document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: rock and roll hall of fame 1995 inductees

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

text:
Year
Image
Name
Inducted members
Inducted by[11]

1986

Berry, ChuckChuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

Brown, JamesJames Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Charles, RayRay Charles

Quincy Jones[N2]

1986

Cooke, SamSam Cooke

Herb Alpert[N2]

1986

Domino, FatsFats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

Everly Brothers !The Everly Brothers
Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]
Neil Young[N2]

1986

Holly, BuddyBuddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Lewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Presley, ElvisElvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

Coasters !The Coasters
Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]
Lester Sill

1987

Cochran, EddieEddie Cochran

Mick Jones

1987

Diddley, BoBo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Franklin, ArethaAretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Gaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Haley, BillBill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

King, B.B.B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Nelson, RickyRicky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Orbison, RoyRoy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins

Sam Phillips[N3]

1987

Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Turner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner

Doc Pomus[N2]

1987

Waters, MuddyMuddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

Beach Boys !The Beach Boys
Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]
Elton John[N2]

1988

Beatles !The Beatles
George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]
Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

Drifters !The Drifters
Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]
Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Dylan, BobBob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

Supremes !The Supremes
Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]
Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion !Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Redding, OtisOtis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]
Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

Temptations !The Temptations
Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]
Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Ballard, HankHank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Darin, BobbyBobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

Four Seasons !The Four Seasons
Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]
Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops !Four Tops
Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]
Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

Kinks !The Kinks
Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]
Graham Nash[N2]

1990

Platters !The Platters
David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]
Phil Spector[N3]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]
James Taylor[N2]

1990

Who !The Who
Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]
Bono[N2]

1991

Baker, LaVernLaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

Byrds !The Byrds
Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]
Don Henley[N2]

1991

Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991
—
Impressions !The Impressions
Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]
Tracy Chapman

1991

Pickett, WilsonWilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Reed, JimmyJimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Turner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner
Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]
Phil Spector[N3]

1992

Bland, Bobby !Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]
Jim Stewart

1992

Cash, JohnnyJohnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

Isley Brothers !The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]
Little Richard[N3]

1992

Hendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience
Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]
Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave
Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]
Billy Joel[N2]

1992

Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]
The Edge[N2]

1993

Brown, RuthRuth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream
Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]
ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival
Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]
Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

Doors !The Doors
John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Lymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers
Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]
Boyz II Men

1993

James, EttaEtta James

k.d. lang

1993

Morrison, VanVan Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone
Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]
George Clinton[N2]

1994

Animals !The Animals
Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]
Dave Pirner

1994

Band !The Band
Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]
Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Eddy, DuaneDuane Eddy

Mick Jones

1994

Grateful Dead
Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]
Bruce Hornsby

1994

John, EltonElton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Marley, BobBob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Stewart, RodRod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

Allman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band
Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]
Willie Nelson

1995

Green, AlAl Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Joplin, JanisJanis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin
John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]
Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]
Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Young, NeilNeil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Zappa, FrankFrank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Knight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips
William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]
Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane
Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]
Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd
Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]
Billy Corgan

1996

Shirelles !The Shirelles
Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]
Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]
Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees
Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]
Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield
Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]
Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash
David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]
James Taylor[N2]

1997

Jackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5
Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]
Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic
Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]
Prince[N2]

1997

Rascals !The (Young) Rascals
Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]
Steven Van Zandt[N2]

1998

Eagles
Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]
Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac
Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]
Sheryl Crow

1998

Mamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]
Shania Twain

1998

Price, LloydLloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana
Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]
John Popper

1998

Vincent, GeneGene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Joel, BillyBilly Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Shannon, DelDel Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Springfield, DustyDusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

Staple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers
Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]
Lauryn Hill

2000

Clapton, EricEric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire
Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]
Lil Kim

2000

Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful
Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]
John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

Moonglows, TheThe Moonglows
Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]
Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

Taylor, JamesJames Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith
Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]
Kid Rock

2001

Burke, SolomonSolomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

Flamingos, TheThe Flamingos
Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]
Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen
John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Simon, PaulPaul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan
Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]
Moby

2001

Valens, RitchieRitchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Hayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Lee, BrendaBrenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Petty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]
Jakob Dylan

2002

Pitney, GeneGene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones
Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads
David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]
Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC
Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]
Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

Clash, TheThe Clash
Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]
The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Costello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions
Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]
Elton John[N3]

2003

Police, TheThe Police
Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]
Gwen Stefani

2003

Righteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers
Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]
Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Browne, JacksonJackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

Dells, TheThe Dells
Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]
Robert Townsend

2004

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Seger, BobBob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic
Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]
Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top
Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]
Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Guy, BuddyBuddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

O'Jays, TheThe O'Jays
Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]
Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders
Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]
Neil Young[N3]

