document_title: Jeepers Creepers (2001 film)

question_text: who played the creeper in jeepers creepers 1

text: Jeepers Creepers (2001 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Trish Jenner and her brother Darry are traveling home from college for spring break. As they drive through the Florida countryside, an old rusty truck tries to run them off the road. The vehicle eventually passes them, and they later see the same truck parked next to an abandoned church with a man sliding what appears to be bodies wrapped in bloodstained sheets into a large pipe sticking out of the ground. The man notices Trish and Darry watching him and attempts to run them off the road a second time.

text: After escaping, Darry convinces Trish to go back to the church and investigate. At the church, Darry hears noises coming from within the pipe and crawls inside with Trish holding on to his feet, but he ends up falling in. At the bottom, he finds a dying man with stitches running down his stomach, and hundreds of other bodies sewn to the walls and ceiling. After Darry escapes, the two flee the scene and attempt to contact the police at a diner. At the diner, they are phoned by a strange woman who warns them that they are in danger. Confused and frightened, they ignore her warning. Later, Trish and Darry leave, with two police officers providing a security escort. As they travel, the police learn that the church has caught fire, and any evidence of bodies has been destroyed. The police are then attacked and killed by the mysterious driver, who loads their bodies into his truck.

text: Fleeing, Trish and Darry stop at a reclusive old woman's house, and beg her to call the police. The woman complies until she notices the driver hiding in her yard. She attempts to kill him, but the driver kills her and reveals his inhuman face to Trish and Darry, before pursuing them once again. Trish runs the driver over with her car, but they are horrified to see a giant wing tear through his trench coat and flap in the air. They drive to the local police station, where they are approached by psychic Jezelle Gay Hartman. She reveals herself as the woman who called them at the diner and tells them the true nature of their pursuer: it is an ancient creature, known as "the Creeper", which hunts every twenty-third spring for twenty-three days to eat human body parts, which then form parts of its own body. She also tells them that it seeks out its victims through fear, and, by smelling the fear from Trish and Darry, it has found something it likes, but she does not know what.

text: The wounded Creeper arrives and attacks the police station. After cutting off the power, it gains entrance to the cells and eats prisoners to heal. The Creeper is swarmed by police but kills a number of them and evades capture. Trapped, Jezelle warns Trish and Darry that one of them will die a horrible death. Darry demands to know who, and Jezelle looks at Trish. The Creeper finds them, but spares Jezelle as she does not have anything it wants. The Creeper corners Trish and Darry in an upstairs interrogation room, and after sniffing and tasting them, the Creeper throws Trish aside and chooses Darry. Trish offers her life for her brother's, but the Creeper escapes out of the window and flies away with Darry. The next day, Trish is picked up by her parents, and Jezelle returns home in regret. In the Creeper's new hideout, an abandoned factory, it is revealed that the Creeper has removed the back of Darry's head and taken his eyes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gina Philips as Patricia "Trish" Jenner
Justin Long as Darius "Darry" Jenner
Jonathan Breck as the Creeper / Bald Cop
Patricia Belcher as Jezelle Gay Hartman
Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs
Eileen Brennan as the Cat Lady
Jon Beshara as Trooper Robert Gideon
Avis-Marie Barnes as Trooper Natasha Weston
Tom Tarantini as Roach

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)

text: Jeepers Creepers was filmed in Dunnellon, Florida in the summer of 2000.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 45% of 108 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.1/10. The sites consensus reads: "Jeepers Creepers has a promising start. Unfortunately, the tension and suspense quickly deflates into genre cliches as the movie goes on."[5] Metacritic rated it 49/100.[6] Scott Foundas of Variety wrote that it is "the most conventional and least imaginative of the recent crop of high-class fright movies".[7] Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it "a cannier-than-average teen horror movie" that "disintegrates into a shoot-by-numbers monster hunt".[8] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has the scariest opening sequence of any horror picture in recent memory" but becomes an "amusing horror-comedy, spooky and jolting but too literally preposterous to regain its initial aura of suspense."[9] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that the film starts off well but quickly degenerates into cliche.[10]

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jeepers Creepers opened in 2,944 theaters and took in a US gross of $37.9 million; it later made $21.3 million internationally, making a total of $59.2 million worldwide.[3]

text: It broke the record for the highest ever Labor Day opening weekend four-day gross, holding the record until the 2003 release of its sequel, Jeepers Creepers 2.[12] After the 2015 Labor Day weekend, Jeepers Creepers holds the #7 spot and the #5 spot goes to its sequel.[12] Allowing for films that had been released prior to Labor Day, Jeepers Creepers holds the #16 spot for the Labor Day four-day weekend, with the #9 spot going to Jeepers Creepers 2.[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards – Best Horror Film
Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards – Best Young Actor: Justin Long
Nominated: International Horror Guild Award – Best Movie[14]
Nominated: 34th Sitges Film Festival - Best Film[15]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: In 2003, a sequel was released, Jeepers Creepers 2. Events in the second film take place four days after the first film. The Creeper and Darry are the only characters to appear in both films, although they are not the only actors to appear in both films. In the first film, actor Tom Tarantini appears as the minor character "Austin McCoy" AKA "Roach" who is a car thief and regular in the Poho County jail. In the second film, he portrays "Coach Dwayne Barnes".

text: On September 11, 2015, Jeepers Creepers 3 was officially greenlit.,[16] with a planned 2017 release.[17] Victor Salva returns as director, Jonathan Breck returns as "the Creeper",[16] and Gina Philips returns as "Trish Jenner", her first screen role in five years.[17] Production was halted in 2016 until it resumed in February 2017,[18] and completed in April. The film opened for what was said would be only a one-night showing on September 26, 2017; it was then shown again October 4 and it was announced that it would air on the SyFy channel on October 28, with a Blu-ray/digital release on December 28, 2017.[19]


document_title: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

question_text: which is the last amendment in indian constitution

root

text: List[edit]

text:
No.
Amendments
Enforced since
Objectives
Prime Minister
President

1
Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376.
Insert articles 31A and 31B.
Insert schedule 9.[3]
18 June 1951
Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law
Jawaharlal Nehru
Rajendra Prasad

2
Amend article 81(1)(b).[4]
1 May 1953
Removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).
Jawaharlal Nehru

3
Amend schedule 7.[5]
22 February 1955
Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of 4 classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.
Jawaharlal Nehru

4
Amend articles 31, 35 band 305.
Amend schedule 9.[6]
27 April 1955
Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution
Jawaharlal Nehru

5
Amend article 3.[7]
24 December 1955
Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited any such bill from being introduced in Parliament until after the expiry of the prescribed or extended period.
Jawaharlal Nehru

