document_title: Coal Miner's Daughter (film)

question_text: who played loretta lynn father in coal miner daughter

text: Coal Miner's Daughter (film)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: In 1945, 13-year-old Loretta Webb is one of eight children of Ted Webb, a Van Lear coal miner raising a family with his wife in the midst of grinding poverty in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky (pronounced by locals as "Butcher Holler").

text: In 1948, at the age of 15, Loretta marries 22-year-old Oliver "Mooney" (aka "Doo," short for "Doolittle") Lynn, becoming a mother of four by the time she is 19. The family moves to northern Washington State, where Doo works in the forest industry and Loretta sings occasionally at local honky-tonks on weekends. After some time, Loretta makes an occasional appearance on local radio.

text: By the time Loretta turns 25, Norm Burley, the owner of Zero Records, a small Canadian record label, hears Loretta sing during one of her early radio appearances. Burley gives the couple the money needed to travel to Los Angeles to cut a demo tape from which her first single, "I'm a Honky Tonk Girl," is made. After returning home from the sessions, Doo suggests he and Loretta go on a promotional tour to push the record. Doo shoots his own publicity photo for Loretta, and spends many late nights writing letters to show promoters and to radio disc jockeys all over the South. After Loretta receives an emergency phone call from her mother telling her that her father had died, she and Doo hit the road with records, photos, and their children. The two embark on an extensive promotional tour of radio stations across the South.

text: En route, and unbeknownst to the couple, Loretta's first single, "I'm a Honky Tonk Girl," hits the charts based on radio and jukebox plays, and earns her a spot on the Grand Ole Opry. In the summer of 1961, after seventeen straight weekly performances on the Opry, she is invited to sing at Ernest Tubb Record Shop's Midnite Jamboree after her performance that night. Country superstar Patsy Cline, one of Loretta's idols, who had recently been hospitalized from a near-fatal car wreck, inspires Loretta to dedicate Patsy's newest hit "I Fall to Pieces" to the singer herself as a musical get-well card. Cline listens to the broadcast that night from her hospital room and sends her husband Charlie Dick to Ernest Tubb Record Shop to fetch Loretta so the two can meet. A close friendship with Cline follows, which was abruptly ended by Cline's death in a plane crash on March 5, 1963.

text: The next few years are a whirlwind. The stress of extensive touring, keeping up her image, overwork, and trying to keep her marriage and family together cause Loretta a nervous breakdown, which she suffers onstage at the beginning of a concert. After a year off at her ranch, in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee, Loretta goes back on the road, returning to establish herself as the "First Lady of Country Music."

text: The film closes with Loretta recounting the story of her life through her 1970 hit song, "Coal Miner's Daughter", to a sold-out audience.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sissy Spacek as Loretta Lynn
Tommy Lee Jones as Doolittle Lynn
Beverly D'Angelo as Patsy Cline
Levon Helm as Ted Webb
Phyllis Boyens as Clara Ramey Webb, Loretta's mother
Bob Hannah as Charlie Dick
William Sanderson as Lee Dollarhide
Ernest Tubb as himself
Roy Acuff as himself
Minnie Pearl as herself

text: Production[edit]

text: Lynn personally chose Spacek to portray her, making the decision based on a photograph of the actress despite being unfamiliar with her films, a story Spacek recounts in an DVD audio commentary for the Collector's Edition of the film. Initially, Spacek was reluctant to participate, and asked to do her own singing in the film in hopes of scaring off the studio from pursuing her for the role. At the time that Lynn prematurely announced on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson that "Sissy Spacek is going to play me," the actress was torn between friends who advised her to do Lynn's film and those who advised her to choose instead a Nicolas Roeg project due to start filming at the same time. Talking it over with her mother-in-law that evening, Spacek was advised to pray for a sign, which she did. She and her husband subsequently went for a drive in his mother's car, where the radio was tuned to a classical music station that changed formats at sunset every evening. As the couple pulled out of the parking garage, the title line of the song "Coal Miner's Daughter" sallied forth from the radio.[4]

text: The film's soundtrack featured Spacek singing all of Lynn's hits sung in the movie, including "Coal Miner's Daughter".

text: In an interview with Merv Griffin broadcast November 7, 1978, Loretta Lynn said that Harrison Ford was originally cast.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: It has an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 16 reviews; the average rating is 8.3/10.[5] Variety called it "a thoughtful, endearing film charting the life of singer Loretta Lynn from the depths of poverty in rural Kentucky to her eventual rise to the title of 'queen of country music'."[6] Roger Ebert stated that the film "has been made with great taste and style; it's more intelligent and observant than movie biographies of singing stars used to be."[7]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Actress (Sissy Spacek), and was nominated for Best Art Direction (Art Direction: John W. Corso; Set Decoration: John M. Dwyer), Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing, Best Picture, Best Sound (Richard Portman, Roger Heman and James R. Alexander) and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.[8][9]

text: For her performance, Spacek won an Academy Award, as well as "Best Actress" awards from the Golden Globes, the National Board of Review, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, the New York Film Critics Circle, and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle. Her co-star Beverly D'Angelo, who played Loretta's mentor, Patsy Cline, also chose to do her own singing rather than lip-synching; she was nominated for a Golden Globe, as was Tommy Lee Jones.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Coal Miner's Daughter" – Nominated[10]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #70[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text:
This film was released on LaserDisc on two separate releases. The first release was in May 1980, and the extended play version was released in July 1981. These releases were both made by MCA DiscoVision.
The film was released in the VHS format in the 1980s by MCA Home Video and on March 1, 1992 by MCA/Universal Home Video.
On September 13, 2005, Universal released a 25th Anniversary Edition on DVD, in widescreen (1.85:1) format and featuring the music tracks remixed to 5.1 Dolby Digital stereo, leaving the dialogue and effects tracks as they were on the original mono soundtrack from 1980.
That same DVD was included in a 4-pack DVD set that also included Smokey and the Bandit, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Fried Green Tomatoes.
On January 7, 2014, Universal released the film on Blu-ray.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Coal Miner's Daughter: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
March 7, 1980

Recorded
1980
Bradley's Barn
(Mt. Juliet, Tennessee)[12]