2005

Sledge, PercyPercy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]
Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]
James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie
Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]
Shirley Manson

2006

Davis, MilesMiles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]
Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols
Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]
Jann Wenner[N3]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five
Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]
Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.
Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

Ronettes, TheThe Ronettes
Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]
Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Smith, PattiPatti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen
Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]
Velvet Revolver

2008

Clark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five
Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]
Tom Hanks

2008

Cohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

Mellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

Ventures, TheThe Ventures
Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]
John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Beck, JeffJeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials
Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica
Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]
Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC
Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]
Eminem

2009

Womack, BobbyBobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA
Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]
Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis
Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]
Trey Anastasio

2010

Cliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

Hollies, TheThe Hollies
Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]
Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2010

Stooges, TheThe Stooges
Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]
Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]
Rob Zombie

2011

Diamond, NeilNeil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Love, DarleneDarlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Waits, TomTom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys
Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]
Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012
—
Blue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]
Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Comets !The Comets[N1]
Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Crickets !The Crickets[N1]
Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

Famous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]
Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses
Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]
Green Day[N2]

2012
—
Midnighters !The Midnighters[N1]
Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Miracles !The Miracles[N1]
Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Nyro, LauraLaura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]
Chris Rock

2012
—
Small Faces/Faces
Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]
Steven Van Zandt

2013

Heart
Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]
Chris Cornell

2013

King, AlbertAlbert King

John Mayer

2013

Newman, RandyRandy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy
Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]
Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush
Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Summer, DonnaDonna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates
Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]
Questlove

2014

Kiss
Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]
Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana
Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]
Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Ronstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Stevens, CatCat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

Butterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]
Peter Wolf

2015

Jett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts
Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]
Miley Cyrus

2015

Reed, LouLou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day
Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]
Fall Out Boy

2015

Vaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble
Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]
John Mayer

2015

Withers, BillBill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick
Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]
Kid Rock

2016

Chicago
Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]
Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple
Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]
Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A
DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]
Kendrick Lamar

2016

Miller, SteveSteve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra
Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]
Dhani Harrison

2017

Baez, JoanJoan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey
Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]
Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam
Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]
David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes
Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]
Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi
Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]
Howard Stern

2018

The Cars
Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[128]
Brandon Flowers

2018

Dire Straits
Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[129]
John Illsley[N4]

2018

The Moody Blues
Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[130]
Ann Wilson[N3]

2018

Nina Simone

Mary J. Blige

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: ^ Note 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.[131]

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers

1986
Yancey, JimmyJimmy Yancey

1986
Johnson, RobertRobert Johnson

1987
Jordan, LouisLouis Jordan

1987
Walker, T-BoneT-Bone Walker

1987
Williams, HankHank Williams

1988
Guthrie, WoodyWoody Guthrie

1988
Lead Belly

1988
Les Paul

1989
Ink Spots !The Ink Spots[A]

1989
Smith, BessieBessie Smith

1989
Soul Stirrers !The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990
Christian, CharlieCharlie Christian

1990
Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong

1990
Rainey, MaMa Rainey

1991
Howlin' Wolf

1992
James, ElmoreElmore James

1992
Longhair, ProfessorProfessor Longhair

1993
Washington, DinahDinah Washington

1994
Dixon, WillieWillie Dixon

1995
Orioles, TheThe Orioles[C]

1996
Seeger, PetePete Seeger

1997
Jackson, MahaliaMahalia Jackson

1997
Monroe, BillBill Monroe

1998
Jelly Roll Morton

1999
Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999
Brown, CharlesCharles Brown

2000
Cole, Nat !Nat King Cole

2000
Holiday, BillieBillie Holiday

2009
Jackson, WandaWanda Jackson

2012
King, FreddieFreddie King[E]

2015
5 Royalses !The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018
Tharpe, Sister RosettaSister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[132]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[133]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[134]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[135]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[136]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[137] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[138]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Freed, AlanAlan Freed

1986
Phillips, SamSam Phillips

1987
Chess, LeonardLeonard Chess

1987
Ertegun, AhmetAhmet Ertegun

1987
Leiber !Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987
Wexler, JerryJerry Wexler

1988
Gordy, Jr., BerryBerry Gordy, Jr.

1989
Spector, PhilPhil Spector

1990
Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990
Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991
Bartholomew, DaveDave Bartholomew

1991
Bass, RalphRalph Bass

1992
Fender, LeoLeo Fender

1992
Graham, BillBill Graham

1992
Pomus, DocDoc Pomus

1993
Clark, DickDick Clark

1993
Gabler, MiltMilt Gabler

1994
Otis, JohnnyJohnny Otis

1995
Ackerman, PaulPaul Ackerman

1996
Donahue, TomTom Donahue

1997
Nathan, SydSyd Nathan

1998
Toussaint, AllenAllen Toussaint

1999
Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin

2000
Davis, CliveClive Davis

2001
Blackwell, ChrisChris Blackwell

2002
Stewart, JimJim Stewart

2003
Ostin, MoMo Ostin

2008
Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010
Geffen, DavidDavid Geffen

