document_title: List of Sirius XM Radio channels

question_text: what radio station on sirius is christmas music

text: List of Sirius XM Radio channels

text: List[edit]

text: Preview[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

Sirius XM Preview
Sirius XM Promos and Information
Free
Available

text: Pop/hits[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM Radio #
Dish Network

'50s on 5
Hits from the 1950s
Available
Available
5
6005

'60s on 6
Hits from the 1960s
Available
Available
6
6006

'70s on 7
Hits from the 1970s
Available
Available
7
6007

'80s on 8
Hits from the 1980s
Available
Available
8
6008

'90s on 9
Hits from the 1990s
Available
Available
9
6009

KIIS-FM
CHR/Pop
Available
Available
11
N/A

Pitbull's Globalization
Current Rhythmic and Dance Hits
Available
Available
13
6004

Pop2K (formerly KISS and XM Hitlist)
Contemporary Hits from the 2000s
Available
Available
10
6010

PopRocks
90s and 2000s Rock and Pop hits
Available
Available
17
N/A

The Blend
Mainstream Adult Contemporary and Bright Pop Hits
Available
Available
16
6016

The Pulse (formerly Flight 26)
Hot Adult Contemporary, 2000s Adult Contemporary and Modern Adult Pop hits from the 1990s, 2000s and Today
Available
Available
15
6015

SiriusXM Hits 1
CHR/Pop
Available
Available
2
6002

SiriusXM Spotlight
Limited Programming
Available
Available
4
N/A

SiriusXM Love (formerly The Heart)
Love songs, Lite rock hits and Soft Adult Contemporary hits
Available
Available
70
6070

Velvet
Contemporary pop
Unavailable
Available
304
6013

The Coffee House
Singer-Songwriters, acoustic rock, folk rock
Available
Available
14
6014 (formerly 6031)

Venus (formerly Top 20 on 20)
Rhythmic Pop
Available
Available
3
N/A

Z100 (WHTZ)
CHR/Pop
Available
Available
12
N/A

Poptropolis
Pop Hits from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s
Available
Unavailable
300
N/A

Road Trip Radio
Hits
Available
Available
301
N/A

The Covers Channel
Cover songs
Available
Available
302
N/A

Neil Diamond Radio
Neil Diamond songs
Unavailable
Available
700
N/A

Elevations
Reimagined Pop and Rock Classics
Unavailable
Available
702
N/A

ONEderland
One Hit Wonders from the '70s, '80s, '90s, and '00s
Available
Available
303
N/A

text: Rock[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM #
Dish Network #

Alt Nation (replaced XM's Lucy)
Modern alternative rock
Available
Available
36
6036

The Beatles Channel
The Beatles music
Available
Available
18
N/A

The Bridge
Classic soft rock, adult contemporary, gold-based adult alternative
Available
Available
32
6032

Classic Rewind (formerly Big Tracks)
Later Classic rock from the late 1970s to early 1990s and Early Mainstream rock music and hits, a continuation from Vinyl
Available
Available
25
6025

Classic Vinyl (formerly Top Tracks)
Early Classic rock from the 1960s to mid 1970s
Available
Available
26
6026

Deep Tracks
Deep classic rock, progressive rock
Available
Available
27
6027

E Street Radio
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Music
Available
Available
20
6020

Elvis Radio
Elvis Presley Music
Available
Available
19
6019

1st Wave
New wave, late 1970s-1980s alternative rock and Deep Classic Alternative; post-punk, first wave punk, late 70s-80s punk rock (non-hardcore); "New Pop/New Music" and 1980s synthpop; 1980s college rock
Available
Available
33
6033

The Grateful Dead Channel
Music from the Grateful Dead
Available
Available
23
6023

Hair Nation (replaced XM's Big Tracks)
glam metal, hair metal, and hard rock music mostly from the 1980s
Available
Available
39
6039

Jam On
Jam bands
Available
Available
29
6029

Liquid Metal - xL
Mostly extreme metal, some hardcore, metalcore and Hard metal
Available
Available
40
6040

Lithium (formerly Lucy)
1990s alternative rock, grunge, and alternative metal
Available
Available
34
6034

The Loft (replaced Fine Tuning)
Singers-Songwriters, Eclectic Adult alternative and Eclectic acoustic rock
Available
Available
30
6030

Octane (replaced XM's xL SquiZZ)
Active rock, New hard rock
Available
Available
37
6036

Ozzy's Boneyard (formerly XM's xL Boneyard)
Classic hard rock and heavy metal
Available
Available
38
6037

Radio Margaritaville
Jimmy Buffett and other music appealing to Parrotheads
Available
Available
25
6025

SiriusXMU (replaced XM's XMU)
Indie / College / Unsigned
Available
Available
35
6035

The Spectrum (formerly XM's XM Café)
Adult album alternative
Available
Available
28
6028

Turbo - xL
1990s and 2000s hard rock, nu metal
Available
Available
41
N/A

Underground Garage
Little Steven's Underground Garage (Garage rock, rock n' roll, garage rock revival, indie rock, proto-punk, punk rock, surf rock, acid rock, pub rock, glam rock, soul music, funk, roots rock, British Invasion, boogie and blues rock, various others)
Available
Available
21
6021

text: Hip hop/R&B[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM #
Dish Network

BackSpin - XL (replaced XM's xL The Rhyme)
1970s-1990s hip hop, golden age hip hop, 1980's "new school" hip hop, old school hip hop, hip hop classics
Available
Available
43
6043 (formerly 6046)

SiriusXM Fly - XL
1990's-2000's Hip hop and R&B hits
Available
Available
47
6047

The Groove
1960s-1980s Old school R&B, funk, and disco
Available
Available
50
6050

Heart & Soul (replaced XM's Suite 62)
Urban Adult Contemporary and Adult R&B hits of the 1980s to Present
Available
Available
48
6048

The Heat
Rhythmic Contemporary, Urban Pop, Urban contemporary and Hip-hop and R&B hits
Available
Available
46
6046 (formerly 6047)

Hip-Hop Nation - XL (replaced XM's The City)
Modern Hip hop hits and Uncensored Hip-hop (replaced The City)
Available
Available
44
6044

The Joint
Reggae
Available
Available
42
6042

Shade 45 - XL (replaced XM's xL 66 Raw)
Progressive Hip hop music and Eminem's uncensored Hardcore hip-hop
Available
Available
45
6045

Soul Town (formerly Soul Revue) (replaced XM's Soul Street)
1960s, 1970s and 1980s Classic Soul and motown
Available
Available
49
6049

text: Dance/Electronica[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM Radio #
Dish Network

BPM
Current-based Dance hits
Available
Available
51
6051

Electric Area (formerly The Move)
Progressive trance, progressive house, various EDM and house music artists
Available
Available
52
6052

Sirius XM Chill
Chill out music, downtempo, ambient electronica / ambient house, trip hop, acid jazz, nu jazz, indietronica, chillwave
Available
Available
53
6053

Studio 54 Radio (formerly BBC Radio 1, Chrome (XM), and The Strobe)
Disco, freestyle music
Available
Available
54
6054 (formerly 6015)

Utopia
Dance hits from the 1990s and 2000s
Unavailable
Available
341
6055

text: Country[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM Radio #
Dish Network

The Highway (formerly Highway 16)
Modern Country Music and New Country music and hits of Today
Available
Available
56
6056

No Shoes Radio (Kenny Chesney's music channel)
Chesney's music plus Jimmy Buffett, easy listening, easy country, Caribbean, relaxing
Available
Available
57
6057

Prime Country (formerly US Country)
Classic Country from the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s)
Available
Available
58
6058

Willie's Roadhouse (formerly The Roadhouse and Willie's Place)
Classic country and Willie Nelson's Texas Traditional Country
Available
Available
59
6059

Outlaw Country (formerly X Country)
Outlaw country and Country music from the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s
Available
Available
60
6060

Y2Kountry
2000's Country music
Available
Available
61
6061

Bluegrass Junction
Bluegrass
Available
Available
62
6062

text: Christian[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
Dish Network #

enLighten
Southern Gospel
Available
Available
6065

Kirk Franklin's Praise (formerly Spirit)
Gospel, created by Kirk Franklin
Available
Available
6064

The Message
Contemporary Christian
Available
Available
6063

text: Jazz/Blues/Standards[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM Radio #
Dish Network

Watercolors
Smooth Jazz
Available
Available
66
6066

Real Jazz
Traditional Jazz
Available
Available
67
6067

Spa
New Age/Ambient Music
Available
Available
68
6068

Escape
Beautiful music
Available
Available
69
6069

Siriusly Sinatra (formerly High Standards)
Standards, Jazz, and Swing
Available
Available
71
6071

On Broadway
Showtunes
Available
Available
72
6072

40s Junction (formerly 40s on 4)
Big Band, Swing and Pop Hits from the 1940s
Available
Available
73
6073

B. B. King's Bluesville
Blues
Available
Available
74
6074

text: Classical[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

Metropolitan Opera Radio
Opera
Available
Available

Sirius XM Pops
Popular classical
Unavailable
Available

Symphony Hall
Classical music
Available
Available

text: Family and health[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet
SiriusXM #

Doctor Radio
Health and medical information
Available
Available
81

Kids Place Live
Children's
Available
Available
78

Kidz Bop Radio
Today's pop songs covered by the Kidz Bop kids
Available
Available
77

