question_text: actor who voices captain underpants in 2017 film

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the city of Piqua, Ohio, two fourth-grade friends and next-door neighbors named George Beard (Kevin Hart) and Harold Hutchins (Thomas Middleditch) are the pranksters at their school, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School. They excessively prank the cruel teachers, with many of these pranks directed at their "evil" principal, Mr. Benjamin "Benny" Krupp (Ed Helms), putting the two at odds with him. The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants, a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape. They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc., located in their treehouse. George and Harold's pranks come to an apparent end after they're caught tampering with a toilet invention, the Turbo Toilet 2000, made by the school's local snitch and intellectual, Melvin Sneedley (Jordan Peele), on video. This causes Krupp to decide to separate the boys and annihilate their friendship.

tag: p

text: To prevent this, George hypnotizes Krupp with a 3D Hypno Ring he received out of a cereal box. The boys see that Krupp bears an odd resemblance to Captain Underpants without his toupee and command him to be Captain Underpants. The boys soon learn the severity of their actions when "Captain Underpants" begins causing problems around Piqua. To prevent these issues, the boys take him to their treehouse, where they discover that they can turn Captain Underpants back into Krupp by splashing water on him and can turn him back into Captain Underpants by snapping their fingers. Believing that Krupp will continue with his plan to separate them, they decide to settle with Captain Underpants but insist that he be dressed up as Krupp under the pretense of a "secret identity," to which Captain Underpants agrees. His sudden personality change even manages to attract the attention (and affection) of the school's shy lunch lady, Edith (Kristen Schaal).

text: Just when George and Harold believe that their troubles have ended, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is visited by an odd, German-accented scientist named Professor Pee-Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants, Esq. (Nick Kroll), or as he calls himself, Professor P. Captain Underpants (disguised as Krupp) hires him to be a new teacher, but George and Harold are suspicious of him. As it turns out, Poopypants is seeking to get rid of laughter altogether due to the fact that people have made fun of his name for years. He recruits Melvin to help him, as his brain makes him incapable of laughing or having fun.

text: After Krupp finally separates the boys from a school carnival accident by Captain Underpants, he puts them into separate classes. Professor Poopypants tries to take over the town with a giant version of the Turbo Toilet 2000, fueled by the school cafeteria's rotten leftovers left out by Edith and uses Melvin's brain to turn the children into glum, humorless zombies. Captain Underpants tries to stop the villain, but due to having no actual superpowers, is effortlessly defeated and thrown into the toilet. George and Harold are captured and nearly turned into zombies, but are able to escape when their laughter damages the Turbo Toilet 2000's computer, restoring the children back to normal. Upon consuming the mutated leftovers, Captain Underpants acquires superpowers and, with George and Harold's help, defeats and shrinks Poopypants, though he escapes on a bumblebee shortly thereafter.

text: Knowing that they can't control Captain Underpants, George and Harold destroy the Hypno Ring to permanently change him back into Krupp. Feeling that Krupp would be nicer if he had friends, the boys set him and lovesick Edith up on a date, thus making Krupp have a change of heart, returns the comics he took away from George and Harold, and even admits their comics are funny. However, the toxic waste from the Turbo Toilet 2000 transforms all the toilets into vicious monsters which attack the restaurant at which Mr. Krupp and Edith are dining. Upon snapping his fingers, Mr. Krupp once again becomes Captain Underpants, carrying George and Harold away to help him fight them, much to Edith's surprise and admiration.

text: In a mid-credits scene, George and Harold realize that the secretary, who they put on hold before by faking a contest with a cash prize of $1 billion, has been on the phone for the entire film, so they shut off the call, make the secretary angry, and make a new comic based on her reaction.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Hart as George Beard, a fourth grade student. He is Harold's best friend and writes stories for the comics he and Harold make.[6][7]
Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins, a fourth grade student. He is George's best friend and illustrates the comics he and George make.[6]
Ed Helms as Mr. Benjamin "Benny" Krupp / Captain Underpants, the mean-spirited principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School, who is hypnotized into becoming the superhero created by George and Harold.[6]
Nick Kroll as Professor Pee-Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants, Esq., a scientist angered after being constantly made fun of and not taken seriously for his name, who decides to take over the world to get rid of all laughter.[6]
Jordan Peele as Melvin Sneedly, George and Harold's nemesis, a child prodigy inventor; he becomes Prof. Poopypants' unwitting sidekick.[6]
Kristen Schaal as Edith, the shy school lunch lady and the love interest of Mr. Krupp.[7]
Dee Dee Rescher as Ms. Tara Ribble, the 4th grade teacher (and George's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys).
Brian Posehn as Mr. Rected, the guidance counselor (and Harold's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys).
Mel Rodriguez as Mr. Morty Fyde, the science teacher who gets fired by Krupp and is replaced by Professor Poopypants.
David Soren as Tommy, a boy who is seen frequently throughout the movie climbing into his own locker and shutting the locker door behind him.
Susan Fitzker as Mrs. Dayken, George and Harold's kindergarten teacher and unintentionally made them laugh by mentioning Uranus
Lynnanne Zager as Mrs. Beard
Tiffany Lauren Bennicke as Sad Girl
James Ryan as Mime
Leslie David Baker as Officer McPiggly
Sugar Lyn Beard as Goodie Two-Shoes Girl
Lesley Nicol as Nobel Moderator
Chris Miller as Nobel Audience Member
Coco Soren as Balloon Girl

text: Production[edit]

text: DreamWorks' interest in the film rights to the Captain Underpants series dates back to when the first installment was published in 1997, but creator Dav Pilkey did not want to sell them. Early pitches for an adaptation included video games, animated and live-action films, an animated series, and a live-action series. To persuade him, DreamWorks gave Pilkey a tour around the studio with everyone wearing underpants over their actual pants, which made him laugh.[8] In October 2011, his representatives indicated Pilkey was ready, and DreamWorks Animation won the rights in an auction.[9] In October 2013, Rob Letterman was announced as director and Nicholas Stoller as scriptwriter.[10] The two had previously worked together on the film Gulliver's Travels. In January 2014, the cast was announced. Ed Helms joined as Mr. Krupp a.k.a. Captain Underpants, Kevin Hart as George Beard, Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins, Nick Kroll as the "insidious villain" Professor Poopypants, and Jordan Peele as George and Harold's "nerdy nemesis" Melvin Sneedly.[6]

text: In 2014, DreamWorks Animation announced a January 2017 release date.[11] Following DreamWorks Animation's reorganization in early 2015, the studio announced that the film would be produced outside of the studio's pipeline at a significantly lower cost.[12] It was instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal, Canada, and therefore looks identical to Pilkey's artwork, as well as differently than most of DWA's films.[13] A month later, Letterman left the project but came back as an executive producer, and David Soren, the director of Turbo, entered talks to direct the film.[14] During production, Pilkey got to work closely with Soren. He was relieved that Soren was directing since he was a fan of Turbo. In an interview with Los Angeles Times, Pilkey said: "Once I met David, it was like a huge load fell off my back; I was like, 'I don't even have to think about this anymore. Just send me a couple of tickets to the premiere.'"[8] Commenting back, Soren said, "In a way, the controversy over the books ended up being liberating for the film. Normally on an animated movie you're trying to appeal to every possible demographic, and often that results in your content being watered down a little bit. Obviously we hope we get as wide of an audience as possible. But it's likely that if people have issues with the books they may have issues with the movie too, and we didn't feel like we needed to waste a lot of time trying to rope them in. It allowed us to make the purest version of the movie."[8] Although it is a CG-animated feature, the film includes scenes that are traditionally animated, flash animated, a short cutout animation segment, and a sock puppet sequence created by Screen Novelties.

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic wrote and performed the theme song for the film, which was featured in a lyric video. It currently stands at over 9 million views (as of December 2017).[15] Andy Grammer wrote another original song for the film, titled "A Friend Like You".[16] The film also features music from Adam Lambert, Cold War Kids member Nathan Willett, and Lil Yachty.[16] An 11-track soundtrack album was released digitally on June 2, 2017, by Virgin Records and Deep Well Records.[17]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Captain Underpants Theme Song"
"Weird Al" Yankovic and Ed Helms
2:14

2.
"A Friend Like You"
Andy Grammer
3:40

3.
"Saturday (cast version)"
Kevin Hart and Thomas Middleditch
0:48

4.
"Think"
Adam Lambert
2:59

5.
"1812 Ofarture"
The Students of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School
1:08

6.
"Hallelujah"
Kevin Hart, Thomas Middleditch, Ed Helms
0:39

7.
"Oh Yeah[Note 1]"
Lil Yachty
2:51

8.
"Saturday"
Nathan Willett
3:29

9.
"Comic Book Opening"
Theodore Shapiro
1:54

10.
"Saving the Day"
Theodore Shapiro
7:22

11.
"The Prank for Good"
Theodore Shapiro
5:38

Total length:
32:42

text: Score[edit]

text: The film score was composed by Theodore Shapiro.[16] A soundtrack for the score of the film was released on June 9. It features 24 pieces of music, and an exclusive digital booklet on iTunes. Three of the scores are also available on the soundtrack (those being "Comic Book Opening", "Saving the Day", and "The Prank for Good").

