document_title: Abundance of the chemical elements

question_text: common elements that can be found on the surface of the earth

text: Abundance of the chemical elements

text: Universe[edit]

text:
Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically[3]

Z
Element
Mass fraction (ppm)

1
Hydrogen
739,000

2
Helium
240,000

8
Oxygen
10,400

6
Carbon
4,600

10
Neon
1,340

26
Iron
1,090

7
Nitrogen
960

14
Silicon
650

12
Magnesium
580

16
Sulfur
440

text: The elements – that is, ordinary (baryonic) matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6% of the universe's energy (including the mass contributed by energy, E = mc² ↔ m = E / c²) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars, planets, and living beings. The rest is thought to be made up of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%).[4] These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions, but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood.

text: Most standard (baryonic) matter is found in intergalactic gas, stars, and interstellar clouds, in the form of atoms or ions (plasma), although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings, such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars.

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second.  However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.

text: The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of stars.

text: Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy's disk is composed of heavy elements.

text: These other elements are generated by stellar processes.[5][6][7] In astronomy, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang.  Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity, after the Big Bang.

text: In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

text: Solar system[edit]

text:
Most abundant nuclides in the Solar System[8]

Nuclide

A

Mass fraction in parts per million

Atom fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1
1
705,700
909,964

Helium-4
4
275,200
88,714

Oxygen-16
16
9,592
477

Carbon-12
12
3,032
326

Nitrogen-14
14
1,105
102

Neon-20
20
1,548
100

Other nuclides:
3,879
149

Silicon-28
28
653
30

Magnesium-24
24
513
28

Iron-56
56
1,169
27

Sulfur-32
32
396
16

Helium-3
3
35
15

Hydrogen-2
2
23
15

Neon-22
22
208
12

Magnesium-26
26
79
4

Carbon-13
13
37
4

Magnesium-25
25
69
4

Aluminium-27
27
58
3

Argon-36
36
77
3

Calcium-40
40
60
2

Sodium-23
23
33
2

Iron-54
54
72
2

Silicon-29
29
34
2

Nickel-58
58
49
1

Silicon-30
30
23
1

Iron-57
57
28
1

text:
The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.[3]
Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

text: The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays).

text: Beginning with carbon, elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo-Harkins rule.

text: Relation to nuclear binding energy[edit]

text:
Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve.  Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter.[9]
See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

text:
A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve, and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve. This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy (corresponding to relative stability) of even atomic numbers compared with odd atomic numbers and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.[10]
The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy.[11]

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

text: The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.[12]

text: The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

text:
Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth.[13] The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million (ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb).
show

Atomic Number

Name

Symbol

Mass fraction (ppm)

Atomic fraction (ppb)[13]

8
oxygen
O
297000
482,000,000

12
magnesium
Mg
154000
164,000,000

14
silicon
Si
161000
150,000,000

26
iron
Fe
319000
148,000,000

13
aluminum
Al
15900
15,300,000

20
calcium
Ca
17100
11,100,000

28
nickel
Ni
18220
8,010,000

1
hydrogen
H
260
6,700,000

16
sulfur
S
6350
5,150,000

24
chromium
Cr
4700
2,300,000

11
sodium
Na
1800
2,000,000

6
carbon
C
730
1,600,000

15
phosphorus
P
1210
1,020,000

25
manganese
Mn
1700
800,000

22
titanium
Ti
810
440,000

27
cobalt
Co
880
390,000

19
potassium
K
160
110,000

17
chlorine
Cl
76
56,000

23
vanadium
V
105
53,600

7
nitrogen
N
25
46,000

29
copper
Cu
60
25,000

30
zinc
Zn
40
16,000

9
fluorine
F
10
14,000

21
scandium
Sc
11
6,300

3
lithium
Li
1.10
4,100

38
strontium
Sr
13
3,900

32
germanium
Ge
7.00
2,500

40
zirconium
Zr
7.10
2,000

31
gallium
Ga
3.00
1,000

34
selenium
Se
2.70
890

56
barium
Ba
4.50
850

39
yttrium
Y
2.90
850

33
arsenic
As
1.70
590

5
boron
B
0.20
480

42
molybdenum
Mo
1.70
460

44
ruthenium
Ru
1.30
330

78
platinum
Pt
1.90
250

46
palladium
Pd
1.00
240

58
cerium
Ce
1.13
210

60
neodymium
Nd
0.84
150

4
beryllium
Be
0.05
140

41
niobium
Nb
0.44
120

76
osmium
Os
0.90
120

77
iridium
Ir
0.90
120

37
rubidium
Rb
0.40
120

35
bromine
Br
0.30
97

57
lanthanum
La
0.44
82

66
dysprosium
Dy
0.46
74

64
gadolinium
Gd
0.37
61

52
tellurium
Te
0.30
61

45
rhodium
Rh
0.24
61

50
tin
Sn
0.25
55

62
samarium
Sm
0.27
47

68
erbium
Er
0.30
47

70
ytterbium
Yb
0.30
45

59
praseodymium
Pr
0.17
31

82
lead
Pb
0.23
29

72
hafnium
Hf
0.19
28

74
tungsten
W
0.17
24

79
gold
Au
0.16
21

48
cadmium
Cd
0.08
18

63
europium
Eu
0.10
17

67
holmium
Ho
0.10
16

47
silver
Ag
0.05
12

65
terbium
Tb
0.07
11

51
antimony
Sb
0.05
11

75
rhenium
Re
0.08
10

53
iodine
I
0.05
10

69
thulium
Tm
0.05
7

55
cesium
Cs
0.04
7

71
lutetium
Lu
0.05
7

90
thorium
Th
0.06
6

73
tantalum
Ta
0.03
4

80
mercury
Hg
0.02
3

92
uranium
U
0.02
2

49
indium
In
0.01
2

81
thallium
Tl
0.01
2

83
bismuth
Bi
0.01
1

text: Crust[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.

text: The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust— the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

text: Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

text:
rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);
rare earth elements (lanthanides, La-Lu, and Y; labeled in blue);
major industrial metals (global production >~3×107 kg/year; labeled in red);
precious metals (labeled in purple);
the nine rarest "metals" — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid) — in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth's core.

tag: ol

text: Note that there are two breaks where the unstable (radioactive) elements technetium (atomic number: 43) and promethium (atomic number: 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet both have relatively short half lives (~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared. These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (for example, uranium, thorium, or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes.

text: There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust, and are therefore extremely rare there.

text: The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.

text: Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent "astronomical metals" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.

text: Rare-earth elements[edit]

text: "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements.

text: Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers (58Ce, 60Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore.

text: Mantle[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.

text: The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron, while having much less aluminum and sodium.

text: Core[edit]

text: Due to mass segregation, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[12]

text: Ocean[edit]

text: The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron  (0.00043).