Genre
Country

Label
MCA Nashville

Producer
Owen Bradley

tag: table

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[13]

text: Coal Miner's Daughter: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on March 7, 1980, under the MCA Nashville label.[14] It included music by Beverly D'Angelo, Levon Helm, and Sissy Spacek except for the "End Credits Medley" and material by other artists which were not under contract to MCA. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on January 11, 1982[15] and has been released on vinyl,[16] cassette tape,[17] and CD.[14] Levon Helm's Blue Moon of Kentucky was released as a single on 7" vinyl, both as a double-A-side and also with a non-album track also sung by Helm, Allen Toussaint's Working in the Coal Mine, on the B-side.[18]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length

1.
"The Titanic"
A.P. Carter, Sara Carter, Maybelle Carter
Sissy Spacek
2:29

2.
"Blue Moon of Kentucky"
Bill Monroe
Levon Helm
2:51

3.
"There He Goes"
Eddie Miller, Durwood Haddock, W.S. Stevenson
Sissy Spacek
2:11

4.
"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl"
Loretta Lynn
Sissy Spacek
2:22

5.
"Amazing Grace"
John Newton
Funeral Guests
2:08

6.
"Walkin' After Midnight"
Donn Hecht, Alan Block
Beverly D'Angelo
2:21

7.
"Crazy"
H.W. Nelson
Beverly D'Angelo
2:45

8.
"I Fall to Pieces"
Hank Cochran, Harlan Howard
Sissy Spacek
2:48

9.
"Sweet Dreams"
Don Gibson
Beverly D'Angelo
2:37

10.
"Back in Baby's Arms"
Bob Montgomery
Sissy Spacek, Beverly D'Angelo
2:10

11.
"One's on the Way"
Shel Silverstein
Sissy Spacek
2:42

12.
"You Ain't Woman Enough To Take My Man"
Lynn
Sissy Spacek
2:18

13.
"You're Lookin' at Country"
Lynn
Sissy Spacek
2:26

14.
"Coal Miner's Daughter"
Lynn
Sissy Spacek
3:04

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text:
Weekly charts

Chart (1980)
Peak
position

Canada Country Albums (RPM)[19]
1

Canada Top Albums (RPM)
23

US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
2

US Billboard 200
40

Certifications

Country
Certification

United States
Gold[15]

text:
Preceded by
Together by The Oak Ridge Boys
RPM Country Albums number-one album
May 10–31, 1980
Succeeded by
Together by The Oak Ridge Boys

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: On May 10, 2012, at the Grand Ole Opry, Lynn announced that Zooey Deschanel will play her in a Broadway musical adaptation.[20]

text: One episode of The Simpsons, entitled "Colonel Homer", is partly based on this film. The episode also stars Beverly D'Angelo as cocktail waitress Lurleen Lumpkin, who happens to have a beautiful country singing voice.


document_title: List of The Magic School Bus episodes

question_text: magic school bus how a plant makes food

question_tokens: magic school bus how a plant makes food

root

text: List of The Magic School Bus episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

13

September 10, 1994

December 3, 1994

2

13

September 9, 1995

December 2, 1995

3

13

September 14, 1996

December 25, 1996

4

13

September 13, 1997

December 6, 1997

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1994)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleTopicDirected byWritten byGuest starOriginal air date11"Gets Lost in Space"Solar SystemLawrence JacobsBrian Meehl & Jocelyn StevensonN/ASeptember 10, 1994 (1994-09-10)
Arnold's cousin Janet visits Ms. Frizzle's class to go on a field trip to the planetarium to watch a show about the solar system. When the planetarium is closed, Arnold suggests they go into outer space. The class explores Mercury, Venus, and Mars, while Janet collects proof of their voyage. In the asteroid belt, while Janet is trying to collect an asteroid as further proof, they lose Ms. Frizzle and find themselves lost in space.
22"For Lunch"DigestionLawrence JacobsEllen Schecter, Brian Meehl, John May & Jocelyn StevensonN/ASeptember 17, 1994 (1994-09-17)
Arnold really wants to break a school record, and to his surprise, finally gets his wish by staying at school with Liz while Ms. Frizzle takes the class on another weird field trip...without realizing he is the field trip.
33"Inside Ralphie"GermsLawrence JacobsJohn May & Jocelyn StevensonTyne DalySeptember 24, 1994 (1994-09-24)
The class needs Ralphie to give them a story idea for broadcast day, but Ralphie is sick. His mother (Tyne Daly), a doctor, refuses to allow him to go to school. When Ms. Frizzle says that there is an amazing battle going on inside him, the class decides broadcast day should be about whatever is making Ralphie sick. After shrinking and going into Ralphie's veins through a cut, the class travels to Ralphie's sore throat to see what is making him sick. Then, after they forget to stay out of the crossfire, his white blood cells see the bus as a threat and attempts to devour it.
44"Gets Eaten"Food chainLawrence JacobsJocelyn Stevenson & John MayN/AOctober 1, 1994 (1994-10-01)
Arnold and Keesha were supposed to do a "bring-in" of two beach things that go together for a report, but they had both completely forgotten about it. Keesha brought in a tuna fish sandwich, and Arnold brought the "scum" he got on his shoe when he stepped into a pond. The two have nothing in common...or do they?
55"Hops Home"Animal habitatsLawrence JacobsJocelyn StevensonN/AOctober 8, 1994 (1994-10-08)
Members of the class are bringing animals to school and Wanda has brought her frog named Bella. When Bella escapes, Wanda is determined to get her frog back. Ms. Frizzle takes the class to several different places, until they find a perfect frog habitat.
66"Meets the Rot Squad"DecompositionLawrence JacobsJohn May & Jocelyn StevensonEd Begley, Jr.October 15, 1994 (1994-10-15)
The class learns about what makes things rot by getting small enough to examine a rotting log up close when Wanda attempts to have the log removed to plant a new tree in its place. Also, Arnold wanted everyone to be part of the "Leave-The-Log-As-It-Is" club.
77"All Dried Up"Desert AdaptationLawrence JacobsBrian Meehl & Jocelyn StevensonN/AOctober 22, 1994 (1994-10-22)
Phoebe is worried about all the poor animals living in the desert. How will they ever survive? She decides to go to the desert in order to do something about it, and for once, Arnold is not complaining. (This is due to his Field Trip Survival Guide.)
88"In the Haunted House"SoundLawrence JacobsJohn May, Kristin Laskas Martin & Jocelyn StevensonCarol ChanningOctober 29, 1994 (1994-10-29)
Carlos invents a new instrument for the class concert at the "Sound Museum," but it sounds awful. When the bus breaks down, they miss the rehearsal, giving Carlos more time to perfect his instrument. But to do so, the class must learn how sound is made in the middle of the night in the Sound Museum itself, where they learn about the history of the museum.
99"Gets Ready, Set, Dough"Kitchen ChemistryLawrence JacobsBrian Meehl, John May & Jocelyn StevensonDom DeLuiseNovember 5, 1994 (1994-11-05)
Oops! On Ms. Frizzle's birthday, the kids in the class want to throw a surprise party for her, but they do not have a cake. The bus is acting up on their field trip to the bakery, and it shrinks. How will the kids make Ms. Frizzle a cake when they are around a millimeter tall?
1010"Plays Ball"ForcesLawrence JacobsJohn May, Brian Meehl & Jocelyn StevensonN/ANovember 12, 1994 (1994-11-12)
Dorothy Ann has brought a book about physics, but everyone else finds it boring. Ralphie borrows it from her to use it as a replacement for home plate, of which D.A. does not learn until they set off on a field trip. Ms. Frizzle decides to back up and get the book, but the bus shrinks and lands on page 97 which has a "frictionless" baseball field. The class soon learns that friction is needed for the simplest actions, from playing baseball to walking. However, when it comes time to leave, the book closes--and the kids and Ms. Frizzle get trapped in the book!
1111"Goes to Seed"SeedsLawrence JacobsRonnie Krauss, Brian Meehl & Jocelyn StevensonRobby BensonNovember 19, 1994 (1994-11-19)
The class is planting a garden, but Phoebe's plant is at her old school. The students decide to go there, but Phoebe is worried about Ms. Frizzle embarrassing her and her former teacher, Mr. Seedplot (Robby Benson).
1212"Gets Ants in Its Pants"AntsLawrence JacobsJocelyn Stevenson, Kristin Laskas Martin & Brian MeehlN/ANovember 26, 1994 (1994-11-26)
The class is going to make a movie about ants, and Keesha is the director. She finds an ant to be the star, but the ant runs away to an ant hill with hundreds of other ants, leaving Keesha increasingily frustrated at her inability to find an ant to serve as the focus of the movie.
1313"Kicks Up a Storm"WeatherLawrence JacobsJohn May, Brian Meehl & Jocelyn StevensonN/ADecember 3, 1994 (1994-12-03)
Ralphie decides to call himself WeatherMan, but this angers Keesha who claims he is not. She tells him the heat is getting to him, which makes Ralphie angry; so he decides to prove his worth by creating a thunderstorm. After he creates it, things go out of control.