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Theodore Shapiro.

text:
No.
Title
Length

2.
"Treehouse"
1:03

3.
"Bromance Origin Story"
1:58

4.
"Annihilate the Friendship"
2:13

5.
"Tuna Casserole"
0:59

6.
"Snooping"
1:47

7.
"Power of the Hypno Ring"
1:57

8.
"A Hero is Born"
4:14

9.
"Mad Genius Inventor"
0:53

10.
"Bringing Krupp Home"
2:20

11.
"Two Blue Eyes"
2:10

12.
"Brain of a Child"
1:54

13.
"Hallelujah, His Name is Poopypants"
1:37

14.
"The Nobel Prize"
3:02

15.
"Anti-Humor Boy"
1:49

16.
"Art Class Liberation"
1:57

17.
"Carnival Conniptions"
2:17

18.
"Separation Anxiety"
1:32

19.
"Poopypants Has No Gas"
1:36

20.
"A World Without Laughter"
2:53

21.
"Flip-O-Rama!"
1:24

22.
"Really Silly Names"
1:23

Total length:
55:44

text: Release[edit]

text: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie was previously scheduled to be released on March 10, 2017,[14] but in September 2015, The Boss Baby took over its date.[18] The film was then moved to June 2, 2017, and was released by 20th Century Fox.[19][20] Other territories such as Europe and Asia will receive the film between July and October and the movie came on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 12, 2017 and it premiered on May 21, 2017 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie has grossed $73.9 million in the United States and Canada and $51.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $125.3 million.[4]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Wonder Woman, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,434 theaters in its opening weekend.[22] It made $8 million on its first day and $23.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office, behind Wonder Woman ($103.3 million).[23][24] The film would go on to gross $12.2 million in its second weekend, $7.2 million in its third and $4.3 million in its fourth.[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 116 reviews and an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With a tidy plot, clean animation, and humor that fits its source material snugly, Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie is entertainment that won't drive a wedge between family members."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[23]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars. Although Seitz pointed out that the film is hampered by "a rushed, jumbled quality" and has "tiresome" features that he says are common to DreamWorks, such as "frenetic action scenes... and the use of workhorse pop songs", he emphasized that "[t]hey've approached this compendium of elemental slapstick and unabashed childishness with the reverence that the Coen brothers brought to No Country for Old Men." He further added that the inclusion of the flip book interludes are the film's best parts, especially in having the pages accidentally be torn similar to the real books, stating that "[i]t's not often that a movie puts a spotlight on a mundane ritual in your own life that you never realized was profound and says, 'You probably forgot about this, but I want you to remember it and savor it, because it meant something.'"[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie was released on Digital HD on August 29, 2017, and on DVD, Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray on September 12, 2017, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

Annie Award[30]
Best Animated Feature
Mireille Soria and Mark Swift
Pending

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Theodore Shapiro

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Nick Kroll

Detroit Film Critics Society[31]
Best Animated Film
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie
Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017[32]
Best Original Song - Animated Film
"Captain Underpants Theme Song" for "Weird Al" Yankovic

Best Original Score - Animated Film
Theodore Shapiro

IGN Awards[33]
Best Animated Movie
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie

Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society[34][35]
Best Animated Film
Pending

St. Louis Film Critics Association[36]
Best Animated Feature
David Soren
Nominated

text: Television series[edit]

text: On December 12, 2017, Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced that there will be an animated series entitled The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants on Netflix sometime in 2018[37]. The series will be executive produced by Peter Hastings.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Half-cover of the Yello song of the same name

tag: ol


document_title: List of The Fosters episodes

question_text: what is the current episode of the fosters

text: List of The Fosters episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
June 3, 2013 (2013-06-03)
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)

2
21
June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16)
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)

3
20
June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)

4
20
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)

5
18[4]
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)[5][6][7]
2018 (2018)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Timothy Busfield
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 3, 2013 (2013-06-03)
1.42[8]

2
2
"Consequently"
Timothy Busfield
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 10, 2013 (2013-06-10)
1.70[9]

3
3
"Hostile Acts"
Melanie Mayron
David Ehrman
June 17, 2013 (2013-06-17)
1.25[10]

4
4
"Quinceañera"
Joanna Kerns
Joanna Johnson
June 24, 2013 (2013-06-24)
1.89[11]

5
5
"The Morning After"
Bethany Rooney
Paul Sciarrotta
July 1, 2013 (2013-07-01)
1.78[12]

6
6
"Saturday"
Norman Buckley
Marissa Jo Cerar
July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08)
1.77[13]

7
7
"The Fallout"
Jeff Melman
Story by : Zoila Amelia Galeano
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15)
1.79[14]

8
8
"Clean"
Millicent Shelton
Story by : David Ehrman & Paul Sciarrotta
Teleplay by : David Ehrman
July 22, 2013 (2013-07-22)
1.89[15]

9
9
"Vigil"
David Paymer
Joanna Johnson
July 29, 2013 (2013-07-29)
1.87[16]

10
10
"I Do"
James Hayman
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 5, 2013 (2013-08-05)
2.07[17]

11
11
"The Honeymoon"
James Hayman
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
1.92[18]

12
12
"House and Home"
Martha Mitchell
Joanna Johnson
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
2.14[19]

13
13
"Things Unsaid"
Joanna Kerns
Marissa Jo Cerar
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1.88[20]

14
14
"Family Day"
Elodie Keene
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)
1.80[21]

15
15
"Padre"
Millicent Shelton
Story by : Tamara P. Carter
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
February 10, 2014 (2014-02-10)
1.83[22]

16
16
"Us Against The World"
Lee Rose
Kelly Fullerton
February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17)
1.68[23]

17
17
"Kids in the Hall"
Michael Grossman
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
February 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)
1.48[24]

18
18
"Escapes and Reversals"
Melanie Mayron
Story by : Joanna Johnson
Teleplay by : Thomas Higgins
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
1.51[25]

19
19
"Don't Let Go"
Zetna Fuentes
Story by : Marissa Jo Cerar & Zoila Amelia Galeano
Teleplay by : Kelly Fullerton & Marissa Jo Cerar
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1.21[26]

20
20
"Metropolis"
Martha Mitchell
Joanna Johnson
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1.20[27]

21
21
"Adoption Day"
Norman Buckley
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
1.29[28]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"Things Unknown"
Norman Buckley
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16)
1.47[29]

23
2
"Take Me Out"
Elodie Keene
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
June 23, 2014 (2014-06-23)
1.45[30]

24
3
"Play"
Martha Mitchell
Thomas Higgins
June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)
1.37[31]

25
4
"Say Something"
Zetna Fuentes
Kathleen McGhee-Anderson
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)
1.42[32]

26
5
"Truth Be Told"
Ron Lagomarsino
Kelly Fullerton
July 14, 2014 (2014-07-14)
1.61[33]

27
6
"Mother"
Lee Rose
Joanna Johnson
July 21, 2014 (2014-07-21)
1.51[34]

28
7
"The Longest Day"
Nzingha Stewart
Marissa Jo Cerar
July 28, 2014 (2014-07-28)
1.44[35]

29
8
"Girls Reunited"
Daisy Mayer
Story by : Joanna Johnson
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04)
1.38[36]

30
9
"Leaky Faucets"
Lee Rose
Story by : Cristian Martinez
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 11, 2014 (2014-08-11)
1.35[37]

31
10
"Someone's Little Sister"
Norman Buckley
Joanna Johnson
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
1.48[38]

32
11
"Christmas Past"
Norman Buckley
Joanna Johnson
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
1.93[39]

33
12
"Over Under"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
1.45[40]

34
13
"Stay"
Elodie Keene
Marissa Jo Cerar
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
1.20[41]

35
14
"Mother Nature"
Martha Mitchell
Thomas Higgins
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
1.26[42]

