document_title: Shot glass

question_text: how many ml is in a shot of alcohol

question_tokens: how many ml is in a shot of alcohol

text: Shot glass

text: Name origin[edit]

text: The word "shot", meaning a drink of alcohol, has been used since at least the 17th century, while reference to a shot specifically as a small drink of spirits is known in the U.S. since at least the 1920s.[2] The phrase "shot glass" has been in use since at least 1940.[3][4]

text: Earliest shot glasses[edit]

text: Some of the earliest small whiskey glasses in America from the late 1700s to early 1800s were called "whiskey tasters" or "whiskey tumblers" and were hand blown. They are thick, similar to today's shot glasses, but will show a pontil mark or scar on the bottom, or will show a cupped area on the bottom where the pontil mark was ground and polished off. Some of these glasses even have hand-applied handles and decorations hand cut by a grinding wheel.

text: In the early to mid-1800s, glass blowers began to use molds and several different patterns of "whiskey tasters" in several different colors were being made in molds. These glasses are also thick like today's shot glass but they will have rough pontiled bottoms from being hand blown into the mold. By the 1870s to 1890s as glass making technology improved, the rough pontiled bottoms largely disappeared from glasses and bottles.

text: Just before Prohibition in the U.S. in the late 1800s to early 1900s, thin-sided mass-produced whiskey glasses were common. Many of these glasses feature etched advertising on them. After Prohibition, these were replaced by shot glasses with a thick base and thick sides.[citation needed]

text: Sizes[edit]

text:
Country
Small
Single
Double
Notes

Australia

30 ml
60 ml
A single shot is sometimes called a "nip".[5] At 30 mL, a typical spirit with 40 percent alcohol is roughly equivalent to one Australian standard drink.[6]

Bulgaria

50 ml
100 ml

Canada
30 ml (1 US fl oz) or 28 ml (1 imp fl oz)
44 ml (1.5 US fl oz) or 43 ml (1.5 imp fl oz)
71 ml (2.5 imp fl oz)
In Canada, a "shot" may refer to an official "standard drink" of 1.5 imperial fluid ounces or 42.6 millilitres,[7] though many establishments serve a "standard drink" of 1 oz.[8] However, shot glasses available in Canada typically are manufactured according to US fluid ounces rather than imperial,[9] making them about 4% larger.

Denmark

20 ml
40 ml

Estonia
20 or 30 ml
40 ml

Finland
20 ml
40 ml
N/A
In Finland, the amount of strong alcohol that restaurants are allowed to serve is regulated by law to one portion of no more than 40 mL at a time per customer. Doubles cannot be legally served.[10]

France

25 or 35 ml
50 or 70 ml

Germany

20 ml
40 ml
In Germany, shot glasses (Schnapsglas, Pinnchen, Stamperl) are smaller.[citation needed]

Greece

45 ml
90 ml
A shot is commonly referred to as a "sfinaki" and it can be made of one liquor or a cocktail mix. There is also a 3 oz – "bottoms up" version of "sfinaki", called "ipovrihio", Greek word for submarine. It's served in a standard liquor glass half full of blonde beer, where the bartender adds a glass shot filled with vodka or whiskey.[citation needed]

Hungary
20 or 30 ml
40 or 50 ml
80 or 100 ml
In Hungarian, shot glasses are called felespohár (feles meaning "half", standing for 0.5 dl), pálinkáspohár (for pálinka), kupica or stampedli.[citation needed]

India
30 ml
30 ml
60 ml
A shot is commonly referred to as a "peg", and is measured as a "small" (chhota), or a "large" (bud-da) peg. A 120 ml shot in India is called a Patiala peg.[11]

Ireland

35.5 ml
71 ml
Derived from the use of a quarter-gill (35.516 ml, one-sixteenth of a pint) as the traditional Irish spirit measure.

Israel
30 ml
50 or 60 ml

In Israel, the common word for a small shot is צ'ייסר ("chaser").[citation needed]

Italy
30 ml
40 or 60 ml

In Italy, the common word for a shot is cicchetto or, more informally and used mainly in nightclubs by young people, shortino. In North Italy, the cicchetto is the most-common way to taste grappa from at least two centuries.[citation needed]

Japan
30 ml
60 ml

In Japanese, the word ショットグラス (shottogurasu) is the singular term for a shot glass.

Poland

50 ml
100 ml
A standard shot (small) is called pięćdziesiątka (lit. fifty, as in 50 ml) while a large shot (double) is called setka or, colloquially, seta (lit. a hundred, as in 100 ml).

Romania

50 ml
100 ml
A single shot is traditionally known in the Romanian language as unu mic (una mică) meaning "a small one" or cinzeacă, meaning "a fifty", as in fifty milliliters. A double shot is simply called unu (una mare), meaning "one (big)".[citation needed]

Russia

50 ml
100 ml
Both single and double shots are commonly called стопка (stópka) in Russian, though a variety of slang names exist. Before metrication a single shot was called шкалик (shkálik) and amounted to 61.5ml, while a double was called чарка (chárka) and was equal to 123 ml — both names are still occasionally used.

Serbia
20 ml
30–50 ml
60–100 ml
A single shot is traditionally known in the Serbian language as чашица за ракију and ракијска чашица, meaning "small glass for rakija" and "rakija glass", or simply as мера—мерица, meaning "measure". A double shot is simply called Дупли, meaning "a double", while the smallest, 20 milliliter glass, is known as dvojka meaning "two".[citation needed]

Sweden
20 ml
40 ml
60 ml
A single shot is referred to as a fyra, meaning "a four" and a double is referred to as a sexa, meaning "a six", as Swedes generally use centiliters rather than milliliters.

Slovakia
20 or 25 ml
40 or 50 ml
80 or 100 ml
The most-common single-shot size is the pol deci (literally, "half a decilitre", 50 ml).[citation needed]

Slovenia
30 ml
50 ml
100 ml
The 50 ml size is colloquially known as nula pet ("zero five", meaning 0.5 of a decilitre), and the small one nula tri ("zero three"). Another common term for a single shot is ta kratek, meaning "the short one".

South Africa

25 ml
50 ml
The South African government has an official definition for the single-shot size.[citation needed]

United Kingdom

25 or 35 ml
50 or 70 ml
Shots sold on-premises must contain either 25 ml or 35 ml measures of whisky, gin, rum, or vodka as defined in the Weights and Measures Act of 1985. This requirement does not extend to other spirits. A 2001 amendment allowed a double shot of 70 ml to be served. Generally, a single measure is equal to 35 ml in Northern Ireland and Scotland and 25 ml in England and Wales.[12]

United States
30 ml (1 US fl oz)
44 ml (1.5 US fl oz)
59 to 89 ml (2 to 3 US fl oz)
There is no standard size for a single shot, except in Utah, where a shot is defined as 1.5 US fl oz (44 ml).[13] Elsewhere in the U.S., the standard size is generally considered to be 1.25–1.5 US fl oz (37–44 ml).[14][15] A double shot in the U.S. may be 2 fluid ounces[16] or more.

text: Shot-measuring tools[edit]

text: Jigger[edit]

text: A jigger or measure is a bartending tool used to measure liquor, which is typically then poured into a glass or cocktail shaker.

