document_title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

question_text: when does fallen kingdom come out in canada

text: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: Plot

text: Shortly after the events of Jurassic World,[9][10] a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park's lagoon. After successfully collecting a bone fragment, the team's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex.

text: Three years later in 2018, a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington, D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption. Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond's mistake of cloning them. Meanwhile, Jurassic World's former operations manager, Claire Dearing, has created the dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals. After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs, Hammond's former partner, Benjamin Lockwood, summons Claire to his Northern California estate. Lockwood and his aide, Eli Mills, reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary. Claire is needed to help reactivate the park's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals, particularly Blue, the last living Velociraptor. Although they are estranged, Claire recruits Jurassic World's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue's alpha, Owen Grady, to help capture her.

text: On Isla Nublar, Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online. Owen, paleo-veterinarian Zia Rodriguez, and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue. Upon finding her, the encounter escalates, resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen. The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue's injury. Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption. Claire, Franklin, and Owen sneak aboard in time and, finding Zia, assist her in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood. The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose.

text: Back at the estate, Lockwood's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market. They will also unveil the Indoraptor, a new genetically-engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and  Velociraptor DNA. Wu wants Blue's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor, unaware that Blue's blood is contaminated. After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction, he confronts Mills, who murders him. Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond, who opposed human cloning, ended their partnership.

text: The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood's estate and caged. Zia and Franklin evade capture, but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined. Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell. They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu's protests that it is a prototype. Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room. In the ensuing chaos, Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy, but it feigns sedation and escapes, killing him, Eversol, and others. The Indoraptor hunts Owen, Claire, and Maisie throughout the mansion. Zia releases Blue, who attacks the Indoraptor, causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death.

text: When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals, Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen's warning. Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus. Owen, Claire, Maisie, Zia, and Franklin safely get away, while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape.

text: In a new U.S. Senate hearing, Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist. The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas.

text: Cast

text:
Chris Pratt as Owen Grady: A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor trainer for Jurassic World.[11]
Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing: Jurassic World's former operations manager, now a dinosaur-rights activist, who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar.[11][12]
Rafe Spall as Eli Mills: Lockwood's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs. Speaking of his character’s actions over the course of the film, Spall noted that, “Ambition is such a powerful emotion, you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed. This character believes he is doing right. He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood’s fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies. Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do.”[13][3]
Justice Smith as Franklin Webb: A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group's systems analyst and hacker.[14][12]
Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez: A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group's paleoveterinarian.[14][12][3]
James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood: John Hammond's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs.[15][16]
Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol: An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit.[17][3] In an interview, Jones likened his character to that of “a rogue arms dealer; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons. He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling. He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit.”[3]
Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley: A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar.[3]
B. D. Wong as Henry Wu:  The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park. Speaking of his character’s actions, Wong stated: “I do think he’s motivated by his love for science and his own ego, which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he’s looking at some bigger picture.”[18][19]
Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood: Lockwood's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents' deaths.[20][21][22][23]
Geraldine Chaplin as Iris: The Lockwood Estate housekeeper, Maisie's nanny, and protector of the Lockwood family's secrets.[24][3]
Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm: An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen's Jurassic Park.[25] In a podcast interview, Goldblum revealed of his role "It's small… who knows, they may cut me out entirely! But if I stay in, I'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish, hopefully with some impact!"[26][27] Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum's role is simply a cameo, stating, "He doesn't have a major role in the action but it's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story."[28]
Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood: A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar.

text: Production

text: Development

text: During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World, executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made.[29] In April 2014, Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed: "We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic, and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story."[30] Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked.[30] Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series.[29] In May 2015, Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series: "I would be involved in some way, but not as director." Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films.[31] Pratt had been signed for future films in the series,[32] as was Ty Simpkins, who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World.[33]

text: On June 3, 2015, Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open: "I really like the idea that this group of geneticists aren't the only people who can make a dinosaur […] when you think of the differences between Apple and PC—the minute something goes open-source, there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology."[34] On June 8, 2015, Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel.[35] Later that month, Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve "dinosaur soldiers"[36] and said the series is "not always gonna be about a Jurassic Park", saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing.[29] Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park[37] and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors, whose names he did not mention.[38]

text: Pre-production

text: On July 23, 2015, Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22, 2018, release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly, as they did for Jurassic World; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers. Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film.[11] At the time of the film's announcement, Trevorrow said the series "isn't always going to be limited to theme parks" and confirmed that the film would not involve "a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island" stating, "That'll get old real fast."[39] Trevorrow also spoke of the film's possible open-source storyline: "It's almost like InGen is Mac, but what if PC gets their hands on it? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur?"[39]

text: In August 2015, Howard said that the script was being written,[40] and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early, on June 7, 2018.[41] Later that year, B. D. Wong said he "would be happy to return" as Dr. Henry Wu,[42] while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017.[43] Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film, saying, "I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back."[44] By October 2015, director J. A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film, although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel, a project to which he had already signed on.[45] In January 2016, it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments.[46]

text: In March 2016, London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film,[47] and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio.[48] On April 14, 2016, actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm, although he said he was open to the possibility.[49] On April 18, 2016, Bayona was announced as the film's director, with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers.[50] Spielberg, Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona's 2012 film, The Impossible, and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World, but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production.[51][52] Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film, The Orphanage.[53][54] Before Bayona was hired, he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script's second half, which would play out like a haunted house film.[55] After Bayona was hired, Trevorrow said about the film, "We're moving it into new territory. J. A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he'll push the boundaries of what a 'Jurassic' movie is. I think it's important that we take risks. A franchise must evolve or perish."[56] Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film's production.[3] In June 2016, actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded, "You never say never, but I think it's moved on. It's different times."[57]

text: The film, under the working title of Ancient Futures,[58] was in full pre-production as of July 2016, with storyboards being designed.[59] Andy Nicholson was hired as the film's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona, discussing reference pictures and background details, as well as Bayona's ideas for the Lockwood mansion.[3] Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017.[60][61] Wales was also confirmed as a filming location,[62] including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn.[63] Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location, while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios, without the story taking place there. Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film's story would involve militarized dinosaurs, which would only be mentioned in the film.[64]

text: For the film's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland, Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings, while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal, but such locations ultimately did not work for the film's story. Although the film was partially shot in England, Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in-film setting during the second half, as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat. Crowley stated, "Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat, which is not very exciting, you needed to get to the place."[65]