Radio Classics
Old Time Radio
Available
Available
148

Radio Disney
Radio Disney music and hits
Available
Available
79

Rural Radio
Agricultural news & western lifestyle
Available
Available
147

text: Sports[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

At the Races
Horse racing
Available
Available

ESPN Radio
Sports Talk
Available
Available

ESPN Xtra
Sports News
Available
Available

Mad Dog Sports Radio
Sports Talk created and hosted by Chris "Mad Dog" Russo
Available
Available

MLB Network Radio
Major League Baseball Channel
Available
Available

Fox Sports Radio
Sports Talk
Available
Available

ESPNU Radio
Sports Talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM Fantasy Sports Radio
Sports Talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM FC
Soccer Talk & Play-By-Play
Available
Available

Sirius XM NASCAR Radio
NASCAR Racing and Talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM NBA Radio
Sports Talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM NFL Radio
Sports Talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM NHL Network Radio
National Hockey League talk & play-by-play
Available
Available

Sirius XM PGA Tour Radio
Live PGA Tour golf and talk
Available
Available

NBC Sports Radio
Sports talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM Rush[1]
Combat sports
Available
Available

text: Comedy[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

SiriusXM Comedy Greats - xL
Uncensored Comedy featuring the Greatest Comedians of All-Time, Jay Thomas, Craig Ferguson
Available
Available

Comedy Central Radio - xL
Uncensored Comedy from Comedy Central
Available
Available

Kevin Hart's Laugh Out Loud Radio - xL
Kevin Hart's's comedy and shows
Available
Available

Jeff & Larry's Comedy Roundup - xL (formerly Blue Collar Radio)
Uncensored Comedy with Larry the Cable Guy and Jeff Foxworthy
Available
Available

Laugh USA
Family Comedy
Available
Available

Raw Dog Comedy - xL
Stand-up comedy, Uncensored Comedy and Bennington
Available
Available

text: Entertainment[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

Radio Andy - XL
Andy Cohen's radio station for Uncensored talk
Available
Available

Entertainment Weekly Radio
Pop Culture News and Reviews
Available
Availablel

Howard 100 and Howard 101 - XL
Howard Stern's uncensored channels of The Howard Stern Show and The World of Howard Stern
Available
Available

Faction Talk - XL
Uncensored Talk with Jim Norton & Sam Roberts, The Jason Ellis Show
U.S. only
U.S. only

Sirius XM Stars - XL
Women's Uncensored Talk and Entertainment
Available
Available

Today Show Radio 108
Live TV Show with Jessica Ettinger's Behind the Scenes interviews NBC Today
Available
Unavailable

text: Talk, news, and public radio[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

BBC World Service
News
Available
Available

Bloomberg Radio
Simulcast of WBBR in New York City
Available
Available

Business Radio
Financial news, operated by the Wharton School
Available
Available

C-SPAN Radio
U.S. Government Hearings and Public Affairs
Available
Available

CNBC
Financial news (TV simulcast)
Available
Available

CNN
News (TV simulcast)
Available
Available

Fox Business
Financial news (TV simulcast)
Available
Available

Fox News Channel
News (TV simulcast)
Available
Available

HLN
News (TV simulcast)
Available
Available

MSNBC
News (TV simulcast)
Available
Available

NPR Now
NPR programs arranged specifically for SIRIUS
Available
Available

P.O.T.U.S
Political talk
Available
Available

Public Radio Exchange
Public radio
Available
Available

SiriusXM Patriot
Conservative Talk
Available
Available

SiriusXM Progress
Liberal Talk
U.S. only
Available

SiriusXM Insight
Public radio
Available
Available

SiriusXM Urban View
African-American talk
Available
Available

text: Religion[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

The Catholic Channel
Catholic Lifestyle
Available
Available

EWTN Global Catholic Network
Catholic programming
Available
Available

FamilyTalk
Christian Sermons & Talk Radio
Available
Available

Joel Osteen Radio
Inspirational
Available
Available

text: Traffic/weather[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

Atlanta/Baltimore/Washington, D.C.
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

Boston/Philadelphia/Pittsburgh
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

Chicago/Detroit
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

Dallas-Fort Worth/Houston/Phoenix
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

Las Vegas/Minneapolis/St. Louis
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

Los Angeles
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

Miami/Orlando/Tampa-St. Petersburg
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

New York
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

San Diego/San Francisco/Seattle
Traffic and weather
Available
Unavailable

text: More[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

BYU Radio
Brigham Young University College Radio/Talk
Available
Available

HBCU
Howard University & HBCUs College Radio/Talk
Available
Available

H.U.R. Voices
Howard University College Radio/Talk
Available
Available

Korea Today
Korean music, news, & entertainment
Available
Available

Road Dog Trucking
Trucking talk
Available
Available

Sirius XM 147
Music
Available
Available

text: Latin (in Spanish), French, Canadian, and international[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Satellite
Internet

beIN Sports en Español
Sports
U.S. only
U.S. only

Caliente (in Spanish)
Tropical/Latin pop
Available
Available

Canada 360
Canadian News & Weather
Available
Available

Canada Laughs - XL
Uncensored Canadian comedy
Available
Available

Canada Talks
Canadian current affairs & talk
Available
Available

CBC Music: Sonica
Adult Alternative Artists.
Available
Available

CBC Radio 3
Canadian Indie Music
Available
Available

CBC Radio One
Canadian news and information (special national feed)
Available
Available

CNN en Español
News
Available
Available

Cristina Radio
Advice and Current Affairs
Available
Available

En Vivo
Contemporary English & Spanish Hits
Available
Available

ESPN Deportes Radio
Sports
U.S. only
U.S. only

Iceberg Radio
Canadian Adult Alternative
Available
Available

Ici Musique Chansons
French Variety Music
Available
Available

Ici Musique FrancoCountry
Francophone & Canadian Country-Folk
Available
Available

Ici Radio-Canada Première
Radio Canada News & Information (simulcast of CBF-FM Montreal)
Available
Available

Influence Franco
Indie Pop Alternative
Available
Available

The Joint
Reggae, occasionally dancehall, lovers rock, and ska
Available
Available

American Latino Radio
Talk show radio
Available
Canada only

La Mezcla
Hits in Spanish and English
Available
Available

Latitude franco
French Chart Hits
Available
Available

MLB en Español
Sports
Available
Unavailable

Multicultural Radio
The Cultures of Canada
Available
Available

Radio Fórmula México
News
Available
Available

The Verge
Canadian New & Emerging Indie/Alternative
Available
Available

text: Internet radio only[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Status

70s/80s Pop
70s and 80s party music
U.S. only

80s/90s Pop
80s and 90s party music
U.S. only

90s/2K Pop
90s and 2000s party music
U.S. only

Aguila
Regional Mexican Ranchera music
Available

Caricia
Classic love ballads in both Spanish & English
U.S. only

Cinemagic
Movie soundtracks
U.S. only

Classic Rock Party
Classic rock party music
U.S. only

Country Christmas
Country Christmas music
U.S. only (seasonal)

Elevations
Cover songs
Available

The Emo Project
Emo Alternative rock, Screamo and Classic Pop punk
Available

Faction Punk - XL
Punk rock
Available

Flow Nación
Latin Urban Music
Available

The Girls' Room
Girl group music
U.S. only

Hip-Hop Party
Hip-hop party music
U.S. only

Holiday Pops
Classical Christmas carols
U.S. only (seasonal)

Holiday Soul
Soul/R&B/Motown Christmas music
U.S. only (seasonal)

Holiday Traditions
Traditional Christmas music
U.S. only (seasonal)

Holly
Contemporary Christmas music
U.S. only

Jazz at Lincoln Center
Jazz music from the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
U.S. only

Krishna Das Yoga Radio
Chanting, sacred & spiritual music
Available

La Kueva
Latin rock
Available

Latidos
Latin Love Songs
Available

Luna
Latin Jazz
Available

Navidad
Latin Christmas music
U.S. only

Neil Diamond Radio
Music by Neil Diamond
Available

New Wave Dance Party
New Wave party music
U.S. only

Oldies Party
50s and 60s party music
U.S. only

Pop Party Mix
Party music
U.S. only

Punk Party
Punk music
U.S. only

Radio Hanukkah
Hanukkah music
U.S. only (seasonal)

Red, White & Booze
Country bar songs
Available

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Radio
Artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Available

RockBar
1950's & 1960's Rock 'n' Roll Jukebox oldies and songs
Available

Rockin' Frat Party
College rock songs
U.S. only

Rumbón
Classic salsa
Available

SiriusXM Comes Alive!
Live classic rock
Available

Sirius XM Fly - XL
Hip-hop & R&B hits from the 1990s and 2000s
U.S. only

Sirius XM Pops
Classical pops
U.S. only

SiriusXM Silk
Smooth R&B love songs
Available

Tiësto's Club Life Radio
Electronic dance
Available

Tom Petty's Buried Treasure
Music by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Available