text: The term jigger in the sense of a small cup or measure of spirits or wine originates in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It was slang for a small drink of about half a gill or so, or the special cup used for it. Many references from the 1800s describe the "jigger boss" providing jiggers of whiskey to Irish immigrant workers who were digging canals in the U.S. Northeast.[17][18]

text: The style of double-ended jigger common today, made of stainless steel with two unequal sized opposing cones in an hourglass shape, was patented in 1893 by Cornelius Dungan of Chicago.[19] Typically, one cone measures a regulation single shot, and the other some fraction or multiple—with the actual sizes depending on local laws and customs.

text: A contemporary jigger measure in the U.S. usually holds 1.5 US fluid ounces (44 ml),[20] while the jiggers used in the U.K. are typically either 25/50 ml or 35/70 ml. Jiggers may also hold other amounts and ratios, and can vary depending on the region and date of manufacture.

text: In the U.S. up until Prohibition, a jigger was commonly known to be about half a gill, or 2 US fluid ounces (59 ml),[21] but starting in the latter part of the 20th century, it is typically interpreted to be 1.5 US fluid ounces (44 ml).[22]

text: Measuring shot glass[edit]

text: A shot glass graduated in smaller units such as half-ounces, teaspoons, tablespoons, or millilitres. They are useful for precise measurement of cocktail ingredients, as well as in cooking recipes that call for multiples of a smaller unit (e.g. several teaspoons), allowing the dispensing of the amount in a single measure.


document_title: Car longevity

question_text: average amount of miles on a car before it dies

root

text: Car longevity

text: Background[edit]

text: An automobile is a highly engineered collection of complex components, each of which has its own lifespan and longevity characteristics. The MTBF of some components is expected to be small, as the easy replacement of these is considered part of maintenance. Other components, many of which have high replacement costs, are expected to have a longer life; however, a large longevity may very well require replacement of several of these, raising issues of economics.

tag: p

text: The motivation for pursuing longevity can vary. The economic trade-off of purchase versus repair will be part of the equation. Of course, many factors, such as whether the car is classic, outweigh pure economics. The desire to extend the life of an auto that is paid off, by fighting "planned obsolescence", is often important for drivers.

text: The life of the auto, as the collection, follows, according to a very common model, a bathtub-like pattern. After an initial phase where failure may be likely (hence the offering of the warranties by the dealer), there may be a long period of unlikely failure, as the probabilities will be low. Given that the auto has been around for over 100 years, what cars become, and remain, classic and the maximal lifespan for any car are open-ended questions. Interest in longevity beyond that related to purchasing used vehicles will improve the science of predicting car life, with such things as a life table for cars.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency assumes the typical car is driven 15,000 miles per year. According to the New York Times, in the 1960s and 1970s, the typical car reached its end of life around 100,000 miles, but due to manufacturing improvements such as tighter tolerances and better anti-corrosion coatings, in the 2000s the typical car lasts closer to 200,000 miles.[4]

text: High mileage[edit]

text: Some car manufacturers support a "high mileage" club. For example, Volvo and Mercedes-Benz have a "High Mileage Award" program in which owners who drive 250,000, 500,000, 750,000, and 1 million kilometers are awarded with a certificate and a radiator grille badge.

text: Many non-commercial vehicles (both auto and truck) have exceeded one million miles. For instance, in 2013, Irv Gordon had accumulated 3 million miles in his 1966 Volvo P1800. [5] In 2006, a 1995 Dodge Ram was reported to Chrysler as having gone 1 million miles.[6]

text: A 1976 Mercedes-Benz 240D in Greece of Gregorios Sachinidis has reached 2,858,307 miles[7] before retiring to the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Germany.

text: A 1989 Saab 900 SPG belonging to Peter Gilbert of Wisconsin had put in 1,001,385 miles before it was donated to the Wisconsin Automotive Museum.

text: Another was the 1963 Volkswagen Beetle belonging to Albert Klein of Pasadena, California that had accumulated 1,442,044 miles on 25 Jan 1993.[8]

text: AARP Magazine featured several long-running cars (over 200K miles) in its July 2009 Issue.[9]

text: A recent study on Consumer Reports by iSeeCars.com listed 10 Longest Lasting Cars over 200K miles.[10]

text: Factors related to longevity of vehicle[edit]

text: Sikorsky, and others, have developed lists that itemize steps that a car owner can take, or identified operating and maintenance rules,[9] to ensure maximal longevity.

text: In a public economics sense, Kasmer argues that retrofitting autos with a newer transmission would extend the lifespan while at the same time increase fuel efficiency, reduce carbon emissions, and prevent the sudden influx of discarded vehicles into the waste bin as cars are junked to be replaced by a modern vehicle. However, with replacement parts for modern cars becoming ever more high tech, expensive and proprietary and therefore difficult to obtain (due to OEM copyright), many critical components are no longer available at low cost from third party aftermarket suppliers. Due to this fact, most modern cars can no longer be maintained once repair cost of the car exceed resale value. This trend has led to the modern cars being labeled as the first ever "disposable" cars.


document_title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

question_text: where was house on haunted hill 1999 filmed

text: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1931 the mental patients at the Vannacutt Institute for the Criminally Insane revolt against the staff headed by the sadistic Dr. Richard Vannacutt. The patients start a fire which engulfs the building, killing all of the inmates and all but five of the staff.

text: In 1999, Evelyn Stockard-Price (Famke Janssen), a spoiled trophy wife, is in a disintegrating marriage with Steven Price (Geoffrey Rush), an amusement park mogul with a wicked sense of humor. At Evelyn's insistence, Price leases the house from the owner, Watson Pritchett (Chris Kattan), for her birthday party. She gives Price a lengthy guest list; he shreds it to spite her and then creates one of his own. Five guests arrive for the party - Jennifer Jenzen (Ali Larter), Eddie Baker (Taye Diggs), Melissa Margaret Marr (Bridgette Wilson), Dr. Donald Blackburn (Peter Gallagher), and Pritchett himself. The guests are not the ones Price invited and neither Evelyn nor Price know who they are. Despite this, Price continues the party's theme, offering $1 million to each guest who stays in the house and survives until morning. Those who die forfeit their $1 million to the survivors.

text: The security gates are tripped, locking everyone inside. After finding some hand guns, Jennifer, Eddie and Pritchett decide to take one of the guns and search the basement for the machinery which controls the gates. Price believes the trap is a stunt organized by Evelyn. As Eddie and Jennifer explore the dungeon-like basement, Jennifer confesses to Eddie that her real name is Sara Wolfe, and that she's an out-of-work assistant to the real Jennifer Jenzen. She attended the party in Jennifer's place because she needed the prize money. However, the two are separated, and Sara is nearly drowned in a tank of blood by a ghost impersonating Eddie, though the real Eddie arrives in time to save her.

text: Melissa disappears when she wanders off in the basement, leaving behind a massive trail of blood. Price visits his assistant Schechter, who is supposed to be managing the party stunts, but finds him horribly mutilated. On the surveillance monitor he sees the ghost of Dr. Vannacutt walking around with a bloody scalpel. Shortly after, Evelyn dies in front of the others, when they find she has been strapped to an electroshock therapy table. Furious, Price pulls a gun on the guests, demanding to know which one of them killed his wife. Sara nearly shoots him, but Eddie knocks him out before either one can kill the other. The remaining guests lock Price in the "Saturation Chamber", an archaic device that Vannacut used to treat schizophrenics. Blackburn volunteers to stay behind to guard Price, but when the others leave he turns the chamber on, leaving Price to be tortured by the moving images and ghostly hallucinations until it drives him catatonic.