text: In September 2016, Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy.[66] Later that year, Marshall said that Wong was "probably going to come back,"[67] while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film.[68] Óscar Faura was announced as the film's cinematographer at the end of the year.[69]

text: Writing

text: Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World, he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel, while retaining final approval on the project.[70] In June 2015, approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World, Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont. Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film.[3] During their eight-day trip,[71] the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story.[72][73] Trevorrow said the film's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film: "Dinosaurs and man, two species separated by 65 million years of evolution, have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together. How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect?"[74] Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that, "A mistake made a long time ago just can't be undone."[64]

text: The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park (1990) and its sequel The Lost World (1995), and includes dialogue from the first novel.[64] Isla Nublar's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel, and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film's plot.[75] Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to "the burning down of a church or a temple," stating, "I honestly think it's like killing off a character in a way, and if you're going to do that, as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you're doing is, then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they won't hate you for it."[76] The idea to include a "silent partner" of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel. Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel, the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs, which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project, convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people.[77]

text: In his initial film treatment, Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film, as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire's lives after the events of Jurassic World.[65] Although the original ending was the same as the final film, Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world, before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused.[78] For the script's structure, Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg's 2015 film Bridge of Spies, in which two seemingly unrelated stories "collide in the middle, and move on together."[70] Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor, stating, "It's one of those places where you think you know what the score is, and then everything changes, and then suddenly you don't know who to trust."[70] Having directed Jurassic World, Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use, as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running.[79]

text: Regarding the idea of human cloning, Trevorrow stated that "we're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs. It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do. [...] To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on, I think is something we all feel. So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea."[80] Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in "the larger impact" of genetic power, including its emotional impact and its potential human impact, while further stating "we knew that we didn't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science. We want to tell a story about where we are now, which is that we have messed with science, we have fundamentally altered our world and now we're dealing with the consequences."[77] Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story's human cloning aspect, an idea that was supported by Spielberg, who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film's sequel.[76] Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film, Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, "We made sure that every death was earned. Everybody deserves their death in this movie, a lesson learned. In 2018 everyone earns it. Horrible people."[76]

text: After Bayona was hired, he began reading all of Crichton's novels—including Jurassic Park and The Lost World—for inspiration and "to try to immerse myself in Crichton's mind."[81][82] Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016, to perfect the script to the director's liking.[64] Trevorrow stated that the film would be more "suspenseful and scary" than its predecessor: "It's just the way it's designed; it's the way the story plays out. I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility, so the whole thing was just built around his skillset."[64] Trevorrow later described the film as "The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs."[54] Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island, "you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie," while the second half "moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful, darker, claustrophobic, and even has this kind of gothic element, which I love."[83] Bayona's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films,[84] and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, which were both considered darker than their predecessors.[85]

text: Trevorrow said the film's dinosaurs would be "a parable of the treatment animals receive today: the abuse, medical experimentation, pets, having wild animals in zoos like prisons, the use the military has made of them, animals as weapons."[86] The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg.[71][87] Trevorrow said that with the film's dinosaur auction, "The worst instincts of mankind are revealed. The first film was very clearly about corporate greed. This is just about human greed."[88] The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV (later Jurassic World), presented in the same structure: a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland. The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft, which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film.[89][90]

text: Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly.[59] The film's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly's script, and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set.[55] Among Trevorrow's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum's character of Ian Malcolm, who appeared in the franchise's earlier films.[91] Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm, and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton's Jurassic Park novel for the character.[3][92] Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as "the 'Uh oh, danger, I told you so' kind of character,"[52] and Trevorrow said about the character, "I saw him as kind of Al Gore. He's got a beard now, and he's like, 'I told all of you this was going to be a disaster, and sure enough it is.'"[93] Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel, which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world.[76]

text: Casting

text: In October 2016, casting was underway for the role of a nine-year-old girl.[94] Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role, which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon, marking her film debut.[3] By November 2016, Tom Holland—who previously starred in The Impossible—had discussed having a possible role in the film, but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts.[95] Toby Jones, Rafe Spall, and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year.[96][97][98]

text: Daniella Pineda, Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017,[99][100][16] while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu.[18] To maintain secrecy, the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase. During auditions, references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears.[101][102] To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia, Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes, as well as improvisation. Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role. She auditioned for Bayona, Atienza, and Crowley, and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming.[103]

text: In March 2017, Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin, who had roles in each of his previous films, had joined the cast.[24] The next month, it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films.[25] Bayona considered Malcolm a "great character!"[82] while Marshall said, "The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever. He told us about chaos theory, he was right."[104]

text: Filming

text: Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough, England, on February 23, 2017.[105][106] Scenes shot at the business center included Claire's Dinosaur Protection Group office, Owen training his baby raptors, and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex.[3] A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios.[107] Because of its large sound stages, Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film's many interior scenes.[65] After filming concluded in England, production moved to Hawaii,[108] which was used as a primary filming location.[64] Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films.[109] Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales.[110] The film was shot in CinemaScope, and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40:1 aspect ratio. The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming.[91] Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity (1953) and Dracula (1979), as well as Spielberg's films Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982).[76][111] Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona.[53]

text: During filming and in between takes, Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes, as he had done for his previous films.[112][113] Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series,[114] including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors.[115] In particular, Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes, as his character is portrayed as easily frightened.[101][112] Prior to being filmed, Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen, and many of Pratt's ideas were added into the film. Speaking about Levine's character, Bayona said, "He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man. He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible. […] And he was so creative on set, trying to give ideas, bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable."[55] The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump, including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the "U.S. president" has questioned the "existence of dinosaurs in the first place."[116][117][76][118] Jones was allowed to decide his character's appearance, which included a wig similar to Trump's hairstyle.[76][117] An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine's character referring to Pineda's character Zia as a "nasty woman", a line that was previously made famous by Trump.[117][119][118]

text: In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England,[120] and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.[121][122] Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England,[123][124] where the film's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm.[3] Bayona described the opening scene as a "massive action piece" that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films.[125] Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire,[124] where the exterior of Lockwood's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought.[3] The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer-generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate.[3] The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.[126][127]

text: Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes, stating, "Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long, but until you see it in the space, you can't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it."[3] The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios. The estate set included Eli Mills' office, Dr. Wu's large underground laboratory, an underground dinosaur containment facility, separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood, and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts. When filming was completed in the Lockwood library, the set was redecorated and converted into the estate's underground garage, where the dinosaur auction takes place.[3] Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor.[3] An improvised fist fight scene, between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction, was added late in filming. It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series, and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track.[76]

