document_title: Volcano (1997 film)

question_text: who played tommy lee jones daughter in volcano

text: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Los Angeles, an earthquake strikes. Michael Roark, a member of the city's Office of Emergency Management, insists on coming to work to help out with the crisis, although he has been on vacation with his daughter Kelly. His associate, Emmit Reese, notes that the quake caused no major damage, but seven utility workers are later burned to death in a storm drain at MacArthur Park; one escapes and survives, but is severely burned on one side of his face. As a precaution, Roark tries to halt the subway lines, which run parallel to where the deaths took place, but Los Angeles MTA Chairman Stan Olber opposes, feeling there is no threat to the trains. Against regulations, Roark and Gator Harris venture down the storm sewer in the park to investigate. They are nearly burned alive and barely escape with their lives when hot gases suddenly spew out of a crack in the concrete lining and floods the tunnel. Geologist Dr. Amy Barnes believes that an underground volcano may be forming beneath the city with magma flowing underground. Unfortunately, she has insufficient evidence to make Roark take action.[2]

text: The next morning, at around 5:15 A.M., Barnes, and her assistant, Rachel, venture in the storm sewer to investigate the scene of the incident, where they discover the crack in the ground, which released the gases earlier. While they are taking samples, a more powerful earthquake strikes, and Rachel is killed when she falls into the crack that is engulfed by a rush of the hot gases. Minutes later, in the La Brea Tar Pits, smoke billows out, with lightning crackling from it. Then, lava bombs burst out of the tar pits, which ignites several buildings. Steam explodes from the sewer system, while a subway train derails underground, trapping the passengers inside and exposing them to the severe heat and toxic gases, which causes them all to eventually lose consciousness.

text: Roark helps injured firefighters out of the area. Moments later, a newly formed volcano erupts from the tar pits, and lava begins to flow freely down Wilshire Boulevard, incinerating everything in its path, including Roark's GMC Suburban, and an LAFD fire truck downed by a lava bomb, killing two firefighters who are trapped inside. Roark and his daughter become separated as she is injured when a nearby lava bomb sputters and burns her leg, and she is taken to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center by Dr. Jaye Calder. Meanwhile, Olber leads his team through the Red Line tunnel to the derailed train, searching for survivors. They manage to save everyone, but Olber notices that the train driver is still missing and goes back; he finds the driver still alive but unconscious, just as the lava reaches the train and begins to flow underneath it. Olber sacrifices his life to save the driver by jumping into the lava flow, throwing the driver to safety as Olber burns to death. Roark, Barnes, and police lieutenant Ed Fox devise a plan to stack concrete barriers at the intersection of Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue, creating a cul-de-sac to pool the lava as helicopters dump water on it to form a crust, making the operation a success. Barnes later theorizes that the magma is still flowing underground through the Red Line subway extension, and calculates that the main eruption will occur at the end of the line at the Beverly Center near Cedars-Sinai. To prove this, Barnes and Roark lower a video camera into the tunnel to watch it, only for the camera to be incinerated by a fast-moving flow of lava. They calculate the speed and realize that they have thirty minutes until the lava hits the end of the Red Line.

text: Through Roark's direction, explosives are used to create channels in the street to divert the flow of lava into Ballona Creek, which will later flow into the Pacific Ocean, but Barnes realizes that the street is sloping in the opposite direction and instead of going in to the creek the lava would flow right into the direction of the injured patients, much to the displeasure of Roark and Fox. Roark devises another plan to demolish a twenty-two story condominium building to block the lava's path from flowing towards the patients and the rest of the Los Angeles West Side. Gator refuses to abandon an LAPD SWAT cop, who has gotten trapped under a core column while slotting explosive charges, just as the lava reaches the dead end of the Subway tunnel extension, and explodes out of the ground in a massive geyser; he sacrifices their lives to detonate the final explosive charge. Roark then spots Kelly nearby, trying to retrieve a small boy who wandered off, putting them in the direct path of the collapsing building. Roark barely manages to save both of them from being crushed as the building collapses. The plan is successful, and the lava flows directly to the ocean. Roark escapes from the wreckage with Kelly and the young child still alive. The death toll is nearly a hundred people, thousands injured, and damages in billions. It starts to rain, with surviving civilians having a sign a relief. Reese shows up with the family dog Max, along with a call from the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department on how to rebuild the city. Roark tells Reese that he is on vacation after all, and to tell the chief that too, as he goes home with Kelly while Reese takes over to handle the situation.

text: The film ends with an epilogue displaying a graphic stating that the volcano, named "Mount Wilshire", is still in an active state.[2]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tommy Lee Jones as Mike Roark
Anne Heche as Dr. Amy Barnes
Gaby Hoffmann as Kelly Roark
Don Cheadle as Emmit Reese
Jacqueline Kim as Dr. Jaye Calder
Keith David as Lieutenant Ed Fox
John Corbett as Norman Calder
Michael Rispoli as Gator Harris
John Carroll Lynch as Stan Olber
Dayton Callie as Roger Lapher
Richard Schiff as Haskins
Valente Rodriguez as train driver[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming was shot primarily on location in Los Angeles, California.[4] Various filming sites included MacArthur Park, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the La Brea Tar Pits.[4] Extensive special effects surrounding certain aspects of the film such as the lava flow, were created by ten separate digital effects companies including VIFX, Digital Magic Company, Light Matters Inc., Pixel Envy and Anatomorphex.[5] An 80% full-size replica of Wilshire Boulevard, which was one of the largest sets ever constructed in the U.S., was assembled in Torrance, California.[6] The computer-generated imagery was coordinated and supervised by Dale Ettema and Mat Beck.[4] Between visuals, miniatures, and animation, over 300 technicians were involved in the production aspects of the special effects.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for the film was originally composed and orchestrated by musical conductor Alan Silvestri.[7] Recording artists James Newton Howard and Dillinger among others, contributed songs to the music listing.[5] The audio soundtrack in Compact Disc format featuring 8 tracks, was officially released by the American recording label Varèse Sarabande on April 22, 1997.[8] The sound effects in the film were supervised by Christopher Boyes. The mixing of the sound elements were orchestrated by Jim Tanenbaum and Dennis Sands.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Among mainstream critics in the US, the film received generally mixed reviews.[9] Rotten Tomatoes reports that 44% of 39 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 5.0 out of 10.[10] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 55 based on 22 reviews.[9] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[11] In 1997, the film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award in the category of "Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property" , but lost to Con Air.[12]

text:
"The ads say The Coast Is Toast, but maybe they should say The Volcano Is Drano. This is a surprisingly cheesy disaster epic. It's said that Volcano cost a lot more than Dante's Peak, a competing volcano movie released two months ago, but it doesn't look it. Dante's Peak had better special effects, a more entertaining story, and a real mountain."

—Roger Ebert, writing in the Chicago Sun-Times[13]

text: Janet Maslin, writing in The New York Times, said, "Volcano begins so excitably and hurtles so quickly into fiery pandemonium," but noted that "in the disaster realm, it's not easy to have it all. A film this technically clever can't get away with patronizing and familiar genre cliches."[14] Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times called it a "surprisingly cheesy disaster epic" while musing, "The lava keeps flowing for much of the movie, never looking convincing. I loved it when the firemen aimed their hoses way offscreen into the middle of the lava flow, instead of maybe aiming them at the leading edge of the lava—which they couldn't do, because the lava was a visual effect, and not really there."[13] In the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote that "Things go bad after Volcano plays its last card — the lava — and from there it has nothing to show but more of the same. A host of characters is introduced in the opening scenes, but Volcano doesn't know what to do with them. It can't make us care."[15] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "Volcano is cheese, all right, but it's tangy cheese. I'm not sure I've ever seen a disaster movie in which special effects this realistic and accomplished were put to the service of a premise this outlandish." He declared: "Volcano is jittery in a clinical, self-important way."[16] Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Examiner, felt "Volcano offers a bit of humor, a minimum of plot distraction and the joys of watching molten rock ooze down Wilshire Boulevard."[17] Left equally impressed was James Berardinelli of ReelViews. Commenting on the character significance of Mike Roark, played by Jones, he said it was "a wonderfully heroic figure — a man of action who never has time to rest. The fate of the city rests on his shoulders, and he knows it. Jones' fierce, unflagging portrayal helps us accept Roark not only as the man to save L.A., but as a loving father who is more concerned about his daughter's safety than that of every other citizen." In his summation, he wrote, "Volcano has opened the "summer" movie season at an astoundingly early late-April date. But there's no mistaking this as anything but a blockbuster trying to get a running jump on competition like The Fifth Element and The Lost World. This isn't the kind of film where it's worth waiting for the video tape — it's too big and brash, and demands the speakers and atmosphere of a state-of-the-art theater."[18] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times added to the positive sentiment by saying the film "glows with heat. Lava heat. The coast may be toast, but it's the lava, covering everything like a malevolent tide of melted butter, that makes this a disaster picture that's tastier than usual."[19]

text: Writing for Time Out, author TCh said, "The most striking aspect of this fun, old-fashioned disaster movie is the novelty of seeing the most familiar of backdrops used as a creative resource in its own right."[20] He commended how "Jones and Heche work hard to dig up an emotional rapport from next to nothing" while also praising how the "slow but inexorable progress of the lava makes for more suspense than the usual slam bang firework display."[20] Not entirely impressed was Margaret McGurk writing for The Cincinnati Enquirer. She called the film "depreciating entertainment value of the natural-disaster trend" while also mentioning how the "High-caliber special effects are still fun, but all this lock-step storytelling is wearing thin."[21] But in a hint of commendation, McGurk thought "on its own escapist terms, Volcano dishes up a textbook serving of low-I.Q., high-energy entertainment."[21] Describing a comical position on seismic activity, Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle said Volcano was a "laughably ridiculous take on what we all secretly dream of: Los Angeles, washed away in a huge, molten tide of cheese — uh, lava, I mean."[22] Savlov added, "Screenwriters Jerome Armstrong and Billy Ray have crammed the script with topical references to the L.A. riots, Rodney King, racial inequality, sexism, the ineffectuality of the 911 system, and reams of very, very bad dialogue. So bad, in fact, that the screening audience I viewed Volcano with seemed to enjoy it immensely, hooting and hollering and laughing as though it were an old episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000."[22]

text:
"director Jackson and his crew (who made good use of hand-held and Steadicam shots and reportedly averaged an impressive 30 to 40 camera setups a day) move so quickly from shot to shot and location to location that viewers have a limited time to dwell on the film's predictable implausibilities."