text: Season 2 (1995)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleTopicDirected byWritten byGuest starOriginal airdate141"Blows Its Top"VolcanoesCharles E. BastienSean Kelly, George Arthur Bloom & Jocelyn StevensonN/ASeptember 9, 1995 (1995-09-09)
According to Ms. Frizzle, there is an island so new it still has yet to be discovered. Carlos wants to name it "Carlos Island," but Dorothy Ann has decided to get a name by looking in a book. However when they arrive, there is no island. Ms. Frizzle says it is because the island has not arrived yet. In the end, it turns out that the island was created by an underwater volcano.
152"Flexes Its Muscles"Body MechanicsCharles E. BastienJohn May, Jocelyn Stevenson & George Arthur BloomTony RandallSeptember 16, 1995 (1995-09-16)
The bus is acting up, so Ms. Frizzle decides to take it to the Body Shop for repairs, owned by R.U. Humerus (Tony Randall). Meanwhile, Ralphie has been dreaming what it would be like if he had a robot to do all his chores. So he and the rest of the class (minus Keesha) want to try building one using all the gadgets in the body shop. First, though, they will have to understand how bones and muscles work.
163"The Busasaurus"DinosaursCharles E. BastienRonnie Krauss, Brian Meehl & George Arthur BloomRita MorenoSeptember 23, 1995 (1995-09-23)
This is the cartoon version of The Magic School Bus In the Time of the Dinosaurs. (All the periods--Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous--are visited in the book, but time constraints forced the episode to be limited to showing only the Cretaceous Period.) In this episode, the kids visit Ms. Frizzle's old friend, Dr. Carmina Skeledon (Rita Moreno), at a dinosaur dig. Dr. Skeledon lets Arnold see a fossilized dinosaur egg as the kids are leaving, and he still has it when they go back in time. An Ornithomimus steals the egg, and both Arnold and Phoebe chase after it. The rest of the class is left to find them, and in the end, Arnold squares off with a T. rex after being grown. (It resembles the one shown in Jurassic Park.)
174"Going Batty"BatsCharles E. BastienRonnie Krauss, Brian Meehl & George Arthur BloomTyne Daly, Dana Elcar, Elliott Gould, Eartha Kitt, Edward James OlmosSeptember 30, 1995 (1995-09-30)
Ralphie is convinced that Ms. Frizzle is a vampire when she shows up outfitted in a cape, speaking with a Transylvanian accent, and moving and talking like a vampire. The Friz is now taking all the kids's parents on a little field trip and Ralphie is convinced she is going to do something horrible to them. This episode teaches that the majority of bats are not vampires, and that they are fascinating creatures.
185"Butterfly and the Bog Beast"ButterfliesCharles E. BastienBrian Meehl & George Arthur BloomN/AOctober 7, 1995 (1995-10-07)
The class needs a new mascot for their soccer team, the old mascot being so old that nobody even knows what it is anymore. Phoebe is convinced it should be the butterfly, but the rest of the class disagrees with this. Janet shows up again and convinces the class that their mascot should be the "Bog Beast." Since nobody seems to know what a bog beast is, the Friz takes the class on a trip to the swamp to find out.
196"Wet All Over"WaterCharles E. BastienJocelyn Stevenson, George Arthur Bloom & Kristin Laskas MartinN/AOctober 14, 1995 (1995-10-14)
The class is excited about going to Waterland. Wanda and Arnold are working on a project together and somehow Wanda convinces him to go to the girls' bathroom with her to get water. He accidentally leaves Ms. Frizzle's keys and Liz in the bathroom, and forgets to turn the water off. When they leave to go to Waterland, Ms. Frizzle instead uses a spare key which turns her, the spare key, the class and the bus into water.

