document_title: Israel Kamakawiwoʻole

question_text: who is the hawaiian that sings somewhere over the rainbow

text: Israel Kamakawiwoʻole

text: Early life[edit]

text: Kamakawiwoʻole was born at Kuakini Medical Center in Honolulu to Henry "Hank" Kaleialoha Naniwa Kamakawiwoʻole, Jr. and Evangeline "Angie" Leinani Kamakawiwoʻole. The notable Hawaiian musician Moe Keale was his uncle and a major musical influence. He was raised in the community of Kaimuki, where his parents had met and married. He began playing music with his older brother Skippy and cousin Allen Thornton at the age of 11, being exposed to the music of Hawaiian entertainers of the time such as Peter Moon, Palani Vaughn and Don Ho, who frequented the establishment where Kamakawiwoʻole's parents worked. Hawaiian musician Del Beazley spoke of the first time he heard Israel perform, when, while playing for a graduation party, the whole room fell silent on hearing him sing.[2] Israel continued his path as his brother Skippy entered the Army in 1971 and cousin Allen parted ways in 1976 for the mainland.

text:
Somewhere Over The Rainbow / What A Wonderful World

Snippet lasting 30 seconds

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: In his early teens, he studied at Upward Bound (UB) of the University of Hawaii at Hilo and his family moved to Mākaha. There he met Louis Kauakahi, Sam Gray and Jerome Koko.[3] Together with his brother Skippy they formed the Makaha Sons of Niʻihau. A part of the Hawaiian Renaissance, the band's blend of contemporary and traditional styles gained in popularity as they toured Hawaii and the continental United States, releasing fifteen successful albums. Kamakawiwoʻole's aim was to make music that stayed true to the typical sound of traditional Hawaiian music. During that time period, the songs that many people associated with Hawaii, typically, were not traditional-sounding songs.

text: Music career[edit]

text: The Makaha Sons of Niʻihau recorded No Kristo in 1976 and released four more albums, including Kahea O Keale, Keala, Makaha Sons of Niʻihau and Mahalo Ke Akua. In 1982, Kamakawiwoʻole's brother, Skippy, died at age 28 of a heart attack[4] related to obesity. In that same year, Kamakawiwoʻole married his childhood sweetheart Marlene. Soon after, they had a daughter whom they named Ceslieanne "Wehi" (born in c. 1983).

text: The group became Hawaii's most popular contemporary traditional group with breakout albums 1984's Puana Hou Me Ke Aloha and its follow-up, 1986's Hoʻola. Kamakawiwoʻole's last recorded album with the group was 1991's Hoʻoluana. It remains the group's top-selling CD.

text: In 1990, Kamakawiwoʻole released his first solo album Ka ʻAnoʻi, which won awards for Contemporary Album of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year from the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts (HARA). Facing Future was released in 1993 by The Mountain Apple Company. It featured his most popular song, the medley "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World", along with "Hawaiʻi 78", "White Sandy Beach of Hawaiʻi", "Maui Hawaiian Sup'pa Man", and "Kaulana Kawaihae". The decision to include a cover of Somewhere Over the Rainbow was said to be a last-minute decision by his producer Jon de Mello and him.[5] Facing Future debuted at #25 on Billboard magazine's Top Pop Catalogue chart. On October 26, 2005, Facing Future became Hawaiʻi's first certified platinum album, selling more than a million CDs in the United States, according to figures furnished by the Recording Industry Association of America.[6] On July 21, 2006, BBC Radio 1 announced that "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World (True Dreams)" would be released as a single in America.

text: In 1994, Kamakawiwoʻole was voted favorite entertainer of the year by the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts (HARA).

text: E Ala E (1995) featured the political title song "ʻE Ala ʻE" and "Kaleohano", and N Dis Life (1996) featured "In This Life" and "Starting All Over Again".

text: In 1997, Kamakawiwoʻole was again honored by HARA at the Annual Nā Hōkū Hanohano awards for Male Vocalist of the Year, Favorite Entertainer of the Year, Album of the Year, and Island Contemporary Album of the Year. He watched the awards ceremony from a hospital room.

text: Alone in Iz World (2001) debuted at #1 on Billboard's World Chart and #135 on Billboard's Top 200, #13 on the Top Independent Albums Chart, and #15 on the Top Internet Album Sales charts.

text: Kamakawiwo'ole's Facing Future has become the best-selling Hawaiian album of all time.[2]

text: Support of Hawaiian rights[edit]

text: Kamakawiwoʻole was known for promoting Hawaiian rights and Hawaiian independence, both through his lyrics, which often stated the case for independence directly, and his life.[7] For example, the lyric in his song "Hawaiʻi '78": "The life of this land is the life of the people/and that to care for the land (malama ʻāina) is to care for the Hawaiian culture", is a statement that many consider to summarise his Hawaiian ideals.[8] The state motto of Hawaiʻi is a recurring line in the song and encompasses the meaning of Iz's message: "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono" (proclaimed by King Kamehameha III when Hawaiʻi regained sovereignty in 1843. It can be roughly translated as: "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness").[9]

text: Kamakawiwoʻole used the soprano ukulele, and his music as a whole, to promote awareness of his belief that a second-class status had been pushed onto the natives by the tourist industry.[10]

text: Death[edit]

text: Throughout his life Kamakawiwoʻole was morbidly obese,[11] and at one point he weighed 757 pounds (343 kg; 54 st 1 lb) standing 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall (body mass index = 97.2).[4] He endured several hospitalizations because of health problems.[4] Beset with respiratory, heart, and other medical problems, he died at the age of 38 in Queen's Medical Center at 12:18 a.m. on June 26, 1997.[4] Kamakawiwoʻole is survived by his wife, Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole, and their daughter, Ceslie-Ann "Wehi".[12]

text: The Hawaii state flag flew at half-staff on July 10, 1997, the day of Kamakawiwoʻole's funeral. His koa wood coffin lay in state at the state capitol building in Honolulu. He was the third person in Hawaiian history to be awarded this honor, and the only one who was not a government official. Approximately ten thousand people attended the funeral. Thousands of fans gathered as his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean at Mākua Beach on July 12, 1997.[12] According to witnesses, many people on land commemorated him by honking their car and truck horns on all Hawaiian highways that day. Scenes from the funeral and scattering of Kamakawiwoʻole's ashes were featured in official music videos of "Over the Rainbow" released posthumously by Mountain Apple Company. As of September 2017[update], the two videos as featured on YouTube have collectively received over 328 million views.[13][14]

text: On September 20, 2003, hundreds paid tribute to Kamakawiwoʻole as a bronze bust of the revered singer was unveiled at the Waianae Neighborhood Community Center on Oʻahu. The singer's widow, Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole, and sculptor Jan-Michelle Sawyer were present for the dedication ceremony.[15]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: On December 6, 2010, NPR named Kamakawiwoʻole as "The Voice of Hawaii" in its 50 great voices series.[16]

text: On March 24, 2011, Kamakawiwoʻole was honored with the German national music award Echo. The music managers Wolfgang Boss and Jon de Mello accepted the trophy in his stead.[17]

text: A 2014 Pixar short film, Lava, features as main characters two volcanoes who are based on Israel Kamakawiwoʻole and his wife, and the style of music used in the short is reminiscent of his cover of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow."[18]

text: What a Wonderful World[edit]

text: Kamakawiwoʻole's recording of "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" gained notice in 1999 when an excerpt was used in the TV commercials for eToys.com (Now Toys "R" Us). The full song was featured in the movies K-Pax, Meet Joe Black, Finding Forrester, Son of the Mask, 50 First Dates, Fred Claus and IMAX: Hubble 3D.[19] It was also featured in TV series ER, American Dad!, Scrubs, Cold Case, Glee, South Pacific, LOST, Storm Chasers, and in the UK original version of Life on Mars among others.[20]

text: "Over the Rainbow//What a Wonderful World" reached #12 on Billboard's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004). It passed the 2 million paid downloads mark in the USA by September 27, 2009, and then sold 3 million in the USA as of October 2, 2011.[21] And as of October 2014, the song has sold over 4.2 million digital copies.[22] In addition, the song holds the distinction of being the longest-leading number one hit on any of the Billboard song charts, having spent 185 weeks at number one on the publication's World Digital Songs chart.[22]

text: On July 4, 2007, Kamakawiwoʻole debuted at No. 44 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Chart with "Wonderful World," selling 17,000 units.[23]

text: In April 2007, "Over the Rainbow" entered the UK charts at #68, and eventually climbed to #46, spending 10 weeks in the Top 100 over a 2-year period.