36
15
"Light of Day"
Ron Lagomarsino
Wade Solomon & Megan Lynn
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
1.24[43]

37
16
"If You Only Knew"
Aprill Winney
Kelly Fullerton
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
1.28[44]

38
17
"The Silence She Keeps"
Melanie Mayron
Cristian Martinez & Dan Richter
February 23, 2015 (2015-02-23)
1.25[45]

39
18
"Now Hear This"
Rob Morrow
Thomas Higgins
March 2, 2015 (2015-03-02)
1.23[46]

40
19
"Justify the Means"
Jay Karas
Joanna Johnson
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.14[47]

41
20
"Not that Kind of Girl"
Lee Rose
Story by : Kris Q. Rehl
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.32[48]

42
21
"The End of the Beginning"
Zetna Fuentes
Joanna Johnson and Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)
1.45[49]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

43
1
"Wreckage"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)
1.26[50]

44
2
"Father's Day"
Aprill Winney
Joanna Johnson
June 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)
0.97[51]

45
3
"Déjà Vu"
Charlie Stratton
Thomas Higgins
June 22, 2015 (2015-06-22)
1.00[52]

46
4
"More Than Words"
Daisy Mayer
Marissa Jo Cerar
June 29, 2015 (2015-06-29)
1.18[53]

47
5
"Going South"
Elodie Keene
Michael MacLennan
July 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)
1.30[54]

48
6
"It's My Party"
Kees Van Oostrum
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
July 13, 2015 (2015-07-13)
1.30[55]

49
7
"Faith, Hope, Love"
Jann Turner
Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl
July 20, 2015 (2015-07-20)
1.33[56]

50
8
"Daughters"
Chandra Wilson
Elle Johnson
August 3, 2015 (2015-08-03)
1.23[57]

51
9
"Idyllwild"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
August 10, 2015 (2015-08-10)
1.06[58]

52
10
"Lucky"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 17, 2015 (2015-08-17)
1.24[59]

53
11
"First Impressions"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
1.05[60]

54
12
"Mixed Messages"
Rich Newey
Thomas Higgins
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
0.79[61]

55
13
"If and When"
Elodie Keene
Anne Meredith
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
0.84[62]

56
14
"Under Water"
Ron Lagomarsino
Joanna Johnson
February 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)
0.81[63]

57
15
"Minor Offenses"
Rob Morrow
Michael MacLennan
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
0.79[64]

58
16
"EQ"
Anne Renton
Anne Meredith
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
0.67[65]

59
17
"Sixteen"
Elodie Keene
Marissa Jo Cerar
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
0.84[66]

60
18
"Rehearsal"
Norman Buckley
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
March 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)
0.73[67]

61
19
"The Show"
Bradley Bredeweg
Story by : Joanna Johnson
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
0.80[68]

62
20
"Kingdom Come"
Joanna Johnson
Story by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
Teleplay by : Joanna Johnson
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
0.77[69]

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

63
1
"Potential Energy"
Rob Morrow
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)
0.91[70]

64
2
"Safe"
Rob Morrow
Joanna Johnson
June 27, 2016 (2016-06-27)
1.05[71]

65
3
"Trust"
Elodie Keene
Anne Meredith
July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)
0.80[72]

66
4
"Now for Then"
Silas Howard
Constance M. Burge
July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)
0.82[73]

67
5
"Forty"
Velvet Andrews Smith
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)
0.84[74]

68
6
"Justify"
Kelli Williams
Cristian Martinez
August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01)
0.93[75]

69
7
"Highs and Lows"
Chandra Wilson
Kris Q. Rehl
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)
0.80[76]

70
8
"Girl Code"
Aprill Winney
Story by : Dan Richter
Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15)
0.88[77]

71
9
"New York"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)
0.88[78]

72
10
"Collateral Damage"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 29, 2016 (2016-08-29)
0.99[79]

73
11
"Insult to Injury"
Rob Morrow
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
0.92[80]

74
12
"Dream a Little Dream"
Rob Morrow
Joanna Johnson
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
0.67[81]

75
13
"Cruel and Unusual"
Norman Buckley
Anne Meredith
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
0.76[82]

76
14
"Doors and Windows"
Susan Flannery
Constance M. Burge
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
0.73[83]

77
15
"Sex Ed"
Michael Medico
Kris Q. Rehl
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
0.66[84]

78
16
"The Long Haul"
Bradley Bredeweg
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
0.71[85]

79
17
"Diamond in the Rough"
Lily Mariye
Cristian Martinez
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)
0.69[86]

80
18
"Dirty Laundry"
Laura Nisbet Peters
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)
0.69[87]

81
19
"Who Knows"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
0.62[88]

82
20
"Until Tomorrow"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
0.72[89]

text: Season 5 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

83
1
"Resist"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
0.87[90]

84
2
"Exterminate Her"
Danny Nucci
Joanna Johnson
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
0.69[91]

85
3
"Contact"
Aprill Winney
Anne Meredith
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
0.76[92]

86
4
"Too Fast, Too Furious"
Tate Donovan
Cristian Martinez
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
0.66[93]

87
5
"Telling"
Anne Renton
Kris Q. Rehl
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
0.69[94]

88
6
"Welcome to the Jungler"
Kelli Williams
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
0.61[95]

89
7
"Chasing Waterfalls"
Chandra Wilson
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
0.58[96]

90
8
"Engaged"
Kees Van Oostrum
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
0.58[97]

91
9
"Prom"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
0.74[98]

92
10
"Sanctuary"[99]
Rob Morrow[100]
TBA
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
TBD

93
11
"Invisible"[101]
TBA
TBA
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
TBD

94
12
"#IWasMadeinAmerica"[102]
TBA
TBA
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
TBD

95
13
"Third Wheels"[103]
TBA
TBA
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
TBD

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: The Fosters: Girls United[edit]

text: At the start of the second part of the first season of The Fosters, a five-episode web series called The Fosters: Girls United was confirmed by ABC Family. It stars Maia Mitchell, Daffany Clark, Cherinda Kincherlow, Annamarie Kenoyer, Alicia Sixtos, Hayley Kiyoko, and Angela Gibbs. Girls United premiered on ABC Family's official YouTube account on February 3, 2014.[104] Each episode runs approximately 5 minutes long.

text:
No.
Title
Originally posted

1
"Run Baby Run"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Gabi goes missing and Girls United counselor, Michelle, calls a meeting to ask if the girls know anything about where she may have run off to.

2
"Stab in the Back"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

The girls discuss who of them can be pregnant.

3
"Got Your Back"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Callie and Kiara share some mutual secrets. Callie also discovers that Becka harms herself with a knife.

4
"Scorpion Kings"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Gabi's father visits the Girls United home for some information about Gabi.

5
"United We Stand"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Gabi comes back and reveals she went away because she has HIV.


document_title: The Cat in the Hat (film)

question_text: actors who played thing 1 and thing 2

question_tokens: actors who played thing 1 and thing 2

text: The Cat in the Hat (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother, Joan. Joan works for neat-freak Hank Humberfloob, as a real estate agent, and is hosting an office party at her house. One day, she is called back to the office, leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan, an elderly tired babysitter (after the previous one quit), and forbidding them to enter the living room, which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party. Joan is also dating their next-door neighbor, Larry Quinn, much to Conrad's dismay. Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to, as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school, as Conrad has earned the reputation of "hot-headed trouble-maker", while his sister is characterized as "perfect and well-behaved".

text: Once their mother leaves, Sally and Conrad meet an anthropomorphic humanoid and oversized talking cat with a red-and-white striped hat and a large red bow tie named the Cat in the Hat. The Cat wants them to learn to have fun but the children's pet fish doesn't want the Cat around when Joan is away. The Cat then leaves a trail of destruction across the house. In the process, he releases two trouble-making things, Thing 1 and Thing 2, from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world. The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule: never open the crate, then allows the Things to have fun, but they make a mess out of the house. Despite the Cat's warning, Conrad picks the lock on the crate. When the crate's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog, Nevins, Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock. They drive a super-powered car which Cat names it S.L.O.W. (Super Luxurious Omnidirectional Whatchamajigger) in search of Nevins and use Cat's magic hat. Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told, and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan.

text: Meanwhile, Larry is revealed to be an unemployed slob with dentures, and is in financial debt, though claiming that he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying Joan for her money. Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her, but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road, posing as police officers. Larry goes back to the house, telling Joan to meet him there.