6
Amend articles 269 and 286.
Amend schedule 7.[8]
11 September 1956
Amend the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes
Jawaharlal Nehru

7
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.[9]
1 November 1956
Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union Territories
Jawaharlal Nehru

8
Amend article 334.[10]
5 January 1960
Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970
Jawaharlal Nehru

9
Amend schedule 1.[11]
28 December 1960
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
Jawaharlal Nehru

10
Amend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[12]
11 August 1961
Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal
Jawaharlal Nehru

11
Amend articles 66 and 71.[13]
19 December 1961
Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college
Jawaharlal Nehru

12
Amend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[14]
20 December 1961
Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal
Jawaharlal Nehru

13
Amend article 170.
Insert new article 371A.[15]
1 December 1963
Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A
Jawaharlal Nehru
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

14
Amend articles 81 and 240.
Insert article 239A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[16]
28 December 1962
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa
Jawaharlal Nehru
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

15
Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316.
Insert article 224A.
Amend schedule 7.[17]
5 October 1963
Raise retirement age of High court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
Jawaharlal Nehru
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

16
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173.
Amend schedule 3.[18]
5 October 1963
Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligtory templates
Jawaharlal Nehru

17
Amend article 31A.
Amend schedule 9.[19]
20 June 1964
To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
Jawaharlal Nehru

18
Amend article 3.[20]
27 August 1966
Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories
Lal Bahadur Shastri

19
Amend article 324.[21]
11 December 1966
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts
Lal Bahadur Shastri

20
Insert article 233A.[22]
22 December 1966
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh
Lal Bahadur Shastri

21
Amend schedule 8.[23]
10 April 1967
Include Sindhi as an Official Language
Indira Gandhi

22
Amend article 275.
Insert articles 244A and 371B.[24]
25 September 1969
Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam
Indira Gandhi
V. V. Giri

23
Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.[25]
23 January 1970
Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
Indira Gandhi

24
Amend articles 13 and 368.[26]
5 November 1971
Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution
Indira Gandhi

25
Amend article 31.
Insert article 31C.[27]
20 April 1972
Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. However, the Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C, to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the Basic structure doctrine.
Indira Gandhi

26
Amend article 366.
Insert article 363A.
Remove articles 291 and 362.[28]
28 December 1971
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic
Indira Gandhi

27
Amend articles 239A and 240.
Insert articles 239B and 371C.[29]
15 February 1972
Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers
Indira Gandhi

28
Insert article 312A.
Remove article 314.[30]
29 August 1972
Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post independence
Indira Gandhi

29
Amend schedule 9.[31]
9 June 1972
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
Indira Gandhi

30
Amend article 133.[32]
27 February 1973
Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law
Indira Gandhi

31
Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.[33]
17 October 1973
Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise
Indira Gandhi

32
Amend article 371.
Insert articles 371D and 371E.
Amend schedule 7.[34]
1 July 1974
Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh
Indira Gandhi

33
Amend articles 101 and 190.[35]
19 May 1974
Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker
Indira Gandhi

34
Amend schedule 9.[36]
7 September 1974
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
Indira Gandhi
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

35
Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 2A.
Insert schedule 10.[37]
1 March 1975
Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India
Indira Gandhi

36
Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
Remove article 2A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[38]
26 April 1975
Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union
Indira Gandhi

37
Amend articles 239A and 240.[39]
3 May 1975
Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly
Indira Gandhi

38
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.[40]
1 August 1975
Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances
Indira Gandhi

39
Amend articles 71 and 329.
Insert article 329A.
Amend schedule 9.[41]
10 August 1975
Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. The amendment was introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha on August 7, 1975 and again introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 8, 1975. As many as 17 State Assemblies, summoned on Saturday, August 9 ratified this amendment and President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad gave his assent on Sunday, August 10 and the civil servants issued gazette notification on Sunday, August 10, 1975. As a consequence of this amendment to the Constitution of India, Supreme Court of India's scheduled hearing on August 11, 1975 of Petition challenging Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election became infructuous. [42]
Later however, Article 329A was struck down by the Supreme Court in case of Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.

Indira Gandhi

40
Amend article 297.
Amend schedule 9.[43]
27 May 1976
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India
Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution

Indira Gandhi

41
Amend article 316.[44]
7 September 1976
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
Indira Gandhi

42
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F.
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[45]
2 November 1976
Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic
However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.

Indira Gandhi

43
Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.
Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.[46]
13 April 1978
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42
Morarji Desai
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

44
Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.
Insert articles 134A and 361A.
Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[47]
6 September 1978
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42
Morarji Desai

45
Amend article 334.[48]
25 January 1980
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990
Indira Gandhi

46
Amend articles 269, 286 and 366.
Amend schedule 7.[49]
2 February 1983
Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax
Indira Gandhi
Zail Singh

47
Amend schedule 9.[50]
26 August 1984
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
Indira Gandhi

48
Amend article 356.[51]
1 April 1985
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab
Rajiv Gandhi

49
Amend article 244.
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[52]
11 September 1984
Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
Indira Gandhi

50
Amend article 33.[53]
11 September 1984
Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure
Indira Gandhi

51
Amend articles 330 and 332.[54]
29 April 1984
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies
Indira Gandhi

52
Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191.
Insert schedule 10.[55]
15 February 1985
Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other. However, parts of the 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.
Rajiv Gandhi

53
Insert article 371G.[56]
20 February 1986
Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
Rajiv Gandhi

54
Amend articles 125 and 221.
Amend schedule 2.[57]
1 April 1986
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment
Rajiv Gandhi

55
Insert article 371H.[58]
20 February 1987
Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh
Rajiv Gandhi

56
Insert article 371I.[59]
30 May 1987
Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa
Rajiv Gandhi

57
Amend article 332.[60]
21 September 1987
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Rajiv Gandhi
R. Venkataraman

58
Insert article 394A.
Amend part 22.[61]
9 December 1987
Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments
Rajiv Gandhi

59
Amend article 356.
Insert article 359A.[62]
30 March 1988
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab
Rajiv Gandhi

60
Amend article 276.[63]
20 December 1988
Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-
Rajiv Gandhi

61
Amend article 326.[64]
28 March 1989
Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
Rajiv Gandhi

62
Amend article 334.[65]
20 December 1989
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000
V. P. Singh

63
Amend article 356.
Remove article 359A.[66]
6 January 1990
Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed
V. P. Singh

