document_title: University of Phoenix

question_text: who is the university of phoenix accredited by

root

text: University of Phoenix

text: History[edit]

text: The university was founded by John Sperling[7] in 1976, where the first class consisted of eight students.[8] In 1980, the school expanded to San Jose, California, and in 1989, the university launched its online program.[9]

tag: p

text: In 1994, University of Phoenix leaders made the decision to take the parent company, Apollo Group, public. Phoenix had more than 100,000 students within the first five years of going public.[10] Growth in the company made John Sperling a billionaire.[11] According to Senator Tom Harkin, who chaired hearings on for-profit colleges, "I think what really turned this company is when they started going to Wall Street."[12]

text: Between 2010 and 2016, enrollment declined more than 70 percent[13][14][15][16] amid multiple investigations, lawsuits and controversies.[17][18]

text: In February 2016, the Apollo Group announced it would be sold to a private investment group, made up of Apollo Global Management, the Vistria Group, and the Najafi Companies, for $1 billion. Former U.S. Department of Education Deputy Secretary Anthony W. Miller, partner and chief operating officer of Vistria, would become chairman.[19] The sale will have to be approved by both the U.S. Department of Education and the accreditation group the Higher Learning Commission in order to go forward.[18]

text: In December 2016, the US Department of Education approved of the sale of Apollo Education Group by Apollo Global. However, the company would be required to provide a letter of credit for up to $385 million.[20]

text: Campuses[edit]

text: The main campus is located in the City of Phoenix, Arizona, while the school specializes in online programs, the (UOPX) is one of the largest private universities in North America, with the campuses located across the USA, as well as Puerto Rico, and overseas campuses in Canada, the Netherlands, and learning centres in Mexico offering traditional in-class academic education as well as additional programs and services.[21] Online students are also able to use tutoring and social centers, which can also be used for social and student meetings. The first center opened in 2007 in Plano, Texas,[22] with several more centers across the USA.[23] Since January 2000, the University of Phoenix Vancouver-Campus in Burnaby BC, an international campus located in Canada, has offered on-site undergraduate and MBA programs accredited in Canada, the USA, and the Netherlands.[citation needed]

text: Students have access to class-specific online resources, which include an electronic library, textbooks, and other ancillary material required for a course. The university says that the electronic textbooks include search features and hyperlinks to glossary terms that make the books easier to use for research.[24]

text: In 2016 the University of Phoenix indicated plans to shrink from 91 campuses to 67.[3] As of October 2016, University of Phoenix had closed or was in the process of closing 150 physical sites.[2]

text: Academics[edit]

text: The university offers degree programs through the following schools and colleges:[25]

text:
School of Advanced Studies
School of Business
College of Education
College of Health Professions
School of Health Services Administration
College of Humanities and Sciences
College of Information Systems and Technology
School of Nursing
College of Security and Criminal Justice
College of Social Sciences

text: In addition to its traditional education programs, the school offers continuing education courses for teachers and practitioners, professional development courses for companies, and specialized courses of study for military personnel.[26]

text: Students spend 20 to 24 hours with an instructor during each course. The university requires students to collaborate by working on learning team projects, wherein the class is divided into learning teams of four to five students. Each learning team is assigned a team forum where team members discuss the project and submit their agreed upon portions of the learning team assignment for compilation by the nominated learning team leader.[27]

text: Through its online portal, eCampus, students also have access to software required for coursework. Students have access to virtual companies created by the university to provide students with assignments, which Adam Honea, UOPX's dean and provost, claims are more realistic than those available with case studies.[28] In August 2011, Apollo group announced it would buy 100% of Carnegie Learning to accelerate its efforts to incorporate adaptive learning into its academic platform.[29]

text: Some academics and former students argue the abbreviated courses and the use of learning teams result in an inferior education.[30][31] The University of Phoenix has been criticized for lack of academic rigor. Henry M. Levin, a professor of higher education at Teachers College at Columbia University, called its business degree an "MBA Lite", saying "I've looked at [its] course materials. It's a very low level of instruction."[30]

text: Corporate training[edit]

text: The university runs a program called "corporate articulation agreements" that allows people who work at some companies to earn college credit for the training they have completed at their jobs. As of December 2015, the university had agreements in place with around 300 companies.[32]

text: To qualify for college credit, students can either create a professional training portfolio or write an "experiential essay".[32] A professional training portfolio is a collection of documents such as transcripts from other schools, certificates, licenses, workshops or seminars.[33]

text: Admissions and financial aid[edit]

text: The University of Phoenix has an open admissions policy, which means that the school is accessible to anyone with a high school diploma or GED.[34] In 2010 the university began an orientation program designed to lower dropout and default rates.[35] Students must successfully complete a three-week orientation workshop in order to be eligible to start their first credit/cost bearing course.[36]

text: Prior to 2010, Phoenix recruited students using high-pressure sales tactics, including making claims that classes were filling fast,[37] by admissions counselors who are paid, in part, based on their success in recruiting students.[31] Since 2010, changes were implemented to the way the university recruits students.[38]

text: The university recruits students and obtains financial aid on their behalf,[37] such as the Academic Competitiveness Grant, Federal Pell Grant, National Science & Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant), Federal Direct Student Loan Program, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, Federal Direct PLUS Loans, Federal Perkins Loan, and the Wounded Warrior Project.[39] For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the University of Phoenix student body received more Pell Grant money ($656.9 million) than any other university.[40]

text: In 2013, USA Today listed University of Phoenix as a "red flag" institution for posting a student loan default rate (26%) that surpassed its graduation rate (17%).[41] A 2010 report found that the University of Phoenix's online graduation rate was only 5 percent.[42]

text: According to the U.S. Department of Education's College Scorecard, the University of Phoenix's average annual cost was $14,166 (about average). The average graduate earned $53,000 a year (above average). The institution's graduation rate was 20% (significantly below average).[43]

text: Accreditation[edit]

text: The University of Phoenix has been regionally accredited since 1978 by The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) and was a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA). In February 2013, a peer review group recommended to the HLC that the university be put on probation because the University of Phoenix "has insufficient autonomy relative to its parent corporation."[44] On May 9, 2013, the Apollo Group filed a report with the Securities and Exchange Commission which stated that the HLC Institutional Actions Council First Committee ("IACFC") had recommended to the HLC that the university retain its regional accreditation, but that the university be placed on "notice" for two years. Their concerns center on the university's governance, student assessment, and faculty scholarship in relation to PhD programs.[45] In July 2015, the Higher Learning Commission removed University of Phoenix from Notice Status.[46]

text: Some individual colleges within the University of Phoenix hold specialty accreditation or are pre-accredited by accrediting agencies that are recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.