text: Meanwhile, Sara and Eddie find Vannacut's office. Inside, they find a portrait of all the head staff and realize that all the party guests are descendants of the five surviving staff from the 1931 fire. Pritchett explains that the spirits themselves created the guest list by hacking into Price's computer. The only exception is Blackburn, whose name does not appear among the staff.

text: Blackburn is revealed as Evelyn's lover and Evelyn in fact faked her death by electrocution. Together the two are plotting to frame Price for the murders, hoping one of the party will kill him in self defense. Evelyn stabs Blackburn to add another victim to the mix and releases a delirious Price from the chamber. Sara discovers Price covered in blood and Blackburn's head hanging from the door of the Saturation Chamber. Believing that he is Blackburn's murderer, Sara shoots him. After the others return upstairs, Evelyn approaches Price to gloat, and Price, protected by a bullet-proof vest, attempts to kill Evelyn. The two scuffle before Price throws her through a decaying door. Inside the rotting room, the two realize they just stumbled upon the evil core of the house. The Darkness – a dark, shape-shifting creature composed of the spirits in the house – awakens and begins to take form. Evelyn is captured and killed by the Darkness. Trying to escape the monstrous apparition, Price stumbles upon the remains of Melissa, neatly dissected and arranged as an anatomical display.

text: The Darkness emerges in front of Price, revealing that it is composed of "everyone who died and is responsible". Pritchett is killed by The Darkness, allowing Price to evade it. Price tells Sara and Eddie not only that Pritchett was right, but that the house really is alive and deduces that the only way to get out is through the attic. The three flee as The Darkness begins to seep through the house, manipulating the walls and shattering the floors as it chases them. Price activates a pulley that reveals an opening in the window of the attic. When the Darkness seeps into the attic, Price sacrifices himself to give the others time to escape, but the Darkness closes the iron gate after Sara escapes, trapping Eddie inside.

text: As the Darkness prepares to assimilate Eddie, Pritchett's ghost appears and opens the iron gate. The Darkness is distracted by Pritchett long enough for Eddie to escape out of the window to Sara. Pritchett's ghost and the Darkness then both fade away. As Sara and Eddie watch the sun rise, they notice an envelope on the ledge. It contains all five $1 million checks, made out to cash.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Geoffrey Rush as Steven H. Price
Famke Janssen as Evelyn Stockard-Price
Taye Diggs as Eddie Baker
Peter Gallagher as Donald W. Blackburn, M.D.
Chris Kattan as Watson Pritchett
Ali Larter as Sara Wolfe
Bridgette Wilson-Sampras as Melissa Margaret Marr
Max Perlich as Carl Schecter
Jeffrey Combs as Dr. Richard Benjamin Vannacutt
Lisa Loeb as Channel 3 reporter
James Marsters as Channel 3 cameraman
Janet Tracy Keijser as Girl on wires
Peter Graves as Himself

tag: ul

text: Rush's name "Price" as well as Rush's appearance is a nod to actor Vincent Price, who played the similar lead role, then named Frederick Loren in the original film.

text: Production[edit]

text: William Castle's daughter Terry Castle served as co-producer on the film.[2] The film was shot in late 1998 and early 1999 in Los Angeles, California, with exteriors of the house's driveway being shot in Griffith Park near the Griffith Park Observatory.[3] The "Terror Incognita" rollercoaster at Price's amusement park featured in the beginning of the film is actually The Incredible Hulk rollercoaster at Universal Studios Florida.[4]

text: The unethical psychiatry methods and experimental procedures featured in the film were loosely based on medical experiments conducted by the Nazis.[5][6]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Some reviewers noted that the surrealistic jerking, twitching effect of the ghosts featured in the film was similar to the effects in Adrian Lyne's film Jacob's Ladder (1990).[7] The special effects in the film were designed by Gregory Nicotero and Robert Kurtzman, with additional makeup design by Dick Smith in his last film credit.[7] One of the monster figures featured in the film was a creation of Smith's that was intended to be used in Ghost Story (1981) but was ultimately not featured.[7] The tentacular morphing mass of ghosts featured at the film's climax was designed by KNB Effects using CGI, and was inspired by the visuals of H.P. Lovecraft's novels, as well as resembling the Rorschach inkblots used in psychiatry.[7]

text: Deleted footage[edit]

text: Several key scenes were taken out of the final cut of the film.[8] This included an exposition scene in which Sara Wolfe (Ali Larter) is fired by her boss, Jennifer Jenzen (played by Debi Mazar), the feisty vice president of a motion picture company. Two versions of the scene were shot, both taking place on a film set where Wolfe hands Jenzen a bag delivered for her; inside is a music box with a jack-in-a-box-trigger which cuts the handler's finger. Jenzen throws the box in the garbage, and Wolfe discovers the invitation to Price's party inside of it.[8] This is why in the final cut of the film, Wolfe hesitantly introduces herself to Price as Jennifer Jenzen; in the final cut of the film, she later confesses to Eddie Baker about posing as Jenzen in order to receive her $1,000,000, but details surrounding the circumstances in which she received the invitation are sparsely revealed.[8]

text: Another scene removed from the film last-minute, according to director Malone, was a scene in which Wolfe falls through a collapsing floor when she and Baker are being chased by the Darkness.[8] After falling two stories below, Wolfe awakens in a subterranean crematorium filled with the ashes and corpses of the hospital's dead patients. There, she is attacked by reanimated corpses who rise out of the ashes, terrorizing her and tearing off her overcoat.[8] As a result of the scene's removal, there remains a continuity error in the final cut of the film, in which Wolfe's overcoat disappears from her body in-between scenes.[8]

text: A final epilogue scene completing the Jennifer Jenzen story arc was also filmed, featuring Jenzen arriving at the house, which she has now inherited. As she enters the front door, a bloodcurdling scream is heard, and the realtor is revealed to be Dr. Vannacutt.[8] Director Malone said the scene ultimately was removed after the cutting of Jenzen's exposition scene, as well as for having a comical tone that did not fit with the rest of the film.[8]

text: All three deleted scenes from the film were included on the 2000 Warner Bros. Home Video release of the film on DVD in the bonus features section.

text: Release[edit]

text: House on Haunted Hill premiered in Los Angeles on October 27, 1999 at the Mann Village Theater.[9] Stars Famke Janssen, Chris Kattan, Ali Larter and Bridgette Wilson were in attendance with director William Malone, as well as the film's producers Joel Silver and Gilbert Adler. The film was released theatrically in the United States two days later, on October 29, 1999, opening #1 at the box office and earning over $15 million in sales its opening weekend.[10]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In keeping with the spirit of William Castle's tradition of releasing each of his films with a marketing gimmick, Warner Bros. and Dark Castle supplied movie theatres with scratch-off tickets that would be given to anyone who paid to see the film. The scratch-off ticket would give each movie patron a chance to win money much like the characters in the film.[11]

text: Dark Castle had originally intended to release each of their films with a gimmick much like William Castle had done. They had considered releasing the remake Thirteen Ghosts in 3-D with special glasses similar to the ones used by the characters in the film. These plans were scrapped and House on Haunted Hill remains the only film released with a special marketing gimmick.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Although they found the film entertaining and scary, House on Haunted Hill received mixed reviews from critics; they criticized the special effects and the story lines. In comparison, of the original's overwhelmingly positive score of 95% on Rotten Tomatoes, the House on Haunted Hill remake did not fare as well. Based on 57 reviews, the film received a score of 28%, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Unsophisticated and unoriginal film fails to produce scares."[12] On Metacritic the film has a score of 28 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[13]

text: Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a "gutsy remake," saying, "House on Haunted Hill is the kind of horror movie that's not a bit scary and quite a bit gross. Yet it's also mildly, even pleasantly, entertaining, at least by the diminished standard set by this summer's The Haunting... [it] sets up hostile relationships between the characters, which allows the audience to wonder who is doing what to whom. Finding out is not so interesting, but getting there isn't so bad."[14] Maitland McDonough of Film Journal gave the film a similar review, saying "The proceedings are all utterly conventional, but watching them unfold is mildly diverting if you're in the right frame of mind, as many moviegoers apparently were over the Halloween weekend," also favorably comparing the film to Jan de Bont's remake of The Haunting, which was released several months prior.[15]