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components.   Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions.

text: According to the abundance curve graph (above right), argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass-fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

text: Urban soils[edit]

text: For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils.

text: Human body[edit]

text:
Elemental abundance in the human body
show

Element
Proportion (by mass)

Oxygen
65

Carbon
18

Hydrogen
10

Nitrogen
3

Calcium
1.5

Phosphorus
1.2

Potassium
0.2

Sulfur
0.2

Chlorine
0.2

Sodium
0.1

Magnesium
0.05

Iron
< 0.05

Cobalt
< 0.05

Copper
< 0.05

Zinc
< 0.05

Iodine
< 0.05

Selenium
< 0.01

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H2O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.[15]

text: Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.[16]

text:
Nutritional elements in the periodic table

H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The four basic organic elements

  Quantity elements

  Essential trace elements

  Deemed essential trace element by U.S., not by European Union

  Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling, but no clearly-identified biochemical function in humans

  Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals

  No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential in some lower organisms.(In the case of lanthanum, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides. Thus Ce, Pr, and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La, and the smaller Sm, Eu, and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth.)


document_title: My World Tour

question_text: when did justin bieber perform at madison square garden

root

text: My World Tour

text: Setlist[edit]

text:
"Love Me"
"Bigger"
"U Smile"
"Runaway Love"
"Never Let You Go"
"Favorite Girl"
"One Less Lonely Girl"
"Somebody to Love"
"Overboard"
"Never Say Never"
"Up"
"One Time"
"That Should Be Me"
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" / "Walk This Way" (Medley)
"Eenie Meenie"
"Down to Earth"
"Baby"

text: Setlist per official tour book.

tag: p

text: Tour dates[edit]

text:
Date

City

Country

Venue

Tickets sold / Available

Gross revenue

North America[1]

June 23, 2010

Hartford

United States

XL Center

13,132 / 13,132 (100%)

$385,790[6]

June 24, 2010

Trenton

Sun National Bank Center

7,523 / 7,523 (100%)

$266,285[6]

June 26, 2010

Cincinnati

U.S. Bank Arena

10,758 / 12,780 (90%)

$405,545[6]

June 27, 2010[A]

Milwaukee

Summerfest

21,772 / 28,572 (86%)

$723,549[6]

June 29, 2010

Minneapolis

Target Center

14,717 / 14,717 (100%)

$339,226[6]

June 30, 2010

Des Moines

Wells Fargo Arena

9,399 / 9,650 (97%)

$232,560[6]

July 2, 2010

Moline

iWireless Center

10,610 / 22,000 (58%)

$393,090[6]

July 3, 2010

Omaha

CenturyLink Center Omaha

11,682 / 12,093 (94%)

$224,563[6]

July 5, 2010

Grand Prairie

Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie

6,000 / 9,000 (66%)

$103,550[6]

July 6, 2010

Tulsa

BOK Center

12,993 / 12,993 (100%)

$384,810[6]

July 8, 2010

Broomfield

1stBank Center

6,207 / 6,207 (100%)

$315,185[6]

July 10, 2010

West Valley City

Maverik Center

10,362 / 10,362 (100%)

$187,135[6]

July 13, 2010

Everett

Comcast Arena at Everett

8,588 / 8,588 (100%)

$110,172[6]

July 14, 2010

Portland

Moda Center

13,244 / 13,244(100%)

$345,598[6]

July 17, 2010

Oakland

Oracle Arena

14,555 / 14,555 (100%)

$293,921[6]

July 18, 2010

Reno

Reno Events Center

6,583 / 6,583 (100%)

$116,022[6]

July 20, 2010

Los Angeles

Microsoft Theater

6,673 / 6,673 (100%)

$245,602[6]

July 23, 2010[B]

Paso Robles

California Mid State Fair

14,162 / 14,162 (100%)

$312,960[6]

July 24, 2010

Las Vegas

The AXIS

6,808 / 6,808 (100%)

$238,836[6]

July 25, 2010

Glendale

Gila River Arena

13,818 / 13,818 (100%)

$256,446[6]

July 28, 2010

Kansas City

Sprint Center

14,481 / 14,481 (100%)

$307,701[6]

July 29, 2010

North Little Rock

Verizon Arena

13,676 / 15,800 (83%)

$214,854[6]

July 30, 2010

Boyne City

Boyne Mountain

5,750 / 5,750 (100%)

$180,567[6]

July 31, 2010

Memphis

FedExForum

13,750 / 14,750 (90%)

$407,795[6]

August 1, 2010

Lafayette

Cajundome

10,438 / 10,438 (100%)

$346,195[6]

August 4, 2010

Orlando

Amway Arena

12,225 / 12,225 (100%)

$235,713[6]

August 5, 2010

Sunrise

BB&T Center

14,104 / 14,104 (100%)

$141,848[6]

August 8, 2010

Charlotte

Time Warner Cable Arena

15,263 / 15,263 (100%)

$256,795[6]

August 9, 2010

Duluth

Infinite Energy Arena

10,588 / 10,588 (100%)

$313,420[6]

August 11, 2010

Nashville

Bridgestone Arena

14,345 / 14,345 (100%)

$394,350[6]

August 12, 2010

Indianapolis

Bankers Life Fieldhouse

14,490 / 14,490 (100%)

$239,505[6]

August 14, 2010

Columbus

Jerome Schottenstein Center

14,056 / 14,056 (100%)

$348,820[6]

August 15, 2010

Auburn Hills

The Palace of Auburn Hills

15,667 / 15,667 (100%)

$502,008[6]

August 21, 2010

Toronto

Canada

Air Canada Centre

15,859 / 15,859 (100%)

$448,791[6]

August 22, 2010

London

Budweiser Gardens

9,154 / 9,154 (100%)

$237,765[6]

August 24, 2010

Ottawa

Canadian Tire Centre

14,284 / 14,284 (100%)

$351,081[6]

August 25, 2010

Albany

United States

Times Union Center

12,536 / 12,536 (100%)

$361,464[6]

August 27, 2010

Providence

Dunkin' Donuts Center

9,679 / 9,679 (100%)

$241,009[6]