text: By the time the kids and the Cat (and Larry) return to the house with the lock, a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house, seemingly killing Larry in the process. They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up. The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart. The Cat confesses to the kids that he planned the whole day, including making not opening the crate his one rule as he knew Conrad could not resist. The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house. Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home but Sally says she will share the blame. The Cat having overheard this happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption. named D.I.R.T. (Dynamic Industrial Renovating Tractormajigger) Afterwards, The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving. Larry returns, revealing he survived when all was restored, thinking he has busted the kids, but when Joan sees the clean house (and a messy Larry), she does not believe Larry and dumps him. After the successful party, Joan spends quality time with her children and the film ends as the Cat and his Things walk off into the sunset.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mike Myers as the Cat in the Hat, a tall, anthropomorphic, wise-cracking cat with a Brooklyn accent who wears a special hat which reveals many magical abilities.
Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden, Joan's destructive and misbehaved son.
Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden, Joan's dull, well-behaved, and rule-obeying daughter.
Kelly Preston as Joan Walden, Conrad and Sally's mother, and a workaholic real-estate agent.
Alec Baldwin as Lawrence "Larry" Quinn, the Waldens' pompous, lazy, unemployed next-door neighbor. He is revealed to be allergic to cats, steals food from the Waldens and gets away with it, and is determined to both marry Joan for her wealth and send Conrad to military school to straighten up his behavior.
Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan, an elderly Taiwanese woman who gets hired to watch the kids, though she sleeps through her job. Her weight and sleep serves as a running gag. She sits down on the couch to watch brawling in Taiwanese parliament.
Sean Hayes as Mr. Hank Humberfloob, Joan's boss. Hayes is also the voice of the family fish.
Danielle Chuchran and Taylor Rice as Thing 1, and Brittany Oaks and Talia-Lynn Prairie as Thing 2; two gibbering trouble-making creatures that the Cat brings in with him. Dan Castellaneta provided the voices for both Things.
Steven Anthony Lawrence as Dumb Schweitzer. He whacks Cat in the testicles with a wooden baseball bat
Paris Hilton as a female club-goer
Bugsy as Nevins, the Waldens' pet dog. Frank Welker provided his voice.
Candace Dean Brown as a secretary who works for the Humberfloob Real Estate.
Daran Norris as the Astounding Products Announcer
Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer
Paige Hurd as Denise, who does not speak to Sally anymore, not long after she talked back to her. She never invited Sally to her birthday party either since Sally earlier stated that she told Denise not to speak to her anymore.
Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan
Roger Morrisey as Mr. Vompatatat
Victor Brandt as the Narrator, who tells the story; he is revealed to be the Cat using a voice-changer at the end.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: DreamWorks Pictures acquired rights to the original book in 1997.[4] However, production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas/comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas, based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name, became a commercial success. Brian Grazer, who was the producer of The Grinch, stated, "Because we grew up with these books, and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child — the aggregation of all those feelings — it leaves an indelible, positive memory. And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then, The Cat in the Hat, into movies, I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen."[5] Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film, and he accepted.[6] When production began, songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior. Newman's cousin, David Newman, composed the score for the film. Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it, several people said Myers had considerable input into the film's direction, telling some of the cast (co-stars Baldwin and Preston) how to perform their scenes.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat. The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen, who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss' "mischievous feline" babysitter. Allen stated, "My dream is to give it the edge that scared me."[8] However, producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001, when Alec Berg, Jeff Schaffer, and Dave Mandel (who were also writers on Seinfeld) were hired to write the script (replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before),[9] so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline. Allen was also committed to shooting Disney's The Santa Clause 2, which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite.[10] Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2,[11] he dropped out his role.[12] In March 2002, the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers,[13] even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter.[14] Myers stated in an interview that he was a long-time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book, and that it was the first book he ever read.[15]

text: Makeup and visual effects[edit]

text: Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson. The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system. To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots, a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots. The tail and ears were battery operated.[16] The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues (responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and Scooby-Doo), in that the character had no shoulders, hips or legs, so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes, head and fin motion. Sean Hayes, who provided the voice for the Fish, found the role significantly different from his usual on-camera jobs; he did not know how the final animation would look, and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Prior to filming, giant props for the film were stolen from the set. Local police found the props vandalized in a mall car park in Pomona, California. The props were covered with graffiti. No arrests had been made, and filming was to start the next week.[18] Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 2002 until January 2003. The neighborhood and the town centre was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley, where 24 houses (each 26-feet square and 52-feet tall) were constructed.[19] The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located. The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended, so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen as it appears in the film. Because of so much smog in the area, the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon-like sky and colours of the background had to be digitally fixed.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Cat in the HatFilm score / Soundtrack album by David NewmanReleased
November 18, 2003Recorded
2002Genre
OrchestraLength
51:55Label
BMG Soundtracks

text: The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2003.[20] It includes David Newman's score, plus a song by Smash Mouth ("Getting Better") and ("Hang On") that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in a film starring Mike Myers, after Shrek (2001)  and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers (the role of the Cat). Newman's score won a BMI Film Music Award.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by David Newman, except as noted.

text: showTrack listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Main Title; The Kids" 8:072."Getting Better" (Performed by Smash Mouth)Lennon–McCartney2:243."The Cat" 3:504."Two Things - Couch Jumping - Lea..." 5:165."Military Academy Seduction" 3:026.Untitled 2:127."Surfer Cat - the Phunometer" 2:238."Fun, Fun, Fun" (Performed by Mike Myers)Marc Shaiman, Scott Wittman2:389."The Contract" 1:5310."Oven Explodes - "Clean Up This Mess!"" 1:3611."Things Wreck the House" 2:5212."Larry the Slob" 3:1013."Birthday Party" 2:1114."S.L.O.W. Drive" 2:3215."Rescuing Nevins" 4:2716."Clean Up" (Performed by Mike Myers)Shaiman, Whitman0:2317."Hang On" (Performed by Smash Mouth)Scott Wittman3:00Total length:47:25

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Cat in the Hat was released on VHS and DVD on March 16, 2004.[21] It features 16 deleted scenes, 20 outtake scenes, almost a dozen featurettes, and a "Dance with the Cat" tutorial to teach kids a Cat in the Hat dance.[22] On February 7, 2012, the film was released on Blu-ray.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21, 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend, ranking first in the North American box office.[24] The film ended its theatrical run on March 18, 2004, having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 10% "Rotten" rating based on 158 reviews with an average rating of 3.2/10. The website's consensus reads: "Filled with double entendres and potty humor, this Cat falls flat."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 19 out of 100 based on 37 reviews indicating  "overwhelming dislike".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[27]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star, stating, "Cat, another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss, has a draw on Mike Myers, who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. Although he praised the production design, he considered the film to be "all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics, with no room for lightness and joy".[28] Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film "Two Thumbs Down". Roeper said of Myers' performance that "Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live-action version of The Cat in the Hat just wasn't a great idea." Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas, in that "If there is one thing I've learned from these two movies is that we don't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch, and we don't want to see Mike Myers as a cat. These are talented comedians, let's see them do their stuff, don't bury them under a ton of technology."

text: Concerns were also raised over the PG rating of the film with some critics, stating that it should have instead been rated PG-13 in relation to its high amount of adult content.[29]

text: Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the "Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for, injecting potty humor and adult (wink-wink) jokes into a mixture of heavy-handed slapstick and silliness." Maltin also claimed that the film's official title which included Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat was "an official insult".[30]

text: Conversely, Jeffrey Lyons from NBC-TV enjoyed the film and considered it "enormously funny".[citation needed] Variety considered it "attractively designed, energetically performed and, above all, blessedly concise, this adaptation of one of the most popular American kids' books walks the safe side of surrealism with its fur-flying shenanigans. The younger the viewers, the better reactions are bound to be, while grownups will sit in varying states of bemusement".

text: Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material. He expressed a belief that a film is "an idea about something" and that because Dr. Seuss' work is so unique, making a feature-length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations.[31]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award

Subject

Nominee

Result

BMI Film Awards

Best Music

David Newman

Won

DFWFCA Awards

Worst Film

Won

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Movie Actor

Mike Myers

Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards

Worst Actor of the Decade

Nominated

Worst Actor

Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor

Alec Baldwin

Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress

Kelly Preston

Nominated

Worst Picture

Nominated

Worst Director

Bo Welch

Nominated

Worst Screenplay

Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, based on the book by Dr. Seuss

Nominated

Worst Screen Couple

Mike Myers and either Thing One or Thing Two

Nominated

Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie (All Concept/No Content)

Won

Worst "Comedy" of Our First 25 Years

Nominated

Stinkers Bad Movie Awards[32]

Worst Picture

Won

Worst Director

Bo Welch

Nominated

Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide

Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, based on the book by Dr. Seuss