Note: This episode can be seen as a sketch of the importance of Responsibility on the Kids for Character with Tom Selleck VHS.
207"In a Pickle"MicrobesCharles E. BastienJocelyn Stevenson, Brian Meehl & George Arthur BloomN/AOctober 21, 1995 (1995-10-21)
The kids have just come back from vacation and found that the vegetables that had won a contest have rotted. Keesha is particularly distressed, not because her first prize cucumber has rotted, but because it is gone and has been replaced with a pickle. Keesha reasons that the door to the classroom was locked over vacation and Ms. Frizzle had the key. To everyone's surprise, Ms. Frizzle admits that she did do something to Keesha's cucumber. The kids put Ms. Frizzle on trial and make Liz the judge. The Friz claims that Keesha’s cucumber was turned to a pickle by a group of microbes, which she nicknames "The Mike Robe Gang," and she takes the class on a field trip to prove it.
218"Revving Up"EnginesCharles E. BastienSean Kelly, Brian Meehl & George Arthur BloomSherman HemsleyOctober 28, 1995 (1995-10-28)
Mr. Junkett (Sherman Hemsley), a vehicle maintenance inspector, was so displeased when he inspected the Magic School Bus that he decides to take it to the junkyard to crush it. The Friz and the class have to do something to save their bus. Naturally, they have decided to shrink and go inside it. All the problems seem to be caused by peanut butter, as Mr. Junkett was eating a peanut butter sandwich while he was inspecting the bus.
229"Taking Flight"FlightCharles E. BastienKermit Frazier & George Arthur BloomN/ANovember 4, 1995 (1995-11-04)
Wanda and Tim have built a model airplane together for a model show. Ms. Frizzle decides to shrink the class, so they can fly in it. Tim, Phoebe and Liz stay on the ground to operate the remote control, at least until it gets smashed. The class learns all about flight. Meanwhile, Tim, Phoebe and Liz try to turn the bus into different airplanes (two of which cannot fly) to go rescue them.
2310"Getting Energized"EnergyCharles E. BastienBrian Meehl & George Arthur BloomN/ANovember 11, 1995 (1995-11-11)
At the Walkerville carnival the kids are running the Ferris wheel; however, it is unworkable for some reason. Mikey, Carlos's little brother, who uses a wheelchair, comes to the rescue. Since electric power will not work, they decide to use the energy of falling rocks. If the people ride in the one side of the Ferris wheel and the rocks land on the other, then it will cause the wheel to turn without hurting anyone. The problem is how to get the rocks to the Ferris wheel. Rachel makes a cameo, since she did not appear with Ms. Frizzle and her class.
2411"Out of This World"Space RocksCharles E. BastienLibby Hinson & George Arthur BloomSwoosie KurtzNovember 18, 1995 (1995-11-18)
Dorothy Ann has a nightmare about an asteroid crashing into Walkerville Elementary. She has also spotted an asteroid that will hit Earth in about five days and is worried that it will destroy her school to make her nightmare come true. To protect the school with her ideas, the class calls NASA, and has decided "to find it, follow it and finish it off," with a Star Trek theme. They also encounter a meteor and comet in this episode.
2512"Cold Feet"Warm/Cold-BloodedCharles E. BastienJocelyn Stevenson, John May & George Arthur BloomMichael YorkNovember 25, 1995 (1995-11-25)
Liz has disappeared and the trail leads to Herp Haven, which is some kind of spa for reptiles. There, they see a woman named Mrs. Westlake ask for her turtle to be "toasted and stuffed, just like the last one." The class has decided to lead a rescue mission to find Liz, on which they learn about reptiles and how they need to move from place to place to get comfortable because they are cold-blooded, which comes in handy, as Ms. Frizzle has turned them into some.
2613"Ups and Downs"Floating and sinkingCharles E. BastienBrian Meehl & George Arthur BloomCindy WilliamsDecember 2, 1995 (1995-12-02)
Talk show reporter Gerri Poveri is reporting that there is a monster in Walker Lake. The class is very eager (especially Wanda) to find it. Phoebe also wants to find the monster so she can feed it. However, the bus's automatic sinking button has broken. They will have to find some other way to get it to sink. They succeed by adding weight and "crumpling" the bus. However, at the bottom, they discover that the monster was a fake; Gerri Poveri made the story up to increase her ratings. Now they will have to make the bus float again, so they can tell the truth to the public.

