document_title: Worst Cooks in America

question_text: winner of worst cooks in america season 4

text: Worst Cooks in America

text: History[edit]

text: The show premiered on January 3, 2010. The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Anne Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Anne Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence.

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text: Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs.

text: Recruits[edit]

text: Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America. Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website.[3][4] Chef Anne's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau's team was known as the Blue Team.

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Rachel Coleman
23
Brooklyn, New York
Marketing Website editor
Winner February 1

Jennifer "Jenny" Cross
21
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Waitress
Runner-up February 1

Jennifer "Jen" Vecchio
38
Cumberland, Rhode Island
Dance Studio Owner
Eliminated January 31

Eddie Chang
32
Jersey City, New Jersey
IT project manager

Marque Hernandez
41
Brea, California
Director of Clinical Operations
Eliminated January 24

Rebecca Hooper
43
Sandy, Utah
Salon Owner

Sophia Gettys
27
Aurora, Colorado
Stay-at-home Mom
Eliminated January 17

Susie Shoman
53
Georgetown, South Carolina
Grants administrator and entrepreneur

Kelly Johnson
31
Scottsdale, Arizona
Corporate litigation attorney
Eliminated January 10

David Summey
29
Charlotte, North Carolina
Salesman

Wilhelmina Josephine
29
Aliso Viejo, California
Insurance claims adjuster
Eliminated January 3

Hamed Hamad
24
North Hollywood, California
Journalist and fashion consultant

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Rachel

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WINNER

2

Jenny*

IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Jen

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Eddie

BTM
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

5

Marque

WIN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Rebecca

WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

7

Sophia*

IN
IN
IN
OUT

8

Susie

IN
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Kelly

IN
OUT

10

David

BTM
OUT

11

Wilhelmina

OUT

12

Hamed

OUT

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text: Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010.[5] The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2.[6] Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011.[7] In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Joshie Berger
36
Brooklyn, New York
Attorney
Winner February 20

Georgann "Georg" Coleman
38
Chicago, Illinois
Speech pathologist
Runner-up February 20

Carlos Manuel
28
Atlanta, Georgia
Banker
Eliminated February 13

Kelsey Milos
22
Kings, Illinois[disambiguation needed]
Hair stylist

Kat Rose
37
Newnan, Georgia
Stay-at-home mother
Eliminated February 6

Tyrone "Ty" Miller
33
Trenton, New Jersey
Property manager

Jennifer "Jen" MacLean
43
Sparta, New Jersey
Operating room nurse
Eliminated January 30

Kelly Gray
32
New York, New York
Aerobics instructor

Erika Rumsey
27
Elgin, Illinois
Account manager
Eliminated January 23

Anna Altomari
44
Aliso Viejo, California
RN Case manager

Priscilla Harden
60
Sugar Land, Texas
Retired teacher
Eliminated January 16

Matt Crespi
24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PhD Student

Anthony Scinto
32
Crestwood, Illinois
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated January 9

Jeff Longcor
25
Somerville, Massachusetts
Environmental contractor

Lina Yu
28
Arcadia, California
Production manager
Eliminated January 2

Eric Ricupero
34
Quincy, Massachusetts
Bar owner

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode

Rank
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Joshie

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
9th
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WINNER

2

Georg

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Carlos

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
6th
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Kelsey*

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
2nd
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Kat*

WIN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
OUT

6

Ty

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
3rd
IN
BTM
OUT

7

Jen

IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
7th
IN
OUT

8

Kelly

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
5th
WIN
OUT

9

Erika

BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
IN
8th
OUT

10

Anna

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
4th
OUT

11

Priscilla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

12

Matt

BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

13

Anthony

IN
IN
OUT

14

Jeff

IN
BTM
OUT

15

Lina

OUT

16

Eric

OUT

text: Differences between seasons 1 and 2[edit]

text: In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.

text: In the penultimate episode of the season, the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert. After this, in the first season, the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe. In the second one, the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs, and a special guest enjoyed a main dish.

text: After learning and replicating a dessert, the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest, usually a spouse or other family member. The first season’s main dishes were an improved version of the recruits’ audition meal. The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them.

text: Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant.

text: Season 3: 2012[edit]

text: Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3.[8][9]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kelli Powers
40
Los Angeles, California
Stay-at-home mother
Winner April 1

Vinnie Caligiuri
47
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mortgage broker
Runner-up April 1

Melissa Rhodes
28
Naples, Florida
Nursing Student
Eliminated March 25

David Shelton
26
Longview, Texas
Unemployed

Tiffany Michelle
27
Los Angeles, California
Poker player and actress
Eliminated March 18

Dorothy Strouhal
38
Cove, Texas
Make-up artist

Anthony Schiano
33
Massapequa, New York
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated March 11

Benjamin Dennis
37
Dallas, Texas
Stay-at-home father
Quit March 11

Sean "Bennett" Bennett
36
New York City
Automotive Spokesperson
Eliminated March 4

Sarina Weeraprajuk
31
West Covina, California
Wedding photographer

Erica Weidner
53
Long Beach, New York
Court Reporter Student
Eliminated February 26

Robert "Bob" Tamke
44
Massapequa Park, New York
DJ

Sherrill Moss-Solomon
55
New York, New York
Fundraiser
Eliminated February 19

Rachel Margolin
31
New York, New York
Night Club Promoter

Richard Chen
55
Queens, New York
Attorney
Eliminated February 12

Libby Floyd
46
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
ShopNBC host[10]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1

Kelli

WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Vinnie

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Melissa1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

David1

IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

5

Tiffany

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Dorothy

IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

7

Anthony

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

8

Benjamin

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN

QUIT

9

Bennett

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

10

Sarina

BTM
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Erica

IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

12

Bob

IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

13

Sherrill

IN
BTM
OUT

14

Rachel

BTM
BTM
OUT

15

Richard

OUT

16

Libby

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3, Team Bobby (blue team) won the first challenge, he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne (red team) to go to his team, and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team. He chose David to go to Team Anne's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne's team to join his team.

text: Season 4: 2013[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Alina Bolshakova
28
Riga, Latvia
Caretaker/Actress
Winner March 31

Rasheeda Brown
30
Germantown, Maryland
Correctional Officer
Runner-up March 31

Chet Pourciau
40
New Orleans, Louisiana
Interior Designer
Eliminated March 24

Suzanne "Sue" Mangogna
42
Northport, New York
Single Mother

Carla Johnson
47
Long Beach, California
Alcohol & Drug Counselor
Eliminated March 17

Michael Haydin
25
Rye Brook, New York
Accountant

Carrie Lee Riggins
32
Carmel, New York
Ballerina/Actress
Eliminated March 10

Crystal Lonneberg
30
Weehawken, New Jersey
Actress/Artist

Aadip Desai
36
Sacramento, California
Writer/Musician
Eliminated March 3

Alex Stein
26
Dallas, Texas
Bail Bondsman

Michael "Big Mike" Paul
24
Thomson, Georgia
Woodworker
Eliminated February 24

Robert "Dr. Bob" Schaefer
58
Pleasant Hill, California
Chiropractor

Tim Burger
42
Novi, Michigan
Former Marine
Eliminated February 17

Diana De Rosa
62
Huntington, New York
Photographer

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Alina

BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Rasheeda

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Chet

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Sue

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

5

Carla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

6

Michael

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Carrie Lee

IN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

8

Crystal

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

9

Aadip

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Alex

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Mike

IN
BTM
OUT

12

Bob

BTM
BTM
OUT

13

Tim

OUT

14

Diana

OUT

text: Season 5: 2014[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Amber Brauner
37
Redlands, California
Tattoo Artist
Winner March 31

Jamie Thomas
41
New York, New York
Flight Attendant
Runner-up March 31

Daniel "Danny" Beyda
43
Long Island, New York
Radiologist
Eliminated March 24

Mike Glazer
30
Chicago, Illinois
Writer

Carie Pullano-Keller
34
Chester, Virginia
Promotional Model
Eliminated March 17

Stephanie St. Aubin
26
Washington, DC
Secretary

Danielle Ruiz-Wiley
25
Staten Island, New York
Stay at Home Mom
Eliminated March 10

Carol Holder
64
New York, New York
Real Estate Broker

Joe Slaughter
28
Los Angeles, California
Actor/Dancer
Eliminated March 3

Ken Hsu
29
Seattle, Washington
Personal Trainer

Lance Green
31
New York, New York
Music Producer
Eliminated February 24

Benjamin "Benji" Hunter Brown III
29
Nashville, Tennessee
Live Music Booking Agent

Muneerah Warner
33
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Abstinence Advisor
Eliminated February 16

Casey Pentony
26
Hollywood, California
Nurse

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Amber

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Jamie

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Danny

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Mike

IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Carie1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Stephanie1

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Danielle

IN
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

8

Carol

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Joe

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

10

Ken

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Lance

BTM
IN
OUT

12

Benji

BTM
IN
OUT

13

Muneerah

OUT

14

Casey

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne (red team) won the first challenge, she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby (blue team) to go to her team, and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team. She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby's team to join her team.

text: Season 6: 2015[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers.[11] The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers,[12] with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers[13] and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers.[14] the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers. The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers.[15]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kristen Redmond
25
Austin, Texas
Singer/Songwriter
Winner February 15

