document_title: Midwest League

question_text: in 1995 this city in the mid-west was home to two teams

text: Midwest League

text: History[edit]

text: The Midwest League directly evolved from two earlier leagues in the region. In 1947, the Class D Illinois State League (ISL) began operation with six Illinois teams – the Belleville Stags, Centralia Cubs, Marion Indians, Mattoon Indians, Mount Vernon Braves and the West Frankfort Cardinals. In 1949, the ISL changed its name to the Mississippi–Ohio Valley League after Marion moved their franchise to Kentucky and became the Paducah Chiefs. In 1954, the Mississippi-Ohio Valley League expanded, adding teams in Clinton and Dubuque, Iowa. The Mississippi-Ohio Valley League was then renamed Midwest League in 1956.

text: The original teams in 1956, the first year of Midwest League play, were: Clinton Pirates, Decatur Commodores, Dubuque Packers, Kokomo Dodgers, Lafayette Red Sox, Mattoon Phillies, Michigan City White Caps and the Paris Lakers. Mattoon is the oldest franchise in the MWL, evolving into today's Fort Wayne TinCaps, while Clinton is the oldest MWL locale.[5]

text: In 1960, the Davenport, Iowa based Quad City Braves joined the league as an expansion team. In 1962, Appleton, Burlington, and Cedar Rapids joined the Midwest League from the Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League which folded operations when those franchises switched leagues.[6] All those franchised remain in the league today. In 1963, the Midwest League was designated as a Class A league, after the minor league classification structure was reorganized.[7]

text: The 1975 Waterloo Royals, led by future MLB All-Stars Willie Wilson and Dan Quisenberry, are ranked #60 on MiLB.com's Top 100 Teams. The Royals finished the season 93–35.[8]

text: In 1976, the Midwest League contracted from ten teams to eight, as franchises in Danville and Dubuque were eliminated. In 1982, the league expanded from 8 to 12 teams, adding the Beloit Brewers, the Danville Suns, the Madison Muskies, and the Springfield Cardinals. The Peoria Suns relocated from Danville in 1983, and acquired their current name, Peoria Chiefs, the following year. In 1988, the league began splitting its season into two halves and expanded from 12 to 14 teams, with the addition of franchises in South Bend, Indiana, and Rockford, Illinois. During the 1990s several teams changed cities as Major League Baseball placed higher standards on minor league baseball facilities; franchises in smaller cities were sold to new owners who moved those teams to new ballparks in larger cities. Kenosha, Madison, Rockford, Springfield, Waterloo, and Wausau lost teams during this decade while Battle Creek, Dayton, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids (West Michigan), Kane County, and Lansing gained teams.[9]

text: The 1978 Appleton Foxes are ranked #93 on the Top-100 All Time teams by MiLB.com.[10] Led by future Cy Young Award winner LaMarr Hoyt, the team finished 97-40. Harry Chappas, Ross Baumgarten and Britt Burns were all called up to the parent Chicago White Sox at the conclusin of the MWL season. The 97 wins by the Foxes remains a Midwest League record.[11]

text: The Fort Wayne TinCaps are the oldest franchise in the league, having begun as the Mattoon Indians in 1947 and playing in Keokuk, Iowa; Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin; and Kenosha, Wisconsin, before moving to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1993. The Clinton LumberKings have been in one city longer than any Midwest League team, having called Clinton, Iowa, home since 1954.

text: The Southwest Michigan Devil Rays moved to Midland, Michigan, and became the Great Lakes Loons prior to the 2007 season.

text: On September 2, 2008, Minor League Baseball announced that two teams would transfer from the fellow Class A South Atlantic League to the Midwest League: the Lake County Captains (an affiliate of the Cleveland Indians playing in Eastlake, Ohio) and the Bowling Green Hot Rods (an affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays playing in Bowling Green, Kentucky).[12]

text: Current teams[edit]

text:
Division
Team
MLB Affiliation
City
Stadium
Capacity

Eastern
Bowling Green Hot Rods
Tampa Bay Rays
Bowling Green, Kentucky
Bowling Green Ballpark
4,559[13]

Dayton Dragons
Cincinnati Reds
Dayton, Ohio
Fifth Third Field
7,230

Fort Wayne TinCaps
San Diego Padres
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Parkview Field
8,100