2010
Blackwell, OtisOtis Blackwell

2010
Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010
Shuman, MortMort Shuman

2010
Stone, JesseJesse Stone

2010
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011
Holzman, JacJac Holzman

2011
Rupe, ArtArt Rupe

2012
Kirshner, DonDon Kirshner

2013
Adler, LouLou Adler

2013
Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones

2014
Epstein, BrianBrian Epstein

2014
Andrew Loog Oldham

2016
Berns, BertBert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year
Name

2011
Russell, LeonLeon Russell

2012
Matassa, CosimoCosimo Matassa

2012
Dowd, TomTom Dowd

2012
Johns, GlynGlyn Johns

2014
E Street Band [G]

2015
Ringo Starr

2017
Nile Rodgers[139]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Singles[edit]

text: At the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt.[140] According to Van Zandt, the category is "a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock 'n' roll, kind of a rock 'n' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment."[140]

text:
Year
Artist
Song (Year)

2018
Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats
"Rocket 88" (1951)[141]

2018
Link Wray
"Rumble" (1958) [141]

2018
Chubby Checker
"The Twist" (1960)[141]

2018
The Kingsmen
"Louie Louie" (1963)[141]

2018
Procol Harum
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967)[141]

2018
Steppenwolf
"Born to Be Wild" (1968)[141]

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[142]

text:
Year
Name
Instrument

2000
Blaine, HalHal Blaine
Drums[143]

2000
Curtis, KingKing Curtis
Saxophone[144]

2000
Jamerson, JamesJames Jamerson
Bass guitar[145]

2000
Moore, ScottyScotty Moore
Guitar[146]

2000
Palmer, EarlEarl Palmer
Drums[147]

2001
Burton, JamesJames Burton
Guitar[148]

2001
Johnson, JohnnieJohnnie Johnson
Piano[149]

2002
Atkins, ChetChet Atkins
Guitar[150]

2003
Benjamin, BennyBenny Benjamin
Drums[151]

2003
Cramer, FloydFloyd Cramer
Piano[152]

2003
Douglas, SteveSteve Douglas
Saxophone[153]

2008
Walter, LittleLittle Walter
Harmonica[154]

2009
Black, BillBill Black
Bass guitar[155]

2009
Fontana, D. J.D. J. Fontana
Drums[156]

2009
Oldham, SpoonerSpooner Oldham
Keyboard[157]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond

1991
Ertegun, NesuhiNesuhi Ertegun

2004
Wenner, JannJann Wenner

2005
Barsalona, FrankFrank Barsalona

2005
Stein, SeymourSeymour Stein

2006
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds.[158] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010.

text: One inducted band was a spinoff of another inducted band: Journey was founded by two former members of Santana.

text: The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000).

text: The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name
First
Year
Second
Year
Third
Year

Beck, JeffJeff Beck
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
zzzzz !Solo career
2009
—
—

Carter, JohnnyJohnny Carter
Flamingos !The Flamingos
2001
Dells !The Dells
2004
—
—

Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Cream
1993
Solo career
2000

Crosby, DavidDavid Crosby
Byrds !The Byrds
1991
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel
Genesis !Genesis
2010
Solo career
2014
—
—

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
2004
—
—

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
Jackson Five !The Jackson Five
1997
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
—
—

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield
Impressions !The Impressions
1991
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter
zzzzz !Solo career
1987
Drifters !The Drifters
1988
—
—

Nash, GrahamGraham Nash
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
Hollies !The Hollies
2010
—
—

Page, JimmyJimmy Page
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Led Zeppelin
1995
—
—

Reed, LouLou Reed
Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
1996
zzzzz !Solo career
2015
—
—

Rolie, GreggGregg Rolie
Santana
1998
Journey
2017
—
—

Simon, PaulPaul Simon
Simon and Garfunkel
1990
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Starr, RingoRingo Starr
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career
2015
—
—

Stewart, RodRod Stewart
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
Faces
2012
—
—

Stills, StephenStephen Stills
Buffalo Springfield
1997
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Strain, Sammy !Sammy Strain
The O'Jays
2005
Little Anthony & The Imperials
2009
—
—

Wood, RonnieRonnie Wood
Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
1989
Faces
2012
—
—