Velvet
Pop vocalists
Available

The Village
Folk music
U.S. only

Viva
Latin Pop Hits
Available

Yacht Rock Radio
Smooth-sailing soft rock from the 1970s and 1980s
Available

text: Other formats[edit]

text:
Name
Format
Status

TheBlaze Radio
Conservative libertarian talk
U.S. only

Carlin's Corner - XL
Uncensored stand-up comedy with George Carlin
Available

Dirty Dog - XL
Down & Dirtiest Comedy
Unavailable

Entretenimiento SiriusXM
Showbiz
Available

Fox News Talk
Talk radio
Available

Jason Ellis - XL
Talk
Available

Just for Laughs Radio - XL
Canadian Comedy
Unavailable

SiriusXM Comedy Showcase - XL
Comedy from The Comedy Club
Unavailable

Sirius XM Limited Engagements
Limited-run channels.
Available

Sirius XM on Demand
On Demand Sirius XM service
Available

Sirius XM Patriot Plus
Conservative talk
U.S. only

Sirius XM Progress Plus
Liberal talk
U.S. only

SportsCenter
Sound simulcast of latest episode from ESPN
Available

UCB Radio - XL
Skits, Sketches and Underground Comedy
Unavailable

Vivid Radio - XL
Sex talk
U.S. only

text: Notes[edit]

text: Most internet channels can be "personalized" through a menu of sliders referring to specific elements which can be adjusted. This does not apply to such stations as the "party" stations.

text: For example, Classic Vinyl can be adjusted as such:

text:
Classic hits (plays classic rock hits from the sixties to seventies) versus depth (plays lesser-known tracks)
Earlier (sixties) versus later (seventies) Vinyl
The amount of British artists on the station

tag: ul

text: Also available is the ability to have the station only play music without interruptions.

text: xL[edit]

text: "xL" is a designation and rating in which the channel is uncensored, and contains explicit language or mature programming that may be offensive to some viewers and may be unsuitable for children to listen to. Before the SiriusXM merger, Sirius's channels containing uncensored content were listed as either "Uncensored" or "Uncut" instead, with XM using the "xL" rating. On DirecTV listings, XM's xL-rated Channels are listed as "TV-MA" for profanity.

text: List of xL Channels:

text: Sirius Satellite Radio[edit]

text:
Hip-Hop Nation - Uncut Hip Hop
BackSpin - Old Skool Rap
Shade 45 - Eminem's Uncut Hip-Hop
Hot Jamz - Hip-Hop and R&B Hits
Raw Dog Comedy - Uncensored Comedy
Faction - Punk, Hip-Hop, Hard Rock Mix

text: XM Satellite Radio[edit]

text:
xL Boneyard - Uncensored Classic Hard rock hits of the 1980s
xL XMLM - Uncensored Heavy Metal
xL Ethel - Today's New Alternative hits (Used to be DJ-free and xL, but lost its "xL" Rating and was hosted by DJs every now and then.)
xL SquiZZ - Uncensored New Hard Rock and Hard Alternative
xL The Rhyme - Big Snoop Dogg's Uncensored Old school Hip-hop/Rap
xL RAW - New Uncut Hip-Hop
xL High Voltage - The Opie and Anthony Show
xL XM Comedy - Uncensored Comedy
xL Laugh Attack - Uncensored Canadian Comedy
xL Extreme XM - Extreme Talk

text: Online Channels[edit]

text:
xL Carlin's Corner - The One and Only George Carlin, 24/7
xL Dirty Dog - Down & Dirtiest Comedy (Discontinued)
xL UCB Radio - Skits, Sketches & Underground Comedy from the Upright Citizens Brigade (Discontinued now)
xL SiriusXM Comedy Showcase - The Comedy Club (Now Discontinued)
xL Sway's Universe - Lifestyle with Sway Calloway
xL Vivid Radio - Hot Sex Radio Talk
xL Faction Punk - Uncensored Punk Rock, 24/7

text: Current xL Channels[edit]

text:
xL Radio Andy - Uncensored Talk with Andy Cohen
xL SiriusXM Fly - Hip-Hop and R&B Hits of the 90's and 2000's
xL Howard 100 - The Howard Stern Show
xL Howard 101 - The World of Howard Stern
xL Faction Talk -Talk with Jim Norton, Sam Roberts and Jason Ellis
xL Canada Laughs - Uncensored Canadian Comedy
xL SiriusXM Turbo - Hard rock from the 90's & 2000's
xL BackSpin - Old School Rap & Classic Hip-hop hits
xL Hip-Hop Nation - Uncensored Hip-Hop hits and Modern Hip-hop
xL Shade 45 - Eminem's Uncensored Hardcore Hip-Hop and Progressive Hip-hop
xL Comedy Central Radio - Uncensored comedy from Comedy Central
xL Vivid Radio - Hot Sex Talk
xL Sirius XM Stars - Women's Uncensored Talk and Entertainment
xL SiriusXM Comedy Greats - Uncensored Comedy with the Greatest Comedians of All-Time
xL Jeff & Larry's Comedy Roundup (formerly Blue Collar Radio) - Uncensored All-American Comedy with Larry the Cable Guy and Jeff Foxworthy
xL Kevin Hart's Laugh Out Loud Radio - Uncensored Urban Comedy with Kevin Hart
xL Raw Dog Comedy - Uncensored Comedy
xL Liquid Metal - Heavy metal and Extreme metal
xL Jason Ellis - The Jason Ellis Show
xL Carlin's Corner - Uncensored Comedy presented by George Carlin
xL Que Funny! - Uncensored Hispanic Comedy en Espanol

text: Former XL Channels[edit]

text:
XL Ethel - Today's NEW Alternative Rock and Modern Rock Hits (Lost its "xL" Explicit Language rating since 2004)
Playboy Radio - Adult Entertainment programming (Cancelled since 2013)
xL Dirty Dog - Down & Dirtiest Comedy (Discontinued since 2014)
Sirius OutQ - LGBT News, Talk & Entertainment for Gay & Lesbian people (discontinued since 2016)
xL Outlaw Country - Alternative Country and Outlaw Country (Lost its "XL" Rating since in the Later 2010s)
xL SiriusXM Comedy Showcase - The Comedy Club (discontinued since 2014(
xL UCB Radio - Skits & Underground Comedy (discontinued since 2014)
xL The Foxxhole - Uncensored Urban comedy, Urban contemporary, Hip-hop and R&B hits with Jamie Foxx

text: Infinity Radio Channel Lineup in 2006[edit]

text: Pop[edit]

text:
01 - XMX - XM Featured Shows
02 - The Blend - Mainstream Adult Contemporary and Lite Pop hits
03 - The Heart - Love Songs, Soft Adult Contemporary and Lite rock hits
04 - Escape - Easy Listening and Beautiful Instrumentals
05 - 50s on 5 - 50's Pop Hits
06 - 60s on 6 - 60's Pop Hits
07 - 70s on 7 - 70's Pop Hits
08 - 80s on 8 - 80's Pop Hits
09 - 90s on 9 - 90's Pop Hits
10 - On the Rocks - Lounge music
11 - U-Pop - Global Chart Hits and International Pop Hits
12 - Flight 26 - Hot adult contemporary and Modern Adult Pop Hits from the 1990s and Now

text: Rock[edit]

text:
13 - No Shoes Radio - Kenny Chesney's Country music, 24/7
14 - Big Tracks - 2nd generation Later Classic rock hits of the '70s & '80s
15 - Top Tracks - Classic Album Cuts and 60's and 70's Early Classic Rock hits from the 1st Generation
16 - Deep Tracks - Deep Album Cuts Classic rock
17 - XM Music Lab - Progressive rock and Jambands
18 - XM Café - Soft Alternative, Modern Adult Alternative and Mellow alternative rock
19 - xL The Boneyard - Classic Hard Rock hits from the 1980s
20 - xL SquiZZ - Uncensored New Hard rock and Hard Alternative hits
21 - Ethel - New Alternative Rock and Modern Rock hits
22 - Fred - Deep Classic Alternative hits of the 70's and 80's
23 - xL Fungus - Punk, Hardcore rock and Ska rock
24 - Fine Tuning - Eclectic music
25 - The Flow - Contemporary R&B and Neo-soul
26 - XMU - Indie and College rock hits
27 - xL XM Liquid Metal - Uncensored Hard and heavy metal hits
28 - XM Vintage
29 - The Who Channel - The Who music, 24/7
30 - The Writer
31 - The Island
32 - The Joint - Reggae music

text: Dance[edit]

text:
33 - The Move - Underground Dance
34 - The System - Electronica Dance music
35 - XM Chill - Smooth Electronica music
36 - BPM - Top 40 Dance Hits
37 - Chrome - Classic Dance and Retro Disco music

text: Hip-Hop[edit]

text:
40 - The City - Urban Top 40 and Urban Contemporary hits
43 - xL The Rhyme - Uncensored Old school Hip-hop
45 - xL Raw - Modern Rap and New Uncut, Uncensored Hip-Hop hits
47 - SXM- xL Fly - Hip-Hop and R&B Hits from the 1990s and 2000s
50 - The Heat - Today's Rhythmic Top 40, Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop and Urban-leaning Rhythmic Contemporary Hits
51 - Suite 62 - Urban Adult Contemporary and Adult R&B Hits
53 - Soul Street - 60's, 70's and 80's Classic Soul and Motown music

text: Country[edit]

text:
60 - Highway 16 - Today's New Country Hits
61 - U.S. Country - Later Classic Country Hits and Superstar Country Hits of the 80's and 90's
62 - America - Early Classic Country hits of the 60's and 70's
63 - X Country - Progressive Country and Americana music
64 - Willie's Place (formerly Hank's Place) - Texas Traditional Country Hits
65 - Bluegrass Junction - Bluegrass music

text: Christian[edit]

text:
66 - The Message (formerly The Fish) - Adult Contemporary Christian and Christian Pop & Rock
67 - enLighten - Southern Gospel music
68 - Spirit - Black Gospel and Urban Contemporary Gospel

text: Jazz[edit]