64
Amend article 356.[67]
16 April 1990
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab
V. P. Singh

65
Amend article 338.[68]
12 March 1990
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
V. P. Singh

66
Amend schedule 9.[69]
7 June 1990
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
V. P. Singh

67
Amend article 356.[70]
4 October 1990
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab
V. P. Singh

68
Amend article 356.[71]
12 March 1991
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab
V. P. Singh

69
Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.[72]
1 February 1992
To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory
P. V. Narasimha Rao

70
Amend articles 54 and 239AA.[73]
21 December 1991
Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election
P. V. Narasimha Rao

71
Amend schedule 8.[74]
31 August 1992
Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as Official Languages
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Shankar Dayal Sharma

72
Amend article 332.[75]
5 December 1992
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly
P. V. Narasimha Rao

73
Insert part 9.[76]
24 April 1992
Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages
P. V. Narasimha Rao

74
Insert part 9A, amend article 280.[77]
1 June 1992
Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities
P. V. Narasimha Rao

75
Amend article 323B.[78]
15 May 1994
Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals
P. V. Narasimha Rao

76
Amend schedule 9.[79]
31 August 1994
Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution
P. V. Narasimha Rao

77
Amend article 16.[80]
17 June 1995
A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions
P. V. Narasimha Rao

78
Amend schedule 9.[81]
30 August 1995
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
P. V. Narasimha Rao

79
Amend article 334.[82]
25 January 2000
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
K. R. Narayanan

80
Amend articles 269 and 270.
Remove article 272.[83]
9 June 2000
Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and The Centre
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

81
Amend article 16.[84]
9 June 2000
Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

82
Amend article 335.[85]
8 September 2000
Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

83
Amend article 243M.[86]
8 September 2000
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

84
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.[87]
21 February 2002
Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

85
Amend article 16.[88]
4 January 2002
A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST Employees
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

86
Amend articles 45 and 51A.
Insert article 21A.[89]
12 December 2002
Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

87
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.[90]
22 June 2003
Extend the usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

88
Amend article 270.
Insert article 268A.
Amend schedule 7.[91]
15 January 2004
To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

89
Amend article 338.
Insert article 338A.[92]
28 September 2003
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

90
Amend article 332.[93]
28 September 2003
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

91
Amend articles 75 and 164.
Insert article 361B.
Amend schedule 10.[94]
1 January 2004
Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

92
Amend schedule 8.[95]
7 January 2004
Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as official languages.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

93
Amend article 15.[96]
20 January 2006
1To enable provision of reservation(27%) for other backward classes (OBC) in government as well as private educational institutions
Manmohan Singh

94
Amend article 164.[97]
12 June 2006
To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.
Manmohan Singh

95
Amend article 334.[98]
25 January 2010
To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years.
Manmohan Singh
Pratibha Patil

96
Amend schedule 8.[99]
23 September 2011
Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
Manmohan Singh

97
Amend Art 19 and added Part IXB.[100]
12 January 2012
Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies.
The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.[101]

Manmohan Singh

98
To insert Article 371J in the Constitution[102]
2 January 2013
To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.[102]
Manmohan Singh
Pranab Mukherjee

99
Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231.[103]
13 April 2015[104]
Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill.[105] The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.
Narendra Modi

100
Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution[106]
1 August 2015
Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
Narendra Modi

101
Addition of articles 246A, 269A, 279A. Deletion of Article 268A.
Amendment of articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, Sixth Schedule, Seventh Schedule.[107]

1 July 2017
Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
Narendra Modi
Ramnath Kovind

tag: table

tag: p


document_title: Interphase

question_text: during which stage of the cell cycle does a cell grow to approximately double its original size

text: Interphase

text: Stages of interphase[edit]

text: There are three stages of cellular interphase, with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage's completion before proceeding to the next. The stages of interphase are:

text:
G1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (to about double its original size) - more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases. If the cell is not to divide again, it will enter G0.[3]
Synthesis (S), in which the cell duplicates its DNA (via semiconservative replication).
G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division. The mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until mitosis begins. In plants, chloroplasts also divide during G2.
In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever, enter a stage called G0 (Gap zero), which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G1.

tag: ul

text: The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to. Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90% of the total time involved in cell division.[4] Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are separate from interphase.

text: Interphase within sequences of cellular processes[edit]

text: Interphase and the cell cycle[edit]

text: When G2 is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G1 of interphase.

text: In the cell cycle, interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase. In alternative fashion, interphase is sometimes interrupted by G0 phase, which, in some circumstances, may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase. After the successful completion of the G2 checkpoint, the final checkpoint in interphase, the cell proceeds to prophase, or in plants to preprophase, which is the first stage of mitosis.

text: G0 phase is viewed as either an extended G1 phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle.[5]

text: Interphase and other cellular processes[edit]

text: In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis. In programmed cell death, interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis.


document_title: Waxing

question_text: what do you call a person who does waxing

text: Waxing

text: Types[edit]

text: Strip waxing (soft wax) is accomplished by spreading a wax thinly over the skin. A cloth or paper strip is applied and pressed firmly, adhering the strip to the wax and the wax to the skin. The strip is then quickly ripped against the direction of hair growth, as parallel as possible to the skin to avoid trauma to the skin. This removes the wax along with the hair. There are different forms of strip waxing or soft waxing: heated, cold or pre-made strips. Unlike cold waxing, heated wax is spread easily over the skin. Cold waxing is thicker, which makes it more difficult to spread smoothly over the skin. Pre-made strips come with the wax on them, and they come in different sizes for different area uses.[1]

text: Stripless wax (as opposed to strip wax), also referred to as hard wax,[2] is applied somewhat thickly and with no cloth or paper strips. The wax then hardens when it cools, thus allowing the easy removal by a therapist without the aid of cloths. This waxing method is very beneficial to people who have sensitive skin. Stripless wax does not adhere to the skin as much as strip wax does, thus making it a good option for sensitive skin as finer hairs are more easily removed because the hard wax encapsulates the hair as it hardens. The stripless waxing method can also be less painful.

text: Contraindications[edit]

text: The following factors are known to make those who are waxed more prone to "skin lifting," where the top layer of skin is torn away during waxing treatment:

text:
Taking blood-thinning medications;
Taking drugs for autoimmune diseases, including lupus;
Taking prednisone or steroids;
Psoriasis, eczema, or other chronic skin diseases;
Recent sunburn;
Recent cosmetic or reconstructive surgery;
Recent laser skin treatment;
Severe varicose leg veins;
Rosacea or very sensitive skin;
History of fever blisters or cold sores (waxing can cause a flare-up);
Using  Trevino, Tazaronene, or any other peeling agent;
Recent surgical peel, microdermabrasion or chemical peel using glycolic, alpha hydroxy, salicylic acid, or other acid-based products.