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B- rating, calling the film "trash, but creepier than you expect."[16] Variety gave the film a positive review, noting the film's "cheap scares," but saying: "Given the irredeemable cheesiness of the original 1958 "House on Haunted Hill," the makers of the remake had nowhere to go but up. So it's not exactly a stunning surprise to find the new horror opus is a slicker and scarier piece of work."[17]

text: In their review, The New York Times criticized the film, calling it a "sorry reincarnation" of the original, and said: "This film wastes the talents of actors like Geoffrey Rush and Peter Gallagher in hollow roles and relies heavily on its sets and special effects to do the work that should have been accomplished by its director and writer."[18] The Austin Chronicle echoed a similar sentiment, saying: "The nicest thing I can say about this remake of William Castle's 1958 shocker is that Geoffrey Rush, god bless him, sure can do a fine imitation of Vincent Price's original mustache, even better than John Waters' -- which is no mean feat."[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
House On Haunted Hill

Film score by Don Davis

Released
November 2, 1999

Genre
Soundtracks
Film scores

Length
54:01

Label
Varèse Sarabande

tag: table

text: The soundtrack for the film was commercially released on the label Varèse Sarabande, containing selections from the original score by Don Davis.[20]

text:
Main Title
Pencil Neck
Hans Verbosemann
House Humongous
Funky Old House
No Exit
Gun Control
Surprise
Price Pestiferous
Misty Misogamy
Coagulatory Calamity
Melissa in Wonderland
Sorry, Tulip
Struggling to Escape
Soirée a Saturation
On the House
Dead But Nice
Blackburn's Surprise
Encountering Mr. Blackburn
The Price Petard
Epiphanic Evelyn
The Corpus Delecti Committee Meeting
Price in Perpetuity
The Beast with the Least

tag: ol

text: The song Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) by Marilyn Manson is not on the movie soundtrack but is played during the scene lead up to the Asylum and end credits. Piano Quartet in G Minor Opus 25 by Johannes Brahms was definitely not composed for the movie but is the 5th track on the soundtrack album.


document_title: List of leaders of North Korea

question_text: who was the ruler of north korea in 1950

text: List of leaders of North Korea

text: Supreme Leader of the DPRK[edit]

text: The Constitution of North Korea has recognized the title "Supreme Leader" since 2009, when the Chairman of the National Defence Commission was formally designated as "the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea."[2] It was slightly amended in 2012, with "Chairman" replaced by "First Chairman."[3] It was further amended in 2016 to reflect the replacement of the NDC with the State Affairs Commission.

text: First generation   Second generation   Third generation

text: Bold offices refer to the highest position in the Workers' Party of Korea

text:
Picture
Name
Offices held
Period
Ideology

Kim Il-sung
김일성
(1912–1994)

Supreme Commander of the KPA
8 February 1948 – 24 December 1991
9 September 1948
↓
8 July 1994
(7004167380000000000♠45 years, 302 days)
Juche
(Ten Principles)

Premier of the Cabinet of the DPRK
9 September 1948 – 28 December 1972

Chairman of the Central Committee of the WPK
30 June 1949 – 11 October 1966

Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK
26 June 1950 – 8 July 1994

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the WPK
11 October 1966 – 8 July 1994

President of the DPRK
28 December 1972 – 8 July 1994

Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK
28 December 1972 – 9 April 1993

Eternal President of the DPRK
5 September 1998 – Incumbent

Kim Jong-il
김정일
(1942–2011)

Supreme Commander of the KPA
24 December 1991 – 17 December 2011
8 July 1994
↓
17 December 2011
(7003637100000000000♠17 years, 162 days)
Juche
Songun
(Ten Principles)

Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK
9 April 1993 – 17 December 2011

General Secretary of the WPK
8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011

Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK

Eternal General Secretary of the WPK
11 April 2012 – Incumbent

Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK
13 April 2012 – Incumbent

Kim Jong-un
김정은
(born 1984)

Supreme Commander of the KPA
30 December 2011 – Incumbent
17 December 2011
↓
Incumbent
(7003215300000000000♠5 years, 326 days)
Juche
Songun
(Ten Principles)

First Secretary of the WPK
11 April 2012 – 9 May 2016

Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK
11 April 2012 – Incumbent

First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the DPRK
13 April 2012 – 29 June 2016

Chairman of the WPK
9 May 2016 – Incumbent

Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
29 June 2016 – Incumbent

text: Leaders of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK)[edit]

text:
No.
Picture
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took office
Left office
Political Party

Chairman of the Central Committee

1

Kim Tu-bong
(1889–1958)
28 August 1946
30 June 1949
WPNK

2

Kim Il-sung
(1912–1994)
30 June 1949
11 October 1966
WPK

General Secretary of the Central Committee

(2)

Kim Il-sung
(1912–1994)
11 October 1966
8 July 1994
WPK

General Secretary of the Party

3

Kim Jong-il
(1942–2011)
8 October 1997
Incumbent
(deceased; see explanation below)
WPK

First Secretary of the Party

4

Kim Jong-un
(born 1984)
11 April 2012
9 May 2016
WPK

Chairman of the Party

(4)

Kim Jong-un
(born 1984)
9 May 2016
Incumbent
WPK

text: Kim Jong-il died on 17 December 2011, but has since been posthumously named the "Eternal General Secretary". Thus his son and successor as leader, Kim Jong-un, was not given the title of General Secretary.

text: Heads of state[edit]

text:
No.
Picture
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took office
Left office
Political Party

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly

1

Kim Tu-bong
(1889–1958)
9 September 1948
20 September 1957
WPNK / WPK

2

Choe Yong-gon
(1900–1976)
20 September 1957
28 December 1972
WPK

President of the Republic

3

Kim Il-sung
(1912–1994)
28 December 1972
Incumbent
(deceased; see explanation below)
WPK

President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly

4

Yang Hyong-sop
(born 1925)
8 July 1994
5 September 1998
WPK

5

Kim Yong-nam
(born 1928)
5 September 1998
Incumbent
WPK

text: Kim Il-sung died on 8 July 1994, but has since been posthumously named the "Eternal President of the Republic". Thus his son and successor as leader, the late Kim Jong-il, was not given the title of President and the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly became de jure head of state.

text: Heads of government[edit]

text:
No.
Picture
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took office
Left office
Political Party