text:
School of Business –  accreditation through the Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).[47] Because Phoenix's business programs are not accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), some companies will not provide tuition reimbursement for employees attending Phoenix.[30][48][49][50]
College of Education –  Master of Education is accredited by the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC)[51]
College of Nursing –  B.S. and M.S. degree programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE),[52]
College of Social Sciences –  The Master of Science in Counseling program in Community Counseling (Phoenix and Tucson campuses only), the Master of Science in Counseling program in Mental Health Counseling (Utah campuses only), and the Master of Science in Counseling program in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (Phoenix and Tucson campuses only) are accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).[53]

text: Organization and administration[edit]

text: University of Phoenix is a wholly owned subsidiary of Apollo Group, a S&P 500 corporation based in Phoenix, Arizona. In February 2016, the company announced it will be acquired by a consortium of private equity investors.[54] The deal is estimated at $9.50 per share for all of the campuses across the nation. The total price will be approximately $1.1 billion. The deal is subject to approval of shareholders. The university reported enrollment of 176,900 in Q1 2016. This is compared to 227,400 in Q1 2015. The Apollo Group is looking to close 150 campuses across the country, and reported a Q1 2016 loss of $45.2 million.[54]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Apollo Group, University of Phoenix's former parent company, spent between $376 million and $655 million per year on advertising and marketing, which includes the University of Phoenix brand. Much of this advertising is Internet advertising.[55]

text: The university paid $154.5 million for 20-year naming rights for advertising purposes of the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, a municipal sports arena, home of the NFL's Arizona Cardinals, and the site of the NCAA's Fiesta Bowl. The university does not participate in intercollegiate sports.[56]

text: In 2016, talk show celebrity Ellen DeGeneres gave 10 scholarships to viewers of her show.[57]

text: Political and corporate alliances[edit]

text: Several American policymakers have been affiliated with the University of Phoenix and its parent company, Apollo Group. Former Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings has been a member of the Apollo Group Board of Directors.[58] Jane Oates, a former staffer for Senator Ted Kennedy and the Department of Labor, became the Apollo Group's vice president for external in 2013.[59] US Representative Nancy Pelosi's close friendship with University of Phoenix founder John Sperling has been documented by Suzanne Mettler in her book Degrees of Inequality.[60]

text: University of Phoenix has also had an alliances with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America.[61] In November 2014, University of Phoenix partnered with 47 historically black colleges and universities to offer UoP classes that transfer to these institutions.[62]

text: In 2016, University of Phoenix partnered with the ASIS Foundation to provide scholarships for students studying for security-related degrees. In March 2016, the first ten scholarship recipients were announced.[63]

text: Criticism and controversies[edit]

text: Some critics of for-profit higher education have alleged that Apollo Education Group and University of Phoenix "prey upon veterans".[64][65]

text: U.S. military commanders at Fort Campbell, Kentucky allowed University of Phoenix representatives to erect advertising and place promotional materials in high-traffic areas. Access was provided in exchange for cash.[66]

text: A co-founder of University of Phoenix, John D. Murphy, wrote in Mission Forsaken (2013) about the school's degeneration from a provider of working adult continuing education programs into a money making machine whose sole criterion for admission was eligibility for federally funded student loans.[67]

text: University of Phoenix students owe more than $35 billion in student loan debt, the most of any US college.[68]

text: Since 2009, the University of Phoenix has received $1.2 billion of federal money issued through the G.I. Bill. The university enrolled almost 50,000 such students in 2014, twice as many as any other institution.[69]

text: Lawsuits and investigations[edit]

text: The university has paid several government fines and settled whistle-blower lawsuits concerning its admissions practices and education programs.[70] In 2000, the federal government fined the university $6 million for including study-group meetings as instructional hours. In 2002, the Department of Education relaxed requirements on instructional hours.[30][71]

text: A 2003 lawsuit filed by two former university recruiters alleged that the university improperly obtained hundreds of millions of dollars in financial aid by paying its admission counselors based on the number of students they enrolled, a violation of the Higher Education Act.[30] The university's parent company settled by paying the government $67.5 million, plus $11 million in legal fees, without admitting any wrongdoing.[72][73]

text: In 2004, the Department of Education alleged that UOPX again violated Higher Education Act provisions that prohibit offering financial incentives to admission representatives and pressured its recruiters to enroll students.[74] UOPX disputed the findings but paid a $9.8 million fine as part of a settlement where it admitted no wrongdoing and was not required to return any financial aid funds.[37][75][76] The university also paid $3.5 million to the Department of Labor to settle a violation of overtime compensation regarding hours worked by UOPX's recruiters.[77][78] The University of Phoenix settled a false-claims suit for $78.5 million in 2009 over its recruiter-pay practices.[79]

text: In 2008, the university was the top recipient of student financial aid funds, receiving nearly $2.48 billion.[80] In 2009, the Department of Education produced a report that claimed the untimely return of unearned Title IV funds for more than 10 percent of sampled students. The report also expressed concern that some students register and begin attending classes before completely understanding the implications of enrollment, including their eligibility for student financial aid. In January 2010, the parent company Apollo Group was required to post a letter of credit for $125 million by January 30 of the same year.[81] In 2010, UOPX came under government scrutiny after its Phoenix and Philadelphia campuses were found to have been engaging in deceptive enrollment practices and fraudulent solicitation of FAFSA funds.[82]

text: In 2014 the US Department of Education's Office of the Inspector General demanded records from the University of Phoenix and its parent company Apollo Group going back to 2007 "related to marketing, recruitment, enrollment, financial aid, fraud prevention, [and] student retention."[83]

text: In October 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense suspended the university's ability to recruit on U.S. military bases and receive federal funding for educating members of the U.S. military. In describing the suspension, The Washington Post noted that "the decision arrives amid allegations that the university sponsored recruiting events in violation of an executive order preventing for-profit colleges from gaining preferential access to the military."[84] Some federal legislators, including U.S. Senators John McCain, Jeff Flake, and Lamar Alexander protested[85] the suspension, which was lifted in January 2016.[86]

text: In 2016, stockholders of Apollo Education Group filed a class-action lawsuit against the corporation, arguing that the company withheld information that led to significant losses in stock prices. Several of the allegations are related to University of Phoenix's recruiting of military personnel and veterans.[87][88]

text: People[edit]

text: Students[edit]

text: The University of Phoenix claimed a peak enrollment of almost 600,000 students in 2010, but its numbers have declined sharply since then. Enrollment was 142,500 in August 31, 2016.[2] Various reasons have been given for the enrollment drop (and more than 100 campus closings). An article in The Wall Street Journal attributed the drop to operational changes amid criticism of high debt loads and low job prospects for students of for-profit colleges,[89] while the University of Phoenix attributed it to operational changes including the implementation of student orientation, a free three-week trial period and a new entrance exam.[90]

text: The average age of a University of Phoenix undergraduate student is 33. The average graduate student is 36.[91] In 2007-08, the institution stated that nearly two-thirds of its students were women and that a plurality of students attending the school studied business (undergraduate students representing 29.9% and graduate students 12.9%), followed closely by those enrolled in Axia College for associate degrees (28.1%).[92][93]

text: The university graduates the largest number of underrepresented students with master's degrees in business, health care, and education of any US school.[94][95]

text: In 2013, the US Department of Defense ended its contract with University of Phoenix for military bases in Europe.[96]

text: When calculated using the standards set by the Department of Education, the university's overall graduation rate in 2007 was 16 percent, which, when compared with the national average of 55 percent, was among the nation's lowest. The federal standard measured graduation rates as the percentage of first-time undergraduates who obtain a degree within six years.[30]

text: The university acknowledged the 16-percent graduation rate but took exception to the standard used by the Department of Education to calculate the rate, saying that the rate was based upon criteria that applied to only seven percent of the university's student population.[31] The university published its own graduation rate of 59 percent to account for its large population of non-traditional students.[30]

text: Faculty[edit]

text: The institution depends heavily on contingent faculty: 95 percent of Phoenix instructors teach part-time, compared to an average of 47 percent nationwide. This reliance on part-time faculty has been criticized by regulators and academic critics. Most of the classes are centrally crafted and standardized to ensure consistency and to maximize profits. Additionally, no faculty members get tenure.[30][31]