text:
70 - Beyond Jazz - Modern Jazz and Contemporary Eclectic Jazz
71 - Watercolors - Contemporary Jazz Instrumentals and Smooth Jazz
72 - Real Jazz - Mainstream Traditional Jazz and Contemporary Jazz
73 - Audio Visions - New Age music
74 - Bluesville - Blues music

text: Standards[edit]

text:
75 - Frank's Place - Sinatra, Standards and Swing
76 - Cinemagic - Movie Soundtracks Music
77 - On Broadway - Show Tunes music

text: Classical[edit]

text:
80 - XM Classics - Traditional Classical
85 - VOX - BBC UK Operas and Classical Vocal Operas
86 - XM Pops - Classical Pops music

text: Latino and World[edit]

text:
90 - Fuego (formerly Alegria) - Reggaeton, Latin Hip-Hop/Rap and Hispanic Rhythmic
92 - Caliente - Tropical Caribbean Rhythms
93 - Sunny - Beautiful Instrumentals and Easy Listening
94 - KISS - Today's Top 40 Contemporary Hits
95 - The Verge - New & Emerging Canadian Indie and Alternative rock
98 - Rolling Stones Radio - All Rolling Stones, 24/7

text: the ViRUS[edit]

text:
100 - Opie and Anthony - xL
101 - Ron and Fez

text: Comedy[edit]

text:
102 - Take Five - Women's Talk and Entertainment
103 - National Lampoon Comedy Radio - National Lampoon Comedy, 24/7
104 - xL XM Comedy - Uncensored Comedy and Stand-Ups
105 - Laugh USA - Family Comedy
106 - XM OutQ - LGBT News, Talk and Entertainment for Gay and Lesbian people

text: Entertainment[edit]

text:
107 - E! Entertainment Radio - E! Programming
108 - xL Extreme Talk - Extreme Talk
110 - P.O.T.U.S. - Political Talk
111 - xL Cosmo Radio - Cosmopolitan Radio
112 - Oprah and Friends - Talk with Oprah Winfrey
113 - XM Live! - Live Concerts

text: Family and Health[edit]

text:
114 - Lifetime Radio
115 - Radio Disney - Radio Disney music, 24/7
116 - XM Kids - Children's music
117 - Sonic Theater - Books and Drama
118 - Radio Classics - Old Time Radio
119 - Discovery Channel Radio - Discovery Channel programming

text: Former channels[edit]

text: (Most recent changes on top)

text:
Classic College Radio
Oprah Radio – self-help talk
Top 20 on 20 - was a hits station whose song list was determined by listener voting (dropped on July 17, 2014).
World Radio Network - was "An international tour of the news from broadcasters worldwide" (dropped April 25, 2013)[2][3]
Martha Stewart Living Radio - was a variety of programming channel (dropped February 18, 2013)
Playboy Radio - was an uncensored adult content station (dropped on March 14, 2013)
Fox News Talk - conservative talk radio operated by the Fox Broadcasting Company (dropped on February 14, 2013)
BBC Radio 1 - modern and current popular radio station operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation (dropped on August 9, 2011)[4]
Rumbón (83) - was a tropical/reggaeton radio station (replaced by Caliente on November 12, 2008); later revived on a different channel
SIRIUS Disorder (33) - was a Freeform/Eclectic radio station (dropped on November 12, 2008)
The Beat (36) - Was a Top 40 Dance Hits station (Replaced by XM's BPM on November 12, 2008)
Sirius Super Shuffle (12) - was an adult hits station (dropped from online service November 12, 2008)
Universo Latino (90) - Universo Latino is a Spanish Pop mixed music radio station (dropped on November 12, 2008)
Boombox (39) - Boombox was a Breakbeat and Old Skool remix radio station on Sirius Satellite Radio channel 39 and DISH Network channel 6034, (dropped on November 12, 2008)
Hot Jamz (50) - Hip-Hop, Urban Contemporary and R&B (replaced by XM's The Heat on November 12, 2008)
E! Entertainment Radio (107) - Entertainment news and Celebrity Gossip, (dropped on November 12, 2008)
Punk (29) - Was a Punk and Ska radio station. On September 15, 2008, it was replaced with a 24-hour AC/DC channel.
Client 9 Radio (126) - Talk channel ran from March 14, 2008 at 5:00 pm ET through midnight on March 17, 2008 to discuss the Eliot Spitzer scandal.[5]
LIME Radio (114) - Healthy Lifestyle (dropped February 13, 2008).
Court TV Plus (110) - Live trial proceedings (dropped January 1, 2008) -- channel now broadcasts "POTUS".
ABC News & Talk (143) - News/talk and entertainment from ABC (dropped September 24, 2007).
Planet Jazz (70) - Modern Jazz and Contemporary Jazz music (dropped September 7, 2007)
The Who Channel (29) - The Who music (dropped April 1, 2007)
Discovery Channel Radio (119) - Discovery Channel programming (dropped February 14, 2007).
Revolution (67) - Christian rock (dropped February 14, 2007).
Sports Byline USA (122) - Sports Talk and Play-by-Play (dropped February 14, 2007).
Rolling Stones Radio (98) - All Rolling Stones music (dropped January 1, 2007).
PRI (136) - Global Issues (dropped September 25, 2006).
BBC Mundo (182) - (in Spanish) News, (dropped September 25, 2006)
Classical Voices (85) - Opera, (dropped September 25, 2006)
WSM Entertainment Radio (117) - Simulcast of 650 WSM in Nashville. Broadcast the Grand Ole Opry (dropped September 13, 2006).
Sirius RIGHT (145) - Some programming from this channel was merged into Sirius Patriot (dropped March 14, 2006).
Sirius Advice (117) - Advice programming. Upon deletion, programs were added to other Sirius channels (dropped March 14, 2006).
Mexicana (91) - Played Regional Mexican music (dropped March 14, 2006).
EWTN Radio Catolica Mundial (180) - Spanish language Catholic programming (dropped March 14, 2006).
Remix (62) - Played exclusive remixes of modern dance music (dropped September 29, 2005).
Wax (42) - Featured mixed and remixed hip-hop (dropped September 29, 2005).
Slow Jamz (52) - Featured modern soft R&B and Soul ballads (dropped September 29, 2005).
Swing Street (73) - Played swing music from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s (dropped September 29, 2005).
Folk Town (38) - Played contemporary and traditional folk music (dropped September 29, 2005).
Hispanic Talk (181) - Featured Spanish language talk radio (replaced with "ESPN Deportes" on December 1, 2005).
The Weather Channel Radio (110,111,112) - Provided continual weather forecasts (dropped September 29, 2005).
Wisdom Radio (132) - Dedicated to new age thinkers and life improvement methods. Rebranded as "Lime" on September 29, 2005.
The Word Network (161) - Featured Gospel music and urban ministries from a Protestant and Gospel perspective (dropped September 29, 2005).
Air America Radio (144) - Featured liberal talk radio, mainly which were Air America personalities. Dropped in July 2005 when Air America went exclusively with XM Satellite Radio.
Vacation (97) - Played island vacation music—replaced with "Radio Margaritaville" in June 2005.
Talk for Women (Our Time) (131) - Featured women-oriented talk and entertainment programming (dropped May 2005).
Street Beat (44) - Featured rap and New Hip-hop hits (dropped October 2004).
La Red Hispana (117) - Featured news and talk programming in Spanish (replaced with "Hispanic Talk" in July 2004).
Planet Dance (63) - Played mainstream dance music (replaced with "Area 63"—now Area—in July 2004).
Radio Deportivo (128) - Featured sports programming in Spanish (dropped July 2004).
The Border (36) - Played alternative country (replaced with "Outlaw Country" in April 2004).
Country Road (32) - Played a mix of classic country and modern country (replaced with "Prime Country" in January 2004).
House Party (60) - Played house music (dropped January 2004).
The Vortex (64) - Played trance music (dropped January 2004).
Planet Rhyme (41) - Featured international hip-hop (dropped January 2004).
Vista (82) - Played chamber music (dropped January 2004).
Soundscapes (98) - Played new age music (dropped January 2004).
SIRIUS Sessions (100) - Played live music (dropped January 2004).
Sirius Entertainment (135) - Featured programming about celebrities and the world of entertainment (replaced with "Our Time - Talk for Women" in January 2004).
A&E Satellite Radio (137) - Featured programming from the A&E television network (dropped January 2004).
Radio Amigo (140) - A Spanish language talk channel (dropped January 2004).
Radio Mujer (141) - A Spanish language talk channel (dropped January 2004).
The Express (44) - Old School/Funk R&B (dropped February 2003).
106.7 Lite FM (13) - Simulcast of WLTW 106.7 Lite FM in New York City (dropped December 2003)


document_title: Matthew 7:12

question_text: where in the bible is the golden rule

question_tokens: where in the bible is the golden rule

root

text: Matthew 7:12

text: Matthew 7:12 is the twelfth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This well known verse presents what has become known as the Golden Rule.

tag: p

text: In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:

text: The World English Bible translates the passage as:

text: For a collection of other versions see BibleGateway Matthew 7:12

text: This verse is considered to be a summation of the entire sermon. Some editions append it to the end of Matthew 7:7-11, and the rule does seem to be an expansion on the teaching about prayer in that section. However, the word therefore and the mention of the law and the prophets implies that this is a more far reaching teaching. Davies and Allison note that this is indicated by the mention of the law and the prophets, which links the verse back to Matthew 5:17, the start of the teaching on ethics. The verse is most closely linked with the teaching to "love thy enemies" in Matthew 5:44.[1] In Luke 6:31 the Rule is present just after the teaching about enemies, making the link even more explicit. Luz notes that as well as summarizing the sermon, this rule also adapts it to normal life. While verses like Matthew 5:29 seem incompatible with reality, the teachings in this verse can reasonably be attempted by all.[2]

text: Richard Thomas France notes that the negative form of the Golden Rule, or the "Silver Rule" as it is sometimes called: 'don't do to others what you don’t want them to do to you', appears in several works of Greek philosophy and also in earlier Jewish writings. It also appears in other traditions such as Buddhism and Confucianism.