Premier of the Cabinet

1

Kim Il-sung
(1912–1994)
9 September 1948
28 December 1972
WPNK / WPK

Premier of the Administration Council

2

Kim Il
(1910–1984)
28 December 1972
29 April 1976
WPK

3

Pak Song-chol
(1913–2008)
19 April 1976
16 December 1977
WPK

4

Ri Jong-ok
(1916–1999)
16 December 1977
27 January 1984
WPK

5

Kang Song-san
(1931–2007)
27 January 1984
29 December 1986
WPK

6

Ri Kun-mo
(born 1926)
29 December 1986
12 December 1988
WPK

7

Yon Hyong-muk
(1931–2005)
12 December 1988
11 December 1992
WPK

8

Kang Song-san
(1931–2007)
11 December 1992
21 February 1997
WPK

—

Hong Song-nam
(1929–2009)
Acting Premier
21 February 1997
5 September 1998
WPK

Premier of the Cabinet

9

Hong Song-nam
(1929–2009)
5 September 1998
3 September 2003
WPK

10

Pak Pong-ju
(born 1939)
3 September 2003
11 April 2007
WPK

11

Kim Yong-il
(born 1944)
11 April 2007
7 June 2010
WPK

12

Choe Yong-rim
(born 1930)
7 June 2010
1 April 2013
WPK

13

Pak Pong-ju
(born 1939)
1 April 2013
Incumbent
WPK

text: Heads of parliament[edit]

text:
No.
Picture
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took office
Left office
Political Party

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly

1

Kim Tu-bong
(1889–1958)
9 September 1948
20 September 1957
WPNK / WPK

2

Choe Yong-gon
(1900–1976)
20 September 1957
28 December 1972
WPK

3

Hwang Jang-yop
(1923–2010)
28 December 1972
1983
WPK

4

Yang Hyong-sop
(born 1925)
1983
5 September 1998
WPK

Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly

5

Choe Thae-bok
(born 1930)
5 September 1998
Incumbent
WPK

text: Heads of the military[edit]

text:
No.
Picture
Name
(Birth–Death)
Took office
Left office
Political Party

Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea

1

Kim Il-sung
(1912–1994)
26 June 1950
28 December 1972
WPK

Chairman of the National Defence Commission

(1)

Kim Il-sung
(1912–1994)
28 December 1972
9 April 1993
WPK

2

Kim Jong-il
(1942–2011)
9 April 1993
Incumbent
(deceased; see explanation below)
WPK

First Chairman of the National Defence Commission

3

Kim Jong-un
(born 1984)
13 April 2012
29 June 2016
WPK

Chairman of the State Affairs Commission

(3)

Kim Jong-un
(born 1984)
29 June 2016
Incumbent
WPK

text: Kim Jong-il died on 17 December 2011, but has since been posthumously named the "Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission". Thus his son and successor as leader, Kim Jong-un, was given the title of "First Chairman".


document_title: Capital punishment in Ireland

question_text: who was the last woman to be hanged in ireland

text: Capital punishment in Ireland

text: Early history[edit]

text: Early Irish law discouraged capital punishment. Murder was usually punished with two types of fine: a fixed éraic and a variable Log nEnech; a murderer was only killed if he and his relatives could not pay the fine.[1]  The Senchas Már's description of the execution of the murderer of Saint Patrick's charioteer Odran has been interpreted as a failed attempt to replace pagan restorative justice with Christian retributive justice.[2][3]

text: After the Norman conquest of Ireland, English law provided the model for Irish law. This originally mandated a death sentence for any felony, a class of crimes established by common law but extended by various Acts of Parliament;[4]  a situation later dubbed the "Bloody Code". The gallows speech was a popular genre of broadside from the Williamite revolution through the eighteenth century, feeding into popular ballads of the nineteenth century.[5]

text: The Criminal Law Act 1827 allowed judges to sentence to transportation for many hitherto capital crimes.[4] For more, Peel's Acts in 1828 replaced the death penalty with penal servitude. The Capital Punishment (Ireland) Act 1842[6] brought the law in Ireland closer to that of England by reducing the penalties for numerous offences, and abolishing the capital crime of serving in the army or navy of France. The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 reduced the number of capital crimes from over two hundred to just three: murder, treason and piracy with violence.[7] Death was a mandatory sentence for murder, though it was often commuted.[8] The last public hanging in Ireland was in 1868; after the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 executions were carried out behind prison walls. Irish doctor Samuel Haughton developed the humane "Standard Drop" method of hanging that came into use in 1866. The last peacetime execution while Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was of William Scanlan in 1911 for murdering his sister-in-law.[9]

text: Execution of Irish republicans created political martyrs, such as the "Manchester Martyrs" of 1867. The Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act, 1882, was enacted during the Land War and introduced on the day of the funeral of Lord Frederick Cavendish, one of the Phoenix Park murder victims.[10] This encouraged non-jury trials to impose death sentences, prompting Francis Alexander FitzGerald to resign in protest as baron of the exchequer.[11] In fact no death sentence was passed under the provisions of that Act.[11]

text: Revolutionary period[edit]

text: In 1916, the execution of the leaders of the Easter Rising turned public sympathy in favour of the rebels. 24 rebels were executed during the 1919–21 War of Independence, starting with Kevin Barry.[9][12] In Munster, which was under martial law, 13 were shot in Cork and one in Limerick.[12] "The Forgotten Ten" were hanged in Mountjoy Prison, which helped turn opinion in Dublin against the Dublin Castle administration.[12] The last United Kingdom execution was of William Mitchell, an RIC constable who had murdered a justice of the peace.[13]

text: Although the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, which fought the 1919–21 War against the British authorities, established its own Republican Courts, these were not empowered to impose death sentences. However, the Irish Republican Army was empowered by the Republic's Dáil to court-martial and execute pro-Unionist civilians for such crimes as 'spying' and collaboration. The procedures at such trials depended on the local IRA leadership; many were kangaroo courts imposing summary justice. Besides executions, IRA members also carried out combat operations, assassinations, extra-judicial killings, and personally motivated murders, with varying levels of sanction from the Republican leadership; the dividing lines between these categories can be blurred and contentious; a case in point being the 1922 Dunmanway killings.[14][15]

text: The draft version of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State included a ban on capital punishment, but the Dáil did not adopt this, so the relevant British laws continued in force.[16]  The death penalty was retained because of the outbreak of the 1922–3 Civil War.[16] As well as the existing British laws, the "Special Powers Act" (actually a resolution rather than an act) was passed by the Third Dáil on 26 September 1922 authorising military tribunals to impose death sentences on the anti-Treaty forces.[16][17][18][19] During the Civil War the Free State government executed 81 captured anti-Treaty fighters by firing squad,[16] as well as ordering extra-judicial killings.[15]

text: Later executions[edit]

text: Between November 1923 and April 1954, there were a total of 35 executions in the state.[20]  In the 1920s, execution was relatively common for murderers.[16] In the absence of a local executioner, the Irish government retained the pre-independence custom of having a British hangman come to Mountjoy Prison to perform executions.[9] There was local opposition to this, and in the 1940s an Irishman sent to Britain as apprentice to Albert Pierrepoint was deemed to lack "the character to be an executioner".[21][22] 55 men and women were also sentenced to death in that time period but ultimately received a reprieve. Thirteen were sentenced for murdering their newborns, and 42 for other types of murder.[23]