text: According to a university officer, pre-screened instructional candidates participate in a training program in the discipline in which they teach, which has the effect of weeding out 40 percent to 50 percent of the "less-committed" or -capable applicants.[97]

text: African-Americans make up 18.6 percent of the university's 22,000 faculty members, and 5.6 percent are Latino [98] Women make up 57% of the faculty.[98]

text: Adjuncts make approximately $1000–$2000 per course.[99]

text: In February 2017, after being taken over by Apollo Global Management, University of Phoenix laid off 170 full-time faculty.[100]

text: Alumni[edit]

text: More than 925,000 alumni are counted as graduates of the university, according to the new president of the university.[101] Phoenix alumni in the government sector include former Obama White House cybersecurity coordinator Howard Schmidt,[102] former U.S. Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters (1994),[103] and member of the Utah House of Representatives Brad Dee (1991).[104]

text: In military and law enforcement, alumni include U.S. Navy Admiral Kirkland H. Donald,[105] and assistant director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Harold Hurtt (1991).[106] MSNBC anchor and a host of NBC's Early Today Christina Brown is also an alumna of the university.[107]

text: Athletes who have earned degrees from the university include four-time NBA Championship-winner Shaquille O'Neal (2005),[108] three-time WNBA MVP Lisa Leslie,[109] professional tennis player Michael Russell (2012).[110] and Arizona Cardinals professional NFL football player (wide receiver) Larry Fitzgerald (2016). Fitzgerald graduated with a bachelor's degree shortly before his 33rd birthday. He majored in communications with a minor in marketing. (He began college in 2002 at the University of Pittsburgh.) He is currently a spokesman for the University of Phoenix[111] and he often tells the story of promising his mother Carol that he would someday graduate from college. She died while he was still enrolled at Pittsburgh.[112]


document_title: Viraj

question_text: what is the meaning of the name viraj

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the name viraj

text: Viraj

text:
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tag: table

text: Viraj, this word in Sanskrit language, indicates sovereignty, excellence or splendour. Viraj is the mythical primeval being associated with creation who is often personified as the secondary creator.[1]

text: Viraj is born from Purusha and Purusha in turn is born from Viraj. In the Atharvaveda, Viraj is a cow or with Prana, the life-breath. In the Mahabharata Viraj is the name of the primeval being, Purusha, identified with Vishnu and Shiva. Manu Smriti 1.32 states that Brahma divided his body into two, one male and the other female, from the female was born Viraj who produced Svayambhuva Manu who created the ten Prajapatis. According to the Bhavishya Purana – the male was Manu and the female was Shatarupa, creation commenced with the union of Viraj and Shatrupa. In the Vedanta, Viraj is identified with supreme intellect. Viraj is also the name of a metre.[2]

text: Viraj is identified by Atharvaveda – 4.11.7 with Indra, Agni, Prajapati and Parameshtin (A.V.iv.11.7); with Devata, Vishnu, Savitr, Rudra, Brahmachari, Water and the world (A.V.viii.5.10), with controlling Indra (A.V.xi.5.16), with the immortal wide spreading ruling power (A.V.vii.84.1), with first and creative principle (A.V.viii.9.7),  with the universe (A.V.viii.10.11), as father of Brahman (A.V.viii.9.7), with speech, the earth, the atmosphere, death (A.V.ix.10.24), with the udder of the frame of creation, Brahman being its mouth (A.V.x.7.19) and with Dhruva, the point of the heavens directly under the feet (A.V.xii.3.11).[3]

text: The following four verses of Taittiriyopanishad-bhasyavartikam methodically describe Viraj:

text:
Verse 158 – God, cause of the regions of the universe etc., whose body consists of five elements, kindled by delusion “I am (this) All” thus has become Viraj.
Verse 159 – Earlier than this (Viraj) is Sutram, for, if this one exists, (then also) Viraj (exists). (This is so) on account of another sruti and according to the indirect evidence (of the sruti-quotation, which reads:) "Understanding".
Verse 160 – Setting aside (the words) "consisting of food", etc., Sutram is meant here on account of the expression: food, life (etc.,) and by virtue of reference to meditation.
Verse 161 – Sutram preceded the origin of the product because it does not differ from being (sat) no more than clay. When it has produced the product, the cause becomes the product as it were.

tag: ul

text: Viraj, as Deva, as the first-born Fire, the first embodied being (Shiva Purana V.i.8.22), is reminiscence of the Purusha (Rig Veda X.90), in elder Upanishads this name appears thrice – once in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad passage IV.ii.3 as "the human form that is in the left eye", and twice in the Chandogya Upanishad in passages I.xiii.2 as the stobha called Vak (Vairaj Sama) and IV.iii.8 as the food and as the eater of food, Viraj is food - virad annam bhogyatvad eva (BUBh 4.2.3). Viraj is originated from Sutram (159,BUBhV p. 431,st18/9) also called Sutratman in Vedantasara, basically of feminine gender, its masculine gender is also found in Brahma Purana I.53, its coming forth is due to delusion. Viraj is said to be food, the essence of food, identical to the pinda, food and the eater of food, to be the eldest of beings as food, to pervade all products as their material cause, to be Prajapati. Viraj is said to be released by virtue of her own nature, originated from Brahman from Viraj, Purusa or Manu. In Vedantasara it is Vaisvanara and is said to be Caitanyam (intelligence) identified by Sthulasariram, Annamayakosha and Jagrad on one hand and on the other it is Hiranyagarbha or Prana, the intelligence conditioned by Suksamasariram consisting of Vijnanamayakosha, Manomayakosha and Pranomayakosha, or Svapna; it is explained this way to systematize these notions. Sutram is the three sheaths viz., breath, manas and understanding; food is its sheath and bliss is the sheath of cause which is an adjunct of Hiranyagarbha, the highest cosmic soul, and the origin of Viraj.[4]

text:
The gods obtained virajam (brilliance) from Agni by means of consecration, Viraj is the year consisting of twelve months, the fire to be piled is the year, the bricks that are piled are the days and the nights, and Viraj consists of six seasons, and has thirty syllables(Yajur Veda v.6.7).[5] In the brahmanas, Sri and Viraj, are identified with food (S.B.11.4.3.18), in the Atharva Veda it is extolled as the first and creative principle (A.V.8.9-10), and with Prana (A.V.xi.4.12) and it is identified with earth (S.B.12.6.1.40) (MBh.12.262.41)[6]
In the Aitareya Upanishad Viraj is the intermediary between the Atman and the world, the creation of the world by the primeval Atman was through the intermediary Viraj. It is the waking state of the Cosmic Self; the Cosmic Self as it passes through its four states Vaisvanara, Taijasa, Prajya and Atman, comes to be called the Viraj, Hiranyagarbha, Isa and Brahman respectively.[7]

text: Viraj or Virat of the Bhagavad Gita is the Cosmic Body within which body  is concentrated the entire creation consisting of both animate and inanimate beings, and whatever else one desires to see, and which Arjuna beheld with all its manifold divisions.[8] Adi Shankara in his Bhasya on Brihadaranyaka Upanishad I.ii.3 explains that Viraj who was born, himself differentiated or divided himself, his body and organs, in three ways...So this Prana (Viraj), although the self, as it were, of all beings, is specially divided by himself as Death in three ways as fire, air and the sun, without, however, destroying his own form of Viraj.[9]


document_title: Filosofem

question_text: rundgang um die transzendentale säule der singularität meaning

text: Filosofem

text: Background[edit]

text: Varg Vikernes recorded the first four Burzum albums between January 1992 and March 1993 at the Grieg Hall in Bergen. However, the releases were spread out, with many months between the recording and the release of each album. During this time, Vikernes became a part of the early Norwegian black metal scene and met Mayhem guitarist Euronymous. He also allegedly took part in burning down four churches, along with other members of the scene.[5] In August 1993, Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death outside his apartment in Oslo. He was arrested a few days later and, in May 1994, was sentenced to 21 years in prison for both the murder and the church arson.