Genique Freeman
33
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Esthetician
Runner-up February 15

Leopold "Leo" Nunan
36
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Performance Artist
Eliminated February 8

Sarah Bettendorf
33
Los Angeles, California
Art Teacher

Norman Wilson
46
Detroit, Michigan
Executive Protection
Eliminated February 1

Sharif Dean
27
Los Angeles, California
Personal Trainer

David Eric Rosenberg
51
Las Vegas, Nevada
Theatre Usher
Eliminated January 25

Kortni Montgomery
25
New Orleans, Louisiana
Customer Service Rep

Michael "Six" Muldoon
25
Queens, New York
Magician
Eliminated January 18

Mike Kennedy
45
Scottsdale, Arizona
Private Investigator

Stephanie Streisand*
25
Los Angeles, California
Writer
Withdrew January 11

Susie Babin
61
Bush, Louisiana
Retired
Eliminated January 11

Jason Dixon
30
Chicago, Illinois
Artist
Eliminated January 5

Christina Oster
38
Zion, Illinois
Single Mom

text: Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Kristen

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Genique

IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Leo

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

4

Sarah

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Norman

WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Sharif

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

David

BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

8

Kortni

BTM
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Six

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Mike

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

11

Stephanie

IN
IN
WDR

12

Susie

IN
BTM
OUT

13

Jason

OUT

14

Christina

OUT

text: Season 7: Celebrity Edition[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. Because this season had only 7 total recruits, each team's worst recruit from that week's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week. This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques (e.g. knife skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Jenni "JWoww" Farley
29
Reality Television Star
Winner October 28

Kendra Wilkinson
30
Former Playboy Model & Television Personality
Runner-up October 28

Ellen Cleghorne
49
Saturday Night Live Actress
Eliminated October 21

Barry Williams
60
The Brady Bunch Actor
Eliminated October 14

Chris Soules
33
The Bachelor Star
Eliminated October 7

Jaleel White
38
Actor & Television Host
Eliminated September 30

Dean Cain
48
Television Actor
Eliminated September 23

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Jenni

IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Kendra

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
BTM
RUNNER-UP

3

Ellen

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

4

Barry

BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Chris

WIN
IN
OUT

6

Jaleel

IN
OUT

7

Dean

OUT

text: Season 8: 2016[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Nick Slater
24
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Construction Worker
Winner February 14

Lawrence Crawford
26
Deptford, New Jersey
Army Combat Medic
Runner-up February 14

Ginny Meerman
50
Millersville, Maryland
Project Supervisor
Eliminated February 7

Taylor Hooper
24
Boston, Massachusetts
Marine Veteran

Holgie Forrester
66
Twentynine Palms, California
Retired/Actress
Eliminated January 31

Chanda Hvard
36
Chicago, Illinois
Real Estate Agent

Donna Koen
60
Newburyport, Massachusetts
Lunch Lady & Hairdresser
Eliminated January 24

Rachel Thomas
27
Tampa, Florida
Stay-at-Home Wife

Ernie Adkins
44
Mardela Springs, Maryland
Truck driver
Eliminated January 17

Glenda Galeano
40
Miami, Florida
Event Coordinator/Actress

Ty Snow
39
Pasadena, California
Special Education Teacher
Eliminated January 10

Cindy Nguyen
28
Las Vegas, Nevada
Bartender

David Fouts
42
Wales, Wisconsin
Senior Project Manager
Eliminated January 4

Jeni Erdman
51
Dousman, Wisconsin
Group Tour Coordinator

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Nick

WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
WINNER

2

Lawrence

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Ginny

WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Taylor

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
TIE
OUT

5

Holgie

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Chanda

BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Donna

IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

8

Rachel

BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Ernie

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

10

Glenda

IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Ty

IN
IN
OUT

12

Cindy

IN
IN
OUT

13

David

OUT

14

Jeni

OUT

text: Season 9: Celebrity Edition 2[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers.[16]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Loni Love
44
The Real Co-Host & Comedian
Winner November 2

Nicole Sullivan
46
Former MadTV Star, Comedian, & Actress
Runner-up November 2

John Henson
49
Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host
Eliminated October 26

Mike Situation Sorrentino
34
Reality Television Personality

Matt Dallas
33
Television Actor & YouTube Personality
Eliminated October 19

Mindy Cohn
50
The Facts of Life & Scooby-Doo Actress
Eliminated October 12

Tommy Davidson
52
Comedian & Actor
Eliminated September 28

Barbara Eden
85
Film & Television Actress (I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A.)
Eliminated September 21

Kenya Moore
45
Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star
Eliminated September 14

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Loni
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WINNER

2
Nicole
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3
John
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

4
Mike
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

5
Matt
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

6
Mindy
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
OUT

7
Tommy
IN
IN
OUT

8
Barbara
BTM
OUT

9
Kenya
OUT

text: Season 10: 2017[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017.[17]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Daniel Mar
35
Burbank, California
Photographer
Winner March 5

Ann Odogwu
34
Houston, Texas
Flight Attendant
Runner-Up March 5

Laura Docker
36
Fort Worth, Texas
Lawyer
Eliminated February 26

Mandy Thornton
24
Hanover, Massachusetts
Medical Assistant
Eliminated February 26

Adam Cooke
32
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Auto Mechanic
Eliminated February 19

Brittany Lenore
27
Chicago, Illinois
Spiritual Speaker
Eliminated February 19

Jeff West
36
Douglassville, Pennsylvania
Vending Machine President
Eliminated February 12

Kayla Kurtz
27
Kent, Ohio
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Maria Marcello
40
Torrance, California
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Matt Josephs
35
Richmond, Virginia
Sports Radio Producer
Eliminated January 22

Jake Michaels
21
Manteno, Illinois
Model & Singer
Eliminated January 15

Jetta Linda Ostrofsky
66
Sacramento, California
Retired
Eliminated January 15

Stephen Hawkins
67
Temecula, California
Retired
Eliminated January 8

Buffy Mykkanen
29
Portland, Oregon
Tech Support
Eliminated January 8

Cedrick Miller
22
El Paso, Texas
Cashier
Eliminated January 1

Lester Turchin
65
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Retired
Eliminated January 1

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Daniel

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WINNER

2

Ann

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
SAVE
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3

Mandy

IN
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Laura

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Brittany

WIN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Adam

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Jeff

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

8

Maria

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

9

Kayla

IN
IN
IN
TIE
SAVE
OUT

10

Matt

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Jetta

IN
IN
BTM
OUT

12

Jake

BTM
IN
IN
OUT

13

Stephen

BTM
IN
OUT

14

Buffy

IN
IN
OUT

15

Cedrick

OUT

16

Lester

OUT

text: In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home.

text: Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017[18] [19]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Perez Hilton
39
Gossip Blogger
Winner October 11

Melissa Peterman
46
Actress & Comedienne
Runner-up October 11

Nora Dunn
65
Actress & Comedienne
Eliminated October 4

Vivica A. Fox
53
Actress
Eliminated October 4

Sean Lowe
33
Reality Star
Eliminated September 27

Carmen Electra
45
Model & Actress
Withdrew September 13 due to injuries

Carson Kressley
47
TV Personality
Eliminated September 6

Erik Estrada
68
Star of CHiPs
Eliminated August 30

text: •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Perez
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2
Melissa
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
SAVE
IN
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3
Nora
SAVE
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4
Vivica
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
TIE
SAVE
IN
OUT

RTN
OUT

5
Sean
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

6
Carmen
BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WDR

7
Carson
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
OUT

8
Erik
IN
TIE
OUT


document_title: Ex post facto law

question_text: when was the ex post facto law created

question_tokens: when was the ex post facto law created

root

text: Ex post facto law

text: Ex post facto laws by country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australia has no strong constitutional prohibition on ex post facto laws, although narrowly retroactive laws might violate the constitutional separation of powers principle. Australian courts normally interpret statutes with a strong presumption that they do not apply retroactively.

tag: p

text: Retroactive laws designed to prosecute what was perceived to have been a blatantly unethical means of tax avoidance were passed in the early 1980s by the Fraser government (see Bottom of the harbour tax avoidance). Similarly, the retroactive effect of legislation criminalizing certain war crimes retroactively have been held to be constitutional (see Polyukhovich v Commonwealth).

text: The government will sometimes make a press release that it intends to change the tax law with effect from the date and time of the press release, before legislation is introduced into parliament.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: According to the 5th Article, section XXXVI of the Brazilian Constitution, laws cannot have "ex post facto" effects that affect acquired rights, accomplished juridical acts and res judicata.

text: The same article in section XL prohibits ex post facto criminal laws. Like France, there is an exception when retroactive criminal laws benefit the accused person.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, ex post facto criminal laws are constitutionally prohibited by paragraph 11(g) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Also, under paragraph 11(i) of the Charter, if the punishment for a crime has varied between the time the crime was committed and the time of sentencing following a conviction, the convicted person is entitled to the lesser punishment.

