400
0
9,000
23,400
1
0.6

Canada[29]
63,000
30,000
4,500
97,500
2.8
1.8

Cape Verde[30]
1,200
0
0
1,200
2.2
2.2

Central African Republic[31]
7,150
0
1,000
8,150
1.5
1.3

Chad[32]
30,350
0
9,500
39,850
3.4
2.6

Chile[33]
64,750
40,000
44,700
149,450
8.5
3.7

China[34]
2,183,000
510,000
660,000
3,353,000
2.4
1.6

Colombia[35]
293,200
34,950
187,900
516,050
10.9
6.2

Costa Rica[36]
0
0
9,800
9,800
2
0

Côte d'Ivoire[37]
25,400
0
0
25,400
1.1
1.1

Croatia[38]
15,550
0
3,000
18,550
4.3
3.6

Cuba[39][Note 3]
49,000
1,159,000
26,500
1,234,500
110.4
4.4

Cyprus[40]
12,000
50,000
750
62,750
52
10

Czech Republic[41]
21,950
0
3,100
25,050
2.3
2.1

Democratic Republic of the Congo[42]
134,250
0
0
134,250
1.7
1.7

Denmark[43]
16,600
45,700
0
62,300
11.1
3

Djibouti[44]
10,450
0
2,500
12,950
15.3
12.3

Dominican Republic[45]
56,050
0
15,000
71,050
6.7
5.3

Ecuador[46]
40,250
118,000
500
158,750
9.9
2.5

Egypt[47]
438,500
479,000
397,000
1,314,500
13.9
4.6

El Salvador[48]
24,500
9,900
17,000
51,400
8.3
4

Equatorial Guinea[49]
1,450
0
0
1,450
1.9
1.9

Eritrea[50]
201,750
120,000
0
321,750
54.8
34.4

Estonia[51]
6,400
12,000
15,800
34,200
27.2
5.1

Ethiopia[52]
138,000
0
0
138,000
1.3
1.3

Fiji[53]
3,500
6,000
0
9,500
10.4
3.8

Finland[54][55]
22,200
900,000
2,700
924,900
168.2
4

France[56]
202,950
68,100
103,400
374,450
5.6
3

Gabon[57]
4,700
0
2,000
6,700
3.9
2.7

Gambia[58]
800
0
0
800
0.4
0.4

Georgia[59]
20,650
0
5,400
26,050
5.3
4.2

Germany[60]
176,800
27,600
500
204,900
2.5
2.2

Ghana[61]
15,500
0
0
15,500
0.6
0.6

Greece[62]
142,950
220,500
4,000
367,450
34.1
13.3

Guatemala[63]
18,050
63,850
25,000
106,900
7
1.2

Guinea[64]
9,700
0
2,600
12,300
1
0.8

Guinea-Bissau[65]
4,450
0
0
4,450
2.5
2.5

Guyana[66]
3,400
670
0
4,070
5.5
4.6

Haiti[67]
70
0
50
120
0
0

Honduras[68]
10,700
60,000
8,000
78,700
8.8
1.2

Hungary[69]
26,500
44,000
12,000
82,500
8.4
2.7

Iceland[70]
0
0
250
250
0.7
0

India[71]
1,395,100
2,142,800
1,403,700
4,941,600
3.9
1.1

Indonesia[72]
395,500
400,000
280,000
1,075,500
4.2
1.5

Iran[73][Note 4]
523,000
350,000
40,000
913,000