—Kenneth Turan, writing for the Los Angeles Times[19]

text: Rita Kempley of The Washington Post, openly wondered why "there's no volcano in "Volcano"?...The hokey disaster drama features towering plumes of smoke, a splendid display of fireworks and brimstone, and rivers of molten magma, but I'll be darned if there's a burning mountain."[23] She concluded her review by declaring that "While disaster yarns aren't known for subtlety, there are limits, and Volcano giddily goes beyond them. Director Mick Jackson, who also made Steve Martin's wry "L.A. Story," must have had his hands full with the logistics of this bombastic extravaganza. He sets a blistering pace, but the movie never generates any real thrills."[23] Todd McCarthy of Variety was more positive, writing Volcano delivered "enough spectacular action to get it off to a hot B.O. start" and that "first-time screenwriters Jerome Armstrong and Billy Ray waste no time with exposition or scene-setting, starting the fireworks with a nerve-jangling morning earthquake that puts city workers on alert for possible damage."[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Volcano premiered in cinemas on April 25, 1997. At its widest distribution in the U.S., the film was screened at 2,777 theaters. The film grossed $14,581,740 in box office business averaging $5,256 in revenue per theater in its opening weekend. During that first weekend in release, the film opened in first place beating out the films Romy & Michelle's High School Reunion and Anaconda.[24] The film's revenue dropped by 37% in its second week of release, earning $9,099,743.[25] In the month of June during its final weekend showing in theaters, the film came out in 12th place grossing $602,076.[26] The film went on to top out domestically at $49,323,468 in total ticket sales through a 7-week theatrical run. Internationally, the film took in an additional $73,500,000 in box office business for a combined total of $122,823,468.[27] For 1997 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 39.[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following its cinematic release in theaters, the film was released in VHS video format on May 26, 1998.[29] The Region 1 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on March 9, 1999. Special features for the DVD include interactive menus, scene selection and the original theatrical trailer. It is not enhanced for widescreen televisions.[30] The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on October 1, 2013 by Starz/Anchor Bay.[31]


document_title: List of monarchs of the Netherlands

question_text: who was the last of the dutch stadholders that ruled

root

text: List of monarchs of the Netherlands

text: Dutch Republic[edit]

text: The origin of the Dutch monarchy can be traced back to the appointment of William I, Prince of Orange as stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht in 1559 by Philip II of Spain. However, he was removed from office and became the leader of the Dutch Revolt. Consequently, the States-General appointed him as stadtholder of both rebelling provinces, Holland and Zeeland, in 1572. During the Dutch Revolt, most of the Dutch provinces declared their independence with the Act of Abjuration, signed on 26 July 1581 in The Hague in conformation with the decision made by the States-General. The representative function of the stadtholder became obsolete in the rebellious northern Netherlands – the feudal Lord himself having been abolished – but the office nevertheless continued in these provinces who now united themselves into the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. All stadtholders after William I were drawn from his descendants or the descendants of his brother, who were also the descendants of his granddaughter Albertina Agnes of Nassau-Orange.

tag: p

text: In 1795 the Republic was overthrown by Napoleon and replaced with the Batavian Republic. In 1806 Napoleon abolished the new republic and made his brother King of Holland. However, in 1810 Napoleon invaded the Netherlands and annexed them to France. In 1813, Allied forces drove out the French. The Dutch called back William Frederick, the son of the last stadtholder, to head the new government.  He was proclaimed "sovereign prince". In 1815, he raised the Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself King William I. The kingdom was enlarged with the Southern Netherlands, now Belgium and Luxembourg, soon after.

text: Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-Nassau[edit]

text:
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageWilliam I
the Silent
Willem I
(1533-04-24)24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584(1584-07-10) (aged 51)26 July 158110 July 1584Stadtholder[1]Orange-NassauMaurice
Maurits
(1567-11-14)14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625(1625-04-23) (aged 57)158523 April 1625Stadtholder,[2] son of William IOrange-NassauFrederick Henry
Frederik Hendrik
(1584-01-29)29 January 1584 – 14 March 1647(1647-03-14) (aged 63)23 April 162514 March 1647Stadtholder,[3] son of William IOrange-NassauWilliam II
Willem II
(1626-05-27)27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650(1650-11-06) (aged 24)14 March 16476 November 1650Stadtholder,[4] son of Frederick HenryOrange-NassauWilliam III
Willem III
(1650-11-04)4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702(1702-03-08) (aged 51)4 July 16728 March 1702Stadtholder,[5] son of William II also King of England, Scotland and IrelandOrange-NassauWilliam IV
Willem IV
(1711-09-01)1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751(1751-10-22) (aged 40)1 September 171122 October 1751First formally hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands,[6] son of John William FrisoOrange-NassauWilliam V
Willem V
(1748-03-08)8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58)22 October 175119 January 1795Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of William IV, deposed by the Batavian RevolutionOrange-Nassau

tag: table

text: When William III died childless, the patrilineal ancestry of Orange-Nassau became extinct. In contrast to other provinces of the Dutch Republic, Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe had mostly drawn its stadtholders from the House of Nassau, that starting with John VI, the brother of William of Orange, and comprises in addition a matrilineal ancestry with the house of Orange-Nassau.

text: Stadtholderate under the House of Nassau[edit]

text:
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageJohn VI
the Elder
Jan VI
(1536-11-22)22 November 1536 – 8 October 1606(1606-10-08) (aged 69)15781581Stadtholder,[7] brother of William INassauWilliam Louis
Our Father
Willem Lodewijk
(1560-03-13)13 March 1560 – 31 May 1620(1620-05-31) (aged 60)15841620Stadtholder,[8] son of John VINassauErnest Casimir I
Ernst Casimir I
(1573-12-22)22 December 1573 – 2 June 1632(1632-06-02) (aged 58)16201632Stadtholder,[9] son of John VINassauHenry Casimir I
Hendrik Casimir I
(1612-01-21)21 January 1612 – 13 July 1640(1640-07-13) (aged 28)16321640Stadtholder,[10] son of Ernest Casimir INassauWilliam Frederick
Willem Frederik
(1613-08-07)7 August 1613 – 31 October 1664(1664-10-31) (aged 51)16401664Stadtholder,[11] son of Ernest Casimir INassauHenry Casimir II
Hendrik Casimir II
(1657-01-18)18 January 1657 – 25 March 1696(1696-03-25) (aged 39)18 January 166425 March 1696Hereditary Stadtholder,[12] son of William Frederick and maternal grandson of Frederick HenryNassauJohn William Friso
Johan Willem Friso
(1687-08-04)4 August 1687 – 14 July 1711(1711-07-14) (aged 23)25 March 169614 July 1711Hereditary Stadtholder,[13] son of Henry Casimir II, succeeded by his son William IV of Orange-Nassau, Hereditary Stadtholder of the United NetherlandsNassau

text: Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)[edit]

text:
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageLouis I
the Good
Lodewijk I
(1778-09-02)2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846(1846-07-25) (aged 67)5 June 18061 July 1810Brother of NapoleonBonaparteLouis II
Lodewijk II
(1804-10-11)11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831(1831-03-17) (aged 26)1 July 18109 July 1810Son of Louis IBonaparte

text: Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|Principality of the Netherlands (1813–1815)[edit]

text:
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageWilliam Frederick
Willem  Frederik
(1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71)6 December 181316 March 1815Son of the last Stadtholder William V, raised the Netherlands to a Kingdom status in 1815Orange-Nassau

text: Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–present)[edit]

text:
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageWilliam I
Willem I
(1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71)16 March 18157 October 1840Son of the last Stadtholder William VAbdicatedOrange-NassauWilliam II
Willem II
(1792-12-06)6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849(1849-03-17) (aged 56)7 October 184017 March 1849Son of William IOrange-NassauWilliam III
Willem III
(1817-02-19)19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890(1890-11-23) (aged 73)17 March 184923 November 1890Son of William IIOrange-NassauWilhelmina(1880-08-31)31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962(1962-11-28) (aged 82)23 November 18904 September 1948Daughter of William IIIAbdicatedOrange-NassauJuliana(1909-04-30)30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94)4 September 194830 April 1980Daughter of WilhelminaAbdicatedOrange-Nassau (Mecklenburg)Beatrix (1938-01-31) 31 January 1938 (age 80)30 April 198030 April 2013Daughter of JulianaAbdicatedOrange-Nassau (Lippe)William-Alexander
Willem-Alexander
 (1967-04-27) 27 April 1967 (age 51)30 April 2013IncumbentSon of BeatrixOrange-Nassau (Amsberg)


document_title: Law of South Africa

question_text: which law is the highest in south africa

text: Law of South Africa

text: Court system in South Africa[edit]

text: The South African court system is organised hierarchically, and consists of (from lowest to highest legal authority): Magistrates' Courts; High Courts; a Supreme Court of Appeal, the highest authority in non-Constitutional matters; and a Constitutional Court, which is the highest authority in constitutional matters.[5] The Constitutional Court has final authority to decide whether an issue is Constitutional or not. Certain specialised courts have also been provided for by the legislature, in order to avoid backlog in the main legal administration infrastructure. Among these is the Small Claims Court, which resolves disputes involving small monetary sums. In addition, African indigenous courts, which deal exclusively with indigenous law, also exist. The Constitutional Court is the highest court in the land and deals with all matters, today, this was an alteration made by the state when the question of, 'why is the constitution the highest law in the land but the constitutional court isn't the highest court' thus the evidential change.