text: Because section 11 of the Charter is among the sections that can be overridden under section 33 (the notwithstanding clause), Parliament could in theory enact ex post facto laws by invoking section 33. However, the federal Parliament (which has the sole power to enact laws punishable for violation by two years or more in penitentiary) has never attempted to enact an ex post facto law (or any other law) using section 33.

text: It should be emphasized that the Charter prohibition applies only to criminal law. Changes to civil law in Canada can be, and occasionally are, enacted ex post facto. In one example, convicted murderer Colin Thatcher was ordered to forfeit proceeds from a book he had published (after being paroled from prison) under a Saskatchewan law. Although the law was passed long after Thatcher's murder conviction, the courts have ruled that such laws prescribe only civil penalties (as opposed to additional criminal penalties) and are thus not subject to Charter restrictions.

text: Finland[edit]

text: Generally, the Finnish legal system does not permit ex post facto laws, especially those that would expand criminal responsibility. They are not expressly forbidden but instead the ban is derived from more general legal principles and basic rights. In civil matters, such as taxation, ex post facto laws may be made in some circumstances.

text: However, there have been three exceptional instances when ex post facto criminal laws have been used in Finland.

text: Following the Finnish Civil War of 1918, the Parliament of Finland passed a law setting up tribunals to try suspected rebels. These tribunals issued death sentences in many cases, although very few of those accused could have committed a crime that carried the death penalty under Finnish law in force during the war. Several hundred people were executed under what was arguably an ex post facto legal arrangement. During the war, and before the tribunals were set up, thousands of people had been executed without trial by both sides.

text: After World War II, Finland was under pressure to convict political leaders whom the Allied powers considered responsible for Finnish involvement in the war. An ex post facto law was passed in the autumn of 1945 to permit prosecution for war responsibility, and eventually eight politicians were convicted.

text: In another post-war case, the weapons cache case, an ex post facto law was passed in 1947 so that military personnel could be prosecuted for unofficially preparing for guerrilla resistance in case of Soviet occupation.

text: France[edit]

text: In France, so-called "lois rétroactives" (retroactive laws) are technically prohibited by Article 2 of the Code Civil, which states that: "Legislation provides only for the future; it has no retrospective operation".[1] In practice however, since the Code Civil does not have the status of constitutional legislation and can therefore be overruled by subsequent laws, the Conseil Constitutionnel has determined that retroactive laws can be passed within certain limits – such as in the case of financial or tax legislation –, particularly where it is considered to be in the "general interest"; this has been demonstrated by a series of decisions handed down by the Conseil Constitutionnel concerning retroactive tax laws.[2]

text: However, in criminal law, ex post facto sanctions are effectively forbidden as per Article 112-1 of the French Penal Code, except in cases wherein the retroactive application benefits the accused person (called retroactivity "in mitius").[3] They are also considered unconstitutional, since the principle of non-retroactivity is laid down in Article 8 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which has constitutional status under French law.[4] The épuration légale trials held after the 1944 liberation of France introduced the status of indignité nationale for Nazi collaborators as a way to avoid ex port facto law.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Article 103 of the German basic law requires that an act may be punished only if it has already been punishable by law at the time it was committed (specifically: by written law, Germany following civil law).

text: Some scholars[who?] and politicians like Robert A. Taft, at the time U.S. Senator from Ohio, asserted that the Nuremberg Trials following World War II were based on ex post facto law, because the Allies did not negotiate the London Charter, defining crimes against humanity and creating the International Military Tribunal, until well after the acts charged. Others, including the International Military Tribunal, argued that the London Charter merely restated and provided jurisdiction to prosecute offenses that were already made unlawful by the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the Covenant of the League of Nations, and the various Hague Conventions.[citation needed]

text: The problem of ex post facto law was also relevant in the 1990s as there was a discussion about the trials against East German soldiers who killed fugitives on the Inner-German border (Mauerschützen-Prozesse - Wall-shooters'/ -guards' trials). German courts in these cases recurred to the Radbruch formula.[5]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In 2010, the parliament established a 98% punitive tax on any income over two million forints received either as a retirement package or as severance pay in the last five years in the government sector.[6]

text: India[edit]

text: In India, without using the expression "ex post facto law", the underlying principle has been adopted in the article 20(1) of the Indian Constitution in the following words:

text: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of commission of the offence.

text: Further, what article 20(1) prohibits is conviction and sentence under an ex post facto law for acts done prior thereto, but not the enactment or validity of such a law. There is, thus, a difference between the Indian and the American positions on this point; whereas in the United States, an ex post facto law is in itself invalid, it is not so in India. The courts may also interpret a law in such a manner that any objection against it of retrospective operation may be removed.[7]

text: An example for retrospective law in India is the Karnataka Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978[8] in the state of Karnataka.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The Indonesian constitution prohibits trying citizens under retroactive laws in any circumstance. This was tested in 2004 when the conviction of one of the Bali bombers under retroactive anti-terrorist legislation was quashed.[9]

text: Iran[edit]

text: Ex post facto laws, in all contexts, are prohibited by Article 169 (Chapter 11) of Iran's constitution.

text: Republic of Ireland[edit]

text: The imposition of retroactive criminal sanctions is prohibited by Article 15.5.1° of the Irish constitution. Retroactive changes of the civil law have also been found to violate the constitution when they would have resulted in the loss in a right to damages before the courts, the Irish Supreme Court having found that such a right is a constitutionally protected property right.

text: Israel[edit]

text: Israel enacted the 1950 "Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law" for the purpose of punishing acts that occurred during the Second World War, when Israel did not exist as a state. The law was used to punish Adolf Eichmann and others.

text: Italy[edit]

text: Article 25, paragraph 2, of the Italian Constitution, establishing that "nobody can be punished but according to a law come into force before the deed was committed", prohibits indictment pursuant a retroactive law. Article 11 of preliminary provisions to the Italian Civil Code and Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Statute of taxpayer's rights, prohibit retroactive laws on principle: such provisions can be derogated, however, by acts having force of the ordinary law; on the contrary, non-retroactivity in criminal law is thought absolute.[10]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Article 39 of the constitution of Japan prohibits the retroactive application of laws. Article 6 of Criminal Code of Japan further states that if a new law comes into force after the deed was committed, the lighter punishment must be given.

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: Lithuania has no constitutional prohibition on ex post facto laws. Retroactive criminal sanctions are prohibited by Article 2, Part 1 (Chapter 1) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. Retroactive administrative sanctions are prohibited by Article 8 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania.

text: Lithuanian lawyer Dainius Žalimas contends that there has been retroactive application of the law on Genocide (and subsequently adopted articles of the Criminal Code) against participants in Soviet repressions against Lithuanian guerilla fighters and their supporters, and gives examples of such decisions. The Article 99 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania was introduced only in September 26, 2000 and therefore can't be used in events of 1944-1953.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: According to the first and second paragraphs of the Article 14th of the Mexican Constitution, retroactive application of the law is prohibited if it is on detriment of a person rights. But the new law can be applied if it benefits the person.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Article 4 of the Law on General Provisions (in effect since 1838) states that "The law has no retroactive effect".[11]

text: Article 1 of Criminal Law states that no act is punishable without a pre-existing law, and that in the case an act was punishable but the law was changed after the criminal act the "most favorable" (to the suspect) of the two laws will apply.[12]

text: In Civil Law there is no such provision.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Section 7 of the Interpretation Act 1999 stipulates that enactments do not have retrospective effect. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 also affirms New Zealand's commitment to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with section 26 preventing the application of retroactive penalties. This is further reinforced under section 6(1) of the current Sentencing Act 2002 which provides, "[p]enal enactments not to have retrospective effect to disadvantage of offender" irrespective of any provision to the contrary.

text: Section 26 of the Bill of Rights and the previous sentencing legislation, the Criminal Justice Act 1985, caused significant digression among judges when the New Zealand Parliament introduced legislation that had the effect of enacting a retrospective penalty for crimes involving an element of home invasion. Ultimately, the discrepancy was restricted with what some labelled artificial logic in the cases of R v Pora and R v Poumako.

text: Norway[edit]

text: Article 97 of the Norwegian constitution prohibits any law to be given retroactive effect. The prohibition applies to both criminal and civil laws, but in some civil cases, only particularly unreasonable effects of retroactivity will be found unconstitutional.[13]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: Article 12 of the constitution of Pakistan prohibits any law to be given retroactive effect by stating:[14]

text:
12.1 - No law shall authorize the punishment of a person:-
12.1.a - for an act or omission that was not punishable by law at the time of the act or omission; or
12.1.b - for an offence by a penalty greater than, or of a kind different from, the penalty prescribed by law for that offence at the time the offence was committed.

tag: ul

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines categorically prohibits the passing of any ex post facto law. Article III (Bill of Rights), Section 22 specifically states: "No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted."

text: However, the Cybercrime Prevention Act, which went into effect on October 3, 2012, is criticized for being ex post facto.[15]

text: Poland[edit]

text: Retroactive application of law is prohibited by the Article 3 of the Polish civil code, and the legal rule prohibiting such retroactive application is commonly memorised as a Latin sentence Lex retro non agit ("A law does not apply retroactively"). The said article, however, allows retroactive application of an Act of Parliament if it is expressly understood from its text or purpose.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Article 18 of the Portuguese constitution forbids the retroactive application of any law the restricts right; article 29 of the Portuguese Constitution forbids retroactive application of criminal law; article 103 forbids the application of retroactive taxes.