text: When Jesus spoke to the Sadducees, his words would have been most familiar to them. In the Torah, Moses gives The Shema to his people in the book of Deuteronomy 6:4-9, the most important of all Jewish prayers. It is a declaration of faith and a pledge of allegiance to God. Twice daily, recitation of the Shema Israel is a mitzvah for the Jewish people -- it is said upon rising in the morning and going to sleep at night. It is said when praising God and when petitioning him. The Shema Israel is the first prayer taught to Jewish children and it is the last words a Jew says before death. The Shema is recited in preparation for the reading of the Torah on the Sabbath and Jewish holidays and at the end of the holiest day, Yom Kippur. Judaism teaches that the name of God is not read aloud in the Shema; it is replaced with Adonai ("my Lord")

text: As Reginald H. Fuller says in his Preaching the New Lectionary:

text: "The summary of the law is not original with Jesus. Its two parts represent a combination of Dt 6:5 and Lev 19:18. Nor is the combination itself original to Jesus, for it is found in at least one earlier Jewish work, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, an amalgam of wisdom and apocalyptic materials.

text: "Jesus’ thought was similarly cast in both molds, wisdom and apocalyptic, and the summary of the Law represents the wisdom facet of his teaching. Jesus undoubtedly appeared not only as the final apocalyptic preacher but also as the authoritative declarer of God’s wisdom.

text: "In the Jewish parallels, the two commandments stand side by side, as a convenient summary. Jesus understands the interlocking of the two commandments in a new and quite radical way.

text: "You cannot have one without the other. Without the love of neighbor, the love of God remains a barren emotion; and without the love of God, love of neighbor is but a refined form of self-love." [3]

text: Luz notes that some scholars see the positive version as being very important because it instructs all disciples to work actively for the good of others, not simply to desist passively from doing harm. However, Luz notes that in actual implementation there is not a great deal of difference between the two formulations. He ascribes much of the efforts to divide the two ideas to anti-Judaic prejudices of many Biblical scholars. Early Christian writers saw little difference between the two versions, and several paraphrased this verse with the negative form.[4]

text: The good end does not justify the evil means. The Golden Rule may not be perverted to justify and an evil means.  St. Augustine noticed this problem and commented on how many redactors rephrased this verse as "whatsoever good you desire…"[5]

text: The concluding phrase indicates that Jesus is here presenting the Golden Rule as a valid summary for the entirety of moral law. It might also be a reference to Hillel, whose negative formulation of the Golden Rule ended with a similar statement that it represented the totality of Biblical teachings. The author of Matthew presents a second summation of religious law at Matthew 22:40, where Jesus tells his followers there are but two laws: to love God and to love neighbour. While phrased differently, these two basic laws are essentially the same.[6]


document_title: Häagen-Dazs

question_text: where are the dairies that make haagen dazs located

text: Häagen-Dazs

text: Origin of brand name[edit]

text: Reuben Mattus invented the "Häagen-Dazs" name supposedly as a tribute to Denmark's exemplary treatment of its Jews during the Second World War,[4] and included an outline map of Denmark on early labels. Mattus claimed the name was "Danish-sounding," although it is not Danish, which has neither an umlaut ä (rather, the ligature æ is the corresponding counterpart) nor a digraph zs, nor did the name have any meaning in any language before its creation.[5] (The surname Haagen, without an umlaut, does exist in Denmark.) Mattus felt that Denmark was known for its dairy products and had a positive image in the United States.[6] His daughter Doris Hurley reported in the 1999 PBS documentary An Ice Cream Show that her father sat at the kitchen table for hours saying nonsensical words until he came up with a combination he liked. The reason he chose this method was so that the name would be unique and original.[7]

text: Conflict with Frusen Glädjé[edit]

text: In 1980, Häagen-Dazs unsuccessfully sued Frusen Glädjé, an American ice cream maker founded that year, for using foreign branding strategies. The phrase frusen glädje—without the acute accent—is Swedish for "frozen delight".[8] In 1985, Frusen Glädjé was sold to Kraft General Foods. A Kraft spokeswoman stated that Kraft sold its Frusen Glädjé license to the Unilever corporation in 1993, but a spokesman for Unilever claimed that Frusen Glädjé was not part of the deal.[9] The brand has since disappeared.

text: Products[edit]

text: Häagen-Dazs ice cream comes in several traditional flavors as well as several esoteric flavors that are specific to the brand, such as Vanilla Swiss Almond and Bananas Foster. It is marketed as a "super-premium" brand: it is quite dense (very little air is mixed in during manufacture), uses no emulsifiers or stabilizers other than egg yolks, and has a high butterfat content. It is sold both in grocery stores and in dedicated retail outlets serving ice cream cones, sundaes, and so on.

text: Since 1992, most of the world's Häagen-Dazs products have been manufactured at a plant in Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines, France that is now controlled by General Mills.[10] In the United States and Canada, Häagen-Dazs is licensed to and produced by Nestlé subsidiary Dreyer's.[10] Häagen-Dazs entered the Japanese market in 1984 by forming a joint venture with Suntory and Takanashi Milk, which has produced their products there ever since.

text: To offset increasing costs of their ingredients and the delivery of the product, Häagen-Dazs announced that, in January 2009, it would be reducing the size of their ice cream cartons in the US from 16 US fl oz (470 ml) to 14 US fl oz (410 ml).[11] In March 2009, they announced that they would be shrinking the 32 US fl oz (950 ml) container to 28 US fl oz (830 ml).[12] In response, Ben & Jerry's said that they would not be changing the sizes of their cartons.[11][13]

text: History[edit]

text: Häagen-Dazs's founder Reuben Mattus was born in Poland in 1912 to Jewish parents. His father died during the First World War, and his widowed mother emigrated to New York City with her two children in 1921.[14] They joined an uncle who was in the Italian lemon-ice business in Brooklyn. By the late 1920s, the family began making ice pops, and by 1929, chocolate-covered ice cream bars and sandwiches under the name Senator Frozen Products on Southern Boulevard in the South Bronx, delivering them with a horse-drawn wagon to neighborhood stores in the Bronx.[4][5]

text: The Senator Frozen Products company was profitable, but by the 1950s the large mass-producers of ice cream started a price war,[clarification needed] leading to his decision to make a heavy kind of high-end ice cream. In 1959, he decided to form a new ice cream company with what he thought to be a Danish-sounding name, Häagen-Dazs,[4] a move known in the marketing industry as foreign branding.

text: The Pillsbury Company bought Häagen-Dazs in 1983. In 1999, Pillsbury and Nestlé merged their U.S. and Canadian ice cream operations into a joint venture called Ice Cream Partners. General Mills, in turn, bought Pillsbury in 2001 and succeeded to its interest in the joint venture.[15][16] That same year, Nestlé exercised its contractual right to buy out General Mills' interest in Ice Cream Partners, which included the right to a 99-year license for the Häagen-Dazs brand.[17][18] Since then, pursuant to that license, the Dreyer's subsidiary of Nestlé has produced and marketed Häagen-Dazs products in the United States and Canada.


document_title: Advanced Placement

question_text: when did ap classes start in high school

text: Advanced Placement

text: History[edit]

text: After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education.[2] The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan",[3] was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by three prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy—and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work.[4] The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955-56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin.

text: The College Board, a non-profit organization[5] based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955.[6] From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program.[7] It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities.[8] These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams.

text: In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.[9] Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses,[10] though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course.[11] Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.

text: As of the 2015 testing season, exams cost $91 each,[12] though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $26 or $28 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. Out of the $91, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student.[citation needed]

text: On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of  funding.[13][14] However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011.

text: Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online.[15]

text: The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2017, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 579,426 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 2,429 students.[16]

text: The AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days (two weeks).

text: Scoring[edit]

text: AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:[17]

text:
5 – Extremely well qualified
4 – Well qualified
3 – Qualified
2 – Possibly qualified
1 – No recommendation

text: The multiple choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable.  The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year.[18]

text: Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit.[19] Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score.[20] Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.

text: In addition, completing AP courses help students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.[21]

text: Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams.[22][23] Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased.

text: Score reporting[edit]

text: Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service.[24] Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account,[25] to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code[26] is assigned.

text: Exam subsidies[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized the cost.  For example, the state of Florida reimburses schools districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses. The Los Angeles Unified School District, the Montebello Unified School District, the Hawaii Department of Education, New York City Department of Education, and the state of Indiana subsidize all AP Examination fees in subjects of math and science, and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class.

text: Advanced Placement courses[edit]

text: There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program.[27] A complete list of courses can be found below:

text:
AP Art History
AP Biology
AP Calculus AB
AP Calculus BC
AP Chemistry
AP Chinese Language and Culture
AP Computer Science A
AP Computer Science Principles
AP English Language and Composition
AP English Literature and Composition
AP Environmental Science
AP European History
AP French Language and Culture
AP German Language and Culture