text: In October 2010, following its use in a trailer for the TV channel VOX[24] and on a TV advertisement – for Axe deodorant (which is itself a revival of the advertisement originally aired in 2004)[25] – it hit #1 on the German singles chart, was the number one seller single of 2010[26] and was eventually certified 2× Platinum in 2011.[27]

text: At the world premiere of The Healer (http://www.thehealer-film.com/) at the Heartland Film Festival in Indianapolis (October 24, 2016) "Over the Rainbow" was again featured.

text: As of November 1, 2010, "Over the Rainbow" peaked at No. 6 on the OE3 Austria charts, which largely reflect airplay on Austria's government-operated Top 40 radio network.[28] It also peaked at No.1 in France and Switzerland in late December 2010.

text: Radio host George Noory uses "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" as bumper music on the overnight talk radio show Coast To Coast AM.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Ka ʻAnoʻi (1990)
Facing Future (1993)
E Ala E (1995)
N Dis Life (1996)

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
Iz in Concert: The Man and His Music (1998)
Alone in IZ World (2001)
Wonderful World (2007)
Over the Rainbow (2011)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Gordon, Mike; Beverly Creamer; Wayne Harada. "The Legacy: A Voice Of Hawai'i and Hawaiians". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Montagne, Renee (December 6, 2010). "Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice of Hawaii". Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Article by Jay Hartwell of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa". .hawaii.edu. May 26, 1991. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kekoa Enomoto, Catherine; Gregg K. Kakesako (June 26, 1997). "'IZ' Will Always Be". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
Jump up ^  Guerin, Ada (June 6, 2006). "Chasing Rainbows". The Hollywood Reporter – International Edition. Los Angeles, CA, USA: Prometheus Global Media. 394 (32): M419. ISSN 0018-3660. Retrieved October 10, 2012.  (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Brudda Iz's Facing Future goes platinum, a first for Hawaii". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. October 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Rick. Iz: Voice of the People. Honolulu, Hawai'i: Bess, 2006. Print.
Jump up ^ Israel Kamakawiwo'ole. "Hawai'i '78." Facing Future. Mountain Apple Company, 1993. MP3.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii State Motto Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness". Netstate.com. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tranquada, Jim (2012). The Ukulele: a History. University of Hawaii Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6.
Jump up ^ Rick Carroll (2006). Iz: Voice of the People. Bess Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-1-57306-257-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Adamski, Mary (July 10, 1997). "Isles Bid Aloha, not Goodbye, to 'Brudda Iz'". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL Somewhere over the Rainbow – Israel "IZ" Kamakawiwo'ole". Mountain Apple Company Inc. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL – Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2011 – Israel "IZ" Kamakawiwo'ole". Mountain Apple Company Inc. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sculpture's Debut Honors 'Braddah IZ'". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. September 21, 2003.
Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo, Israel (December 6, 2010). "Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii". NPR. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Starauflauf bei der Echo-Verleihung in Berlin Badische Zeitung, March 25, 2011
Jump up ^ "5 questions with Disney/Pixar’s ‘LAVA’ director James Ford Murphy". KHON2. 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "IMAX: Hubble 3D – Toronto Screen Shots". March 18, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kim Grant; Glenda Bendure; Michael Clark; Ned Friary; Conner Gorry; Luci Yamamoto (2005). Lonely Planet Hawaii (7th ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-74059-871-2.
Jump up ^ Week Ending Oct. 2, 2011. Songs: Gone But Not Forgotten
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (October 21, 2014). "Ask Billboard: The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert & Madonna". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Artist Chart History – Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Billboard
Jump up ^ Herr der Goldtruhen NZZ Folio vom 7. Oktober 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lynx – Getting Dressed Commercial Song Israel Kamakawiwo'ole – Somewhere Over the Rainbow". YouTube. November 24, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Musik-Jahrescharts: 'Sanfter Riese' und der Graf setzen sich durch – media control" [Music charts of the year: 'Gentle giant' and der Graf]. media-control.de (in German). January 6, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Israel Kamakawiwo'ole; 'Over the Rainbow')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "oe3.ORF.at / woche 42/2010". Charts.orf.at. Retrieved January 24, 2011.


document_title: Auburn–LSU football rivalry

question_text: when is the last time auburn won in baton rouge

root

text: Auburn–LSU football rivalry

text: Notable games[edit]

text: LSU beat Auburn in a hard-fought game 5–0. Captain Henry Landry scored the game's only touchdown.[3] "Nearly every business house in Baton Rouge closed at noon and everybody went to the game".[4] The trip to Louisiana made some Auburn players sick.[5]

tag: p

text: In 1908, both teams were undefeated and competing for the top spot in the SIAA. LSU beat Auburn 10–2, but both teams may claim SIAA championships, for LSU was charged with professionalism and for some stripped of the title. It was the only game LSU did not win by more than 20 points. “We won every game that fall except LSU,” Auburn star Walker Reynolds told Clyde Bolton in 1973. “But LSU had a pro team.”

text: The first touchdown came from LSU's John Seip. Later, Auburn's T. C. Locke blocked a punt, recovered by LSU quarterback and Hall of Famer Doc Fenton in the endzone for an Auburn safety. According to one source, Fenton was knocked unconscious by a spectator's cane as he tried to get out of the end zone.[6] LSU made the second score using conventional football.

text: In 1913, Auburn had one of its finest teams go undefeated. Its closest game as measured by points was a 7–0 victory over LSU. LSU's Tom Dutton starred on defense, but Kirk Newell broke loose for a 40-yard run in the third quarter, and eventually Red Harris went across for the score.

text: In 1988, #4 Auburn traveled to Tiger Stadium with national title aspirations. Auburn (4-0) entered the game outscoring its opponents 161–44, but were held to just two field goals. Auburn's outstanding defense kept LSU scoreless through 58 minutes. However, with 1:47 left, QB Tommy Hodson found RB Eddie Fuller open on a crossing pattern for a touchdown on fourth and goal. Ironically, it was the same play Fuller had caught on 1st and goal, only to step out of the back of the end zone. The crowd eruption was so intense that it registered as an earthquake on the seismograph located in LSU’s Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, though much of the lore surrounding the game is largely apocryphal.[7] Both Hodson and Fuller later said it was the most physical game of their college careers.[8] College Football News ranks this game as the 17th best finish in the history of college football.[9] Auburn would have likely played Notre Dame for the National Championship had they beaten LSU, as Auburn finished the season with six consecutive wins, giving up only 31 points in the process. Auburn and LSU shared the SEC crown though Auburn went to the Sugar Bowl.

text: Auburn was on a 14-game winning streak when LSU traveled to Auburn in 1994, but it was LSU who led 23–9 entering the fourth quarter. LSU quarterback Jamie Howard threw five fourth quarter interceptions - three were returned for touchdowns - as Auburn extended their winning streak to 15 games with a 30–26 win. Auburn made one first down in the second half, yet scored 27 points in the comeback. Multiple players were hospitalized for dehydration after the game.[10] After the loss Jamie Howard received multiple threats.

text: LSU defeated Auburn 19–15 in 1996 while the old Auburn Sports Arena, affectionately called "the Barn", burned to the ground across the street from Jordan–Hare Stadium.[11] After scoring a touchdown, Auburn trailed 17–15 and attempted the two-point conversion. LSU intercepted the pass and returned it for a 19–15 win. The cause of the fire was officially undetermined,[12] though according to investigators the most probable cause was a grill placed too close to the building by tailgaters, possibly to take cover from heavy rainfall.[12] The fire was shown during ESPN's national broadcast,[13] flames being seen as high as the Jordan-Hare east upper-deck. The game was never delayed, and the Auburn public address announcer continually advised fans: "The flames [were] outside the stadium." Because of the fire and the thrilling finish, the game became known as the "Barn Burner" or "The Night The Barn Burned".