text: On May 10, 2017, it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.[128] On May 24, 2017, scenes were shot at Hampshire's Blackbushe Airport, which stood in as an American airfield.[129] Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10, 2017.[108] Up to that point, Trevorrow was present as an on-set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes.[130][131] Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios,[132] during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom.[133] Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios.[3]

text: Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13, 2017,[134][135] and lasted more than 25 days, with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point.[136] On June 21, 2017, filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia, Hawaii,[137] which served as Isla Nublar's shipping dock.[3] More than half of the harbor was closed for filming, which required the use of smoke machines. Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month.[137][138] Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue.[3] As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film, the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer, previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle. Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World, before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead.[139] On June 22, 2017, the film's official title was announced as Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[140] At the time, filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.[141] Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker.[3]

text: In Hawaii, scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm, a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane, which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors. The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain.[142] The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball-shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs.[143] The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch[3] and in England, and Bayona described it as one of the film's biggest challenges.[143] In Hawaii, the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement.[143][142] In England, an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40-foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere, which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar.[143][144] Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen, Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene.[144] The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios, where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin.[143][145] Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot; to achieve this, the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot.[146] Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene, which also involved Howard and Smith underwater.[143][145] Filming in the tank lasted five days,[3] and required 85 crew members.[147] The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew, as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages.[146]

text: David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research. According to Vickery, the team inquired "how a volcano of this type might erupt" and also requested information about "the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow. We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film, but it is definitely all based on real science."[3] All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects, although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand-in on set, so the actors would know where to react. The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof. The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid, and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set.[144][148]

text: The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island.[3] The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World, but was dismantled after filming concluded.[139] For the sequel, Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built, although the park's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size. Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions. Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii, and required more than three months to complete.[3] Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set, which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment.[139]

text: On July 7, 2017, filming took place at Oahu's Hālona Blowhole,[149][150] where Pratt, Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach.[3][151] Filming concluded on July 8, 2017,[152] after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole.[153] Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life.[54] The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes,[154] which the filmmakers considered too long.[155] The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut.[154] One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian, an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow, who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons.[155]

text: Creatures on screen

text: The film's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI).[3] Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film's creature effects creative supervisor,[156] while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors.[157] Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs, while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI.[156] ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes, while ILM's London studio created the remaining creature scenes. Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film.[158] Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures,[156] and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs, which included consulting with paleontologists. The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave.[3] Dinosaur expert John Hankla, of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, served as an advisor on the film.[159] After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children, Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up, and stated, "I thought that was the area where I could play with. They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie."[156] New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought.[3]

text: The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series,[54] as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films,[156] including Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Sinoceratops, Stygimoloch, and the fictional Indoraptor.[160] Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI.[158] Dilophosaurus was in the film's original cut, but was removed.[154] The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel,[161][162] and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films.[161] Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film, whereas the previous film only featured one.[3] More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor, including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex.[3][163] Bayona stated that animatronics "are very helpful on set, especially for the actors so they have something to perform against. There's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real."[156] Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene: "In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule; you have to take time to film with an animatronic. In the balance, we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way, or as a post-production effect. Once we have looked at each particular case, with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether—because of the environment or the circumstances—it is the right way to go practically."[3]

text: Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming, with a crew of approximately 35 people.[164] Scanlan's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex, the Indoraptor and Blue, while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures.[156][158]

text:
The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming, in the form of a full-scale head and shoulders. ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World, and Scanlan used it to create a full-scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders.[3] The life-sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks, with the ability to breathe and move its head.[161] The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it. The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic, while the ending shots solely used CGI, with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods.[158] Within the film's story, the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films.[165] Trevorrow said, "We've been following this same character since the beginning; she's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World. She is iconic—not just because she's a T. rex, but because she's this T. rex."[3]
The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table, depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature. Up to 12 puppeteers, hidden under the operating table, were needed to control the animatronic during filming.[3] The scene was shot twice, with and without the Blue animatronic, and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect.[76] In creating Blue through CGI, the animators referred to the animal's appearance in the previous film.[158] According to Vickery, Blue's movements were designed to resemble a dog: "You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you. It's exactly like a dog. You're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human."[157]
The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI, while a practical head, neck, shoulders, foot and arm were created for close-up shots.[159] For some scenes, an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand-in on set, while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later.[144] The Indoraptor was designed to have long human-like arms,[76] and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped,[158] with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs.[3] The Indoraptor's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow, stating that "it's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth."[76]

text: Scanlan's team also made puppeteering aids, rod puppets, and several prop dinosaurs, all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI.[156] Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry, such as blinking, were instead created with computer technology.[3] Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors, which were used for a scene with Pratt,[164] while the final, wider shots of the scene used two-wheeled, remote-controlled toys to stand-in for the baby raptors on set. The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump, and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt.[144] Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors, ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films. However, some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona.[158] ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs, and referred to high-speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes.[158]

text: The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor, set in Maisie's bedroom, was designed in London and key framed by ILM. Jance Rubinchik, animation supervisor for ILM, stated that the fight was the "trickiest sequence" because of the lack of previsualization.[158] According to Bayona, a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park. The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film. The dinosaur's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene's colors and composition, shortly before the film's release.[76]

text: For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements, the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife. Jonathan Cranston, a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon, was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa. Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs. Cranston also worked closely with Pratt, Howard, Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures. Additionally, Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements, and also worked with Bayona on two scenes. Cranston was on set for 12 days, primarily at Pinewood Studios.[166]

text: Marketing

text: A six-second clip from the film was released on November 22, 2017.[167][168] The first trailer was teased for release on November 30, 2017, but this was later confirmed to be incorrect.[169] Several teaser trailers and a behind-the-scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017,[170][171][172][173] prior to the release of a full-length trailer on December 7.[23][170] That month,[174] Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island's dinosaurs,[14] as well as a video featuring Howard, Pineda and Smith as their characters.[175] The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins, who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World.[176] A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[177][178] A 30-second teaser trailer was released on April 13, 2018, announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18.[179][180] Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world, which frustrated Trevorrow, who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film's release.[77][181]