11
6.3

Iraq[74]
64,000
0
145,000
209,000
5.5
1.7

Ireland[75]
9,100
2,630
0
11,730
2.4
1.8

Israel[76]
176,500
465,000
8,000
649,500
79.5
21.6

Italy[77][Note 5]
174,500
18,300
182,350
375,150
6.1
2.8

Jamaica[78]
3,450
980
0
4,430
1.5
1.2

Japan[79]
247,150
56,000
12,650
315,800
2.5
2

Jordan[80]
100,500
65,000
15,000
180,500
22.1
12.3

Kazakhstan[81]
39,000
0
31,500
70,500
3.8
2.1

Kenya[82]
24,100
0
5,000
29,100
0.6
0.5

Kosovo[83]
2,500
800
0
3,300
1.8
1.3

Kuwait[84]
15,500
23,700
7,100
46,300
16.3
5.5

Kyrgyzstan[85]
10,900
0
9,500
20,400
3.6
1.9

Laos[86]
29,100
0
100,000
129,100
18.4
4.1

Latvia[87]
5,310
7,850
0
13,160
6.7
2.7

Lebanon[88]
60,000
0
20,000
80,000
12.8
9.6

Lesotho[89]
2,000
0
0
2,000
1
1

Liberia[90]
2,050
0
0
2,050
0.5
0.5

Libya[91][Note 6]
0
0
0
0
0
0

Lithuania[92]
17,030
6,700
11,300
35,030
12.3
6

Luxembourg[93]
900
0
600
1,500
2.6
1.5

Madagascar[94]
13,500
0
8,100
21,600
0.9
0.6

Malawi[95]
5,300
0
1,500
6,800
0.4
0.3

Malaysia[96][Note 7]
109,000
51,600
269,300
429,900
13.9
3.5

Mali[97]
8,000
0
7,800
15,800
0.9
0.5

Malta[98]
1,950
180
0
2,130
5.1
4.7

Mauritania[99]
15,850
0
5,000
20,850
5.7
4.3

Mauritius[100]
0
0
2,550
2,550
1.9
0

Mexico[101]
277,150
81,500
58,900
417,550
3.4
2.3

Moldova[102]
5,150
58,000
2,400
65,550
18.7
1.5

Mongolia[103]
20,000
250,000
15,000
285,000
89.3
6.3

Montenegro[104]
1,950
0
10,100
12,050
18.7
3

Morocco[105]
195,800
150,000
50,000
395,800
11.8
5.8

Mozambique[106]
11,200
0
0
11,200
0.4
0.4

Myanmar[107]
406,000
0
107,250
513,250
9
7.1

Namibia[108]
9,900
0
6,000
15,900
6.8
4.2

Nepal[109]
96,600
0
62,000
158,600
5.5
3.3

Netherlands[110]
35,410
4,500
6,060
45,970
2.7
2.1

New Zealand[111]
8,950
2,200
0
11,150
2.5
2

Nicaragua[112]
12,000
0
0
12,000
2
2

Niger[113]
5,300
0
5,400
10,700
0.6
0.3

Nigeria[114]
118,000
0
82,000
200,000
1.1
0.6

North Korea[115][Note 8]
1,190,000
6,300,000
189,000
7,679,000
305.7
47.4

Norway[116]
24,950
45,590
0
70,540
13.4
4.7

Oman[117]
42,600
0
4,400
47,000
14
12.7

Pakistan[118]
653,800
0
282,000
935,800
4.6
3.2

Palestine[119][Note 9]