text: Season 3 (1996)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleTopicDirected byWritten byGuest starOriginal airdate271"In a Beehive"HoneybeesCharles E. BastienDoug BoothN/ASeptember 14, 1996 (1996-09-14)
When Wanda and Tim were delivering honey from Tim's grandfather's bee farm, they encountered a bee flying around them, causing their cart to tip over, all of the jars fell and broke, and the honey flow down the storm drain. Desperate to replace the ruined honey, the class then learns about the lifecycle of bees to make more honey. When they accidentally lead a bear to the hive, the class ends up having to help the bees replace their lost supply of food as well as replacing Wanda's and Tim's merchandise. In the end, a customer tells them that the honey they made is the best-tasting yet.
282"In the Arctic"HeatCharles E. BastienBrian MeehlN/ASeptember 21, 1996 (1996-09-21)
Arnold wants to know what happened to the heat from his hot cocoa. Ms. Frizzle thinks it is fitting to learn about heat in the land of ice and cold, so she takes the class to the Arctic. However, she accidentally drives the bus into the water, and the bus freezes. But the bus gets washed out to sea. To make matters worse, the bus has been trapped on an ice floe with Phoebe, Ralphie and Liz. The class will have to get to the bus and heat it up to escape.
293"Spins a Web"SpidersCharles E. BastienRobert SchechterEd AsnerSeptember 28, 1996 (1996-09-28)
The class has gone to a drive-in movie to watch the black and white B-film Stand by Your Mantis from 1953 (a parody of the 1957 film The Deadly Mantis) featuring General Araneus (Ed Asner) who is attempting to destroy a giant praying mantis. Carlos and Phoebe are not enjoying it. Carlos hates insects--and spiders, and Phoebe is upset and declares that if she were in that movie, then she would trap the mantis, take it somewhere else, and free it. Naturally, this gives Ms. Frizzle an idea. So she drives the bus into the movie. General Araneus takes over the bus, kidnaps Liz, and pushes a button that makes the class go back out of the movie and shrink. He wants to use Liz as bait for the praying mantis. Outside the movie, the class encounter spiders a lot, and when Liz pushes a button that pulls them back in the movie, they apply what they have learned about spiders to stop the General from using Liz as praying mantis bait.
304"Under Construction"StructuresCharles E. BastienLibby HinsonRosalind ChaoOctober 5, 1996 (1996-10-05)
The class is going on a field trip to the new suspension bridge currently being constructed. However, there is a problem: Mrs. Li (Rosalind Chao) (Wanda's mother) needs Wanda to watch her little brother William until she gets off her business call. The class decided to watch William together. William, only an infant, accidentally uses the Porta-shrinker to size down the entire class (without Liz) and the bus and locks the class in the bathroom. The class uses the materials available to them to build structures to escape. This is the first episode where the bus does not transform in any way.
315"Gets a Bright Idea"LightCharles E. BastienRonnie KraussN/AOctober 12, 1996 (1996-10-12)
Janet  is disappointed by the all-school field trip to a light show, considering that she wanted to see a magic show. She tells the class she could do a magic trick, but she cannot because of the ghost that haunts the theater. When the class leaves the theater they find Arnold missing. When they enter the theater again, they see Arnold's "ghost." Keesha, the skeptic, is convinced that it is really a trick done by Janet to scare them. She soon finds out that Janet is using the Pepper's Ghost Effect to scare the class.
326"Shows and Tells"ArchaeologyCharles E. BastienJohn MayAlex TrebekOctober 19, 1996 (1996-10-19)
The class is on the international show and tell game show, one person shows and the other tells. Arnold will bring his rock collection and Dorothy Ann will be doing the "tell" part. However, Arnold arrives without his rock collection. He had found a strange object, which he thinks would work much better, but nobody even knows what it is. Ms. Frizzle then takes the class on field trip to find out. She turns the bus into Suppose-O-Tron, that can test their hypothesis.
337"Makes a Rainbow"ColorCharles E. BastienGeorge Arthur Bloom, Jocelyn StevensonPaul WinfieldOctober 26, 1996 (1996-10-26)
Ms. Frizzle and Liz have invented a magical pinball machine that uses light instead of balls. (The light travels much slower than in the real world.) The light goes through a prism and the player attempts to bounce the different colored beams of light into the appropriate eye, in order to "make the rainbow." Ms. Frizzle says if she fails to win the game, it will be taken away. The class decides to help, and they shrink the bus and go inside the machine. Mr. Ruhle, the principal, shows up, and Arnold tries to stall him.
348"Goes Upstream"Salmon migrationCharles E. BastienRonnie KraussN/ANovember 2, 1996 (1996-11-02)
Ralphie is wondering what happened to all the salmon. They need them for the school fish fry, but none of them are there. The Friz has decided to take the class on a field trip to find out. She turns the bus into a salmon and puts a compact disk in the bus that makes it think like a real salmon, so it will go wherever Ralphie's salmon went. However, when the bus starts migrating, Ralphie changes his mind about doing anything to find out what happened to the salmon. He, Keesha, Carlos, and Wanda attempt to stop it, but to no avail.
359"Works Out"CirculationCharles E. BastienJocelyn Stevenson, George Arthur Bloom, Robert SchecterDan MarinoNovember 9, 1996 (1996-11-09)
At this year's Teacherathalon, Ms. Frizzle is competing against Mr. Sinew, the gym teacher with giant muscles. Janet (from Gets Lost in Space, Butterfly And The Bog Beast, Gets A Bright Idea, and Goes Upstream) shows up again and supports Mr. Sinew (Dan Marino). The class is convinced that there is no way Ms. Frizzle can beat someone who can destroy shirts simply by flexing his muscles. Ralphie wants to know what lungs have to do with how your muscles work, so they go on a field trip inside the Friz herself.
3610"Gets Planted"PhotosynthesisCharles E. BastienRonnie KraussN/ANovember 16, 1996 (1996-11-16)
The class is performing a play of Jack and the Beanstalk. As Phoebe gets stage fright, she decides to make the props. However, there is problem with the beanstalk: She tried to grow a real one, but it did not work; so she tried to build one, but that did not work either. Naturally, the Friz turns her into a bean plant and Phoebe becomes shorter than Liz. However, no one is sure how plants get food.
3711"In the Rain Forest"Rainforest ecologyCharles E. BastienBrian MeehlMatt FrewerNovember 23, 1996 (1996-11-23)
The class has decided to give the Friz a present for Earth Day--a cocoa bean tree in the Amazon, as cocoa beans are used to make chocolate. The day just happens to be the day the first shipment reaches them, but for some reason, the tree has produced no cocoa beans. They go to the rainforest to find the reason and Ms. Frizzle makes Tim and Dorothy Ann "RFIs," or RainForest Investigators. Ms. Frizzle's tree is in a patch of the rainforest controlled by Inspector 47, who talks with a strong accent and runs around the rainforest in a white suit. He is very proud that he got rid of the mud in his patch of the rainforest; however, the class finds out, at the end, that the absence of the mud was what caused the absence of cocoa beans. The mud holes were where the insects that pollinated the cocoa pods lived, and it is revealed that Inspector 47 had covered the rainforest floor with artificial turf! They explain this to him and he decides to "rip up this filthy artificial turf with my bare hands."
3812"Rocks and Rolls"Water erosionCharles E. BastienJocelyn Stevenson, George Arthur Bloom, Robert B. SchechterJessica WalterNovember 30, 1996 (1996-11-30)
The class is sculpting a statue of Captain Walker, their city's founder. Captain Walker left instructions on how he wanted this statue sculpted in the form of a poem. Ms. Frizzle's class interprets the meaning--he wants it sculpted without the use of hands--a little too literally. However, the statue breaks off the top of the mountain, and falls down. The Friz turns the bus into a rock and follows. Water erosion reduces the statue to a head by the time they reach the bottom. Desperate to get to the ceremony, the bus cracks open a dam of rocks that has formed and slides down the mountain. However, they found that somehow they made the mountain into a statue of Captain Walker's head and realize that Captain Walker had wanted his statue sculpted through erosion!
3913"Family Holiday Special"RecyclingCharles E. BastienBrian Meehl, John MayDolly PartonDecember 25, 1996 (1996-12-25)
It is the day before the winter holidays, and the class is taking stuff to the recycling center, which is run by Murph (voiced by Dolly Parton), Ms. Frizzle's cousin. Wanda is going to see The Nutcracker and is bringing a toy soldier instead of taking money, as they are taking toys to give to homeless children. As usual, something goes wrong. Arnold mistakes the soldier for something being taken to the recycling plant and Wanda's soldier is turned into plastic pellets. Wanda angrily declares she wishes recycling had never been invented. Naturally, this gives the Friz an idea. She turn the bus into an anti-recycling machine, which changes the city to the way it would be without recycling. It cuts down the forest, and turns recycling trucks into garbage trucks. The kids are confused when it turns the swing set in the park into aluminum cans and such. Wanda is still pleased, since if recycling had never been invented, then her soldier would be still waiting for them in school. However the bus turns the school into a garbage dump when they get there. Finally, the bus "un-recycles" itself. Wanda then apologizes for having ever wanted to get rid of recycling, and wants it back. The Friz changes the bus so it changes everything back. Wanda makes new toy soldiers from the melted plastic pellets. Arnold has to leave for his sick grandma for Hanukkah. Soon, Arnold's classmates, Ms. Frizzle and Murph appear.