text: On coach Tommy Tuberville's birthday, Auburn blew out LSU 41–7 during a rare day game in Baton Rouge. In celebration, Auburn players and coaches smoked cigars on the field at Tiger Stadium, much to the chagrin of LSU players and fans. The intensity of the rivalry grew with this game, and it was used as motivation in 2001 when LSU beat Auburn 27–14 on the way to their first SEC title since splitting it in 1988. Coach Gerry DiNardo was fired before the season ended.[14]

text: Originally scheduled for September 15, the game was moved to December 1 because of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The rescheduling resulted in an SEC mini-playoff, as the winner of this game would be the West champion while the winner of the Florida-Tennessee game the same night would take the East. The game was marked by bad blood from the 1999 cigar incident. Auburn added further fuel by stomping on LSU’s midfield logo during pregame warmups. The action drew an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, allowing LSU to kick off from the 50. LSU successfully ran a surprise onside kick which, along with a hit by Michael Clayton on Auburn returner Roderick Hood a few minutes later, set the tone for the game resulting in a 27–14 LSU victory. In addition, Auburn kicker Damon Duval got into an altercation with LSU marching band members Mark Aycock and Joey LaHatte during their halftime performance. It was believed that the Auburn special teams units prematurely started post-half time warmup while the LSU Band was still performing its halftime show. After this incident Duval did not make another field goal that night. Tommy Tuberville later sent a letter to the band leader Frank Wickes apologizing for Duval’s actions.

text: Defending national champion and fourth ranked LSU visited Auburn just days after Hurricane Ivan. LSU took a 9–3 lead but missed the extra point. Auburn tied the game with 1:14 left when Jason Campbell threw a 16-yard TD pass to Courtney Taylor. Entering the game, Auburn had successfully converted on 190 straight extra points; however, AU kicker John Vaughn too missed the extra point. But a personal foul penalty was called on Ronnie Prude for violating a new rule restricting jumping on a field goal attempt, and Vaughn connected on the second chance. Auburn would go on to win the SEC Championship, finish 13–0 and No. 2 in the final AP poll.

text: The hero of the 2004 game, John Vaughn would miss five field goals - his final kick bouncing off the right upright in overtime. All of the attempted kicks were over 35 yards; 3 would have been career long kicks for Vaughn. Auburn and LSU tied for the SEC West championship, but the 20-17 OT win allowed LSU to play in the SEC Championship Game. Auburn tailback Kenny Irons, caught by ESPN cameras prior to the game guaranteeing a 200-yard game, provided a 218-yard performance and cemented himself as the starter for the rest of the season.

text: No. 6 LSU met No. 3 Auburn on September 16, and this marked the highest head-to-head ranking ever. The two teams played what several athletes on both teams considered their most physical game of the season. Both teams were early season national title contenders. At the end of the first half, LSU managed a last second field goal to take a 3–0 halftime lead. Auburn took the lead with a third-quarter touchdown, and had two fourth quarter stops to win 7–3 in the lowest scoring game since an LSU 6–0 victory in 1935. In the final moments, playing with no timeouts left, JaMarcus Russell threw short of the end-zone to Craig Davis and Brock delivered a hit on the four yard-line to seal the Auburn victory. The victory helped Auburn climb to No. 2 in the AP Poll, while LSU fell to No. 10.

text: Demetrius Byrd made a last-second catch in the end zone to win it for LSU, 30–24. Down 24–23 and driving late in the game, LSU was in field goal range with the clock running and one timeout left. However, in one of the most discussed play calls of the 2007 season, Les Miles decided to try a long pass to the end zone before a possible FG attempt. Afterwards, Miles stated there was enough time for a 41-yard FG had the pass been incomplete, and the game clock proved him correct; though conventional wisdom argued the safer bet was to advance the ball a few yards, use the time-out, and try the field goal. LSU, despite finishing the year with two losses, would go on to win the SEC and BCS National Championship.

text: In 2010, the game was played at Jordan–Hare Stadium in Auburn. Both teams were undefeated and ranked in the top 10: Auburn was 4th, and LSU 6th. Auburn quarterback Cam Newton excelled on the ground. He ran for a career-high 217 yards with 2 TD. Auburn totaled 440 yards rushing, which was the most ever achieved by the team against an SEC defense. The game was tied at 17 late in the fourth, when Auburn tailback Onterio McCalebb ran 70 yards for the go-ahead score with 5:05 left. Auburn would go on to win the game 24–17. Auburn finished the year 14–0, winning the SEC and BCS National Championship.

text: Auburn kicker Daniel Carlson kicked six field goals to upset #18 LSU 18–13 at Jordan-Hare Stadium. LSU appeared to score the winning touchdown on the last play of the game, but after video review the game clock had expired prior to the snap, thus nullifying the score. A first quarter score by LSU would be the only touchdown of the game. After three field goals Auburn would take a 9–7 lead into halftime. In the second half LSU would score two field goals while Auburn would add three more giving Auburn the 18–13 victory. LSU head coach Les Miles was fired the next day.

text: Auburn jumped out to a 20–0 lead early in the second quarter by scoring on each of their first four possessions: a 46-yard field goal, a 49-yard touchdown pass, a short rushing touchdown, and a 48-yard field goal. LSU trimmed the deficit to 23–14 before halftime on a 14-yard touchdown completion. After a scoreless third quarter for both teams, LSU cut Auburn's lead to 23–21 just 27 seconds into the fourth when D.J. Chark scored a touchdown on a 75-yard punt return that brought the Tiger Stadium crowd into a frenzy. Two possessions later, LSU took its first lead of the game, 24–23, on a 42-yard field goal. LSU tacked on a 36-yard field goal to make it 27–23 with 38 seconds left. Auburn's ensuing final drive ended with three straight incompletions and a sack, as LSU pulled off the comeback upset.

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Auburn victories
LSU victories
Tie games

tag: table

text:
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

1
1901
Baton Rouge, LA
Auburn
28–0

2
1902
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
5–0

3
1903
Auburn, AL
Auburn
12–0

4
1908
Auburn, AL
LSU
10–2

5
1912
Mobile, AL
Auburn
7–0

6
1913
Mobile, AL
Auburn
7–0

7
1924
Birmingham, AL
Auburn
3–0

8
1926
Montgomery, AL
LSU
10–0

9
1927
Montgomery, AL
LSU
9–0

10
1934
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
20–6

11
1935
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
6–0

12
1936
Birmingham, AL
#7 LSU
19–6

13
1937
Baton Rouge, LA
#12 LSU
9–7

14
1938
Birmingham, AL
#9 Auburn
28–6

15
1939
Baton Rouge, LA
Auburn
21–7

16
1940
Birmingham, AL
LSU
21–13

17
1941
Baton Rouge, LA
Tie
7–7

18
1942
Birmingham, AL
#14 Auburn
25–7

19
1969
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
21–20

20
1970
Auburn, AL
#14 LSU
17–9

21
1972
Baton Rouge, LA
#8 LSU
35–7

22
1973
Auburn, AL
LSU
20–6

23
1980
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
21–17

24
1981
Auburn, AL
Auburn
19–7

25
1988
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
7–6

26
1989
Auburn, AL
#12 Auburn
10–6

27
1992
Auburn, AL
Auburn
30–28

No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

28
1993
Baton Rouge, LA
Auburn
34–10

29
1994
Auburn, AL
#11 Auburn
30–26

30
1995
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
12–6

31
1996
Auburn, AL
#21 LSU
19–15

32
1997
Baton Rouge, LA
#12 Auburn
31–28

33
1998
Auburn, AL
#7 LSU
31–19

34
1999
Baton Rouge, LA
#24 Auburn
41–7

35
2000
Auburn, AL
#25 Auburn
34–17

36
2001
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
27–14

37
2002
Auburn, AL
Auburn
31–7

38
2003
Baton Rouge, LA
#9 LSU
31–7

39
2004
Auburn, AL
#14 Auburn
10–9

40
2005
Baton Rouge, LA
#7 LSU
20–17OT

41
2006
Auburn, AL
#3 Auburn
7–3

42
2007
Baton Rouge, LA
#5 LSU
30–24

43
2008
Auburn, AL
#6 LSU
26–21

44
2009
Baton Rouge, LA
#10 LSU
31–10

45
2010
Auburn, AL
#5 Auburn
24–17

46
2011
Baton Rouge, LA
#1 LSU
45–10

47
2012
Auburn, AL
#2 LSU
12–10

48
2013
Baton Rouge, LA
#6 LSU
35–21

49
2014
Auburn, AL
#5 Auburn
41–7

50
2015
Baton Rouge, LA
#13 LSU
45–21

51
2016
Auburn, AL
Auburn
18–13

52
2017
Baton Rouge, LA
LSU
27–23

Series: LSU leads 29–22–1

text: Series record source: College Football Data Warehouse.[15]

