document_title: Climate of Salt Lake City

question_text: when does it start to cool down in utah

question_tokens: when does it start to cool down in utah

text: Climate of Salt Lake City

text: Overview[edit]

text:
[show]Climate data for Salt Lake City International Airport (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present)[b]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
63
(17)
69
(21)
80
(27)
89
(32)
99
(37)
105
(41)
107
(42)
106
(41)
100
(38)
89
(32)
75
(24)
69
(21)
107
(42)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
51.8
(11)
58.8
(14.9)
70.4
(21.3)
80.2
(26.8)
88.9
(31.6)
97.9
(36.6)
101.9
(38.8)
99.6
(37.6)
93.9
(34.4)
82.0
(27.8)
67.1
(19.5)
54.3
(12.4)
102.3
(39.1)

Average high °F (°C)
37.4
(3)
43.2
(6.2)
53.7
(12.1)
61.6
(16.4)
71.9
(22.2)
83.0
(28.3)
92.6
(33.7)
90.5
(32.5)
79.2
(26.2)
64.7
(18.2)
49.4
(9.7)
38.0
(3.3)
63.8
(17.7)

Daily mean °F (°C)
29.5
(−1.4)
34.2
(1.2)
43.6
(6.4)
50.6
(10.3)
59.8
(15.4)
69.7
(20.9)
78.7
(25.9)
77.0
(25)
66.1
(18.9)
53.0
(11.7)
40.0
(4.4)
30.3
(−0.9)
52.8
(11.6)

Average low °F (°C)
21.6
(−5.8)
25.2
(−3.8)
33.6
(0.9)
39.5
(4.2)
47.8
(8.8)
56.4
(13.6)
64.7
(18.2)
63.4
(17.4)
53.0
(11.7)
41.3
(5.2)
30.6
(−0.8)
22.6
(−5.2)
41.6
(5.3)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
6.5
(−14.2)
9.2
(−12.7)
21.0
(−6.1)
28.7
(−1.8)
34.8
(1.6)
43.5
(6.4)
54.9
(12.7)
52.4
(11.3)
39.7
(4.3)
29.5
(−1.4)
16.9
(−8.4)
7.3
(−13.7)
0.9
(−17.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−22
(−30)
−30
(−34)
0
(−18)
14
(−10)
25
(−4)
32
(0)
40
(4)
37
(3)
27
(−3)
16
(−9)
−14
(−26)
−21
(−29)
−30
(−34)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.25
(31.8)
1.25
(31.8)
1.79
(45.5)
1.99
(50.5)
1.95
(49.5)
0.98
(24.9)
0.61
(15.5)
0.69
(17.5)
1.21
(30.7)
1.52
(38.6)
1.45
(36.8)
1.41
(35.8)
16.10
(408.9)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
12.5
(31.8)
10.7
(27.2)
6.5
(16.5)
4.0
(10.2)
0.3
(0.8)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1.4
(3.6)
7.6
(19.3)
13.2
(33.5)
56.2
(142.7)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.1
9.4
9.9
9.9
9.0
5.6
4.4
5.4
5.8
7.1
9.1
9.9
95.6

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.5
6.2
4.2
2.4
0.2
0
0
0
0
0.9
4.2
8.2
34.8

Average relative humidity (%)
74.0
69.8
60.2
53.2
48.7
41.4
35.9
38.5
45.6
55.7
66.3
74.3
55.3

Mean monthly sunshine hours
127.4
163.1
241.9
269.1
321.7
360.5
380.5
352.5
301.1
248.1
150.4
113.1
3,029.4

Percent possible sunshine
43
55
65
67
72
80
83
83
81
72
50
39
68

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990),[1][2][3][4][5]

text: Temperatures[edit]

text: Winter temperatures are not as extreme as might be expected, given the elevation 4,300 feet (1,310 m) and latitude (40°45'N) of the city. The Rocky Mountains to the east and northeast of the state block most cold waves from polar highs positioned in the Great Plains from reaching the city. The frigidly cold air that does affect the city must come directly from the north or north-northwest from western Canada through fewer and lower intervening mountains. Temperatures seldom fall below 0 °F (−17.8 °C); Salt Lake City has experienced sub-zero temperatures during only 4 storm cycles in the last 10 years. However, the average sub-zero days in a year is 2.3.[1] Salt Lake City averages 26 days with high temperatures at or below freezing.[2] In winter, warm air from the Desert Southwest is usually only drawn up to the city in advance of a cold front arriving from the northwest.

text: January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 29.2 °F (−1.6 °C). Salt Lake City's record low maximum temperature is 2 °F (−16.7 °C), set on December 22, 1990, during an extended period of frigid Arctic air, and its overall record low temperature is −30 °F (−34.4 °C), set on February 9, 1933 during a historic cold air surge from the north.[4] During spring, temperatures warm steadily and rapidly. Wintry weather is usually last experienced by early-to-mid April. Summery weather first arrives in early to mid May; the earliest 90 °F (32.2 °C) temperature on record was on May 2. Major cold fronts typically stop arriving in late May or early June.

text: Summer temperatures are hot, although are moderated somewhat by the cool breezes from the Great Salt Lake and by the city's elevation. The lack of cold fronts in summer allows the temperatures to become consistently hot due to powerful, long-lasting high pressure . Occasional thunderstorms give almost the only relief in temperatures. In an average year, 5 days hotter than 100 °F (37.8 °C), 23 days greater than 95 °F (35.0 °C), and 56 days greater than 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected. [3]. However, such days also have very low humidity. The low humidity and the altitude create ideal conditions for radiational cooling, and hence, large swings in temperature. Summer nights are rather cool; the record low even in July is 40 °F (4.4 °C).[4] July is the warmest month, with an average temperature of 77.0 °F (25.0 °C). Salt Lake City's record high minimum temperature is 81 °F (27.2 °C), set on July 18, 2016,[4] and its record high temperature is 107 °F (42 °C), first set on July 26, 1960 and again on July 13, 2002 (although the temperature in 2002 was slightly higher).[4] The last summer-like weather is typically experienced in mid-September; the latest 90 °F (32 °C) temperature was recorded on September 30. Temperatures cool down rapidly in fall. The first major cold fronts typically arrive anytime from mid-September to early October. The first winter-like weather is usually experienced in early-to-mid November.

text: Salt Lake City's average yearly temperature is 52.1 °F (11.2 °C),[1] and the freeze-free period lasts an average of 167 days, from April 30 to October 15, although it has lasted anywhere from 124 to 236 days.[5] Freezing temperatures have occurred as early as September 13 (in 1928), and as late as May 28 (in 1954).

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: Both precipitation and humidity are highest from March through May and lowest from June through mid-September. Major sources of precipitation are winter snow storms originating in the Gulf of Alaska, late winter and spring rains from the Pineapple Express created in Hawaiian waters, and summer monsoons from the Gulf of California. The airport averages 16.5 inches (419 mm) of precipitation per year, with bench areas receiving up to 20 inches (508 mm), mainly due to increased snowfall. May is the wettest month, averaging 2.09 inches (53.1 mm) of precipitation. Average year-round humidity is 55%.

text: The summer monsoon rising from Mexico and Arizona passes through the region beginning in mid-July and continuing into September, bringing intense but short-lived thunderstorm activity. Tornadoes have been known to occur during this time period, the most notable recent example being in 1999 when an F2 tornado struck downtown Salt Lake City, causing extensive damage and resulting in one death. Many of these thunderstorms consist of dry lightning, which occurs when humidity is too low to support rainfall and the rain evaporates before reaching the ground. This is the main cause of wildfires in Utah during summer. Smoke from such fires in nearby areas sometimes make their way into the valley. Despite the intensity of the thunderstorms, the low humidity, short duration, and isolationism of the thunderstorms all play a part in making this the driest season. July is the driest month, with only 0.72 in (18.3 mm) of precipitation on average. In late fall, the Pacific Ocean usually begins to kick in again, and starting in late September precipitation begins to increase. During late summer and fall, remnants of tropical cyclones from the East Pacific occasionally reach Utah, resulting in heavy tropical rains. Weather events such as hail, freezing rain, and sleet are uncommon in Salt Lake City. When they do occur, they are of short duration and rarely accumulate. The record precipitation for a single month occurred in September 1982, with 7.04 inches (179 mm), largely due to the remnants of Hurricane Olivia. The record 24‑hour precipitation occurred from April 22–23, 1957, when 2.41 inches (61.2 mm) fell.

text: The first snowfall of the season is usually recorded in October, although significant snowfall usually does not occur until mid-to-late November. However, snow has been recorded in every month of the year in the mountains. Snow fell in the valley as early as September 17 (in 1965). January averages the most snowfall of any month, with 13.6 inches (34.5 cm). Snowfall is common through mid-March, but the last snowfall of the season usually occurs in early or mid-April, although measurable snow has been recorded on the valley floor as late as May 18 (in 1977). However, significant snow can fall in March and in rare cases even April. Measurable snow falls on average from November 6 through April 18.

text: The airport also averages 61 inches (155 cm) of snow in a year, which is more than most Great Plains and Mid-Atlantic locations. However, bench locations near the mountains receive substantially more, reaching 80 to 100 in (200 to 255 cm) annually. The four ski resorts located in Big and Little Cottonwood each average more than 500" of snow per year. These high snowfall totals can be credited to the lake effect, in which snow storms passing over the Great Salt Lake are amplified by the warm waters of the lake. The lake effect is usually strongest from mid-fall through mid-winter, when lake waters are warmer and land temperatures are cold enough to support snow.