AP Government and Politics: Comparative
AP Government and Politics: United States
AP Human Geography
AP Italian Language and Culture
AP Japanese Language and Culture
AP Latin
AP Macroeconomics
AP Microeconomics
AP Music Theory
AP Physics 1
AP Physics 2
AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism
AP Physics C: Mechanics

AP Psychology
AP Research (Second part of the AP Capstone program)
AP Seminar (First part of the AP Capstone program)
AP Statistics
AP Spanish Language and Culture
AP Spanish Literature and Culture
AP Studio Art: 2-D Design
AP Studio Art: 3-D Design
AP Studio Art: Drawing
AP United States History
AP World History

text: Recent and upcoming exam changes[edit]

text:
AP World History
This exam will also undergo the same basic changes to the 2014-2015 United States History and 2015-2016 European History exams.[28]
Shortened multiple-choice section with 55 questions, accounting for 40% of the total exam score. These are reduced from 70 questions and 50% in previous years, respectively.
Four short-answer questions in place of one of the long essays, accounting for 20% of the total exam score. These questions are given a 50-minute writing period.
Document-based question (DBQ) and the remaining long essay now account for 25% and 15% of the exam score respectively. New writing periods of 55 minutes and 35 minutes respectively are given instead of the combined 120-minute writing period for all three essays in previous exams.
AP Calculus AB
Time format changed
Addition of L'Hôpital's rule
AP Calculus BC
Addition of limit comparison tests, absolute and conditional convergence, and the alternating series.

text:
AP United States Government and Politics[29]
Section I (MCQ) will be extended from 60 questions in 45 minutes to 55 questions in 80 minutes. It will still count towards 50% of the total exam score.
The questions will feature a greater use of scenarios and stimulus material.
The number of answer choices for each question will be reduced from five to four.
Section II (FRQ) will include five questions (instead of four) in 100 minutes (the same amount of time as the current exam).
Two will be short answer concept application questions, one with a scenario and one without.
One will be a quantitative analysis and interpretation question with a visual stimulus.
One will be a qualitative analysis and interpretation question with text and/or visual excerpts.
One will be an argumentation essay requiring supporting evidence and reasoning.

text: Recent exam information[edit]

text: Below are statistics from the 2014 year of exams showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of three (3) or higher, and the average score. (Students generally need a score of three (3) or higher to receive credit or benefit).

text:
2014 scoring results

Exam name

Number administered

Scored ≥3 (%)

Mean score

Art History

23,213

59.6

2.82

Biology

213,294

64.2

2.91

Calculus AB

294,072

58.9

2.94

Calculus BC

93,180

84.6

4.02

Chemistry

148,554

52.8

2.68

Chinese Language

10,728

94.5

4.43

Computer Science

39,278

61.2

2.96

English Language

505,244

55.8

2.79

English Literature

397,477

55.0

2.76

Environmental Science

130,321

47.3

2.60

European History

110,297

59.5

2.65

French Language

21,268

78.0

3.36

German Language

5,111

73.3

3.34

United States Government

271,043

50.7

2.62

Comparative Government

20,361

62.0

3.09

Human Geography

136,448

52.0

2.64

Italian Language

2,331

69.6

3.23

Japanese Language

2,311

75.9

3.56

Latin

6,542

65.8

3.05

Macroeconomics

117,209

57.8

2.89

Microeconomics

74,049

65.6

3.07

Music Theory

17,176

62.7

3.07

Physics B

93,574

60.7

2.89

Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism

20,765

70.8

3.51

Physics C: Mechanics

47,000

76.7

3.56

Psychology

259,789

65.5

3.09

Spanish Language

135,341

89.3

3.72

Spanish Literature

20,118

74.5

3.14

Statistics

184,173

59.6

2.86

Studio Art: 2-D Design

26,811

78.5

3.33

Studio Art: 3-D Design

4,256

67.5

3.04

Studio Art: Drawing

16,928

77.5

3.27

United States History

462,766

52.4

2.76

World History

245,699

54.5

2.66

Total

4,135,962

text: One issue to consider is the fact that not all AP students take their course's test. The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test.[30] On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam.[31]

text: However, "It has recently become clear . . . that these estimations of overall participation rates mask the variability in participation rates across AP examinations."[32] For example, one study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus.[33] The largest study on this topic found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus).[34] History exams tend to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam.[32] This same study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%.[32]

text: In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Decreasing quality[edit]

text: In the 21st century, independent educational researchers began to question whether AP could maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth.[35] Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes.[36] Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.[35][37]

text: Passing scores and university credit[edit]

text: University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score.[38] Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities.[when?] Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.[39]

text: Academic achievement[edit]

text: Independent researchers in education have since 2010 studied the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them".[40]

text: Two other studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement.[41] The largest study of this sort, with a sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables.[42] This led the authors to state that AP participation "... is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses ..."[42]:p. 414

text: School quality[edit]

text: Several states use Advanced Placement data for accountability purposes, and U.S. News and World Report use data on Advanced Placement course offerings and participation to rank high schools.[43] However, studies of local school districts[44] and the United States as a whole[45] show that increasing AP participation does not increase the overall academic achievement or school quality at the group (e.g., high school, racial/ethnic group, nation) level. This led one researcher to state, "Clearly, offering AP alone will not magically turn a failing school into a successful one."[46]


document_title: Student Government in the Philippines

question_text: what is the purpose of supreme student government

text: Student Government in the Philippines

text:
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text:
Student Government Program
Supreme Pupil Government (elementary)
Supreme Student Government (secondary)
Programa para sa Pamahalaan ng mga Mag-aaralKataas-taasang Pamahalaan ng mga Mag-aaral

Abbreviation
SGP/SPG/SSGa

Formation
2003 (Supreme Student Government institutionalized)
2014 (Supreme Pupil and Supreme Student Governments unified and institutionalized)

Type
Student Government (Supreme Pupil Government in elementary schools and Supreme Student Governments in secondary schools of the Philippines)

Headquarters
DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City

Location

 Philippines

Region served

All regions, except ARMM

Membership

all enrolled elementary and secondary students in regions stated aboveb

Official language

English, Filipino

Key people

Joey G. Pelaez, former DepEd-Center for Students and Co-curricular Affairs Executive Director
Rizalino D. Rivera, DepEd Undersecretary for Regional Operations

Parent organization

Department of Education - Office of the Undersecretary for Regional Operations

text: The Student Government Program (SGP) is the Philippines' program for pupil governments in elementary schools student governments in secondary schools of the Department of Education, under the Office of the Undersecretary for Regional Operations. It is the foremost co-curricular student organization authorized to implement pertinent programs, projects, and activities in Philippine schools as mandated by the Department of Education.

text: The Philippines has a complex student union with different names such as student government, the term used in all public secondary schools and some of the universities and/or colleges and student council for most of the colleges/universities.

text: History[edit]

text: The Center for Students and Co-Curricular Affairs (CSCA) was established in 1996 in order to further facilitate co-curricular work of student councils in the country and mold them to be better leaders. In 2003, the Supreme Student Governments were institutionalized starting with the establishment of the National Federation of Supreme Student Governments (NFSSG) with David Maulas of Bohol as its first National Federation President elected during the 1st National Leadership Training for Student Government Officers (NLTSGO). An institutionalized Constitution and By Laws of the Supreme Student Governments were enforced through a Department Order No. 43, s. 2005, then revised in 2009 as per Department Order No. 79, s. 2009. The last set of National Federation officers were elected September 2012 with Raja Barber of Oriental Mindoro as the last National Federation President. In 2014, through Department Order No. 47, s. 2014 the Constitution and By-Laws of Supreme Pupil Governments in elementary schools and Supreme Student Governments in secondary schools around the country were unified. This marks the year where the Supreme Pupil Governments are institutionalized. Currently the program is now under the Office of the Undersecretary for Regional Operations.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a SGP - Student Government Program; SPG - Supreme Pupil Government; SSG - Supreme Student Government
b All bona fide students enrolled are considered as members of the SPG/SSG as stated in Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution and By-Laws of the Supreme Pupil Government and Supreme Student Government in Elementary and Secondary Schools.


document_title: Ribosome

question_text: where is the small subunit of the ribosome assembled

text: Ribosome

text: Overview[edit]

text: The sequence of DNA, which encodes the sequence of the amino acids in a protein, is copied into a messenger RNA chain. It may be copied many times into RNA chains. Ribosomes can bind to a messenger RNA chain and use its sequence for determining the correct sequence of amino acids. Amino acids are selected, collected, and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. It is during this binding that the correct translation of nucleic acid sequence to amino acid sequence occurs. For each coding triplet in the messenger RNA there is a distinct transfer RNA that matches and which carries the correct amino acid for that coding triplet. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure although during synthesis some proteins start folding into their correct form.

text: A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1; a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2; a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

text: Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes in the three-domain system, resemble each other to a remarkable degree, evidence of a common origin. They differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each "reading" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule.

text: The mitochondrial ribosomes of eukaryotic cells, are produced from mitochondrial genes, and functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.[5][6]

text: Discovery[edit]

text: Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-1950s by Romanian cell biologist George Emil Palade, using an electron microscope, as dense particles or granules.[7] The term "ribosome" was proposed by scientist Richard B. Roberts in the end of 1950s:

text: During the course of the symposium a semantic difficulty became apparent. To some of the participants, "microsomes" mean the ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction contaminated by other protein and lipid material; to others, the microsomes consist of protein and lipid contaminated by particles. The phrase "microsomal particles" does not seem adequate, and "ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction" is much too awkward. During the meeting, the word "ribosome" was suggested, which has a very satisfactory name and a pleasant sound. The present confusion would be eliminated if "ribosome" were adopted to designate ribonucleoprotein particles in sizes ranging from 35 to 100S.