Great Lakes Loons
Los Angeles Dodgers
Midland, Michigan
Dow Diamond
5,200

Lake County Captains
Cleveland Indians
Eastlake, Ohio
Classic Park
7,273

Lansing Lugnuts
Toronto Blue Jays
Lansing, Michigan
Cooley Law School Stadium
11,000

South Bend Cubs
Chicago Cubs
South Bend, Indiana
Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium
5,000

West Michigan Whitecaps
Detroit Tigers
Comstock Park, Michigan
Fifth Third Ballpark
9,281

Western
Beloit Snappers
Oakland Athletics
Beloit, Wisconsin
Harry C. Pohlman Field
3,501

Burlington Bees
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Burlington, Iowa
Community Field
3,200

Cedar Rapids Kernels
Minnesota Twins
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Veterans Memorial Stadium
5,300

Clinton LumberKings
Seattle Mariners
Clinton, Iowa
Ashford University Field
5,000

Kane County Cougars
Arizona Diamondbacks
Geneva, Illinois
Northwestern Medicine Field
10,923

Peoria Chiefs
St. Louis Cardinals
Peoria, Illinois
Dozer Park
7,377

Quad Cities River Bandits
Houston Astros
Davenport, Iowa
Modern Woodmen Park
7,140

Wisconsin Timber Rattlers
Milwaukee Brewers
Appleton, Wisconsin
Neuroscience Group Field at Fox Cities Stadium
5,170

text: Current team rosters[edit]

text: League champions[edit]

text: Teams since 1956[edit]

text:
Beloit Snappers (1995–present)

Beloit Brewers (1982–94)

Bowling Green Hot Rods (2010–present)
Burlington Bees (1962–81, 1993–present)

Burlington Rangers (1982–85)
Burlington Expos (1986–87)
Burlington Braves (1988–90)
Burlington Astros (1991–92)

Cedar Rapids Kernels (1993–present)

Cedar Rapids Red Raiders (1962–64)
Cedar Rapids Cardinals (1965–72)
Cedar Rapids Astros (1973–74)
Cedar Rapids Giants (1975–79)
Cedar Rapids Reds (1980–92)

Clinton LumberKings (1994–present)

Clinton Pirates (1956–59)
Clinton C-Sox (1960–65)
Clinton Pilots (1966–76)
Clinton Dodgers (1977–79)
Clinton Giants (1980–93)

Danville Warriors (1970–76)
Dayton Dragons (2000–present)

Rockford Expos (1988–92)
Rockford Royals (1993–94)
Rockford Cubbies (1995–98)
Rockford Reds (1999)

Decatur Commodores (1956–74)
Dubuque Packers (1956–67, 1974–76; second franchise relocated from Quincy, Illinois)

Dubuque Royals (1968)

Fort Wayne TinCaps (2009–present)

Mattoon Phillies (1956)
Mattoon Athletics (1957)
Keokuk Cardinals (1958–61)
Keokuk Dodgers (April–August 1962)
Midwest Dodgers (August 1962), based in Dubuque, Iowa
Wisconsin Rapids Senators (1963)
Wisconsin Rapids Twins (1964–83)
Kenosha Twins (1984–92)
Fort Wayne Wizards (1993–2008)

Great Lakes Loons (2007–present), based in Midland, Michigan

Springfield (IL) Cardinals (1982–93)
Madison Hatters (1994)
Michigan Battle Cats (1995–2002)
Battle Creek Yankees (2003–04)
Southwest Michigan Devil Rays (2005–06), based in Battle Creek, Michigan

Kane County Cougars (1991–present), based in Geneva, Illinois

Decatur Commodores (1956–74)
Wausau Mets (1975–78)
Wausau Timbers (1979–90)

Kokomo Dodgers (1956–61)
Lake County Captains (2010–present)
Lansing Lugnuts (1996–present)

Lafayette Red Sox (1956–57)
Waterloo Hawks (1958–69)
Waterloo Royals (1970–76)
Waterloo Indians (1977–88)
Waterloo Diamonds (1989–93)
Springfield Sultans (1994–95)

Michigan City White Caps (1956–59)
Paris Lakers (1956–59)
Peoria Chiefs (1984–present)