text: There are many benefits to waxing versus other forms of hair removal. It is an effective method to remove large amounts of hair at one time. It is a long-lasting method, as hair in waxed areas will not grow back for two to eight weeks. When hair is shaved or removed by depilatory cream, the hair is removed at the surface rather than the hair root. Within a few days, the hair can reappear back at the surface. With these methods, hair tends to grow back in a rough stubble. Areas that are repeatedly waxed over long periods of time often exhibit regrowth that is softer.

text: There are many drawbacks of waxing as well.  Waxing can be painful when the strip is removed from the skin. Although the pain is not long-lasting, it can be intense, particularly in sensitive areas.  Another drawback to waxing is the expense: waxing is usually performed by a licensed esthetician and in some cases the cost can be high, depending on the area waxed and the number of sittings required. There are do-it-yourself waxing supplies, but they may be difficult to use on oneself on some areas on the body.

text: Another drawback of waxing is that some people experience ingrown hairs, red bumps, and minor bleeding. This is more likely to occur when waxing areas with thick hair, especially the first few times when follicles are strongest.


document_title: A Football Life

question_text: when does tony romo a football life air

question_tokens: when does tony romo a football life air

text: A Football Life

text: History[edit]

text: The name of the series originated in a quote from Steve Sabol of NFL Films:[4]

text:
“

For a company that prides itself on telling good stories, this is one hell of a story. Dad makes the Hall of Fame. Son's going to be his presenter. Son gets a brain tumor. Now the story is, Is the son going to be there? Will the son make it? Who knows? I could be around until the Super Bowl in New York [2014]. But I've had a lot of time to think ...
So they talk about heaven, and I don't know what is waiting for me up there. But I can tell you this: Nothing will happen up there that can duplicate my life down here. That life cannot be better than the one I've lived down here, the football life. It's been perfect.

”

text: Originating as an NFL Network special on the career of Bill Parcells in November 2010,[5] it premiered as an episodic series on September 15, 2011, with the first part of Bill Belichick's documentary.[6] The documentary was viewed by about 657,000 viewers, the most-watched documentary in NFL Network's history, and was the second-most watched program in Boston at the time with 151,000 viewers, trailing behind a Boston Red Sox game.[7] Season One was eventually released on DVD.[8]

text: Season Two began on September 12, 2012, with The Faces of Tebow.[9]

text: The series was nominated for an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Edited Sports Series/Anthology"[10] and "Outstanding Promotional Announcement – Episodic" for Belichick's episode[11] in 2012.[12]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season One[edit]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

Bill Belichick

September 15, 2011

2

September 22, 2011

3

Reggie White & Jerome Brown

September 29, 2011

4

Kurt Warner

October 6, 2011

5

Walter Payton

October 13, 2011

6

Ed Sabol

October 20, 2011

7

Mike Ditka

October 27, 2011

8

Tom Landry

November 3, 2011

9

Al Davis

November 11, 2011

text: Season Two[edit]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

Tim Tebow

September 12, 2012

2

Ray Lewis

September 19, 2012

3

Tom Coughlin

September 26, 2012

4

Cleveland '95

October 3, 2012

5

The Fearsome Foursome

October 10, 2012

6

Steve McNair

October 17, 2012

7

Eddie DeBartolo

October 24, 2012

8

Chris Spielman

October 31, 2012

9

Jimmy Johnson

November 7, 2012

10

John Riggins

November 21, 2012

11

Barry Sanders

December 5, 2012

12

Marcus Allen

December 12, 2012

13

The Immaculate Reception

December 19, 2012

text: Season Three[edit]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

LaDainian Tomlinson

September 3, 2013

2

Don Shula

September 10, 2013

3

Darrelle Revis

September 17, 2013

4

Derrick Thomas

September 24, 2013

5

Steve Sabol

October 1, 2013

6

Matt Millen

October 8, 2013

7

Michael Strahan

October 15, 2013

8

Pat Summerall

October 22, 2013

9

Warren Sapp

October 29, 2013

10

Randall Cunningham

November 5, 2013

11

Cris Carter

November 12, 2013

12

The Forward Pass

November 19, 2013

13

Steve Gleason

November 26, 2013

14

The Great Wall of Dallas

December 3, 2013

15

Houston '93

December 10, 2013

16

Marty Schottenheimer

December 17, 2013

17

Vince Lombardi

December 24, 2013

18

December 31, 2013

19

Tiki & Ronde Barber

January 7, 2014

20

Bill Parcells

January 14, 2014

21

Jerry Smith

January 21, 2014

22

Jerry Rice

January 28, 2014

text: Season Four[edit]

text: Season Four was announced for September 10, 2014.[20][21]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

"Mean Joe" Greene

September 12, 2014

2

Brandon Marshall

September 19, 2014

3

Sean Taylor

September 26, 2014

4

Warren Moon

October 3, 2014

5

Eric Dickerson

October 10, 2014

6

Doug Flutie

October 17, 2014

7

Terrell Davis

October 24, 2014

8

Ricky Williams

October 31, 2014

9

Earl Campbell

November 7, 2014

10

The Perfect Backfield (Csonka, Kiick & Morris)

November 14, 2014

11

Lyle Alzado

November 21, 2014

12

Dick Butkus & Gale Sayers

November 28, 2014

13

Roger Staubach

December 5, 2014

14

Keenan McCardell & Jimmy Smith

December 19, 2014

15

2006 Rose Bowl

January 2, 2015

16

Bill Walsh

January 23, 2015

17

Joe Namath

January 30, 2015

text: Season Five[edit]

text: Season Five began on September 18 at 9 pm, and it had 13 new episodes including Terrell Owens, Dick Vermeil, Paul Brown, and more.[22]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

Christian Okoye

September 18, 2015

2

Dexter Manley

September 25, 2015

3

Jerome Bettis

October 2, 2015

4

Terrell Owens

October 9, 2015

5

Alan Page

October 16, 2015

6

Steve Largent

October 23, 2015

7

Dick Vermeil

October 30, 2015

8

Paul Brown

November 6, 2015

9

Mike Singletary

November 13, 2015

10

Charles Haley

November 19, 2015

11

Bruce Arians

December 11, 2015

12

Marshall Faulk

December 18, 2015

13

Ken Stabler

December 25, 2015

text: Season Six[edit]

text: Season Six premiered Friday, September 16 at 9:00 PM ET and aired 13 new episodes starting with the story of Pro Football Hall of Fame running back Curtis Martin, and including Brett Favre, Chuck Noll, and Jim Brown.[23]

text: Two mini-episodes were released on the NFL's official YouTube channel. In contrast to the television series, these two episodes feature fictional characters Rod Tidwell and Frank Cushman from the movie Jerry Maguire.