text: Blizzards are very rare in the Salt Lake City valley due to a rarity of extreme winds. Although average snowfall is relatively high, large snowstorms of more than about 12 inches (30 cm) are rare in the valley. In addition, average winter temperatures in the city are usually not cold enough to support snow cover all winter long. The maximum snow depth recorded in the city was 26 in (66 cm) on January 11, 1993. January 1993 was the snowiest month on record, with 50.3 inches (128 cm). The record 24 hour snowfall occurred from February 24–25, 1998, when 18.9 in (48 cm) fell, while the record single storm snowfall occurred from January 6–10, 1993, with 23.3 inches (59 cm). The snowiest season on record was 1951-1952, when 117.3 inches (298 cm) fell, while the least snowy winter on record was 1939-1940, with 18.5 inches (47.0 cm).

text: The airport averages around 37 and 97 days of snow and precipitation, respectively, each year.[1] Daily sunshine hours range from a low of 3.6 in December to a high of 12.3 in July,[6] all for a bountiful total of nearly 3030 hours per year.

text:
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Record Precipitation
in.
3.23
4.89
3.97
4.90
4.76
3.84
2.57
3.66
7.04
3.91
3.34
4.37

Average Precipitation
in.
1.37
1.33
1.91
2.02
2.09
0.77
0.72
0.76
1.33
1.57
1.40
1.23

Average Snowfall
in.
13.6
9.9
9.1
4.9
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
7.0
12.0

Record Snowfall
in.
50.3
32.1
41.9
26.4
7.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.0
20.4
33.3
35.2

Data is for Salt Lake International Airport

text: Other weather events[edit]

text: The phenomena El Niño and La Niña also affect precipitation along the Great Basin, bringing occasional cycles of drought and flooding. The largest recent flood in Salt Lake City occurred in 1983. Triggered by a powerful El Niño, an exceptionally large snowpack caused flooding and massive damage. City Creek burst from its underground diversion and flooded the city. Some streets, such as State Street and 1300 South, were converted into makeshift rivers to accommodate the overflowing creek. Some flooding also occurred in 1987, when the Great Salt Lake reached its all-time maximum water level. A 2010 study indicates that this record event occurred during an overlapping period of three prominent climate cycles that are unique in the region.[7]

text: Significant mid-winter temperature inversions often occur in the Salt Lake Valley. These inversions, which often last for days and weeks, are most pronounced in mid-winter, although milder inversions sometimes occur during other seasons. Winter temperature inversions cause cold, foggy and hazy valley conditions, with sunny and somewhat warmer conditions prevailing in the surrounding mountains. Temperature inversions trap valley air pollutants, which often rise to unhealthy levels. Humidity is only high enough and temperatures cold enough for fog to occur during mid-winter, although haze and smog can be found year-round. Inversions occur when strong areas of high pressure remain parked over the Great Basin. It usually takes a cold front to force out or break down the high pressure. Consequently, inversions are rare in spring and fall, when the weather takes on a more progressive pattern, with frequent fronts moving through.[8] Such recurring and persistent patterns of inversions follow a unique timescale of about 30 days,[9] providing a means for long-range weather prediction.[10] Such prediction of persistent inversion up to 30 days has been made operational.[11]

text: Tornadoes are also relatively uncommon. However, there has been at least one damaging tornado in the city. The Salt Lake City Tornado of August 11, 1999, which killed one person and injured 60, resulted in only the second ever fatality from a tornado in Utah, and caused about $500 million in damage. As a result of extended drought patterns, Salt Lake City constructed several reservoirs to hold excess water during flood periods and provide water during drought conditions. Additionally, artesian wells and water siphoned from Utah Lake miles to the south act as alternate water sources for the city. [6]

text: Recent weather events[edit]

text: Utah was in a consistent drought from late 1998 through 2004, although experts[who?] warn that the drought-breaking conditions experienced in 2004 and 2005 could actually just be a break in a more extended drought pattern. July 2003 set the record for the warmest month ever in Salt Lake City. 2003 overall was the second warmest year on record, and recorded the second-warmest January, August, and October on record, but with the warmest month ever (July). January 2003 saw a record high January temperature of 63 °F (17 °C) and record low January snowfall (a trace). That winter was the sixth warmest and third least snowy on record. May 2003 also set a record high May temperature of 99 °F (37 °C) on two consecutive days. July 2002 also saw a record-tying high temperature of 107 °F (41 °C), while July 2003 saw a record high minimum temperature (80 °F; 27 °C) and a record streak of 100 degree weather (July contributed 10 of that summer's 24 days over 100 degrees).

text: In late December 2003, a large snowstorm dumped more than 18 inches (460 mm) of snow across the valley, with up to 40 inches (1,000 mm) in high bench areas and up to 100 inches (2,500 mm) in the Wasatch Range. From December 25–29, the official station saw 21.9 inches (56 cm). This snowstorm also caused widespread power outages. Accompanied by subsequent snowstorms and a very cold January and February, snow from this storm remained on the ground for the remainder of the winter. From January 3–26, Salt Lake City spent a record amount of time below freezing. January and February were both very cold, but this was followed by the fourth-warmest March on record, which also saw a record-tying March high.

text: Before 2005, 1998 was the last year to see above-average precipitation. Near record-setting snowpack in the mountains during the 2004 to 2005 season, as well as heavy spring rains, ended the drought nearly statewide. Heavy winter and spring rains caused flooding throughout the state. In late January, heavy rains overflowed the Santa Clara River in Washington County in the southwest corner of the state, destroying several homes in Ivins, Santa Clara, and Saint George, and essentially cutting off the small town of Gunlock. Heavy spring rains in late April caused widespread but minor flooding in northern Utah.

text: Heat returned in the summer of 2006, with July 2006 becoming the second-hottest July on record. Summer 2006 (June–August) closed as the 4th-hottest on record, tempered only by a near-average August. January 2007 became the coldest month since December 1990, and the coldest January since 1978. April 29, 2007, saw a record April high temperature of 89 °F. Snow levels in the ski resorts were near record lows. It became one of the driest springs on record in Salt Lake City.

text: Heat returned again in the summer of 2007, with July 2007 breaking the aforementioned July 2003 record. July 2007 also set the record for the highest average monthly minimum temperature. December 2007 became the third-wettest on record. Snowfall was also abnormally high throughout the winter of 2007-2008 as snow came at an unusually frequent pace. Snow totals ended only slightly under the totals of 2003-2004 without a major snowstorm to boost the totals. Spring 2008 was once again dry but was very cool. Heat returned that summer once again and July 2008 became the fifth-warmest month on record.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ The official Salt Lake City climatology station was located in downtown from March 1874 to 30 April 1928 and at Salt Lake City Int'l since 1 May 1928. For further information, see ThreadEx.

tag: ol


document_title: The Wiggles characters

question_text: who plays henry the octopus on the wiggles

root

text: The Wiggles characters

text: Dorothy the Dinosaur[edit]

text:
Dorothy the Dinosaur
Genre
Children's television seriesCountry of origin
AustraliaOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of seasons
3No. of episodes
100ProductionRunning time
7 minutesReleasePicture format
576i (SDTV)1080i (HDTV)Audio format
StereoOriginal release
2007 – 2012External links
Website

tag: table

text: Dorothy the Dinosaur is a "rososaurus", a "yellow-spotted herbivorous green Dinosaur with surprisingly scary teeth".[1] She lives in a pink and purple house with her own Rosy Orchestra and a rose garden in her backyard. She loves to eat roses and dance the ballet.[1]  She enjoys serving guests rose-derived treats such as "rosy-posy tea".[2] She is the very first character to be introduced in the very beginning of The Wiggles in 1991.

tag: p

text: Murray Cook created Dorothy from his experiences in working at a preschool, sensing a need to make up some good dinosaur songs.[3] Dorothy was part of the band's early stage shows, and was originally played by Cook, then Wiggles choreographer Leeanne Ashley, and Wiggles dancers such as Caterina Mete and Lyn Stuckey.[4][5] Ashley was Dorothy's first full-time portrayer; according to Field, she "wrote the blueprint"[6] for the character.  Ashley developed movements that conveyed Dorothy's unique personality.[6] South Australian Carolyn Ferrie, an opera singer and dancer, has provided Dorothy's voice from 1997 to 2009.[note 1] when she worked with Anthony Field on an Irish music Wiggles CD.[7] Ferrie described Dorothy as "a dinosaur superstar ... very open, friendly, and warm. She is like a mother figure even though she is only meant to be five, and kids really respond to her ... She is calm and mothering but friendly as well. She's young and still playful but has got a motherly feeling to her".[7] Ferrie insisted that Dorothy "is number one after the boys including Captain Feathersword, in terms of who kids say they love".[7] Dorothy has a distinctive, trill-like, descending laugh created by Ferrie.[2][7]

text: In 1996, shortly before moving into American markets, The Wiggles discovered that someone in Maine had registered Dorothy as a trademark, so they reached an agreement and paid a settlement.[8]  In 2007, Dorothy began to star in her own television show in Australia.[7] The show had a distinct look and sound. Whereas The Wiggles' TV shows were "hyper-real and cartoonish" and had a pop sound, Dorothy's show was "really rich and beautiful looking" and based its sound on orchestral music.[9]  Dorothy was the focus of her own touring production, which performed in smaller cities The Wiggles could not perform.  The production, based upon the TV show, was written by Field, and Moran was the host of this show before he joined the band.  Lyn Stuckey, who later married Moran, played Dorothy.[10][11]