Won

Worst Actor

Mike Myers

Nominated

Worst Fake Accent - Male

Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor

Alec Baldwin

Nominated

Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy

Nominated

Worst Song

"Fun, Fun, Fun"; music by Marc Shaiman, lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman

Nominated

Most Annoying Non-Human Character

Cat in the Hat

Won

Thing One and Thing Two (voices by Dan Castellaneta)

Nominated

The Spencer Breslin Award (Worst Performance by a Child Actor)

Spencer Breslin

Won

Dakota Fanning

Nominated

text: The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards.[33]

text: Scrapped sequel[edit]

text: On the day of the film's release, Mike Myers stated in an interview that he expected a sequel where the kids meet the Cat again, since there was a sequel to the book. A sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was in development, a little more than a month before the film's release.[34] In February 2004, Dr. Seuss' widow, Audrey Geisel, said she would never allow any further live action adaptations of her husband's works, and the sequel was eventually cancelled.[35]

text: Animated version[edit]

text: On March 15, 2012, a computer animated Cat in the Hat adaptation was announced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, following the success of The Lorax.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42] On January 24, 2018, Warner Animation Group announced that they have picked up the rights for the animated Cat in the Hat reboot movie, along with many of Seuss' works.[43]

text: Video game[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat
Developer(s)
Magenta Software (PS2, Xbox)Digital Eclipse (Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance)Publisher(s)
Vivendi Universal Games[a]Platform(s)

PlayStation 2
Microsoft Windows
Xbox
Game Boy Advance
Release
NA: November 5, 2003 (PS2, Xbox, GBA)NA: November 9, 2003 (PC)EU: March 19, 2004JP: March 25, 2004 (Xbox)Genre(s)
Platform

Action

text: The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse. It is based on the film of the same name. The game was released for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance on November 5, 2003, and PC on November 9, 2003, shortly before the film's theatrical release. A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be released, but it was later cancelled.

text: Video game reviews[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(Xbox) 52.67%[44](PS2) 50%[45](GBA) 46.50%[46](PC) 19.50%[47]Metacritic(Xbox) 56/100[48](PS2) 56/100[49](GBA) 40/100[50](PC) 40/100[51]Review scoresPublicationScoreFamitsu27/40[52]GameSpot3.8/10[53]GameZone(PC) 8/10[54](PS2) 7.2/10[55](GBA) 5/10[56]IGN6/10[57](GBA) 4/10[58]Nintendo Power2.3/5[59]OPM (US)[60]OXM (US)5.5/10[61]PC Gamer (UK)9%[62]PC Zone30%[63]X-Play[64]

text: The Cat in the Hat game received mixed reviews[44][45][46][48][49][50] (except for the PC version, which received negative reviews).[47][51]


document_title: Red blood cell

question_text: where does the breakdown of red blood cells occur

question_tokens: where does the breakdown of red blood cells occur

text: Red blood cell

text: Structure

text: Vertebrates

text: Almost all vertebrates, including all mammals and humans, have red blood cells. Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen. The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish (family Channichthyidae); they live in very oxygen-rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood.[8] While they no longer use hemoglobin, remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome.[9]

text: Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin, a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules (O2) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body. Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell's cell membrane. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues; most waste carbon dioxide, however, is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate (HCO3−) dissolved in the blood plasma. Myoglobin, a compound related to hemoglobin, acts to store oxygen in muscle cells.[10]

text: The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin. The blood plasma alone is straw-colored, but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin: when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet, and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color. However, blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin.[11] Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques. Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide, forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color. Flushed, confused patients with a saturation reading of 100% on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning.

text: Having oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells (as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species; red blood cell width is on average about 25% larger than capillary diameter, and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues.[12]

text: Mammals

text: The red blood cells of mammals are typically shaped as biconcave disks: flattened and depressed in the center, with a dumbbell-shaped cross section, and a torus-shaped rim on the edge of the disk. This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels, such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter, which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels.[13] Moreover, this shape allows for a high surface-area-to-volume (SA/V) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases.[14] However, there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order (even-toed ungulates including cattle, deer, and their relatives), which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies: small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels (family Camelidae), tiny spherical cells in mouse deer (family Tragulidae), and cells which assume fusiform, lanceolate, crescentic, and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti (family Cervidae). Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm.[7][15] Overall, mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries, as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape, where they efficiently release their oxygen load.[16]

text: Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature. Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis, but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin.  The red blood cells without nuclei, called reticulocytes, go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.

text: The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells, but this effect is somewhat limited in humans. In some other mammals such as dogs and horses, the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress, yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity.

text: Human

text: A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2–8.2 µm[17] and a thickness at the thickest point of 2–2.5 µm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8–1 µm, being much smaller than most other human cells. These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL[18] with a surface of about 136 μm2, and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without membrane distension.

text: Adult humans have roughly 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time, constituting approximately 70% of all cells by number.[19] Women have about 4–5 million red blood cells per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5–6 million; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more. Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000–400,000 platelets per microliter.

text: Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation.[4][6][20]

text: The blood's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million[citation needed] of these hemoglobin molecules. Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen in the body (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body.[21][22]

text: Microstructure

text: Nucleus

text: Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature, meaning that they lack a cell nucleus. In comparison, the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps and fish of the genus Maurolicus.[23][24]

text: The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome.[25] The argument runs as follows: Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries, and this constrains their size. In the absence of nuclear elimination, the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus, which increases with genome size.

text: Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms: normoblasts, which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells, and megaloblasts, which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias.

text: Membrane composition

text: Red blood cells are deformable, flexible, are able to adhere to other cells, and are able to interface with immune cells. Their membrane plays many roles in this. These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins.  The other half are lipids, namely phospholipids and cholesterol.[26]

text: Membrane lipids

text: The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer, similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells. Simply put, this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity. Additionally, the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer.

text: Unlike cholesterol, which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets, the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed, as shown below:

text: Outer monolayer

text:
Phosphatidylcholine (PC);
Sphingomyelin (SM).

text: Inner monolayer

text:
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE);
Phosphoinositol (PI) (small amounts).
Phosphatidylserine (PS);

text: This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy-dependent and energy-independent phospholipid transport proteins. Proteins called “Flippases” move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer, while others called “floppases” do the opposite operation, against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner. Additionally, there are also “scramblase” proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time, down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner. There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane.

text: The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer (such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons:

text:
Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface. Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system, especially in the spleen.
Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer.
An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells, effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature. Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation.
Both PS and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) can regulate membrane mechanical function, due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability. PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3, and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton.

text: The presence of specialized structures named "lipid rafts" in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies. These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins, namely flotillins, stomatins (band 7), G-proteins, and β-adrenergic receptors. Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2-adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels, and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells.[27][28]

text: Membrane proteins

text: The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability, flexibility and durability of the red blood cell, enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell (7–8 μm) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces, in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber.

text: There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins, which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell. Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens, such as the A, B and Rh antigens, among many others. These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions, such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane, adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells, as signaling receptors, as well as other currently unknown functions. The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells. Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders, such as hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary stomatocytosis, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.[26][27]

text: The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function:

text: Transport

text:
Band 3 – Anion transporter, also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane, makes up to 25% of the cell membrane surface, each red cell contains approximately one million copies. Defines the Diego Blood Group;[30]
Aquaporin 1 – water transporter, defines the Colton Blood Group;
Glut1 – glucose and L-dehydroascorbic acid transporter;
Kidd antigen protein – urea transporter;
RhAG – gas transporter, probably of carbon dioxide, defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rhnull;
Na+/K+ – ATPase;
Ca2+ – ATPase;
Na+ K+ 2Cl− – cotransporter;
Na+-Cl− – cotransporter;
Na-H exchanger;
K-Cl – cotransporter;
Gardos Channel.

text: Cell adhesion

text:
ICAM-4 – interacts with integrins;
BCAM  – a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin-binding protein.

text: Structural role – The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton, likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing (vesiculating).

text:
Ankyrin-based macromolecular complex – proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin.
Band 3 – also assembles various glycolytic enzymes, the presumptive CO2 transporter, and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a "metabolon," which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function);
RhAG – also involved in transport, defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rhmod.
Protein 4.1R-based macromolecular complex – proteins interacting with Protein 4.1R.
Protein 4.1R – weak expression of Gerbich antigens;
Glycophorin C and D – glycoprotein, defines Gerbich Blood Group;
XK – defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype (lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens);
RhD/RhCE – defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rhnull;
Duffy protein – has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance;[31]
Adducin – interaction with band 3;
Dematin- interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter.