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

Curtis Martin

September 16, 2016

2

Rodney Harrison

September 23, 2016

3

Chad Johnson

September 30, 2016

4

Steve Young

October 7, 2016

5

Brett Favre

October 21, 2016[a]

6

Pat Tillman

October 28, 2016

7

Michael Vick

November 4, 2016

8

Jim Brown

November 10, 2016

9

Steve Smith Sr.

November 18, 2016

10

Chuck Noll

November 25, 2016

11

Troy Aikman

December 2, 2016

12

Charles Woodson

December 9, 2016

13

Kevin Greene

December 16, 2016

text: Season Seven[edit]

text: Season Seven of A Football Life premiered on Friday, September 15 at 9:00 PM ET and subsequently aired 13 episodes beginning with the former Miami Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino. Other episodes featured former Oakland Raiders coach John Madden, former Buffalo Bills quarterback Jim Kelly, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and former Washington Redskins coach and current NASCAR owner Joe Gibbs.[25]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

Dan Marino

September 15, 2017

2

Emmitt Smith

September 22, 2017

3

John Madden

September 29, 2017

4

Wes Welker

October 6, 2017

5

Sam Mills

October 13, 2017

6

Jim Kelly

November 3, 2017

7

Larry Fitzgerald

November 10, 2017

8

Eddie George

November 17, 2017

9

Joe Gibbs

November 25, 2017

10

Jerry Jones

December 1, 2017

11

Aeneas Williams

December 9, 2017

12

John Randle

December 15, 2017

13

Lynn Swann & John Stallworth

December 22, 2017

text: Jump up ^ This episode first aired on CBS.[24]

tag: ol

text: Season Eight[edit]

text: Season Eight of A Football Life will premier on Friday, September 14 at 9:00 PM ET and subsequently aired 11 episodes. It will feature Mike Holmgren, Dwight Clark and The Catch, Lawrence Taylor, Thurman Thomas, Carson Palmer, Brian Dawkins, Doug Williams, Willie McGinest, Cris Collinsworth, Tony Romo and Bill Cowher[26]

text:
No.

Subject

Original air date

1

Carson Palmer

September 14, 2018

2

Lawrence Taylor

September 21, 2018

3

Tony Romo

September 28, 2018

4

Willie McGinest

October 5, 2018

5

Brian Dawkins

October 12, 2018

6

Dwight Clark

November 2, 2018

7

Bill Cowher

November 9, 2018

8

Mike Holmgren

November 16, 2018

9

Cris Collinsworth

November 23, 2018

10

November 30, 2018

11

December 7, 2018


document_title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

question_text: when was the new nintendo 2ds xl released

text: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text:
New Nintendo 2DS XL

New Nintendo 2DS XL

Also known as
NN2DS XL, New 2DS XL, N2DS XL(unofficial abbreviations)

Product family
Nintendo 3DS family

Type
Handheld game console

Generation
Eighth generation

Release date

AU: 15 June 2017[1]
JP: 13 July 2017
KOR: 13 July 2017
NA: 28 July 2017
EU: 28 July 2017

Retail availability
2017–present

Media

Physical and digital[show]

Nintendo 3DS Game Card
Nintendo DS Game Card
Nintendo DSi Game Card
Digital distribution (Nintendo eShop)
Micro SD/SDHC card

Operating system
Nintendo 3DS system software

Removable storage
microSD card[2]

Display
Upper: 4.88" LCD[3]
Lower: 4.18" resistive touchscreen LCD[4]

Sound
Speakers, microphone

Input
A/B/X/Y buttons, Circle Pad, C-Stick, L/R and ZL/ZR bumpers, D-pad, Start/Select buttons, Home button, volume slider, power button

Camera
Front-facing camera, 2 rear-facing cameras[5]

Dimensions

Body[show]

Open
Width: 6.4 in (16 cm)[4]
Height: 6.3 in (16 cm)
Depth: 0.8 in (2.0 cm)
Folded
Width: 3.4 in (8.6 cm)[4]
Height: 6.3 in (16 cm)
Depth: 0.8 in (2.0 cm)

Weight
260 grams (9.2 oz)[4]

Related articles
Nintendo 2DS

text: The New Nintendo 2DS XL (branded as New Nintendo 2DS LL JPN in Japan) is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. It is the sixth system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles, following the original Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo 3DS XL, Nintendo 2DS, New Nintendo 3DS, and New Nintendo 3DS XL. It was released in Australia and New Zealand on 15 June 2017,[6] in Japan and South Korea on 13 July 2017,[7] and in North America and Europe on 28 July 2017.[3][8]

text: The New Nintendo 2DS XL is a streamlined version of the New Nintendo 3DS XL, retaining most of the enhancements it carries over the original 2DS and 3DS models (including its updated processor, additional controls, and Amiibo support), but with no autostereoscopic 3D display, and a thinner build. Unlike the original 2DS, the New 2DS XL uses the same clamshell form factor of other 3DS models. Nintendo has presented versions of the console in black with blue accents for the North American market, and white with orange-gold accents for the Japanese, South Korean and PAL region market,[9][10][7] as well as a Japan-exclusive Dragon Quest XI limited edition.[11] Later on, the White + Orange variant came to North America, as well as Lavender + White, Black + Green (both Japan-exclusive) as well as Poké Ball and Pikachu variants to coincide with the launch of Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon (the former also coming to that region).

text: Software and services[edit]

text: The system software of the New Nintendo 2DS XL is otherwise identical to that of the New Nintendo 3DS, remaining compatible with all games released for the 3DS and DS (excluding those requiring the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot, and including games exclusive to the New 3DS such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D and Fire Emblem Warriors), and offering online features such as Nintendo Network for multiplayer and online gaming, Nintendo eShop for downloading and purchasing games, and SpotPass and StreetPass.[3][8]

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

question_text: which protocol is used to send email messages from a mail client to a mail server

text: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

text: History[edit]

text: Various forms of one-to-one electronic messaging were used in the 1960s. People communicated with one another using systems developed for specific mainframe computers. As more computers were interconnected, especially in the US Government's ARPANET, standards were developed to allow users of different systems to email one another. SMTP grew out of these standards developed during the 1970s.