text: Dorothy the Dinosaur TV series videos[edit]

text:
Dorothy the Dinosaur's Party (2007)
Dorothy the Dinosaur – Memory Book (2008) (known in US as The Wiggles Present Dorothy the Dinosaur)
Dorothy the Dinosaur Meets Santa Claus (2009) (Cartoon)
Dorothy the Dinosaur – Rockin' Christmas (2010)
Dorothy the Dinosaur – TV Series 1 (2010)
Dorothy the Dinosaur's Travelling Show (2011)
Dorothy The Dinosaur's Wonderful World (2012)
Dorothy The Dinosaur's Beach Party (2012)

tag: ul

text: Captain Feathersword[edit]

text: Captain Feathersword, "the friendly pirate", wears a hat, patch, and puffy shirt and wields a "feathersword".[12][13]  The Captain was created because The Wiggles understood that young children like pirates; they gave him a "feathersword" because they wanted him to be nonviolent.[14]  Field originated the role, but in 1993, when he had to undergo a hernia operation, the role, along with Wags the Dog and the Blue Wiggle, was played by Paul Paddick.[15]  Paddick would later play Captain Feathersword on a more permanent basis. At first, Paddick's role was minor, but it eventually evolved into a role so significant that he has been called "the Fifth Wiggle".[13] Field described Paddick as  "just as funny offstage as on",[14] For many parents, his vocal impersonations were "the high point of the Wiggles stage show" and included singers Mick Jagger, Cher, Plácido Domingo and James Hetfield.[12]

text: Henry the Octopus[edit]

text: Introduced in 1992, Henry the Octopus, who directs an underwater band and loves to dance with his eight legs".[1] He was named after Tony Henry, the drummer in The Cockroaches, who also provided The Wiggles with musical support throughout the years.[16]  The character was developed by Fatt, who originally served as Henry's voice. Paul Paddick took over the role of the voice in the mid-2000s.[17] He has appeared as both a puppet and a mascot, the latter of which has been played by various dancers on staff.

text: Wags the Dog[edit]

text: Introduced in 1995, Wags is a tall, brown, furry dog with floppy ears and a happy face.[1] He "loves to sing and dance and kids bring 'bones' that the Wiggly dancers collect from the audience".[1]  The last of the four characters to be introduced, Wags was originally played by Field. Fatt provided the original barking noises for Wags before Paul Field, general manager of The Wiggles and brother of Blue Wiggle Anthony took over. Mic Conway of The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band fame, has provided Wags's full-spoken dialogue. [12][18]

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: For the stage shows, The Wiggles have used two 16-metre (52 ft) trucks, three tour buses, a cast of 13 dancers, and 10 permanent crew members.[19] The "Wiggly Dancers" have always made up a major part of the Wiggles shows and TV programs and play many of the minor roles. Minor characters of note include The Cook (portrayed by Anthony Field's father, John, and Crowded House drummer Paul Hester),[20] Professor Singalottasonga (played by Sam Moran),[21] Flora Door, Magdalena the Mermaid (played by Naomi Wallace in Wiggle Bay and Larissa Wright in Racing to the Rainbow) and Officer Beaples (played by former Wiggles choreographer Leanne Halloran).[22]

text: Works cited[edit]

text: Field, Anthony; Truman, Greg (2012). How I Got My Wiggle Back: A Memoir of Healing. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 272pp. ISBN 978-1-118-01933-7.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ John Field's wife Jacqueline, provided Dorothy's voice during their Lights, Camera, Action TV series from 2002-2003, and Emma Buter has provided singing on some of their albums prior to Ferrie.


document_title: Hannibal Lecter (franchise)

question_text: what are the hannibal lecter movies in order

text: Hannibal Lecter (franchise)

text: Novels[edit]

text:
Red Dragon (1981)
The Silence of the Lambs (1988)
Hannibal (1999)
Hannibal Rising (2006)

text: Films and television[edit]

text: The first adaptation was the 1986 film Manhunter, which was an adaptation of Red Dragon, directed by Michael Mann.

text: The next adaptation was 1991's The Silence of the Lambs, which was directed by Jonathan Demme and was the first film to feature Anthony Hopkins in the role of Hannibal Lecter. Silence was a success, both critically and financially, and went on to become the third film in Academy Awards history to win in all top five categories (Best Actor for Hopkins, Best Actress for Jodie Foster, Best Director for Demme, Best Adapted Screenplay for Ted Tally, and Best Picture). Hopkins reprised the role in the next two films, 2001's Hannibal, a sequel directed by Ridley Scott, and 2002's Red Dragon, a prequel directed by Brett Ratner. In 2002, Hopkins revealed that he had written a screenplay for another sequel, ending with Clarice killing Lecter but it was not produced.[1]

text: In 2007, Hannibal Rising was released. The film is a prequel, directed by Peter Webber and starring Gaspard Ulliel as Lecter.

text: In 2013, the TV series Hannibal premiered. Developed by Bryan Fuller, it is not a direct adaptation, but based on characters and elements from the novels. Some male characters have become female, such as Freddy Lounds, who is renamed Fredricka "Freddie" Lounds. The series has garnered much critical acclaim since its premiere, winning the 2014 and 2015 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series, as well as the inaugural Best Action-Thriller Television Series in 2016.

text: In 2016, when asked if there were any sequels that he wished he could revisit, Hopkins said, "I made the mistake of doing two more [Hannibal Lecter movies] and I should have only done one."[2]

text: In 2017, Foster reprised her role as Starling in a skit titled "Clarice Probes Hannibal Lecter About Trump's Russia Ties" on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, opposite Stephen Colbert as Hannibal Lecter. In the skit, Clarice questions Lecter on his relationship with Donald Trump and what he can tell her about his relationship with Russia.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Manhunter
(1986)
The Silence of the Lambs
(1991)
Hannibal
(2001)
Red Dragon
(2002)
Hannibal Rising
(2007)
Hannibal
(TV series)
(2013–15)

Hannibal Lecter
Brian Cox
(as Hannibal Lecktor)
Anthony Hopkins
Gaspard Ulliel
Aaran Thomas (young)
Mads Mikkelsen

Will Graham
William Petersen

Edward Norton

Hugh Dancy

Jack Crawford
Dennis Farina
Scott Glenn

Harvey Keitel

Laurence Fishburne

Frederick Chilton
Benjamin Hendrickson
Anthony Heald

Anthony Heald

Raúl Esparza

Francis Dolarhyde
(The Tooth Fairy)
Tom Noonan
(as Francis Dollarhyde)

Ralph Fiennes
Alex D. Linz (young)

Richard Armitage

Clarice Starling

Jodie Foster
Masha Skorobogatov (young)
Julianne Moore

Buffalo Bill
(Jame Gumb)

Ted Levine

Barney Matthews

Frankie Faison

Jonathan Tucker
(as Matthew Brown)

Freddy Lounds
Stephen Lang

Philip Seymour Hoffman

Lara Jean Chorostecki
(as Fredricka "Freddie" Lounds)

Mason Verger

Gary Oldman

Michael Pitt
Joe Anderson

Paul Krendler

Ron Vawter
Ray Liotta

Cynthia Nixon
(as Kade Prurnell)[4]

Reba McClane
Joan Allen

Emily Watson

Rutina Wesley

Molly Graham
Kim Greist

Mary-Louise Parker

Nina Arianda

Rinaldo Pazzi

Giancarlo Giannini

Fortunato Cerlino

Cordell Doemling

Željko Ivanek

Glenn Fleshler

Margot Verger

Katharine Isabelle

Grutas

Rhys Ifans

Lady Murasaki

Gong Li

Alan Bloom
Paul Perri
(as Sidney Bloom)

Caroline Dhavernas
(as Alana Bloom)

Beverly Katz
Michele Shay

Elizabeth Dennehy
(as Beverly)

Hettienne Park

Jimmy Price
Dan Butler

Stanley Anderson

Scott Thompson

Brian Zeller
Chris Elliott
(as Zeller)

Aaron Abrams

Lloyd Bowman
Bill Smitrovich

Ken Leung

Chiyoh

Tao Okamoto

Bedelia Du Maurier

Gillian Anderson

Abel Gideon

Eddie Izzard

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Manhunter
94% (33 reviews) [5]
78 (10 reviews) [6]

The Silence of the Lambs
95% (73 reviews) [7]
84 (17 reviews) [8]

Hannibal
39% (165 reviews) [9]
57 (36 reviews) [10]

Red Dragon
69% (185 reviews) [11]
60 (36 reviews) [12]

Hannibal Rising
15% (143 reviews) [13]
35 (30 reviews) [14]

Hannibal (TV series), Season 1 (2013)
71% (41 reviews) [15]
70 (32 reviews) [16]

Hannibal (TV series), Season 2 (2014)
100% (24 reviews) [17]
88 (14 reviews) [18]