text: Surface electrostatic potential

text: The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell. The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is −15.7 millivolts (mV).[32] Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane: their removal results in zeta potential of −6.06 mV.

text: Function

text: Secondary functions

text: When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels, they release ATP, which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow.[33]

text: When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated, red blood cells release S-nitrosothiols, which also act to dilate blood vessels,[34] thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen.

text: Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically, using L-arginine as substrate, as do endothelial cells.[35] Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide,[36] which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus.

text: Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide, a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls. It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide.[37]

text: Red blood cells also play a part in the body's immune response: when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria, their hemoglobin releases free radicals, which break down the pathogen's cell wall and membrane, killing it.[38][39]

text: Cellular processes

text: As a result of not containing mitochondria, red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate.[40][41] Furthermore, the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells; see glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more.

text: As red blood cells contain no nucleus, protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells.

text: Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA, and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities.[42]  The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells.[43]  However, infection with parvoviruses (such as human parvovirus B19) can affect erythroid precursors, as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies, thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia.[44]

text: Life cycle

text: Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days. When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant).[45] At the end of their lifespan, they are removed from circulation. In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced.

text: Creation

text: Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones. (In the embryo, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as reticulocytes; these constitute about 1% of circulating red blood cells.

text: Functional lifetime

text: The functional lifetime of a red blood cell is about 100–120 days, during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push (in arteries), pull (in veins) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries. They are also recycled in the bone marrow.[46]

text: Senescence

text: The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane, making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system (spleen, liver and lymph nodes), thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood. This process is termed eryptosis, red blood cell programmed cell death.[47] This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis, balancing the total circulating red blood cell count. Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis, haemolytic uremic syndrome, malaria, sickle cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency and Wilson's disease. Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics. Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK. Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin, nitric oxide, catecholamines and high concentrations of urea.

text: Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body. The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron (Fe3+) and biliverdin. The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin, which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin.  The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin.  Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze. Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin, which is not excreted by the kidney.[48]

text: Clinical significance

text: Disease

text: Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include:

text: Anemias (or anaemias) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood, because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin.

text: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed

text: Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules. When these release their oxygen load in the tissues, they become insoluble, leading to mis-shaped red blood cells. These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage, pain, strokes, and other tissue damage.

text: Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits.

text: Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell's cell membrane, causing the cells to be small, sphere-shaped, and fragile instead of donut-shaped and flexible. These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen. Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known.[49]

text: Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor, required to absorb vitamin B12 from food. Vitamin B12 is needed for the production of hemoglobin.

text: Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells.

text: Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells.

text: Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells. It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia.

text: The malaria parasite spends part of its life-cycle in red blood cells, feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart, causing fever. Both sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas, because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite.

text: Polycythemias (or erythrocytoses) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells. The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms.

text: In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow.

text: Several microangiopathic diseases, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies, present with pathognomonic (diagnostic) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes. These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus.

text: Transfusion

text: Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion. Blood may be donated from another person, or stored by the recipient at an earlier date. Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood-borne diseases, or will not suffer themselves by giving blood. Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood-borne diseases including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV. The blood type (A, B, AB, or O) or the blood product is identified. This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell's surface. After this process, the blood is stored, and within a short duration is used. Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells.

text: Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia, active bleeding, or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss, such as prior to an operation. Before blood is given, a small sample of the recipient's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching. In addition to the transmission of infection, certain types of transfusion reaction.

text: In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab. The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow. It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions.[50]

text: Tests

text: Several blood tests involve red blood cells. These include a RBC count (the number of red blood cells per volume of blood), calculation of the hematocrit (percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation.

text: Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film (or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide. This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form. When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack, flat side next to flat side. This is known as rouleaux formation, and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated, as for instance during inflammation.

text: Separation and blood doping

text: Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation, which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation. Packed red blood cells, which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed, are used in transfusion medicine.[51] During plasma donation, the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected.

text: Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping: first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted, then the red blood cells are isolated, frozen and stored, to be reinjected shortly before the competition. (Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at −79 °C or −110 °F) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity. Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells.  Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

text: History

text: The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam, who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog.[52] Unaware of this work, Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674, this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells, even approximating their size, "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

text: In 1901, Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups—A, B, and C (which he later renamed to O). Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells, thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups. A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli, two colleagues of Landsteiner, identified a fourth blood group—AB.

text: In 1959, by use of X-ray crystallography, Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin, the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen.[53]

text: The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman, a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE. These cells were discovered in May 2012.[54]


document_title: Super Mario Party

question_text: how many mini games in mario party switch

text: Super Mario Party

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The traditional gameplay of the older Mario Party games returns in Super Mario Party, after the previous two games' departure from the established form. The standard game mode, Party Mode, features up to four players taking turns and navigating the board in search of stars while competing against one another in a variety of minigames. A second mode, known as Partner Party, has two teams of two players also searching for stars on a free-movement board similar to those in Mario Party: Star Rush.[1] The game can be played with only one Joy-Con controller per player, allowing two players to play together with only one Switch system, which comes with two Joy-Con. Super Mario Party also takes advantage of the Switch's local wireless capabilities, allowing teams to play from separate Switch consoles and allowing multiple Switch consoles to be arranged and synchronized to create larger, multi-monitor environments[2][3][4] in a mode called "Toad's Rec Room"[1] (as patented prior to the game's reveal[5]).

text: Some of the minigames can be played using traditional button controls, while others may be controlled by motion controls, such as a tricycle race minigame.[6]

text: Toad returns as Super Mario Party's host, directing the players throughout the game.

text: Online play[edit]

text: Super Mario Party features online multiplayer for the first time in the Mario Party series. While Party Mode's board games are restricted to offline play,[7] players are able to play the game's 80 minigames with other players either locally or online independent of the board games in the game's "Online Mariothon" mode. In the Online Mariothon mode, players compete in five randomly-selected minigames aiming to get the highest score. It also features leader boards and a ranking system, as well as rewards that the players can receive for playing the mode.[1][8]

text: Playable characters[edit]

text: The roster of playable characters in Super Mario Party includes Mario, Luigi, Rosalina, Dry Bones,[4] Boo, Koopa Troopa, Hammer Bro, Princess Peach, Princess Daisy, Yoshi, Donkey Kong, Shy Guy, Bowser, Wario, and Waluigi, all of whom are returning characters, with Bowser being fully playable for the first time. New playable characters to the series include Bowser Jr. and Diddy Kong, who had only previously appeared as a playable character in handheld Mario Party games; Pom Pom, Goomba[4] and Monty Mole, none of whom has previously been a playable character in Mario Party, although this is the former's debut in the series, and the latter two have appeared as NPCs throughout the series.[9]

text: Development[edit]

text: Super Mario Party was developed by NDcube.[10] Nintendo revealed Super Mario Party on 12 June 2018 during their Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 Nintendo Direct presentation,[11] where they also announced that the game would release on 5 October 2018 for the Nintendo Switch.[12] In August 2018, Nintendo said that Super Mario Party would not support the Nintendo Switch Pro Controller.[13] In September 2018, it was revealed that Super Mario Party would not support handheld mode.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018)

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic75/100[15]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7.5/10[21]EGM9/10[16]Game Informer7.25/10[22]GameSpot7/10[18]IGN7.3/10[19]Nintendo Life[20]Nintendo World Report8.5/10[17]USgamer[23]

text: Super Mario Party received "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic.[15] IGN gave the game a 7.3, stating "Super Mario Party delivers the couch multiplayer experience the series is famous for," though also mentioning a lackluster selection of maps.

text: Sales[edit]

text: Super Mario Party sold 142,868 physical copies within its first 2 days on sale in Japan, outpacing its predecessor Mario Party 10.[24] Super Mario Party debuted at #5 on United Kingdom sales charts for physical copies sold.[25]


document_title: Flooding of the Nile

question_text: when did the nile river flood in ancient egypt

text: Flooding of the Nile

text: Flooding cycle[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The flooding of the Nile is the result of the yearly monsoon between May and August causing enormous precipitations on the Ethiopian Highlands whose summits reach heights of up to 4550 m (14,928 ft). Most of this rainwater is taken by the Blue Nile and by the Atbarah River into the Nile, a less important amount is flowing through the Sobat and the White Nile into the Nile. During this short period, those rivers contribute up to ninety percent of the water of the Nile and most of the sedimentation carried by it, but after the rainy season, dwindle to minor rivers.