0
0

Panama[120]
0
0
22,050
22,050
6
0

Papua New Guinea[121]
1,900
0
0
1,900
0.3
0.3

Paraguay[122]
10,650
164,500
14,800
189,950
27.7
1.6

Peru[123]
81,000
188,000
77,000
346,000
11.3
2.6

Philippines[124]
125,000
131,000
90,500
346,500
3.4
1.2

Poland[125]
99,300
0
73,400
172,700
4.5
2.6

Portugal[126]
29,600
211,950
44,000
285,550
26.4
2.7

Qatar[127]
11,800
0
0
11,800
5.2
5.2

Republic of Macedonia[128]
8,000
4,850
0
12,850
6.1
3.8

Republic of the Congo[129]
10,000
0
2,000
12,000
2.5
2.1

Romania[130]
70,500
50,000
79,900
200,400
9.3
3.3

Russia[131][Note 10]
1,013,000
2,500,000
710,000
4,223,000
29.7
7.1

Rwanda[132]
33,000
0
2,000
35,000
2.7
2.5

Saudi Arabia[133]
227,000
0
24,500
251,500
8.9
8.1

Senegal[134]
13,600
0
5,000
18,600
1.3
0.9

Serbia[135]
28,150
50,150
0
78,300
11
3.9

Seychelles[136]
420
0
0
420
4.5
4.5

Sierra Leone[137]
8,500
0
0
8,500
1.4
1.4

Singapore[138]
72,500
312,500
119,100
504,100
87.2
12.5

Slovakia[139]
15,850
0
0
15,850
2.9
2.9

Slovenia[140]
7,250
1,760
5,950
14,960
7.6
3.7

Somalia[141]
19,800
0
0
19,800
1.8
1.8

South Africa[142]
67,100
15,050
0
82,150
1.5
1.2

South Korea[143]
630,000
7,500,000
4,500
8,134,500
159.7
12.4

Spain[144]
123,200
8,200
76,750
208,150
4.3
2.5

Sri Lanka[145]
243,000
35,900
62,200
341,100
15.3
10.9

South Sudan[146]
185,000
0
0
185,000
14.8
14.8

Sudan[147]
244,300
85,000
20,000
349,300
9.5
6.7

Suriname[148]
1,840
0
100
1,940
3.3
3.1

Sweden[149]
29,750
0
21,950
51,700
5.2
3

Switzerland[150]
20,950
144,270
74,000
239,220
29.2
2.6

Syria[151]
127,500
0
150,000
277,500
16.1
7.4

Taiwan[152]
215,000
1,657,000
17,000
1,889,000
80.5
9.2

Tajikistan[153]
8,800
0
7,500
16,300
2
1.1

Tanzania[154]
27,000
80,000
1,400
108,400
2.1
0.5

Thailand[155]
360,850
245,000
93,700
699,550
10.3
5.3

Timor Leste[156]
1,330
0
0
1,330
1.1
1.1

Togo[157]
8,550
0
750
9,300
1.2
1.1

Trinidad and Tobago[158]
4,050
0
0
4,050
3.3
3.3

Tunisia[159]
35,800
0
12,000
47,800
4.3
3.2

Turkey[160]
355,200
378,700
156,800
890,700
11.1
4.4

Turkmenistan[161]
36,500
0
0
36,500
6.9
6.9

Uganda[162]
45,000
10,000
1,400
56,400
1.5
1.2

Ukraine[163]
204,000
900,000
88,000
1,192,000
27
4.6

United Arab Emirates[164]
63,000
0
0
63,000
10.6
10.6

United Kingdom[165]
152,350
81,350
0
233,700
3.6
2.4

United States[166]
1,347,300
865,050
14,850
2,227,200
6.9
4.2

Uruguay[167]
24,650
0
800
25,450
7.6
7.4

Uzbekistan[168]
48,000
0
20,000
68,000
2.3
1.6

Venezuela[169]
115,000
8,000
0
123,000
4
3.7

Vietnam[170]
482,000
5,000,000
40,000
5,522,000
58
5.1

Yemen[171]
20,000
0
0
20,000
0.7
0.7

Zambia[172]
15,100
3,000
1,400
19,500
1.3
1

Zimbabwe[173]
29,000
0
21,800
50,800
3.5
2

text: Not included in the list are the militaries of Abkhazia, Andorra, Bhutan, Northern Cyprus, Maldives, Monaco, Artsakh, San Marino, Saint Kitts and Nevis, São Tomé and Príncipe, Somaliland, Swaziland, Tonga and Vanuatu.


document_title: Gone Home

question_text: who do you play as in gone home

question_tokens: who do you play as in gone home

text: Gone Home

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The player takes the role of Katie in the first-person view, who can view objects in the game using the mouse and move using the keyboard. There are no set goals in the game; however, the game encourages and rewards the player when they explore new areas of the house and search for new messages. Much of the interactivity rests upon looking at objects and notes within the house. In order to progress in the game, the player must find certain objects that unlock access to other parts of the house.

text: Plot[edit]

text: On June 7, 1995, 21-year-old Katie Greenbriar returns home from overseas to her family in Oregon: her father, Terry, a failed writer who makes a living reviewing home electronics; her mother, Janice, a wildlife conservationist who recently got promoted to director; and her 18-year-old sister Samantha. Upon arriving, she finds the house deserted, with a note on the door from Sam imploring Kaitlin not to investigate what happened.