Hannibal (TV series), Season 3 (2015)
97% (35 reviews) [19]
84 (15 reviews) [20]

text: Musical[edit]

text: In 2005, comedian-musicians Jon and Al Kaplan, most famous for their musical re-imaginings of popular films as YouTube musicals, parodied The Silence of the Lambs, especially the film version, in Silence! The Musical. It premiered Off-Off-Broadway and has since had acclaimed productions in London (2009) and Los Angeles (2012). In 2012, it won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle – Score, Lead Performance, Choreography Award.[21]


document_title: Christian (surname)

question_text: where does the last name christian come from

text: Christian (surname)

text:
Christian

Family name

The cross

Meaning
Follower of Christ

Region of origin
Isle of Man

Language(s) of origin
Greek, Latin, Hebrew

text: Christian is a surname from the Latin "Christianus" meaning follower of Christ,[1] from "christus" ("anointed"), created to translate the Hebrew messiah.[2] As one of the native Manx surnames the name originates as an anglicisation of "Mac Christen";[3] Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Benny Gay Christian (1925-1982), American politician
Bill Christian (born 1938), American ice hockey player
Channon Christian (1985-2007), American victim of an alleged hate-crime murder
Charlie Christian (1916–1942), American swing and jazz guitarist
Claudia Christian (born 1965), American actress, a writer, a director singer and musician
Dave Christian (born 1959), American ice hockey player
Ewan Christian (1814–1895), British architect
Fletcher Christian (1764–1793), the leader of the mutineers on the HMS Bounty and the founder of a colony on Pitcairn Island
Frank Christian (disambiguation), several people
Garth Christian, English nature writer, editor, teacher and conservationist
Glen Christian, American football player
Hans Christian, German-born American musician and producer
Henry B. Christian (1883–1953), American painter
Hugh Cloberry Christian (1747–1798), Royal Navy rear-admiral
Ivan Christian (1919–1991), Pitcairn Island politician
James Christian, American musician
John Christian (disambiguation), multiple people
J. Orlean Christian (c. 1898–1979), American college sports coach
Linda Christian (1923–2011), Mexican film actress
Luci Christian (born 1973), American voice actress
Mary Sheila Christian (1924–1997), British emergency physician and surgeon
Neil Christian (1943–2010), British singer
Roy Christian, New Zealand rugby league football player
Shawn Christian (born 1965), American television and film actor
Stephen Christian (born 1980), American rock singer
Steve Christian (born 1951), Pitcairn Island politician
Terry Christian (born 1962), British television and radio presenter
Thomas Christian (1754-1828), Manx poet and translator
Tom Christian (1935–2013), Pitcairn Island radio operator
William Christian (disambiguation), several people


document_title: List of police forces of the United Kingdom

question_text: what is the biggest police force in the uk

text: Table[edit]

text:
Force

Area responsible for

Number of police officers

Budget (millions)

Area size (km²)

Formed

Legal jurisdiction

Type

Avon and Somerset Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Somerset and unitary authorities of Bath and North East Somerset, Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire
2,630
£285.0  [1]
4,777
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Bedfordshire Police

Unitary authorities of Bedford, Central Bedfordshire and Luton
1,136
£91.2
1,024
1966
England and Wales
Territorial police force

British Transport Police

National Rail network, Docklands Light Railway, Glasgow Subway, London Underground, Midland Metro, Tramlink and the Sunderland line of the Tyne and Wear Metro
3,028
£187.7 [SPF 1]
-
1948 as BTCP
On railway land, request from another police force and certain other circumstances, in England, Wales and Scotland only
Special police force

Cambridgeshire Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire and unitary authority of Peterborough
1,332
£116.0
3,389
1965
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Cheshire Constabulary

Unitary authorities of Cheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester, Halton and Warrington
2,010
£157.4
2,155
1857
England and Wales
Territorial police force

City of London Police

City of London
676
£62.9
2.6
1839
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Civil Nuclear Constabulary

Civilian nuclear facilities
1,310
£51.0  [SPF 2]
-
2005
Civilian nuclear facilities (and up to 5 km of those), when guarding nuclear material, and when on business relevant to nuclear material
Special police force

Cleveland Police

Unitary authorities of Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton-on-Tees
1,274
£119.7
597
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Cumbria Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Cumbria
1,108
£94.0
6,768
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Derbyshire Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Derbyshire and unitary authority of Derby
1,740
£151.6
2,625
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Devon and Cornwall Police

Non-metropolitan county of Devon and unitary authorities of Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly, Plymouth and Torbay
2,921
£256.8
10,270
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Dorset Police

Non-metropolitan county of Dorset and unitary authorities of Bournemouth and Poole
1,276
£107.8
2,653
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Durham Constabulary

Unitary authorities of County Durham and Darlington
1,138
£112.3
2,676
1839
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Dyfed-Powys Police

Principal areas of Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire and Powys
1,159
£83.6
10,976
1968
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Essex Police

Non-metropolitan county of Essex and unitary authorities of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock
2,857
£242.2
3,670
1969
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Gloucestershire Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Gloucestershire
1,055
£95.7
3,150
1839
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Greater Manchester Police

Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester
6,237
£524.1
1,276
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Gwent Police

Principal areas of Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Monmouthshire, Newport and Torfaen
1,154
£110.7
1,555
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Hampshire Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Hampshire, unitary authorities of the Isle of Wight, Portsmouth and Southampton
2,861
£281.9
4,149
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Hertfordshire Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Hertfordshire
1,940
£171.4
1,643
1841
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Humberside Police

Unitary authorities of East Riding of Yorkshire, Kingston upon Hull, North East Lincolnshire and North Lincolnshire
1,665
£164.9
3,517
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Kent Police

Non-metropolitan county of Kent and unitary authority of Medway
3,255
£257.9
3,736
1857
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Lancashire Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Lancashire and unitary authorities of Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool
2,850
£252.6
3,075
1839
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Leicestershire Police

Non-metropolitan county of Leicestershire and unitary authorities of the Leicester and Rutland
1,772
£154.7
2,538
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Lincolnshire Police

Non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire
1,099
£90.4
5,921
1856
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Merseyside Police

Metropolitan county of Merseyside
3,484
£307.3
645
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Metropolitan Police Service

Metropolitan Police District (London region excluding the City of London)
30,871
£2,532.7 (£2.5 billion)
1,578
1829
England and Wales (includes Scotland and Northern Ireland for officers on close protection duties)
Territorial police force

Ministry of Defence Police

Military establishments
2,594
£363.4 [SPF 3]
-
1971
Military buildings, property & employees, on request by another police force and certain other circumstances
Special police force

Norfolk Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Norfolk
1,519
£131.3
5,371
1839
England and Wales
Territorial police force

North Wales Police

Principal areas of Anglesey, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd and Wrexham
1,487
£124.8
6,172
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Northamptonshire Police

Non-metropolitan county of Northamptonshire
1,178
£110.3
2,364
1966
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Northumbria Police

Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear and unitary authority of Northumberland
3,245
£270.1
5,553
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

North Yorkshire Police

Non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire and unitary authority of York
1,320
£127.6
8,310
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Nottinghamshire Police

Non-metropolitan county of Nottinghamshire and unitary authority of Nottingham
1,842
£177.6
2,160
1968
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Police Service of Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland
6,621
£962.7 [NI 1]
13,843
2001
Northern Ireland
Territorial police force

Police Service of Scotland

Scotland
17,170
£1,200 (£1.2 billion)
78,772
2013
Scotland
Territorial police force

South Wales Police

Principal areas of Bridgend, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Neath Port Talbot, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Swansea and the Vale of Glamorgan
2,890
£232.1
2,074
1969
England and Wales
Territorial police force

South Yorkshire Police

Metropolitan county of South Yorkshire
2,472
£239.6
1,552
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Staffordshire Police

Non-metropolitan county of Staffordshire and unitary authority of Stoke-on-Trent
1,595
£170.9
2,713
1968
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Suffolk Constabulary

Non-metropolitan county of Suffolk
1,096
£101.9
3,801
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Surrey Police

Non-metropolitan county of Surrey
2,009
£180.6
1,663
1851
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Sussex Police

Non-metropolitan counties of East Sussex and West Sussex and unitary authority of Brighton and Hove
2,550
£237.1
3,783
1968
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Thames Valley Police

Non-metropolitan counties of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire and unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest, Milton Keynes, Reading, Slough, Wokingham, West Berkshire and Windsor and Maidenhead
4,077
£344.4
5,742
1968
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Warwickshire Police

Non-metropolitan county of Warwickshire
823
£80.1
1,975
1840
England and Wales
Territorial police force

West Mercia Police

Non-metropolitan county of Worcestershire and unitary authorities of Herefordshire, Shropshire and Telford and Wrekin
2,017
£184.3
7,408
1967
England and Wales
Territorial police force

West Midlands Police

Metropolitan county of the West Midlands
6,535
£521.8
902
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

West Yorkshire Police

Metropolitan county of West Yorkshire
4,826
£396.0
2,029
1974
England and Wales
Territorial police force

Wiltshire Police

Unitary authorities of Swindon and Wiltshire
966
£108.0 [E 1]
3,485
1839
England and Wales
Territorial police force


document_title: Wampanoag

question_text: what does the name of the tribe wampanoag mean

question_tokens: what does the name of the tribe wampanoag mean

text: Wampanoag

text: Name[edit]

text: Wampanoag means "Easterners" or literally "People of the Dawn."[3] The word Wapanoos was first documented on Adriaen Block's 1614 map, which was the earliest-known European representation of Wampanoag territory. Other interpretations include "Wapenock," "Massasoit" and exonym "Philip's Indians."

text: In 1616, John Smith erroneously referred to the entire Wampanoag confederacy as the Pakanoket, one of the tribes. Pokanoket was used in the earliest colonial records and reports. The Pokanoket tribal seat was located near present-day Bristol, Rhode Island.

text: Groups of Wampanoag[edit]

text:
Group
Area inhabited

Gay Head or Aquinnah
western point of Martha's Vineyard

Chappaquiddick
Chappaquiddick Island

Nantucket
Nantucket Island

Nauset
Cape Cod

Mashpee
Cape Cod

Patuxet
eastern Massachusetts, on Plymouth Bay

Pokanoket
eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island (RI) near present-day Bristol, Rhode Island