text: These facts were unknown to the ancient Egyptians who could only observe the rise and fall of the Nile waters. The flooding as such was foreseeable, its exact dates and levels could only be forecast on a short term basis by transmitting the gauge readings at Aswan to the lower parts of the kingdom where the data had to be converted to the local circumstances. Which was not foreseeable, of course, was the size of flooding and its total discharge.

text: The Egyptian year was divided into the three seasons of Akhet (Inundation), Peret (Growth), and Shemu (Harvest). Akhet covered the Egyptian flood cycle. This cycle was so consistent that the Egyptians timed its onset using the heliacal rising of Sirius, the key event used to set their calendar.

text: The first indications of the rise of the river could be seen at the first of the cataracts of the Nile (at Aswan) as early as the beginning of June, and a steady increase went on until the middle of July, when the increase of water became very great. The Nile continued to rise until the beginning of September, when the level remained stationary for a period of about three weeks, sometimes a little less. In October it often rose again, and reached its highest level. From this period it began to subside, and usually sank steadily until the month of June when it reached its lowest level, again. Flooding reached Aswan about a week earlier than Cairo, and Luxor 5 – 6 days earlier than Cairo. Typical heights of flood were 45 feet (13.7 metres) at Aswan, 38 feet (11.6 metres) at Luxor (and Thebes) and 25 feet (7.6 metres) at Cairo.[1]

text: Importance for Egypt[edit]

text: If it were not for the Nile River, Egyptian civilization could not have developed, as it is the only significant source of water in this desert region.

text: Its other importance was its function as their gateway to the unknown world. The Nile flows from south to north, to its delta on the Mediterranean Sea. The floods were seen as the annual coming of the god. Possibly Egyptian mythology was based on this understanding, creating stories of gods or nature to give added importance to the processes and cycles that sustained Egypt.

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Basin irrigation[edit]

text: Whilst the earliest Egyptians simply laboured those areas which were inundated by the floods, some 7000 years ago, they started to develop the basin irrigation method. Agricultural land was divided into large fields surrounded by dams and dykes and equipped with intake and exit canals. The basins were flooded and then closed for about 45 days to saturate the soil with moisture and allow the silt to deposit. Then the water was discharged to lower fields or back into the Nile. Immediately thereafter, sowing started, and harvesting followed some three of four months later. In the dry season thereafter, farming was not possible. Thus, all crops had to fit into this tight scheme of irrigation and timing.

text: In case of a small flood, the upper basins could not be filled with water which would mean famine. If a flood was too large, it would damage villages, dykes and canals.

text: The basin irrigation method did not exact too much of the soils, and their fertility was sustained by the annual silt deposit. Salinisation did not occur, since in summer, the ground water level was well below the surface, and any salinity which might have accrued was washed away by the next flood.

text: It is estimated that by this method, in ancient Egypt, some 2 million up to a maximum of 12 million inhabitants could be nourished. By the end of Late Antiquity, the methods and infrastructure slowly decayed, and the population diminished accordingly.

text: By 1800, Egypt had a population of some 2.5 million inhabitants.

text: Perennial irrigation[edit]

text: Muhammad Ali Pasha, (1805–1848 Khedive of Egypt) modernized various aspects of Egypt. He endeavoured to extend arable land and achieve additional revenue by introducing cotton cultivation, a crop with a longer growing season and requiring sufficient water at all times. To this end, the Delta Barrages and wide systems of new canals were built, changing the irrigation system from the traditional basin irrigation to perennial irrigation whereby farmland could by irrigated throughout the year. Thereby, many crops could be harvested twice or even three times a year and agricultural output was increased dramatically.

text: In 1873, Isma'il Pasha built the Ibrahimiya Canal, thereby greatly extending perennial irrigation.

text: End of flooding[edit]

text: Although the British, during their first period in Egypt, improved and extended this system, it was not able to store large amounts of water and to fully retain the annual flooding. In order to further improve irrigation, Sir William Willcocks, in his role as director general of reservoirs for Egypt, planned and supervised the construction of the Aswan Low Dam, the first true storage reservoir, and the Assiut Barrage, both completed in 1902. However, they were still not able to retain sufficient water to cope with the driest summers, despite the Aswan Low Dam being raised twice, in 1907–1912 and in 1929–1933.

text: During the 1920s, the Sennar Dam was constructed on the Blue Nile as a reservoir in order to supply water to the huge Gezira Scheme on a regular basis. It was the first dam on the Nile to retain large amounts of sedimentation (and to divert a large quantity of it into the irrigation canals) and in spite of opening the sluice gates during the flooding in order to flush the sediments, the reservoir is assumed to have lost about a third of its storage capacity.[2] In 1966, the Roseires Dam was added to help irrigating the Gezira Scheme. The Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile south of Khartoum was completed in 1937 in order to compensate for the Blue Nile's low waters in winter, but it was still not possible to overcome a period of very low waters in the Nile and thus avoid occasional drought, which had plagued Egypt since ancient times.

text: In order to overcome these problems, Harold Edwin Hurst, a British hydrologist in the Egyptian Public Works from 1906 until many years after his retirement age, studied the fluctuations of the water levels in the Nile, and already in 1946 submitted an elaborate plan for how a "century storage" could be achieved to cope with exceptional dry seasons occurring statistically once in a hundred years. His ideas of further reservoirs using Lake Victoria, Lake Albert and Lake Tana and of reducing the evaporation in the Sudd by digging the Jonglei Canal were opposed by the states concerned.

text: Eventually, Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970, opted for the idea of the Aswan High Dam at Aswan in Egypt instead of having to deal with many foreign countries. The required size of the reservoir was calculated using Hurst's figures and mathematical methods. In 1970, with the completion of the Aswan High Dam which was able to store the highest floods, the annual flooding cycle in Egypt came to an end in Lake Nasser.

text: In the meantime, Egyptian population has risen to 92.5 million inhabitants (2016 estimate).[3]


document_title: List of disasters by cost

question_text: what is the costliest natural disaster in us history

text: List of disasters by cost

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2017)

text: Disasters can be particularly notable for the high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.

text: The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a disaster occurs in a densely populated area in a wealthy country, the financial damage might be huge, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a densely populated area in a poorer country, the actual financial damage might be relatively small, in part due to a lack of insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of over 230,000 people, cost a 'mere' $15 billion,[1] whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damages were six-fold.

text: Note: All damage figures are listed in billions of United States dollars.

text:
List of disasters by cost

Cost in billions USD

Cost (2017-2018)[2]

Fatalities

Event

Type

Year

Nation

$360[3]

$411.3

15894

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Earthquake, Tsunami

2011

 Japan

$197[4]

$329.8

5502 – 6434

Great Hanshin earthquake

Earthquake

1995

 Japan

$148[5]

$176.4

87587

2008 Sichuan earthquake

Earthquake

2008

 China

$125[6]

$164.9

1245 – 1836

Hurricane Katrina

Tropical cyclone

2005

 United States

$125[6]

$129.5

107

Hurricane Harvey

Tropical cyclone

2017

 United States

≥$91.6[6]

≥$94.9

146 – 8498[7]

Hurricane Maria

Tropical cyclone

2017

North America (, , , others)

$68.7[6]

$76.3

233

Hurricane Sandy

Tropical cyclone

2012

North America (, , , others)

$64.8[6]

$66.5

134

Hurricane Irma

Tropical cyclone

2017

North America (, , , others)

$60 – $100[8]

$69.7 – $116.1

11

Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Contamination (Oil)

2010

 United States

$53.25[9]

$115.8

4800 – 17000

1988–89 North American drought

Drought

1988

 United States,  Canada

$49.6 – $56.1[10]

$53.3 – $60.3

104

2012–13 North American drought

Drought

2012

 United States,  Canada

$49[11]

$81

57

1994 Northridge earthquake

Earthquake

1994

 United States

$45.7[12]

$49.8

815

2011 Thailand floods

Flood

2011

 Thailand

$40[citation needed]

$115.5

2483 – 4900

1980 Irpinia earthquake

Earthquake

1980

 Italy

$40[citation needed][13]

$44.6

185

2011 Christchurch earthquake

Earthquake

2011

 New Zealand

$50 – $433[14]

$113 – ~$700

31 – 46

Chernobyl disaster

Contamination (Radiation)

1986

 Soviet Union (, )

$38[6]

$43.3

214

Hurricane Ike

Tropical cyclone

2008

North America (, , , others)

$28[15][16]