text: Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign, more than double the cost of the previous film's partner program.[182] The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film. The partners were Dairy Queen, Doritos, Dr Pepper, Ferrero SpA, Jeep, Juicy Fruit, Kellogg's, M&M's, and Skittles.[182] The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film, including 100 million boxes of Kellogg's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero.[182] Dairy Queen, a returning partner from the previous film, sold "Jurassic Chomp" ice cream desserts in collectable cups, while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film's dinosaurs.[182][183] For Super Bowl LII, Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex. Within 24 hours of its release, the commercial received 39.7 million online views, which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut.[182] Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur-sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film.[184][185]

text: Licensing partners included Mattel, Lego, and Funko, all of which created toys based on the film.[186][187][188][189] Mattel produced a variety of toys,[190] including dinosaurs and action figures,[191][192] as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters.[187] A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie-in to Mattel's dinosaur toys, which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature.[192] Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film.[188] A video game, Jurassic World Evolution, was released simultaneously with the film.[193] A two-part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World: Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie-in. It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic, and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption.[194][195][196][197] A website and campaign for "Extinction Now!", the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group, was created by Trevorrow, Glover and Ewins, and was launched shortly before the film's release.[176] The campaign included a found-footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego, a reference to The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[176][198]

text: Release

text: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid, Spain, on May 21, 2018.[199][200] The international theatrical release began on June 6,[201] with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7,[202][203] in the United Kingdom, India, Italy, South Korea and Angola on June 8,[204] and in Pakistan on June 16, 2018. The film was released in the United States on June 22, 2018.[11][84]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of  July 15, 2018[update], Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has grossed $363.3 million in the United States and Canada and $771.4 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.135 billion, against a production budget in the range of $170–187 million.[7]

text: The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5, 2018, becoming the 35th film all-time to make the milestone, and seventh for Universal. It also made Universal the second studio (behind Disney) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide, alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me.[205]

text: United States and Canada

text: In December 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018.[206] Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130–150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325–380 million for its final domestic gross.[207][208] By the week of its release, the low-end of projections had reached $135 million.[6] It was released on June 22, 2018, in 4,475 theaters (the second-widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day, the second-highest of the franchise and 28th-best on record.[209] The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters, down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World. It ended up debuting to $148 million, the 20th-best opening weekend of all-time and second highest for Universal. It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back-to-back weekends, following the Incredibles 2's $182.7 million debut the week before.[209][210] In its second weekend the film made $60 million, a drop of 60% and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend, and in its third weekend made $28.3 million.[211][212]

text: Outside North America

text: Overseas, the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8, 2018, including France, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, and Spain, and was projected to gross $130–145 million in its opening weekend.[213] It made $20.2 million on its first day, including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia. In South Korea, it grossed $9.7 million (₩10.3 billion) and sold over 1 million tickets, setting opening day records for both (beating The Mummy's ₩7.4 billion and Avengers: Infinity War's 980,000, respectively).[214] It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million, including $8 million from IMAX screenings. Its largest opening markets were South Korea ($27.2 million), the UK ($19.9 million), France ($10 million), Spain ($9.5 million) and Germany ($9.1 million).[215] In China, the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million (¥220 million) on its opening day, nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ($17.5 million).[216] It went on to open to $111.9 million (¥715 million), the fourth best-ever in the country for a Hollywood release (behind The Fate of the Furious, Avengers: Infinity War and Transformers: The Last Knight), and bringing the film's two week international total to $372.1 million, more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ($368 million).[217] In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million, bringing its total to $561.5 million. China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million (a standard 71% drop for Hollywood films in the country), while it was also released in Mexico ($12.3 million), Brazil ($9.2 million) and Australia $7.9 million).[218] As of July 5, 2018, the film has grossed $245.5 million in China, making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all-time in the country.[205]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51% based on 305 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece-packed entry to the blockbuster franchise, although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply."[219] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 59 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[220] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82% overall positive score.[209]

text: Variety's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote "...[Fallen Kingdom] ends up being just a so-so ride. I hope the next one is an all-out ride — but that for the first time since Spielberg's 1993 original, it's actually a great one. The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves."[221] Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny, and yet, it’s kind of an enjoyable, preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list."[222] The Boston Globe's Ty Burr likened the film to a "Universal Studios theme park ride" noting, "It’s enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else: character, mystery, wonder, danger. The film’s a rush for an audience that only wants the high." [223]

text: In a more critical assessment, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that "...this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex-related, no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed-over the plot." [224] Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating, "The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters’ motives."[225] The Verge's Bryan Bishop was equally critical, writing, "Like its predecessor, Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums, and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom's attempted philosophical musings seriously."[226] Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of "a sixth-grade sketchbook mash of dino-murder, cartoonish villains, and plot holes",[227] while Travis M. Andrews of the Washington Post said the film had "achieved the impossible: it makes dinosaurs boring".[228]

text: In a positive review, Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote, "Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous, mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX. That it doesn't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it's merely a good movie instead of a great one."[229] Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, John DeFore also praised the film saying, "Finally making good on its name, J.A. Bayona's Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good, not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films."[230] Exclaim!'s Alex Hudson said the film is "a straight-ahead monster movie: it's dumb, occasionally gory, and mostly plenty of fun...It won't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs, but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature."[231]

text: Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus, stranded on Isla Nublar, succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship, as "poignant" or "haunting".[221][224][232][233]

text: Sequel

text: An untitled sequel, known as Jurassic World 3, is scheduled for release on June 11, 2021.[234][235] Trevorrow will direct the film,[236] and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by him and Connolly. Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers.[237][238][234] Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film.[239]


document_title: San Andreas Fault

question_text: what is the recurrence interval of major earthquakes along the san andreas fault

root

text: San Andreas Fault

text: Fault zones[edit]

text: Northern[edit]

text: The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the Santa Cruz Mountains, epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, then up the San Francisco Peninsula, where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895, then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock. This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County. It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland, runs just east of the Bodega Heads through Bodega Bay and back underwater, returning onshore at Fort Ross. (In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant "sister faults" run more-or-less parallel, and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes.) From Fort Ross, the northern segment continues overland, forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows. It goes back offshore at Point Arena. After that, it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino, where it begins to bend to the west, terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction.

tag: p

text: Central[edit]

text: The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister. While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes, the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep, where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes.