text: Romania[edit]

text: Article 15 (2) of the Romanian constitution provides that the law shall only act for the future, except for the more favourable criminal or administrative law.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Ex post facto punishment in criminal and administrative law is prohibited by article 54 of the constitution; ex post facto tax laws by article 57 of the constitution.

text: Spain[edit]

text: Article 9.3 of the Spanish Constitution guarantees the principle of non-retroactivity of punitive provisions that are not favorable to or restrictive of individual rights. Therefore, "ex post facto" criminal laws or any other retroactive punitive provisions are constitutionally prohibited.

text: As well as Statute law mentioned above, this now also includes 'court-made law'. The Parot doctrine, in which terrorists were denied the right (enshrined in a 1973 Statute) to earn a reduction in the length of their sentences by a Spanish court ruling in 2006 was judged by the European Court of Human Rights to be contrary to relevant articles on retroactivity & liberty and security in 2013.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Section 35(3) of the South African Bill of Rights prohibits ex post facto criminal laws, except that acts which violated international law at the time they were committed may be prosecuted even if they were not illegal under national law at the time. It also prohibits retroactive increases of criminal punishments.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, retroactive penal sanctions and other retroactive legal effects of criminal acts due the State are prohibited by chapter 2, section 10 of the Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen). Retroactive taxes or charges are not prohibited, but they can have retroactive effect reaching back only to the time when a new tax bill was proposed by the government. The retroactive effect of a tax or charge thus reaches from that time until the bill is passed by the parliament.

text: As the Swedish Act of Succession was changed in 1979, and the throne was inherited regardless of sex, the inheritance right was withdrawn from all the descendants of Charles XIV John (king 1818-44) except the current king Carl XVI Gustaf. Thereby, the heir-apparent title was transferred from the new-born Prince Carl Philip to his older sister Crown Princess Victoria.

text: The Swedish Parliament voted in 2004 to abolish inheritance tax by January 1, 2005. However, in 2005 they retro-actively decided to move the date to December 17, 2004. The main reason was abolishing inheritance tax for the many Swedish victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which took place on December 26.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Ex post facto punishment is prohibited by Article 38 of the Constitution of Turkey. It states:

text:
c1. No one shall be punished for any act which does not constitute a criminal offence under the law in force at the time committed; no one shall be given a heavier penalty for an offence other than the penalty applicable at the time when the offence was committed.
c2. The provisions of the above paragraph shall also apply to the statute of limitations on offences and penalties and on the results of conviction.

text: Thus, the article does not prohibit in mitius laws, i.e. cases wherein the retroactive application benefits the accused person.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, ex post facto laws are frowned upon, but are permitted by virtue of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Historically, all acts of Parliament before 1793 were ex post facto legislation, inasmuch as their date of effect was the first day of the session in which they were passed. This situation was rectified by the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793.[citation needed]

text: Some laws are still passed retrospectively: e.g., the Pakistan Act 1990 (by which the United Kingdom amended its legislation consequent to the Commonwealth of Nations having re-admitted Pakistan as a member) was one such law; despite being passed on 29 June 1990, section 2 subsection 3 states that "This Act shall be deemed to have come into force on 1st October 1989", nine months before it was enacted.[16]

text: Retrospective criminal laws are prohibited by Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, to which the United Kingdom is a signatory, but several noted legal authorities have stated their opinion that parliamentary sovereignty takes priority even over this.[17][18] For example, the War Crimes Act 1991 created an ex post facto jurisdiction of British courts over war crimes committed during the Second World War. Another important example of a case which shows the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy in action is Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate, which retrospectively changed the law on compensation resulting from scorched earth actions in Burma during the war. More recently, the Police (Detention and Bail) Act 2011 retroactively overrode a controversial court judgment resulting from an error in the drafting of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 that would potentially have invalidated thousands of criminal convictions.

text: One example of an ex post facto criminal law in the UK is the Criminal Justice Act 2003. This law allows people acquitted for murder to be retried if there is “new, compelling, reliable and substantial evidence” that the acquitted person really was guilty. This Justice Act applies retroactively and can be used to re-prosecute people who were acquitted before the Criminal Justice Act went into effect in 2005, or even before the Criminal Justice Act was passed in 2003. As a result, the defendants who were acquitted in the murder of Stephen Lawrence were allowed to be retried, even though this murder occurred in 1993 and the defendants had been acquitted in 1996. Many people have criticized the Criminal Justice Act because of its essential abolition of prohibition against both ex post facto and double jeopardy laws[19]

text: Taxation law has on multiple occasions been changed to retrospectively disallow tax avoidance schemes.[20] The most significant example known concerns Double-taxation Treaty Arrangements where the Finance Act 2008 with BN66 retrospectively amended 1987 legislation creating large tax liabilities for 3,000 people where no liability existed before.

text: United States[edit]

text:
“
The sentiment the ex post facto laws are against natural right is so strong in the United States, that few, if any, of the State constitutions have failed to proscribe them. The federal constitution indeed interdicts them in criminal cases only; but they are equally unjust in civil as in criminal cases, and the omission of a caution which would have been right, does not justify the doing what is wrong. Nor ought it to be presumed that the legislature meant to use a phrase in an unjustifiable sense, if by rules of construction it can be ever strained to what is just.
”

—  Thomas Jefferson ,  Letter to Isaac McPherson, August 13, 1813

tag: table

text: In the United States, Congress is prohibited from passing ex post facto laws by clause 3 of Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution. The states are prohibited from passing ex post facto laws by clause 1 of Article I, Section 10. This is one of the relatively few restrictions that the United States Constitution made to both the power of the federal and state governments before the Fourteenth Amendment. Thomas Jefferson described them as "equally unjust in civil as in criminal cases". Over the years, however, when deciding ex post facto cases, the United States Supreme Court has referred repeatedly to its ruling in Calder v. Bull, in which Justice Samuel Chase held that the prohibition applied only to criminal matters, not civil matters, and established four categories of unconstitutional ex post facto laws.[21] The case dealt with the Article I, Section 10, prohibition on ex post facto laws, because it concerned a Connecticut state law.

text: Not all laws with retroactive effects have been held to be unconstitutional. One current U.S. law that has a retroactive effect is the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006. This law imposes new registration requirements on convicted sex offenders and also applies to offenders whose crimes were committed before the law was enacted.[22] The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Smith v. Doe (2003) that forcing sex offenders to register their whereabouts at regular intervals, and the posting of personal information about them on the Internet, do not violate the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws, because these laws do not impose any kind of punishment.[23][24]

text: In Starkey v. Oklahoma Department Of Corrections, the Supreme Court of the State of Oklahoma found the Oklahoma Sex Offender Registration Act, or SORA, to be punitive in nature, if not in intent. While the law in question has been ruled as not being retroactive in nature, the Oklahoma Department of Corrections had been applying the new legislation retroactively, and "also find the Department's retroactive application of the level assignment provisions of 57 O.S. Supp. 2007, 582.1 - 582.5, as amended, violates the ex post facto clause."[25]

text: Controversy has also arisen with regard to sexually violent predator (SVP) laws, which allow the indefinite commitment of a person with a mental abnormality which predisposes them to molest children. This issue arose in the case Kansas v. Hendricks.[26] In Hendricks, a man with a long history of sexually molesting children was scheduled to be released from prison shortly after the enactment of Kansas's SVP act. Rather than being released, he was committed on the grounds that he had a mental abnormality. Hendricks contested the law on ex post facto and double jeopardy grounds. The Supreme Court of Kansas invalidated the Act, but the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision and ruled that the law was constitutional on the basis that the law did not impose a criminal punishment.[26]

text: Another example is the Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, where firearms prohibitions were imposed on those convicted of misdemeanor domestic-violence offenses and on subjects of restraining orders (which do not require criminal conviction). These individuals can now be sentenced to up to ten years in a federal prison for possession of a firearm, regardless of whether the weapon was legally possessed when the law was passed.[27] The law has been legally upheld because it is considered regulatory, not punitive; it is a status offense.[28]

text: Finally, in Calder v. Bull, the court expressly stated that a law that "mollifies" a criminal act was merely retrospective, and was not an ex post facto law.[29] Scholars have argued that, as a historical matter, the phrase ex post facto referred to civil as well as criminal laws.[30]

text: In administrative law, federal agencies may apply their rules retroactively if Congress has authorized them to; otherwise, retroactive application is generally prohibited. Retroactive application of regulations is disfavored by the courts for several reasons. The courts uphold retroactive regulation where Congress has expressly granted such retroactive power to the agency, as they did in Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital.[31]

text: The rules as they relate to the effects of ex post facto upon the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines can be found in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11 (2012).

text: See also Bouie v. City of Columbia, Rogers v. Tennessee, Stogner v. California, Republic of Austria v. Altmann, James Bamford and Samuels v. McCurdy.