Danville Suns (1982)
Peoria Suns (1983)

Quad Cities River Bandits (2008–present), based in Davenport, Iowa

Davenport Braves (1960)
Quad Cities Braves (1961)
Quad Cities Angels (1962–76)
Quad City Angels (1976–78, 1985–91)
Quad City Cubs (1979–84)
Quad City River Bandits (1992–2003)
Swing of the Quad Cities (2004–07)

Quincy Cubs (1965–73); franchise moved to Dubuque, Iowa, after the 1973 season

Quincy Giants (1960–61)
Quincy Jets (1962–63)
Quincy Gems (1964)

South Bend Cubs (2015–present)

South Bend White Sox (1988–93)
South Bend Silver Hawks (1994–2014)

West Michigan Whitecaps (1994–present)

Madison Muskies (1982–93)

Wisconsin Timber Rattlers (1995–present), based in Grand Chute, Wisconsin

Appleton Foxes (1962, 1967–94)
Fox Cities Foxes (1963–66)


document_title: List of professional sports leagues by revenue

question_text: who makes the most money in the sports industry

root

text: The following is a list of sports competitions by revenue.

tag: p

text: In this table, the "Season" column refers to the league season for which financial data is available and referenced, which is usually not the most recently completed season of competition. Revenues are listed in millions of euros.

text:
League
Sport
Country(ies)
Season
Teams[a]
Revenue
(€ mil)
Rev. / team
(€ mil)
Ref.

National Football League
American football
 United States
2016
32
7004107000000000000♠10,700
7002333100000000000♠333.1
[1][2]

Major League Baseball
Baseball
 United States
 Canada
2017
30
7003768300000000000♠7,683
7002256100000000000♠256.1
[3]

National Basketball Association
Basketball
 United States
 Canada
2016–17
30
7003594000000000000♠5,940
7002198000000000000♠198
[4]

Premier League
Association football
 England
 Wales
2016-17
20
7003521100000000000♠5,211
7002260500000000000♠260.5
[5]

National Hockey League
Ice hockey
 United States
 Canada
2016–17
30 [b]
7003370000000000000♠3,700
7002123300000000000♠123.3
[1]

Bundesliga
Association football
 Germany
2016–17
18
7003337500000000000♠3,375
7002187500000000000♠187.5
[6][7]

La Liga
Association football
 Spain
2016–17
20
7003336300000000000♠3,363
7002168200000000000♠168.2
[8]

Serie A
Association football
 Italy
2016–17
20
7003226700000000000♠2,267
7002113400000000000♠113.4
[9]

Formula One
Auto racing
 World
2017
10
7003183000000000000♠1,830
7002166400000000000♠166.4
[10]

Ligue 1
Association football
 France
 Monaco
2016–17
20
7003164400000000000♠1,644
7001822000000000000♠82.2
[11]

Campeonato Brasileiro
Association football
 Brazil
2016
20
7003129800000000000♠1,298
7001649000000000000♠64.9
[12]

Nippon Professional Baseball
Baseball
 Japan
2012
12
7003125300000000000♠1,253
7002104000000000000♠104
[13]

Chinese Super League
Association football
 China
2016
16
7002945000000000000♠945
7001590000000000000♠59
[14]

Major League Soccer
Association football
 United States
 Canada
2017
23 [c]
851
37
[15][16]

Kontinental Hockey League
Ice hockey
 Russia
See also
2016–17
29
7002820000000000000♠820
7001283000000000000♠28.3
[17]

Australian Football League
Australian rules football
 Australia
2017
18
754
41.9
[18] [19]

Süper Lig
Association football
 Turkey
2015–16
18
7002734000000000000♠734
7001408009999900000♠40.8
[6]

EFL Championship
Association football
 England
 Wales
2015–16
24
7002723000000000000♠723 [d]
7001301000000000000♠30.1
[20]

Russian Premier League
Association football
 Russia
2015–16
16
7002701000000000000♠701
7001438000000000000♠43.8
[6]

NASCAR
Auto racing
 United States
2017
20
7002660800000000000♠660.8
7001330000000000000♠33.0
[21]