text: Southern[edit]

text: The southern segment (also known as the Mojave segment) begins near Bombay Beach, California. Box Canyon, near the Salton Sea, contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault.[3] The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains. These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range. In Palmdale, a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway. The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake. As it passes the towns of Gorman, Tejon Pass and Frazier Park, the fault begins to bend northward, forming the "Big Bend". This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California, with an earthquake-recurrence interval of roughly 140–160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long, treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain.

text: The southern segment, which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea, is capable of an 8.1-magnitude earthquake. At its closest, this fault passes about 35 miles (56 km) to the northeast of Los Angeles. Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, and surrounding areas, and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage.[4]

text: Plate boundaries[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Pacific Plate, to the west of the fault, is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest, but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics. The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters (1.3 to 1.5 in) a year across California.[5]

text: The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault. The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges. The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward. This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California, and to a lesser but still significant extent, the Santa Cruz Mountains (the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989).

text: Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults. The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone. The reason for this is not clear. Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing. One hypothesis – which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 – suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane.

text: Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized, projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault, including Los Angeles, will eventually slide past San Francisco, then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench, over a period of perhaps twenty million years.

text: Formation[edit]

text: The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya (million years ago).[6] At this time, a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate (which is now mostly subducted, with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate, Rivera Plate, Cocos Plate, and the Nazca Plate) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America. As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates, the spreading ridge began to be "subducted", creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries. These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault. It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range, separation of the Baja California Peninsula, and rotation of the Transverse Range.

text: The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years.[7] The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well-Fenner-San Francisquito fault zone around 22–13 Ma. This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10–5 Ma. Currently, it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone. This complicated evolution, especially along the southern segment, is mostly caused by either the "Big Bend" and/or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and it surrounding branches.

text: Study[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas, a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco. Eleven years later, Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Large-scale (hundreds of miles) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee. This idea, which was considered radical at the time, has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics.[8]

text: Current research[edit]

text: Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years. Following recorded seismic events in 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966, scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993. It eventually occurred in 2004. Due to the frequency of predictable activity, Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research.

text: In 2004, work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) into the Earth's crust and into the San Andreas Fault. An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area.[9]

text: The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies. In particular, scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications.[10]

text: The next "Big One"[edit]

text: A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur.[12] This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed. Moreover, the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault, i.e. the region around Los Angeles, because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central (1857) and northern (1906) segments of the fault, while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years. According to this study, a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs-Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial counties in California, and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California. It would be strongly felt (and potentially cause significant damage) throughout much of Southern California, including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County, Ventura County, Orange County, San Diego County, Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality, Baja California, San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma, Arizona. Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse, as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high (and thus subject to soil liquefaction). The paper concluded:

text: The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we cannot tell [...] It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now.[12]

text: Nevertheless, in the 11 years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area, and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events. The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive.[13]

text: The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast, known as UCERF3 (Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3), released in November 2013, estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater (i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide. The same report also estimated there is a 7% probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault.[14] A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical, social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California. That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage.[15]

text: Cascadia connection[edit]

text: A 2008 paper, studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone, found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone (which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California). Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years. The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time-correlated events. However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone.[16]

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text: The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times:

text:
1857 Fort Tejon earthquake: About 350 kilometers (220 mi) were ruptured in central and southern California. Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake, the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north, just south of Parkfield. Two deaths were reported. The magnitude was about 7.9.
1906 San Francisco earthquake: About 430 kilometers (270 mi) were ruptured in Northern California. The epicenter was near San Francisco. At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires. The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8.
1957 San Francisco earthquake: A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City.
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: About 40 kilometers (25 mi) were ruptured (although the rupture did not reach the surface) near Santa Cruz, California, causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area. Moment magnitude was about 6.9. This quake occurred on October 17, 1989, at approximately 5:04 PM PDT.
2004 Parkfield earthquake: On September 28, 2004 at 10:15 a.m. PDT, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area. It was felt across the state, including the San Francisco Bay Area.

tag: ul


document_title: Codification (law)

question_text: where did the idea of codification come from

text: Codification (law)

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient Sumer's Code of Ur-Nammu was compiled circa 2050–1230 BC, and is the earliest known surviving civil code. Three centuries later, the Babylonian king Hammurabi enacted the set of laws named after him.

text: Besides religious laws such as the Torah, important codifications were developed in the ancient Roman Empire, with the compilations of the Lex Duodecim Tabularum and much later the Corpus Iuris Civilis. These codified laws were the exceptions rather than the rule, however, as during much of ancient times Roman laws were left mostly uncodified.

text: The first permanent system of codified laws could be found in China, with the compilation of the Tang Code in AD 624. This formed the basis of the Chinese criminal code, which was then replaced by the Great Qing Legal Code, which was in turn abolished in 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China. The new laws of the Republic of China were inspired by the German codified work, the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch.[4] A very influential example in Europe was the French Napoleonic code of 1804.

text: Another early system of laws is Hindu law framed by Manu and called as Manu Smriti, dating back to the 2nd century BC. The use of civil codes in Islamic Sharia law began with the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century AD.

text: Codification in common law and civil law jurisdictions[edit]

text: Civil law jurisdictions rely, by definition, on codification. A notable early example were the Statutes of Lithuania, in the 16th century. The movement towards codification gained momentum during the Enlightenment, and was implemented in several European countries during the late 18th century (see civil code). However, it only became widespread after the enactment of the French Napoleonic Code (1804), which has heavily influenced the legal systems of many other countries.

text: Common law has been codified in many jurisdictions and in many areas of law: examples include criminal codes in many jurisdictions, and include the California Civil Code and the Consolidated Laws of New York (New York State).

text: Codification in England and Wales[edit]

text: The English judge Sir Mackenzie Chalmers is renowned as the draftsman of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882, the Sale of Goods Act 1893 and the Marine Insurance Act 1906, all of which codified existing common law principles. The Sale of Goods Act was repealed and re-enacted by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 in a manner that revealed how sound the 1893 original had been.[5] The Marine Insurance Act (mildly amended) has been a notable success, adopted verbatim in many common law jurisdictions. So, it is surprising that the British Parliament has failed to continue this proven practice of taking settled common law and converting it into an up-to-date handy booklet, accessible to practitioners and the general public alike. Nor has Parliament even bothered to update either the Sale of Goods Act 1979 nor the Marine Insurance Act, instead passing blockbuster statutes such as the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and the Insurance Act 2015 which (respectively) modify the codifying statutes without bringing out "new editions" thereof. It follows that the only easy way to keep up to date on existing legislation is to use either the internet or books of materials which publish the statutes (as amended).