text: Treatment by international organizations and treaties[edit]

text: International criminal law[edit]

text: In international criminal law, the Nuremberg trials prosecuted war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated in World War II. Although the Nuremberg Charter, the procedural law under which the trials were held, postdated V-E Day, the tribunal rejected the defence that the criminal law was ex post facto, arguing it derived from earlier treaties like the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. The International Criminal Court established in 2002 cannot prosecute crimes committed before 2002.

text: Universal Declaration of Human Rights and related treaties[edit]

text: Article 11, paragraph 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that no person be held guilty of any criminal law that did not exist at the time of offence nor suffer any penalty heavier than what existed at the time of offence. It does however permit application of either domestic or international law.

text: Very similar provisions are found in Article 15, paragraph 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, replacing the term "penal offence" with "criminal offence". It also adds that if a lighter penalty is provided for after the offence occurs, that lighter penalty shall apply retroactively. Paragraph 2 adds a provision that paragraph 1 does not prevent trying and punishing for an act that was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations. Specifically addressing the use of the death penalty, article 6, paragraph 2 provides in relevant part that a death sentence may only be imposed "for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime".

text: African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights[edit]

text: Article 2, paragraph 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights provides in part that "[n]o one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offense at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offense for which no provision was made at the time it was committed."

text: American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man[edit]

text: Article 25 of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man provides in part that "[n]o person may be deprived of his liberty except in the cases and according to the procedures established by pre-existing law." The right to be tried in accordance to "pre-existing law" is reiterated in article 26.

text: Arab Charter on Human Rights[edit]

text: Article 15 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights provides that "[n]o crime and no penalty can be established without a prior provision of the law. In all circumstances, the law most favorable to the defendant shall be applied."

text: European Convention on Human Rights[edit]

text: Effectively all European states (except Belarus), including all European Union and European Economic Area states, are bound by the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 7 of the convention mirrors the language of both paragraphs of Article 15 of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights, with the exception that it does not include that a subsequent lighter penalty must apply.

text: Grammatical form and usage[edit]

text: The phrase may not appear to be grammatically correct in Latin if it is interpreted to comprise the preposition ex, the preposition post, and a noun with the wrong grammatical case to agree with post. Indeed, the Digesta Iustiniani (15.3.10.8.3, 20.1.22.pr2, etc.) shows a two-word phrase, ex postfacto: out of a postfactum (an after-deed), or more naturally, from a law passed afterward. This same work, however, also makes use of the three-word phrase ex post facto, (2.14.17.4.2, 4.6.17.1.1, passim), suggesting that post might best be understood as an adverb. This adverbial usage of post is not at all unusual. For example, the Classical author/advocate/politician Marcus Tullius Cicero employs phrases such as multis post annis (De Re Publica 2.5.8 and elsewhere).

text: Therefore, ex post facto or ex postfacto is natively an adverbial phrase, a usage demonstrated by the sentence "He was convicted ex post facto (from a law passed after his crime)." The law itself would rightfully be a postfactum law (lex postfacta); nevertheless, despite its redundant or circular nature, the phrase an ex post facto law is used.[citation needed]

text: In Poland the phrase lex retro non agit ("the law does not operate retroactively") is often used.[32]


document_title: Heat pump

question_text: what kind of heating is a heat pump

question_tokens: what kind of heating is a heat pump

text: Heat pump

text: Overview[edit]

text: Heat energy naturally transfers from warmer places to colder spaces. However, a heat pump can reverse this process, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. Heat is not conserved in this process and requires some amount of external energy, such as electricity. In heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, the term heat pump usually refers to vapor-compression refrigeration devices optimized for high efficiency in both directions of thermal energy transfer. These heat pumps can be reversible, and work in either direction to provide heating or cooling to the internal space.

text: Heat pumps are used to transfer heat because less high-grade energy is required than is released as heat. Most of the energy for heating comes from the external environment, only a fraction of which comes from electricity (or some other high-grade energy source required to run a compressor). In electrically-powered heat pumps, the heat transferred can be three or four times larger than the electrical power consumed, giving the system a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3 or 4, as opposed to a COP of 1 for a conventional electrical resistance heater, in which all heat is produced from input electrical energy.

text: Heat pumps use a refrigerant as an intermediate fluid to absorb heat where it vaporizes, in the evaporator, and then to release heat where the refrigerant condenses, in the condenser. The refrigerant flows through insulated pipes between the evaporator and the condenser, allowing for efficient thermal energy transfer at relatively long distances.[3]

text: Reversible heat pumps[edit]

text: Reversible heat pumps work in either direction to provide heating or cooling to the internal space. They employ a reversing valve to reverse the flow of refrigerant from the compressor through the condenser and evaporation coils.

text: In heating mode, the outdoor coil is an evaporator, while the indoor is a condenser. The refrigerant flowing from the evaporator (outdoor coil) carries the thermal energy from outside air (or soil, or better still, moving water) indoors. Vapor temperature is augmented within the pump by compressing it. The indoor coil then transfers thermal energy (including energy from the compression) to the indoor air, which is then moved around the inside of the building by an air handler.

text: Alternatively, thermal energy is transferred to water, which is then used to heat the building via radiators or underfloor heating. The heated water may also be used for domestic hot water consumption.  The refrigerant is then allowed to expand, and hence cool, and absorb heat from the outdoor temperature in the outside evaporator, and the cycle repeats. This is a standard refrigeration cycle, save that the "cold" side of the refrigerator (the evaporator coil) is positioned so it is outdoors where the environment is colder.

text: In cold weather, the outdoor unit of an air source heat pump needs to be intermittently defrosted. This will cause the auxiliary or emergency heating elements (located in the air-handler) to be activated. At the same time, the frost on the outdoor coil will quickly be melted due to the warm refrigerant. The condenser/evaporator fan will not run during defrost mode.

text: In cooling mode the cycle is similar, but the outdoor coil is now the condenser and the indoor coil (which reaches a lower temperature) is the evaporator. This is the familiar mode in which air conditioners operate.

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: Milestones:

text:
1748: William Cullen demonstrates artificial refrigeration.
1834: Jacob Perkins builds a practical refrigerator with diethyl ether.
1852: Lord Kelvin describes the theory underlying heat pump.
1855–1857: Peter von Rittinger develops and builds the first heat pump.[4]
1928: Aurel Stodola constructs a closed loop heat pump (water source from lake Geneva) which provides heating for the Geneva city hall to this day.
1945: John Sumner, City Electrical Engineer for Norwich, installs an experimental water-source heat pump fed central heating system, using a neighbouring river to heat new Council administrative buildings. Seasonal efficiency ratio of 3.42. Average thermal delivery of 147kW and peak output of 234kW.[5][6]
1948: Robert C. Webber is credited as developing and building the first ground heat pump.[7]
1951: First large scale installation - The Royal Festival Hall in London is opened with a town gas-powered reversible water-source heat pump, fed by the Thames, for both winter heating and summer cooling needs.[8][9]

text: Operating principles[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Mechanical heat pumps exploit the physical properties of a volatile evaporating and condensing fluid known as a refrigerant. The heat pump compresses the refrigerant to make it hotter on the side to be warmed, and releases the pressure at the side where heat is absorbed.

text: The working fluid, in its gaseous state, is pressurized and circulated through the system by a compressor. On the discharge side of the compressor, the now hot and highly pressurized vapor is cooled in a heat exchanger, called a condenser, until it condenses into a high pressure, moderate temperature liquid. The condensed refrigerant then passes through a pressure-lowering device also called a metering device. This may be an expansion valve, capillary tube, or possibly a work-extracting device such as a turbine. The low-pressure liquid refrigerant then enters another heat exchanger, the evaporator, in which the fluid absorbs heat and boils. The refrigerant then returns to the compressor and the cycle is repeated.[10]

text: It is essential that the refrigerant reaches a sufficiently high temperature, when compressed, to release heat through the "hot" heat exchanger (the condenser). Similarly, the fluid must reach a sufficiently low temperature when allowed to expand, or else heat cannot flow from the ambient cold region into the fluid in the cold heat exchanger (the evaporator). In particular, the pressure difference must be great enough for the fluid to condense at the hot side and still evaporate in the lower pressure region at the cold side. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the required pressure difference, and consequently the more energy needed to compress the fluid. Thus, as with all heat pumps, the coefficient of performance (amount of thermal energy moved per unit of input work required) decreases with increasing temperature difference.

text: Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy required to achieve a low enough temperature in the space to be cooled.

text: Heat transport[edit]

text: Heat is typically transferred through engineered heating or cooling systems by using a flowing gas or liquid.  Air is sometimes used, but quickly becomes impractical under many circumstances because it requires large ducts to transfer relatively small amounts of heat. In systems using refrigerant, this working fluid can also be used to transfer heat a considerable distance, though this can become impractical because of increased risk of expensive refrigerant leakage.  When large amounts of heat are to be transferred, water is typically used, often supplemented with antifreeze, corrosion inhibitors, and other additives.

text: Heat sources/sinks[edit]

text: A common source or sink for heat in smaller installations is the outside air, as used by an air-source heat pump.  A fan is needed to improve heat exchange efficiency.