August 28, 2010

Newark

Prudential Center

13,942 / 13,942 (100%)

$239,255[6]

August 31, 2010

New York City

Madison Square Garden

14,529 / 14,529 (100%)

$378,946[6]

September 1, 2010[C]

Syracuse

New York State Fair Grandstand

16,787 / 16,787 (100%)

$537,275[6]

September 3, 2010

Essex Junction

The Champlain Valley Expo

8,048 / 9,422 (85%)

$370,660[6]

September 4, 2010[D]

Allentown

Allentown Fairgrounds

10,242 / 10,242 (100%)

$489,858[6]

September 5, 2010[E]

Timonium

Timonium Race Track

12,540 / 12,540 (100%)

$295,650[6]

September 14, 2010

Winnipeg

Canada

MTS Centre

12,422 / 12,422 (100%)

$436,175[6]

September 16, 2010

Regina

Brandt Center

6,747 / 6,747 (100%)

$348,641[6]

September 17, 2010

Saskatoon

SaskTel Centre

13,059 / 13,059 (100%)

$349,066[6]

September 19, 2010

Edmonton

Rexall Place

13,874 / 13,874 (100%)

$280,140[6]

September 20, 2010

Calgary

Scotiabank Saddledome

13,893 / 13,893 (100%)

$508,161[6]

October 8, 2010

Honolulu

United States

Neal S. Blaisdell Center

15,721 / 15,721 (100%)

$852,809[6]

October 9, 2010

October 19, 2010

Vancouver

Canada

Rogers Arena

14,899 / 14,899 (100%)

$269,285[6]

October 22, 2010

Sacramento

United States

Sleep Train Arena

9,498 / 13,498 (70%)

$285,272[6]

October 24, 2010

Ontario

Citizens Business Bank Arena

8,482 / 8,482 (100%)

$193,283[6]

October 25, 2010

Los Angeles

Staples Center

13,572 / 13,572 (100%)

$535,512[6]

October 27, 2010

Anaheim

Honda Center

11,882 / 11,882 (100%)

$490,781[6]

October 28, 2010

San Jose

SAP Center

11,605 / 12,411 (94%)

$393,838[6]

October 30, 2010

San Diego

Valley View Casino Center

11,424 / 11,424 (100%)

$267,494[6]

November 3, 2010

Oklahoma City

Chesapeake Energy Arena

11,702 / 12,316 (95%)

$274,602[6]

November 5, 2010

San Antonio

AT&T Center

14,663 / 14,663 (100%)

$318,098[6]

November 6, 2010

Houston

Toyota Center

13,352 / 13,352 (100%)

$467,082[6]

November 8, 2010

St. Louis

Scottrade Center

14,471 / 14,471 (100%)

$207,896[6]

November 10, 2010

Louisville

KFC Yum! Center

15,943 / 15,943 (100%)

$374,638[6]

November 11, 2010

Cleveland

Wolstein Center

10,431 / 10,616 (98%)

$229,266[6]

November 13, 2010

Norfolk

Norfolk Scope

9,286 / 9,286 (100%)

$263,586[6]

November 14, 2010

Philadelphia

Wells Fargo Center

15,614 / 15,614 (100%)

$613,257[6]

November 16, 2010

Boston

TD Garden

14,080 / 14,080 (100%)

$543,180[6]

November 17, 2010

East Rutherford

Izod Center

16,394 / 16,394 (100%)

$657,502[6]

November 20, 2010

Atlantic City

Boardwalk Hall

13,481 / 13,481 (100%)

$503,831[6]

November 22, 2010

Montreal

Canada

Bell Centre

16,260 / 16,260 (100%)

$412,580[6]

November 23, 2010

Toronto

Air Canada Centre

16,639 / 16,639 (100%)

$377,432[6]

December 9, 2010

Manchester

United States

Verizon Wireless Arena

9,300 / 9,300 (100%)

$432,290[6]

December 13, 2010

Pittsburgh

Consol Energy Center

13,957 / 13,957 (100%)

$804,568[6]

December 15, 2010

Greensboro

Greensboro Coliseum

14,603 / 14,603 (100%)

$700,618[6]

December 16, 2010

Greenville

Bon Secours Wellness Arena

11,769 / 11,769 (100%)

$577,074[6]

December 18, 2010

Miami

American Airlines Arena

14,167 / 14,167 (100%)

$693,312[6]

December 19, 2010

Tampa

Amalie Arena

14,270 / 14,270 (100%)

$689,300[6]

December 21, 2010

Birmingham

Legacy Arena

13,773/ 13,773 (100%)

$667,628[6]

December 23, 2010

Atlanta

Philips Arena

14,045 / 14,045 (100%)

$823,881[6]

Europe

March 4, 2011

Birmingham

England

Barclaycard Arena

25,956 / 26,000

N/A

March 5, 2011

March 8, 2011

Dublin

Ireland

3Arena

14,500 / 14,500

N/A

March 11, 2011

Liverpool

England

Echo Arena Liverpool

11,908 / 12,000

N/A

March 12, 2011

Newcastle

Metro Radio Arena

10,953 / 11,000

N/A

March 14, 2011

London

The O2 Arena

16,020 / 16,020 (100%)

$881,519[6]

March 21, 2011

Manchester

Manchester Arena

10,575 / 10,575

N/A

March 23, 2011

Sheffield

Motorpoint Arena Sheffield

10,000 / 10,000

N/A

March 24, 2011

Nottingham

Motorpoint Arena Nottingham

9,150 / 9,150

N/A

March 26, 2011

Oberhausen

Germany

König Pilsener Arena

9,500 / 9,500

N/A

March 27, 2011

Rotterdam

Netherlands

Ahoy Rotterdam

11,000 / 11,000

N/A

March 29, 2011

Paris

France

AccorHotels Arena

12,350 / 12,350

N/A

March 30, 2011

Antwerp

Belgium

Sportpaleis

13,536 / 13,536 (100%)

$796,566[6]

April 1, 2011

Herning

Denmark

Jyske Bank Boxen

10,567 / 10,690

N/A

April 2, 2011

Berlin

Germany

Mercedes-Benz Arena

10,023 / 10,600

N/A

April 5, 2011

Madrid

Spain

Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad

8,235 / 8,550

N/A

April 6, 2011

Barcelona

Palau Sant Jordi

9,236 / 9,860

N/A

April 8, 2011

Zürich

Switzerland

Hallenstadion

12,242 / 13,000

N/A

April 9, 2011

Milan

Italy

Mediolanum Forum

8,346 / 8,900

N/A

Asia

April 14, 2011

Tel Aviv

Israel

Yarkon Park

14,789 / 21,500

N/A

April 19, 2011

Kallang

Singapore

Singapore Indoor Stadium

9,467 / 10,000

N/A

April 21, 2011

Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia

Stadium Merdeka

17,000 / 17,000 (100%)