2. Bundesliga
Association football
 Germany
2016–17
18
7002635000000000000♠635
7001353009999900000♠35.3
[7]

Korea Professional Baseball
Baseball
 South Korea
2014
10
7002563000000000000♠563
7001560000000000000♠56
[22]

J1 League
Association football
 Japan
2015
18
7002532000000000000♠532
7001300000000000000♠30
[23]

K League
Association football
 South Korea
2014
12
7002509000000000000♠509
7001260000000000000♠26
[24]

Liga MX
Association football
 Mexico
–
18
7002509000000000000♠509
7001280000000000000♠28
[25]

Eredivisie
Association football
 Netherlands
2015–16
18
7002481000000000000♠481
7001267000000000000♠26.7
[6][20]

Indian Premier League
Twenty20 cricket
 India
2016
8
7002480000000000000♠480 [e]
7001426000000000000♠42.6
[26]

Primeira Liga
Association football
 Portugal
2015–16
18
7002366000000000000♠366
7001203000000000000♠20.3
[6]

Belgian Pro League [f]
Association football
 Belgium
2015–16
16
7002359000000000000♠359
7001224000000000000♠22.4
[6]

Top 14
Rugby union football
 France
2016–17
14
7002339700000000000♠339.7
7001243000000000000♠24.3
[27]

Primera División Argentina
Association football
 Argentina
–
20
7002338000000000000♠338
7001170000000000000♠17
[25]

Segunda División
Association football
 Spain
2016–17
22
7002299700000000000♠299.7
7001136000000000000♠13.6
[8]

Serie B
Association football
 Italy
2011–12
22
7002276000000000000♠276
7001125000000000000♠12.5
[28]

J2 League
Association football
 Japan
2015
22
7002262000000000000♠262
7001119000000000000♠11.9
[23]

Saudi Professional League
Association football
 Saudi Arabia
2016–17
14
7002254610000000000♠254.61
[unreliable source?]
7001182000000000000♠18.2
[29]

English Premiership
Rugby union football
 England
2015–16
12
7002245000000000000♠245 [g]
7001204009999900000♠20.4
[30]

National Rugby League
Rugby league football
 Australia
 New Zealand
2015
16
7002241000000000000♠241
7001140000000000000♠14.0
[31]

Swiss Super League
Association football
  Switzerland
 Liechtenstein[h]
2015–16
10
7002227000000000000♠227
7001227000000000000♠22.7
[6]

Ligue 2
Association football
 France
2016–17
20
7002219000000000000♠219
7001110000000000000♠11.0
[11]

Danish Superliga
Association football
 Denmark
2015–16
12 [i]
7002203000000000000♠203
7001169009999900000♠16.9
[6][20]

Canadian Football League
Canadian football
 Canada
2015
9
7002200000000000000♠200
7001220000000000000♠22
[32]

Swedish Hockey League
Ice hockey
 Sweden
2016–17
14
7002186000000000000♠186
7001133000000000000♠13.3
[33]

EFL League One
Association football
 England
2015–16
24
7002177000000000000♠177 [j]
7000740000000000000♠7.4
[20]

Categoria Primera A
Association football
 Colombia
–
18
7002176000000000000♠176
7001100000000000000♠10
[25]

National League
Ice hockey
  Switzerland
2013–14
12
7002167000000000000♠167
7001139000000000000♠13.9
[34]

Austrian Football Bundesliga
Association football
 Austria
2015–16
10
7002163000000000000♠163
7001163000000000000♠16.3
[6][20]

3. Liga
Association football
 Germany
2016–17
20
7002155000000000000♠155
7000860000000000000♠8.6
[35]

Allsvenskan
Association football
 Sweden
2016
16
7002150000000000000♠150
7000940000000000000♠9.4
[6]

Scottish Premiership
Association football
 Scotland
2015–16
12
7002148000000000000♠148
7001123000000000000♠12.3
[6][20]

Tippeligaen [k]
Association football
 Norway
2016
16
7002146000000000000♠146
7000910000000000000♠9.1
[6]

Superleague Greece
Association football
 Greece
2015–16
16
7002142000000000000♠142
7000890000000000000♠8.9
[6]

Ekstraklasa
Association football
 Poland
2015–16
16
7002125000000000000♠125
7000780000000000000♠7.8
[6]

Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Ice hockey
 Germany
2016–17
14
7002117000000000000♠117
7000840000000000000♠8.4
[36]

Chilean Primera Division
Association football
 Chile
–
18
7002113000000000000♠113
7000630000000000000♠6.3
[25]

EFL League Two
Association football
 England
 Wales
2015–16
24
7002112000000000000♠112 [l]
7000470000000000000♠4.7
[20]

South African Premier Division
Association football
 South Africa
–
16
7002111000000000000♠111
7000690000000000000♠6.9
[37]

Basketball Bundesliga
Basketball
 Germany
2016–17
18
7002110000000000000♠110
7000610000000000000♠6.1
[38]

Kazakhstan Premier League
Association football
 Kazakhstan
2016
12
7002105000000000000♠105
7000870000000099999♠8.7
[6]

Handball-Bundesliga
Handball
 Germany
2016–17
18
7002103000000000000♠103
7000570000000000000♠5.7
[39]

Rugby Pro D2
Rugby union football
 France
2016–17
16
7001997000000000000♠99.7
7000620000000000000♠6.2
[40]

Egyptian Premier League
Association football
 Egypt
–
20
7001950000000000000♠95
7000470000000000000♠4.7
[41]

Ukrainian Premier League
Association football
 Ukraine
2015–16
14
7001940000000000000♠94
7000670000000000000♠6.7
[6]

SM-liiga
Ice hockey
 Finland
2016–17
15
7001940000000000000♠94
7000630000000000000♠6.3
[42]

Israeli Premier League
Association football
 Israel
2015–16
14
7001910000000000000♠91
7000650000000000000♠6.5
[6]

Mexican Pacific League
Baseball
 Mexico
2012–13
8
7001720000000000000♠72
7000900000000000000♠9
[43]

Czech First League
Association football
 Czech Republic
2015–16
16
7001710000000000000♠71
7000440000000000000♠4.4
[6]

A-League
Association football
 Australia
 New Zealand
2012–13
10
7001630000000000000♠63
7000630000000000000♠6.3
[44]

Indian Super League
Association football
 India
2017
10
7001620000000000000♠62
7000620000000000000♠6.2
[45]

Eerste Divisie
Association football
 Netherlands
2014–15
20
7001610000000000000♠61
7000310000000000000♠3.1
[46]

Hungary First League
Association football
 Hungary
2015–16
12
7001600000000000000♠60
7000500000000000000♠5
[6]

Super League
Rugby league football
 England
 France
2015
12
7001600000000000000♠60
7000500000000000000♠5.0
[47]

Liga I
Association football
 Romania
2015–16
14
7001580000000000000♠58
7000410009999999999♠4.1
[6]

Chinese Basketball Association
Basketball
 China
2012–13
17
7001530000000000000♠53
7000310000000000000♠3.1
[48]

Croatian First Football League
Association football
 Croatia
2015–16
10
7001470000000000000♠47
7000470000000000000♠4.7
[6]

Cypriot First Division
Association football
 Cyprus
2015–16
14
7001460000000000000♠46
7000330000000000000♠3.3
[6]

A Group
Association football
 Bulgaria
2015–16
10
7001410000000000000♠41
7000410009999999999♠4.1
[6]

J3 League
Association football
 Japan
2015
12
7001350000000000000♠35
7000290000000000000♠2.9
[49]

Belarusian Premier League
Association football
 Belarus
2016
16
7001350000000000000♠35
7000220000000000000♠2.2
[6]

Azerbaijan Premier League
Association football
 Azerbaijan
2015–16
10
7001320000000000000♠32
7000320000000000000♠3.2
[6]

Liga ACB
Basketball
 Spain
 Andorra
2016–17
18
7001300000000000000♠30
7000170000000000000♠1.7
[50]

Slovak Super Liga
Association football
 Slovakia
2015–16
12
7001300000000000000♠30
7000250000000000000♠2.5
[6]

Veikkausliiga
Association football
 Finland
2016
12
7001240000000000000♠24
7000200000000000000♠2.0
[6]

Mexican League
Baseball
 Mexico
2016
16
7001230000000000000♠23
7000150000000000000♠1.5
[51]