text: Larger installations handling more heat, or in tight physical spaces, often use water-source heat pumps.  The heat is sourced or rejected in water flow, which can carry much larger amounts of heat through a given pipe or duct cross-section than air flow can carry.  The water may be heated at a remote location by boilers, solar energy, or other means.  Alternatively when needed, the water may be cooled by using a cooling tower, or discharged into a large body of water, such as a lake, stream or an ocean.

text: Geothermal heat pumps or ground-source heat pumps use shallow underground heat exchangers as a heat source or sink, and water as the heat transfer medium.  This is possible because below ground level, the temperature is relatively constant across the seasons, and the earth can provide or absorb a large amount of heat. Ground source heat pumps work in the same way as air-source heat pumps, but exchange heat with the ground via water pumped through pipes in the ground. Ground source heat pumps are more simple and therefore more reliable than air source heat pumps as they do not need fan or defrosting systems and can be housed inside. Although a ground heat exchanger requires a higher initial capital cost, the annual running costs are lower, because well-designed ground source heat pump systems operate more efficiently because they start with a warmer source temperature than the air in winter.

text: Heat pump installations may be installed alongside an auxiliary conventional heat source such as electrical resistance heaters, or oil or gas combustion. The auxiliary source is installed to meet peak heating loads, or to provide a back-up system.

text: Applications[edit]

text: There are millions of domestic installations using air source heat pumps.[11] They are used in climates with moderate space heating and cooling needs (HVAC) and may also provide domestic hot water.[12] The purchase costs are supported in various countries by consumer rebates.[13]

text: HVAC[edit]

text: In HVAC applications, a heat pump is typically a vapor-compression refrigeration device that includes a reversing valve and optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of heat flow (thermal energy movement) may be reversed. The reversing valve switches the direction of refrigerant through the cycle and therefore the heat pump may deliver either heating or cooling to a building. In cooler climates, the default setting of the reversing valve is heating.

text: The default setting in warmer climates is cooling. Because the two heat exchangers, the condenser and evaporator, must swap functions, they are optimized to perform adequately in both modes. Therefore, the SEER rating, which is the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating, of a reversible heat pump is typically slightly less than two separately optimized machines. For equipment to receive the Energy Star Rating, it must have a rating of at least 14.5 SEER.[14]

text: Water heating[edit]

text: In water heating applications, a heat pump may be used to heat or preheat water for swimming pools or heating potable water for use by homes and industry. Usually heat is extracted from outdoor air and transferred to an indoor water tank, another variety extracts heat from indoor air to assist in cooling the space.

text: District heating[edit]

text: Heat pumps can also be used as heat supplier for district heating. Possible heat sources for such applications are sewage water, ambient water (like sea, lake and river water), industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, flue gas, waste heat from district cooling and heat from solar heat storage. In Europe, more than 1500 MW were installed since the 1980s, of which about 1000 MW were in use in Sweden in 2017.[15] Large scale heat pumps for district heating combined with thermal energy storage offer high flexibility for the integration of variable renewable energy. Therefore they are regarded as a key technology for smart energy systems with high shares of renewable energy up to 100 % and advanced 4th generation district heating systems.[15][16][17]

text: One example for such an usage is the Drammen Heat Pump commissioned in 2011. This heat pump uses heat from a fjord whose temperature is around 8 °C using 3 systems giving a combined capacity of 14 megawatts to town center residences and businesses. A city ordinance mandates this heating system for many new buildings.

text: Refrigerants[edit]

text: Until the 1990s, the refrigerants were often chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), one in a class of several refrigerants using the brand name Freon, a trademark of DuPont. Its manufacture is now banned or severely restricted by the Montreal Protocol of August 1987 because of the damage that CFCs cause to the ozone layer if released into the atmosphere.[18]

text: One widely adopted replacement refrigerant is the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) known as R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). Heat pumps using R-134a replaced R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) and have similar thermodynamic properties but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a somewhat lower global warming potential.[19] Other substances such as liquid R-717 ammonia are widely used in large-scale systems, or occasionally the less corrosive but more flammable propane or butane, can also be used.[20]

text: Since 2001, carbon dioxide, R-744, has increasingly been used, utilizing the transcritical cycle, although it requires much higher working pressures. In residential and commercial applications, the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) R-22 is still widely used, however, HFC R-410A does not deplete the ozone layer and is being used more frequently; however, it is a powerful greenhouse gas which contributes to climate change.[21][22]  Hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, or plain air is used in the Stirling cycle, providing the maximum number of options in environmentally friendly gases.

text: More recent refrigerators use R600A which is isobutane, and does not deplete the ozone and is less harmful to the environment.[23] Dimethyl ether (DME) has also gained in popularity as a refrigerant.[24]

text: As quite similar criteria shall be fulfilled by working fluids applied to heat pumps, refrigeration and ORC cycles, several working fluids are applied by all these technologies and can be sorted into the same thermodynamic classification category based on the shape of their saturation curve.

text: Noise[edit]

text: A ground source heat pump has no need for an outdoor unit with moving mechanical components: no external noise is produced.[citation needed]

text: An air source heat pump requires an outdoor unit containing moving mechanical components including fans which produce noise. In 2013, the CEN started work on standards for protection from noise pollution caused by heat pump outdoor units.[25] Although the CEN/TC 113 Business Plan outset was that "consumers increasingly require a low acoustic power of these units as the users and their neighbours now reject noisy installations", no standards for noise barriers or other means of noise protection had been developed by January 2016.

text: In the United States, the allowed nighttime noise level was defined in 1974 as "an average 24-hr exposure limit of 55 A-weighted decibels (dBA) to protect the public from all adverse effects on health and welfare in residential areas (U.S. EPA 1974). This limit is a day–night 24-hr average noise level (LDN), with a 10-dBA penalty applied to nighttime levels between 2200 and 0700 hours to account for sleep disruption and no penalty applied to daytime levels.[26] The 10-dB(A) penalty makes the permitted U.S. nighttime noise level equal to 45 dB(A), which is more than is accepted in some European countries but less than the noise produced by some heat pumps.

text: Another feature of ASHP external heat exchangers is their need to stop the fan from time to time for a period of several minutes in order to get rid of frost[27] that accumulates in the outdoor unit in the heating mode. After that, the heat pump starts to work again. This part of the work cycle results in two sudden changes of the noise made by the fan. The acoustic effect of such disruption on neighbors is especially powerful in quiet environments where background nighttime noise may be as low as 0 to 10dBA. This is included in legislation in France. According to the French concept of noise nuisance, "noise emergence" is the difference between ambient noise including the disturbing noise, and ambient noise without the disturbing noise.[28][29]

text: Performance considerations[edit]

text: When comparing the performance of heat pumps, it is best to avoid the word "efficiency", which has a very specific thermodynamic definition. The term coefficient of performance (COP) is used to describe the ratio of useful heat movement per work input. Most vapor-compression heat pumps use electrically powered motors for their work input.

text: According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air-source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating.[30] The COP for heat pumps range from 3.2 to 4.5 for air source heat pumps to 4.2 to 5.2 for ground source heat pumps.[31]

text: When used for heating a building with an outside temperature of, for example, 10 °C, a typical air-source heat pump (ASHP) has a COP of 3 to 4, whereas an electrical resistance heater has a COP of 1.0. That is, one joule of electrical energy will cause a resistance heater to produce only one joule of useful heat, while under ideal conditions, one joule of electrical energy can cause a heat pump to move three or four joules of heat from a cooler place to a warmer place. Note that an air source heat pump is more efficient in hotter climates than cooler ones, so when the weather is much warmer the unit will perform with a higher COP (as it has a smaller temperature gap to bridge).  When there is a wide temperature differential between the hot and cold reservoirs, the COP is lower (worse). In extreme cold weather the COP will go down to 1.0.

text: On the other hand, well designed ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems benefit from the moderate temperature underground, as the ground acts naturally as a store of thermal energy.[32] Their year-round COP is therefore normally in the range of 3.2 to 5.0.

text: When there is a high temperature differential (e.g., when an air-source heat pump is used to heat a house with an outside temperature of, say, 0 °C (32 °F)), it takes more work to move the same amount of heat to indoors than on a milder day. Ultimately, due to Carnot efficiency limits, the heat pump's performance will decrease as the outdoor-to-indoor temperature difference increases (outside temperature gets colder), reaching a theoretical limit of 1.0 at −273 °C. In practice, a COP of 1.0 will typically be reached at an outdoor temperature around −18 °C (0 °F) for air source heat pumps.

text: Also, as the heat pump takes heat out of the air, some moisture in the outdoor air may condense and possibly freeze on the outdoor heat exchanger. The system must periodically melt this ice; this defrosting translates into an additional energy (electricity) expenditure. When it is extremely cold outside, it is simpler to heat using an alternative heat source (such as an electric resistance heater, oil furnace, or gas furnace) rather than to run an air-source heat pump. Also, avoiding the use of the heat pump during extremely cold weather translates into less wear on the machine's compressor.

text: The design of the evaporator and condenser heat exchangers is also very important to the overall efficiency of the heat pump. The heat exchange surface areas and the corresponding temperature differential (between the refrigerant and the air stream) directly affect the operating pressures and hence the work the compressor has to do in order to provide the same heating or cooling effect. Generally, the larger the heat exchanger, the lower the temperature differential and the more efficient the system becomes.