Young, NeilNeil Young
zzzzz !Solo career
1995
Buffalo Springfield
1997
—
—


document_title: Governor General of Canada

question_text: where does the governor general of canada live

root

text: Governor General of Canada

text: Spelling of title[edit]

text: The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen. The Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling.

tag: p

text: As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized; thus, governors general, rather than governor generals. Moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbent's name.

text: Appointment[edit]

text: The position of governor general is mandated by both the Constitution Act, 1867 (previously the British North America Act, 1867) and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI.[16] As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister, the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission issued under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada. That individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate.[16][17][18][19][20][21]

text: Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate.[19] Though there may therefore be variations to the following, the appointee will generally travel to Ottawa, there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at 7 Rideau Gate,[19][22] and will begin preparations for their upcoming role, meeting with various high level officials to ensure a smooth transition between governors general. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general-designate and his or her spouse into the Order of Canada as Companions, as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the Order of Military Merit and the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (should either person not have already received either of those honours).[19]

text: The swearing-in ceremony begins with the arrival at 7 Rideau Gate of one of the ministers of the Crown, who then accompanies the governor general-designate to Parliament Hill, where a Canadian Forces Guard of Honour (consisting of the Army Guard, Royal Canadian Air Force Guard, and Flag Party of the Royal Canadian Navy) awaits to give a general salute. From there, the party is led by the Queen's parliamentary messenger—the Usher of the Black Rod—to the Senate chamber, wherein all justices of the Supreme Court, senators, members of parliament, and other guests are assembled. The Queen's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the Secretary to the Governor General and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the chief justice or one of the puisne justices of the Supreme Court; the three oaths are: the Oath of Allegiance, the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada. With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises, the individual is officially the governor general, and at that moment the Flag of the Governor General of Canada is raised on the Peace Tower,[19] the Viceregal Salute is played by the Central Band of the Canadian Forces, and a 21-gun salute is conducted by the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read, and then receives the Great Seal of Canada (which is passed to the registrar general for protection),[23] as well as the chains of both the Chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit.[24] The governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy.[19]

text: The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a developed convention, and the governor general still technically acts at Her Majesty's pleasure (or the Royal Pleasure).[25] The prime minister may therefore recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time, sometimes upwards of more than seven years.[n 2] A governor general may also resign,[n 3] and two have died in office.[n 4] In such a circumstance, or if the governor general leaves the country for longer than one month, the Chief Justice of Canada (or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court) serves as Administrator of the Government and exercises all powers of the governor general.[n 5]

text: Selection[edit]

text: In a speech on the subject of confederation, made in 1866 to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, John A. Macdonald said of the planned governor: "We place no restriction on Her Majesty's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence."[26] However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also either members of the Peerage or sons of peers, and were born beyond Canada's borders. These viceroys spent a relatively limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could "learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime".[27] Still, though all Canadian nationals were as equally British subjects as their British counterparts prior to the implementation of the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947, the idea of Canadian-born persons being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the Paris Peace Conference, Canadian prime minister Robert Borden consulted with Prime Minister of South Africa Louis Botha and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective Dominions.[28] Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s,[29] but it was not until Vincent Massey's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian-born individual. Massey stated of this that "a Canadian [as governor general] makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada."[30] This practice continued until 1999, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson, a Hong Kong-born refugee to Canada. Moreover, the practice of alternating between anglophone and francophone Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Georges Vanier, a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey. All persons whose names are put forward to the Queen for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.[31][32]

text: Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were frequently former politicians; a number held seats in the House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by Peter H. Russell, who stated in 2009: "much of [the] advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent [the Queen]."[33] Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first Asian-Canadian and the second woman, following on Jeanne Sauvé. The third woman to hold this position was also the first Caribbean-Canadian governor general, Michaëlle Jean.

text: There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process of the governor general. Most recently, the group Citizens for a Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the Queen, either by popular or parliamentary vote;[34] a proposal echoed by Adrienne Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee,[35][36] but also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana.[37] Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the Monarchist League of Canada have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap," and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general.[38][39]

text: A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of David Johnston as governor general-designate. For the task, Prime Minister Stephen Harper convened a special search group—the Governor General Consultation Committee[40]—was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country.[41][42][43][44] In 2012, the committee was made permanent and renamed as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments, with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners (though the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch).[45] However, Justin Trudeau did not make use of a selection committee when he recommended Julie Payette as Johnston's successor in 2017.[46]

text: Role[edit]

text:
If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... [A]loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion.[47]
Governor General the Marquess of Aberdeen, 1893