text: The only woman executed after independence was Annie Walsh in 1925. She and her nephew blamed each other for the murder of her elderly husband. The press expected only the nephew to be found guilty, but both were. She was hanged aged 31 in spite of the jury recommending clemency.[16][24]

text: During the state of emergency in World War II, increased IRA activity led to six executions.[25] Five were shot by firing squad after sentence by military tribunals under the Emergency Powers Act 1939.[25] Of these, Maurice O'Neill and Richard Goss had shot but not killed Gardaí: the only people executed by the state for a non-murder crime.[9] Charlie Kerins, the IRA Chief of Staff, executed for murdering a Garda, was hanged rather than shot, making the point of treating him as a common criminal rather than a political crime.[15]

text: Harry Gleeson, hanged in 1941 for the 1940 murder of Moll McCarthy, was granted a posthumous pardon in 2015.[26] Seán MacBride was Gleeson's defence counsel and attributed his later opposition to the death penalty to his belief in Gleeson's innocence.[27] Michael Manning was the last person executed in the state.[28] He was hanged for murder by Albert Pierrepoint on 20 April 1954. The same year, Brendan Behan's play The Quare Fellow premiered, in which the title character was modelled on Bernard Kirwan, awaiting execution in Mountjoy while Behan was imprisoned there.[29]

text: Legal developments[edit]

text: The 1922 "Special Powers Act" was replaced after the Civil War by a series of Public Safety Acts promoted by Cumann na nGaedheal governments to counter residual republican paramilitary activity. The 1923 act, valid for six months, allowed the death penalty for "armed revolt against the Government of Saorstát Eireann",[30] whereas the 1924 act, valid for one year, reduced this to life imprisonment.[31] The Treasonable Offences Act, 1925 defined such offences as treason punishable by death. The Public Safety Act 1927, passed in response to the assassination of Kevin O'Higgins,[32]  provided for a special military tribunal during a state of emergency, required the tribunal to pass death sentences for treason and murder, and permitted it to do so for unlawful possession of firearms; no appeal would be permitted.[33] The Act was originally to last five years, but was expired at the end of 1928.[34] In 1931, Eoin O'Duffy used the threat posed by Saor Éire to press for a new Public Safety Act, the Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act 1931.[35][36] This empowered the tribunal to try a variety of crimes and impose a greater sentence than usual, including death, if "in the opinion of the Tribunal such greater punishment is necessary or expedient".[36] This provision was condemned by the Fianna Fáil opposition[37] (which came to power in 1932) and was never invoked.

text: Fianna Fáil introduced a new Constitution in 1937, which contained several references to execution:

text: Infanticide was made a separate crime from murder in 1949.[38]  Since independence, all 13 death sentences for murder in such cases had been commuted;[23][39] the new act was intended "to eliminate all the terrible ritual of the black cap and the solemn words of the judge pronouncing sentence of death in those cases  ... where it is clear to the Court and to everybody, except perhaps the unfortunate accused, that the sentence will never be carried out."[40] Most cases were not prosecuted as murder before 1949, and a murder charge was still possible after then.[41]

text: The Criminal Justice Act 1951, in conformance with Article 13.6 of the Constitution, explicitly excluded capital cases from those to which the Government was granted the power to commute sentences.[42]

text: Successive Ministers for Justice were asked in the Dáil about abolishing the death penalty: in 1936 by Frank MacDermot;[43] in 1939 by Jeremiah Hurley;[44] in 1948 by James Larkin Jnr[45] and Peadar Cowan;[46] in 1956 by Thomas Finlay;[47] in 1960 by Frank Sherwin;[48] in 1962 by Stephen Coughlan.[49] In each case the relevant minister dismissed the suggestion.  Seán MacBride expressed personal support for abolition even while a minister in a government that oversaw the 1948 execution of William M. Gambon.[50] In 1951–52, MacBride's Dáil motion that a Select Committee consider whether to abolish the death penalty was defeated by 63 votes to 23.[51] In 1956, the Seanad passed a motion "That in the opinion of Seanad Eireann the Government should consider the question of introducing legislation to abolish capital punishment or to suspend it for an experimental period".[52]

text: When Seán Brady asked in February 1963, minister Charles Haughey announced "that the death penalty for murder generally will be abolished but it will be retained for certain specific types of murder."[53] In 1984 Haughey said, "Very shortly after becoming minister for justice, I went up to Mountjoy to see the condemned cell and I was so revolted by the whole atmosphere that I resolved to do away with the death penalty."[15]  The Criminal Justice Act 1964 abolished the death penalty for piracy, some military crimes, and most murders. It continued to be available for:[54]

text:
treason —under Article 39 of the Constitution, "treason shall consist only in levying war against the State, or assisting any State or person or inciting or conspiring with any person to levy war against the State, or attempting by force of arms or other violent means to overthrow the organs of government established by the Constitution, or taking part or being concerned in or inciting or conspiring with any person to make or to take part or be concerned in any such attempt."[55]
offences under military law, relating to[56]
neglect of command
assisting the enemy
passivity as a prisoner of war
mutiny
"capital murder", i.e.
of an Garda or prison officer "acting in the course of his duty"; or
for a political motive, of a foreign head of state, diplomat, or government member; or
in the course or furtherance of certain offences under the Offences against the State Act 1939:[57]
Usurpation of functions of government
Obstruction of government
Obstruction of the President
Interference with military or other employees of the State

text: The Extradition Act, 1965 prevented extradition where the prisoner could be sentenced to death for a crime not punishable by death in Ireland.[58]

text: The meaning of "capital murder" under the 1964 act was elucidated by the Supreme Court in the 1977 case of Noel and Marie Murray, convicted of capital murder after the 1975 shooting of a Garda, who was off duty and not in uniform, giving chase after they had robbed a bank. The court held that "capital murder" was a new offence, not merely a subtype of the existing common-law offence of murder; and that the Garda was acting "in the course of his duty", despite not being on duty; but that, as he was in plain clothes, the Murrays did not know he was a Garda; and so, while there was intent (mens rea) to commit murder, there was no intent to commit capital murder.[59]

text: Commuted death sentences[edit]

text: From 1923 to 1964, 40 death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment; three condemned were found insane, and three died awaiting execution.[60] Criminology professor Ian O'Donnell wrote in 2016 that murderers with commuted death sentences "were released after periods of time that would be considered absurdly short today".[61] In the years 1946–62, 82 murders produced 73 arrests; of these 34 were unfit to plead because of insanity, 7 found guilty but insane, and 18 found guilty and thus mandatorily sentenced to death.[7] The sentences were executed on 3 and commuted on the other 15, including all three women.[7] Mamie Cadden was sentenced to be hanged in 1957 for felony murder after performing an illegal abortion on a woman who died.

text: Death sentences were passed on 11 people after the 1964 Act, for 5 different incidents involving the capital murder of a total of 6 Gardaí (police). All were imposed by the Special Criminal Court. The murders of several other gardaí, and of British ambassador Christopher Ewart-Biggs in 1976, might also have constituted capital crimes had any prosecution been brought. Of the 11 sentenced to death, 2 had the conviction for capital murder quashed on appeal, and were convicted instead of ordinary murder.[62] The death sentences of the other 9 were commuted by the President on the advice of the government, to 40 years' imprisonment without parole.[62] One conviction was overturned in 1995. The 40-year sentences were controversial, both because they had no statutory basis,[63] and because they were not handed down by a judge. The Court of Criminal Appeal has upheld the sentences as the extra-judicial procedure is in step with the Irish Constitution's provision for commuting sentences.