Serbian SuperLiga
Association football
 Serbia
2015–16
16
7001200000000000000♠20
7000130000000000000♠1.3
[6]

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ Number of teams in the season referenced in this table. Due to league expansion and contraction, does not necessarily match the number of current teams.
Jump up ^ The NHL expanded to 31 teams starting with the 2017–18 season.
Jump up ^ MLS expanded to 23 teams starting with the 2018 season.
Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £556 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.3 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.
Jump up ^ Cited revenue was USD 378.78 million; approximate average exchange rate of USD 0.9 per EUR 1 for 2016 season used here.
Jump up ^ Renamed as Belgian First Division A effective with the 2016–17 season.
Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £187.9 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.3 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.
Jump up ^ During the 2015–16 season cited in this table, the Super League included FC Vaduz, based in Liechtenstein (whose football clubs all play in the Swiss league system). Vaduz were relegated at the end of the 2016–17 season, making the Super League once again an all-Swiss circuit.
Jump up ^ The Danish Superliga expanded to 14 teams starting with the 2016–17 season.
Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £136 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.3 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.
Jump up ^ Renamed Eliteserien effective with the 2017 season.
Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £86 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.3 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.

tag: ol


document_title: Cairn Terrier

question_text: what kind of dog is toto in the wiz

question_tokens: what kind of dog is toto in the wiz

text: Cairn Terrier

text: History[edit]

text: Cairns originated in the Highlands of Scotland and the Isle of Skye,[4] initially grouped in the "Skye Terrier" class alongside the Scottish and West Highland White terriers. In the early 1900s, the three breeds began to be bred separately.

text: The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered and it was in that year that the breed was also given Championship status.[5]

text: Description[edit]

text: The Cairn Terrier has a harsh weather-resistant outer coat that can be black, cream, wheaten, red, sandy, gray, or brindled in any of these colors. Pure black, black and tan, and white are not permitted by many kennel clubs. While registration of white Cairns was once permitted, after 1917, the American Kennel Club required them to be registered as West Highland White Terriers. A notable characteristic of Cairns is that brindled Cairns frequently change colour throughout their lifetimes. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn to become progressively more black or silver as it ages. The Cairn is double-coated, with a soft, dense undercoat and a harsh outer coat. A well-groomed Cairn has a rough-and-ready appearance, free of artifice or exaggeration. The Cairn Terrier was registered into the American Kennel Club in 1903.

text: Cairn terriers tend to look similar to a Norwich Terrier, but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). Their outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. Their ideal weight is also 4.5-7.3 kg (10-16 lb), and the height 9–13 in (23–33 cm).

text: Grooming[edit]

text: Cairn terriers shed very little, but should always be hand stripped. Using scissors or shears can ruin the dog's rugged outer coat after one grooming. Hand stripping involves pulling the old dead hair out by the roots. If done incorrectly, this can cause discomfort to the dog, causing it to shy away from future hand stripping. Removing the dead hair in this manner allows new growth to come in. This new growth helps protect the dog from water and dirt.

text: Cairn terrier ancestors are from Scotland, where the wire coat repels water and keeps the dog dry even in rainy or damp climates. Keeping the Cairn terrier coat in its original state will prevent possible skin irritations. As dead hair is removed by stripping the coat, new growth comes in and the skin and coat remain healthy. Clipper-cutting a Cairn might destroy the protective wire coat unique to this breed.

text: It is wise to have a pet examined to rule out heritable skin diseases if a Cairn is obtained from unknown sources (i.e. pet stores, rescues, or puppy mills).[citation needed]

text: Health[edit]

text: These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.[6][7]

text: Survey[edit]

text: Breeders, owners, and veterinarians have identified several health problems that are significant for Cairns. Some of these diseases are hereditary, while others occur as a result of nonspecific factors (i.e. infections, toxins, injuries, or advanced age). Currently, the Cairn Terrier Club of America, along with the Institute for Genetic Disease Control in Animals, maintains an open registry for Cairn terriers in hopes of reducing the occurrence of hereditary diseases within the breed. Breeders voluntarily submit their dogs' test results for research purposes, as well as for use by individuals who seek to make sound breeding decisions.