text: The opening track on Filosofem, "Burzum", was the first song Vikernes wrote as Burzum. It had been recorded in September 1992 for the Hvis lyset tar oss album, but Vikernes was unhappy with it and re-recorded it for this album six months later.[6] According to a statement made by Vikernes on burzum.org, the master tapes for the version of "Burzum" meant for Hvis lyset tar oss were lost by the Norwegian prison system.

text: The album was recorded under purposefully bad conditions in order to retain a raw lo-fi sound. No guitar amplifier was used; instead Vikernes plugged his guitar into the amplifier of his brother's stereo and used an old fuzz pedal.[7] For the vocals, he asked a sound technician for the worst microphone he had, and ended up using a headset.[7]

text: Music and artwork[edit]

text: The music of Filosofem continued Vikernes' experimentation with minimalism, repetition, and ambient music within black metal. The tracks are all quite long (the shortest being just over seven minutes), and are typically composed around very few musical motifs. For instance, "Jesu død", a track of over eight-and-a-half minutes, is primarily based around variations of a single riff. "Burzum", the opening track, features a prominent melody played by a synthesizer, and the two "Decrepitude" tracks consist of sound effects over very sparse guitars. The album also included Burzum's longest ambient track to date, the 25-minute-long "Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte".

text: The album cover and booklet contain artwork by Theodor Kittelsen. The front cover is named Op under Fjeldet toner en Lur (Norwegian for "up under the mountains a clarion call rings out").

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Varg Vikernes.

text:
No.
Title
German version
Length

1.
"Burzum" ("Darkness")
"Dunkelheit"
7:05

2.
"Jesu død" ("Jesus' Death")
"Jesus' Tod"
8:39

3.
"Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament"
"Erblicket die Töchter des Firmaments"
7:53

4.
"Decrepitude I"
"Gebrechlichkeit I"
7:53

5.
"Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte" ("Circumambulation of the Transcendental Columns of Singularity" (instrumental))
"Rundgang um die transzendentale Säule der Singularität"
25:11

6.
"Decrepitude II"
"Gebrechlichkeit II"
7:53

Total length:
64:34

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Count Grishnackh (Varg Vikernes) – vocals, all instruments, production


document_title: Consumer spending

question_text: us consumer spending as a percentage of gdp

text: Consumer spending

text: Macroeconomic factors[edit]

text: Taxes[edit]

text: Taxes are a tool in the adjustment of the economy. Tax policies designed by governments affect consumer groups, net consumer spending and consumer confidence. Economists expect tax manipulation to increase or decrease consumer spending, though the precise impact of specific manipulations are often the subject of controversy.

text: Underlying tax manipulation as a stimulant or suppression of consumer spending is an equation for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The equation is GDP = C + I + G + NX, where C is private consumption, I is private investment, G is government and NX is the net of exports minus imports. Increases in government spending create demand and economic expansion. However, government spending increases translates to tax increases or deficit spending. This creates a potential negative impact on private consumption, investment, and/or the balance of trade.[1]

text: Consumer sentiment[edit]

text: Consumer sentiment is the general attitude of toward the economy and the health of the fiscal markets, and they are a strong constituent of consumer spending. Sentiments have a powerful ability to cause fluctuations in the economy, because if the attitude of the consumer regarding the state of the economy is bad, then they will be reluctant to spend. Therefore, sentiments prove to be a powerful predictor of the economy, because when people have faith in the economy or in what they believe will soon occur, they will spend and invest in confidence. However sentiments do not always affect the spending habits of some people as much as they do for others. For example, some households set their spending strictly off of their income, so that their income closely equals, or nearly equals their consumption (including savings). Others rely on their sentiments to dictate how they spend their income and such.

text: Government economic stimulus[edit]

text: In times of economic trouble or uncertainty, the government often tries to rectify the issue by distributing economic stimuli, often in the form of rebates or checks. However such techniques have failed in the past for several reasons. As was discussed earlier, temporary financial reprieve rarely succeeds because people do not often like rapidly shifting their spending habits. Also, people are many times intelligent enough to realize that economic stimulus packages are due to economic downturns, and therefore they are even more reluctant to spend them. Instead they put them into savings, which can potentially also help spur the economy. By putting money into savings, banks profit and are able to decrease the interest rates, which then encourage others to save less and promote future spending.

text: Fuel[edit]

text: When fuel supplies are disrupted, the demand for goods that are dependent on fuel, like motor vehicles and machinery, may decrease. Disruption in energy supplies creates uncertainty regarding availability and upcoming prices of these supplies. Often, consumers will not purchase energy-dependent products until they can be sure that fuel will be available to use the product.

text: Increases in the price of fuel do not lead to decreases in demand because it is inelastic. Rather, a greater portion of income is spent on fuel, and less is available to purchase other goods. This leads to an overall decrease in consumer spending.

text: Data[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1929, consumer spending was 75% of the nation's economy. This grew to 83% in 1932, when business spending dropped. Consumer spending dropped to about 50% during World War II due to large expenditures by the government and lack of consumer products. Consumer spending in the US rose from about 62% of GDP in 1960, where it stayed until about 1981, and has since risen to 71% in 2013.[2]

text: In the United States, the Consumer Spending figure published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis includes three broad categories of personal spending.[3]

text:
Durable goods: motor vehicles and parts, furnishings and durable household equipment, recreational goods and vehicles, and other durable goods.
Nondurable goods: food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption, clothing and footwear, gasoline and other energy goods, and other nondurable goods.
Services: housing and utilities, healthcare, transportation services, recreation services, food services and accommodations, financial services and insurance, and other services.

text: For U.S. domestic consumer spending by population and income demographics collected by the U.S Census Bureau at the household level and analyzed and published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, see the link at BLS.gov/CEX


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders

question_text: who led the nba in steals this year

question_tokens: who led the nba in steals this year

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player had been the
steals leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

text: Steal leaders[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Position[a]
Team
Games
played
Total steals
Steals per game
References

1973–74
Steele, LarryLarry Steele
G/F
Portland Trail Blazers
81
217
2.68
[4][5]

1974–75
Barry, RickRick Barry*
F
Golden State Warriors
80
228
2.85
[6][7]

1975–76
Watts, Don "Slick"Don "Slick" Watts
G
Seattle SuperSonics
82
261
3.18
[8][9]

1976–77
Buse, DonDon Buse
G
Indiana Pacers
81
281
3.47
[10][11]

1977–78
Lee, RonRon Lee
G
Phoenix Suns
82
225
2.74
[12][13]

1978–79
Carr, M. L.M. L. Carr[b]
G
Detroit Pistons
80
197
2.46
[14][15]

1979–80
Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
G/F
New York Knicks
82
265
3.23
[16][17]

1980–81
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*[c]
G/F
Los Angeles Lakers
37
127
3.43
[18][19]