text: History of South African law[edit]

text: The Roman-Dutch period (1500–1809)[edit]

text: Until 1795, the Seven United Provinces of Holland was a sovereign independent state. Together with the other territories of the Netherlands, it was organised into a fairly free commonwealth of nations known as the Republiek der Vereenigde Nederlanden (Republic of the United Netherlands).[6] It was originally a rural territory, but the rapid speed of development during the 15th century changed it into a trading centre. The old Germanic customary law was no longer able to settle the disputes which arose in everyday trade, and the Dutch turned to the more advanced Roman law. They took it over and changed it to suit their lives, to such an extent that at the beginning of the 17th century, the great Dutch jurist Hugo de Groot (Grotius) could describe this fusion (or joining together) of Dutch and Roman principles as a “new” legal system with its own contents. This was how Roman-Dutch Law began. It was later to form the basis of the present common law in South Africa in a form that had been expanded by what were called the placaaten which was the legislation of that period.[6]

text: Prior to 6 April 1652[edit]

text: With the failure of the successive Dutch and British colonial governments to record the laws of pre-colonial southern Africa, there is a dearth of information about laws prior to the colonisation of South Africa.[citation needed] However, the current South African legal system has recognised the significance of these, and they have been incorporated into the overall legal system, functioning as district/local courts where appropriate.[citation needed]

text: 6 April 1652 until 1910[edit]

text: From the 6 April 1652 landing of the Dutch in the Cape of Good Hope, the Roman-Dutch legal system and its legislation and laws took increasing hold,[citation needed] holding sway until the Union of South Africa as a dominion of the British Empire was formed on 31 May 1910. Even after this and to date, wherever British law does not stand, Roman-Dutch law forms the bedrock to which South Africa turns in its search for clarity in its law.[citation needed]

text: 31 May 1910 until 1961[edit]

text: From the union of the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1910 as a dominion within the British Empire called the Union of South Africa, and prior to the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, much of English law was incorporated into or formed the basis of South African law. The jury system was abolished in 1969, and cases are decided by a judge alone, sometimes assisted by two assessors. English law and the Roman-Dutch law which held sway prior to this period form the bedrock to which South Africa even now turns in its search for clarity in its law, and where there is a vacuum in its law.

text: Specific fields of law[edit]

text:
Constitutional law
Common law
Customary law
Law of agency
Criminal law
Contract law
Law of delict
Property law
Company law
Law of partnerships and trusts
Insolvency law
Labour law
Copyright law
Patent law
Law of persons
Family law
Law of succession
Administrative law
Civil procedure
Criminal procedure
Legal interpretation
Environmental law
Education law

tag: ul


document_title: Valerie Harper

question_text: who played rhoda on mary tyler moore show

text: Valerie Harper

text: Early life[edit]

text: Harper was born in Suffern, New York, the daughter of Iva Mildred (née McConnell; 1910—1988)[3] and Howard Donald Harper. Her father was a lighting salesman, and her mother was born in Canada and trained as a nurse. She is the middle child of three siblings. She has an older sister, Leah; a younger brother, Merrill (who later took the name "Don") and a half-sister, Virginia, from her father's second marriage.[citation needed]

text: She claims her parents were expecting a boy and after her arrival, her first and middle names derived from that year's women's doubles tennis champions, Valerie Scott and Kay Stammers.[4][5][6] She is of French, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry.[7] Harper claims to have based her character Rhoda Morgenstern on her Italian stepmother, Angela Posillico, and Penny Ann Green (née Joanna Greenberg), with whom she danced in the Broadway musical Wildcat.[8][2] She was raised Catholic,[9] although at an early age she "quit" the church.[10]

text: The family moved every two years due to her father's work, attending schools in South Orange, New Jersey; Pasadena, California; Monroe, Michigan; Ashland, Oregon; and Jersey City, New Jersey. When her family returned to Oregon, Harper remained in the New York City area to study ballet. She attended Lincoln High School in Jersey City, graduating from the private Young Professionals School on West 56th Street, where classmates included Sal Mineo, Tuesday Weld, and Carol Lynley.[2]

text: Career[edit]

text: Broadway dancer and improv[edit]

text: Harper began as a dancer and chorus girl on Broadway, and went on to perform in several Broadway shows, some choreographed by Michael Kidd, including Wildcat (starring Lucille Ball), Take Me Along (starring Jackie Gleason), and Subways Are For Sleeping. In-between she was also cast in Destry Rides Again but was forced to leave rehearsals due to illness. Her roommate, actress Arlene Golonka, introduced her to Second City improvisation theater and to improv performer Dick Schaal, whom Harper later married in 1965. Harper was stepmother to Schaal's daughter, Wendy, an actress. They lived in Greenwich Village.[2] She returned to Broadway in February 2010, playing Tallulah Bankhead in Matthew Lombardo's Looped at the Lyceum Theatre.[11]

text: Harper appeared in a bit part in the film version of Li'l Abner (1959), playing a Yokumberry Tonic wife. She broke into television on an episode of the soap opera The Doctors ("Zip Guns can Kill"). She was an extra in Love with the Proper Stranger. She was in the ensemble cast of Paul Sill's Story Theatre[12] and toured with Second City with Schaal, Linda Lavin and others, later appearing in sketches on Playboy After Dark. Harper performed several characters in a comedy LP, When You're in Love the Whole World is Jewish, which included the popular novelty single, The Ballad of Irving, a recitation by TV announcer Frank Gallop. Harper and Schaal moved to Los Angeles in 1968, and co-wrote an episode of Love, American Style.[2]

text: Television[edit]

text: While doing theater in Los Angeles in 1970, Harper was spotted by casting agent Ethel Winant, who called her in to audition for the role of Rhoda Morgenstern on The Mary Tyler Moore Show.[2] She co-starred from 1970–1974 and then starred in the spin-off series, Rhoda (CBS 1974-1978) in which her character returned to New York.

text: She won four Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for her work as Rhoda Morgenstern throughout this period. In 2000, Harper reunited with Moore in Mary and Rhoda, a TV movie that brought their characters together again in later life.[13] The first season of Rhoda was released on DVD on April 21, 2009, by Shout! Factory.[14]

text: She was nominated for a Golden Globe for "New Star of the Year" for her role in Freebie and The Bean (1974).[15] Harper was a guest star on The Muppet Show in 1976, its first season.[16]

text: Harper returned to situation comedy in 1986 when she played family matriarch Valerie Hogan on the NBC series Valerie.[17] Following a salary dispute with NBC and production company Lorimar in 1987, Harper was fired from the series at the end of its second season.[17][18][19][20][21] Harper sued NBC and Lorimar for breach of contract. Her claims against NBC were dismissed, but the jury found that Lorimar had wrongfully fired her and awarded her $1.4 million plus 12.5 percent of the show's profits.[19][20] The series continued without her with the explanation that her character had died off-screen.[17][18] In 1987, it was initially renamed Valerie's Family and then The Hogan Family, as Harper was replaced by actress Sandy Duncan, who played her sister-in-law Sandy Hogan.[17] NBC canceled The Hogan Family in 1990, but CBS picked-up the series for a final season.[22]

text: Harper appeared in various television movies, including a performance as Maggie in a production of the Michael Cristofer play The Shadow Box, directed by Paul Newman, and in guest roles on such series as Melrose Place (1998) and Sex and the City (1999).[citation needed]

text: Later career[edit]

text: Harper is a member of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and ran for president in the 2001 election, losing to Melissa Gilbert. She served on the Hollywood Board of Directors of SAG.[23]

text: In 2005 through 2006, Harper portrayed Golda Meir in a US National tour of the one-woman drama Golda's Balcony.[24][25] A film of this production was released in 2007.[26]

text: She played Tallulah Bankhead in the world-premiere production of Matthew Lombardo's Looped at the Pasadena Playhouse from June 27 to August 3, 2008.[27][28] The production moved to Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., in 2009.[29] It then briefly ran on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre, from February 2010 (previews) through April 2010[11][30] Harper was to continue in the role on a national tour beginning January 2013, but withdrew from the production due to her health.[31]

text: She played Claire Bremmer, aunt of Susan Delfino (Teri Hatcher), on ABC's Desperate Housewives in 2011.[32]

text: On September 4, 2013, Harper was announced as a contestant for the 17th season of Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with professional dancer Tristan MacManus.[33] Harper and MacManus were voted-off the show on October 7, 2013.