text: SMTP can trace its roots to two implementations described in 1971: the Mail Box Protocol, whose implementation has been disputed,[2] but is discussed in RFC 196 and other RFCs, and the SNDMSG program, which, according to RFC 2235, Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented for TENEX computers to send mail messages across the ARPANET.[3][4][5] Fewer than 50 hosts were connected to the ARPANET at this time.[6]

text: Further implementations include FTP Mail[7] and Mail Protocol, both from 1973.[8] Development work continued throughout the 1970s, until the ARPANET transitioned into the modern Internet around 1980. Jon Postel then proposed a Mail Transfer Protocol in 1980 that began to remove the mail's reliance on FTP.[9] SMTP was published as RFC 788 in November 1981, also by Postel.

text: The SMTP standard was developed around the same time as Usenet, a one-to-many communication network with some similarities.

text: SMTP became widely used in the early 1980s. At the time, it was a complement to Unix to Unix Copy Program (UUCP) mail, which was better suited for handling email transfers between machines that were intermittently connected. SMTP, on the other hand, works best when both the sending and receiving machines are connected to the network all the time. Both use a store and forward mechanism and are examples of push technology. Though Usenet's newsgroups are still propagated with UUCP between servers,[10] UUCP as a mail transport has virtually disappeared[11] along with the "bang paths" it used as message routing headers.[12]

text: Sendmail, released with 4.1cBSD, right after RFC 788, was one of the first mail transfer agents to implement SMTP.[13] Over time, as BSD Unix became the most popular operating system on the Internet, sendmail became the most common MTA (mail transfer agent).[14] Some other popular SMTP server programs include[chronology citation needed] Postfix, qmail, Novell GroupWise, Exim, Novell NetMail, Microsoft Exchange Server and Oracle Communications Messaging Server.

text: Message submission (RFC 2476) and SMTP-AUTH (RFC 2554) were introduced in 1998 and 1999, both describing new trends in email delivery. Originally, SMTP servers were typically internal to an organization, receiving mail for the organization from the outside, and relaying messages from the organization to the outside. But as time went on, SMTP servers (mail transfer agents), in practice, were expanding their roles to become message submission agents for Mail user agents, some of which were now relaying mail from the outside of an organization. (e.g. a company executive wishes to send email while on a trip using the corporate SMTP server.) This issue, a consequence of the rapid expansion and popularity of the World Wide Web, meant that SMTP had to include specific rules and methods for relaying mail and authenticating users to prevent abuses such as relaying of unsolicited email (spam). Work on message submission (RFC 2476) was originally started because popular mail servers would often rewrite mail in an attempt to fix problems in it, for example, adding a domain name to an unqualified address. This behavior is helpful when the message being fixed is an initial submission, but dangerous and harmful when the message originated elsewhere and is being relayed. Cleanly separating mail into submission and relay was seen as a way to permit and encourage rewriting submissions while prohibiting rewriting relay. As spam became more prevalent, it was also seen as a way to provide authorization for mail being sent out from an organization, as well as traceability. This separation of relay and submission quickly became a foundation for modern email security practices.

text: As this protocol started out purely ASCII text-based, it did not deal well with binary files, or characters in many non-English languages. Standards such as Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) were developed to encode binary files for transfer through SMTP. Mail transfer agents (MTAs) developed after Sendmail also tended to be implemented 8-bit-clean, so that the alternate "just send eight" strategy could be used to transmit arbitrary text data (in any 8-bit ASCII-like character encoding) via SMTP. Mojibake was still a problem due to differing character set mappings between vendors, although the email addresses themselves still allowed only ASCII. 8-bit-clean MTAs today tend to support the 8BITMIME extension, permitting binary files to be transmitted almost as easily as plain text. Recently the SMTPUTF8 extension was created to support UTF-8 text, allowing international content and addresses in non-Latin scripts like Cyrillic or Chinese.

text: Many people contributed to the core SMTP specifications, among them Jon Postel, Eric Allman, Dave Crocker, Ned Freed, Randall Gellens, John Klensin, and Keith Moore.

text: Mail processing model[edit]

text: Email is submitted by a mail client (mail user agent, MUA) to a mail server (mail submission agent, MSA) using SMTP on TCP port 587. Most mailbox providers still allow submission on traditional port 25. The MSA delivers the mail to its mail transfer agent (mail transfer agent, MTA). Often, these two agents are instances of the same software launched with different options on the same machine. Local processing can be done either on a single machine, or split among multiple machines; mail agent processes on one machine can share files, but if processing is on multiple machines, they transfer messages between each other using SMTP, where each machine is configured to use the next machine as a smart host. Each process is an MTA (an SMTP server) in its own right.

text: The boundary MTA uses the Domain name system (DNS) to look up the mail exchanger record (MX record) for the recipient's domain (the part of the email address on the right of @). The MX record contains the name of the target host. Based on the target host and other factors, the MTA selects an exchange server: see the article MX record. The MTA connects to the exchange server as an SMTP client.

text: Message transfer can occur in a single connection between two MTAs, or in a series of hops through intermediary systems. A receiving SMTP server may be the ultimate destination, an intermediate "relay" (that is, it stores and forwards the message) or a "gateway" (that is, it may forward the message using some protocol other than SMTP). Each hop is a formal handoff of responsibility for the message, whereby the receiving server must either deliver the message or properly report the failure to do so.[15]

text: Once the final hop accepts the incoming message, it hands it to a mail delivery agent (MDA) for local delivery. An MDA saves messages in the relevant mailbox format. As with sending, this reception can be done using one or multiple computers, but in the diagram above the MDA is depicted as one box near the mail exchanger box. An MDA may deliver messages directly to storage, or forward them over a network using SMTP or other protocol such as Local Mail Transfer Protocol (LMTP), a derivative of SMTP designed for this purpose.

text: Once delivered to the local mail server, the mail is stored for batch retrieval by authenticated mail clients (MUAs). Mail is retrieved by end-user applications, called email clients, using Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), a protocol that both facilitates access to mail and manages stored mail, or the Post Office Protocol (POP) which typically uses the traditional mbox mail file format or a proprietary system such as Microsoft Exchange/Outlook or Lotus Notes/Domino. Webmail clients may use either method, but the retrieval protocol is often not a formal standard.

text: SMTP defines message transport, not the message content. Thus, it defines the mail envelope and its parameters, such as the envelope sender, but not the header (except trace information) nor the body of the message itself. STD 10 and RFC 5321 define SMTP (the envelope), while STD 11 and RFC 5322 define the message (header and body), formally referred to as the Internet Message Format.