text: Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:[8][9]

text:
Bronchoesophageal fistula
Cataracts
Corneal dystrophy
Craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw)
Diabetes mellitus
Entropion
Hip dysplasia
Hypothyroidism
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy)
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome
Lens luxation
Luxating patella
Ocular melanosis
Portosystemic shunt
Progressive retinal atrophy
Soft tissue sarcoma
Von Willebrand disease

tag: ul

text: Living conditions[edit]

text: Cairn terriers exist happily in an apartment if sufficiently exercised.[citation needed] They are very active indoors and suffice even without a yard.[citation needed] Daily walks help keep Cairn terriers happy and healthy. Fenced-in yards are strongly recommended for safety and well being as well as being kept on leash when not in the yard.

text: Cairn terriers are particularly easily trained; ethical breeders strongly suggest obedience school or some other type of training to direct Cairn terrier's focus on the owner as the one in command if they are going to be used for hunting. If allowed to take control of the household, behavior problems may develop that can only be resolved by hiring a professional dog trainer. Many breeders only sell puppies to dedicated dog owners who agree to basic obedience school.

text: Exercise[edit]

text: Cairns are active dogs, thus need a daily walk. Play takes care of a lot of their exercise needs; however, as with all breeds, play will not fulfill their primal instinct to walk. Dogs which do not get to go on daily walks are more likely to display behavior problems. They also enjoy a good romp in a safe open area off leash, such as a large fenced yard.

text: According to Temple Grandin in her book Animals Make Us Human, dogs need 45 minutes to one hour per day of playing and seeking. After fulfilling this, dogs become balanced and well-mannered. Obedience school is often a good start to creating interactive play using words or commands for a dog to perform specific actions on cue. Teaching a Cairn terrier tricks is also a clever way to direct their active energy into acceptable controlled dog games.

text: Famous Cairns[edit]

text: Terry, the dog that played Toto in the 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, was a brindle Cairn terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a resident of Wichita has begun a drive to make the Cairn terrier the official dog of Kansas.[10] Terry also had a role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes, and 12 other films.

text: In media[edit]

text:
In I Love Lucy, Little Ricky had a Cairn terrier named Fred.
J. Edgar Hoover notably bred Cairn terriers and gifted them to high ranking government officials during his career.
UK TV presenter Paul O'Grady often features a Cairn terrier called Olga on his primetime chat show; dark in colour, Olga is a rescue dog.
Also in the UK, Pauline Fowler actress Wendy Richard in the BBC TV show EastEnders had a Cairn she fondly named Betty. Betty made an appearance as Toto on BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" (series 10) after Vincent Simone and his celebrity partner Dani Harmer danced a waltz to "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz.
George Lopez's family dog on the ABC TV series George Lopez, is a Cairn terrier named Mr. Needles, named by the son, Max, for the extremely high number of shots that the incredibly sick former stray received from the veterinarian.
Australian television soap series Neighbours had a Cairn terrier named Audrey which belonged to the character Libby Kennedy.[11]
The character of Romulus, owned by Ray Milland's character, Steven Tolliver, in Cecil B. De Mille's epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942) was a Cairn terrier.
A few years later, in The Uninvited (1944), the Ray Milland character also had a Cairn terrier.
Thimble the dog was a brindle Cairn terrier played by Danvers. Thimble appeared once in episode five, season five of the British television drama Upstairs, Downstairs.
A wheaten Cairn Terrier named Kobe was featured in Dunston Checks In, Lost And Found, and the opening scenes of Twister.
In USA Network's Mr. Robot, Rami Malek's character Elliot Alderson has a Cairn terrier named Flipper.[12]
In the film Kingsman: The Secret Service, the character Harry Hart owned a Cairn terrier named Mr. Pickle. In the sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle, Eggsy uses a similar Cairn terrier puppy to trigger Hart's memories after he suffered amnesia.

text: In books[edit]

text:
In the Maximum Ride book series, Total, the talking dog, is a Cairn terrier.
In the first edition of L. Frank Baum's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1899), though Baum did not specify in the text what breed Toto was, illustrator W. W. Denslow drew him as a Cairn Terrier.
In Donald Barthelme’s short story "Chablis," the narrator says that his baby wants, according to his wife, a "Cairn Terrier."[13]