This episode aired as a special one-hour episode during its original airing. The first 30 minutes is the regular episode and the second half of the hour is a behind the scenes look of the series with the voice cast. For subsequent reruns, it aired as a regular 30 minute episode with the behind the scenes segment cut out. The home video release is also missing the behind the scenes segment and only features the 30 minute version seen in syndication.

text: Season 4 (1997)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleTopicDirected byWritten byGuest starOriginal airdate401"Meets Molly Cule"MoleculesLawrence JacobsRonnie KraussWynonna JuddSeptember 13, 1997 (1997-09-13)
Wanda's favorite music star, Molly Cule (voiced by Wynonna Judd), is coming to Walkerville. Wanda wants to have the great honor of washing her car. The class set up a car wash. Molly Cule miraculously chooses theirs over automatic car washes. The reason for this is explained when Molly Cule says that she cannot afford to have her hood ornament get wet. When Arnold asks what it's made of, she says, "That's my little secret, Sugar." She continues to call Arnold "Sugar" for the remainder of the episode. After they clean the car, she found a tiny blot of tar on the car using a "megamagnifier." The class shrinks down to the size of molecules to find it, and clean it off. However, when they get back Wanda accidentally knocks Molly's hood ornament into a bucket of water. It occurs to Arnold that her hood ornament is made from sugar, from what she said when he asked her what it was made from. The class shrinks down to the size of molecules to rebuild the hood ornament. After they start, the sugar molecules begin to crystallize, the ornament gets put back together before Molly returns. The class then gets to participate in Molly's concert.
412"Cracks a Yolk"EggsLawrence JacobsRonnie KraussPaul WinfieldSeptember 20, 1997 (1997-09-20)
Mr. Ruhle gives the class the task of caring of Giblets, his pet chicken. However, Giblets "flies the coop" and the class decides to get a new Rhode Island Red to replace Giblets. Naturally, they decide to hatch one from an egg. They learn on their trip that both a male and female chicken are needed to produce a chicken--though it is never explained how, (being a children's show). At the last minute Giblets returns, and Ms. Frizzle cracks, "I guess he who flies the coop can always fly back again."
423"Goes to Mussel Beach"Tidal zonesLawrence JacobsJohn, May, George Arthur Bloom, Jocelyn StevensonN/ASeptember 27, 1997 (1997-09-27)
The class has gone to the beach, but Ralphie insists on keeping the class in one spot, which the rest of the class think is the most rotten spot on the beach, being crowded with other people. Ralphie, however, insists that this is where they want to be. Ms. Frizzle hears that "Uncle Shelby" needs a special spot saved. Eager to get away from Ralphie's spot, the rest of the class agrees. However, they find the inhabitant of this spot is not a human; it is a mussel. They decide the middle tide zone is too crowded so they decide to find a spot. However, they find worse problems in the low tide zone and the high tide zone, so they eventually come back. When they get back to Ralphie, they try to apply what they have learned to convince him to change spots, but they discover that he did have his reasons for picking the spot-–the ice cream truck stops there!
434"Goes on Air"Air pressureLawrence JacobsBrain Meehl, George Arthur Bloom, Jocelyn StevensonN/AOctober 4, 1997 (1997-10-04)
For the Walkerville space capsule, Ms. Frizzle's class has to put in something on air. Keesha brings an "empty" pickle jar though, as she explains, "It's not empty; it's filled with air." The rest of the class believes this is extremely pathetic and Ms. Frizzle "accidentally" gets the entire class stuck inside the pickle jar. Conveniently, they have to use air to get out of the jar in time for the space capsule's liftoff. Carmen makes a cameo, since she did not appear with Ms. Frizzle and her class.
445"Gets Swamped"WetlandsLawrence JacobsGeorge Arthur Bloom, Robert B. SchechterN/AOctober 11, 1997 (1997-10-11)
Walkerville is debating whether to build a mall where the swamp is now, or to build it somewhere else. With the toss of a coin, Ms. Frizzle's class finds themselves defending the swamp and Janet arguing against them. However, the class finds out that the swamp is home to several organisms, an argument Janet finds little more than a joke, with which the city agrees. That is, until a tree gets knocked over by lightning, blocking off the swamp and flooding the city. After the crisis is resolved, the city realizes that if it were to build a mall on the swamp, then that mall would be washed away.
456"Goes Cellular"CellsLawrence JacobsJocelyn StevensonN/AOctober 18, 1997 (1997-10-18)
Arnold is about to have the honor of being the first kid to receive one of the Rocky Awards at the annual Granite Awards. However, he has an embarrassing predicament. For reasons that are never exactly explained, Arnold has eaten only Seaweedies for a month and has consequently turned orange. ("It's my favorite color; except when it's my own skin.") He then asks, "What's the difference between my skin and say, Phoebe's?" So, of course, the class goes on a field trip to compare their skin, but they get nowhere since none of Phoebe's cells are orange. The class has to learn about cells and how they get energy to solve the mystery before Arnold is forced to accept the award. It turns out the Seaweedies are high in carotene and Arnold's exclusive eating them has pigmented his skin.
467"Sees Stars"StarsLawrence JacobsNoel MacNealDabney ColemanOctober 25, 1997 (1997-10-25)
On Dorothy Ann's birthday, she has, unfortunately, been sick and has to stay home. The class does not know what to get D.A. as a present until they see Horace Scope (Dabney Coleman) on S.S.N., the "Star Shopping Network," who is selling the stars for seven dollars each. Tim reasons that if every student puts in a dollar, they will be able to buy Dorothy Ann a star and name it after her. However, Keesha refuses to put in her dollar, as her grandmother was once duped by a similar organization, the Home Mopping Network. Therefore Ms. Frizzle takes the class on a field trip to see the three stars being sold by Horace Scope for themselves.