text: Activism and charity work[edit]

text: In the 1970s/80s, Harper was involved in the Women's Liberation Movement and was an advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment.[34] With Dennis Weaver she co-founded L.I.F.E. in 1983, a charity that fed thousands of needy in Los Angeles.[35][36]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Harper married actor Richard Schaal in 1964. They divorced in 1978. Harper later married Tony Cacciotti in 1987; the couple have a daughter by adoption.[37]

text: In 2009, Harper was diagnosed with lung cancer.[38] She announced on March 6, 2013, that tests from a January hospital stay revealed she has leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, a rare condition in which cancer cells spread into the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain. She said her doctors had given her as little as three months' life expectancy.[39] Although the disease was reported to be incurable, her doctors said they were treating her with chemotherapy in an effort to slow its progress.[40] In April 2014, Harper said she was responding well to the treatment.[41] On July 30, 2015, Harper was hospitalized in Maine after falling unconscious, and taken via medevac to a larger hospital for further treatment.[42][43][44] She was later discharged.[45]

text: In 2016, Harper continued battling cancer with treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center[46] but was well enough to appear in a short film, "My Mom and the Girl," based on the experiences of director/writer Susie Singer Carter, whose mother has Alzheimer’s disease. In September 2017, she made this comment: "People are saying, 'She’s on her way to death and quickly'. Now it’s five years instead of three months ... I’m going to fight this. I’m going to see a way."[47] At the time, Harper was developing a TV series with Carter.[48]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1956
Rock Rock Rock!
Dancer at Prom (uncredited)

1959
Li'l Abner
Luke's Wife (uncredited)

1963
Trash Program
Wife (voice, uncredited)
Short film

1969
With a Feminine Touch

1973
Shape of Things, TheThe Shape of Things
Herself
Television movie

1974
Thursday's Game
Ann Menzente
Television movie

1974
Freebie and the Bean
Consuelo
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress

1977
Night Terror
Carol Turner
Television movie

1979
Chapter Two
Faye Medwick
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture

1980
Last Married Couple in America, TheThe Last Married Couple in America
Barbara

1980
Fun and Games
Carol Hefferman
Television movie

1980
Shadow Box, TheThe Shadow Box
Maggie
Television movie

1981
The Day the Loving Stopped
Norma Danner
Television movie

1982
Farrell for the People
Elizabeth "Liz" Farrell
Television movie

1982
Don't Go to Sleep
Laura
Television movie

1983
Invasion of Privacy, AnAn Invasion of Privacy
Kate Bianchi
Television movie

1984
Blame It on Rio
Karen Hollis

1985
Execution, TheThe Execution
Hannah Epstein
Television movie

1987
Strange Voices
Lynn Glover
Television movie

1988
Drop-Out Mother
Nora Cromwell
Television movie

1988
People Across the Lake, TheThe People Across the Lake
Rachel Yoman
Television movie

1990
Stolen: One Husband
Katherine Slade
Television movie

1991
Perry Mason: The Case of the Fatal Fashion
Dyan Draper
Television movie

1993
Poetry Hall of Fame, TheThe Poetry Hall of Fame
Herself
Television movie

1994
Friend to Die For, AA Friend to Die For
Mrs. Delvecchio
Television movie

1995
Great Mom Swap, TheThe Great Mom Swap
Grace Venessi
Television movie

1997
Dog's Best Friend
Chicken (voice)
Television movie

2000
Mary and Rhoda
Rhoda Morgenstern-Rousseau
Television movie

2002
Dancing at the Harvest Moon
Claire
Television movie

2007
Golda's Balcony
Golda Meir

2011
Shiver
Audrey Alden

2011
My Future Boyfriend
Bobbi Moreau
Television movie

2011
Fixing Pete
Mrs. Friedlander
Television movie

2011
Certainty
Kathryn

2014
The Town That Came A-Courtin'
Charlotte
Television movie

2015
Merry Xmas
Mother
7-minute short

2016
My Mom and the Girl
Norma/Nanny[49]
22-minute short

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1970–1977
Mary Tyler Moore Show, TheThe Mary Tyler Moore Show
Rhoda Morgenstern
92 episodes
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1971–73)
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (1973–74)
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

1971
Story Theatre
Unknown
Unknown episodes

1971
Love, American Style
Barbara Watkins
Episode: "Love and the Housekeeper"

1972
Columbo
Eve Babcock
Episode: "The Most Crucial Game"

1974–1978
Rhoda
Rhoda Morgenstern Gerard
110 episodes
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (1976–78)

1976
The Muppet Show
Herself
Episode: "Valerie Harper"

1982
Fridays
Herself
1 episode

1986
Love Boat, TheThe Love Boat
Laurel Peters
2 episodes: "Egyptian Cruise Part 1 & Part 2"

1986–1987
Valerie
Valerie Hogan
32 episodes

1990
City
Liz Gianni
13 episodes

1994
Missing Persons
Ellen Hartig
3 episodes: "All They Had to Do Was Ask..." and "Tell Me You Didn't Do It... I'll Go to the Wall for You" and "What Do You Want... A Signed Confession?"

1995
The Office
Rita Stone
6 episodes

1996–1999
Touched by an Angel
Kate Prescott
2 episodes: "Flesh and Blood" (1996) and "Full Circle" (1999)

1996
Promised Land
Molly Arnold
Episode: "The Magic Gate"

1998
Generator Gawl
Various (voice)
Unknown episodes

1998
Melrose Place
Mia Mancini
2 episodes: "Mama Mia" and "Last Train to Bagdad"

1998
Sorcerous Stabber Orphen
Townspeople (voice)
Episode: "The Sword of Baltanders"

1999
Sex and the City
Wallis Wysel
Episode: "Shortcomings"

2000
Beggars and Choosers
Unknown
Episode: "Be Careful What You Wish For"

2000
As Told by Ginger
Maryellen (voice)
Episode: "The Wedding Frame"

2001
That '70s Show
Paula
Episode: "Eric's Naughty No-no"

2001
Family Law
Julia
Episode: "Clemency"

2001
Three Sisters
Merle Keats
2 episodes: "The In Laws" and "Three Thanksgivings, One Turkey"

2003−2004
Less Than Perfect
Judith
2 episodes: "Claude's Alternative Thanksgiving" and "Mom's the Word"

2005
Committed
Lily Solomon
Episode: "The Mother Episode"

2009
'Til Death
Barbara
Episode: "The Courtship of Eddie's Parents"

2011
Desperate Housewives
Claire Bremmer
Episode: "Where Do I Belong"

2011–2012
Drop Dead Diva
Judge Leslie Singer
2 episodes: "Bride-a-Palooza" and "Freak Show"

2013
The Simpsons
Test Proctor
Episode: "A Test Before Trying"

2013
Hot in Cleveland
Angie
Episode: "Love Is All Around"

2013
Dancing with the Stars
Herself (Contestant)
Season 17, eliminated week 4

2014
American Dad!
IHOP Diner
Episode: "Cock of the Sleepwalk"

2014
Signed, Sealed, Delivered[50]
Theresa Capodiamonte
Guest star; 2 episodes: "Time to Start Livin' " and "To Whom It May Concern"

2015
Melissa & Joey
Aunt Bunny
Episode: "Thanks But No Thanks"

2015
2 Broke Girls
Nola
Episode: "And The Great Unwashed"

2016
Childrens Hospital
Mamma Fiorucci, head of the Fiorucci crime family
Episode: "Childrens Horsepital"

text: Theater[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1959–1960
Take Me Along
Lady Entertainer, Townswoman

1960–1961
Wildcat
Dancer

1961–1962
Subways Are for Sleeping
Dancer

1967–1968
Something Different
Beth Nemerov
Replacement

1970–1971
Paul Sills' Story Theatre
Various

1971
Ovid's Metamorphoses
Ensemble

1995
Death Defying Acts
Dorothy/Carol
Replacement. Off-Boardway: Variety Arts Theatre

1998–1999
All Under Heaven
Pearl S. Buck
Off-Broadway's Century Center Theatre. Ran Nov. 3, 1998 to Jan. 11, 1999. Playing 16 previews and 65 regular performances.

2001–2002
Tale of the Allergist's Wife, TheThe Tale of the Allergist's Wife
Marjorie
Replacement (from July 31, 2001 - May 26, 2002)

2008–2010
Looped
Tallulah Bankhead
2010 Tony Award nominee: Best Actress in a Play. "Looped" ran on Broadway (at the Lyceum Theatre) from 2/19/2010 - 4/11/2010 for 60 performances.