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text: From 2000 to 2005, Auburn or LSU won or tied for the SEC Western Division championship every season.

text: From 2000 to 2007, the home team won eight straight games. (Immediately before then, the road team had won four straight, from 1996 to 1999.)

text: The 2006 game was the lowest scoring contest between the two schools since 1935, when LSU defeated Auburn 6–0 in Baton Rouge.

text: The winning squad pitched a shutout 11 of the first 13 games to start the series. Since then, neither team has been shut out.

text: LSU leads the series 29–22–1. LSU leads the series in games played in Baton Rouge and Montgomery, Alabama, with a 17–5–1 and 2–0 record, respectively. Auburn leads games played at Jordan–Hare Stadium (11–6), Birmingham, Alabama (3–2), and Mobile, Alabama (2–0). When the SEC expanded, Auburn and LSU were placed in the SEC's Western Division. The Auburn–LSU game quickly became a highly anticipated and respected rivalry.

text: Since becoming permanent SEC opponents in 1992, the majority of the series has been played in September. Only eight times have games been scheduled in October. Generally speaking, games in Baton Rouge tend to be in October, while games in Auburn are usually in September.


document_title: List of people who have lit the Olympic cauldron

question_text: who lit the torch at the 2012 olympics

question_tokens: who lit the torch at the 2012 olympics

text: History[edit]

text: The first well-known athlete to light the cauldron was nine-time Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Other famous final torch bearers include French football star Michel Platini (1992), heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali (1996), Australian sprinter Cathy Freeman (2000), the Canadian ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky (2010), the marathon runner Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima (2016) and the South Korean figure skating champion Yuna Kim (2018).

text: On other occasions, the people who lit the cauldron were not famous but nevertheless symbolized the Olympic ideals. Japanese runner Yoshinori Sakai was born in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, the day the city was destroyed by an atomic bomb. He symbolized the rebirth of Japan after the Second World War when he lit the Olympic cauldron of the 1964 Summer Olympics. At the 1976 Games in Montreal, two teenagers—representing the French- and the English-speaking parts of the country—symbolized the unity of Canada. Norway's Crown Prince Haakon lit the cauldron of the 1994 Winter Olympics, in honor of his father and grandfather, both Olympians. For the 2012 Games in London, seven aspiring young athletes—each nominated by a former British Olympic champion—had the honor of lighting the cauldron.

text: People who have lit the Olympic cauldron[edit]

text:
Games
Location
Lighter
Sport
Note
Ref

1936 Summer
Berlin
Fritz Schilgen
Track and field
Schilgen was not a competitor at the Olympics, but was chosen for his graceful running style.
[1]

1948 Summer
London
John Mark
Track and field
Little-known former medical student from Cambridge University.
[2]

1952 Winter
Oslo
Eigil Nansen
Non-athlete
Grandson of polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen. He is the first non-athlete to light the flame.
[3]

1952 Summer
Helsinki
Paavo Nurmi
Track and field
Nurmi was a winner of nine Olympic gold medals in the 1920s; Kolehmainen won four Olympic gold medals. Nurmi lit a cauldron on field level before handing the torch to four soccer players who relayed the torch to the top of the tower. Kolehmainen then lit the final, higher-placed cauldron.
[4]

Hannes Kolehmainen

1956 Winter
Cortina d'Ampezzo
Guido Caroli
Speed skating
Participant in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Olympics. Skating with the torch, he tripped over a television cable but kept the flame burning.
[5]

1956 Summer
Melbourne
Ron Clarke (Melbourne)
Track and field
Clarke would later win an Olympic bronze medal in 1964; Wikne participated in the 1964 Olympics. After Wikne lit the brazier on the infield, the flame was passed on to Karin Lindberg and Henry Ericksson, who separately ran up the two towers of the Stockholm Olympic Stadium.
[6]

Hans Wikne (Stockholm)
Equestrianism

1960 Winter
Squaw Valley
Ken Henry
Speed skating
Olympic champion in 500m speed skating at the 1952 Games.
[7]

1960 Summer
Rome
Giancarlo Peris
Track and field
Track athlete of Greek descent. The Italian National Olympic Committee decided that the last torchbearer of the Olympic Games would be the winner of a junior cross country running race. Peris won and was chosen to be the last torchbearer.
[8]

1964 Winter
Innsbruck
Josef Rieder
Alpine skiing
Participant in the 1956 Olympics.
[9]

1964 Summer
Tokyo
Yoshinori Sakai
Track and field
Sakai was born on the same day the atom bomb exploded over his native Hiroshima. He never participated in the Olympics.
[10]

1968 Winter
Grenoble
Alain Calmat
Figure skating
Winner of the silver medal in the 1964 Olympics.
[11]

1968 Summer
Mexico City
Norma Enriqueta Basilio de Sotelo
Track and field
Sprinter who participated in these Olympics; the first woman to light the main Olympic cauldron.
[12]

1972 Winter
Sapporo
Hideki Takada
Speed skating

[13]

1972 Summer
Munich
Günther Zahn
Track and field
Middle distance runner. Winner at the German junior athletics championships.
[14]

1976 Winter
Innsbruck
Christl Haas
Alpine skiing
Haas won the Olympic downhill title in 1964; Feistmantl won luge doubles in the same year.
[15]

Josef Feistmantl
Luge

1976 Summer
Montreal
Stéphane Préfontaine
Track and field
Two teenagers representing English and French Canada. Neither of them would participate in future Olympics.
[16]

Sandra Henderson
Gymnastics

1980 Winter
Lake Placid
Charles Morgan Kerr
Non-athlete
Doctor from Arizona who had been elected from all 52 bearers to run the final leg.
[17]

1980 Summer
Moscow
Sergey Belov
Basketball
Member of the Soviet Basketball team who won four Olympic medals.
[18]

1984 Winter
Sarajevo
Sanda Dubravčić
Figure skating
Participant in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics.
[19]

1984 Summer
Los Angeles
Rafer Johnson
Track and field
Decathlon gold medalist at the 1960 Olympics.
[20]

1988 Winter
Calgary
Robyn Perry
Figure skating
A 12-year-old schoolgirl and aspiring figure skater.
[21]

1988 Summer
Seoul
Chung Sun-man
Non-athlete
Chung Sun-Man was a schoolteacher. Sohn was a young Korean dancer. Kim Won-tak was a young track athlete who took part in that year's marathon.
[22]

Sohn Mi-chung

Kim Won-tak
Track and field

1992 Winter
Albertville
Michel Platini
Association football
Platini took part with the French Football team in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Grange was a future alpine skier (and older brother of future multiple time alpine skiing Slalom World Champion Jean-Baptiste Grange) and was nine years old at the time, becoming the youngest final lighter in history.
[23]

François-Cyrille Grange
Alpine skiing

1992 Summer
Barcelona
Antonio Rebollo
Archery
Paralympian who competed in the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Paralympic Games, winning two silvers and a bronze. The only Paralympian ever to light the Olympic cauldron, Rebollo shot a flaming arrow over an open natural gas cauldron to ignite it.
[24]

1994 Winter
Lillehammer
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway
Non-athlete
Heir apparent to the throne of Norway. Though he was not an Olympian, both his father and grandfather took part in the Olympics and he lit the cauldron on their behalf. His father declared the games open.
[25]