text: Searching the house, Katie begins to piece together what happened during her absence: After moving in, Samantha found it difficult to adjust to her new high school, but eventually made friends with another girl, Yolanda "Lonnie" DeSoto, a JROTC-cadet. The two bonded over Street Fighter, punk rock, grunge and the burgeoning riot grrrl movement, and after sneaking off to a concert, the two became romantically involved. After various incidents at school, Sam's parents found out about her relationship, forbade Sam to close her bedroom doors while Lonnie was over, and are in denial that their daughter is a lesbian. As Lonnie was set to eventually ship out to begin her service, Sam was left distraught.

text: Two days after her farewell show, which coincides with the day of Kaitlin's homecoming, and the week when Sam's parents are going on vacation (which is revealed to actually be a counseling trip instead of being a camping trip, like they told others) Lonnie departs to her station, but eventually calls Sam from a payphone to tell her that she got off the bus in Salem and she wants them to be together. Sam's final journal entry to Katie explains that she packed up her things and took her car to find Lonnie, hoping to start a new life with her outside of Oregon.

text: Optionally, Katie can find various other clues that provide information on additional events that happened during the time: it is implied that Janice was beginning to have romantic feelings towards a subordinate, and that Terry was abused by Oscar Masan, his uncle and former owner of the house.

text: Development[edit]

text: Fullbright was founded in Portland by Steve Gaynor, Karla Zimonja, and Johnnemann Nordhagen as "The Fullbright Company". The three had previously worked together at 2K Games on BioShock 2: Minerva's Den. To reduce costs, the team moved into a house together and set up the office in the basement. Gone Home was Fullbright's first game, and taking into account their skills and financial constraints, the team decided upon a game with "no other people, no other characters, [just] you in a single environment".[3] Gaynor considered their previous work on the BioShock games as effectively the pre-production stage for Gone Home, allowing them to complete it within seventeen months; Gaynor noted that Minerva's Den was more focused on environmental storytelling than action-driven gameplay, and set the approach and necessary design elements they needed for Gone Home.[4]

text: Fullbright set the game in 1995 because they considered it the latest year in which technology had not made the majority of communication digital in nature.[1] The game was originally prototyped in Amnesia: The Dark Descent's HPL Engine 2 and the final game was made with the Unity game engine.[5]

text: The game features music from the riot grrrl bands Heavens to Betsy and Bratmobile.[6] After showing the game at Grrrl Front Fest, a Portland riot grrrl music festival, it attracted the attention of a local band, The Youngins, who went on to provide the music for Girlscout, the fictional band in the game.[3][7]

text: The game is accompanied by an original musical score composed by Chris Remo, featuring over 30 minutes of music that accompany the game's main exploration gameplay, with unique music also scored to each of the game's audio logs.[7]

text: A developer commentary mode was added to the game in October 2013.[8] On 4 March 2015, it was announced that the console version of the game had been canceled in the midst of its publisher's financial troubles.[9]

text: Withdrawal from PAX[edit]

text: In June 2013, Fullbright announced that they would not be showing Gone Home at the Indie MEGABOOTH showcase at PAX Prime, citing remarks from their convention organizers regarding LGBT issues and sexism.[10][11]

text: Console Edition[edit]

text: A console version of the game was in development by Midnight City; however, this was later canceled following Midnight City's closure in March 2015.[12]

text: On 7 December 2015 it was revealed that the long-forgotten console port had been scheduled for a release on 12 January 2016 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, co-developed by Majesco Entertainment. Holding the title Gone Home: Console Edition, it features enhanced graphics and audio, and was ported from Unity 4 to Unity 5 for maximum performance and look. Additionally, the Console Edition has been given enhanced controls especially for controller use, as the original PC version was created for keyboard, and not as well playable with a gamepad.[13]

text: The game was made one of the selected PlayStation Plus games for the month of June 2016. The game was made free from June 7 until July 5 for all subscribers to the service, available to keep as long as the subscriber has an active subscription.

text: In October 2017, the game was selected to be a part of Microsoft's Games with Gold program. The game was made free on Xbox One consoles throughout the month of October.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
87%[14]