2015
Nice Work if You Can Get It
Millicent Winter
Ogunquit Playhouse (Maine) (July 22—July 29—bowed out after collapsing backstage and hospitalized. Replaced by Brenda Vaccaro for remaining run through Aug 15, 2015.)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Harper is a one-time Tony nominee, eight-time Emmy nominee (four wins) and a six-time Golden Globe nominee (one win).[51]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

1971
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Won

1972
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Won

1972
Golden Globe
Best Supporting Actress – Television
The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Nominated

1973
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Won

1973
Golden Globe
Best Supporting Actress - Television
The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Nominated

1974
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Nominated

1974
Golden Globe
New Female Star of the Year
Freebie and the Bean
Nominated

1974
Golden Globe
Best Actress in a TV Comedy Series
Rhoda
Won

1975
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Rhoda
Won

1975
Golden Globe
Best Actress in a TV Comedy Series
Rhoda
Nominated

1976
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Rhoda
Nominated

1977
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Rhoda
Nominated

1978
Primetime Emmy
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Rhoda
Nominated

1979
Golden Globe
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Chapter Two
Nominated

2010
Tony Awards
Best Actress in a Play
Looped
Nominated


document_title: Long drive

question_text: who has the longest drive in pga history

text: Long drive

text: Distance[edit]

text: Professional long drivers can average over 350 yards (320 m) in competition,[1] compared with 300 yard (274 m) averages from the top PGA Tour drivers[2] and 220 yards (201 m) for an average amateur.[3] Some shots in competitions surpass 400 yards (366 m).[4] The world record recognized by Guinness Records as the longest drive in a competition is 516 yards (472 m) by 64-year-old Mike Austin in 1974 at the US Senior National Open Qualifier with a 43.5" steel shafted persimmon wood driver.[5] The record distance achieved in The RE/MAX European Long Drive Championship is 473 yards (433m) by Allen Doyle in September 2005.[6] The record distance achieved in The RE/MAX South African Long Drive Championship is 506 yards (462.9m) by Nico Grobbelaar in September 2012. Fast swingers can swing their club heads at over 150 mph (245 km/h), well beyond the 85 mph (140 km/h) average for an amateur. They train for strength, flexibility, and speed and often perform corporate exhibitions for money, exhibiting a variety of trick shots. Ball speeds are nearly double that of an average golfer (220 mph).

text: There are several well-known names in long drive. Jason Zuback is perhaps the most famous, being one of three people to win multiple RE/MAX World Long Drive Championships, with four consecutive wins from 1996–99 and a win in 2006. Sean "The Beast" Fister is another, winning in 1995, 2001, and 2005. Jamie Sadlowski had back to back wins in 2008–09. The Golf Channel is currently the owner of the Long Drivers of America organization.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Long drive clubs, which are always drivers, are different in many ways from consumer clubs. Until the recent club length limitation rules, the shafts were much longer than a normal 45 in (114.3 cm) shaft, sometimes exceeding 55 in (139.7 cm). In 2005, 50 in (127.0 cm) limitation was introduced (measured vertically).

text: In November, 2016, the World Long Drive Association (WLDA) announced a rule change as it relates to club length that went into effect immediately for all WLDA sanctioned events. The new rule states that all clubs used in competition must conform with the USGA® Rules of Golf (Appendix II, 1c), which limits club length to a maximum of 48 in (120 cm). The rule is upheld by the WLDA at all sanctioned events through the use of a CLUBLENGTH™ Ruler Measuring Tool that conforms to the USGA® method for measuring club length.

text: The rule change reduces the previous maximum length allowed by the WLDA, and is being implemented to allow Long Drive competitors to be held to the same standard of competition as Tour professionals in accordance with the USGA.[7]

text: Long drive shafts differ from standard shafts. The main difference is stiffness, as a shaft not stiff enough will lag in an inconsistent manner, causing a loss of control. These shafts are stiffer in flex and almost always made of graphite, which is lighter than steel. In order to be stiff, a shaft is usually heavier and stronger. The kick point or bend point is also higher for a lower trajectory relative to the swing, and the shaft has a lower torque, meaning that it will not twist as much, allowing the clubhead to stay straighter.

text: Clubheads usually approach the 460 cubic centimeter limit, rarely below 400 cc. They must stay within the Coefficient Of Restitution (COR) limit of 0.83, which measures how a ball hits off the surface. Most clubheads only approach the COR in the center of the club, so technology has allowed more area of the club to possess a COR of above 0.80. Thus, mishits are less affected by the newer clubheads. The loft of a long drive club is also much lower than a consumer club, sometimes around 4 or 5 degrees, as opposed to 10.5 degrees for an amateur's driver. The reason for lower lofted driver heads is to greatly reduce back spin. Too much back spin causes the ball to balloon or climb, creating a steep landing angle which does not allow the ball roll out. A flatter landing angle is desired to get the most out of the ball's forward velocity and energy.

text: Many competitions require golfers to use a specification ball for the tournament. The specific design characteristics of this ball include a dimple design that helps to maintain lower spin rates and a ball compression[definition needed] of 110. The average ball compression in golf varies from the mid-70s to the upper 80s.

text: Notable long drivers[edit]

text:
David Mobley, World Long Drive Champion – 2004 – Ranked #1 in the World by Long Drivers of America in 2003, 2004, and 2005[8]
Bubba Watson, 424 yd. drive [9] (lost Long Drive contest to Jamie Sadlowski)
Alan Shepard, "Miles and miles and miles." Apollo 14, February 5, 1971.[10] (This occurred on the Moon with a 6-iron and is unofficial.)
Mike Austin, He was credited by Guinness World Records with hitting the longest drive in tournament play (471m/515 yards) in 1974
Sean Fister ("The Beast"), World Long Drive Champion 1995, 2001, 2005.[11][12]
Monte Scheinblum, 1992 U.S. National and World Long Drive Champion.[13]
Jason Zuback ("Golfzilla"), World Long Drive Champion 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006.Seniors World Long Drive Champion 2015.
Sandra Carlborg, Ladies Division WR holder 391,Yards World Long Drive Champion 2011,2012,2014,2015, 2017[14][15]
Phillis Meti 2006 & 2016 Womens World Long Drive Champion. WR for women's longest drive 406 yards [16] and being the youngest female World Champion 19 years, 2 months. Hit 349 yards on the WLD grid in 2008.,,[17][18][19][20]


document_title: Martinique

question_text: what city in martinque is known as the paris of the lesser antilles

text: Martinique

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Christopher Columbus landed on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day trade wind passage, his fastest ocean voyage. He spent three days there refilling his water casks, bathing and washing laundry.[5]

text: The island was then called "Jouanacaëra-Matinino", which came from a mythical island described by the Tainos of Hispaniola. According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called "Jouanacaëra" by the Caribs, which means "the island of iguanas".[citation needed]

text: When Columbus landed on the island in 1502, he christened the island as Martinica. The name then evolved into Madinina ("Island of Flowers"), Madiana, and Matinite.[citation needed] Finally, through the influence of the neighboring island of Dominica (La Dominique), it came to be known as Martinique.[vague]

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-European contact[edit]

text: The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. The Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1201 CE, according to carbon dating of artifacts. They were largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated by the Taino, who were resident on the island in the 1490s.[6]

text: Martinique was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory.

text: On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, French governor of the island of St. Kitts, landed in the harbor of St. Pierre with 150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by the English. D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French King Louis XIII and the French "Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique" (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. Pierre). D'Esnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who in 1637, became governor of the island.

text: In 1636, the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island in the first of many skirmishes. The French successfully repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island, on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre. When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1658, the Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Some Carib had fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at peace.

text: Because there were few Catholic priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were Huguenots who sought greater religious freedom than what they could experience in mainland France. They were quite industrious and became quite prosperous. Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the Protestant "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's Edict of Revocation in 1685.

text: From September 1686 to early 1688, the French crown used Martinique as a threat and a dumping ground for mainland Huguenots who refused to reconvert to Catholicism. Over 1,000 Huguenots were transported to Martinique during this period, usually under miserable and crowded ship conditions that caused many of them to die en route. Those that survived the trip were distributed to the island planters as Engagés (Indentured servants) under the system of serf peonage that prevailed in the French Antilles at the time.

text: As many of the planters on Martinique were themselves Huguenot, and who were sharing in the suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation, they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren. Many of them were encouraged by their Catholic brethren who looked forward to the departure of the heretics and seizing their property for themselves. By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries back home. The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonization by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the islands yet leaving the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century.[7]

text: Under Governor of the Antilles Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac, Martinique served as a home port for French pirates including Captain Crapeau, Etienne de Montauban, and Mathurin Desmarestz.[8] In later years pirate Bartholomew Roberts styled his jolly roger as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head", after Governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts.[9]

text: Martinique was occupied several times by the British including once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars. Britain controlled the island almost continuously from 1794–1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.[10] Martinique has remained a French possession since then.

text: As sugar prices declined in the early 1800s, the planter class lost political influence. In 1848, Victor Schoelcher persuaded the French government to end slavery in the French West Indies.[10]

text: On 8 May 1902, Mont Pelée erupted and completely destroyed St. Pierre, killing 30,000 people. Due to the eruption refugees from Martinique arrived in boats to the southern villages of Dominica with some remaining permanently on the island. In Martinique the only survivor in the town of Saint-Pierre, Auguste Cyparis, was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell.[11] Shortly thereafter the capital shifted to Fort-de-France, where it remains today.[10]

text: During WWII, the Vichy government controlled Martinique and Guadeloupe. German U-boats used Martinique for refueling and re-supply during the Battle of the Caribbean. In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and 5 in 1944. Free French forces took over on the island on Bastille Day, 14 July 1943, as Admiral Robert fled.[12]

text: In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France. In 1974, it became simply a Department.[10]

text: In 2009, the French Caribbean general strikes exposed deep ethnic, and class tensions and disparities within Martinique.[13]

text: Governance[edit]

text: Together with Guadeloupe, La Réunion, Mayotte and French Guiana, Martinique is one of the Overseas Departments of France. It is also an outermost region of the European Union. The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights. Martinique sends four deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate.

text: January 24, 2010, during a referendum, the Inhabitants of Martinique approved in 68.4% the passage in a " unique(only) community ", within the framework of the article 73 of the Constitution, this one replaces and exercises the skills of the General Council and the regional council.