1996 Summer
Atlanta
Muhammad Ali
Boxing
1960 heavyweight gold medalist and professional world champion who is considered the greatest boxer of all time.
[26]

1998 Winter
Nagano
Midori Ito
Figure skating
Winner of Olympic silver in 1992.
[27]

2000 Summer
Sydney
Cathy Freeman
Track and field
Winner of Olympic silver in 1996 and Olympic gold in these Olympics, both in the 400 m. She is the only person ever to light a cauldron and win a gold medal in the same games.
[28]

2002 Winter
Salt Lake City
The 1980 U.S. Olympic ice hockey team
Ice hockey
Famous for the "Miracle on Ice"; an upset of the Soviet Union team en route to the gold medal.
[29]

2004 Summer
Athens
Nikolaos Kaklamanakis
Sailing
Winner of Olympic gold in 1996 and silver in these Olympics.
[30]

2006 Winter
Turin
Stefania Belmondo
Cross-country skiing
Winner of ten Olympic medals, two of them gold. One of Italy's most decorated Olympians.
[31]

2008 Summer
Beijing
Li Ning
Artistic gymnastics
Winner of six Olympic medals including three gold, in 1984. He was China's most successful athlete at their first Olympic appearance since 1952.
[32]

2010 Winter
Vancouver
Steve Nash (indoor cauldron)
Basketball
Le May Doan was a winner of two gold medals in the 500 m in 1998 and 2002 and a bronze in the 1000 m in 1998. Nash is a two-time NBA MVP with the Phoenix Suns and a former member of the Canadian Olympic Basketball team. Greene won gold in the giant slalom and silver in the slalom in 1968. Gretzky was a member of the Canadian ice hockey team and won four Stanley Cup titles as captain of the Edmonton Oilers (1984, 1985, 1987, 1988). He was the Executive Director of the Canadian men's hockey team in 2002, who won gold at those games.
During the opening ceremony, Nash, Greene and Gretzky lit a cauldron inside the BC Place indoor stadium. Gretzky then lit a second, outdoor cauldron near the Vancouver Convention Centre. Only the outdoor cauldron remained lit throughout the Games.
Le May Doan was supposed to participate in the lighting of the indoor cauldron, but was left out when one of the four arms failed to raise due to mechanical problems. This was corrected at the beginning of the closing ceremony, when a joke was made about the mechanical error, and she was able to light the newly emerged fourth arm and relight the indoor cauldron to begin the closing ceremony.

[33][34][35]

Nancy Greene (indoor cauldron)
Alpine skiing

Wayne Gretzky (indoor & outdoor cauldrons)
Ice hockey

Catriona Le May Doan (closing ceremony)
Speed skating

2012 Summer
London
Desiree Henry
Track and field
The cauldron was lit by seven aspiring young athletes, each nominated by a veteran British Olympian: Airlie was nominated by Shirley Robertson, Duckitt by Duncan Goodhew, Henry by Daley Thompson, Kirk by Dame Mary Peters, MacRitchie by Sir Steve Redgrave, Reynolds by Lynn Davies and Tracey by Dame Kelly Holmes. Austin Playfoot later relit the cauldron in its new spot in the Olympic Stadium. The seven youngsters are commonly referred to as the "Secret Seven" as their identity and role was a closely guarded secret until the lighting of the Olympic cauldron.
Henry would later go on to win an Olympic bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m in 2016.

[36][37]

Katie Kirk

Aidan Reynolds

Adelle Tracey

Callum Airlie
Sailing

Jordan Duckitt
Volunteering: Young Ambassadors

Cameron MacRitchie
Rowing

2014 Winter
Sochi
Irina Rodnina
Figure skating
Rodnina won three successive Olympic gold medals. Tretiak won four medals (three golds).
[38]

Vladislav Tretiak
Ice hockey

2016 Summer
Rio de Janeiro
Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima
(stadium cauldron)
Athletics
Winner of the bronze medal in the marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics. De Lima was the first Latin American awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal after he was deliberately interrupted during that event.
[39][40]

Jorge Gomes
(public cauldron)
A second, outdoor cauldron was lit in front of Candelaria Church by 14-year-old, who is part of a sports project in Rio de Janeiro.

2018 Winter
Pyeongchang
Yuna Kim
Figure skating
Winner of Olympic Gold in the Ladies' singles in 2010 and silver in 2014.
[41]

text: Youth Olympics[edit]

text:
Games
Location
Lighter
Sport
Note
Ref

2010 Summer Youth
Singapore
Darren Choy
Sailing
A sailor of Singapore who participated in the games.

2012 Winter Youth
Innsbruck
Egon Zimmermann
Alpine skiing
Both Zimmerman and Klammer won the gold in the downhill event in 1964 and 1976 respectively, both years when Austria previously hosted the Adult Winter games.

Franz Klammer

2014 Summer Youth
Nanjing
Chen Ruolin
Diving
Winner of back-to-back gold medals in diving in 2008 and 2012, in the 10 m and the 10 m synchronized. She would also win a gold medal in 2016.

2016 Winter Youth
Lillehammer
Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway
Non-Athlete
Elder child of Crown Prince Haakon, who previously lit the cauldron in the 1994 Adult Winter games.
[42]


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: when did july 4th become a paid federal holiday

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[14]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[15]

tag: ul

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[15]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[15]
In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy. This is recognized as the first recorded celebration[clarification needed] and is still celebrated there today.[16]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[17]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[18]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts (on Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials), where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is still practiced in some New England towns.[19]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", "God Bless America", "America the Beautiful," "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," "This Land Is Your Land," "Stars and Stripes Forever," and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[20]

text: In 2009, New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded.[21] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

text: During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[22]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[21] in the country

Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

A festively decorated Independence day cake.

Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the midwest.

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[23]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild municipality of Denmark.[24]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[25]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[26] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[27][28] The national broadcast will be revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[29]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.

text: Other countries

text: The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[30] July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. In Rwanda, July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day, commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[31]


document_title: Demographics of California

question_text: what percentage of the united states lives in california

question_tokens: what percentage of the united states lives in california

text: Demographics of California

text: Population[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
185092,597—1860379,994310.4%1870560,24747.4%1880864,69454.3%18901,213,39840.3%19001,485,05322.4%19102,377,54960.1%19203,426,86144.1%19305,677,25165.7%19406,907,38721.7%195010,586,22353.3%196015,717,20448.5%197019,953,13427.0%198023,667,90218.6%199029,760,02125.7%200033,871,64813.8%201037,253,95610.0%Sources: 1910-2010[2]

text: California is the most populated sub-national entity in North America.  If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia.[3]  Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state, Texas.[4] California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962.[5] However, according to the Los Angeles Times, California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century.[6] In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County, San Diego County, Orange County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population.[7] The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, San Diego, Riverside-San Bernardino, and Sacramento.[8] From 2006 until 2016, the state lost a net population of about 1 million people from domestic immigration;[9] the plurality of whom moved to Texas, yet the population of the state continued to grow due to migration from overseas.[10]

text: As of 2006, California had an estimated population of 37,172,015, more than 12 percent of the U.S. population.  This includes a natural increase since the last census of 1,557,112 people ( i.e.  2,781,539 births minus 1,224,427 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 751,419 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 1,415,879 people, and migration from within the U.S. resulted in a net decrease of 564,100 people.  California is the 13th fastest-growing state. As of 2008, the total fertility rate was 2.15.[11] The most recent census reports the population of California as 39,144,818.