tag: div

text: Canada shares the person of the sovereign equally with 15 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and that individual, in his or her capacity as the Canadian sovereign, has 10 other legal personas within the Canadian federation. As the sovereign works and resides predominantly outside of Canada's borders, the governor general's primary task is to perform the monarch's federal constitutional duties on his or her behalf.[48][49] As such, the governor general carries "on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the Sovereign".[50]

text: The governor general acts within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.[51][52][53] For the most part, however, the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day-to-day basis by elected and appointed individuals, leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country; at such a moment, the governor general removes him or herself from public,[n 6] though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general's ability to perform governmental roles.[55][56]

text: Past governor general the Marquess of Lorne said of the job: "It is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a cherub, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel,"[57] and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is "A representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history, and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship, and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers, and yet securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an Administration or Parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence."[58]

text: Constitutional role[edit]

text: Though the monarch retains all executive, legislative, and judicial power in and over Canada,[59][60] the governor general is permitted to exercise most of this, including the Royal Prerogative, in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867, and some through various letters patent issued over the decades, particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada;[61] they state: "And We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada."[62] The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the Royal Prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867 left unchanged.[63] Among other duties, the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general.[7] It is also stipulated that the governor general may appoint deputies—usually Supreme Court justices and the Secretary to the Governor General—who can perform some of the viceroy's constitutional duties in his or her stead,[64] and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (or a puisne justice in the chief justice's absence) will act as the Administrator of the Government upon the death or removal, as well as the incapacitation, or absence of the governor general for more than one month.[65]

text: It is the governor general who is required by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint for life persons to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada,[66] who are all theoretically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative. Convention dictates, though, that the governor general must draw from the privy council an individual to act as prime minister—in almost all cases the Member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the House of Commons. The prime minister then directs the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to a committee of the privy council known as the Cabinet, and it is in practice only from this group of ministers of the Crown that the Queen and governor general will take direction on the use of executive power;[67] an arrangement called the Queen-in-Council or,[60] more specifically, the Governor-in-Council. In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council. The Governor-in-Council is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint in the Queen's name the lieutenant governors of the provinces (with the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments and the premiers of the provinces concerned playing an advisory role),[68] senators,[69] the Speaker of the Senate,[70] supreme court justices,[71] and superior and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.[72] The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure the stability of government, by political convention typically binding; both the Queen and her viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the reserve powers, which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power.[n 7][73]

text: The governor general, as the representative of the Canadian sovereign, carries out the parliamentary duties of the sovereign in their absence, such as summoning parliament, reading the Speech From the Throne, and proroguing and dissolving parliament. The governor general also grants Royal Assent in the Queen's name; legally, he or she has three options: grant Royal Assent (making the bill law), withhold Royal Assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the signification of the Queen's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent).[74] If the governor general withholds the Queen's assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern Canadian viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill. Provincial viceroys, however, are able to reserve Royal Assent to provincial bills for the governor general; this clause was last invoked in 1961 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan.[75]

text: Ceremonial role[edit]

text: With most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Canada's royal family, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent the Queen and country abroad on state visits to other nations,[76][73] though the monarch's permission is necessary, via the prime minister, for the viceroy to leave Canada.[77] Also as part of international relations, the governor general issues letters of credence and of recall for Canadian ambassadors and receives the same from foreign ambassadors appointed to Canada.

text: The governor general is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride.[78] Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959 to then Governor General Vincent Massey "maintain[ing] the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada [is] the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction."[79] One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from all regions and ethnic groups in Canada,[76] continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General the Lord Lisgar.[80] He or she will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the Governor General's Awards, and will also give out awards associated with private organizations, some of which are named for past governors general.[76] During a federal election, the governor general will curtail these public duties, so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs.

text: Although the constitution of Canada states that the "Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen,"[10] the governor general acts in her place as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada.[9][16] The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit Canadian Forces bases across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces.[9] The governor general also serves as honorary Colonel of three household regiments: the Governor General's Horse Guards, Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards. This ceremonial position is directly under that of Colonel-in-Chief, which is held by the Queen. Since 1910, the governor general was also always made the Chief Scout for Canada, which was renamed Chief Scout of Canada after 1946 and again in 2011 as Patron Scout.[81]

text: Residences and household[edit]

text: Rideau Hall, located in Ottawa, is the official residence of the Canadian monarch[82] and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at the Citadel (La Citadelle) in Quebec City, Quebec.[83] A governor general's wife is known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall, though there is no equivalent term for a governor general's husband.