text: Protocol overview[edit]

text: SMTP is a connection-oriented, text-based protocol in which a mail sender communicates with a mail receiver by issuing command strings and supplying necessary data over a reliable ordered data stream channel, typically a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection. An SMTP session consists of commands originated by an SMTP client (the initiating agent, sender, or transmitter) and corresponding responses from the SMTP server (the listening agent, or receiver) so that the session is opened, and session parameters are exchanged. A session may include zero or more SMTP transactions. An SMTP transaction consists of three command/reply sequences:

text:
MAIL command, to establish the return address, also called return-path,[16] reverse-path,[17] bounce address, mfrom, or envelope sender.
RCPT command, to establish a recipient of the message. This command can be issued multiple times, one for each recipient. These addresses are also part of the envelope.
DATA to signal the beginning of the message text; the content of the message, as opposed to its envelope. It consists of a message header and a message body separated by an empty line. DATA is actually a group of commands, and the server replies twice: once to the DATA command itself, to acknowledge that it is ready to receive the text, and the second time after the end-of-data sequence, to either accept or reject the entire message.

text: Besides the intermediate reply for DATA, each server's reply can be either positive (2xx reply codes) or negative. Negative replies can be permanent (5xx codes) or transient (4xx codes). A reject is a permanent failure and the client should send a bounce message to the server it received it from. A drop is a positive response followed by message discard rather than delivery.

text: The initiating host, the SMTP client, can be either an end-user's email client, functionally identified as a mail user agent (MUA), or a relay server's mail transfer agent (MTA), that is an SMTP server acting as an SMTP client, in the relevant session, in order to relay mail. Fully capable SMTP servers maintain queues of messages for retrying message transmissions that resulted in transient failures.

text: A MUA knows the outgoing mail SMTP server from its configuration. A relay server typically determines which server to connect to by looking up the MX (Mail eXchange) DNS resource record for each recipient's domain name. If no MX record is found, a conformant relaying server (not all are) instead looks up the A record. Relay servers can also be configured to use a smart host. A relay server initiates a TCP connection to the server on the "well-known port" for SMTP: port 25, or for connecting to an MSA, port 587. The main difference between an MTA and an MSA is that connecting to an MSA requires SMTP Authentication.

text: SMTP vs mail retrieval[edit]

text: SMTP is a delivery protocol only. In normal use, mail is "pushed" to a destination mail server (or next-hop mail server) as it arrives. Mail is routed based on the destination server, not the individual user(s) to which it is addressed. Other protocols, such as the Post Office Protocol (POP) and the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) are specifically designed for use by individual users retrieving messages and managing mail boxes. To permit an intermittently-connected mail server to pull messages from a remote server on demand, SMTP has a feature to initiate mail queue processing on a remote server (see Remote Message Queue Starting below). POP and IMAP are unsuitable protocols for relaying mail by intermittently-connected machines; they are designed to operate after final delivery, when information critical to the correct operation of mail relay (the "mail envelope") has been removed.

text: Remote Message Queue Starting[edit]

text: Remote Message Queue Starting is a feature of SMTP that permits a remote host to start processing of the mail queue on a server so it may receive messages destined to it by sending the TURN command. This feature however was deemed insecure[18] and was extended in RFC 1985 with the ETRN command which operates more securely using an authentication method based on Domain Name System information.

text: On-Demand Mail Relay[edit]

text: On-Demand Mail Relay (ODMR) is an SMTP extension standardized in RFC 2645 that allows an intermittently-connected SMTP server to receive email queued for it when it is connected.

text: Internationalization[edit]

text: Users whose native script is not Latin based, or who use diacritic not in the ASCII character set have had difficulty with the Latin email address requirement. RFC 6531 was created to solve that problem, providing internationalization features for SMTP, the SMTPUTF8 extension and support for multi-byte and non-ASCII characters in email addresses, such as those with diacritics and other language characters such as Greek and Chinese. [19]

text: Current support is limited, but there is strong interest in broad adoption of RFC 6531 and the related RFCs in countries like China that have a large user base where Latin (ASCII) is a foreign script.

text: Outgoing mail SMTP server[edit]

text: An email client needs to know the IP address of its initial SMTP server and this has to be given as part of its configuration (usually given as a DNS name). This server will deliver outgoing messages on behalf of the user.

text: Outgoing mail server access restrictions[edit]

text: Server administrators need to impose some control on which clients can use the server. This enables them to deal with abuse, for example spam. Two solutions have been in common use:

text:
In the past, many systems imposed usage restrictions by the location of the client, only permitting usage by clients whose IP address is one that the server administrators control. Usage from any other client IP address is disallowed.
Modern SMTP servers typically offer an alternative system that requires authentication of clients by credentials before allowing access.

text: Restricting access by location[edit]

text: Under this system, an ISP's SMTP server will not allow access by users who are outside the ISP's network. More precisely, the server may only allow access to users with an IP address provided by the ISP, which is equivalent to requiring that they are connected to the Internet using that same ISP. A mobile user may often be on a network other than that of their normal ISP, and will then find that sending email fails because the configured SMTP server choice is no longer accessible.

text: This system has several variations. For example, an organisation's SMTP server may only provide service to users on the same network, enforcing this by firewalling to block access by users on the wider Internet. Or the server may perform range checks on the client's IP address. These methods were typically used by corporations and institutions such as universities which provided an SMTP server for outbound mail only for use internally within the organisation. However, most of these bodies now use client authentication methods, as described below.

text: Where a user is mobile, and may use different ISPs to connect to the internet, this kind of usage restriction is onerous, and altering the configured outbound email SMTP server address is impractical. It is highly desirable to be able to use email client configuration information that does not need to change.

text: Client authentication[edit]

text: Modern SMTP servers typically require authentication of clients by credentials before allowing access, rather than restricting access by location as described earlier. This more flexible system is friendly to mobile users and allows them to have a fixed choice of configured outbound SMTP server. SMTP Authentication, often abbreviated SMTP AUTH, is an extension of the SMTP in order to log in using an authentication mechanism.

text: Open relay[edit]

text: A server that is accessible on the wider Internet and does not enforce these kinds of access restrictions is known as an open relay. This is now generally considered a bad practice worthy of blacklisting.

text: Ports[edit]

text: Communication between mail servers generally always uses the standard TCP port 25 designated for SMTP.

text: Mail clients however generally don't use this, instead using specific "submission" ports. Mail services generally accept email submission from clients on one of:

text:
587 (Submission), as formalized in RFC 6409 (previously RFC 2476)
465 This port has been deprecated since RFC 2487, after being briefly assigned for secure SMTP in the 1990s. Despite this, it is commonly used by mail providers[20][21]

text: Port 2525 and others may be used by some individual providers, but have never been officially supported.

text: Most Internet service providers now block all outgoing port 25 traffic from their customers as an anti-spam measure.[22] For the same reason, businesses will typically configure their firewall to only allow outgoing port 25 traffic from their designated mail servers.