text: Heat exchangers are expensive, requiring drilling for some heat-pump types or large spaces to be efficient, and the heat pump industry generally competes on price rather than efficiency. Heat pumps are already at a price disadvantage when it comes to initial investment (not long-term savings) compared to conventional heating solutions like boilers, so the drive towards more efficient heat pumps and air conditioners is often led by legislative measures on minimum efficiency standards. Electricity rates will also influence the attractiveness of heat pumps.[33]

text: In cooling mode, a heat pump's operating performance is described in the US as its energy efficiency ratio (EER) or seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), and both measures have units of BTU/(h·W) (1 BTU/(h·W) = 0.293 W/W). A larger EER number indicates better performance. The manufacturer's literature should provide both a COP to describe performance in heating mode, and an EER or SEER to describe performance in cooling mode. Actual performance varies, however, and depends on many factors such as installation details, temperature differences, site elevation, and maintenance.

text: As with any piece of equipment that depends on coils to transfer heat between air and a fluid, it is important for both the condenser and evaporator coils to be kept clean. If deposits of dust and other debris are allowed to accumulate on the coils, the efficiency of the unit (both in heating and cooling modes) will suffer.

text: Heat pumps are more effective for heating than for cooling an interior space if the temperature differential is held equal. This is because the compressor's input energy is also converted to useful heat when in heating mode, and is discharged along with the transported heat via the condenser to the interior space. But for cooling, the condenser is normally outdoors, and the compressor's dissipated work (waste heat) must also be transported to outdoors using more input energy, rather than being put to a useful purpose. For the same reason, opening a food refrigerator or freezer has the net effect of heating up the room rather than cooling it, because its refrigeration cycle rejects heat to the indoor air. This heat includes the compressor's dissipated work as well as the heat removed from the inside of the appliance.

text: The COP for a heat pump in a heating or cooling application, with steady-state operation, is:

text: where

text:
Δ

Q

cool

{\displaystyle \Delta Q_{\text{cool}}}

 is the amount of heat extracted from a cold reservoir at temperature

T

cool

{\displaystyle T_{\text{cool}}}

,

Δ

Q

hot

{\displaystyle \Delta Q_{\text{hot}}}

 is the amount of heat delivered to a hot reservoir at temperature

T

hot

{\displaystyle T_{\text{hot}}}

,

Δ
A

{\displaystyle \Delta A}

 is the compressor's dissipated work.
All temperatures are absolute temperatures usually measured in kelvins or degrees Rankine.

text: Coefficient of performance and lift[edit]

text: The coefficient of performance (COP) increases as the temperature difference, or "lift", decreases between heat source and destination. The COP can be maximized at design time by choosing a heating system requiring only a low final water temperature (e.g. underfloor heating), and by choosing a heat source with a high average temperature (e.g. the ground). Domestic hot water (DHW) and conventional heating radiators require high water temperatures, reducing the COP that can be attained, and affecting the choice of heat pump technology.[citation needed]

text:
COP variation with output temperature

Pump type and source

Typical use

35 °C  (e.g. heated screed floor)

45 °C  (e.g. heated screed floor)

55 °C  (e.g. heated timber floor)

65 °C  (e.g. radiator or DHW)

75 °C  (e.g. radiator and DHW)

85 °C  (e.g. radiator and DHW)

High-efficiency air source heat pump (ASHP), air at −20 °C[34]

2.2

2.0

‐

‐

‐

‐

Two-stage ASHP, air at −20 °C[35]

Low source temperature

2.4

2.2

1.9

‐

‐

‐

High efficiency ASHP, air at 0 °C[34]

Low output temperature

3.8

2.8

2.2

2.0

‐

‐

Prototype transcritical CO2 (R744) heat pump with tripartite gas cooler, source at 0 °C[36]

High output temperature

3.3

‐

‐

4.2

‐

3.0

Ground source heat pump (GSHP), water at 0 °C[34]

5.0

3.7

2.9

2.4

‐

‐

GSHP, ground at 10 °C[34]

Low output temperature

7.2

5.0

3.7

2.9

2.4

‐

Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source −20 °C

5.6

4.9

4.4

4.0

3.7

3.4

Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source 0 °C

8.8

7.1

6.0

5.2

4.6

4.2

Theoretical Lorentzen cycle limit (CO2 pump), return fluid 25 °C, source 0 °C[36]

10.1

8.8

7.9

7.1

6.5

6.1

Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source 10 °C

12.3

9.1

7.3

6.1

5.4

4.8

text: One observation is that while current "best practice" heat pumps (ground source system, operating between 0 °C and 35 °C) have a typical COP around 4, no better than 5, the maximum achievable is 8.8 because of fundamental Carnot cycle limits. This means that in the coming decades, the energy efficiency of top-end heat pumps could roughly double. Cranking up efficiency requires the development of a better gas compressor, fitting HVAC machines with larger heat exchangers with slower gas flows, and solving internal lubrication problems resulting from slower gas flow.

text: Depending on the working fluid, the expansion stage can be important also. Work done by the expanding fluid cools it and is available to replace some of the input power.  (An evaporating liquid is cooled by free expansion through a small hole, but an ideal gas is not.)

text: Types[edit]

text: The two main types of heat pumps are compression and absorption. Compression heat pumps operate on mechanical energy (typically driven by electricity), while absorption heat pumps may also run on heat as an energy source (from electricity or burnable fuels).[37] An absorption heat pump may be fueled by natural gas or LP gas, for example. While the gas utilization efficiency in such a device, which is the ratio of the energy supplied to the energy consumed, may average only 1.5, that is better than a natural gas or LP gas furnace, which can only approach 1.

text: Heat sources and sinks[edit]

text: By definition, all heat sources for a heat pump must be colder in temperature than the space to be heated. Most commonly, heat pumps draw heat from the air (outside or inside air) or from the ground (groundwater or soil).[38]

text: The heat drawn from ground-sourced systems is in most cases stored solar heat, and it should not be confused with direct geothermal heating, though the latter will contribute in some small measure to all heat in the ground. True geothermal heat, when used for heating, requires a circulation pump but no heat pump, since for this technology the ground temperature is higher than that of the space that is to be heated, so the technology relies only upon simple heat convection.

text: Other heat sources for heat pumps include water; nearby streams and other natural water bodies have been used, and sometimes domestic waste water (via drain water heat recovery) which is often warmer than cold winter ambient temperatures (though still of lower temperature than the space to be heated).

text: A number of sources have been used for the heat source for heating private and communal buildings.[39]

text: Air source heat pump[edit]

text:
Air source heat pump (extracts heat from outside air)
Air–air heat pump (transfers heat to inside air)
Air–water heat pump (transfers heat to a heating circuit and a tank of domestic hot water)

text: Air-air heat pumps, that extract heat from outside air and transfer this heat to inside air, are the most common type of heat pumps and the cheapest. These are similar to air conditioners operating in reverse. Air-water heat pumps are otherwise similar to air-air heat pumps, but they transfer the extracted heat into a water heating circuit, floor heating being the most efficient, and they can also transfer heat into a domestic hot water tank for use in showers and hot water taps of the building. However, ground-water heat pumps are more efficient than air-water heat pumps, and therefore they are often the better choice for providing heat for the floor heating and domestic hot water systems.

text: Air source heat pumps are relatively easy and inexpensive to install and have therefore historically been the most widely used heat pump type. However, they suffer limitations due to their use of the outside air as a heat source. The higher temperature differential during periods of extreme cold leads to declining efficiency. In mild weather, COP may be around 4.0, while at temperatures below around 0 °C (32 °F) an air-source heat pump may still achieve a COP of 2.5. The average COP over seasonal variation is typically 2.5-2.8, with exceptional models able to exceed this in mild climates.

text: The heating output of low temperature optimized heat pumps (and hence their energy efficiency) still declines dramatically as the temperature drops, but the threshold at which the decline starts is lower than conventional pumps, as shown in the following table (temperatures are approximate and may vary by manufacturer and model):

text:
Air source heat pump type
Full heat output at or above this temperature
Heat output down to 60% of maximum at

Conventional
8.3 °C (47 °F)
0 °C (32 °F)

Low Temp Optimized
5 °C (41 °F)
-8.3 °C (17 °F)

text: Ground-source heat pump[edit]

text:
Ground source heat pump (extracts heat from the ground or similar sources)
Ground–air heat pump (transfers heat to inside air)
Soil–air heat pump (soil as a source of heat)
Rock–air heat pump (rock as a source of heat)
Water–air heat pump (body of water as a source of heat, can be groundwater, lake, river etc.)
Ground–water heat pump (transfers heat to a heating circuit and a tank of domestic hot water)
Soil–water heat pump (ground as a source of heat)
Rock–water heat pump (rock as a source of heat)
Water–water heat pump (body of water as a source of heat)

text: Ground-source heat pumps, also called geothermal heat pumps, typically have higher efficiencies than air-source heat pumps.  This is because they draw heat from the ground or groundwater which is at a relatively constant temperature all year round below a depth of about 30 feet (9 m).[40] This means that the temperature differential is lower, leading to higher efficiency.  Well maintained ground-source heat pumps typically have COPs of 4.0[41] at the beginning of the heating season, with lower seasonal COPs of around 3.0 as heat is drawn from the ground. The tradeoff for this improved performance is that a ground-source heat pump is more expensive to install, due to the need for the drilling of boreholes for vertical placement of heat exchanger piping or the digging of trenches for horizontal placement of the piping that carries the heat exchange fluid (water with a little antifreeze).