text: Most of England's criminal laws have been codified, partly because this enables precision and certainty in prosecution. However, large areas of the common law, such as the law of contract and the law of tort remain remarkably untouched. In the last 80 years there have been statutes that address immediate problems, such as the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 (which. inter alia, coped with contracts rendered void by war), and the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, which amended the doctrine of Privity. However, there has been no progress on the adoption of Harvey McGregor's "Contract Code" 1993, even though the Law Commission, together with the Scots Law Commission, asked him to produce a proposal for the comprehensive codification and unification of the contract law of England and Scotland. Similarly, codification in the law of tort has been at best piecemeal, a rare example of progress being the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.

text: Codification in the United States[edit]

text: In the United States, acts of Congress, such as federal statutes, are published chronologically in the order in which they become law – often by being signed by the President, on an individual basis in official pamphlets called "slip laws", and are grouped together in official bound book form, also chronologically, as "session laws". The "session law" publication for Federal statutes is called the United States Statutes at Large. Any given act may be only a single page, or hundreds of pages, in length. An act may be classified as either a "Public Law" or a "Private Law".

text: Because each Congressional act may contain laws on a variety of topics, many acts, or portions thereof are also rearranged and published in a topical, subject matter codification by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel. The official codification of Federal statutes is called the United States Code. Generally, only "Public Laws" are codified. The United States Code is divided into "titles" (based on overall topics) numbered 1 through 54.[6] Title 18, for example, contains many of the Federal criminal statutes. Title 26 is the Internal Revenue Code.[7]

text: Even in code form, however, many statutes by their nature pertain to more than one topic. For example, the statute making tax evasion a felony pertains to both criminal law and tax law, but is found only in the Internal Revenue Code.[8] Other statutes pertaining to taxation are found not in the Internal Revenue Code but instead, for example, in the Bankruptcy Code in Title 11 of the United States Code, or the Judiciary Code in Title 28. Another example is the national minimum drinking age, not found in Title 27, Intoxicating liquors, but in Title 23, Highways, §158.

text: Further, portions of some Congressional acts, such as the provisions for the effective dates of amendments to codified laws, are themselves not codified at all. These statutes may be found by referring to the acts as published in "slip law" and "session law" form. However, commercial publications that specialize in legal materials often arrange and print the uncodified statutes with the codes to which they pertain.

text: In the United States, the individual states, either officially or through private commercial publishers, generally follow the same three-part model for the publication of their own statutes: slip law, session law, and codification.

text: Rules and regulations that are promulgated by agencies of the Executive Branch of the United States Federal Government are codified as the Code of Federal Regulations. These regulations are authorized by specific enabling legislation passed by the legislative branch, and generally have the same force as statutory law.

text: In international law[edit]

text: Following the First World War and the establishment of the League of Nations, the need for codification of international law arose. In September 1924, the General Assembly of the League established a committee of experts for the purpose of codification of international law, which was defined by the Assembly as consisting of two aspects:

text:
Putting existing customs into written international agreements
Developing further rules

text: In 1930 the League of Nations held at the Hague a conference for the purpose of codification of rules on general matters, but very little progress was made.

text: Following the Second World War, the International Law Commission was established within the United Nations as a permanent body for the formulation of principles in international law.

text: Recodification[edit]

text: Recodification refers to a process where existing codified statutes are reformatted and rewritten into a new codified structure. This is often necessary as, over time, the legislative process of amending statutes and the legal process of construing statutes by nature over time results in a code that contains archaic terms, superseded text, and redundant or conflicting statutes. Due to the size of a typical government code, the legislative process of recodification of a code can often take a decade or longer.


document_title: Île de la Cité

question_text: what part of paris is notre dame in

question_tokens: what part of paris is notre dame in

text: Île de la Cité

text: Map[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Most scholars believe that in 52 BCE, at the time of Vercingetorix's struggle with Julius Caesar, a small Gallic tribe, the Parisii, lived on the island. At that time, the island was a low-lying area subject to flooding that offered a convenient place to cross the Seine and a refuge in times of invasion. However, some modern historians believe the Parisii were based on another, now eroded island.[citation needed] After the conquest of the Celts, the Roman Labienus created a temporary camp on the island, but further Roman settlement developed in the healthier air on the slopes above the Left Bank, at the Roman Lutetia. The Emperor Julian, in Gaul from 355 to 361 CE, described Lutetia as: "...a small island lying in the river; a wall entirely surrounds it, and wooden bridges lead to it on both sides."[2]

text: Later Romans under Saint Genevieve escaped to the island when their city was attacked by Huns. Clovis established a Merovingian palace on the island, which became the capital of Merovingian Neustria. The island remained an important military and political centre throughout the Middle Ages. Odo used the island as a defensive position to fend off Viking attacks at the Siege of Paris in 885-86, and in the 10th century, a cathedral (the predecessor of Notre-Dame) was built on the island.[citation needed]

text: From early times wooden bridges linked the island to the riverbanks on either side, the Grand Pont (the Pont au Change) spanning the wider reach to the Right Bank, and the Petit Pont spanning the narrower crossing to the Left Bank. The first bridge rebuilt in stone (in 1378) was at the site of the present Pont Saint-Michel, but ice floes carried it away with the houses that had been built on it in 1408.[b] The Grand Pont or Pont Notre-Dame, also swept away at intervals by floodwaters, and the Petit Pont, were rebuilt by Fra Giovanni Giocondo at the beginning of the 16th century. The six arches of the Pont Notre-Dame supported gabled houses, some of half-timbered construction, until all were demolished in 1786.[c]

text: The Île de la Cité remains the heart of Paris. All road distances in France are calculated from the 0 km point located in the Place du Parvis de Notre-Dame, the square facing Notre-Dame's pair of western towers.[citation needed]

text: Pont Neuf[edit]

text: The Pont Neuf, the "new bridge" that is now the oldest bridge in Paris, was completed by Henry IV, who inaugurated it in 1607. The bronze equestrian statue of Henry IV was commissioned from Giambologna under the orders of Marie de Medici, Henry's widow and Regent of France, in 1614. After his death, Giambologna's assistant Pietro Tacca completed the statue, which was erected on its pedestal by Pietro Francavilla in 1618. It was destroyed in 1792 during the French Revolution, but was remade from surviving casts in 1818. The sculpture originally rose from the river on its own foundations, abutting the bridge; since then, the natural sandbar building of a mid-river island, aided by stone-faced embankments called quais, has extended the island, which is planted as the teardrop-shaped Parc Vert Galant in honour of Henry IV, the "Green Gallant" King.