$650,000

April 23, 2011

Bogor

Indonesia

Sentul City International Convention Center

10,500 / 10,500

N/A

Oceania[7]

April 26, 2011

Brisbane

Australia

Brisbane Entertainment Centre

11,065 / 11,065 (100%)

$651,750[6]

April 28, 2011

Sydney

Sydney Super Dome

29,481 / 29,481 (100%)

$692,460[6]

April 29, 2011

May 2, 2011

Melbourne

Rod Laver Arena

25,538 / 25,538 (100%)

$807,360[6]

May 3, 2011

May 5, 2011

Adelaide

Adelaide Entertainment Centre

8,510 / 8,510 (100%)

$914,907

May 7, 2011

Perth

Burswood Dome

7,162 / 7,162 (100%)

$1,680,197

Asia

May 10, 2011

Pasay

Philippines

SM Mall of Asia Concert Grounds

13,145 / 15,000

N/A

May 13, 2011

Hong Kong

China

AsiaWorld–Arena

10,971 / 11,150

N/A

May 15, 2011

Taipei

China

Taipei Arena

13,100 / 13,100

N/A

May 18, 2011

Osaka

Japan

Zepp Osaka

2,530 / 2,530

N/A

May 19, 2011

Tokyo

Nippon Budokan

8,500 / 8,500

N/A

Latin America

September 30, 2011

Monterrey

Mexico

Arena Monterrey

13,000 / 13,000

N/A

October 1, 2011

Mexico City

Foro Sol

94,449 / 106,028 (89%)

$6,027,190[6]

October 2, 2011

October 5, 2011

Rio de Janeiro

Brazil

Estádio Olímpico João Havelange

46,533 / 57,189 (81%)

$518,920[6]

October 6, 2011

October 8, 2011[F]

São Paulo

Estádio do Morumbi

71,683 / 78,910 (91%)

$237,520[6]

October 9, 2011[G]

October 10, 2011

Porto Alegre

Estádio Beira-Rio

20,698 / 48,675 (43%)

$462,800[6]

October 12, 2011

Buenos Aires

Argentina

Estadio River Plate

66,386 / 80,386 (86%)

$309,000[6]

October 13, 2011

October 15, 2011

Santiago

Chile

Estadio Nacional

71,457 / 73,000 (90%)

$302,000[6]

October 17, 2011

Lima

Peru

Lima Estadio Nacional

18,923 / 33,769 (80%)

$216,450[6]

October 19, 2011

Caracas

Venezuela

Estadio de Fútbol de la USB

13,039 / 15,591 (84%)

$287,670[6]

TOTAL

 798,690 / 821,197 (97%)

$53,341,886

tag: table

text: Recordings and broadcasting[edit]

text: All concerts were professionally filmed for venue projection because of the audience in back rows, but filmed with just one angle. The concert in New York City, United States on August 31, 2010 was filmed with different cameras and lots of angles for Bieber's 3D movie, Justin Bieber: Never Say Never.

text: The October 8, 2011 concert in São Paulo, Brazil was filmed with different cameras and angles professionally. Later, this concert was broadcast on television in Brazil but some songs are skipped.


document_title: List of largest employers

question_text: what is the largest company in the world in terms of number of employees

text: List of largest employers

text: Companies and militaries[edit]

text: Non-corporate employers are included in this lists:

text:
Employees

Employer
2015[1]
2010[2][3]
Headquarters

United States Department of Defense

3.2 million

United States

People's Liberation Army

2.3 million

China

Walmart

2.1 million

United States

McDonald's[note 1]
1.9 million
1.7 million
United States

National Health Service
1.7 million
1.4 million
United Kingdom

China National Petroleum Corporation
1.6 million
1.7 million
China

State Grid Corporation of China
1.5 million
1.6 million
China

Indian Railways

1.4 million

India

Indian Armed Forces

1.3 million

India

Hon Hai Precision Industry (Foxconn)
1.3 million
0.8 million
Taiwan[4]

text: Largest private and semiprivate employers[edit]

text: The rankings below are the ten private-sector companies providing the most jobs worldwide, according to the 2017 list compiled by Fortune magazine.[5]

text:
Public and semipublic companies with the most employees in the world

Rank
Employer
Country
Employees

1
Walmart
 United States
2,300,000

5
China National Petroleum
 China
1,512,048

6
China Post Group
 China
941,211

6
State Grid
 China
926,067

5
Hon Hai Precision Industry
 Taiwan
726,772

6
Sinopec Group
 China
713,288

7
Volkswagen
 Germany
626,715

8
United States Postal Service
 United States
574,349

9
Compass Group
 United Kingdom
527,180

10
Agricultural Bank of China
 China
501,368

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ including franchise employees


document_title: Lata

question_text: what is the meaning of lata in hindi

question_tokens: what is the meaning of lata in hindi

text: Lata

text:
LataGender
FemaleLanguage(s)
HindiSanskritTeluguOriginMeaning
"creeper""vine"Region of origin
IndiaOther namesRelated names
Latha

text: Lata (Hindi: लता) is a Hindu/Sanskrit Indian female given name, which means "creeper" and "vine". Lata may refer to:

text: People[edit]

text:
Lata Bhatt (born 1954), Indian singer
Lata Gouveia (born 1975), Portuguese musician
Lata Mangeshkar (born 1929), Indian singer
Lata Mondal (born 1993), Bangladeshi cricket player
Lata Pada (born 1947), Canadian choreographer and dancer
Lata Sabharwal (born 1975), Indian actress

tag: ul

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Lata, Solomon Islands
Lata, a village in Gulripsh district of Abkhazia
Lata Mountain, American Samoa
Local access and transport area (LATA), an American telecommunications regulation
Lāṭa, a historical region of India


document_title: Keeping up with the Joneses

question_text: where did the term keeping up with the joneses originate

text: Keeping up with the Joneses

text: Origins[edit]

text: The phrase originates with the comic strip Keeping Up with the Joneses, created by Arthur R. "Pop" Momand in 1913. The strip ran until 1940 in The New York World and various other newspapers. The strip depicts the social climbing McGinis family, who struggle to "keep up" with their neighbors, the Joneses of the title. The Joneses were unseen characters throughout the strip's run, often spoken of but never shown. The idiom keeping up with the Joneses has remained popular long after the strip's end.[1][2][3][4][5]

text: Use of the name Jones for neighbors involved in social comparison predates Momand's comic strip. In 1879, English writer E. J. Simmons wrote in Memoirs of a Station Master of the railroad station as a place for social exchange: "The Joneses, who don't associate with the Robinsons, meet there."[1] American humorist Mark Twain made an allusion to Smith and Jones families with regard to social custom in the essay "Corn Pone Opinions," written in 1901 but first published in 1923. "The outside influences are always pouring in upon us, and we are always obeying their orders and accepting their verdicts. The Smiths like the new play; the Joneses go to see it, and they copy the Smith verdict."[6] Starting in 1908, D.W. Griffith directed a series of comedy shorts starring The Biograph Girl, Florence Lawrence, featuring the people next door, The Joneses.