Pocasset
present day north Fall River, Massachusetts

Herring Pond
Plymouth & Cape Cod

Assonet
Freetown

and approximately 50 more groups

text: Culture[edit]

text: Traditionally Wampanoag people have been semi-sedentary, with seasonal movements between fixed sites in present-day southern New England. The men often traveled far north and south along the Eastern seaboard for seasonal fishing expeditions, and sometimes stayed in those distant locations for weeks and months at a time.[4] The women cultivated varieties of the "three sisters" (the intercropping of maize, climbing beans, and squash) as the staples of their diet, supplemented by fish and game caught by the men. Each community had authority over a well-defined territory from which the people derived their livelihood through a seasonal round of fishing, planting, harvesting, and hunting. Because southern New England was thickly populated by indigenous peoples, hunting grounds had strictly defined boundaries.

text: The Wampanoag, like many indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, have a matrilineal system, in which women controlled property (in this case, the home and its belongings, as well as some rights to plots within communal land), and hereditary status was passed through the maternal line. They were also matrifocal: when a young couple married, they lived with the woman's family. Women elders could approve selection of chiefs or sachems. Men acted in most of the political roles for relations with other bands and tribes, as well as warfare. Women with claims to specific plots of land used for farming or hunting passed those claims to their female descendants, regardless of their marital status.[5]

text: The work of making a living was organized on a family level. Families gathered together in spring to fish, in early winter to hunt, and in the summer they separated to cultivate individual planting fields. Boys were schooled in the way of the woods, where a man's skill at hunting and ability to survive under all conditions were vital to his family's well-being. Women were trained from their earliest years to work diligently in the fields and around the family wetu, a round or oval house that was designed to be easily dismantled and moved in just a few hours. They also learned to gather and process natural fruits and nuts, other produce from the habitat, and their crops.

text: The production of food among the Wampanoag was similar to that of many Native American societies. Food habits were divided along gendered lines. Men and women had specific tasks. Native women played an active role in many of the stages of food production. Since the Wampanoag relied primarily on goods garnered from this kind of work, women had important socio-political, economic, and spiritual roles in their communities.[6] Wampanoag men were mainly responsible for hunting and fishing, while women took care of farming and the gathering of wild fruits, nuts, berries, shellfish, etc.[7] Women were responsible for up to seventy-five percent of all food production in Wampanoag societies.[8]

text: The Wampanoag were organized into a confederation, where a head sachem, or political leader, presided over a number of other sachems. The English often referred to the sachem as "king," but the position of a sachem differed in many ways from what they knew of a king. Sachems were bound to consult not only their own councilors within their tribe but also any of the "petty sachems," or people of influence, in the region.[9] They were also responsible for arranging trade privileges, as well as protecting their allies in exchange for material tribute.[10] Both women and men could hold the position of sachem, and women were sometimes chosen over close male relatives.[11] Two Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Wampanoag female sachems, Wunnatuckquannumou and Askamaboo, presided despite the competition of male contenders, including near relatives, for their power. These women gained power because their matrilineal clans held control over large plots of land and they had accrued enough status and power—not because they were the widows of former sachems.

text: Pre-marital sexual experimentation was accepted, although once couples opted to marry, the Wampanoag expected fidelity within unions. Roger Williams (1603–1683), stated that "single fornication they count no sin, but after Marriage, (which they solemnize by consent of Parents and publique approbation...) then they count it heinous for either of them to be false."[12] In addition, polygamy was practiced among the Wampanoag, although monogamy was the norm. Although status was constituted within a matrilineal, matrifocal society, some elite men could take several wives for political or social reasons. Multiple wives were also a path to and symbol of wealth because women were the producers and distributors of corn and other food products. As within most Native American societies, marriage and conjugal unions were not as important as ties of clan and kinship. Marriages could be and were dissolved relatively easily, but family and clan relations were of extreme and lasting importance, constituting the ties that bound individuals to one another and their tribal territories as a whole.[13]

text: Language and revival[edit]

text: The Wampanoag originally spoke Wôpanâak, a dialect of the Massachusett-Wampanoag language, which belongs to the Algonquian language family. The first Bible published in the colonies was a 1663 translation into Wampanoag by the missionary John Eliot. He created an orthography, which he taught to the Wampanoag. Many became literate, using Wampanoag for letters, deeds and other historic documents.[14]

text: The rapid decline of speakers of the Wampanoag language began after the American Revolution. The historians Neal Salisbury and Colin G. Calloway note that at this time, New England Native American communities suffered from huge gender imbalances due to premature male deaths, especially due to warfare and their work in whaling and shipping. Many Wampanoag women were forced to marry outside their linguistic groups, making it extremely difficult for them to maintain the various Wampanoag dialects.[15]

text: Since 1993 the Wampanoag have been working on a language revival. The Wôpanâak (Wampanoag) Language Reclamation Project is a collaboration of several tribes and bands led by co-founder and director Jessie Little Doe Baird. They have taught a few children, who have become the first native speakers of Wôpanâak in more than 100 years.[14] The project is training adult teachers to reach more children and to develop a curriculum for a Wôpanâak-based school. Baird has compiled a 10,000-word dictionary from university collections of colonial documents in Wôpanâak, as well as writing a grammar, collections of stories, and other books.[14]

text: History[edit]

text: European incursions[edit]

text: In 1524, King Francis I of France commissioned Giovanni Da Verrazzano to lead an expedition to the "New World". Verrazzano likely reached present-day North Carolina one point south of present-day Cape Fear. He first traveled south but turned north for fear of encountering the Spanish, who had established outposts in present-day Florida. When Verrazzano reached the site of the present Newport Harbor, he attempted to contact the Wampanoag Indians to initiate trade.

text: Tisquantum (or Squanto)[edit]

text: Early contacts between the Wampanoag and Europeans date from the 16th century, when European merchant vessels and fishing boats traveled along the coast of present-day New England. Captains of merchant vessels captured Native Americans and sold them as slaves in order to increase their earnings. For example, Captain Thomas Hunt captured several Wampanoag in 1614. After his return to Europe, he sold them in Spain as slaves. A Patuxet named Tisquantum (or Squanto) was bought by Spanish monks, who attempted to convert him before eventually setting him free.

text: Tisquantum boarded an English ship to accompany an expedition to Newfoundland as an interpreter. From Newfoundland, he made his way back to his homeland in 1619, only to discover that the entire Patuxet tribe — and with them, his family — had fallen victim to an epidemic.[16]

text: In 1620, religious refugees from England, known popularly as the Pilgrims, arrived in present-day Plymouth. Tisquantum and other Wampanoag taught the newly arrived settlers how to cultivate the varieties of corn, squash and beans (the Three Sisters) that flourished in New England, as well as how to catch and process fish and collect seafood. They enabled the English pilgrims to survive their first winters.

text: Massasoit[edit]

text: Squanto lived with the colonists and acted as a middleman between the Pilgrims and Massasoit, the Wampanoag sachem. For the Wampanoag, the ten years before the arrival of the Pilgrims was the worst time in their history. They were attacked from the north by Mi'kmaq warriors who took over the coast after their victory over the Penobscot in the Tarrantine War (1607–1615). At the same time, the Pequot came from the west, and occupied portions of eastern Connecticut.

text: Additionally, between 1616 and 1619, the Wampanoag suffered from an epidemic or series of epidemics, long thought to be smallpox introduced by contact with Europeans. Researchers published a study in 2010 suggesting that the epidemic was leptospirosis, or 7-day fever. The groups most devastated by the illness were those who had traded heavily with the French or were allied with those who did, leading to speculation that the disease was a "virgin soil" epidemic, to which Europeans had some immunity but for which they were able to act as carriers. Alfred Crosby, a medical historian, has suggested that among the Massachusett and mainland Pokanoket, the population losses were as high as ninety percent. Their societies were devastated.[17]

text: The losses resulted in a complete restructuring of Wampanoag political systems, with many sachems gathering together to form new alliances. For example, the Pokanoket sachem Massasoit and ten followers, representing the remainder of the band, were forced to submit to the Narragansett—their inland rivals. They agreed to give up valuable territory at the head of Narragansett Bay. The Narragansett, an isolated inland group, had little contact with early European traders and did not suffer as many fatalities as had the Wampanoag. As a result, their power in the region increased greatly in the mid-seventeenth century. Following Narragansett demands that the weakened Wampanoag pay them tribute, Massasoit looked to the English to help his people fight the oppression by the Narragansett.

text: In March 1621 Massasoit visited Plymouth, accompanied by Squanto. He signed an alliance that gave the English permission to take about 12,000 acres (49 km2) of land for Plymouth Plantation. Historians believe it is doubtful that Massasoit understood the differences between land ownership in the European sense, compared with the native people's communal manner of using the land. At the time, this was not particularly significant, because so many of Massasoit's people had died that their traditional lands were significantly depopulated.

text: Since the late 20th century, the event celebrated as the first Thanksgiving has been debated in the United States. Many Native Americans argue against the romanticized story of the Wampanoag celebrating together with the colonists. Some say there is no documentation of such an event, but there are two known primary accounts of the 1621 event.[18] Others say that the first "thanksgiving" occurred two decades later and shortly after the Pequot War in 1638. During a period of renewed activism for Indian rights, in 1970, several Native American organizations declared Thanksgiving to be instead the "National Day of Mourning" for American Indians.