$36.2

68

2004 Chūetsu earthquake

Earthquake

2004

 Japan

$27.4[6]

$34.4

87

Hurricane Wilma

Tropical cyclone

2005

North America (, , , others)

$27.3[6]

$47.6

65

Hurricane Andrew

Tropical cyclone

1992

 United States

$26.1[6]

$33.9

124

Hurricane Ivan

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, , , others)

$21.8 – $135[17]

$30.2 – $186.9

2996

September 11 terrorist attacks

Terror attack

2001

 United States

$18.5[6]

$23.2

97 – 125

Hurricane Rita

Tropical cyclone

2005

 United States

$19.2

$24.6

110

2002 European floods

Flood

2002

Central Europe (, , , others)

$17.6[18]

$23.9

140

Cyclones Lothar and Martin

European windstorm

1999

Western Europe (, , , others)

$16.9[6]

$21.9

35

Hurricane Charley

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, , )

$15.8[19]

$17

27

2012 Northern Italy earthquakes

Earthquake

2012

 Italy

$15.1[20][21]

$15.4

603

Hurricane Matthew

Tropical cyclone

2016

North America (, , , others)

$15 – $20[22]

$25.6 – $34.1

47

Great Flood of 1993

Flood

1993

 United States

$15.0[23]

$28.8

197

Cyclones Daria, Vivian, and Wiebke

European windstorm

1990

Western Europe (, , , others)

$15[1]

$19.4

230000 – 280000

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

Earthquake, Tsunami

2004

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$14.2[6]

$15.5

58

Hurricane Irene

Tropical cyclone

2011

North America (, , , others)

$12.9[24]

$14.7

138366

Cyclone Nargis

Tropical cyclone

2008

 Myanmar

$12.7[25]

$13.2

130

November 2015 Paris attacks

Terror attack

2015

 France

$11.6 – $18.9[26]

$17 – $27.7

17118 – 17127

1999 İzmit earthquake

Earthquake

1999

 Turkey

$10.4[27]

$11

12

Typhoon Fitow

Tropical cyclone

2013

 China

$10.2[10]

$11.1

348

2011 Super Outbreak

Tornado

2011

 United States

$10 – $15[28]

$10.3 – $15.4

13

2016 Louisiana floods

Flood

2016

 United States

$10[10]

$29.6

1700 – 10000

1980 United States heat wave

Drought

1980

 United States

$10[29]

$18

64

Typhoon Mireille

Tropical cyclone

1991

 Japan

$10[23]

$12.1

44

Cyclone Kyrill

European windstorm

2007

Western Europe (, , , others)

$10[10]

$11.3

16

June 2008 Midwest floods

Flood

2008

 United States

$9.8[6][30][31][32]

$12.7

50

Hurricane Frances

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, )

$9.5[6]

$18.7

60

Hurricane Hugo

Tropical cyclone

1989

North America (, , , others)

$9.5[33][34]

$9.7

2

2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire

Wildfire

2016

 Canada

$9.4[6]

$14.1

604

Hurricane Georges

Tropical cyclone

1998

North America (, , , others)

$9.4[35]

$9.4

44

October 2017 Northern California wildfires

Wildfire

2017

 United States

$9[36]

$11.7

28

Typhoon Songda

Tropical cyclone

2004

 Japan

$8.5[6]

$11.8

55

Tropical Storm Allison

Tropical cyclone

2001

 United States

8.3[6]

$9.5

153

Hurricane Gustav

Tropical cyclone

2008

North America (, , , others)

$8.1[37] – $14[38]

$9.2 – $16

100000 – 220000

2010 Haiti earthquake

Earthquake

2010

 Haiti

$7.9[6]

$10.3

3035

Hurricane Jeanne

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, , , others)

$7.13[39]

$7.4

196

Typhoon Rammasun

Tropical cyclone

2014

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$7[40]

$13.8

0

Exxon Valdez oil spill

Contamination (Oil)

1989

North America (, )

$6.5[6]

$9.6

74

Hurricane Floyd

Tropical cyclone

1999

North America (, , )

$6.2[41]

$6.2

630

2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake

Earthquake

2017

 Iran Iraq

$6.2[42]

$7.1

789

Typhoon Morakot

Tropical cyclone

2009

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$6.1[6]

$9.1

11374+

Hurricane Mitch

Tropical cyclone

1998

North America (, , , others)

$6.1[23]

$7

75

Cyclone Xynthia

European windstorm

2010

Southeastern Europe (, , , others)

$6.01[43]

$8.6

75

Typhoon Prapiroon

Tropical cyclone

2000

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$6[23]

$7.01

26

Cyclone Klaus

European windstorm

2009

Southeastern Europe (, , , others)

$6[44]

$6.3

5

2013 Alberta floods

Flood

2013

 Canada

$5.6 – $6[citation needed]

$11 – $11.8

63

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Earthquake

1989

 United States

$5.5[23]

$7.1

24

Cyclone Gudrun

European windstorm

2005

North Europe (, , , others)

$5.5[6]

$7.3

51

Hurricane Isabel

Tropical cyclone

2003

 United States

$5[45]

$11.4

10000 – 35000

1985 Mexico City earthquake

Earthquake

1985

 Mexico

$5[46]

$7.9

284 – 590

Typhoon Herb

Tropical cyclone

1996

 China

$4.8

$6

101

Firenze flash flood

Flood

1966

 Italy

$4.7[6]

$7.6

63

Hurricane Opal

Tropical cyclone

1995

North America (, , , others)

$4.6[47][48][49]

$4.8

6329 – 7403

Typhoon Haiyan

Tropical cyclone

2013

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$4.4[50]

$5.2

78

Cyclone Gonu

Tropical cyclone

2007

 Oman

$4.2[51]

$4.4

123

Hurricane Manuel

Tropical cyclone

2013

 Mexico

$4[23]

$8.8

22

Great Storm of 1987

European windstorm

1987

Western Europe (, , , others)

$3.1[6]

$5.4

6

Hurricane Iniki

Tropical cyclone

1992

 United States

$2 – $4[52]

$2 – $4

370

2017 Central Mexico earthquake

Earthquake

2017

 Mexico

$3.0[6]

$6.2

318

Hurricane Gilbert

Tropical cyclone

1988

North America (, , , others)

$2.9[10]

$3.1

22

June 2012 North American derecho

Severe storm

2012

 United States

$2.84 – $5

$3.21 – $7.23

2015 Sabah earthquake

earthquake

2015

 Malaysia

$2.8[53]

$3.1

158

2011 Joplin tornado

Tornado

2011

 United States

$2.68[54]

$3.7

29

AZF chemical plant explosion

Explosion

2001

 France

$2.5[10]

$2.5

2

2017 Montana wildfires

Drought, Wildfire

2017

 United States

$2.5[10]

$2.5

0

2017 Minneapolis hailstorm

Hailstorm

2017

 United States

$2.4

$2.5

20

2016 European floods

Flood

2016

Western Europe (, , , others)

$2.4

$3.2

6

Century flood of Rhône

Flood

2003

 France

$2.2[10]

$2.2

0

2017 Denver hailstorm

Hailstorm

2017

 United States

$2.1[10]

$2.1

0

Tornado outbreak of March 6–7, 2017

Tornado

2017

 United States

$2[55]

$2.2

33

Costa Concordia disaster

Maritime disaster

2012

 Italy

$1.7

$1.9

0

2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

Volcano

2010

Europe (, , , others)

$1.4[56]

$1.4

44

Cyclone Winston

Tropical cyclone

2016

 Fiji

$1.24 – $2[57]

$1.7 – $2.7

15

Cedar Fire

Wildfire

2003

 United States

$1.1[58]

$3.8

0

Three Mile Island accident

Contamination (Radiation)

1979

 United States

$1.1

$3

57

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

Volcano

1980

 United States

$1[59]

$2.3

22540

Armero tragedy

Volcano

1985

 Colombia

$0.8 – $1.1[60]

$3.6 – $4.9

71

Cyclone Tracy

Tropical cyclone

1975

 Australia

$0.8 – $1.3[61]

$0.9 – $1.4

0

2014 Paris Hailstorm

Hailstorm

2014

 France

$0.7[62]

$1.3

800

1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption

Volcano

1991

 Philippines

$0.7[63]

$0.8

1

2011 Slave Lake wildfire

Wildfire

2011

 Canada

$0.53 – $1

$0.8 – $1.4

23

2014-15 Malaysia floods

Flood

2014–15

 Malaysia

$0.2[citation needed]

$0.8

583

Tenerife airport disaster

Aviation disaster

1977

 Canary Islands