text: Four convicts were released in 1998 under the amnesty of political prisoners under the Good Friday Agreement. The remaining four protested that they were also eligible for the amnesty, but were not released under its provisions. The state refused to grant the standard remission of sentences due for good behaviour, which would make them eligible for parole after 30 years.[64] One of the four, Noel Callan, took a court case that he was entitled to emission, which was rejected by the High Court in 2011,[65] but upheld by the Supreme Court in 2013.[64][66] Two of the four, who had already served over thirty years, were released straight away, while Callan and the fourth were released in December 2015 upon reaching 30 years.[64][67]

text:
Date of crime

Convicted

Victims

Context

Location

Date sentence passed

Date scheduled for execution

Date sentence commuted

Notes

1975-09-11[68]

Marie and Noel Murray[68]

Michael J. Reynolds[68]

Shot after a robbery of the Bank of Ireland in Killester[68]

Saint Anne's Park,[69] Dublin[68]

1976-06-09[70]

1976-12-09[68]

Black Cross anarchists. The capital murder conviction was quashed as the Garda was off duty and not in uniform; instead a life sentence was imposed for ordinary murder.[68] Released after serving 15 years.[71]

1980-07-07[72]

Paddy McCann, Colm O'Shea (, Peter Pringle)

Henry Byrne, John Morley

Shot after a robbery of the Bank of Ireland in Ballaghaderreen

Near Ballaghaderreen, County Roscommon

1980-11-27[73]

1980-12-19

1981-05-27[74]

Pringle's conviction was overturned in 1995. McCann claimed in a 2009 interview that he was a member of Saor Éire eligible for the Good Friday amnesty.[75] O'Shea was denied release in 2012.[76] Both were released in 2013 after Noel Callan's court case.[64]

1980-10-13[77]

Peter Rogers[78]

Seamus Quaid[78]

Shot while inspecting a van containing explosives,[78] after a robbery in Callan[77]

Ballyconnick, near Cleariestown, County Wexford[79]

1981-03-11[80]

1981-07-01[81]

Provisional IRA member.[72] Released in 1998 under the Good Friday Agreement.[78]

1984-08-10[82]

Thomas Eccles, Patrick McPhillips and Brian McShane[78]

Frank Hand[78]

Shot at a post office raid[78]

Drumree, Co Meath[78]

1985-03-28[83]

1986-02-22[84]

Provisional IRA members.[82] Released in 1998 under the Good Friday Agreement.[78]

1985-06-27[85]

Noel Callan and Michael McHugh[86]

Patrick Morrissey[86]

Robbery of Ardee labour exchange[86]

Collon, County Louth[86]

1985-12-03[87]

1985-12-20 (McHugh)[88]
1986-05-29 (Callan)[65]

INLA members.[85]  Callan's sentence was not commuted till after the failure of an appeal against his conviction.[65] Both released in December 2015.[67]

text: Abolition[edit]

text: Noel Browne introduced a private member's bill to abolish the death penalty in March 1981.[89] The Fianna Fáil government voted it down on its first reading.[89] Fine Gael had supported the first reading and would have allowed a free vote at the second reading; the Labour Party supported abolition.[89] Minister for Justice Gerry Collins, in opposing the bill, referred to the four death sentences which were then pending appeal, and said "were we to abolish [the death penalty], and because of the violence of recent years, the pressure for arming the Garda would become extremely strong".[89] After the general election in June 1981, the Fine Gael–Labour coalition introduced a bill in the Seanad to abolish the death penalty for treason and capital murder, which passed there but had not reached the Dáil when the government fell in January 1982.[90] Another private member's bill, introduced by Shane Ross in 1984, began its second reading in 1985,[91] but was still on the order paper in 1990.[92] A 1986 Department of Foreign Affairs briefing made public in 2017 said:[93]

text: In 1988, the Progressive Democrats (PDs) produced an aspirational  "Constitution for a New Republic", which included a prohibition on capital punishment.[94]

text: Ireland's 1989 ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), effective 8 March 1990, made a reservation to Article 6(5). The Article reads "Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age and shall not be carried out on pregnant women."[95]  The declaration read "Pending the introduction of further legislation to give full effect to the provisions of paragraph 5 of Article 6, should a case arise which is not covered by the provisions of existing law, the Government of Ireland will have regard to its obligations under the Covenant in the exercise of its power to advise commutation of the sentence of death."[96] The legislation referred to was the Child Care Bill 1988,[97] which became law in 1991;[98] a section was to have been included to raise from 17 to 18 the minimum age for the death penalty.[97] In May 1989, Fianna Fáil minister Michael Woods stated:[99]

text: After the June 1989 general election, Fianna Fáil formed a coalition with the PDs; the agreed programme for government included abolishing the death penalty.[100]  It was abolished for all offences by the Criminal Justice Act 1990,[101] which made life imprisonment the penalty for what had been capital crimes, and all except the military crimes had a minimum term of not less than forty years; remission rules are stricter than for other crimes.[102] The Child Care Bill 1988 was still pending, so the section relating to the death penalty was removed as superfluous.[97] In 1993, Tánaiste Dick Spring said in Vienna that the 1990 abolition should be made irreversible, which Taoiseach Albert Reynolds later confirmed was government policy and would involve a Constitutional change.[103] However, the government fell six months later.

text: One recommendation of the 1996 Constitutional Review Group was:[104]

text: Article 40.4.5° prescribed the treatment of those under sentence of death; Article 28.3.3° deals with the suspension of rights during a state of emergency. On 7 June 2001, the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was one of three proposed amendments put to referendums. It added Article 15.5.2°, which prohibits the death penalty; deleted as redundant Article 40.4.5° and several other references to "capital crimes"; and amended Article 28.3.3° to prevent the death penalty being imposed during an emergency.[105][106] The Referendum Commission produced an information booklet, with arguments for and against the amendment derived from submissions it had solicited from the public.[107] The amendment was passed on a turnout of 34.79%, with 610,455 in favour and 372,950 against.[108] The 38% no-vote was higher than the 28% predicted by polls; there were suggestions that the wording of the ballot question was confusing and that some voters were expressing dissatisfaction with the government.[109]

text: Ireland adopted the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR in 1993,[110][111] and the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in 1994,[112] both of which prohibit the death penalty in peacetime.[113] The reservation to ICCPR Article 6(5) was withdrawn in 1994.[114] Ireland ratified the Thirteenth Protocol to the ECHR, which prohibits the death penalty in wartime, at its opening in 2002.[112]

text: Debate[edit]

text: The media occasionally reports calls to reconsider the ban on capital punishment. In November 2009, Richard Johnson, recently retired as President of the High Court, said that he favoured reintroduction of the death penalty in limited circumstances, such as murder committed during armed robberies.[115] The Irish Council for Civil Liberties described his remarks as "deeply misguided and frivolous".[116] At the January 2010 meeting of the Mid-West Regional Authority, two members of Clare County Council called for "a public debate" on the death penalty.[117] In June 2010, Kevin Kiely, then outgoing mayor of Limerick, advocated the death penalty for "anyone involved in the planning and premeditation of a murder" in the aftermath of several gang-related murders.[118]

text: The National Party, a right-wing group established in 2016,[119] supports reintroduction of the death penalty for "particularly heinous crimes".[120]