text: The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General.[84] The Chancellery of Honours centres around the Queen and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. As such, the viceroy's secretary ex officio holds the position of Herald Chancellor of Canada,[85] overseeing the Canadian Heraldic Authority—the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which armorial bearings are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign.[85] These organized offices and support systems include aides-de-camp, press officers, financial managers,[84] speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as Government House[86] and its departments are funded through the normal federal budgetary process,[87] as is the governor general's salary of CAD$288,900,[88] which has been taxed since 2013.[89][90] Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the National Capital Commission, the Department of National Defence, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[91]

text: The governor general's air transportation is assigned to 412 Transport Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron uses Bombardier Challenger 600 VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada.

text: Symbols and protocol[edit]

text: As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor general follows only the sovereign in the Canadian order of precedence, preceding even other members of the Royal Family. Though the federal viceroy is considered primus inter pares amongst his or her provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the Queen's representative in the province, precedes the governor general.[92] The incumbent governor general and his or her spouse are also the only people in Canada, other than serving Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners, entitled to the use of the style His or Her Excellency and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of The Right Honourable for their time in office and for life afterwards.[93][94][95]

text: Prior to 1952, all Governors General of Canada were members of the peerage. Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as the Duke of Devonshire, or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with the Viscount Alexander of Tunis. None were life peers, the Life Peerages Act 1958 postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general. John Buchan was, in preparation for his appointment as governor general, made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King George V, six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy. The Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner;[96] however, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. With the appointment of Vincent Massey as governor general in 1952, governors general ceased to be members of the peerage; successive governments since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated (in 1934) principles of the 1919 Nickle Resolution.

text: Under the orders' constitutions, the governor general serves as the Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada,[97] the Chancellor of the Order of Military Merit,[98] and the Chancellor of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces.[99] He or she also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem.[100] As acting commander-in-chief, the governor general is further routinely granted the Canadian Forces Decoration by the Chief of the Defence Staff on behalf of the monarch. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards.[n 8]

text: The Viceregal Salute—composed of the first six bars of the Royal Anthem ("God Save the Queen") followed by the first and last four bars of the national anthem ("O Canada")—is the salute used to greet the governor general upon arrival at, and mark his or her departure from most official events.[102] To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, airplane, or car in Canada, the governor general's flag is employed. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and,[103] in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags save the Queen's personal Canadian standard.[104] When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the national flag is generally employed to mark his or her presence.[103] This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general.[105]

text: The crest of the Royal Arms of Canada is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.[106]

text:
1901

1921

1931

1953

1981

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: French and British colonies[edit]

text: French colonization of North America began in the 1580s and Aymar de Chaste was appointed in 1602 by King Henry IV as Viceroy of Canada.[107][108] The explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century,[n 9] serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII. The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663,[110] after whom 12 more people served in the post.

text: With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to Great Britain.[111] King George III then issued in that same year a royal proclamation establishing, amongst other regulations, the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new Province of Quebec.[112] Nova Scotia and New Brunswick remained completely separate colonies, each with their own governor, until the cabinet of William Pitt adopted in the 1780s the idea that they, along with Quebec and Prince Edward Island, should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as Governor-in-Chief. The post was created in 1786, with The Lord Dorchester as its first occupant. However, the governor-in-chief directly governed only Quebec. It was not until the splitting in 1791 of the Province of Quebec, to accommodate the influx of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American revolutionary war, that the king's representative, with a change in title to Governor General, directly governed Lower Canada, while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead.

text: Responsible government[edit]

text: The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces.[113][114] As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, Governor-General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor of Canada East the Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill, despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation.[115]

text: This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from the Canadian privy council. However, the governor still remained not a viceroy, in the true sense of the word, being still a representative of and liaison to the British government[56][116]—the Queen in her British council of ministers—who answered to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London and who,[117] as a British observer of Canadian politics, held well into the First World War a suite of offices in the East Block of Parliament Hill.[n 10] But, the new position of Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom, created in 1880, began to take over the governor general's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments, leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch.[118] As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that was put to the test when the Marquess of Lorne disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, John A. Macdonald, over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St-Just. On the advice of the Colonial Secretary, and to avoid conflict with the cabinet of Canada, the Marquess did eventually concede, and released St-Just from duty.[119] The Governor General of Canada was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion's first cabinet crisis, wherein Prime Minister Macdonald died, leaving the Lord Stanley of Preston to select a new prime minister.