text: SMTP transport example[edit]

text: A typical example of sending a message via SMTP to two mailboxes (alice and theboss) located in the same mail domain (example.com or localhost.com) is reproduced in the following session exchange. (In this example, the conversation parts are prefixed with S: and C:, for server and client, respectively; these labels are not part of the exchange.)

text: After the message sender (SMTP client) establishes a reliable communications channel to the message receiver (SMTP server), the session is opened with a greeting by the server, usually containing its fully qualified domain name (FQDN), in this case smtp.example.com. The client initiates its dialog by responding with a HELO command identifying itself in the command's parameter with its FQDN (or an address literal if none is available).[23]

text: The client notifies the receiver of the originating email address of the message in a MAIL FROM command. This is also the return or bounce address in case the message cannot be delivered. In this example the email message is sent to two mailboxes on the same SMTP server: one for each recipient listed in the To and Cc header fields. The corresponding SMTP command is RCPT TO. Each successful reception and execution of a command is acknowledged by the server with a result code and response message (e.g., 250 Ok).

text: The transmission of the body of the mail message is initiated with a DATA command after which it is transmitted verbatim line by line and is terminated with an end-of-data sequence. This sequence consists of a new-line (<CR><LF>), a single full stop (period), followed by another new-line. Since a message body can contain a line with just a period as part of the text, the client sends two periods every time a line starts with a period; correspondingly, the server replaces every sequence of two periods at the beginning of a line with a single one. Such escaping method is called dot-stuffing.

text: The server's positive reply to the end-of-data, as exemplified, implies that the server has taken the responsibility of delivering the message. A message can be doubled if there is a communication failure at this time, e.g. due to a power shortage: Until the sender has received that 250 reply, it must assume the message was not delivered. On the other hand, after the receiver has decided to accept the message, it must assume the message has been delivered to it. Thus, during this time span, both agents have active copies of the message that they will try to deliver.[24] The probability that a communication failure occurs exactly at this step is directly proportional to the amount of filtering that the server performs on the message body, most often for anti-spam purposes. The limiting timeout is specified to be 10 minutes.[25]

text: The QUIT command ends the session. If the email has other recipients located elsewhere, the client would QUIT and connect to an appropriate SMTP server for subsequent recipients after the current destination(s) had been queued. The information that the client sends in the HELO and MAIL FROM commands are added (not seen in example code) as additional header fields to the message by the receiving server. It adds a Received and Return-Path header field, respectively.

text: Some clients are implemented to close the connection after the message is accepted (250 Ok: queued as 12345), so the last two lines may actually be omitted. This causes an error on the server when trying to send the 221 reply.

text: Optional extensions[edit]

text: Clients learn what options a server supports, by using the EHLO greeting, as exemplified below, instead of the original HELO (example above). Clients fall back to HELO only if the server does not support SMTP extensions.[26]

text: Modern clients may use the ESMTP extension keyword SIZE to query the server for the maximum message size that will be accepted. Older clients and servers may try to transfer excessively sized messages that will be rejected after consuming network resources, including connect time to network links that is paid by the minute.[27]

text: Users can manually determine in advance the maximum size accepted by ESMTP servers. The client replaces the HELO command with the EHLO command.

text: Thus smtp2.example.com declares that it will accept a fixed maximum message size no larger than 14,680,064 octets (8-bit bytes). Depending on the server's actual resource usage, it may be currently unable to accept a message this large.

text: In the simplest case, an ESMTP server will declare a maximum SIZE immediately after receiving an EHLO. According to RFC 1870, however, the numeric parameter to the SIZE extension in the EHLO response is optional. Clients may instead, when issuing a MAIL FROM command, include a numeric estimate of the size of the message they are transferring, so that the server can refuse receipt of overly-large messages.

text: Spoofing and spamming[edit]

text: The original design of SMTP had no facility to authenticate senders, or check that servers were authorized to send on their behalf, with the result that email spoofing is possible, and commonly used in email spam and phishing.

text: Occasional proposals are made to modify SMTP extensively or replace it completely. One example of this is Internet Mail 2000, but neither it, nor any other has made much headway in the face of the network effect of the huge installed base of classic SMTP. Instead, mail servers now use a range of techniques, including DomainKeys, DomainKeys Identified Mail, Sender Policy Framework and DMARC, DNSBLs and greylisting to reject or quarantine suspicious emails.

text: Implementations[edit]

text: Related requests for comments[edit]

text:
RFC 1123 – Requirements for Internet Hosts—Application and Support (STD 3)
RFC 1870 – SMTP Service Extension for Message Size Declaration (оbsoletes: RFC 1653)
RFC 2505 – Anti-Spam Recommendations for SMTP MTAs (BCP 30)
RFC 2920 – SMTP Service Extension for Command Pipelining (STD 60)
RFC 3030 – SMTP Service Extensions for Transmission of Large and Binary MIME Messages
RFC 3207 – SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over Transport Layer Security (obsoletes RFC 2487)
RFC 3461 – SMTP Service Extension for Delivery Status Notifications (obsoletes RFC 1891)
RFC 3463 – Enhanced Status Codes for SMTP (obsoletes RFC 1893, updated by RFC 5248)
RFC 3464 – An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications (obsoletes RFC 1894)
RFC 3798 – Message Disposition Notification (updates RFC 3461)
RFC 3834 – Recommendations for Automatic Responses to Electronic Mail
RFC 4952 – Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email (updated by RFC 5336)
RFC 4954 – SMTP Service Extension for Authentication (obsoletes RFC 2554, updates RFC 3463, updated by RFC 5248)
RFC 5068 – Email Submission Operations: Access and Accountability Requirements (BCP 134)
RFC 5248 – A Registry for SMTP Enhanced Mail System Status Codes (BCP 138) (updates RFC 3463)
RFC 5321 – The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (obsoletes RFC 821 aka STD 10, RFC 974, RFC 1869, RFC 2821, updates RFC 1123)
RFC 5322 – Internet Message Format (obsoletes RFC 822 aka STD 11, and RFC 2822)
RFC 5504 – Downgrading Mechanism for Email Address Internationalization
RFC 6409 – Message Submission for Mail (STD 72) (obsoletes RFC 4409, RFC 2476)
RFC 6522 – The Multipart/Report Content Type for the Reporting of Mail System Administrative Messages (obsoletes RFC 3462, and in turn RFC 1892)
RFC 6531 – SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email Addresses (updates RFC 2821, RFC 2822, RFC 4952, and RFC 5336)