This episode takes aim at the Home Shopping Network and the Quality, Value, And Convenience network.
478"Gains Weight"GravityLawrence JacobsGeorge Arthur BloomPaul WinfieldNovember 1, 1997 (1997-11-01)
Phoebe has been chosen to do a slam dunk for the whole school. But how can she, not being tall enough? She reasons that maybe if she just knew how it felt, then maybe she could do it. Therefore, Ms. Frizzle takes the class into outer space and transforms the school bus into a planet with adjustable gravity. With little gravity, Phoebe finds a slam dunk easy, but with no gravity it is impossible to even make the ball go through the basket. However, when the lever accidentally falls into the position of heavy gravity, the class has trouble even standing up! They will have to restore the gravity to normal so they can return to Earth in time for Phoebe's performance.
489"Makes a Stink"SmellLawrence JacobsGeorge Arthur BloomBebe NeuwirthNovember 8, 1997 (1997-11-08)
Flora Whiff (Bebe Neuwirth), the famous expert on smell--whose "nose knows"--comes to school to judge the First Annual Smell Search. Ms. Frizzle's class creates a unique smell which is bound to take first prize, but Arnold's cousin, Janet, determined to win by herself, evilly corrupts their smell to a stench that even a skunk would hate. The kids discover the secret to what makes things smell...now they have to make sure their creation will not make a big stink. Michael makes a cameo, since he did not appear with Ms. Frizzle and her class.

There is a big mistake in which Ralphie is talking using the voice of Arnold right after they get out of the trash.
4910"Gets Charged"ElectricityLawrence JacobsSuzanne Bolch, George Arthur Bloom, Jocelyn StevensonN/ANovember 15, 1997 (1997-11-15)
On Valentine's Day, the class is selling light bulbs as a fundraiser. They decide to go to Ms. Frizzle's house to see if she wants to buy some, but her doorbell is not working. Tim and Wanda go to find her, and they overhear her reading a "love letter." The class now has to fix the doorbell before Ms. Frizzle's "big connection" comes over.
5011"Gets Programmed"ComputersLawrence JacobsJohn May, Ronnie KraussMalcolm McDowell,Paul WinfieldNovember 22, 1997 (1997-11-22)
Mr. Rhule, the principal, gets a new computer, and Ms. Frizzle's class has the job of opening the school and set up his computer. Carlos's brother, Mikey (from Getting Energized), is a computer expert. After he sets the computer up to raise the flag, make the coffee in the teachers's lounge, and ring the bell, he goes on his own trip to see the inner workings of the computer. Carlos records his voice with a handheld microphone. As usual, something goes wrong, along with the replay of his recorded voice, and Mikey has set the computer to do the tasks every minute instead of everyday. Can the class get to Mikey to have him fix the problem?
5112"In the City"Urban wildlifeLawrence JacobsNoel MacNeal, George Arthur Bloom, Jocelyn StevensonN/ANovember 29, 1997 (1997-11-29)
On the class's first "normal" field trip to the zoo, they wonder how the animals could live in the city. Ms. Frizzle then turns the kids into various city animals (Tim, Arnold, and Phoebe into foxes; Ralphie, Wanda, and Keesha into possums; Dorothy Ann and Carlos into peregrine falcons, and Ms. Frizzle a raccoon), but the bus mistakes itself for a bear, and with Liz inside, leaves the class. Worse, the city authorities are after the bus, thinking that it is a lost animal needing to return home. Will the class make it to the bus in time, or will they be animals forever?
5213"Takes a Dive"SymbiosisLawrence JacobsJocelyn StevensonN/ADecember 6, 1997 (1997-12-06)
The series finale. For their coral reef projects, the class each worked in partners. Wanda hates partnership, and instead of working with her partner, Dorothy Ann, Wanda does her own project. Ms. Frizzle tells the class about her great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather, Redbeard the Pirate, leaving treasure in a coral reef, and Wanda, a wannabe pirate, wants to look for it. Ms. Frizzle tells them to go two-by-two with their partners, which Wanda teams up with Dorothy Ann, Keesha teams up with Ralphie, Tim teams up with Carlos, and Arnold teams up with Phoebe. They learn about mutualistic, symbiotic relationships in coral reefs, such as hermit crabs and sea anemones, snapping shrimp and gobie fish, sharks and remoras, etc. However, they are forced to work together when one part of the reef has been bleached out by none other than the treasure chest. They then go back to school, and open up the treasure chest, which has a portrait of Redbeard, and a model of the ship that can change shape much like the bus.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Videocassettes[edit]

text: These Videocassettes were released by KidVision and later Warner Home Media.

tag: p

text:
Gets Lost in Space (February 1, 1995)
For Lunch (February 1, 1995)
Inside Ralphie (June 13, 1995)
Gets Eaten (June 13, 1995)
Hops Home (June 13, 1995)
Inside the Haunted House (September 12, 1995)
Plays Ball (February 13, 1996)
Goes to Seed (February 13, 1996)
Kicks Up a Storm (February 13, 1996)
Blows its Top (October 1, 1996)
Going Batty (October 1, 1996)
The Busasaurus (April 15, 1997)
Taking Flight (April 15, 1997)
Flexes its Muscles (April 15, 1997)
Ready, Set, Dough (July 29, 1997)
Gets Ants in its Pants (July 29, 1997)
Getting Energized (February 17, 1998)
Out of this World (February 17, 1998)
Butterflies! (April 20, 1999)
In a Beehive (July 27, 1999)
Spins a Web (July 27, 1999)
Under Construction (April 25, 2000)
In the Rainforest (April 25, 2000)
Creepy Crawly Fun (August 8, 2000)
In a Pickle (August 8, 2000)
Gets Planted (July 3, 2001)
Makes a Rainbow (July 3, 2001)
Magic School Bus Holiday Special (October 8, 2002)

tag: ul

text: DVDs[edit]

text: Each DVD contains three 30-minute episodes of the series. The following is a list of episodes appearing on each DVD.