text: The Narragansett were suspicious of the alliance between the Wampanoag and the English, and feared that the two would unite to attack them. Before they could wage war on the English, the Narragansett were attacked by the Pequot. The good relationship between the Wampanoag and the Pilgrims lasted. When Massasoit became gravely ill in the winter of 1623, he was nursed back to health by the English. In the meantime, the Plymouth Colony continued to grow, and a number of English Puritans settled along Massachusetts Bay. In 1632 the Narragansett ended their wars with the Pequot and the Mohawk, the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois League in New York, and turned against the Wampanoag again. They attacked Massasoit's village, Sowam, but with help from the English, the Wampanoag drove the Narragansett back.[16]

text: Colonial expansion[edit]

text: After 1630, the members of Plymouth Colony became outnumbered by the growing number of Puritans, who initially settled near present-day Boston. Barely tolerant of other Christian denominations and viewing the native peoples largely as savages and heathens, the Puritans were soldiers and traders who had little interest in friendship or cooperation with the Indians. Under this new leadership, the English expanded westward into the Connecticut River Valley. In 1637 they destroyed the powerful Pequot Confederation. In 1643 the Mohegan defeated the Narragansett in a war; with support from the English, they became the dominant tribe in southern New England.[16]

text: Between 1640 and 1675, new waves of settlers arrived and continued to force the native peoples westward. While the Pilgrims had normally paid for land, or had at least asked for permission, most Puritans simply took land for themselves. In 1665 the Indians of southern New England were in the way of the English, who had no desire to learn to survive in the wilderness. Catching fish and the trading of commodities had replaced the colonists’ trading of furs and wampum from previous years. The population of the native peoples continued to decline, due to recurring epidemics in 1633, 1635, 1654, 1661 and 1667, likely due to new infectious illnesses, such as smallpox, carried endemically by the colonists.[16]

text: Conversion to Christianity[edit]

text: After 1650, John Eliot and other Puritan missionaries proposed a humane solution to the Indian "problem": converting native peoples to Christianity. The converted Indians were resettled in fourteen "praying towns." Requiring their settlement in sedentary townships was especially important, as it required that the natives give up their migratory hunting patterns and adopt a more traditionally English way of life. Eliot and his colleagues hoped that under the tutelage of Christian ministers, Native Americans would adopt English – or "civilized" – practices such as monogamous marriage, agriculture, patriarchal households, and jurisprudence.[19]

text: The motivations of Native Americans who did convert to Christianity were numerous and varied. The high levels of epidemics among the Native Americans after the arrival of the Europeans contributed. The massive death toll disrupted their societies and caused a loss of faith in traditional practices. Scholars have suggested that the survivors suffered a type of spiritual crisis because their medical and religious leaders had been unable to prevent the epidemic losses.[20]

text: By the latter half of the seventeenth century, alcoholism had become rampant among Native American men. Many turned for help to Christianity and Christian discipline systems. Christianity also became a refuge for women from male drunkenness. With its insistence upon temperance and systems of earthly and heavenly retribution for drunkenness, Christianity held great appeal to natives attempting to fight alcoholism.

text: Individual towns and regions had differing expectations for Native American conversions. In most of Eliot's mainland "praying towns," religious converts were also expected to follow English laws, manners, and gender roles and adopt the material trappings of English life. Eliot and other ministers relied on praise and rewards for those who conformed, rather than punishing those who did not.[21]

text: The Christian Indian settlements of Martha's Vineyard were noted for a great deal of sharing and mixing between Wampanoag and English ways of life. Wampanoag converts often continued their traditional practices in dress, hairstyle, and governance. The Martha's Vineyard converts were not required to attend church and they often maintained traditional cultural practices, such as mourning rituals.[22] The Christian Indian settlements on Martha's Vineyard also showed a mix of Wampanoag and English Puritan cultures.

text: Eliot's "praying Indians" did not undergo a high degree of cultural assimilation, especially in the area of law and justice systems. In pre-colonial societies, the sachem and his or her council were responsible for administering justice among their people. But during the 17th and 18th centuries, converts increasingly turned to Christian religious authorities for help in resolving their legal quarrels. Christian ministers and missionaries supplanted traditional leaders as the legal authorities among Christian Indians.

text: The conversion of Wampanoag women to Christianity led to unintended results. As discussed, many Wampanoag women were attracted to Christianity because it offered a chance to free themselves and especially their male relatives from alcohol abuse. But, Christianity altered the gender power structure as well. Ministers such as John Eliot tried to encourage their Wampanoag converts to adopt a patriarchal structure, both inside and outside the home. As with many of the Native American societies, the Wampanoag had a matrilineal kinship system. Women had control of property, and inheritance and descent passed through their line, including hereditary leadership for men. Wampanoag women—especially Wampanoag wives—were, in the majority of cases on the Vineyard, the spiritual leaders of their households.[23]

text: Additionally, they were also more likely to convert than Indian males. The frequency of female conversion created a problem for missionaries, who wanted to establish their traditional patriarchal family and societal structures among the Native Americans. In order to convert the men, the Puritans found they had to acknowledge power of the women. In general, English ministers agreed that it was preferable for women to subvert the patriarchal model and assume a dominant spiritual role than it was for their husbands to remain unconverted. Experience Mayhew asked, "[How] can those Wives answer it unto God who do not Use their utmost Endeavors to Perswade and oblige their husbands to maintain Prayer in their families [?]"[24] In some cases, Wampanoag women converts accepted changed gender roles under English custom, while others practiced their traditional roles of shared power as Christians. Some Wampanoag converted to Christianity only under force and after war.

text: Metacomet (King Philip)[edit]

text: Massasoit was among those who adopted English customs. Before his death in 1661, he asked the legislators in Plymouth to give both of his sons English names. Wamsutta, the older son, was given the name Alexander, and his younger brother, Metacom, was named Philip. After his father's death, Alexander became the sachem of the Wampanoag. The English believed that he was too self-confident, and so they invited him to Plymouth to talk. On the way home Wamsutta became seriously ill and died. The Wampanoag were told he died of fever, but many Indians thought he had been poisoned. The following year Metacom became sachem of the Wampanoag. He was later named "King Philip" by the English.[26]

text: Under Philip's leadership, the relationship between the Wampanoag and the colonists changed dramatically. Philip believed that the ever increasing English would eventually take over everything, not only native land, but also their culture, their way of life and their religion. Philip decided to limit the further expansion of English settlements. The Wampanoag numbered only 1,000, and Philip began to visit other tribes, to build alliances among those who also wanted to push out the English. At that time the number of colonists in southern New England already numbered more than double that of the Indians—35,000 colonists against 15,000 natives. In 1671 Philip was called to Taunton, where he listened to the accusations of the English and signed an agreement that required the Wampanoag to give up their firearms. To be on the safe side, he did not take part in the subsequent dinner. His men never delivered their weapons to the English.[26]

text: The English continued to take native lands. Gradually Philip gained the Nipmuck, Pocomtuc and Narragansett as allies. The beginning of the uprising was first planned for the spring of 1676. In March 1675 the body of John Sassamon was found.[27] Sassamon was a Christian Indian raised in Natick, one of the "praying towns." He was educated at Harvard College. Sassamon had served as a scribe, interpreter and counselor to Metacom and the Wampanoag. But, a week before his death, Sassamon reported to Plymouth governor Josiah Winslow that Metacom (Philip) was planning a war against the English. It is unclear whether Sassamon was telling the truth or lying in an attempt to win back English trust and respect.

text: After Sassamon was found dead under the ice of Assawompsett Pond a week later, three Wampanoag warriors were accused of his murder by a Christian Indian and taken captive by the English. After a trial by a jury of twelve Englishmen and six Christian Indians, the Wampanoag men were hanged in June 1675. This execution, combined with the rumors that the English wanted to capture Philip, was a catalyst for war. When Philip called together a council of war on Mount Hope, most Wampanoag wanted to follow him, with the exception of the Nauset on Cape Cod and the small groups on the offshore islands. Allies included the Nipmuck, Pocomtuc and some Pennacook and Eastern Abenaki from farther north. The Narragansett remained neutral at the beginning of the war.[28]

text: King Philip's War[edit]

text: On June 20, 1675 some young Wampanoags trekked to Swansea, killed some cattle, and scared the white settlers. The next day King Philip's War broke out, and the Wampanoag attacked a number of white settlements, burning them to the ground. The unexpected attacks caused great panic among the English. The united tribes in southern New England attacked 52 of 90 English settlements, and partially burned them down.[26]

text: At the outbreak of the war, many pro-English Native Americans offered to fight with the English against King Philip and his allies, serving as warriors, scouts, advisers and spies. Mistrust and hostility eventually caused the English to discontinue Native American assistance, even though they were invaluable in the war. The English resented the Christian Indians "turning against them", ignoring their own part in the tensions. The Massachusetts government moved many Christian Indians to Deer Island in Boston Harbor, in part to protect the "praying Indians" from English vigilantes, but also as a precautionary measure to prevent rebellion and sedition from them.[29] Mary Rowlandson's The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, an account of her months of captivity by the Wampanoag during King Philip's War, expresses English prejudice against the Christian Native Americans. She complains of their cruelties towards "fellow" Christians, singling Christian converts out for fierce verbal attacks.[30]