text: Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George Emil Palade were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in 1974, for the discovery of the ribosome.[9] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for determining the detailed structure and mechanism of the ribosome.[10]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine. It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number varies slightly between species). The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different size, known generally as the large and small subunit of the ribosome. Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 1). Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size, they are slightly longer in the axis than in diameter.

text: Prokaryotic ribosomes are around 20 nm (200 Å) in diameter and are composed of 65% rRNA and 35% ribosomal proteins.[11] Eukaryotic ribosomes are between 25 and 30 nm (250–300 Å) in diameter with an rRNA-to-protein ratio that is close to 1.[12] Crystallographic work has shown that there are no ribosomal proteins close to the reaction site for polypeptide synthesis. This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes do not directly participate in peptide bond formation catalysis, but rather that these proteins act as a scaffold that may enhance the ability of rRNA to synthesize protein (See: Ribozyme).

text: The ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite similar.[14]

text: The unit of measurement used to describe the ribosomal subunits and the rRNA fragments is the Svedberg unit, a measure of the rate of sedimentation in centrifugation rather than size. This accounts for why fragment names do not add up: for example, prokaryotic 70S ribosomes are made of 50S and 30S subunits.

text: Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S) and a large (50S) subunit. Their small subunit has a 16S RNA subunit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA subunit (120 nucleotides), a 23S RNA subunit (2900 nucleotides) and 31 proteins.[14]

text:
prokaryotic ribosomes (E. coli)[15]

ribosome
subunit
rRNAs
r-proteins

70S
50S
23S (2904 nt)
31

5S (120 nt)

30S
16S (1542 nt)
21

text: Affinity label for the tRNA binding sites on the E. coli ribosome allowed the identification of A and P site proteins most likely associated with the peptidyltransferase activity; labelled proteins are L27, L14, L15, L16, L2; at least L27 is located at the donor site, as shown by E. Collatz and A.P. Czernilofsky.[16][17] Additional research has demonstrated that the S1 and S21 proteins, in association with the 3'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA, are involved in the initiation of translation.[18]

text: Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their 40S subunit has an 18S RNA (1900 nucleotides) and 33 proteins.[19][20] The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins.[14][19][21]

text:
eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes (R. norvegicus)[22]

ribosome
subunit
rRNAs
r-proteins

80S
60S
28S (4718 nt)
49

5.8S (160 nt)

5S (120 nt)

40S
18S (1874 nt)
33

text: During 1977, Czernilofsky published research that used affinity labeling to identify tRNA-binding sites on rat liver ribosomes. Several proteins, including L32/33, L36, L21, L23, L28/29 and L13 were implicated as being at or near the peptidyl transferase center.[23]

text: The ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes also consist of large and small subunits bound together with proteins into one 70S particle.[14] These organelles are believed to be descendants of bacteria (see Endosymbiotic theory) and, as such, their ribosomes are similar to those of bacteria.[14]

text: The various ribosomes share a core structure, which is quite similar despite the large differences in size. Much of the RNA is highly organized into various tertiary structural motifs, for example pseudoknots that exhibit coaxial stacking. The extra RNA in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions, such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it.[14] All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the RNA; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure.[14]

text: The differences between the bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes are exploited by pharmaceutical chemists to create antibiotics that can destroy a bacterial infection without harming the cells of the infected person. Due to the differences in their structures, the bacterial 70S ribosomes are vulnerable to these antibiotics while the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes are not.[24] Even though mitochondria possess ribosomes similar to the bacterial ones, mitochondria are not affected by these antibiotics because they are surrounded by a double membrane that does not easily admit these antibiotics into the organelle.[25]

text: High-resolution structure[edit]

text: The general molecular structure of the ribosome has been known since the early 1970s. In the early 2000s, the structure has been achieved at high resolutions, of the order of a few Å.

text: The first papers giving the structure of the ribosome at atomic resolution were published almost simultaneously in late 2000. The 50S (large prokaryotic) subunit was determined from the archaeon Haloarcula marismortui[26] and the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans,[27] and the structure of the 30S subunit was determined from Thermus thermophilus.[13] These structural studies were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. In May 2001 these coordinates were used to reconstruct the entire T. thermophilus 70S particle at 5.5 Å resolution.[28]

text: Two papers were published in November 2005 with structures of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome. The structures of a vacant ribosome were determined at 3.5-Å resolution using x-ray crystallography.[29] Then, two weeks later, a structure based on cryo-electron microscopy was published,[30] which depicts the ribosome at 11–15Å resolution in the act of passing a newly synthesized protein strand into the protein-conducting channel.

text: The first atomic structures of the ribosome complexed with tRNA and mRNA molecules were solved by using X-ray crystallography by two groups independently, at 2.8 Å[31] and at 3.7 Å.[32] These structures allow one to see the details of interactions of the Thermus thermophilus ribosome with mRNA and with tRNAs bound at classical ribosomal sites. Interactions of the ribosome with long mRNAs containing Shine-Dalgarno sequences were visualized soon after that at 4.5- to 5.5-Å resolution.[33]

text: In 2011, the first complete atomic structure of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained by crystallography.[19] The model reveals the architecture of eukaryote-specific elements and their interaction with the universally conserved core. At the same time, the complete model of a eukaryotic 40S ribosomal structure in Tetrahymena thermophila was published and described the structure of the 40S subunit, as well as much about the 40S subunit's interaction with eIF1 during translation initiation.[20] Similarly, the eukaryotic 60S subunit structure was also determined from Tetrahymena thermophila in complex with eIF6.[21]

text: Function[edit]

text: Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize proteins. Proteins are needed for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

text: Translation[edit]

text: Ribosomes are the workplaces of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into protein. The mRNA comprises a series of codons that dictate to the ribosome the sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein. Using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon (3 nucleotides) of the mRNA, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid provided by an aminoacyl-tRNA. Aminoacyl-tRNA contains a complementary anticodon on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other. For fast and accurate recognition of the appropriate tRNA, the ribosome utilizes large conformational changes (conformational proofreading) .[34] The small ribosomal subunit, typically bound to an aminoacyl-tRNA containing the amino acid methionine, binds to an AUG codon on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome contains three RNA binding sites, designated A, P and E. The A site binds an aminoacyl-tRNA; the P site binds a peptidyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to the peptide being synthesized); and the E site binds a free tRNA before it exits the ribosome. Protein synthesis begins at a start codon AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA. mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome is able to identify the start codon by use of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA in prokaryotes and Kozak box in eukaryotes.

text: Although catalysis of the peptide bond involves the C2 hydroxyl of RNA's P-site adenosine in a proton shuttle mechanism, other steps in protein synthesis (such as translocation) are caused by changes in protein conformations. Since their catalytic core is made of RNA, ribosomes are classified as "ribozymes,"[35] and it is thought that they might be remnants of the RNA world.[36]

text: In Figure 5, both ribosomal subunits (small and large) assemble at the start codon (towards the 5' end of the RNA). The ribosome uses RNA that matches the current codon (triplet) on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This is done for each triplet on the RNA, while the ribosome moves towards the 3' end of the mRNA. Usually in bacterial cells, several ribosomes are working parallel on a single RNA, forming what is called a polyribosome or polysome.

text: Addition of translation-independent amino acids[edit]

text: Presence of a ribosome quality control protein Rqc2 is associated with mRNA-independent protein elongation.[37][38] This elongation is a result of ribosomal addition (via tRNAs brought by Rqc2) of CAT tails: ribosomes extend the C-terminus of a stalled protein with random, translation-independent sequences of alanines and threonines.[39][40]

text: Würzburg University and Max Planck Institute researches, the results of which were published in Cell Reports and The EMBO magazines in September 2016, have shown that ribosomes have the role of being "a quality control point". Professor Utz Fischer from the University of Würzburg has been researching the assembly of proteins called "macromolecular machines" in the cell for years. He describes this assembly process as LEGO blocks: "Think of it as LEGO bricks at the molecular level: One brick is attached to the next until the product is finished. If only one defective or wrong brick is used, the entire building may be compromised as a result."[41][42][43]

text: Ribosome locations[edit]

text: Ribosomes are classified as being either "free" or "membrane-bound".

text: Free and membrane-bound ribosomes differ only in their spatial distribution; they are identical in structure. Whether the ribosome exists in a free or membrane-bound state depends on the presence of an ER-targeting signal sequence on the protein being synthesized, so an individual ribosome might be membrane-bound when it is making one protein, but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein.

text: Ribosomes are sometimes referred to as organelles, but the use of the term organelle is often restricted to describing sub-cellular components that include a phospholipid membrane, which ribosomes, being entirely particulate, do not. For this reason, ribosomes may sometimes be described as "non-membranous organelles".

text: Free Ribosomes[edit]

text: Free ribosomes can move about anywhere in the cytosol, but are excluded from the cell nucleus and other organelles. Proteins that are formed from free ribosomes are released into the cytosol and used within the cell. Since the cytosol contains high concentrations of glutathione and is, therefore, a reducing environment, proteins containing disulfide bonds, which are formed from oxidized cysteine residues, cannot be produced within it.