text: Place Dauphine[edit]

text: The Place Dauphine, laid out in 1609 while the Place des Vosges was still under construction and named for the Dauphin of France, the future Louis XIII,[d] was among the earliest city-planning projects of Henry IV. The space, essentially a triangle because of its promontory location, was made over to Achille de Harlay[fr] for development. Twelve lots were sold, and forty-five irregularly sized houses were constructed behind a standardised façade.[3] The houses were built of brick with limestone quoins supported on arcaded stone ground floors and capped by steep slate roofs with dormers, very like the contemporaneous façades of Place des Vosges. There were originally two entrances to the Place Dauphine, one at the "downstream" point, through a kind of gateway centred on paired pavilions facing the equestrian statue of Henry IV on the far side of the Pont Neuf, and the second in the centre of the eastern range. Badly damaged during the turmoil of the Paris Commune of 1871, the eastern range was swept away in 1872 to open the view to the monumental white marble Second Empire Palais de Justice (built 1857–68), like a glazed colonnade[e] centred on the Place Dauphine, the remains of which now form a kind of forecourt to it.[4] Few visitors penetrate the Place Dauphine, which lies behind them, and where all the other buildings have been raised in height, given new façades, rebuilt or replaced with heightened pastiches of the originals.

text: Sights[edit]

text: Three medieval buildings remain on the Île de la Cité (east to west):

text:
Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, built from 1163 on the site of a church dedicated to Saint Étienne, which in turn occupied a sacred pagan site of Roman times. During the French Revolution the cathedral was badly damaged, then restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Louis IX's Sainte-Chapelle (1245), built as a reliquary to house the Crown of Thorns and a piece of the True Cross, enclosed within the mid-19th century Palais de Justice.
Conciergerie prison, where Marie Antoinette awaited execution in 1793.

text:
Notre Dame de Paris, western façade, as seen from the quai de Montebello

 Notre-Dame, southern facade, view from the square Jean XXIII

 Île de la Cité 1609

text: The oldest remaining residential quarter is the Ancien Cloître. Baron Haussmann demolished some of the network of narrow streets, but was dismissed in 1869 before the entire quarter was lost.

text: Old engraved maps of Paris show how, when the Pont Neuf was built, it grazed the downstream tip, the "stern" of the island-ship. Since then, the natural sandbar building of a mid-river island, aided by stone-faced embankments called quais, has extended the island, which is planted as the small Vert Galant park ("square du Vert-Galant"), named for Henry IV of France, the "Green Gallant" king whose statue stands near the center of the bridge. It retains the original low-lying riverside level of the island. Nearby, a discreet plaque (removed prior to 01/06/2017 and replaced with a printed sign) commemorates the spot where Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, was burnt at the stake, 18 March 1314. The upstream tip of the island is the site of the Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation, a memorial to the 200,000 French citizens who were deported to German labour camps during the Second World War.

text: Transport[edit]

text: The Île de la Cité is connected to the rest of Paris by bridges to both banks of the river and to the Île Saint-Louis. The oldest surviving bridge is the Pont Neuf ('New Bridge'), which lies at the western end of the island.

text: The island has one Paris Métro station, Cité; and the RER station Saint-Michel-Notre-Dame on the Left Bank has an exit in the square in front of the Cathedral.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Île aux Cygnes is artificial.

Jump up ^ Floods destroyed the bridge at intervals, the last houses being removed in 1809, and the present bridge was constructed in 1857. (Photos et historique: Le pont Saint-Michel).

Jump up ^ The present bridge dates from 1853, with the central arches replaced by an iron span in 1967. (Photos et historique: Le pont Notre Dame).

Jump up ^ Place is feminine, not dauphin

Jump up ^ The architects were Joseph-Louis Duc and Honoré Daumet. Palais de Justice

tag: ol


document_title: List of districts in Kerala

question_text: which one is the largest district in kerala

text: List of districts in Kerala

text: Administrative structure[edit]

text: Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 75 taluks, 152 community development blocks, 978 Gram panchayats, 6 corporations and 87 municipalities.

text: A district is governed by a District Collector, who is an officer from Indian Administrative Service (IAS) of Kerala cadre and is appointed by the State Government of Kerala. Functionally the district administration is carried on through the various Departments of the State Government each of which has an office of its own the district level. The District Collector is the executive leader of the district administration and the District Officers of the various Departments in the district render technical advice to him in the discharge of his duties. The District Collector is a key functionary of Government having large powers and responsibilities. He has a dual role to both as the agent of the Government of the state and also as the representative of the people in the district. He is also responsible for the maintenance of the law and order of the district.

text: Other than urban units such as town municipalities and rural units called Gram panchayats, other government administrative subdivisions includes taluks and 'community development blocks' (also known as CD blocks or blocks). A taluk consists of urban units such as census towns and rural units called gram panchayats. The Tahsildar in charge of each taluk is primarily the Revenue Official responsible for the collection of revenue of the taluk, but he is also expected to be in direct contact with the people at all levels and to have first hand knowledge of the conditions of every village under his jurisdiction. The Tahsildar is assisted in each village by village officers and village assistants.A block also consists of such as census towns and Gram panchayats. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), who is appointed by the Government of Kerala. A gram panchayat, which consists of a group of villages, is administered by a village council headed by a Gram Panchayat President.

text: A District Superintendent of Police, better known as a Superintendent of Police, heads the District Police organization of Kerala Police. This is as per the Police Act of 1861, which is applicable to the whole of India. The Superintendents of Police are officers of the Indian Police Service. For every subdivision, there is a Subdivision Police, headed by a Police officer of the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police. Under subdivisions, there are Police Circles, each headed by an Inspector of Police. A Police Circle consists of Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police.

text: The Kerala High Court has the jurisdiction of the state of Kerala. Each of the districts has a District Court.