text: An alternative explanation is that the Joneses of the saying refer to the wealthy family of Edith Wharton's father, the Joneses.[7] The Joneses were a prominent New York family with substantial interests in Chemical Bank as a result of marrying the daughters of the bank's founder, John Mason.[8] The Joneses and other rich New Yorkers began to build country villas in the Hudson Valley around Rhinecliff and Rhinebeck, which had belonged to the Livingstons, another prominent New York family to whom the Joneses were related. The houses became grander and grander. In 1853, Elizabeth Schermerhorn Jones built a 24-room gothic villa called Wyndcliffe described by Henry Winthrop Sargent in 1859 as being very fine in the style of a Scottish castle, but by Edith Wharton, Elizabeth's niece, as a gloomy monstrosity.[9] The villa reportedly spurred more building, including a house by William B. Astor (married to a Jones cousin), a phenomenon described as "keeping up with the Joneses". The phrase is also associated with another of Edith Wharton's aunts, Mary Mason Jones, who built a large mansion at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, then undeveloped. Wharton portrays her affectionately in The Age of Innocence as Mrs. Manson Mingott, "calmly waiting for fashion to flow north".

text: A slightly different version is that the phrase refers to the grand lifestyle of the Joneses who by the mid-century were numerous and wealthy, thanks to the Chemical Bank and Mason connection. It was their relation Mrs William Backhouse Astor, Jr who began the "patriarchs balls", the origin of "The Four Hundred", the list of the society elite who were invited. By then the Joneses were being eclipsed by the massive wealth of the Astors, Vanderbilts and others but the four hundred list published in 1892 contained many of the Joneses and their relations—old money still mattered.

text: Social effects[edit]

text: The philosophy of "keeping up with the Joneses" has widespread effects on some societies.  According to this philosophy, conspicuous consumption occurs when people care about their standard of living in relation to their peers.[10] The term was re-introduced in 1976 when an article about parenting included it[citation needed] and has remained a commercial and cultural watchword ever since.

text: According to Roger Mason, "the demand for status goods, fueled by conspicuous consumption, has diverted many resources away from investment in the manufacture of more material goods and services in order to satisfy consumer preoccupations with their relative social standing and prestige".[11]

text: Social status once depended on one's family name; however, the rise of consumerism in the United States gave rise to social mobility. With the increasing availability of goods, people became more inclined to define themselves by what they possessed and the quest for higher status accelerated. Conspicuous consumption and materialism have been an insatiable juggernaut ever since.[12]  The desire to increase one's position in the social hierarchy is responsible for much of the social mobility in America.  The upward mobility over the past few decades in America is due in part to the large number of women joining the labor force. U.S. women have slowly and steadily increased their participation in the labor force from 46% of all women (age 16+) in 1974 to almost 60% in 2004.[13]

text: Even in countries where the desire for upward social mobility via consumerism and conspicuous consumption is strong, the poor may not be able to better themselves. Doug Henwood observed that "both the US and British poor were more likely to stay poor for a long period of time: almost half of all people who were poor for one year stayed poor for five or more years, compared with 30% in Canada and 36% in Germany. And, despite claims of great upward mobility in the United States, 45% of the poor rose out of poverty in a given year, compared with 45% in the UK, 53% in Germany, and 56% in Canada. And of those who did exit poverty, 15% of Americans were likely to make a round trip back under the poverty line, compared with 16% in Germany, 10% in the UK, and 7% in Canada".[14] The level of income inequality in a country has an inverse relationship with social mobility according to the authors of The Spirit Level.[15]

text: Inability to "keep up with the Joneses" might result in dissatisfaction, even for people whose status is high.[16]

text: One area in which "living above one's means" has caused negative social effects is that of credit card use. In the first quarter of 2002, total credit debt was $660 billion. By 2005, the total credit card debt had increased to $735 billion.[17] America's average credit card debt in 2007 was $8,400 per household. By the end of 2007, consumer debt in America had risen to $2.5 trillion.[18]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 1936 book The Next 100 Years, Clifford C. Furnas writes that the phenomenon of "'Keeping up with the Joneses' ... is descended from the spreading of the peacock's tail."[19]

text: The phrase is also referenced in the song "Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)" by Waylon Jennings.

text: In the UK, when Princess Margaret married the fashionable photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones in 1960, the media would sometimes mention 'keeping up with the Armstrong-Joneses'.

text: Ahmad Lewis has a song off his hit record called "The Joneses."

text: The phase appears in the song "I Wanna Go Back" by Christian singer David Dunn on his 2017 album "Yellow Balloons."

text: Dominic West makes reference to the phrase “Keeping up with the Joneses” in the 2003 film Mona Lisa Smile.

text: The phrase is also referenced in Marvel's "Cloak & Dagger" episode 10: "In this day and age you gotta keep up with the Joneses, as well as the Starks and the Rands"

text: The phrase is used in a Fallout 76 Trailer revolving around the game's building mechanics.