text: As early as 1880, the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen's subjects: in July of that year, someone under the pseudonym Captain Mac included in a pamphlet called Canada: from the Lakes to the Gulf, a coarse satire of an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall, in which a retired inn-keeper and his wife undergo the rigorous protocol of the royal household and sprawl on the floor before the Duke of Argyll so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had "paid in cold, hard cash".[120] Later, prior to the arrival of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (the uncle of King George V), to take up the post of governor general, there was a "feeble undercurrent of criticism" centring on worries about a rigid court at Rideau Hall; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors.[121]

text: Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom[edit]

text: During the First World War, into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom, the governor general's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster. Starting in 1914, Governor General Prince Arthur donned his Field Marshal's uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents, inspecting army camps, and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe. These actions, however, led to conflict with the Prince's prime minister at the time, Robert Borden; though the latter placed blame on the Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General".[122] Prince Arthur's successor, the Duke of Devonshire, faced the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister, as well as His Majesty's Loyal Opposition members, on the matter. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Vincent Massey, Henri Bourassa, Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési, Duncan Campbell Scott, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, and Stephen Leacock, made efforts to conciliate Quebec, though he had little real success.[123]

text: Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials;[n 11] in 1918, the Toronto Star was even advocating the end of the office.[125] The governor general's role was also morphing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs,[n 12] including the undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada, the first being that of the Marquess of Willingdon to the United States, where he was accorded by President Calvin Coolidge the full honours of representative of a head of state.[n 13][11] It would be another decade, however, before the King-Byng Affair: another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada—indeed, all the Dominions—and the United Kingdom, and thus the purpose of the governor general.

text: In 1926, Liberal prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, facing a non-confidence vote in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party, requested that Governor General the Lord Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election. Byng, however, refused his Canadian prime minister's advice, citing both the facts that King held the minority of seats in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier; he thus called on Arthur Meighen to form a government. Within a week however, Meighen's Conservative government lost its own non-confidence vote, forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power.[127] King then went on to the Imperial Conference that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the Balfour Declaration, which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years: namely, that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom.[128] These new developments were codified in the Statute of Westminster, through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931, Canada, along with the Union of South Africa and the Irish Free State, immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK.[129] In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy.[130]

text: The governor general thus became solely the representative of the King within Canadian jurisdiction, ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet,[n 14][8][132] and as such would be appointed by the monarch granting his royal sign-manual under the Great Seal of Canada only on the advice of his Canadian prime minister.[133]

text: The Canadian Cabinet's first recommendation under this new system was still, however, a British subject born outside of Canada: the Lord Tweedsmuir. His birthplace aside, though, the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity,[134] travelling the length and breadth of the country, including, for the first time for a governor general, the Arctic regions.[135] Not all Canadians, however, shared Tweedsmuir's views; the Baron raised the ire of imperialists when he said in Montreal in 1937: "a Canadian's first loyalty is not to the British Commonwealth of Nations, but to Canada and Canada's King,"[136] a statement the Montreal Gazette dubbed as "disloyal".[137] During Tweedsmuir's time as viceroy, which started in 1935, calls began to emerge for a Canadian-born individual to be appointed as governor general; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940, while Canada was in the midst of the Second World War, and Prime Minister Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian.[138] The Earl of Athlone was instead appointed by King George VI, Athlone's nephew, to be his viceroy for the duration of the war.

text: Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation[edit]

text: It was in 1952, a mere five days before King George VI's death, that Vincent Massey became the first Canadian-born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755, as well as the first not to be elevated to the peerage since Sir Edmund Walker Head in 1854. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy.[139] As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an anglophone, should be followed by a francophone Canadian; and so, in spite of his Liberal Party attachments, Georges Vanier was chosen by Conservative prime minister John Diefenbaker as the next governor general. Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen Elizabeth II in person at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet,[140] thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from Canada's two main linguistic groups. This move did not, however, placate those who were fostering the new Quebec nationalist movement, for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of the province's sovereigntists and, when he attended la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste in Montreal in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading "Vanier vendu" ("Vanier sold out") and "Vanier fou de la Reine" ("Vanier Queen's jester").[141]

text: In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity, images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed, and Vanier's successor, Roland Michener, was the last viceroy to practice many of the office's ancient traditions, such as the wearing of the Windsor uniform, the requirement of court dress for state occasions, and expecting women to curtsey before the governor general.[142] At the same time, he initiated new practices for the viceroy, including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of state visits.[142] He presided over Canada's centennial celebrations and the coincidental Expo 67, to which French president Charles de Gaulle was invited. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "Vive le Québec libre" speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener.[143] With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution,[144][145] the establishment of a distinct Canadian honours system, an increase of state visits coming with Canada's growing role on the world stage, and the more prevalent use of television to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs, the governor general became more publicly active in national life.