Metacritic
86/100[15]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Adventure Gamers
4.5/5[16]

Edge
9/10[17]

Eurogamer
6/10[18]

Game Informer
8.5/10[19]

GameSpot
9.5/10[20]

Giant Bomb
5/5[21]

IGN
9.5/10[22]

PC Gamer (US)
85/100[23]

Polygon
10/10[24]

Financial Post
10/10[25]

The Daily Telegraph
4/5[26]

Awards

Publication
Award

BAFTA
Best Debut Game (2013)[27]

Polygon
Game of the Year (2013)[28]

text: Gone Home received very positive reviews from game journalists. At Metacritic, the game holds an 86/100 score based on 56 critic reviews.[15] At GameRankings, it maintains an 87.39% based on 33 critic reviews.[14]

text: Emily Morganti for Adventure Gamers commented that Gone Home had a "realistic, engrossing story that's beautifully told through environmental clues and audio narration" and that "many people read books for the opportunity to see life through someone else’s eyes, but it’s rare for a game to do it as well as this one does."[16] The Financial Post's Matthew Braga also noted that "This is a game that some will hold up as forward-thinking evidence in the ongoing debate of games-as-art", adding that the game was made to "plumb the depths of experience outside of gaming's typically targeted white, male, youthful core."[25] However, Eurogamer editor Oli Welsh stated "The Fullbright Company has built a fine house for intimate storytelling in games, but it hasn't found the story to live in it yet."[18]

text: On 11 September 2013, The Fullbright Company announced that the game had sold more than 50,000 copies.[29] On 7 February 2014, it was announced that the game has sold 250,000 copies.[30]

text: After Polygon's perfect 10/10 review of the game,[24] they gave it their Game of the Year 2013 award.[28]

text: The game won the 2013 British Academy Games Awards for best "Debut Game" while nominated for "Best Story".[27][31]


document_title: Shakespeare in Love (soundtrack)

question_text: who wrote the music for shakespeare in love

text: Shakespeare in Love (soundtrack)

text:
Shakespeare in Love

Soundtrack album by Stephen Warbeck

Released
1998

Genre
Soundtrack

Label
Sony Classical

Stephen Warbeck chronology

Electric Frank
(1998)Electric Frank1998
Shakespeare in Love
(1998)
Toy Boys
(1999)Toy Boys1999

text: Shakespeare in Love is the original soundtrack album, on the Sony Classical label, of the 1998 Academy Award-winning and Golden Globe-winning film Shakespeare in Love, starring Joseph Fiennes, Gwyneth Paltrow (who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as "Viola De Lesseps" in this film), Geoffrey Rush, Tom Wilkinson, Imelda Staunton, Ben Affleck and Judi Dench (who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as "Queen Elizabeth I" in this film). The original score and songs were composed by Stephen Warbeck.

text: The album won the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music (lost to the score of Elizabeth) and a Grammy Award: Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media (lost to the score of A Bug's Life).

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
1. The Beginning of the Partnership 2:00
2. Viola's Audition 3:21
3. A Plague of Both Your Houses 1:40
4. The De Lesseps' Dance 2:59
5. A Daughter's Duty :47
6. In Viola's Room 2:54
7. A New World 1:39
8. Love & the Rehearsal 4:19
9. The Arrival of Wessex 1:17
10. Greenwich :52
11. The Brawl 3:13
12. News of Marlowe's Death 2:52
13. Love & the End of the Tragedy 2:11
14. The Missing Scene 1:42
15. The Fight 2:20
16. The Play & the Marriage 2:09
17. Wessex Loses a Bride 1:51
18. The Prologue 1:30
19. The Play (Part 1) 2:25
20. The Play (Part 2) 3:56
21. Curtain Call 2:31
22. Farewell 1:30
23. The End 5:06
Total Time: 55:04

text:
Awards

Preceded by
The Full Monty
Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score
1998
Succeeded by
Best Original Score:
Le violon rouge
(The Red Violin)

text: Film soundtracks1998 soundtracks

text: Articles with hAudio microformatsAlbum infoboxes lacking a coverMusic infoboxes with deprecated parameters