text: The center of population of California is located at 35°27′49″N 119°19′31″W / 35.463595°N 119.325359°W / 35.463595; -119.325359 in Kern County, near the town of Shafter.[12]

text: No single ethnic group forms a majority of California's population, making the state a minority-majority state. Hispanics (of any race) are the largest single ethnic group in the state.[13] Spanish is the state's second most widely spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial, and the San Joaquin Valley. Nearly 43% of Californian residents speak a language other than English at home, a proportion far higher than any other state.[14]

text: California is home to almost 25% of the country's undocumented population, making up 6% of California's residents overall. Two-thirds of California's undocumented population have lived in the state for more than 10 years.[15]

text: About 26% of California's public school students in the 2011–12 school year identified themselves as white (non-Hispanic), and 52% of the state's students identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino. The following ethnic groups that made up the statewide public school student body were Asians (11%), African Americans (7%), Native Americans (0.7%), and Pacific Islanders (0.6%). Students of mixed race made up about 2% of the public schools. Hispanics made up the majority of the state's public schools since 2010. Los Angeles Unified School District, the largest school district in California and second largest in the nation, is 73% Hispanic, 10% African American, 9% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 6% Asian, 0.5% Native American, and 0.4% Pacific Islander.[16]

text: In 2011, there was an estimated 2.6 million illegal aliens residing in California.[17]

text: National origin[edit]

text: According to 2015 US Census Bureau estimates, California's population was 72.9% White, 6.5% Black or African American, 14.7% Asian, 1.7% Native Americans, 0.5% Pacific Islander and 3.8% from two or more races. By ethnicity, 38.8% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 61.4% Non-Hispanic (of any race).  Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in California.[18]

text: In 2015, California had the largest minority population in the United States. Non-Hispanic whites decreased from about 76.3 - 78% of the state's population in 1970[19] to 38.0% in 2015.[20] While the population of minorities accounts for 100.7 million of 300 million U.S. residents, 20% of the national total live in California.[21][22]

text: California has the highest number, and second highest percentage, of Asian Americans by state. Only Hawaii has a higher Asian American percentage than California. While New Mexico and Texas have higher percentages of Hispanics, California has the highest total number of Hispanics of any U.S. state. Hispanics are the largest single ethnic group in the state.[23]

text: The largest named ancestries in California are Mexican (25%), German (9%), Irish (7.7%), English (7.4%) and Italian (5.8%); there are 65 other ethnicities with sizable populations in California including Albanians, Australians, Canadians, Haitians, and Somalis as examples. Both Los Angeles and San Francisco have large numbers of residents with English, French, Italian, German, Russian and Scandinavian ancestry.[citation needed]

text: California has the largest population of White Americans in the U.S., totaling 21,453,934 residents as of the 2010 census. The state has the fifth largest population of African Americans in the U.S., an estimated 2,299,072 residents. California's Asian population is estimated at 4.9 million, approximately one-third of the nation's estimated 15 million Asian Americans. California's Native American population of 285,512 is the third-largest of any state, behind Arizona and Oklahoma.[24] Other estimates place the Native American population of California at one million.[citation needed]

text:
Demographics of California (csv)

By race

White

Black

AIAN*

Asian

NHPI*

2000 (total population)

79.75%

7.65%

1.99%

12.39%

0.69%

2000 (Hispanic only)

30.79%

0.61%

0.85%

0.45%

0.13%

2005 (total population)

79.07%

7.45%

1.93%

13.47%

0.71%

2005 (Hispanic only)

33.59%

0.67%

0.84%

0.47%

0.13%

Growth 2000–05 (total population)

5.76%

3.90%

3.58%

16.01%

10.13%

Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only)

-0.91%

2.80%

1.87%

16.18%

9.65%

Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only)

16.36%

16.48%

5.87%

11.68%

12.29%

* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

text: Since the 2000 (US Census), California has been known as the second state in US history (after Hawaii since its statehood in 1959) to have a non-white majority, the first state in US history to have a Latino minority,[clarification needed] and since 2014, the first state to have a Latino plurality surpass other racial/ethnic groups. The media discussed the possibility of Latinos becoming a majority in the 21st century,[25] the first time since statehood (1850) when they were reduced to 20 percent of the population as a result of the California Gold Rush of 1848-49.

text: California has the largest population of European Americans of any state.  For example, in 2000 California had more Bulgarian Americans, Romanian Americans and Hungarian Americans than any other U.S. state. Los Angeles and San Francisco have large Russian American or Russian populations, as well Ukrainian Americans; and a long history of English, Irish, Italian, German, and Polish communities established by immigrants in the late 19th century. There are also many English Americans, Irish Americans, and French Americans whose ancestors were the original 49ers, also known as the California Gold Rush immigrants. There are also immigrant communities from the former Yugoslavia such as Bosnians, Croatians, and Serbians.[citation needed]

text: California has over one million residents each with Spanish or Portuguese ancestry[citation needed], with communities along coastal parts of the state such as San Diego, Long Beach, Camarillo, Santa Clara Valley (including Cupertino, Gilroy and San Jose), Salinas Valley, Santa Maria Valley, and San Joaquin Valley. A small wave of Danish, Dutch and Swedish immigrants founded towns like Lathrop near Stockton, Artesia near Los Angeles, Kingsburg south of Fresno, Solvang north of Santa Barbara in the late 1800s and the private community of Sveadal located 15 miles south of San Jose and populated entirely by members of the Swedish American Patriotic League.[26] Small colonies of early 19th century Russian settlement under the Russian American Company are in Fort Ross,[27] Calistoga and the Russian River Valley in Sonoma and Napa counties. Small Amish/Mennonite colonies exist in an area bordered by the towns Oakdale, Riverbank and Ripon near Modesto and in Reedley, Sanger and Orange Cove near Fresno in the San Joaquin Valley; and in the outer Salinas Valley.[28]

text: The state also has over 2000 Circassian Americans with a little community in Anaheim.

text: Latinos, mainly Mexican Americans, form major portions of the population of Southern California, especially in Los Angeles, as well as the San Joaquin Valley. The city of Los Angeles is often said to be the largest Mexican community in the United States. Census records kept track of the growth since 1850, but Mexicans and Mexican-Americans have lived in California since Spanish Colonial times. However, the number and percentage population of Latinos living in California increased rapidly in the late 20th century. The result is that, today, Latinos are the largest ethnic group in Los Angeles County, at over 40 percent of the county's population. Latinos are predominantly concentrated in the older eastern and southern suburbs surrounding downtown Los Angeles and northern Long Beach, the southern/eastern San Fernando Valley, and the San Gabriel/Pomona Valleys. They also comprise sizable communities in Arvin, Bakersfield, Delano, El Monte, Fontana, Fresno, Indio, La Puente, Ontario, Oxnard, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San José, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Stockton, Vallejo and Yuba City. In Santa Ana in Orange County, Latinos comprise 75 percent of the population. Nearby Anaheim is over half Latino, and Orange County's population is 30-35 percent Latino.

text: The Imperial Valley on the U.S.-Mexican border is about 70–75% Latino; communities with many Latinos can also be found in Riverside County, especially at its eastern end, and the Coachella Valley. The Central Valley has many Mexican American migrant farm workers. Latinos are the majority in 14 counties: Colusa, Fresno, Glenn, Imperial, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, Santa Cruz, Tulare and Yolo counties.

text: Latinos make up at least 20% of the San Francisco Bay Area. Many live in San Mateo, Alameda, Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties, as well in San Francisco. The Napa Valley and Salinas Valley have predominantly Latino communities established by migrant farm workers. San Jose is about 30-35 percent Latino, the largest Latino community in northern California, while the Mission District, San Francisco and Lower/West Oakland has barrios established by Mexican and Latin American immigrants. The Mexican American communities of East Los Angeles and Logan Heights, San Diego, as well the San Joaquin Valley are centers of historic Chicano and Latino cultures.

text: California also has the largest populations of Hispanics/Latinos in the country. Most of the state's Latinos have Mexican ancestry, having the largest Mexican population in the United States, making up about 31 percent of the state population. California has a large and diverse population, having the largest Central American, especially Salvadorans population in the United States. Guatemalan Americans are spread out in Southern California after previously centered in Los Angeles between 1970 and 2010. California also has many Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans, Honduran Americans, and Nicaraguan Americans, along with people of Brazilian, Chilean, Colombian, Peruvian and other South American ancestry. Los Angeles has had the United States' largest Central American community, as well as the largest Mexican American community, since the 1910s. In fact, the 1900 census record finds 319 to 619 out of 100,000 residents in the city of Los Angeles were "Spanish" or "Mexican". (see Demographics of Los Angeles). Nearly 31 percent of Los Angeles itself is of Mexican descent, having the largest Mexican population of any city in the United States.