document_title: Constitution of Louisiana

question_text: under the louisiana constitution of 1812 how long was the governor's term of office

question_tokens: under the louisiana constitution of 1812 how long was the governor 's term of office

text: Constitution of Louisiana

text: History[edit]

text: The beginning of statehood for Louisiana began with the Louisiana purchase in 1803. In 1804, the land the United States purchased from France was divided in two territories: 1) the Louisiana Territory (upper territory) and 2) the area below the 33rd parallel (current Louisiana-Arkansas state line), the Orleans Territory each as an organized incorporated territory of the United States. The Territory of Orleans formed the bulk of what today is the State of Louisiana. From the beginning there were border disputes. In 1795, the Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States, known as Pinckney's Treaty, had set the stage for long non-violent negotiations. An area between the Mississippi River and Perdido River (excluding New Orleans) was claimed by Spain as part of the West Florida Controversy. Also at issue was the area that became known as the neutral ground on the western border, meaning the territory had undefined borders. These disputes led to an end to diplomatic relations in 1805. Plantation owners proclaimed independence from Spain, establishing the short lived nation of the Republic of West Florida on Sept. 23, 1810, but President James Madison ordered U.S. forces into the area and incorporated it into the Orleans territory.[3]

text: Senator William Giles of Virginia had already submitted a petition for statehood, in March 1810, based on the ordinance of 1787. The senate passed the petition on April 27, 1810, by a vote of 15 to 8, and ordered the territory to assemble a convention to draft a constitutional amendment. Because the president incorporated the area of West Florida into the Orleans Territory, Representative Julien Poydras (Orleans Territory) on December 17, 1810, petitioned for statehood based on Article III of the Louisiana Purchase. On Dec. 27, U.S. Representative Nathaniel Macon submitted a petition based on the inclusion of the territory of West Florida.

text: Confrontations were heated in the house that ranged from; the West Florida territory belonged to the Mississippi Territory (U.S. Representative William Bibb of Georgia), that the entire idea of expansion was unconstitutional without the vote of the people (U.S. Representative Richard Johnson of Kentucky), the undetermined borders (U.S. Representative Timothy Pitkin of Connecticut), and U.S. Representative Josiah Quincy's (Massachusetts) strong opposition;

text: "I address you, Mr. Speaker, with an anxiety and distress of mind with me wholly unprecedented. To me it appears that this measure would justify a revolution in this country. I am compelled to declare it as my deliberate opinion that, if this bill passes, the bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved.”, and "The constitution is a political compact from which the original parties would be released if the assumed principle of this bill became law.".

text: As a reaction to these comments House of Representative territorial delegate George Poindexter of Mississippi accused Quincy of treason. This resulted in a vote that Quincy won by a narrow margin of 56-53. With vindication Quincy continued;

text: Louisiana statehood would produce states that were free “from their moral obligation, and that, as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some, to prepare, definitely, for a separation: amicably if they can, violently if they must!”

text: After much heated debate, the bill being passed back and forth between the House and Senate over seven times, an agreement was reached, a resolution signed, and a joint conference committee passed an identical bill April 6, 1812. The ninth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase of April 30, 1812, was chosen to be the date of admittance. The name of the first new state west of the Mississippi was to be called "Louisiana". The issue of West Florida was solved with statehood but the western border dispute remained unresolved until the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819.[4]

text: Constitutions[edit]

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1812[edit]

text: The first constitution was made after the Constitution of Kentucky with three stark differences. A Bill of Rights was not included, the system of law was (and still is) based on Civil law instead of English Common law, and the use of parishes inston was drafted on January 22, 1812, and Louisiana became a U.S. State on April 30, 1812.[5]

text: Antebellum period[edit]

text: In Louisiana, the period of time from 1812 until the start of the American Civil War is considered to be the antebellum period, although some use 1789 as the beginning. The period gave renewed fever to abolitionists and in 1814 the founding of the Manumission Society of Tennessee furthered anti-slavery sentiment.[6]

text: The Constitution of 1812, originally called the Constitution or Form of Government of the State of Louisiana,[7] was biased against the common person, as only wealthy white men who paid taxes could vote. The U.S. House of Representatives displayed a prejudice and show of power that would prove to be indicative of the future of people of color in the United States and the state of Louisiana. [<--? meaning unclear] Although the candidates for governor would be voted upon, the constitution provided that the legislature chose from the two who received the most votes.[8]

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1845[edit]

text: An act entitled, "An act to provide for the calling of a Convention for the purpose of re-adopting, amending or changing the Constitution of the State,", was approved March 18, 1845, and the senatorial and representative delegates met August 5, 1844 to update or replace what had been considered to be an outdated constitution of 1812.[9]

text: The Constitutional Convention of 1845 included senatorial delegates from the "counties" of Acadia, Lafourche, Attakapas, Opelousas, Rapides, Ouachita, Pointe Coupee, and Iberville, as well as representative delegates from parishes.[10]

text: Some notable articles in the constitution:

text: Only free white male citizens allowed to vote and persons eligible to vote under the constitution of 1812 retained (Title II: article 10); Eligibility for representative must be a free white male (Title III article 6); Members of active military ineligible to vote in any election (Title II; article 12); No active clergy, teacher of any religious persuasion are eligible as members of the general assembly (Title II; article 29); Four year successive term limits on the Governor (Title III; article 41); Minister ineligible as member of Congress (Title III; article 42); Felons under sentence where "death or hard labor may be inflicted" could appeal to the state Supreme Court (Title IV article 63); Created the office of Superintendent of Public Education (Title VII; article 133); Establishment of public schools (Title VII; article 134); Establishment of the University of Louisiana that became Tulane University in 1847, the only state public institution in America to be converted to a private one (Title VII; article 137 and 138).[11]

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1852[edit]

text: The Constitution of 1852 included an increase in the number of Louisiana Supreme Court justices to five, restricted the governors powers, and created a public works.[12] The fourth district included Imperial Calcasieu Parish, before the separation of Cameron, Beauregard, Jefferson Davis and Allen Parishes.[13]

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1861[edit]

text: The constitutional convention of 1861, convened to write a new constitution of the state of Louisiana, just modified the constitution of 1852, to reflect Louisiana's secession (January 26, 1861) from the union. Resolutions included the dissolution of the constitution of 1852, while enacting all provisions which effectively resulted in just a name change, adopting the constitution of the Confederate States of America, established provisions for the dissolution of the state government if approved by the citizens, and included provisions for new elections.[14]

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1864[edit]

text: The Louisiana Constitution of 1864 abolished slavery throughout the state, but was effective only in the thirteen Louisiana parishes under Union control during the war. Voting rights to black men who fought for the Union, owned property, or were literate, were allowed to be authorized (but not given) by the state legislature. Other persons of color were excluded. A free public school system was allowed for all children aged six to eighteen, but the legislature established schools for whites only.[15]

text: The failed Wade–Davis Bill included the Ironclad oath that was implemented by the Radical Republicans and used until repealed by President Arthur in May, 1884. The oath excluded ex-Confederate soldiers, anyone holding office in a state that seceded from the Union, or supporters of the Confederacy. This created further tension between persons of color and ex-soldiers. The lack of voting rights, Black codes, and a recall on the Constitutional Convention ultimately resulted in the New Orleans Riot.[16]