document_title: Angie Tribeca

question_text: who plays dr. scholl's on angie tribeca

question_tokens: who plays dr. scholl 's on angie tribeca

text: Angie Tribeca

text: Plot[edit]

text: Angie Tribeca is a 10-year veteran of the Los Angeles Police Department's elite RHCU (Really Heinous Crimes Unit), who is assigned a new partner.[1]

text: Development and production[edit]

text: The series was announced by TBS in mid-2014 with a ten-episode order.[4] The series was announced as "...a hilarious spoof of police procedurals in the spirit of Police Squad!". A few gags presented in the preview reel were cited as similar to the classic TV cop show satire Sledge Hammer!.[5]

text: Originally intended to premiere in late 2015,[6][7] in November 2015, it was announced that the first season of ten episodes would run uninterrupted on the network and be released through video on demand starting on January 17, 2016.[8]

text: Angie Tribeca premiered on a 25-hour ten-episode marathon on January 17–18, 2016.[2]

text: A second season of an additional ten episodes was announced, which premiered on June 6, 2016.[2][9][10][11]

text: On July 6, 2016, TBS renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on April 10, 2017.[3] A fourth season is scheduled for 2018, adding Bobby Cannavale to the cast.[12]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Rashida Jones as Det. Angela "Angie" Tribeca[13]
Hayes MacArthur as Det./Lt. Jason "Jay" Geils[14]
Jere Burns as Lt./Capt. Pritikin "Chet" Atkins, Angie's boss[15]

Burns also plays Eric Atkins, Lt. Atkins' identical twin brother; Capt. Gumbo Atkins, Atkins' Cajun cousin in New Orleans; Lt. Paddy Atkins, Atkins' Irish cousin in New York

Deon Cole as Det. Daniel "DJ" Tanner
Andrée Vermeulen as Dr. Monica Scholls, the medical examiner[16]

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Jagger as Det. David Hoffman, Tanner's canine partner
Alfred Molina as Dr. Edelweiss, the expert scientist (Uncredited)
Andreas Wigand as Screaming Cop Dave (Season 1)
Dillon Paigen as Vomiting Cop (Season 1)
Caitlin Kimball as Rookie Cop (Season 2)
James Franco as Sgt. Eddie Pepper [17]
Matthew Glave as Mayor Joe Perry
Heather Graham as Agent Diane Duran
Nancy Carell as Katy Perry, Mayor Perry's wife
Chris Pine as Dr. Thomas Hornbein
Annie Mumolo as Beth Wiedner
Rob Riggle as Calvin Sniglet/Det. Zachary Fontaine
Mary McCormack as Abigail Liukin
Alison Rich as Det. Small
John Michael Higgins as Dr. Zaius

Higgins also plays Randy Zaius, Dr. Zaius' identical twin brother

Michaela Watkins as Melanie Burke
Peggy Lipton as Peggy Tribeca, Angie's mom
Chris Kimball as Officer Kyle
Ren Hanami as Fluga

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Gary Cole as Professor Everett ("Pilot")
Lisa Kudrow as Monica Vivarquar ("Pilot")
Adam Scott as Surgeon ("The Wedding Planner Did It")[18]
Gillian Vigman as Jean Naté ("The Wedding Planner Did It")
Sarah Chalke as Mrs. Parsons ("The Famous Ventriloquist Did It")
Jeff Dunham as Fisher Price ("The Famous Ventriloquist Did It").[19]
Randall Park as Dr. Moreau ("Brockman Turner Overdrive")
Andrew Bachelor as Aaron McLaren ("Brockman Turner Overdrive")
Amy Smart as Stacy ("Commissioner Bigfish")
Ana Ortiz as Betty Crocker ("If You See Something, Solve Something")
Niecy Nash as Pandora ("Go Get 'Em, Tiger")
Ernie Hudson as Pete Tribeca ("Germs on Endearment")
Constance Zimmer as Detective Goldstien ("Hey, I'm Solvin' Here!")
David Koechner as Police Commissioner Niles J. Bigfish ("Commissioner Bigfish")
Kerri Kenney-Silver as Special Agent Laurie Partridge, Fish and Game Division, Rodent Task Force ("Ferret Royale")
Keegan-Michael Key as Helmut Fröntbüt ("Ferret Royale")
Bill Murray as Vic Deakins ("Tribeca's Day Off")[20]
Cecily Strong as Samantha Stevens ("Tribeca's Day Off")[21]
Laura Bell Bundy as Vivian Tribeca ("Murder in the First Class")
Gene Simmons as Himself ("Inside Man")
Danny Trejo as Himself ("Inside Man")
John Gemberling as Barista ("The One With the Bomb")
Ryan Hansen as Wilson Phillips ("The One With the Bomb")
Graham Rogers as Eric ("Murder Gras")
Lizzy Caplan as Deirdre ("If You See Something, Solve Something")
Ed Helms as Dr. Clive Mister ("Germs of Endearment")
Kelly Rohrbach as Laura Ashley ("License to Drill")
Jon Hamm as McCormick, Geils partner who was "the best man on the force" but was transferred just as Tribeca awoke from her coma ("Fleas Don't Kill Me").
Vicki Lewis as Anne Muffet, the dog trainer and murder suspect ("Fleas Don't Kill Me").
Tzi Ma as Joseph Takagi ("Miso Dead").
Busy Philipps as Courtney Woodpatch-Newton, anti-whaling activist and murder suspect ("Miso Dead")
Rhys Darby as Dr. Helm, a forensic scientist and dentist ("Miso Dead").
Joey McIntyre as Skylar, member of boyband, Boypocalypse Wow ("Boyz II Dead")
Saul Rubinek as Pfoopa, manager of boyband, Boypocalypse Wow ("Boyz II Dead")
Chris Kirkpatrick as Chad, member of boyband, Boypocalypse Wow ("Boyz II Dead")
Aaron Carter as P.T. Cruiser, member of boyband, Boypocalypse Wow who was murdered ("Boyz II Dead")
Colton Dunn as Denarius, member of boyband, Boypocalypse Wow ("Boyz II Dead")
Joe Jonas as Detective Green, officer of the LAPD who brings the other detectives coffee and alluded to be the one that should infiltrate boyband, Boypocalypse Wow ("Boyz II Dead")
Maya Rudolph as romance novelist Ms Jackie Wilder ("Organ Trail")
Michelle Dockery as Victoria ("Turn Me On, Geils")
Natalie Portman as Christina Craft ("This Sounds Unbelievable, but CSI: Miami Did It")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)
January 18, 2016 (2016-01-18)

2
10
June 6, 2016 (2016-06-06)
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)

3
10
April 10, 2017 (2017-04-10)
June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Angie Tribeca has been met with positive reviews from critics. Metacritic gives it a rating of 78/100 based on 13 reviews.[22] Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 92%, based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's consensus states: "Angie Tribeca's unique blend of sharp wit and broad humor – and the obvious fun being had by a talented cast – make for a consistent, charmingly absurd spoof of police procedurals."[23]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: The series was added to Australian streaming service Stan in May 2016.

text: The first season was shown from April 28, 2016, on E4 in the United Kingdom.[24] The second season premiered on July 7, 2016.[25]

text: In Canada, the show airs on The Comedy Network.

text: In India, the show airs on Comedy Central India.

text: In Russia, the show airs on TNT4.

text: In Spain, the show airs on TNT.