text: From Massachusetts, the war spread to other parts of New England. Some tribes from Maine – the Kennebec, Pigwacket (Pequawkets) and Arosaguntacook – joined in the war against the English. The Narragansett of Rhode Island gave up their neutrality after the colonists attacked one of their fortified villages. In that battle, which became known as the "Great Swamp Massacre," the Narragansett lost more than 600 people and 20 sachems. Their leader, Canonchet, was able to flee and led a large group of Narragansett warriors west to join King Philip's warriors.[26]

text: In the spring of 1676, following a winter of hunger and deprivation, the tide turned against Philip. The English troops set out on a relentless chase after him, and his best ally—Sachem Canonchet of the Narragansett—was taken captive and executed by a firing squad. Canonchet's corpse was quartered, and his head was sent to Hartford, Connecticut, to be put on public display.[26]

text: During the summer months, Philip escaped from his pursuers and went to a hideout on Mount Hope. In August, after Indian scouts discovered the hideout, the English attacked, killing or taking captive 173 Wampanoag. Philip barely escaped capture, but among the prisoners were his wife and their nine-year-old son. Taken onto a ship at Plymouth, they were sold as slaves in the West Indies. On August 12, 1676, English troops surrounded Philip's camp, and soon shot and killed him. They cut off his head, displaying it for twenty years on a pike in Plymouth.[26]

text: Consequences of the war[edit]

text: With the death of Philip and most of their leaders, the Wampanoags were nearly exterminated; only about 400 survived the war. The Narragansett and Nipmuck suffered similar rates of losses, and many small tribes in southern New England were, for all intents and purposes, finished. In addition, many Wampanoag were sold into slavery. Male captives were generally sold to slave traders and transported to the West Indies, Bermuda, Virginia, or the Iberian Peninsula. The colonists used the women and children as slaves in New England. Of those Indians not sold into slavery, the colony forced them to move into Natick, Wamesit, Punkapoag, and Hassanamesit, four of the original fourteen praying towns. These were the only ones to be resettled after the war.[31] Overall, approximately five thousand Native Americans (forty percent of their population) and twenty-five hundred English colonists (five percent) were killed in King Philip's War. By this time, the English population had increased so much that, while significant, the losses were less important for their overall society.[32]

text: 18th to 20th century[edit]

text: Mashpee[edit]

text: The exception to relocation was the coastal islands' Wampanoag groups, who had stayed neutral through the war. The colonists forced the Wampanoag of the mainland to resettle with the Saconnet (Sekonnet), or with the Nauset into the praying towns in Barnstable County. Mashpee is the largest reservation set aside in Massachusetts, and is located on Cape Cod. In 1660, the colonists allotted the Indians about 50 square miles (130 km2) there, and beginning in 1665 they had self-government, adopting an English-style court of law and trials. The area was integrated into the district of Mashpee in 1763.

text: In the 1740s, during King George's War, John Gorham was in command of Gorham's Independent Company of Rangers. Initially, the company was made up of primarily Wampanoag men, and was stationed in Nova Scotia.[33] Several of those who had remained neutral or were loyal to the English during the conflict migrated to Nova Scotia, beginning in the 1750s, and established a community on and around what is now Cape Sable Island.[4]

text: In 1788 after the American Revolutionary War, the state revoked the Wampanoag ability to self-govern, considering it a failure. It appointed a supervisory committee consisting of five European-American members, with no Wampanoag. In 1834, the state returned a certain degree of self-government to the First Nations People, and although the First Nations People were far from autonomous, they continued in this manner. To support assimilation, in 1842 the state violated the Nonintercourse Act when it illegally allocated plots from 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of their communal 13,000 acres (53 km2), to be distributed in 60-acre (240,000 m2) parcels to each household for subsistence farming, although New England communities were adopting other types of economies. The state passed laws to try to control white encroachment on the reservation; some stole wood from its forests. A large region, once rich in wood, fish and game, it was considered highly desirable by the whites. With competition between whites and the Wampanoag, conflicts were more frequent than for more isolated Indian settlements elsewhere in the state.

text: Wampanoag on Martha's Vineyard[edit]

text: On Martha's Vineyard in the 18th and 19th centuries, there were three reservations—Chappaquiddick, Christiantown and Gay Head. The Chappaquiddick Reservation was part of a small island of the same name and was located on the eastern point of that island. As the result of the sale of land in 1789, the Indians lost valuable areas, and the remaining land was distributed among the Indian residents in 1810. In 1823 the laws were changed, in order to hinder those trying to get rid of the Indians and to implement a visible beginning of a civic organization. Around 1849, they owned 692 acres (2.80 km2) of infertile land, and many of the residents moved to nearby Edgartown, so that they could practice a trade and obtain some civil rights.[34]

text: Christiantown was originally a "praying town" on the northwest side of Martha's Vineyard, northwest of Tisbury. In 1849 the reservation still consisted of 390 acres (1.6 km2), of which all but 10 were distributed among the residents. The land, kept under community ownership, yielded very few crops and the tribe members left it to get paying jobs in the cities. Wampanoag oral history tells that Christiantown was wiped out in 1888 by a smallpox epidemic.[34]

text: The third reservation on Martha's Vineyard was constructed in 1711 by the New England Company (founded in 1649) to Christianize the Indians. They bought land for the Gay Head Indians who had lived there since before 1642. There was considerable dispute about how the land should be cultivated, as the colony had leased the better sections to the whites at low interest. The original goal of creating an undisturbed center for missionary work was quickly forgotten. The state finally created a reservation on a peninsula on the western point of Martha's Vineyard and named it Gay Head. This region was connected to the main island by an isthmus; it enabled the isolation desired by the Wampanoag. In 1849 they had 2,400 acres (9.7 km2) there, of which 500 acres were distributed among the tribe members. The rest was communal property. In contrast to the other reservation groups, the tribe had no guardian or headman. When they needed advice on legal questions, they asked the guardian of the Chappaquiddick Reservation, but other matters they handled themselves. The band used usufruct title members had no legal claim to their land and allowed the tribal members free rein over their choice of land, as well as over cultivation and building, in order to make their ownership clear. They did not allow whites to settle on their land. They made strict laws regulating membership in the tribe. As a result, they were able to strengthen the groups' ties to each other, and they did not lose their tribal identity until long after the other groups had lost theirs.[34]

text: The Wampanoag on Nantucket Island were almost completely destroyed by an unknown plague in 1763; the last Nantucket died in 1855.[34]

text: Current status[edit]

text: Slightly more than 2,000 Wampanoag are counted as enrolled members of the nation today (many have ancestry including other tribes and races), and many live near the reservation (Watuppa Wampanoag Reservation) on Martha's Vineyard, in Dukes County. It is located in the town of Aquinnah (formerly known as Gay Head), at the extreme western part of the island. It has a land area of 1.952 square kilometres (482 acres), and a 2000 census resident population of 91 persons.

text: Several bands of the Wampanoag have organized governments: Aquinnah of Gay Head, Herring Pond, Mashpee, Pocasset,Pokonoket and Seekonk. Only the Aquinnah and Mashpee bands have gained federal recognition, although the other bands are recognized by the state of Massachusetts and have also applied for federal recognition as tribes.

text: Some genealogy experts testified that the tribes did not demonstrate the required continuity since historic times. For instance, in his testimony to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the historian Francis Hutchins said that the Mashpee "were not an Indian tribe in the years 1666, 1680, 1763, 1790, 1834, 1870, and 1970, or at anytime between 1666 and 1970 (Day 36, 130–140). In his opinion, an Indian tribe was "an entity composed of persons of American Indian descent, which entity possesses distinct political, legal, cultural attributes, which attributes have descended directly from aboriginal precursors." (Day 36, 124). Without accounting for cultural change, adaptation, and the effects of non-Indian society, Hutchins argued the Mashpee were not an Indian tribe historically because they adopted Christianity and non-Indian forms of dress and appearance, and chose to remain in Massachusetts as "second-class" citizens rather than emigrating westward (note: to Indian Territory) to "resume tribal existence." Hutchins also noted that they intermarried with non-Indians to create a "non-white," or "colored," community (Day 36, 130–140). Hutchins appeared to require unchanged culture, including maintenance of a traditional religion and essentially total social autonomy from non-Indian society."[35]

text: Wampanoag federally recognized tribes[edit]

text: Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)[edit]

text: The Aquinnah ("land under the hill"[36][37]) Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, Massachusetts are the only Wampanoag tribe to have a formal land-in-trust reservation, which is located on Martha's Vineyard. Their reservation consists of 485 acres (1.96 km2) and is located on the outermost southwest part of the island. Aquinnah Wampanoag descendants formed the "Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc." in 1972 for the purpose of self-determination and receiving federal recognition. Its members received government recognition in 1987 from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The tribe has 1,121 registered members.[38]

text: Native Aquinnahers have a separate history; their myth has them arriving on an ice floe from the far North, and they sided with the white settlers in King Philip's War. They performed whaling from small boats,[39] and the character Tashtego from the Great American Novel Moby-Dick is a harpooner from Aquinnah.[40]

text: Gladys Widdiss, an Aquinnah Wampanoag tribal historian and potter, served as the President of the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head from 1978 to 1987.[41] The Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head won federal recognition from the United States government during her tenure.[41] Under Widdis, the Aquinnah Wampanoag also acquired the Herring Creek, the Gay Head Cliffs, and the cranberry bogs surrounding Gay Head (now called Aquinnah) during her presidency.[41]

text: The Aquinnah Wampanoag are led by tribal council chair Cheryl Andrews-Maltais, who was elected to the post in November 2007.[42] In 2010, Andrews-Maltais put forward plans for the development of an Aquinnah reservation casino, which was met with opposition by state and local officials.[43] Current Chairperson is Tobias Vanderhoop.