1981–82
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)[d]
G/F
Los Angeles Lakers
78
208
2.67
[19][20]

1982–83
Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson (2)[e]
G/F
Golden State Warriors
New Jersey Nets
64
182
2.84
[17][21]

1983–84
Green, RickeyRickey Green
G
Utah Jazz
81
215
2.65
[22][23]

1984–85
Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson (3)
G/F
New Jersey Nets
82
243
2.96
[17][24]

1985–86
Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
G
San Antonio Spurs
82
301
3.67
[25][26]

1986–87
Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson (2)
G
San Antonio Spurs
81
260
3.21
[26][27]

1987–88
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
G
Chicago Bulls
82
259
3.16
[28][29]

1988–89
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
G
Utah Jazz
82
263
3.21
[30][31]

1989–90
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
G
Chicago Bulls
82
227
2.77
[29][32]

1990–91
Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson (3)
G
Milwaukee Bucks
81
246
3.04
[26][33]

1991–92
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (2)
G
Utah Jazz
82
244
2.98
[31][34]

1992–93
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
G
Chicago Bulls
78
221
2.83
[29][35]

1993–94
McMillan, NateNate McMillan
G
Seattle SuperSonics
73
216
2.96
[36][37]

1994–95
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
F
Chicago Bulls
79
232
2.94
[38][39]

1995–96
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
G
Seattle SuperSonics
81
231
2.85
[40][41]

1996–97
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
G
Atlanta Hawks
78
212
2.72
[42][43]

1997–98
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock (2)[f]
G
Atlanta Hawks
70
183
2.61
[43][44]

1998–99[g]
Gill, KendallKendall Gill
G
New Jersey Nets
50
134
2.68
[46][47]

1999–00
Jones, EddieEddie Jones
G/F
Charlotte Hornets
72
192
2.67
[48][49]

2000–01
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*[h]
G
Philadelphia 76ers
71
178
2.51
[50][51]

2001–02
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (2)[i]
G
Philadelphia 76ers
60
168
2.80
[51][52]

2002–03
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (3)
G
Philadelphia 76ers
82
225
2.74
[51][53]

2003–04
Davis, BaronBaron Davis[j]
G
New Orleans Hornets
67
158
2.36
[54][55]

2004–05
Hughes, LarryLarry Hughes[k]
G
Washington Wizards
61
176
2.89
[56][57]

2005–06
Wallace, GeraldGerald Wallace^[l]
F
Charlotte Bobcats
55
138
2.51
[58][59]

2006–07
Davis, BaronBaron Davis (2)[m]
G
Golden State Warriors
63
135
2.14
[55][60]

2007–08
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
G
New Orleans Hornets
80
217
2.71
[61][62]

2008–09
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (2)
G
New Orleans Hornets
78
216
2.77
[62]

2009–10
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
G
Boston Celtics
81
189
2.33
[63]

2010–11
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (3)
G
New Orleans Hornets
80
188
2.35
[62]

2011–12[n]
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (4)
G
Los Angeles Clippers
60
152
2.53
[62]

2012–13
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (5)[o]
G
Los Angeles Clippers
70
169
2.41
[62]

2013–14
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (6)[p]
G
Los Angeles Clippers
62
154
2.48
[62]

2014–15
Leonard, KawhiKawhi Leonard^ [q]
F
San Antonio Spurs
64
148
2.31
[67]

2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
G
Golden State Warriors
79
169
2.14
[68]

2016–17
Green, DraymondDraymond Green^
F
Golden State Warriors
76
154
2.03
[69]

text: Multiple-time leaders[edit]

text:
Ranking
Player
Team
Times leader
Years

1
Chris Paul
New Orleans Hornets (3) / Los Angeles Clippers (3)
6
2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2
Allen Iverson
Michael Jordan
Micheal Ray Richardson
Alvin Robertson
Philadelphia 76ers
Chicago Bulls
New York Knicks (1) / Golden State Warriors / New Jersey Nets (1) / New Jersey Nets (1)
San Antonio Spurs (2) / Milwaukee Bucks (1)
3
2001, 2002, 2003
1988, 1990, 1993
1980, 1983, 1985
1986, 1987, 1991

3
Mookie Blaylock
Baron Davis
Magic Johnson
John Stockton
Atlanta Hawks
New Orleans Hornets (1) / Golden State Warriors (1)
Los Angeles Lakers
Utah Jazz
2
1997, 1998
2004, 2007
1981, 1982
1989, 1992

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The player's primary position is listed first.
Jump up ^ In the 1978–79 season, Eddie Jordan and Norm Nixon both had the highest steal total (201) but they were tied for second in steal average (2.45).[14]
Jump up ^ In the 1980–81 season, Magic Johnson had only played in 37 games and ranked seventeenth in steal total. Micheal Ray Richardson had the highest total (232).[18]
Jump up ^ In the 1981–82 season, Maurice Cheeks had the highest steal total (209) but was second in steal average (2.65).[20]
Jump up ^ In the 1982–83 season, Micheal Ray Richardson had only played in 64 games and ranked sixth in steal total. Rickey Green had the highest total (220).[21]
Jump up ^ In the 1997–98 season, Mookie Blaylock had only played in 70 games and ranked fourth in steal total. Brevin Knight had the highest total (196).[44]
Jump up ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout.[45] The qualification of this season's steal title is to appear in at least 43 games (out of 50) or to have at least 76 steals.[3]
Jump up ^ In the 2000–01 season, Doug Christie had the highest steal total (183) but was third in steal average (2.26).[50]
Jump up ^ In the 2001–02 season, Jason Kidd had the highest steal total (175) but was third in steal average (2.13).[52]
Jump up ^ In the 2003–04 season, Shawn Marion had the highest steal total (167) but was second in steal average (2.11).[54]
Jump up ^ In the 2004–05 season, Allen Iverson had the highest steal total (180) but was second in steal average (2.40).[56]
Jump up ^ In the 2005–06 season, Gerald Wallace had only played in 55 games and ranked tenth in steal total. Chris Paul had the highest total (175).[58]
Jump up ^ In the 2006–07 season, Baron Davis had only played in 63 games and ranked sixth in steal total. Shawn Marion had the highest total (156).[60]
Jump up ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout.[64] The qualification of this season's scoring title is to appear in at least 57 games (out of 66) or to have at least 101 steals.[3]
Jump up ^ In the 2012–13 season, Mike Conley, Jr. had the highest steal total (174) but was third in steal average (2.2).[65]
Jump up ^ In the 2013–14 season, Ricky Rubio and Thaddeus Young both had higher steal totals (190 and 167 respectively) but they were second and third in steal average (2.3 and 2.1), respectively.[66]
Jump up ^ In the 2014–15 season, Stephen Curry had the highest steal total (163) but was third in steal average tied with Tony Allen (2.0).

tag: ol


document_title: The Great British Bake Off

question_text: who won season 2 of the great british bake off

text: The Great British Bake Off

text: Background[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen 'bake-offs' in America.[6] Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions; she said: "I loved that idea of village fetes and an old-fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake."[5] However, Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years. In early 2009, they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow, the then controller of BBC Two.[7] The pitch was successful, and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme,[8][9] which was then developed over the next six months. The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge, and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show.[7] Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête, the series is filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens.[10]

text: Broadcast and personnel changes[edit]

text: On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two.[11] It stayed on BBC Two for four years, grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel. In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years. It was the most-watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016.[12][13] Following extended negotiations, Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC. On 12 September 2016, Love agreed to a three-year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4.[14][2] Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network.[15] On 22 September, Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4,[16] while Hollywood later announced he would stay.[17] In March 2017, it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge, while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters.[18]

text: Format[edit]

text: The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-around baker from the contestants, who are all amateurs. The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras.[6] Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards.