text: Subdivisions[edit]

text: Martinique is divided into four arrondissements, 34 communes, and 45 cantons. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows:

text:
Fort-de-France is the sole prefecture of Martinique. It takes up the central zone of the island. It includes four communes and sixteen cantons. In 2013 the population was 161,021.[2] Besides the capital, it includes the communities of Saint-Joseph and Schœlcher.
La Trinité is one of the three subprefectures on the island and occupies the northeast region. It has ten communes and eleven cantons. In 2013 the population was 81,475.[2] La Trinité contains the communities of La Trinité, Ajoupa-Bouillon, Basse-Pointe, Le Gros-Morne, Le Lorrain, Macouba, Le Marigot, Le Robert and Sainte-Marie.
Le Marin, the second subprefecture of Martinique, makes up the southern part of the island and is composed of twelve communes and thirteen cantons. In 2013 the population was 119,653.[2] The subprefecture includes the communities of La Marin, Les Anses d'Arlet, Le Diamant, Ducos, Le François, Rivière-Pilote, Rivière-Salée, Sainte-Anne, Sainte-Luce, Saint-Esprit, Les Trois-Îlets and Le Vauclin.
Saint-Pierre is the third subprefecture of the island. It comprises eight communes and five cantons, lying in the northwest of Martinique. In 2013 the population was 23,402.[2] Together with Saint-Pierre, its communities include Le Carbet, Case-Pilote-Bellefontaine, Le Morne-Rouge and Le Prêcheur.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Part of the archipelago of the Antilles, Martinique is located in the Caribbean Sea about 450 km (280 mi) northeast of the coast of South America and about 700 km (435 mi) southeast of the Dominican Republic. It is directly north of St. Lucia, northwest of Barbados, southeast of both Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic and south of Dominica.

text: The total area of Martinique is 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi), of which 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) is water and the rest land. Martinique is the 3rd largest island in The Lesser Antilles after Trinidad and Guadeloupe. It stretches 70 km (43 mi) in length and 30 km (19 mi) in width. The highest point is the volcano of Mont Pelée at 1,397 metres (4,583 ft) above sea level.

text: The island is volcanic in origin, lying along the subduction fault where the South American Plate slides beneath the Caribbean Plate.[14] Martinique has eight different centers of volcanic activity. The oldest rocks are andesitic lavas dated to about 24 million years ago, mixed with tholeiitic magma containing iron and magnesium. Mont Pelée, the island's most dramatic feature, formed about 400,000 years ago.[15] Pelée erupted in 1792, 1851, and twice in 1902.[11] The eruption of 8 May 1902, destroyed Saint-Pierre and killed 28,000 people in 2 minutes; that of 30 August 1902 caused nearly 1,100 deaths, mostly in Morne-Red and Ajoupa-Bouillon.[16] [17]

text: The Atlantic, or "windward" coast of Martinique is difficult for the navigation of ships. A combination of coastal cliffs, shallow coral reefs and cays, and strong winds make the area a notoriously hazardous zone for sea traffic. The peninsula of Caravelle clearly separates the north Atlantic and south Atlantic coast.

text: The Caribbean, or "leeward" coast of Martinique is much more favorable to sea traffic. In addition to being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island, it also descends steeply from the shore. This ensures most potential hazards are too deep underwater to be an issue and also prevents the growth of corals that could otherwise pose a threat to passing ships.

text: The north of the island is mountainous. It features four ensembles of pitons (volcanoes) and mornes (mountains): the Piton Conil on the extreme North, which dominates the Dominica Channel; Mont Pelée, an active volcano; the Morne Jacob; and the Pitons du Carbet, an ensemble of five extinct volcanoes covered with rainforest and dominating the Bay of Fort de France at 1,196 metres (3,924 ft). Mont Pelée's volcanic ash has created gray and black sand beaches in the north (in particular between Anse Ceron and Anse des Gallets), contrasting markedly from the white sands of Les Salines in the south.

text: The south is more easily traversed, though it still features some impressive geographic features. Because it is easier to travel and because of the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region, the south receives the bulk of the tourist traffic. The beaches from Pointe de Bout, through Diamant (which features right off the coast of Roche de Diamant), St. Luce, the department of St. Anne and down to Les Salines are popular.

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: The northern end of the island catches most of the rainfall and is heavily forested, featuring species such as bamboo, mahogany, rosewood and locust. The south is drier and dominated by savanna-like brush, including cacti, Copaiba balsam, logwood and acacia.

text: Anole lizards and fer-de-lance snakes are native to the island. Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), introduced in the 1800s to control the snake population, have become a particularly cumbersome introduced species[18] as they prey upon bird eggs and have exterminated or endangered a number of native birds, including the Martinique trembler, white-breasted trembler and white-breasted thrasher.[10]

text: Economy[edit]

text: In 2003, Martinique had a total GDP of 5.496 billion euros. In 2000 its per capita GDP was 14,283 euros. In that year services constituted 82.2% of GDP, while industry represented 8.6% and agriculture 3.5%. In 2002, the island exported 26 million euros-worth of goods, primarily fruit, beverages and refined petroleum products. It imported 486 million euros-worth of goods, including vehicles, furniture, medicine and raw petroleum (used in the island's refinery).[19]

text: Historically, Martinique's economy relied on agriculture, but by the beginning of the 21st century this sector had dwindled considerably. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to mainland France. The bulk of meat, vegetable and grain requirements must be imported. This contributes to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from mainland France.

text: All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable "sea toll" which may reach 30% of the value of the cargo and provides 40% of the island's total revenue. Additionally the government charges an "annual due" of 1–2.5% and a value added tax of 2.2–8.5%.[19]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. In 2000, the island hosted 500,000 tourists, and the tourism industry employed 7% of the total workforce. Roughly 16% of the total businesses on the island (some 6,000 companies) provide tourist-related services.[19]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Martinique's main and only airport with commercial flights is Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport. It serves flights to and from Europe, the Caribbean, Venezuela, the United States, and Canada.[11] See List of airports in Martinique.

text: Fort-de-France is the major harbor. The island has regular ferry service to Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, Les Saintes and Marie Galante.[10][11] There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort-de-France with Pointe du Bout.[10]

text: The road network is extensive and well-maintained, with freeways in the area around Fort-de-France. Buses run frequently between the capital and St. Pierre.[10]

text: Communications[edit]

text: The country code top-level domain for Martinique is .mq, but .fr is often used instead. The country code for international dialling is 596. The entire island uses a single area code (also 596) for landline phones and 696 for cell phones. (596 would be dialled twice if calling a Martinique landline from another country.)[20]

text: Society[edit]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Martinique had a population of 385,551 as of January 2013.[2] There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. Emigration was highest in the 1970s, causing population growth to almost stop, but it is comparatively light today.

text:
Historical population

1700
estimate
1738
estimate
1848
estimate
1869
estimate
1873
estimate
1878
estimate
1883
estimate
1888
estimate
1893
estimate
1900
estimate

24,000
74,000
120,400
152,925
157,805
162,861
167,119
175,863
189,599
203,781

1954
census
1961
census
1967
census
1974
census
1982
census
1990
census
1999
census
2006
census
2011
census
2013
census

239,130
292,062
320,030
324,832
328,566
359,572
381,325
397,732
392,291
385,551

Official figures from past censuses and INSEE estimates

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: The population of Martinique is mainly of African descent, but also includes people whose ancestry is French, Amerindian (Carib), Indo-Martiniquais (descendants of 19th century immigrants from India), Lebanese or Chinese. Martinique also has a small Syro-Lebanese community, a small but increasing Chinese community, and the Béké community, descendants of the first French and Spanish settlers, who still dominate parts of the agricultural and trade sectors of the economy. Whites in total represent 5% of the population.[21]

text: The Béké population (which totals around 1% of Martinique's population,[22] most of them being of aristocratic origin by birth or after buying the title) generally live in mansions on the Atlantic coast of the island (mostly in the François – Cap Est district). In addition to the island population, the island hosts a metropolitan French community, most of which lives on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years).

text: Languages[edit]

text: The official language is French, which is spoken by virtually the entire population. In addition, most residents can also speak Martiniquan Creole, a form of Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-speaking islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martiniquan Creole is based on French, Carib and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and Portuguese. It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.

text: Use of Creole is predominant among friends and close family. Though it is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France. Indeed, unlike other varieties of French creole such as Mauritian Creole, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation, though over the years it has progressively adapted features of Standard French.

text: Religion[edit]

text: An estimated 90% of residents are Roman Catholic; 5% are Hindu and another 5% practice other faiths, including Protestantism, African belief systems, Judaism, or are non-religious.

text: Culture[edit]

text: As an overseas département of France, Martinique's culture blends French and Caribbean influences. The city of Saint-Pierre (destroyed by a volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée), was often referred to as the "Paris of the Lesser Antilles". Following traditional French custom, many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch, then reopen later in the afternoon.

text: Today, Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries. French products are easily available, from Chanel fashions to Limoges porcelain. Studying in the métropole (mainland France, especially Paris) is common for young adults. Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years, attracting both upper-class French and more budget-conscious travelers.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Martinique has a hybrid cuisine, mixing elements of African, French, Carib Amerindian and South Asian traditions. One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo (compare Tamil word kuzhambu for gravy or broth), a unique curry of chicken (curry chicken), meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive masala of Tamil origins, sparked with tamarind, and often containing wine, coconut milk, cassava and rum. A strong tradition of Martiniquan desserts and cakes incorporate pineapple, rum, and a wide range of local ingredients.