text: Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2013)

text: The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe consists of more than 1,400 enrolled members[44] who must meet defined membership requirements including lineage, community involvement and reside within 20 miles of Mashpee.[45] Since 1924 they have held an annual powwow at the beginning of July in Mashpee. The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council was established in 1972 under the leadership of its first president, Russell "Fast Turtle" Peters. In 1974 the Council petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs for recognition. In 1976 the tribe sued the Town of Mashpee for the return of ancestral homelands. The case was lost but the tribe continued to pursue federal recognition for three decades.

text: In 2000 the Mashpee Wampanoag Council was headed by chairman Glenn Marshall. Marshall led the group until 2007 when it was disclosed that he had a prior conviction for rape, had lied about having a military record and was under investigation associated for improprieties associated with the tribe's casino lobbying efforts.[46] Marshall was succeeded by tribal council vice- chair Shawn Hendricks. He held the position until Marshall pleaded guilty in 2009 to federal charges of embezzling, wire fraud, mail fraud, tax evasion and election finance law violations. He steered tens of thousands of dollars in illegal campaign contributions to politicians through the tribe's hired lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who was convicted of numerous charges in a much larger scheme.[47][48] Following the arrests of Abramoff and Marshall, the newly recognized Mashpee Tribe led by new chair Shawn Hendricks, continued to work with Abramoff lobbyist colleague Kevin A. Ring pursuing their Indian gaming-related interests.[49] Ring was subsequently convicted on corruption charges linked to his work for the Mashpee band. Tribal elders who had sought access to the tribal council records detailing the council's involvement in this scandal via a complaint filed in Barnstable Municipal Court were shunned by the council and banned them from the tribe for seven years.[50]

text: In 2009 the tribe elected council member Cedric Cromwell to the position of council chair and president. Cromwell ran a campaign based on reforms and distancing himself from the previous chairmen, even though he had served as a councilor for the prior six years during which the Marshall and Abramoff scandals took place - including voting for the shunning of tribe members who tried to investigate.[51] A challenge to Cromwell's election by defeated candidates following allegations of tampering with voting and enrollment records was filed with the Tribal Court, and Cromwell's administration has been hampered by a series of protest by Elders over casino-related finances.[52][53]

text: The Mashpee Wampanoag tribal offices are located in Mashpee on Cape Cod. After decades of legal disputes, the Mashpee Wampanoag obtained provisional recognition as an Indian tribe from the Bureau of Indian Affairs in April 2006, and official Federal recognition in February 2007.[54] Tribal members own some land, as well as land held in common by Wampanoag descendants at both Chapaquddick and Christiantown. Descendants have also purchased land in Middleborough, Massachusetts upon which the tribe under Glenn A. Marshall's leadership had lobbied to build a casino. The tribe has moved its plans to Taunton, Massachusetts but their territorial rights have been challenged by the Pocasset Wampanoag.[55]

text: But Indian gaming operations are regulated by the National Indian Gaming Commission established by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. It contains a general prohibition against gaming on lands acquired into trust after October 17, 1988.[56] The tribe's attempts to gain approvals have been met with legal and government approval challenges.[57]

text: The Wampanoag Tribe's current plan has agreement for financing by the Malaysian Genting Group and has the political support of Massachusetts Senator John Kerry,[58] Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, and former Massachusetts Congressman Bill Delahunt, who is working as a lobbyist to represent the casino project.[59] Both Kerry[60] and Delahunt[61] received campaign contributions from the Wampanoag Tribe in transactions authorized by Glenn Marshall as part of the Abramoff lobbying scandal.

text: In November 2011, the Massachusetts legislature passed a law to license up to three sites for gaming resort casinos and one for a slot machine parlor.[62] The Wampanoag are given a "headstart" to develop plans for a casino in southeastern part of the state.[63]

text: Wampanoag state-recognized tribes[edit]

text: Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe[edit]

text: The Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe, headed by tribal council chair Kevin Harding, is not federally recognized. HIstorically one of the "praying towns" set up in the colonial era by The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, they are involved in the Wampanoag Language Reclamation Project.[64] In 1924 they helped organize the annual powwow at the beginning of July, which is now hosted in Mashpee. The first few pow wows in over 200 years were held at the Herring Pond Wampanoag Meetinghouse before expanding and moving to Mashpee. The Mashpee Wampanoag and Herring Pond both petitioned at the same time to the Bureau of Indian Affairs for recognition.[65] They maintain offices in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The Herring Pond Tribe claims as traditional lands a territory which ranges from the Plymouth (Plimouth Colony) areas to the upper parts of Cape Cod (Bourne, Sandwich and Plymouth).[66]

text: Namasket (or Nemasket) Wampanoag Band[edit]

text: The Namasket (or Nemasket) Wampanoag Band was organized in 2000. It holds meetings in the Wattupa Reservation State Park in Fall River, Massachusetts. Led by council chair Albert Henry Corliss, it is not a federally recognized tribe.[67] The Namasket Band resided in villages around the Taunton River near modern-day Middleborough, Massachusetts. Its ancestors included Squanto of the Patuxet tribe. Today, remaining Namasket lines are most closely related to the current-day Pocasset Band of Fall River.[68]

text: Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe (Pokonoket)[edit]

text: The Pocasset Wampanoag band has held lands in Fall River, Massachusetts since colonial times. They are the descendants and heirs of the Natives described in a deed from Benjamin Church dated November 1, 1709. Their government is organized under a traditional, clan-based system.[69] They manage a 201.2 acre reservation in Fall River[70] recognized under international law via the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth[71] and the 1725 Treaty of Boston.[3][72] These treaties were entered into after the Queen Anne's War, following raids such as those at Deerfield and Haverhill.

text: In 1869 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts passed the "enfranchisement act".[73] This act would dissolve reservation status for lands held by the tribes, replacing it with fee-simple property allocated to individual Indians upon application of any member of that tribe to the judge of probate in the county that the lands were located.[74] The Pocasset resisted the enfranchisement act and prior attempts to divide the reserve into smaller parcels.[75] In the late 20th century, they resisted an attempt to have their lands put into federal trust,[76] managing to keep their lands intact.[77] The Nation has members living throughout Southeastern Massachusetts.[78] They applied for federal recognition in 1995, but were turned down.[79]

text:
Corbitant, sachem or sagamore of the Pocassets,
Weetamoo, his daughter and successor, the lady sachem or sagamore of the Pocasset. She was the wife of Wamsutta, a brother to King Phillip or Metacom and son of Massasoit, and who died in the King Philip's War.
Woonekanuske, daughter of Corbitant and wife of Metacom. The whites cut off Weetamoo's head and displayed it on a pike in Taunton, MA. Her sister Woonekanuske and son were sold into slavery and transported to the Bermuda.
Leroy C. Perry, chief of the Wampanoag.[80]

text: Also other Wampanoag groups[edit]

text:
Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe
Royal House of the Pokanoket Tribe
Chappaquiddick Wampanoag Tribe
Cape Sable Island Wampanoag

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Year
Number
Note
Source

1610
6,600
mainland 3,600; islands 3,000
James Mooney

1620
5,000
mainland 2,000 (after the epidemics); islands 3,000
unknown

1677
400
mainland (after King Philip's War)
general estimate

2000
2,336
Wampanoag
US Census

2010
2,756
Wampanoag
US Census

text: Notable Wampanoag people[edit]

text: Historical leaders include

text:
Crispus Attucks, first man killed in Revolutionary War
Massasoit, the sachem who first met the English
Massasoit's oldest son Wamsutta (known by the English as King Alexander), who died under mysterious circumstances after visiting with English colonial administrators in Plymouth
Massasoit's second son Metacom or Metacomet (King Philip), who initiated the war against the English known as King Philip's War (1675–1676) in retaliation for the death of his brother at the hands of the English
Corbitant, 17th-century sachem of the Pocasset
Sachem Weetamoo of the Pocasset, a woman who supported Metacom and drowned crossing the Taunton River while fleeing the English
Sachem Awashonks of the Sakonnet, a woman who at first fought the English but changed sides
Annawan, a war leader

text: Other notable figures:

text:
Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck, the first student at the Indian College at Harvard College
Amos Haskins, 19th-century whaling captain
Sonny Dove, professional basketball player, New York City Basketball Hall of Fame
Cedric Cromwell, Elected Tribal Council Chairman, 2009
Epenow, a Nauset taken captive by English explorers in the 17th century, he was taken to England, where he learned the language. He convinced the English to return to North America, where he escaped and rejoined his people
Russell "Fast Turtle" Peters
Blind Joe Amos
Vernon "Silent Drum" Lopez
John "Slow Turtle" Peters, supreme medicine man
Jessie Little Doe Baird, linguist, co-founder and director of the Wôpanâak (Wampanoag) Language Reclamation Project, which has been the first to revive a Native American language after all the speakers had died.[14] In 2010 she was selected as a MacArthur Fellow
Joan Tavares Avant, author and historian
Morgan James "Mwalim" Peters, author, playwright, musician, composer, filmmaker, historian and educator
Linda Coombs, author and historian
Adrian Haynes, chief of the Wampanoag People
Paula Peters, journalist and educator

text: Representation in other media[edit]

text:
Tashtego was a fictional Wampanoag harpooneer from Gay Head in Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick.
Wampanoag history from 1621 to King Philip's War is depicted in the first part of We Shall Remain, a 2009 documentary.