text: In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper.[6] The three challenges take place over two days, and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day. The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a "Star Baker" for the week (introduced in series 2), and a contestant is also eliminated. In the final round, three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three.

text: In the first series, the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week, but starting from the second series, the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking. What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics. These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show's inception in 2010.[19][20]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runners-up
Average UK viewers
(millions)[21][22]
Timeslot
Channel

1
6
17 August 2010
21 September 2010
Edd Kimber
Miranda Gore Browne
2.77
Tuesday
8:00 pm
BBC Two

Ruth Clemens

2
8
14 August 2011
4 October 2011
Joanne Wheatley
Holly Bell
4.00

Mary-Anne Boermans

3
10
14 August 2012
16 October 2012
John Whaite
Brendan Lynch
5.00

James Morton

4
10
20 August 2013
22 October 2013
Frances Quinn
Kimberley Wilson
7.35

Ruby Tandoh

5
10
6 August 2014
8 October 2014
Nancy Birtwhistle
Luis Troyano
10.04
Wednesday
8:00 pm
BBC One

Richard Burr

6
10
5 August 2015
7 October 2015
Nadiya Hussain
Ian Cumming
12.50

Tamal Ray

7
10
24 August 2016
26 October 2016
Candice Brown
Andrew Smyth
13.85

Jane Beedle

8
10
29 August 2017
31 October 2017
Sophie Faldo
Kate Lyon
9.29
Tuesday
8:00 pm
Channel 4

Steven Carter-Bailey

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text: Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline. The rounds took place in various locations across the UK, with the final round being held at Fulham Palace, London.

text: The three finalists were Ruth Clemens, Miranda Gore Browne, and Edd Kimber. On 21 September 2010, Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker.[23]

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text: The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series. Unlike Series 1, this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location – Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge, London.

text: All the Series 2 finalists were female: Holly Bell, Mary-Anne Boermans, and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley.[24]

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text: A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012.[25] The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.

text: In contrast to Season 2, there was an all-male final. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite,[26] who won the final in a surprise result.[27]

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text: The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[28] The all-female final was won by Frances Quinn, with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up.[29]

text: In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One. This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire.[30] There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final.

text: A spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two, was also launched as a companion series this year. Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night. The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants.[31]

text: In the U.S., the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS.

text: Series 6 (2015)[edit]

text: The sixth series began on 5 August 2015[32] on BBC One, again from Welford Park in Berkshire. Spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned for a second series, with Jo Brand as host. This series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up.[33]

text: In the U.S., the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS.

text: Series 7 (2016)[edit]

text: The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One, once again from Welford Park in Berkshire, a later than usual start following the BBC's coverage of the Olympic Games.[34] This series was won by Candice Brown, with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up.

text: In the U.S., the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS.

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017.[35] This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC.[36] The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up.

text: Incomplete bakes and other incidents[edit]

text: As of the sixth series, there have been a number of incomplete bakes.

text:
Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes. In Series 4, Sue leaned on Howard Middleton's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6, she broke Nadiya Hussain's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge. Similarly, Frances Quinn's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4.
On several occasions (mostly in technical challenges), contestants haven't met the required quantity of the bake if the judges specified. Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty-six crackers instead of the required forty-eight in Series 3, two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven.
In Series 2, Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake. Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake. He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single-tiered cake.
In Series 3, John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor. He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove, but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake. As a result, no one was eliminated that week.[37]
In Series 4, contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton's custard instead of her own. As a result, Howard was forced to use Deborah's custard, and this was taken into account by the judges, who judged the trifles and custards individually.[38]
In Series 5, during the Baked Alaska challenge, Iain Watters's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear, although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant's actions. He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent. He returned shortly after, and as he had no cake for judging (he produced his bin instead, and the incident was labelled "bingate"), he was eliminated from the competition. The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if "competitive baking [is] a contradiction in terms" and found the proceedings humourless.[40] Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing, describing the presenters as "annoying", the judge Paul Hollywood as looking "sinister without being interesting", and that the audience would be so bored that they "could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara-kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour."[41]

text: However, reviews from the later series were more positive. Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it "the nicest show on television" and judged it the best TV programme of 2012.[42][43] Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme "had just the right consistency of mouth-watering morsels, good humour, and fascinating history",[44] while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest "perfectly baked".[45]

text: Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017, and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive, although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version.[46][47][48] Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as "both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough", and that "only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that [it] has soured, spoiled or binned its recipe".[49] Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that "Mary, Mel and Sue might be gone but the show's recipe remains as winning as ever. The four Cs – chemistry, camaraderie, comedy, cakes – were all present and correct."[50] Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants "irresistibly likeable", "every single change to the show has been for the worse".[47]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories.[51][52] It was also credited with reviving the Women's Institute, whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s.[53] The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs, and independent bakeries also showed an increase. According to one analyst, more than three-fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011.[54]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode.[55] This was enough to place it in BBC Two's top ten for that week, and over the series the audience grew to over three million, with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two's weekly ratings. During the second series, the ratings gradually increased, and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode.[56] Week two was the last time that the show was out-rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week (it came second to the drama Page Eight); from then until the show's move to BBC One, every competition episode would be the channel's number one rated programme of the week. By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers, peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes.[57]

text: The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series, and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot.[58] The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet, with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million, which made it the second highest-rated BBC Two-originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006.[59][60] The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series,[61] while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV.[62] The final episode is the most-watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by Top Gear.[63] As a result of its high ratings, the show was moved to BBC One.[64]

text: After its move to BBC One, the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures, beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year.[65] the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers, with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer.[66] The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million, then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV.[67] In the following year, the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off, with seven of the year's ten most-watched television programmes being episodes of the show, topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers.[68] In the last series on the BBC in 2016, nine of the top ten most-watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show, with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale.[69]

text: The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million, rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4+1, and 9.46 million for the 7-day rating.[70] Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013, it was Channel 4's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics.[71] This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4.[72]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Product placement sanction[edit]

text: In September 2012, production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges. The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of "blatant product promotion". After an investigation, the BBC said Love Production's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series, and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made.[73] The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show, which it has since done.[74]

text: Favouritism[edit]

text: During the fourth series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show;[75] however, similar claims were not made the previous year over the all-male final, or even the year before, when there was also an all-female quarter-final. The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh,[76][77] and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc.[78][79][80] Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation.[81][82]

text: Baked Alaska controversy ("Bingate")[edit]

text: In the fourth episode of the fifth series, there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters. During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska. Iain's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin. The editing of the show suggested that another contestant, Diana Beard, had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer, and the perceived "sabotage" resulted in a uproar on social media networks.[83] However, unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska, while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer. Later in the episode, when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish, it is still quite soft, indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen. Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana[84] and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that "Diana removing Iain's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain's departure."[85]

text: More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom.[86]

text: Use of innuendo[edit]

text: A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the "constant smutty remarks" from the presenters Mel and Sue.[87][88] This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones; some reviewers noted the "extra pinch of saucy spice" and "the increasingly filthy-minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins",[89][90][91] while the Daily Mail argued that the "smutty" innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment.[92] The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success,[93] whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture,[94] a view shared by others.[95][96]

text: Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4[edit]

text: The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down. However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC, Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright.[97][98] Although the matter was kept quiet, with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions,[97][98] the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions.[98] In September 2016, it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4.[99] Channel 4 offered £25 million for the show outbidding the £15 million offered by the BBC.[99] In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme "well for the future".[100]

text: Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner[edit]

text: On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet.[101]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won.[102][103] The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012, 2013, and 2016.[104][105] It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show.[106]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Results
Ref.