text: Music[edit]

text: Martinique has a large popular music industry, which gained in international renown after the success of zouk music in the later 20th century. Zouk's popularity was particularly intense in France, where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Martinique and Guadeloupe.[23] Zouk's origins are in the folk music of Martinique and Guadeloupe, especially Martinican chouval bwa, and Guadeloupan gwo ka. There's also notable influence of the pan-Caribbean calypso tradition and Haitian kompa.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
In 1887, the artist Paul Gauguin lived in Martinique. Gauguin painted the tropical landscape and the native women. The Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre (former Gauguin Museum) is dedicated to his stay on the island.
Martinique is the main setting of the 1944 film To Have and Have Not starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall.
Mexican writer Caridad Bravo Adams wrote Corazon Salvaje (published in 1957), which was set in Martinique.
Martinique was featured in the 1999 remake of The Thomas Crown Affair, and in the movie Sugar Cane Alley (1983).
Much of the 1979 Italian thriller Concorde Affaire '79 took place on and around the island.
In Assassin's Creed III, Benjamin Church was trying to escape from Boston to get away from Haytham Kenway and Ratonhnhaké: ton until they caught him in Martinique.
Martinique is the main setting of Patrick Chamoiseau's novel Solibo Magnificent.
Martinique is referenced frequently in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) as the previous home of the protagonist's mother and caretaker.
Aimé Césaire's seminal poem, Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land), envisions the poet's imagined journey back to his homeland Martinique to find it in a state of colossal poverty and psychological inferiority due to the French colonial presence.
Lafcadio Hearn in 1890 published an extraordinary travel book titled Two Years in the French West Indies, in which Martinique [Martinique Sketches] is its main topic; his descriptions of the island, people and history are lively observations of life before the Mont Pelèe eruption in 1902 that would change the island forever. The Library of America republished his works in 2009 entitled Hearn: American Writings.
The Island: Martinique by John Edgar Wideman is a travel memoir of a black man visiting "a place built on slavery" and a "deeply personal journal of his romance with a Frenchwoman" (2003, National Geographic Society).
Alya Césaire from Miraculous Ladybug is from Martinique.
Martinique Island by Rex Bestle. Based on the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelee on May 8, 1902, killing 30,000 people and destroying the town of St. Pierre.
Martinique on the Gulf is a small beach house resort in Gulf Shores, Alabama. Its architecture reflects that of the islands.
Carolly Erickson's 2007 romance novel, The Secret Life of Josephine: Napoleon's Bird of Paradise takes place in 18th century Martinique and France.


document_title: Amadeus (film)

question_text: who sang queen of the night in amadeus

question_tokens: who sang queen of the night in amadeus

text: Amadeus (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: An elderly Antonio Salieri (F. Murray Abraham) confesses to the murder of his former colleague, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Tom Hulce) and attempts to kill himself by slitting his throat. Two servants take him to a mental asylum where a priest, Father Vogler (Richard Frank), implores him to confess.

text: Salieri recounts how, even in his youth, he desired to be a composer, much to the chagrin of his father. He prays to God that, if he will make Salieri a famous composer, he will in return promise his faithfulness. Soon after, his father dies, which Salieri takes as a sign that God has accepted his vow. He is educated in Vienna and becomes court composer to Emperor Joseph II (Jeffrey Jones).

text: Mozart arrives in Vienna to perform at the request of his employer, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg (Nicholas Kepros). Salieri attends the performance to meet Mozart, discovers that Mozart is obscene and immature, and yet Salieri finds Mozart's talent to be transcendent.

text: The Emperor desires to commission Mozart to write an opera and, despite the reservations of his advisers (Charles Kay, Patrick Hines, Jonathan Moore), summons him to the palace. Mozart happily accepts the job, much to the annoyance of Salieri. Mozart premieres his finished opera to mixed reviews from the Emperor. Salieri suspects that Mozart has slept with the star, Caterina Cavalieri (Christine Ebersole), despite his engagement to Constanze Weber (Elizabeth Berridge).

text: The Emperor desires that Mozart instruct his niece, Princess Elisabeth, in music, but Salieri discourages him from doing so. Constanze visits Salieri to persuade him to make the Emperor reconsider, but she is unsuccessful.

text: Salieri is enraged that God has bestowed upon Mozart the talent he has so desperately desired and vows to destroy Mozart. Mozart, meanwhile, struggles to find work and begins drinking. His father, Leopold Mozart (Roy Dotrice), comes to visit him in Vienna. Constanze and Mozart take Leopold to a masked party (which Salieri also attends), where Mozart entertains the guests with musical antics. Leopold disapproves of his son's hedonism and the family argues until Leopold leaves town.

text: Salieri hires a young girl (Cynthia Nixon) to pose as the Mozarts’ maid while spying for him. She takes him to the Mozart residence, where he discovers that Mozart is working on an opera based on the play The Marriage of Figaro, which the Emperor has forbidden. When Mozart is summoned to court to explain, he manages to convince the Emperor to allow his opera to premiere, despite Salieri and the advisers' attempts at sabotage.

text: Messengers arrive in Vienna with news of Leopold's death, and in response a grief-stricken Mozart pens Don Giovanni. Salieri recognizes the dead commander as symbolic of Leopold and hatches a plan. Wearing Leopold’s party mask, Salieri visits Mozart and commissions a Requiem Mass. Salieri plots to kill Mozart once the piece is finished, then premiere it at Mozart's funeral, claiming the work as his own.

text: At a parody of one of Mozart's own operas, Emanuel Schikaneder (Simon Callow) asks Mozart to write an opera for his theater. Mozart, desperate for money, obliges, despite Constanze's insistence that he finish the Requiem Mass. The couple fight and Constanze leaves with their young son, Karl.

text: Mozart collapses during a performance of his finished work, The Magic Flute. Salieri takes him home and offers his assistance on the Requiem. Salieri transcribes Mozart's verbal commands, and they work through the night. The next morning, a gravely ill Mozart apologizes to Salieri for his previous behavior. A guilty Constanze returns home and locks the unfinished Requiem away, only to find that Mozart has died from overwork. Mozart is taken out of the city and unceremoniously buried in a mass grave.

text: Having finished his tale, Salieri asks how a merciful God could destroy his own beloved just to keep a mediocrity like Salieri from sharing in his glory. As he is pushed down the hall in a wheelchair, Salieri declares himself “the patron saint of mediocrities” and mockingly absolves the other patients of their own inadequacies. Mozart's high-pitched laugh is heard as the screen fades to black.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
F. Murray Abraham as Antonio Salieri
Tom Hulce as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Elizabeth Berridge as Constanze Mozart
Roy Dotrice as Leopold Mozart
Jeffrey Jones as Emperor Joseph II
Charles Kay as Count Orsini-Rosenberg
Simon Callow as Emanuel Schikaneder
Jonathan Moore as Baron van Swieten
Roderick Cook as Count Von Strack
Patrick Hines as Kapellmeister Giuseppe Bonno
Richard Frank as Father Vogler
Christine Ebersole as Caterina Cavalieri
Cynthia Nixon as Lorl, Mozart's maid
Nicholas Kepros as Count Hieronymus von Colloredo, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg
Vincent Schiavelli as Salieri's Valet
Douglas Seale as Count Arco

text: Production[edit]

text: In his autobiography Beginning, Kenneth Branagh says that he was one of the finalists for the role of Mozart, but was dropped from consideration when Forman decided to make the film with an American cast.[3] Hulce reportedly used John McEnroe's mood swings as a source of inspiration for his portrayal of Mozart's unpredictable genius.[4]

text: Meg Tilly was cast as Mozart's wife Constanze, but she tore a ligament in her leg the day before shooting started.[4] She was replaced by Elizabeth Berridge. Simon Callow, who played Mozart in the original London stage production of Amadeus, was cast as Emanuel Schikaneder, the librettist of The Magic Flute.

text: The film was shot on location in Prague, Kroměříž, and Vienna. Notably, Forman was able to shoot scenes in the Count Nostitz Theatre in Prague, where Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito debuted two centuries before. Several other scenes were shot at the Barrandov Studios.[citation needed]

text: Forman collaborated with American choreographer Twyla Tharp.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 1985, the film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, including the double nomination for Best Actor with Hulce and Abraham each being nominated for their portrayals of Mozart and Salieri, respectively. The film won eight Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Abraham), Best Director (Forman), Costume Design (Theodor Pištěk), Adapted Screenplay (Shaffer), Art Direction (Karel Černý, Patrizia von Brandenstein), Best Makeup, and Best Sound. The film was nominated for but did not win Oscars for Best Cinematography and Best Editing. Amadeus, The English Patient, The Hurt Locker, The Artist, and Birdman are the only Best Picture winners never to enter the weekend box office top 5 after rankings began being recorded in 1982.[5][6][7][8] Amadeus peaked at #6 during its 8th weekend in theaters. Saul Zaentz produced both Amadeus and The English Patient.

text: The film was nominated for six Golden Globes (Hulce and Abraham were nominated together) and won four, including awards to Forman, Abraham, Shaffer, and Golden Globe Award for Best Picture – Drama. Jeffrey Jones was nominated for Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Drama. Forman also received the Directors Guild of America Award for his work.