text: Histories[edit]

text: At the time of formation, Kerala had only five districts: Malabar (part of the erstwhile Madras State), Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kottayam and Thrissur (together constituting the erstwhile Travancore-Cochin). On 1 January 1957, the Malabar district was divided into the districts of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kannur. Alappuzha district was carved out of erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts on 17 August 1957. Ernakulam district was formed on 1 April 1958, carving out of parts of erstwhile Thrissur and Kottayam districts. Malappuram district was formed on 6 June 1969 with Ernad and Tirur taluks of the erstwhile Kozhikode district and Perinthalmanna and Ponnani taluks of Palakkad district. Idukki district was formed on 26 January 1972 with Devikulam, Udumbanchola and Peermedu taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam district and Thodupuzha taluk of the erstwhile Ernakulam district. Wayanad district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Pathanamthitta district was formed on 1 November 1982 carving out the entire Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk from Kollam district, entire Thiruvalla taluk and part of Chenganur and Mavelikkara taluks from Alapphuzha district and parts of Idukki district. Kasaragod district was formed on 24 May 1984 as the 14th revenue district by carving out a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur district.

text: Alphabetical listing[edit]

text:
Code[1]
District
Headquarters[2]
Established[3]
Subdivisions
Population (2011)[2]
Area[4]
Population Density (2011)
District Collector

AL
Alappuzha
Alappuzha
000000001957-08-17-000017 Aug 1957[5]

6 Taluks[5]

Ambalapuzha (Alappuzha)
Chengannur
Cherthala
Karthikappally (Haripad)
Kuttanad (Mankombu)
Mavelikkara

2,121,943
1,414 km2 (546 sq mi)
1,501/km2 (3,890/sq mi)
Veena Madhavan

ER
Ernakulam
Kakkanad
000000001958-04-01-00001 Apr 1958[6]

7 Taluks[7]

Aluva
Kanayannur (Ernakulam)
Kochi (Fort Kochi)
Kothamangalam
Kunnathunad (Perumbavoor)
Muvattupuzha
North Paravur

3,279,860
3,068 km2 (1,185 sq mi)
1,069/km2 (2,770/sq mi)
Mohammed Y. Safirulla K.

ID
Idukki
Painavu
000000001972-01-26-000026 Jan 1972[8][9]

5 Taluks

Devikulam
Peermade
Udumbanchola (Nedumkandam)
Idukki (Painavu)
Thodupuzha

1,107,453
4,358 km2 (1,683 sq mi)
254/km2 (660/sq mi)
G. R. Gokul

KN
Kannur
Kannur
000000001957-01-01-00001 Jan 1957[10]

4 Taluks[10]

Thalassery
Iritty
Kannur
Thalipparamba

2,525,637
2,966 km2 (1,145 sq mi)
852/km2 (2,210/sq mi)
Mir Mohammed Ali

KS
Kasaragod
Kasaragod
000000001984-05-24-000024 May 1984[11][12]

4 Taluks[13]

Manjeshwaram(Uppala)
Kasaragod
Vellarikundu
Hosdurg

1,302,600
1,992 km2 (769 sq mi)
654/km2 (1,690/sq mi)
Jeevan Babu

KL
Kollam
Kollam
000000001956-11-01-00001 Nov 1956[14]
( 1 July 1949)[15][16]

6 Taluks[17]

Kollam (Paravur, Chathannoor)
Karunagappally
Kunnathur (Sasthamkotta)
Kottarakkara
Punalur
Pathanapuram

2,629,703
2,491 km2 (962 sq mi)
1,056/km2 (2,740/sq mi)
T. Mithra

KT
Kottayam
Kottayam
000000001956-11-01-00001 Nov 1956[18]
( )[15]

5 Taluks[19]

Changanasserry
Kanjirappally
Kottayam
Vaikom
Meenachil (Palai)

1,979,384
2,208 km2 (853 sq mi)
896/km2 (2,320/sq mi)
C. A. Latha

KZ
Kozhikode
Kozhikode
000000001957-01-01-00001 Jan 1957[20]

4 Taluks[21]

Kozhikode
Thamarassery
Koyilandy
Vatakara

3,089,543
2,344 km2 (905 sq mi)
1,318/km2 (3,410/sq mi)
N. Prasanth

MA
Malappuram
Malappuram
000000001969-06-16-000016 Jun 1969[22]

7 Taluks[22]

Nilambur
Manjeri (Eranad)
Kondotty
Perinthalmanna
Ponnani
Tirur
Tirurangadi

4,110,956
3,550 km2 (1,370 sq mi)
1,158/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
A. Shainamol

PL
Palakkad
Palakkad
000000001957-01-01-00001 Jan 1957[23]

6 Taluks[24]

Alathur
Chittur
Palakkad
Pattambi
Ottappalam
Mannarkkad

2,810,892
4,480 km2 (1,730 sq mi)
627/km2 (1,620/sq mi)
P. Marykutty

PT
Pathanamthitta
Pathanamthitta
000000001982-11-01-00001 Nov 1982[25][26]

6 Taluks[27]

Adoor
Konni
Kozhencherry (Pathanamthitta)
Ranni
Mallappally
Thiruvalla

1,195,537
2,637 km2 (1,018 sq mi)
453/km2 (1,170/sq mi)
R. Girija

TV
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
000000001956-11-01-00001 Nov 1956[15][28]

6 Taluks

Neyyattinkara
Kattakada
Nedumangad
Thiruvananthapuram
Chirayinkeezhu (Attingal)
Varkala

3,307,284
2,192 km2 (846 sq mi)
1,509/km2 (3,910/sq mi)
Venkatesapathy S.

TS
Thrissur
Thrissur
000000001956-11-01-00001 Nov 1956[29]
(1 Jul 1949)[15]

6 Taluks[29]

Kodungallur
Mukundapuram (Irinjalakuda)
Chalakudy
Chavakkad
Thalapilly (Wadakkancheri)
Thrissur

3,110,327
3,032 km2 (1,171 sq mi)
1,026/km2 (2,660/sq mi)
Dr. A. Kowsigan

WA
Wayanad
Kalpetta
000000001980-11-01-00001 Nov 1980[30]

3 Taluks[30]

Mananthavady
Sultan Battery
Vythiri (Kalpetta)

816,558
2,131 km2 (823 sq mi)
383/km2 (990/sq mi)
B. S. Thirumeni

Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
33,387,677
38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi)
859.11/km2 (2,225.1/sq mi)
 —