2012
Rose d'Or
Lifestyle
The Great British Bake Off
Won
[107]

BAFTA TV Awards
Features
Anna Beattie, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans, Richard McKerrow
Won
[108]

YouTube Audience Award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[104]

2013
Features
Anna Beattie, Kieran Smith, Amanda Westwood, Scott Tankard
Won
[109]

Radio Times Audience Award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[109]

National Television Award
Factual Entertainment
Nominated
[110]

2014
BAFTA TV Awards
Features
Anna Beattie, Amanda Westwood, Samantha Beddoes, Simon Evans
Nominated
[111]

National Television Award
Factual Entertainment
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[112]

2015
BAFTA TV Awards
Features
Anna Beattie, Samantha Beddoes, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans
Nominated
[113]

Radio Times Audience Award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[114]

National Television Award
Skills Challenge Show
Won
[115]

2016
National Television Award
Challenge Show
Won
[115]

BAFTA
Features
The Great British Bake Off production team
Won
[116]

Radio Times audience award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[116]

2017
National Television Award
Challenge Show
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[117]

TV judge
Mary Berry
Won
[118]

BAFTA
Features
The Great British Bake Off production team
Nominated
[119]

text: International broadcast and versions[edit]

text: The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015.[120] The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015, making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars (Strictly Come Dancing) and The Weakest Link.[121] Many of these shows have been successful.[122][123] The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand.[124]

text: Beginning in 2014, the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show.[125] The change of name was necessary due to the fact that "Bake-Off" is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States. The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014–2015;[126] the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015,[127] the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016, and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017.

text: The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title. The seventh series aired the year after.[128]

text: International versions[edit]

text: Current and upcoming versions include:[129]

text: Legend:      Airing or in production        No longer airing

text:
Country
Local title
Host(s)
Judges
Channel
Premiere

 Argentina
Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero
(Bake Off Argentina, The Great Baker)
Paula Chaves[130]
Christophe Krywonis
Damián Petular
Pamela Villar
Telefe[131]
8 April 2018

 Australia
The Great Australian Bake Off
Shane Jacobson
Anna Gare[132]
Dan Lepard
Kerry Vincent
Nine Network[133]
9 July 2013

Claire Hooper
Mel Buttle
Maggie Beer
Matt Moran[134]
LifeStyle Food
13 October 2015

 Belgium
De MeesterBakker
(The Master Baker)
Rani De Coninck
Sofie Dumont
Bernard Proot
vtm
4 April 2012

 Brazil
Bake Off Brasil
Carolina Fiorentino (2017–)
Ticiana Villas Boas (2015–16)
Fabrizio Fasano Jr.
Beca Milano (2017–)
Carolina Fiorentino (2015–16)
SBT
Discovery Home & Health
26 July 2015

Bake Off SBT
Carolina Florentino
Danilo Gentili
Ratinho
Fabrizio Fasano Jr.
Beca Milano
23 December 2017

Júnior Bake Off Brasil
Carolina Florentino
6 January 2018

 Bulgaria
Bake Off: Най-сладкото състезание
(Bake Off: The Sweetest Competition)
Aleksandra Raeva
Raffi Bohosyan
Julia Pandzherova
Yuri Baltaliyski
Nova TV
15 November 2016

 Canada
The Great Canadian Baking Show
Dan Levy
Julia Chan
Bruno Feldeisen
Rochelle Adonis
CBC
1 November 2017

 Denmark
Den store bagedyst
(The Great Baking Contest)
Timm Vladimir
Mette Blomsterberg
Jan Friis-Mikkelsen
DR1
28 August 2012[135]

 Estonia
Eesti parim pagar[136]
Kristjan Rabi (2015)
Indrek Vaheoja (2015)
Alari Kivisaar
Angeelika Kang
Ants Uustalu
TV3
31 August 2015

 Finland
Koko Suomi leipoo[137]
(The whole of Finland bakes)
Anne Kukkohovi
Mika Parviainen
Sami Granroth
MTV3[138]
24 September 2013

 France
Le Meilleur Pâtissier[139][140]
(The Best Baker)
Faustine Bollaert (2012–17)
Julia Vignali (2017–)
Cyril Lignac
Jacqueline Mercorelli
M6[141]
RTL-TVI (Belgium)
26 November 2012

 Germany
Das große Backen
(The great Bake)
Britt Hagedorn (2013)
Meltem Kaptan (2013)
Enie van de Meiklokjes (2014–16)
Annika Lau (2017)
Christian Hümbs
Enie van de Meiklokjes (2013)
Andrea Schirmaier-Huber (2013–14)
Betty Schliephake-Burchardt (2015–17)
Sat.1
1 December 2013

 Greece
Bake Off Greece
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
Alpha TV
2018

 Hungary
Ide süss!
(Az ország nagy cukrászversenye)
Hajós András
Sass Dániel
Baracskay Angéla
Szabadfi Szabolcs
Viasat 3
26 March 2018

 Ireland
The Great Irish Bake Off
Anna Nolan[142]
Biddy White Lennon
Paul Kelly[143]
TV3
19 September 2013

 Italy
Bake Off Italia – Dolci in forno[144]
(Bake Off Italy – Sweets in the oven)
Benedetta Parodi
Ernst Knam
Clelia d'Onofrio
Damiano Carrara
Real Time[145]
November 2013

 Israel
בייק אוף ישראל[146]
(Bake Off Israel)
Paula Rosenberg
Aya Kremerman
Ran Shmueli
Oded Brenner
Carine Goren
Channel 2
9 April 2016

 Netherlands
Heel Holland Bakt
(All of Holland bakes)
Martine Bijl[147]
(2013–15)
André van Duin
(2016–present)
Robèrt van Beckhoven
Janny van der Heijden
MAX (NPO 1)
5 June 2013[148]

 New Zealand
The Great Kiwi Bake Off
TBA
TBA
TVNZ 1
2018 [149]

 Norway
Hele Norge baker
(All of Norway Bakes)
Line Verndal
Pascal Dupuy
Øyvind Lofthus[150]
TV3[151]
10 March 2013[152]

 Poland
Bake Off – Ale Ciacho!
(Bake Off – What A Cake!)
Anna Gacek
Paulina Mikuła[153]
Krzysztof Ilnicki
Gosia Molska[154]
TVP2
5 September 2016[155]

 Portugal
Best Bakery – A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal
(Best Bakery – The Best Pastry in Portugal)
Ana Guiomar
Luca Arguelles
Telmo Moutinho
SIC
3 October 2016

 Romania
Bake Off Romania[156]
Nicolle Stanese[157]
Alex Stan
Simona Pope
Tudor Constantinescu
Pro TV
29 February 2016[158]

 South Africa
The Great South African Bake Off[159]
Anne Hirsch
Lentswe Bhengu
Shirley Guy
Tjaart Walraven
BBC Lifestyle
8 October 2015