text: At the end of the Oscar ceremony, Laurence Olivier came on stage to present the Oscar for Best Picture. As Olivier thanked the Academy for inviting him, he was already opening the envelope. Instead of announcing the nominees, he simply read, "The winner for this is ‘Amadeus’." An AMPAS official quickly went onstage to confirm the winner and signaled that all was well, before Olivier then presented the award to producer Saul Zaentz. Olivier (in his 78th year) had been ill for many years, and it was because of mild dementia that he forgot to read the nominees.[9] Zaentz then thanked Olivier, saying it was an honour to receive the award from him,[10] before mentioning the other nominees in his acceptance speech: The Killing Fields, A Passage to India, Places in the Heart and A Soldier's Story. Maurice Jarre won the Oscar for Best Original Music Score for his scoring of A Passage to India. In his acceptance speech for the award, Jarre remarked "I was lucky Mozart was not eligible this year".[11]

text: Alternative versions[edit]

text: Amadeus premiered in 1984 as a PG-rated movie with a running time of 161 minutes. In 2002, director Miloš Forman introduced an R-rated version with nearly 20 minutes of restored footage. This version was released by the studios as a Director's Cut. Forman justified why those scenes were cut in the first place in the 1995 supplemental material for Pioneer's deluxe LaserDisc. However, he explains why the scenes were eventually restored in a subsequent 2002 interview with The A.V. Club:

text: When you finish a film, before the first paying audience sees it, you don't have any idea. You don't know if you made a success or a flop, when it comes to the box office. And in the '80s, with MTV on the scene, we are having a three-hour film about classical music, with long names and wigs and costumes. Don't forget that no major studio wanted to finance the film, for these reasons. So we said, "Well, we don't want to be pushing the audience's patience too far". Whatever was not directly connected to the plot, I just cut out. But it was a mutual decision [to limit the running time]. I wanted the best life for the film myself... Well, once we are re-releasing it on DVD, it doesn't matter if it is two hours and 40 minutes long, or three hours long. So why don't we do the version as it was written in the script?[12]

text: Music[edit]

text: Film credits[edit]

text:
Music conducted and supervised by Neville Marriner
Music coordinator: John Strauss
The Orchestra: Academy of St Martin in the Fields, conducted by Sir Neville Marriner
The Choruses

Academy Chorus of St Martin in the Fields, conducted by Laszlo Heltay
Ambrosian Opera Chorus, conducted by John McCarthy
The Choristers of Westminster Abbey, conducted by Simon Preston

Instrumental Soloists

Piano Concerto No. 22 in E flat major, K. 482: Ivan Moravec
Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466: Imogen Cooper
Adagio in C minor for Glass Harmonica, K. 617: Thomas Bloch with The Brussels Virtuosi, conducted by Marc Grauwels

Parody backgrounds: San Francisco Symphony Chorus
"Caro Mio Ben" by Giuseppe Giordani: Michele Esposito, soprano

text: Original Soundtrack Recording[edit]

text: The soundtrack album[13] reached #1 in the Billboard Classical Albums Chart, #56 in the Billboard Popular Albums Chart, has sold over 6.5 million copies and received thirteen gold discs, making it one of the most popular classical music recordings of all time.[14] It won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Album in 1984.[15]

text: Disc 1

text:
Mozart: Symphony No. 25 in G minor, K. 183, 1st movement
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi: Stabat Mater: "Quando corpus morietur" and "Amen"
Early 18th Century Gypsy Music: Bubak and Hungaricus
Mozart: Serenade for Winds in B flat major, K. 361, 3rd movement
Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio, K. 384, Turkish Finale
Mozart: Symphony No. 29 in A major, K. 201, 1st movement
Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E flat major, K. 365, 3rd movement
Mozart: Great Mass in C minor, K. 427, Kyrie
Mozart: Symphonie Concertante in E flat major, K. 364, 1st movement

tag: ol

text: Disc 2

text:
Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 22 in E flat major, K. 482, 3rd movement
Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act III, "Ecco la marcia"
Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act IV, "Ah, tutti contenti"
Mozart: Don Giovanni, K. 527, Act II, Commendatore scene
Mozart: Zaide, K. 344, Aria, "Ruhe sanft"
Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Introitus (orchestral introduction)
Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Dies irae
Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Rex tremendae majestatis
Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Confutatis
Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Lacrimosa
Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, 2nd movement

text: All tracks on the album were performed specifically for the film. According to the film commentary by Forman and Schaffer, Marriner agreed to score the film if Mozart's music was completely unchanged from the original scores. Marriner did add some notes to Salieri's music that are noticeable in the beginning of the film, as Salieri begins his confession.

text: The aria "Ruhe sanft" from the opera Zaide does not appear in the film.

text: More Music from the Original Soundtrack[edit]

text: In 1985 an additional album with the title More Music from the Original Soundtrack of the Film Amadeus was issued containing further selections of music that were not included on the original soundtrack release.[16]

text:
Mozart: The Magic Flute, K. 620, Overture
Mozart: The Magic Flute, K. 620, Act II, The Queen of the Night aria ("Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen")
Mozart: Masonic Funeral Music, K. 477
Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, 1st movement
Antonio Salieri: Axur, re d'Ormus, Finale
Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Serenade No. 13 for Strings in G major), K. 525, 1st movement, arranged for woodwind octet by Graham Sheen
Mozart: Concerto for Flute and Harp in C major, K. 299, 2nd movement
Mozart: Six German Dances (Nos. 1–3), K. 509
Giuseppe Giordani: "Caro mio ben"
Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio, K. 384, Chorus of the Janissaries (Arr.) and "Ich möchte wohl der Kaiser sein" ("Ein deutsches Kriegslied"), K. 539 (Arr.)

text: The Masonic Funeral Music was originally intended to play over the closing credits, but was replaced in the film by the second movement of the Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor[17] (included on the Original Soundtrack Recording).

text: Director's Cut soundtrack[edit]

text: In 2002, to coincide with the release of the Director's Cut of the film, the soundtrack was remastered with 24-bit encoding and reissued with the title Special Edition: The Director's Cut – Newly Remastered Original Soundtrack Recording on two 24-karat gold CDs.[18] It contains most of the music from the previous two releases, but with the following differences.

text: The following pieces were added for this release:

text:
Salieri's March of Welcome turned into "Non più andrai" from The Marriage of Figaro (includes dialogue from the film)
Adagio in C minor for Glass Harmonica, K. 617 (from a new 2001 recording)

text: The following pieces, previously released on More Music from the Original Soundtrack of the Film Amadeus, were not included:

text:
Masonic Funeral Music, K. 477
Six German Dances (Nos. 1–3), K. 509

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Academy Awards 1985:

text:
Won (8)[19][20]

Best Actor in a Leading Role (F. Murray Abraham)
Best Adapted Screenplay (Peter Shaffer)
Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Patrizia von Brandenstein; Set Decoration: Karel Černý)
Best Costume Design (Theodor Pištěk)
Best Picture (Saul Zaentz)
Best Director (Miloš Forman)
Best Makeup (Dick Smith and Paul LeBlanc)
Best Sound (Mark Berger, Thomas Scott, Todd Boekelheide and Christopher Newman)

Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role (Tom Hulce)
Best Cinematography (Miroslav Ondříček)
Best Film Editing (Nena Danevic and Michael Chandler)

text: Golden Globe Awards 1985:

text:
Won (4)

Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama (F. Murray Abraham)
Best Director (Miloš Forman)
Best Motion Picture – Drama (producer, Saul Zaentz)
Best Screenplay (Peter Shaffer)

Nominated

Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama (Tom Hulce)
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Jeffrey Jones)

text: LAFCA Awards 1984:

text:
Won (4)

Best Actor (F. Murray Abraham tied with Albert Finney for Under the Volcano)
Best Director (Miloš Forman)
Best Picture (producer, Saul Zaentz)
Best Screenplay (Peter Shaffer)

text: American Cinema Editors:

text:
Won (1)

Best Edited Feature Film (Nena Danevic and Michael Chandler)

text: Casting Society of America:

text:
Won (1)

Best Casting for Feature Film (Mary Goldberg)

text: Directors Guild of America:

text:
Won (1)

Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Miloš Forman)

text: Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award:

text:
Won (1)

Best Actor (F. Murray Abraham)

text: American Film Institute:

text:
Won (1)

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #53

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: BAFTA:

text:
Won (4)

Best Cinematography (Miroslav Ondříček)
Best Editing (Nena Danevic and Michael Chandler)
Best Make Up Artist (Dick Smith and Paul LeBlanc)
Best Sound (Mark Berger, Thomas Scott and Christopher Newman)

Nominated

Best Actor (F. Murray Abraham)
Best Costume Design (Theodor Pištěk)
Best Film (Miloš Forman and Saul Zaentz)
Best Production Design (Patrizia von Brandstein)
Best Screenplay – Adapted (Peter Shaffer)

text: Italy[edit]

text: David di Donatello:

text:
Won (3)

Best Director – Foreign Film (Miloš Forman)
Best Foreign Actor (Tom Hulce)
Best Foreign Film

text: Nastro d'Argento:

text:
Won (2)

Best Actor – Foreign Film (Tom Hulce)
Best Director – Foreign Film (Miloš Forman)

text: France[edit]

text: César Award:

text:
Won (1)

Best Foreign Film

text: Japan[edit]

text: Japan Academy Prize:

text:
Won (1)

Best Foreign Language Film

text: Norway[edit]

text: Amanda Award:

text:
Won (1)

Best Foreign Feature Film


document_title: Rail Budget

question_text: who presented in parliament the last separate rail bugdet of india

text: Rail Budget

text: History[edit]

text: Following the recommendation of the Acworth Committee in 1920-21, headed by British railway economist William Acworth[2] The "Acworth Report" led to reorganisation of railways, the railway finances were separated from the general government finances in 1921. After that in 1924 the budget was announced, a practice that continued till 2016.[3][4][5]

text: The first live telecast took place on 24 March 1994.

text: Lalu Prasad Yadav, who remained Railways Minister from 2004 to May 2009, presented the railway budget 6 times in a row. In 2009, under his tenure a ₹108 billion (US$1.7 billion) budget was passed.[6]

text: In the year 2000, Mamata Banerjee (later Chief Minister of West Bengal) became the first female Railway Minister. In 2002, she became the first female to present the Railway budget and is the only woman to do so for two different governing coalitions (NDA and UPA).

text: In 2014 budget, Railway Minister D. V. Sadananda Gowda announced the first bullet train and 9 High-Speed Rail routes.[7]

text: The last Railway Budget [8] was presented on 25 February 2016 by Mr. Suresh Prabhu.