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1868[edit]

text: In 1867, Louisiana and Texas was placed in the Fifth Military District under General Philip Sheridan.[17] A Third Reconstruction Act (1867) allowed district commanders authority to remove state officials from office. Carpetbaggers were appointed to many offices to assure loyalty to the Union.

text: A requirement for state Congressional representation, added by Congress as part of the Reconstruction Acts, was ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The constitution, adopted in conference March 7, 1868, was the first one in Louisiana to provide a formal bill of rights. It eradicated the Black Codes of 1865, removed property qualifications for holding office, and former Confederates were still disfranchised. Black men secured full citizenship with equal civil and political rights, state funded public education that prohibited segregated schools (Title VII; article 135) funded by one-half of the income from a poll tax (article 141), and equal treatment on public transportation.[18] Title VI; article 75 provided a Supreme Court that consisted of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the state Senate, for eight year terms. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, and the Louisiana was readmitted to the Union.

text: Considered the best constitution in Louisiana history it did not solve racial discrimination.[19] For the next eight years political fighting and corruption continued in Louisiana. The reconstruction era finally came to a close in Louisiana with the trading of votes that led to the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President. Federal troops were withdrawn on April 29, 1877, and Democrats took control of Louisiana.

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1879[edit]

text: The Constitution of 1879 was adopted in conference July 23, and was ratified December 8, 1879[20] returning Louisiana to home rule. The new constitution placed more limits on the voting rights of freedmen. The state capital was moved from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. The state Supreme Court retained five members, that were appointed by the governor for twelve year terms, and for the first time given supervisory power over inferior courts. A lottery was authorized (article 167) but gambling (article 172) was considered a vice to be suppressed.

text: From 1872 to 1877 there was actually a dual government. Louisiana was torn, not unlike during the Civil war, with battles between the Radical Republicans and the Southern Democrats, and 1877, began the Solid South coalition. The period of time from 1868 to 1879 was marked with violence against freedmen. The First Battle of the Cabildo ( March 5, 1873), the Colfax riot and massacre (April 13, 1873), that resulted in United States v. Cruikshank (1876). This case placed federal restrictions on civil freedoms, supposedly guaranteed by the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States and the Louisiana Constitution, denying citizens the constitutional rights of the Fourth Amendment and the right to bear arms. The Coushatta Massacre (1874), the Battle of Liberty Place (September 14, 1874), and the Second Battle of the Cabildo (January 1877), are instances involving the Redeemers and the White League. The Freedmen's Bureau reported a multitude of cases from 1865 to 1868, when statistics ceased.[21][22] After the Bureau closed in 1872, atrocities were largely buried by local communities and the courts, that included federal courts as well as the Louisiana Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court.

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1898[edit]

text: The Louisiana Constitution of 1898, was adopted in Convention May 12, 1898. Article 197 provided restrictions, directed primarily at black voters. An annual poll tax of one dollar was levied (Article 198) on all males, ages twenty-one to sixty to be eligible to vote, with receipt of the two previous years being paid. The money to be used in the parish where the tax is levied and collected for education.[23] For the first time women tax payers were allowed to vote (Article 199). An annual poll tax of one dollar was levied on every male between the ages of twenty-one and sixty to be used for public school maintenance (article 231). Parish road districts were created (Article 291) and taxes were authorized to include, an annual road maintenance poll tax of not more than one dollar for each able-bodied male (eighteen to fifty-five years old) authorized, with compulsory road service to be waved on those that paid the tax, and an annual road tax from twenty-five cents to one dollar for each vehicle, including bicycles, was levied. The state would support the old soldiers home (Article 302) known as Camp Nichols. Loyal, honorably discharged or paroled, indigent Confederate soldiers, referred to as inmates, were provided a pension of eight dollars a month. The home housed confederate soldiers into the 1940s.

text: The United States Supreme Court had ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as unconstitutional in 1883. By the time of the convention the groundwork was laid for decades of segregation. On September 18, 1895, Booker T. Washington, an accommodationist, had given the Atlanta Exposition Speech, at the Cotton States and International Exposition.[24] He was revered by followers and had critics such as William Monroe Trotter and W. E. B. Du Bois. An agreement was reached between black and white leaders that blacks would submit to white political rule in exchange for a guarantee of receiving basic education and due process in law. By 1890, Jim Crow Laws replaced black codes with a separate but equal status for black people. The United States Supreme Court Decision of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, stemming from the arrest of Homer Plessy in 1892, upheld racial segregation. Article 248 provided for free public separate schools, for "white and colored" races.

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1913[edit]

text: A constitutional convention was called to refund the state debt and enlarge the powers of the New Orleans Sewer and Water Board. Concerns over possible Supreme Court constitutionality decisions led to a longer constitution with all sixty-six amendments to the Constitution of 1898 being included. Supreme Court Justices to be elected, more funding for education was provided, and five amendments to the Confederate Pension Plan.

text: Louisiana Constitution of 1921[edit]

text: The Louisiana Constitution of 1921,[25] was adopted in convention June 18, 1921. A major concern was validity of some provisions of the Constitution of 1913. Article IV: section 7; Authority to set minimum wage, regulate hours and working conditions for women and girls, with exceptions for agriculture and domestic service. Article IV: section 16; No law abolishing forced "heirship". Article VII: section 4; The Supreme Court justices increased to seven. Section 5; Supreme Court may sit in divisions of three, and two judges from the Court of Appeals may be called in for a third division to reduce backlogs. Section 6; Justices to be elected for a period of fourteen years. The constitution, the longest in Louisiana history (as of 2017), lasted fifty-three years.

text: Articles of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974[edit]

text: Preamble[edit]

text: "We, the people of Louisiana, grateful to Almighty God for the civil, political, economic, and religious liberties we enjoy, and desiring to protect individual rights to life, liberty, and property; afford opportunity for the fullest development of the individual; assure equality of rights; promote the health, safety, education, and welfare of the people; maintain a representative and orderly government; ensure domestic tranquility; provide for the common defense; and secure the blessings of freedom and justice to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution."

text: Article I. Declaration of Rights[edit]

text: Contains provisions similar to the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution, plus additional provisions unique to the State, such as Article I.27, which protects the freedom of the people to engage in traditional pastimes of hunting, trapping, and fishing, subject only to laws and regulations designed to "protect, conserve, and replenish the natural resources" of the State.