 Sweden
Hela Sverige bakar[160]
(All of Sweden Bakes)
Tilde de Paula
Johan Sörberg
Birgitta Rasmussen
TV4 (Sjuan)
20 September 2012

Hela kändis-Sverige bakar[161]
(Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes)
11 November 2014

 Turkey
Ver Fırına
Burcu Esmersoy
Arda Türkmen
Emel Başdoğan
TV8[162]
20 October 2014[163]

 Ukraine
Великий пекарський турнір
(Great Bakers Tournament)
Yuri Gorbunov[164]
Serge Markovic
Catherine Ahronik
Olga Ganushchak
1+1[165]
1 September 2013[166]

 United States
The American Baking Competition[167][168]
Jeff Foxworthy
Marcela Valladolid
Paul Hollywood
CBS[169]
29 May 2013[170]

 United States
The Great American Baking Show
Ayesha Curry
Anthony Adams
Johnny Iuzzini
Paul Hollywood[171]
ABC
30 November 2015 (as The Great Holiday Baking Show)[172][173][174][175]

text: The Great Sport Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Sport Relief Bake Off

Genre

Cooking
Baking

Presented by

Mel Giedroyc
Jennifer Saunders (2016)
Ed Byrne (2014, 2016)
Sarah Millican (2016)
Sue Perkins (2014)
Jo Brand (2014)
Omid Djalili (2014)

Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
3

No. of episodes
12

Production

Running time
60 minutes

Production company(s)
Love Productions

Release

Original network
BBC Two (2012–2013)
BBC One (2014–2016)

Picture format
16:9

Original release
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10) – 23 February 2016 (2016-02-23)

text: Episode viewing figures from BARB.[176]

text: Series 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Traybake
Wholemeal Cheese Scones
Meringue Dessert
Angela Griffin
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10)
3.52

James Wong

Joe Swift

Sarah Hadland

2
Savoury Flan
Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves
Layered Cake
Arlene Phillips
11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)
2.79

Fi Glover

Gus Casely-Hayford

Saira Khan

3
Classic Crumble
Coffee & Walnut Cake
24 Miniature Tarts
Alex Deakin
12 January 2012 (2012-01-12)
2.56

Alex Langlands

Anita Rani

Pearl Lowe

4
Trio of Baked Biscuits
6 Sausage Rolls
Covered Tiered Occasion Cake
Angela Griffin
13 January 2012 (2012-01-13)
3.43

Anita Rani

Fi Glover

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sue Perkins
12 Sandwich Biscuits
Tarte Tatin
3D Novelty Cake
Bonnie Wright
13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)
4.37

Johnny Vaughan

Michael Vaughan

Samantha Bond

2
Jo Brand
12 Gingerbread Biscuits
Banoffee Pie
Chocolate Cake
Greg Rutherford
14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)
5.07

Jane Horrocks

Jason Gardiner

Kirsty Young

3
Omid Djalili
Traybake
Iced Ring Dougnuts
Layered Cakes
Emma Freud
15 January 2014 (2014-01-15)
5.02

Jamelia[177]

Michael Ball

Victoria Pendleton

4
Ed Byrne
Pizzas
Eccles Cakes
Tiered Cakes
Alistair McGowan
16 January 2014 (2014-01-16)
4.94

Doon Mackichan

Helen Skelton

Rochelle Humes

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Mel Giedroyc
Canapés
Paris–Brest
Trophy Cake
David James
27 January 2016 (2016-01-27)
6.03

Jason Manford

Maddy Hill

Samantha Cameron

2
Jennifer Saunders
American Muffins
Football Pie
Tiered Cake
Chris Kamara
3 February 2016 (2016-02-03)
7.44

Ed Balls

Kimberley Walsh

Victoria Coren Mitchell

3
Ed Byrne
Savoury tarts
Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake
3D Biscuits
Geri Horner
17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)
7.12

Jermaine Jenas

John Simpson

Louise Redknapp

4
Sarah Millican
Open-top Pie
Salmon Roulade
Cupcakes
Ade Edmondson
24 February 2016 (2016-02-24)
6.74

Alison Steadman

Morgana Robinson

Will Young

text: The Great Comic Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Comic Relief Bake Off

Genre

Cooking
Baking

Presented by

Mel Giedroyc (2013, 2015)
Sue Perkins (2015)
Jo Brand (2015)
Ed Byrne (2015)

Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
2

No. of episodes
8

Production

Running time
60 minutes

Production company(s)
Love Productions

Release

Original network
BBC Two (2013)
BBC One (2015)

Picture format
16:9

Original release
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21) – 4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Shortbread
Custard Slices
Portrait Cake
Jo Brand
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21)
4.17

Stephen K. Amos

Lorna Watson

Ingrid Oliver

2
Iced Biscuits
Bakewell Tart
Gateaux
Warwick Davis
22 January 2013 (2013-01-22)
4.44

Duncan Bannatyne

Simon Reeve

Andy Akinwolere

3
Scones
Chocolate Eclairs
Novelty Cake
Ellie Simmonds
23 January 2013 (2013-01-23)
4.34

Kirsty Wark

Julia Bradbury

Bob Mortimer

4
Chocolate Biscuits
Lemon Meringue Pie
Comic Relief Birthday Cake
Claudia Winkleman
24 January 2013 (2013-01-24)
4.39

Ed Byrne

Martha Kearney

Helen Glover

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sue Perkins
Giant Cookie or Biscuit
12 Mini Fruit Tarts
Tiered Chocolate Cake
Dame Edna Everage
11 February 2015 (2015-02-11)
7.75

Joanna Lumley

Jennifer Saunders

Lulu

2
Mel Giedroyc
24 cupcakes
20 profiteroles
Marble "Building" Cake
Jonathan Ross
18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)
8.39

Zoe Sugg

Gok Wan

Abbey Clancy

3
Jo Brand
24 Shortbread
6 Mini Pork Pies
Triple-tiered Pavlova
Sarah Brown
25 February 2015 (2015-02-25)
7.92

David Mitchell

Michael Sheen

Jameela Jamil

4
Ed Byrne
Tray Bake
12 Crumpets
Vegetable Self Portrait Cake
Alexa Chung
4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)
8.21

Victoria Wood

Chris Moyles

Kayvan Novak

text: The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off

Genre

Cooking
Baking

Presented by

Sandi Toksvig
Noel Fielding

Judges

Prue Leith
Paul Hollywood

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
1

No. of episodes
5

Production company(s)
Love Productions

Release

Original network
Channel 4

Picture format
16:9

Original release
6 March 2018 – present

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
12 cupcakes
6 crepes suzette
3D biscuit scene
Roisin Conaty
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)
5.91

Martin Kemp

Harry Hill

Bill Turnbull

2
24 scones
Devil's food cake
Self-portrait croquembouches
Nick Hewer
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)
5.65

Perri Kiely

Stacey Solomon

Ricky Wilson

3
Loaf cake
8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits
Meringue towers
Ella Eyre
20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)
5.95

Ruth Davidson

Jamie Laing

Tim Minchin

4
12 blondies
6 fruit turnovers
Secret passion cake
Griff Rhys Jones
27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)
5.48

Joe Lycett

Lee Mack

Melanie Sykes

5
12 muffins
Custard pie
Rainbow dream cake
Aisling Bea
3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)

Alan Carr

Kadeena Cox

Teri Hatcher