text: In Mariposa County, there is a very small community of Californios or Spanish American people as they identify themselves, that dates back before the U.S. annexation of California. Hornitos is home to an estimated 1,000 people and many are "Californios". The community's "Spanish" Californio culture is closely linked with Mexico and other Latin American nations. Spanish colonial/Mexican/Latino influences was always a major part of California after it became part of the U.S. since 1848 and its statehood in 1850.[citation needed]

text: The state has a long history of established Asian American communities, including Chinese since the 1850s, Japanese since the 1880s, and Filipinos for over a century. A large wave of Asian immigration since 1965 brought in more Chinese along with Koreans and Southeast Asians after the Vietnam war ended in the late 1970s. South Asians are also a fast-growing group.

text: As of the 2010 Census there were a total of 17,941,286 respondents who claimed to be Asian American and Asian.[29] Out of these respondents in the United States,[30] 30.9% live in California, with 5,556,592 Asian Americans being counted by the 2010 Census.[31] This is a 1.5 million growth in population from the 2000 census, making Asian Americans 14.9 percent of the state's population.[32] Out of those almost 5.6 million Asian Americans in California there are 1,474,707 Filipinos, 1,349,111 Chinese, 647,589 Vietnamese, 590,445 Indians, 505,225 Koreans, 428,140 Japanese, 109,928 Taiwanese, 102,317 Cambodians, 91,224 Hmong, 69,303 Laotians, 67,707 Thais, 53,474 Pakistanis, 39,506 Borneons, Sumatrans, and Indonesians, 17,978 Burmese, 11,929 Sri Lankans, 10,494 Bangladeshis, 6,231 Nepalese, 5,595 Malaysians, 4,993 Mongolians, 1,513 Singaporeans, 1,377 Okinawans, and 750 Bhutanese.[31]

text: Filipino Americans are particularly numerous in Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Diego, San Mateo and Solano counties, and in southern California communities such as Artesia, Baldwin Park, Carson, Cerritos, Covina, West Covina, and the Eagle Rock district of Los Angeles. Around San Diego, many Filipinos live in the communities of Mira Mesa, National City, and Chula Vista. Delano near Bakersfield, other towns in the San Joaquin Valley, the Inland Empire of Riverside-San Bernardino, Coachella Valley-Imperial Valley region, Salinas, Stockton and Lathrop, and the Santa Maria/San Luis Obispo area also have large Filipino American populations. Daly City south of San Francisco has a large Filipino population and is the largest percentage wise in the United States. As of the 1980s, Filipinos have been the largest population of Asians in California.[33] Twenty percent of registered nurses, in 2013, in California are Filipino.[34]

text: Chinese Americans are numerous in San Francisco, Oakland, the East Bay, South Bay, the Central Coast of California, Sacramento, San Diego, and the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County. The San Francisco Bay Area has a greater concentration of Cantonese-speaking Chinese than any other region in the United States. The Mexican border community of Calexico, California in addition to Mexicali has large numbers of Chinese Mexican Americans, that is, Mexican Americans of Chinese ancestry. Smaller Chinese communities can also be found in San Jacinto Valley, Lake Elsinore, and Victorville.

text: Southern California has perhaps the largest Taiwan-born Chinese American community in the U.S., particularly in the San Gabriel Valley (i.e. Walnut and Diamond Bar), Buena Park, Cerritos, West Covina, Irvine, communities in the South Bay, Los Angeles and southern Orange County. Many minority groups from China also live in California, for example, there are Tibetan, Mongolian and Uygur Americans concentrated in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, Orange County, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach area.

text: Large Korean American communities exist in the Koreatown area of Los Angeles, the eastern San Gabriel Valley, the San Fernando Valley, Cerritos/Long Beach, South Bay, Los Angeles, northern Orange County and San Diego area. There is another large Korean American population in the San Francisco Bay Area, and Koreans are growing in number in the suburban Inland Empire region, in cities such as Chino Hills, Corona, Desert Hot Springs and Loma Linda south of San Bernardino. Since 1990, the Korean American and African American populations relocated westward and northward in the Los Angeles area.

text: The South Bay area and Little Tokyo have a large Japanese American community. Japanese Americans, however, are also concentrated in San Francisco and across the Bay Area, San Jose, the Salinas Valley and Santa Cruz County; and smaller communities in the Sacramento, Fresno, Bakersfield, Anaheim, San Diego, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara and Stockton areas. Despite the presence of Japanese goods stores, media outlets and restaurants in the state, most "Little Tokyos" and "Japantowns" were evacuated during the forced relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II (see Japanese American Internment). As a result, most Japanese Americans in urban areas do not reside in historical Japanese communities.

text: California has the largest American population of Southeast Asians, concentrated in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, Sacramento, and Fresno areas. This includes the Hmong and Vietnamese, including Chinese Vietnamese. Long Beach has one of the largest Cambodian American communities in the United States. The neighboring cities of Westminster and Garden Grove have the largest Vietnamese American community outside of Vietnam and are often dubbed "Little Saigon". Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrants also settled in the San Francisco Bay Area, especially San Jose, Santa Clara and Sunnyvale, as well across the San Joaquin Valley and in San Diego.

text:
Over 6,000 Laotian Americans live in the Fresno area, including an even larger Hmong American community, the second-largest of its kind. Other Hmong colonies in the Central Valley of California and Northern California developed since the end of the Vietnam war (1975–79).
California also has a Thai American community of over 250,000, concentrated in Southern California, with small Thai and Southeast Asian communities in Perris and Banning in the Inland Empire region. Los Angeles has the largest Thai population outside of Thailand and is also home to the world's first Thai Town. About 150,000 Indonesians live in Southern California, primarily the Los Angeles and San Diego areas.

text: California has the largest Indian American population in the U.S. Many live in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, San Diego, and the San Francisco Bay Area. The Los Angeles suburbs of Artesia and Cerritos have large Indian American communities. San Jose, Fremont, and other Silicon Valley cities have many Indian Americans who are employed in the high-tech industry. Many Indian Americans are in Central Valley cities such as Stockton, Bakersfield, Fresno, Yuba City, and the Imperial Valley. Most South Asians in California are Indian American, but there are also Pakistani Americans, Bangladeshi Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans (see Sinhalese and Tamils) esp. concentrated in the San Gabriel Valley (Covina Valley) of the Los Angeles area.

text: Over 50,000 Afghan Americans are concentrated in the East Bay primarily in Alameda County and its communities of Fremont and Hayward; Afghans also live throughout the state (esp. Orange County and Ventura County).

text: The state has 150,000 residents with Pacific Islander ancestry. Most, 80,000, are Native Hawaiians of measurable Polynesian ancestry; many also have Asian, European, or other ancestries. There are also 25,000 Samoan Americans originally from American Samoa or Western Samoa.  Most live in Long Beach and the Los Angeles suburbs of Carson, Artesia, Cerritos, and Redondo Beach, Oceanside, and Upland. About 10,000 Chamorros from Guam and Northern Mariana Islands live in northern California, the largest Micronesian community in the mainland United States. An estimated 10,000 Tahitians from French Polynesia live in southern California.