text: Membrane-bound ribosomes[edit]

text: When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become "membrane-bound". In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called the "rough ER". The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted directly into the ER by the ribosome undertaking vectorial synthesis and are then transported to their destinations, through the secretory pathway. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis.[44]

text: Biogenesis[edit]

text: In bacterial cells, ribosomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm through the transcription of multiple ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, the process takes place both in the cell cytoplasm and in the nucleolus, which is a region within the cell nucleus. The assembly process involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the four rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The ribosome may have first originated in an RNA world, appearing as a self-replicating complex that only later evolved the ability to synthesize proteins when amino acids began to appear.[45] Studies suggest that ancient ribosomes constructed solely of rRNA could have developed the ability to synthesize peptide bonds.[46][47][48] In addition, evidence strongly points to ancient ribosomes as self-replicating complexes, where the rRNA in the ribosomes had informational, structural, and catalytic purposes because it could have coded for tRNAs and proteins needed for ribosomal self-replication.[49] Hypothetical cellular organisms with self-replicating RNA but without DNA are called ribocytes (or ribocells).[50][51]

text: As amino acids gradually appeared in the RNA world under prebiotic conditions,[52][53] their interactions with catalytic RNA would increase both the range and efficiency of function of catalytic RNA molecules.[45] Thus, the driving force for the evolution of the ribosome from an ancient self-replicating machine into its current form as a translational machine may have been the selective pressure to incorporate proteins into the ribosome’s self-replicating mechanisms, so as to increase its capacity for self-replication.[49]

text: Specialized ribosomes[edit]

text: Heterogeneity in ribosome composition has been proposed to be involved in translational control of protein synthesis.[54] Vincent Mauro and Gerald Edelman proposed the ribosome filter hypothesis to explain the regulatory functions of ribosomes. Emerging evidence has shown that specialized ribosomes specific to different cell populations can affect how genes are translated.[55] Some ribosomal proteins exchange from the assembled complex with cytosolic copies [56] suggesting that the structure of the in vivo ribosome can be modified without synthesizing an entire new ribosome.


document_title: NFL Scouting Combine

question_text: how much weight is the nfl combine bench press

text: NFL Scouting Combine

text: History[edit]

text: Tex Schramm, the president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1989, proposed to the NFL competition committee a centralization of the evaluation process for NFL teams. Prior to 1982, teams had to schedule individual visits with players to run them through drills and tests.[6] The national invitational camp (NIC) was first held in Tampa, Florida, in 1982.[7] It was originated by National Football Scouting, Inc. as a means for member organizations to look at NFL draft prospects. For non-member teams, two other camps were created and used 1982–1984. The NIC was renamed the NFL scouting combine following the merger of the three camps in 1985 to cut the cost of running the extra camps. The NIC was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1984 before the merger. It was held in Arizona in 1985 and once again in New Orleans in 1986 before permanently moving to Indianapolis in 1987.

text: Tests and evaluations[edit]

text: Tests/evaluations include:

text:
40-yard dash[8]
Bench press (225 lb repetitions)[8]
Vertical jump[8]
Broad jump[8]
20-yard shuttle[8]
3 cone drill[8]
60-yard shuttle[8]
Position-specific drills[8]
Interviews – each team is allowed 60 interviews in 15-minute intervals[9]
Physical measurements[9]
Injury evaluation[9]
Drug screen[9]
The Cybex test[9]
The Wonderlic test[10]

text: Sports writers question whether these tests have any relationship with future NFL performance.[11] Empirical research conducted by Brian D. Lyons, Brian J. Hoffman, John W. Michel, and Kevin J. Williams (2011) found that the 40-yard dash, vertical jump, 20-yard shuttle, and 3 cone drill tests have limited validity in predicting future NFL performance.[12] In fact, the Lyons et al. (2011) study suggests that a prospect's past performance in college is a better indicator of future NFL performance than the aforementioned physical ability tests.

text: Bench press records[edit]

text: At the NFL combine, bench press is used as a test of strength and stamina, in which athletes lift 225 pounds (102 kg) as many times as possible.[13] Since 1998, only eighteen men at the combine have managed to achieve more than 40 "reps" (repetitions).

text:
51 reps: Justin Ernest (1999)[14]
49 reps: Stephen Paea (2011)[15]
45 reps: Mike Kudla (2006), Mitch Petrus (2010), and Leif Larsen (2000)[16]
44 reps: Brodrick Bunkley (2006), Jeff Owens (2010), and Dontari Poe (2012)
43 reps: Scott Young (2005) and Kyle Harrington (2010)
42 reps: Isaac Sopoaga (2004), Tank Tyler (2007), Russell Bodine (2014), Harrison Phillips (2018)
41 reps: Igor Olshansky (2004), Terna Nande (2006), David Molk (2012), and Vita Vea (2018).

text: Scouting organizations[edit]

text: The NFL's first scouting organization, LESTO (Lions, Eagles and Steelers Talent Organization), was started in 1963 by the teams mentioned in its name with headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[17] It became BLESTO when the Bears joined the following year and BLESTO-V when the Vikings came on board later in the decade; by 1971 the Bills, Colts and Dolphins had joined and the group was known as BLESTO-VIII.[18] It is now known simply as BLESTO despite the fact that the Bears and Eagles are no longer members.[19]  The group's offices stayed in Pittsburgh until 2007 when the headquarters moved to Jacksonville, Florida, with support offices remaining in Pittsburgh.[17]

text: CEPO (Central Eastern Personnel Organization), formed in 1964, was a joint venture of the Colts, Browns, Packers and Cardinals. Its name was changed to United Scouting after the Falcons, Giants and Redskins joined, then to National Football Scouting in 1983 to avoid confusion with the United States Football League, which began operations that year. National Football Scouting is now known simply as The National.[19]

text: Another scouting organization formed in 1964 was Troika, launched by the Cowboys, Rams and 49ers. It was renamed Quadra when the Saints joined in 1967.[19] Quadra no longer exists; its former members now all belong to The National.

text: As of the 2015 season, eighteen franchises participate in The National (Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, Cincinnati Bengals, Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Green Bay Packers, Houston Texans, Kansas City Chiefs, New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Chargers, San Francisco 49ers, Seattle Seahawks, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Tennessee Titans), with eight served by BLESTO (Buffalo Bills, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Washington Redskins). Each of the six non-affiliated teams (Baltimore Ravens, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Indianapolis Colts, New England Patriots, and Oakland Raiders) relies on its in-house scouting staffs.[19][20]

text: Combine invitations[edit]

text: In a typical year, there are about 330 invited players.  About 250 invitations are sent before bowl games are completed to those who have completed their seasons. However, underclassmen have until mid-January to confirm their draft status. Invitations are made to those receiving supermajority support from the selection committee.[21]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The combine however is not without its critics. Sports writer Steve Silverman explains, in an article he wrote, what happened to Terrell Suggs in 2003. Suggs was a star player for Arizona State but when Suggs ran a slow 4.83 40 he was downgraded. Later, he became a star player for the Ravens.[22] Doug Tatum of Times-Picayune argues  that it is unlikely players will be asked to run a 40-yard dash again during their career.[23] Silverman says that the best way to scout is to simply watch them play.[22] Others think the value in the 40 depends on the position; Daniel Jeremiah, a former scout and an analyst on the NFL Network says "The position where the 40 holds the most weight is cornerback. If you're a receiver who runs a 4.6 like (Anquan) Boldin, but you have short-area quickness and strong hands, the 40 isn't a big deal. But if you're a cornerback who runs a 4.6 and you're facing a receiver who runs a 4.4, it doesn't matter how good your ball skills are."[24]

text: Television[edit]

text: The NFL scouting combine was first shown on television in 2004. Media and cameras were historically prohibited, but with the launch of NFL Network on November 4, 2003, six installments of one-hour shows to recap the day's events aired in February 2004.[25] NFL Network has exclusive access to the Scouting Combine, whereas ESPN, a competitor network, does not.[26] NFL Network aired two hours of combine workouts for each workout day in 2005,[27] 26 total hours of coverage in 2006,[28] 27 hours in 2007,[6] and 25 hours in 2009.[29] It began airing over 30 hours of Combine coverage starting in 2010,[30] which received 5.24 million viewers.[31]

text: Regional combines[edit]

text: Beginning in 2011, a series of eleven regional combines for players not invited to the main scouting combine, as well as other free agents, were held in eight cities (Los Angeles, Houston, Baltimore, Tampa, East Rutherford, Chicago, Atlanta, and Cleveland) from January to March. The best players from these regional combines were invited to the NFL super regional combine at Ford Field in Detroit in late March.[32] In 2016, the NFL went away from this format only holding five Combines in Houston, Arizona, Baltimore, Minnesota and New Orleans.[33]

text: Veteran combine[edit]

text: The first NFL Veteran Combine was scheduled on March 22, 2015 at the Arizona Cardinals's team facility. The combine corresponded with the NFL owners' meetings also being held in Phoenix from March 22–24, 2015. The combine featured veteran free agents, and all 32 clubs in attendance. There were over 2,000 applications from players to participate, although only a select few were chosen. Some of the notable players included Adam Carriker, Felix Jones, Michael Sam, and Brady Quinn.[34] However, only two players participating in the combine (linebacker Brandon Copeland and tight end Ifeanyi Momah) were still on NFL rosters by Week 1 of the 2015 regular season.[35]

text: The NFL cancelled the planned 2016 Veteran Combine, citing a lack of player interest.[36]

text: On December 16, 2016, the NFL announced it would bring back the veteran combine renaming it the Pro Player Combine and focus its attention on younger players instead of veterans trying to get another chance in the NFL.[37]