text: When compared, groundwater heat pumps are generally more efficient than heat pumps using heat from the soil. Closed loop soil or ground heat exchangers tend to accumulate cold if the ground loop is undersized. This can be a significant problem if nearby ground water is stagnant or the soil lacks thermal conductivity, and the overall system has been designed to be just big enough to handle a "typical worst case" cold spell, or is simply undersized for the load.[42] One way to fix cold accumulation in the ground heat exchanger loop, is to use ground water to cool the floors of the building on hot days, thereby transferring heat from the dwelling into the ground loop. There are several other methods for replenishing a low temperature ground loop; one way is to make large solar collectors, for instance by putting plastic pipes just under the roof, or by putting coils of black polyethylene pipes under glass on the roof, or by piping the tarmac of the parking lot.[43] A further solution is to ensure ground collector arrays are correctly sized, by ensuring soil thermal properties and thermal conductivity are correctly measured and integrated into the design.[44]

text: Exhaust air heat pump[edit]

text:
Exhaust air heat pump (extracts heat from the exhaust air of a building, requires mechanical ventilation)
Exhaust air-air heat pump (transfers heat to intake air)
Exhaust air-water heat pump (transfers heat to a heating circuit and a tank of domestic hot water)

text: Water source heat pump[edit]

text:
Uses flowing water as source or sink for heat
Single-pass vs. recirculation
Single-pass — water source is a body of water or a stream, and utilized water is rejected at a different temperature without further use
Recirculation
When cooling, closed-loop heat transfer medium to central cooling tower or chiller (typically in a building or industrial setting)
When heating, closed-loop heat transfer medium from central boilers generating heat from combustion or other sources

text: Hybrid heat pump[edit]

text: Hybrid (or twin source) heat pumps: when outdoor air is above 4 to 8 Celsius, (40-50 Fahrenheit, depending on ground water temperature) they use air; when air is colder, they use the ground source. These twin source systems can also store summer heat, by running ground source water through the air exchanger or through the building heater-exchanger, even when the heat pump itself is not running. This has dual advantage: it functions as a low running cost for air cooling, and (if ground water is relatively stagnant) it cranks up the temperature of the ground source, which improves the energy efficiency of the heat pump system by roughly 4% for each degree in temperature rise of the ground source.

text: Air/water-brine/water heat pump (hybrid heat pump)[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The air/water-brine/water heat pump is a hybrid heat pump, developed in Rostock, Germany, that uses only renewable energy sources.  Unlike other hybrid systems, which usually combine both conventional and renewable energy sources, it combines air and geothermal heat in one compact device. The air/water-brine/water heat pump has two evaporators — an outside air evaporator and a brine evaporator — both connected to the heat pump cycle. This allows use of the most economical heating source for the current external conditions (for example, air temperature).  The unit automatically selects the most efficient operating mode — air or geothermal heat, or both together.  The process is controlled by a control unit, which processes the large amounts of data delivered by the complex heating system.

text: The control unit comprises two controllers, one for the air heat cycle and one for the geothermal circulation, in one device.  All components communicate over a common bus to ensure they interact to enhance the efficiency of the hybrid heating system.  The German Patent and Trade Mark Office in Munich granted the air/water-brine/water heat pump a patent in 2008, under the title “Heat pump and method for controlling the source inlet temperature to the heat pump”. This hybrid heat pump can be combined with a solar thermal system or with an ice-storage.  It trades and is marketed under the name ThermSelect.  In the United Kingdom, ThermSelect won the 2013 Commercial Heating Product of the Year award of the HVR Awards for Excellence, organised by Heating and Ventilating Review, an industry magazine.

text: Solar-assisted heat pump[edit]

text: A solar-assisted heat pump is a machine that represents the integration of a heat pump and thermal solar panels in a single integrated system. Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce hot water.[45] In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator.[46] The goal of this system is to get high COP and then produce energy in a more efficient and less expensive way.

text: Solid state heat pumps[edit]

text: Magnetic[edit]

text: In 1881, the German physicist Emil Warburg put a block of iron into a strong magnetic field and found that it increased very slightly in temperature. Some commercial ventures to implement this technology are underway, claiming to cut energy consumption by 40% compared to current domestic refrigerators.[47] The process works as follows: Powdered gadolinium is moved into a magnetic field, heating the material by 2 to 5 °C (4 to 9 °F). The heat is removed by a circulating fluid. The material is then moved out of the magnetic field, reducing its temperature below its starting temperature.[citation needed]

text: Thermoelectric[edit]

text:
Solid state heat pumps using the thermoelectric effect have improved over time to the point where they are useful for certain refrigeration tasks.  Thermoelectric (Peltier) heat pumps are generally only around 10-15% as efficient as the ideal refrigerator (Carnot cycle), compared with 40–60% achieved by conventional compression cycle systems (reverse Rankine systems using compression/expansion);[48] however, this area of technology is currently the subject of active research in materials science.
A reason why this is popular is because it has a "long lifetime" as there are no moving parts and it does not use potentially hazardous refrigerants.

text: Thermoacoustic[edit]

text: Near-solid-state heat pumps using thermoacoustics are commonly used in cryogenic laboratories.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Miami Dolphins seasons

question_text: when is the last time the dolphins made the playoffs

text: List of Miami Dolphins seasons

text: This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.

text: Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL, from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL–NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league, playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6. Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons, in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL. Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995.

text: After Shula retired in 1995, the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt, but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times, reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since. In 2007, they nearly suffered an imperfect season, winning only one game in overtime.

text: For complete team history, see History of the Miami Dolphins.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth
One-Game Playoff Berth

text:
Franchise records according to Pro-Football Reference.com[1]

Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular Season
Post Season Results
Awards
Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

1966
1966
AFL

Eastern
5th
3
11
0

George Wilson

1967
1967
AFL

Eastern
4th
4
10
0

1968
1968
AFL

Eastern
3rd
5
8
1

1969
1969
AFL

Eastern
5th
3
10
1

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 14–21

Don Shula

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
3
1
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chiefs) 27–24 (OT)
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 21–0
Lost Super Bowl VI (vs. Cowboys) 3–24

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
0
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 20–14
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 21–17
Won Super Bowl VII (1) (vs. Redskins) 14–7
Don Shula (COY)
Jake Scott (SB MVP)
Earl Morrall (CBPOY)

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bengals) 34–16
Won Conference Championship (Raiders) 27–10
Won Super Bowl VIII (2) (vs. Vikings) 24–7
Dick Anderson (DPOY)
Larry Csonka (SB MVP)
Garo Yepremian (PB MVP)

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 26–28

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
4
0

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
8
0

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
4
0

A. J. Duhe (DROY)

1978
1978
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 9–17

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 14–34
Larry Csonka (CBPOY)

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
4
1
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 38–41 (OT)

1982
1982
NFL
AFC

2nd1
7
2
0
Won First Round (Patriots) 28–13
Won Second Round (Chargers) 34–13
Won Conference Championship (Jets) 14–0
Lost Super Bowl XVII (vs. Redskins) 17–27

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 20–27
Doug Betters (DPOY)

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 31–10
Won Conference Championship (Steelers) 45–28
Lost Super Bowl XIX (vs. 49ers) 16–38
Dan Marino (MVP, OPOY)

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 24–21
Lost Conference Championship (Patriots) 14–31
Dwight Stephenson (WPMOY)

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1987
1987
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
7
0

Troy Stradford (OROY)

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
East
5th
6
10
0

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 17–16
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 34–44

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 31–0
Lost Conference Championship (Bills) 10–29

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 27–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 21–22
Tim Bowens (DROY)
Dan Marino (CBPOY)

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Bills) 22–37

1996
1996
NFL
AFC
East
4th
8
8
0

Jimmy Johnson

1997
1997
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Patriots) 3–17

1998
1998
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bills) 24–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 3–38
Dan Marino (WPMOY)

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Seahawks) 20–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Jaguars) 7–62

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Colts) 23–17 (OT)
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 0–27

Dave Wannstedt

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 3–20

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

Ricky Williams (PB MVP)

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
East
4th
4
12
0

Dave Wannstedt (1–8)
Jim Bates (3–4)

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

Nick Saban

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Jason Taylor (DPOY)

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
East
4th
1
15
0

Jason Taylor (WPMOY)
Cam Cameron

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 9–27
Chad Pennington (CBPOY)
Tony Sparano

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
7
9
0

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
7
9
0

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Brandon Marshall (PB MVP)
Tony Sparano (4–9)
Todd Bowles (2–1)

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
7
9
0

Joe Philbin

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Joe Philbin (1–3)
Dan Campbell (5–7)

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 12–30

Adam Gase

2017
2017
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Totals
445
351
4
All-time regular season record (1960–2017)

20
21
0
All-time postseason record (1960–2017)

465
372
4
All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2017)

text: Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2017 NFL season.

text: 1 Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.