text: The Cabinet in June 1978 put forward the constitutional amendment Bill C-60, that, amongst other changes, vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as First Canadian,[146][147][148] but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers.[149][150][151] When the constitution was patriated four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament.[152] By 1984, Canada's first female governor general—Jeanne Sauvé—was appointed. While it was she who created the Canadian Heraldic Authority, as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II, and who championed youth and world peace, Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine, closing to the public the grounds of the Queen's residence and self-aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions.[148][153][154]

text: Withering and renaissance[edit]

text: Sarah, Duchess of York, said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to Prince Andrew, Duke of York, her husband was offered the position of Governor General of Canada, and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break-up.[155] Instead, Sauvé's tenure as governor general was book-ended by a series of appointments—Edward Schreyer, Ray Hnatyshyn, and Roméo LeBlanc—that have been generally regarded as mere patronage postings for former politicians and friends of the incumbent prime minister at the time,[n 15][78][148] and despite the duties they carried out, their combined time in the viceregal office is generally viewed as unremarkable, at best, damaging to the office, at worst;[78][148][156][157][158] as David Smith described it: "Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public."[159] It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due, in part, to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister.[78]

text: It was with the Queen's appointment of Adrienne Clarkson, on the advice of then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, that a shift in the office took place. Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position—coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation—was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada, the first from a visible minority (she is of Chinese ancestry), and, by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband, author and philosopher John Ralston Saul, the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement,[160][161] in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture. Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians, winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors, her inspiring speeches, and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander-in-Chief's representative.[162][163][164][165][166][167] This did not come without a cost, however, as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the Governor General's increased spending on state affairs, for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10% the viceregal budget it had earlier supported,[168][169] as well as for fostering the notion, through various demonstrations, that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself,[170][171][172] an approach that was said by Jack Granatstein to have caused "a fury" with the Queen on one occasion in 2004.[173] This attitude was not unique to Clarkson, though; it had been observed that, for some decades, staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state,[174] part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s,[148] if not the 1964 Truncheon Saturday riot in Quebec City.[172] Indeed, international observers opined that the viceroys had been, over the years, making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign, for fear of being too closely associated with any "Britishness" the monarch embodied.[78]

text: Prime Minister Paul Martin followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts.[175] Her appointment initially sparked accusations that she was a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, and it was observed that she had on a few occasions trodden into political matters,[176][177][178] as well as continuing to foster the notion that the governor general had replaced the Queen as head of state, thereby "unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry".[179] But Jean ultimately won plaudits,[158] particularly for her solidarity with the Canadian Forces and Canada's Aboriginal peoples, as well as her role in the parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009.[180][181][182]

text: With the appointment of academic David Johnston, former principal of McGill University and subsequently president of the University of Waterloo, there was a signalled emphasis for the Governor General to vigorously promote learning and innovation. Johnston stated in his inaugural address: "[We want to be] a society that innovates, embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all."[183] There was also a recognition of Johnston's expertise in constitutional law, following the controversial prorogations of parliament in 2008 and 2009, which initiated some debate about the governor general's role as the representative of Canada's head of state.[184]

text: Activities post-commission[edit]

text: Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices. Edward Schreyer, for instance, was appointed Canadian High Commissioner to Australia upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984, and Michaëlle Jean became the UNESCO special envoy to Haiti and, later, the Secretary-General of the Francophonie.[185] Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a New Democratic Party candidate. Prior to 1952, several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom, sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and, in some cases, taking a position in the British Cabinet.[n 16] The Marquess of Lorne was elected a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom in 1895, and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords. Others were made governors in other countries or territories: the Viscount Monck was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Dublin, the Earl of Aberdeen was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lansdowne, The Earl of Minto, and The Earl of Willingdon all subsequently served as Viceroy of India.

text: An outgoing governor general may leave an eponymous award as a legacy, such as the Stanley Cup, the Clarkson Cup, the Vanier Cup, or the Grey Cup. They may found an institution, as Georges Vanier did with the Vanier Institute of the Family and Adrienne Clarkson with the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. Three former governors general have released memoirs: the Lord Tweedsmuir (Memory Hold-the-Door), Vincent Massey (On Being Canadian and What's Past is Prologue), and Adrienne Clarkson (Heart Matters).

text: Canadian institutions established by Governors General[edit]

text:
Royal Society of Canada – The Marquess of Lorne
Canada's first anti-tuberculosis association – The Earl of Minto
The Battlefields Park – The Lord Grey
King's Jubilee Cancer Fund – The Earl of Bessborough
Vanier Institute of the Family – Georges Vanier[186]
Sauvé Foundation – Jeanne Sauvé
Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund – Ray Hnatyshyn[187]
International Council for Canadian Studies – Ray Hnatyshyn[187]
The Hnatyshyn Foundation – Ray Hnatyshyn[188]
Institute for Canadian Citizenship – Adrienne Clarkson
Michaëlle Jean Foundation – Michaëlle Jean

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