text:
The Magic School Bus – Bugs, Bugs, Bugs (September 28, 2004)
The Magic School Bus Gets Ants In Its Pants
Butterfly and the Bog Beast
The Magic School Bus In A Beehive
The Magic School Bus – Space Adventures (January 28, 2003)
The Magic School Bus Gets Lost In Space
The Magic School Bus Taking Flight
The Magic School Bus Out Of This World
The Magic School Bus – Human Body (September 6, 2005)
The Magic School Bus For Lunch
The Magic School Bus Inside Ralphie
The Magic School Bus Flexes Its Muscles
The Magic School Bus: Catches a Wave (September 6, 2005)
The Magic School Bus Wet All Over
Ups And Downs
The Magic School Bus Rocks And Rolls
The Magic School Bus – Super Sports Fun (September 28, 2004)
The Magic School Bus Plays Ball
The Magic School Bus Works Out
The Magic School Bus Shows And Tells
The Magic School Bus – Creepy, Crawly Fun! (8/20/2002)
The Magic School Bus In The Haunted House
The Magic School Bus Going Batty
The Magic School Bus Spins A Web
The Magic School Bus – Holiday Special (10/8/2002)
The Magic School Bus Holiday Special
The Magic School Bus In The Rainforest
The Magic School Bus All Dried Up
The Magic School Bus – Takes a Dive (9/26/2006)
The Magic School Bus Takes a Dive
The Magic School Bus Gets Swamped
The Magic School Bus Goes to Mussel Beach
The Magic School Bus – Sees Stars (9/26/2006)
The Magic School Bus Sees Stars
The Magic School Bus Gains Weight
The Magic School Bus Goes On Air
The Magic School Bus – The Complete Series (9/25/2012)
The Magic School Bus – All About Earth (10/1/2013)
The Magic School Bus Goes to Seed
The Magic School Bus Blows Its Top
The Magic School Bus Goes on Air

text:
hidevteThe Magic School BusBook series
In the Time of the Dinosaurs
At the Waterworks
Lost in the Solar System
TV series
The Magic School Bus
episodes
The Magic School Bus Rides Again
Video games
The Magic School Bus
Characters
List of The Magic School Bus characters
 Category

text: Lists of American children's animated television series episodesThe Magic School BusLists of Canadian animated television series episodes


document_title: Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)

question_text: when did the babylonian captivity take place quizlet

text: Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Siege of JerusalemPart of the Jewish–Babylonian war (601–586 BC)Date589 to 587 BCLocationJerusalemResult
Babylonian victory, destruction of Jerusalem, fall of Kingdom of JudahBelligerents
Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Babylonian EmpireCommanders and leaders
Zedekiah
Nebuchadnezzar IIStrength
Much fewer
UnknownCasualties and losses
Many slain, 4,200 others taken to captivity
Unknown

text:
showvteCampaigns of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Battle of Aphek
Battle of Michmash
Siege of Jebus
Battle of the Wood of Ephraim
Jeroboam's Revolt
Battle of Bitter Lakes
Sack of Jerusalem (10th century BC)
Battle of Mount Zemaraim
Battle of Zephath
Battle of Qarqar
Israelite–Aramean War
Syro-Ephraimite War
Sennacherib's campaign in Judah
Siege of Azekah
Siege of Lachish
Assyrian siege of Jerusalem
Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)
Jewish–Babylonian war
Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)
Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)

text:
showvteCampaigns of  Nebuchadnezzar II
Carchemish
Hamath
Gaza
1st Siege of Jerusalem
2nd Siege of Jerusalem

text: In 589 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II laid siege to Jerusalem, culminating in the destruction of the city and its temple in the summer of 587 or 586 BC.

text: Siege[edit]

text: Following the siege of 597 BC, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah as tributary king of Judah, at the age of 21. However, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon, and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra, the king of Egypt. Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah[1] and began a siege of Jerusalem in December 589 BC. During this siege, the duration of which was either 18 or 30 months,[2] the Bible describes the city as enduring horrible deprivation.[3] After completion of the eleventh year of Zedekiah's reign,[4] Nebuchadnezzar broke through Jerusalem's walls, conquering the city. Zedekiah and his followers attempted to escape but were captured on the plains of Jericho and taken to Riblah. There, after seeing his sons killed, Zedekiah was blinded, bound, and taken captive to Babylon,[5] where he remained a prisoner until his death.

text: After the fall of Jerusalem, the Babylonian general, Nebuzaraddan, was sent to complete its destruction. Jerusalem was plundered, and Solomon's Temple was destroyed. Most of the elite were taken into captivity in Babylon. The city was razed to the ground. Only a few people were permitted to remain to tend to the land.[6]

text: The Jew Gedaliah was made governor of the remnant of Judah, the Yehud Province, with a Chaldean guard stationed at Mizpah.[7] The Bible reports that, on hearing this news, Jews who had fled to Moab, Ammon, Edom, and in other countries returned to Judah.[8] Gedaliah was assassinated by Ishmael son of Nethaniah two months later, and the population that had remained and those who had returned then fled to Egypt for safety.[9] In Egypt, they settled in Migdol (it is uncertain where the Bible is referring to here, probably somewhere in the Nile Delta), Tahpanhes, Memphis (called Noph), and Pathros (the vicinity of Thebes).[10]

text: Chronological notes[edit]

text: There has been some debate as to when the second siege of Jerusalem took place. There is no dispute that Jerusalem fell the second time in the summer month of Tammuz (Jeremiah 52:6), but William F. Albright dates the end of Zedekiah's reign and the fall of Jerusalem to 587 BC, but Edwin R. Thiele offers 586 BC.[11]

text: Thiele's reckoning is based on the presentation of Zedekiah's reign on an accession basis, which he asserts was occasionally used for the kings of Judah. In that case, the year that Zedekiah came to the throne would be his zeroth year; his first full year would be 597/596 BC, and his eleventh year, the year that Jerusalem fell, would be 587/586 BC. Since Judah's regnal years were counted from Tishri in autumn, that would place the end of his reign and the capture of Jerusalem in the summer of 586 BC.[11][12]

text: The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle (BM 21946), published in 1956, indicates that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem the first time putting an end to the reign of Jehoaichin, on 2 Adar (16 March) 597 BC, in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year.[13] Jeremiah 52:28–29 gives the relative periods for the end of the two sieges as Nebuchadnezzar's seventh and eighteenth years, respectively. (The same periods are elsewhere described at 2 Kings 24:12 and 2 Kings 25:8 as Nebuchadnezzar's eighth and nineteenth years, including his accession year.) Identification of Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year for the end of the siege places the event in the summer of 587 BC.