text: Article II. Distribution of Powers[edit]

text: Arranges the state government into the traditional three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, and prohibits any branch from exercising the powers of any other branch.

text: Article III. Legislative Branch[edit]

text: Organizes the Louisiana Legislature into a bicameral one, consisting of the Louisiana House of Representatives (having no more than 105 members) and the Louisiana Senate (having no more than 39 members).

text: Sets qualifications for office, term limits (no more than three consecutive terms), and for filling vacancies.

text: This section also discusses when the Legislature shall meet in regular session and how "Extraordinary Sessions" (special sessions) can be convened (either by the Governor or by the leaders of both the House and Senate upon petition of the majority of the members of both houses). The regular session times and lengths, as well as what can be enacted, depend on the year:

text:
In even-numbered years, the Legislature meets at noon on the last Monday in March, for a period limited to 60 legislative days over 85 calendar days with the session required to end on or before 6PM on the 85th calendar day. The Legislature is prohibited from enacting legislation which would enact or increase a statewide tax, or in regards to tax exemptions, exclusions, deductions, or credits, during these sessions.
In odd-numbered years, the Legislature meets at noon on the last Monday in April, for a period limited to 45 legislative days over 60 calendar days with the session required to end on or before 6PM on the 60th calendar day. The subject matter of any bills is limited to specified items involving taxes, fees, bonds, the budget, or appropriations, unless the bill is prefiled no later than 10 days before the session begins.

text: It also contains prohibitions against certain "local and special laws" (i.e., laws which make an act legal or illegal in one portion of the state, but not in another), requires appropriations bills to originate in the House, and sets rules for passage of bills and laws. Furthermore, it contains a provision for the "Legislative Auditor", who is responsible for auditing the fiscal records of the State, its agencies and political subdivisions.

text: Article IV. Executive Branch[edit]

text: Organizes the composition of the executive branch. Except for the offices of the Governor of Louisiana and Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, the branch is limited to no more than 20 departments comprising all functions.

text: Sets forth the qualifications for each branch member, term limits (two terms for the Governor, and three terms for members of certain appointed boards), determination of inability to serve and how.

text: Article V. Judicial Branch of Government[edit]

text: Sets forth the organization of the Louisiana Supreme Court and the various lower courts, as well as the provisions for qualifications of jurors and, under Section V.29, county coroners.

text: Article VI. Local Government[edit]

text: Unusual among state Constitutions, several Articles of the Louisiana Constitution contain Parts which are further organized into sections.

text: Part I. General Provisions[edit]

text: Defines the composition of parishes (as counties are called in Louisiana) and municipalities, provisions for home rule charters, and other allowances and limitations.

text: Part II. Finance[edit]

text: Places limitations on taxation and issuance of bonds for parishes, municipalities, and local school boards

text: Part III. Levee Districts[edit]

text: Allows for the creation of special levee districts in coastal parishes.

text: Part IV. Port Commissions and Districts[edit]

text: Allows the Legislature to create new port commissions and districts, and grandfathers existing ones at the time of the 1974 Constitution adoption.

text: Part V. Definitions[edit]

text: Defines certain terms for purposes of this Article only.

text: Article VII. Revenue and Finance[edit]

text: Part I. General Provisions[edit]

text: Provides for the authority to assess and collect various taxes, subject to limitations, as well as for various dedicated funds.

text: Part II. Property Taxation[edit]

text: Provides for taxation of real and personal property, including sale of property for nonpayment (Louisiana is a tax deed sale state with a 3-year right of redemption in most cases) and qualifications for the parish tax assessor.

text: Part III. Revenue Sharing[edit]

text: Provides for the creation of the Revenue Sharing Fund.

text: Part IV. Transportation[edit]

text: Provides for the creation of the Transportation Trust Fund.

text: Article VIII. Education[edit]

text: Provides that the Legislature shall provide for the education of the people of Louisiana. Provides for the State Superintendent, the State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, the Louisiana Board of Regents and the Boards of Supervisors of the LSU System, the University of Louisiana System, and the community and technical colleges, and the parish school boards. It also provides for school funding and for public hospitals.

text: Article IX. Natural Resources[edit]

text: Includes various provisions involving mineral rights, regulation of natural gas and pipelines, the Wildlife and Fisheries and Forestry commissions, and certain dedicated funds.

text: Article X. Public Officials and Employees[edit]

text: Part I. State and City Civil Service[edit]

text: Provides for the creation of the State and various city civil service commissions (excluding the State Police Service, covered under Part IV, and paid firefighters and police in certain instances (mainly covered under Part II).

text: Part II. Fire and Police Civil Service[edit]

text: Provides for the creation of classified fire and police civil service systems in certain larger municipalities and in parishes.

text: Part III. Other Provisions[edit]

text: Miscellaneous provisions dealing with removal of public officials and teachers' retirement systems, among others.

text: Part IV. State Police Service[edit]

text: Provides for the creation of the classified State Police civil service system.

text: Article XI. Elections[edit]

text: Provides that the secret ballot shall be used in all elections, prohibits the use of public funds to urge passage for or against any candidate or proposition, and provides for the Registrar of voters for each parish.

text: Article XII. General Provisions[edit]

text: Contains miscellaneous provisions such as the state capital (Baton Rouge), creation of a state lottery, and prohibition of same-sex unions.

text: Article XIII. Constitutional Revision[edit]

text: Provides for two methods of amending the Constitution, by either Legislative action or convention. There is no provision for amendments via the initiative.

text:
The Legislature may propose an amendment, by 2/3 vote of each house, and in the same manner as for passage of any bill except that the Governor does not approve or veto it. However, the amendment must have been prefiled at least 10 days prior to any regular session, or within the first five days of any Extraordinary Session provided it is within the objects of the call of such Session.
The Legislature may also call a constitutional convention to propose amendments or a new constitution upon the vote of 2/3 of the members of each house.

text: The amendment or new constitution must then be approved by the voters. However, there are two unusual provisions involving amendments not involving the entire state:

text:
If the amendment directly affects not more than five parishes, or areas within not more than five parishes, the amendment must receive the majority of the electors voting thereon in both 1) the entire state and 2) each affected parish.
However, if the amendment directly affects not more than five municipalities, and only such municipalities, the amendment must receive the majority of the electors voting thereon in both 1) the entire state and 2) each affected municipality.

text: Article XIV. Transitional Provisions[edit]

text: Contains provisions to transition between the prior 1921 Constitution and the current 1974 version.