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are also many Palauans in southern California, specifically in the San Diego area, including Vista. Only 677 in Vista alone in the 2010 US Census. Members of the Palauan community often also have Malay, Indonesian, Micronesian, Melanesian, Japanese, and other east Asian ancestries.  Many Chuukese or Trukese live in San Diego, while the original settlers on Truk Island are Spanish and German but most Truukese now are Japanese and Korean, then Filipino and some Chinese, and finally the arrival of American expatriates. Many came to the Oceanside area due to the military installations around the city, which has the oldest Polynesian or Pacific Islander community.

text: The state also has over 715,000 Arab Americans, with large communities in Alameda, Fresno, Imperial, Kern, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Sacramento and Stanislaus counties. They represent all Arab and Middle Eastern nationalities, the most numerous being of Gaza and West Bank (see Palestinian Americans) followed by those from Syria (see Syrian Americans) and Lebanon (about half- 1.5 out of 3.1 million estimated- (see Lebanese Americans) live in California), Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Arabs have resided in California since the 1920s, most notably in Orange County in the section of Little Arabia (Anaheim, California) and the San Diego area.

text: About 500,000 Iranian Americans live throughout Southern California, including about 20% of the population of Beverly Hills.[35] Iranian American communities also flourish in the San Fernando Valley, Orange County, San Diego, the Palm Springs area, and the San Joaquin Valley. The majority of Iranian Americans immigrated after the ouster of the pro-U.S. Shah regime of Iran in the late 1970s.

text: California also has the third largest Greek American population in the United States, behind New York and Massachusetts.

text: There is also large population of Assyrian/Chaldean descent living in the Central Valley, with large communities in Modesto, Ceres and Turlock, as well as throughout the Central Coast and the California Desert (i.e. the Coachella and Imperial valleys). San Diego has one of the largest concentrations of Chaldean immigrants in the United States.[36]

text: California is also home to 600,000 Armenian Americans, with many in Glendale north of Los Angeles, as well as a large community in Fresno. As of 1988 California had about 500,000 ethnic Armenians with over half of them living in Greater Los Angeles.[37]

text: Turkish Americans and Azerbaijani Americans form moderately-sized communities in both Los Angeles and San Francisco.

text: California has 2.3 million African Americans as of 2010, the largest population of Black or African Americans in the western U.S,[18] and the 5th largest Black population in the United States. Cities that have the largest share of African Americans and have historically been Black cultural centers include (11 largest in the state): Compton, Inglewood, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oakland, Richmond, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego and Vallejo.

text: There are many other cities and towns in the state with sizeable African American populations. These include:

text:
Berkeley,
Dublin,
East Palo Alto,
Fairfield,
Hayward,
Marin City,
Piedmont,
San Leandro,
and Suisun City. Bakersfield,
Fresno,
Merced,
Modesto,
and Stockton. Adelanto,
Altadena,
Apple Valley,
California City,
Carson,
Corona,
Desert Hot Springs,
Fontana,
Gardena,
Hawthorne,
Indio,
Lakewood,
Lancaster,
Lynwood,
Moreno Valley,
National City,
Oceanside,
Palmdale,
Palm Springs,
Pasadena,
Perris,
Pomona,
Rialto,
Twentynine Palms,
and Victorville.

text: African Americans are approximately 7 percent of the state population. The state percentage of African Americans has dropped in the 1990s and 2000s, though the state's overall number of African-Americans has increased in that time period. The black population in East and West Oakland and South Central Los Angeles - places where they held the majority for decades - has greatly decreased as the black middle class has relocated to nearby suburbs, including those in the Inland Empire and Antelope Valley in Southern California and the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California. Many African Americans have also moved to the South, where their grandparents may have come from in the "Great Migration" of the mid-20th century.

text: African Americans have made a contribution to the state's hip-hop and R&B music culture. African-American musical artists born and/or raised in California include: Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, E-40, Nate Dogg, En Vogue, Tony! Toni! Tone!, Too Short, Eazy-E, N.W.A, Keyshia Cole, Digital Underground, JJ Fad, Barry White, The Pointer Sisters and Kendrick Lamar.

text: Also noted is California has small West Indian (Afro-Caribbean American) and African immigration from countries such as Cape Verde, Eritrea and Ethiopia (i.e. Little Ethiopia in West Los Angeles), Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa (including White South Africans), Tanzania and Yemen across from the Horn of Africa. They established communities in Los Angeles known for a large Ethiopian community and Oakland/Berkeley (East Bay) as well Nuer refugees from South Sudan migrated to the Sacramento area; and the Cape Verdean community in Solano County and the Santa Clara Valley, and the San Diego area.

text: As of 2010, California's Native American population of 362,801 was the most of any state.[38] It also has the most Native American tribes, indigenous to the state or not, but the majority of known Californian Indian tribes became extinct in the late 19th century. The U.S. Census includes Latin American Indian, especially immigrants who belonged to indigenous peoples or who have Amerindian heritage from North and South America.

text: The Cherokee Nation is the largest tribe in the state with a population of 110,000, although the number of Cherokee descendants may surpass 600,000 according to demographers. They are often descendants of Dust Bowl refugees in the 1930s and 1940s who migrated to the state's farming counties and urban areas for jobs. The largest urban American Indian communities are Los Angeles/Long Beach, San Francisco/Oakland, Sacramento, and San Diego areas.[citation needed]

text: California also has significant populations of the Apache, Choctaw, Creek, Hopi, Zuni, Navajo, Blackfeet, Shoshone, Paiute, Pueblos, Cahuilla and Chumash tribes. The Cahuilla in the Coachella Valley have profited from real estate land leases, and much of Indio and Palm Springs are tribal-owned lands under legal tribal jurisdiction.[39]

text:
Estimated ancestries of Californians[40]
show

Ancestry[fn 1]

2013 population

Margin of error (+/-)

Total
43,071,506
33,741

Afghan
38,136
3,075

Albanian
4,792
681

Alsatian
730
163

American
1,124,070
10,956

Arab:
277,573
6,191

Egyptian[fn 2]
45,540
2,737

Iraqi[fn 2]
20,551
1,969

Jordanian[fn 2]
14,142
1,731

Lebanese[fn 2]
57,008
2,372

Moroccan[fn 2]
8,953
959

Palestinian[fn 2]
16,340
1,571

Syrian[fn 2]
23,298
1,749

Arab[fn 2]
44,851
2,645

Arab other[fn 2]
48,890
2,692

Armenian
258,260
5,292

Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac
35,690
2,687

Australian
18,803
1,253

Austrian
77,113
2,205

Basque
18,413
1,252

Belgian
25,581
1,354

Brazilian
34,776
1,964

British
146,221
3,425

Bulgarian
13,093
1,304

Cajun
3,752
858

Canadian
88,244
2,687

Carpatho Rusyn
462
151

Celtic
5,910
593

Croatian
48,160
1,859

Cypriot
557
204

Czech
88,563
2,557

Czechoslovakian
23,097
1,164

Danish
182,221
3,432

Dutch
392,589
6,088

Eastern European
66,301
2,688

English
2,330,057
15,509

Estonian
4,210
636

European
542,475
8,588

Finnish
50,937
2,012

French[fn 3]
726,569
8,629

French Canadian
111,298
2,978

German
3,315,493
16,348

German Russian
2,094
328

Greek
131,110
3,050

Guyanese
2,947
468

Hungarian
125,280
3,639

Icelander
6,169
777

Iranian
213,661
6,417

Irish
2,612,782
13,767

Israeli
28,639
1,889

Italian
1,525,214
12,309

Latvian
10,974
916

Lithuanian
48,883
1,811

Luxemburger
3,040
387

Macedonian
3,093
471

Maltese
7,883
1,035

New Zealander
5,047
763

Northern European
46,409
2,030

Norwegian
394,056
5,827

Pennsylvania German
6,217
609

Polish
504,770
7,165

Portuguese
354,823
5,044

Romanian
66,942
2,927

Russian
433,384
6,662

Scandinavian
64,166
2,299

Scotch-Irish
240,268
4,345

Scottish
520,575
7,414

Serbian
17,739
1,434

Slavic
11,335
948

Slovak
24,732
1,564

Slovene
8,628
727

Soviet Union
195
111

Subsaharan African:
269,781
7,329

Cape Verdean[fn 4]
2,549
532

Ethiopian[fn 4]
28,007
2,467

Ghanaian[fn 4]
3,392
647

Kenyan[fn 4]
4,713
970

Liberian[fn 4]
1,069
400

Nigerian[fn 4]
25,498
2,414

Senegalese[fn 4]
585
296

Sierra Leonean[fn 4]
537
223

Somalian[fn 4]
7,066
1,440

South African[fn 4]
10,095
917

Sudanese[fn 4]
2,095
510

Ugandan[fn 4]
1,694
516

Zimbabwean[fn 4]
585
244

African[fn 4]
174,347
6,255

Other Subsaharan African[fn 4]
7,549
1,148

Swedish
425,092
5,332

Swiss
103,574
2,660

Turkish
23,206
1,214

Ukrainian
99,583
4,046

Welsh
168,463
3,482

West Indian[fn 5]
79,125
727

Bahamian[fn 6]
596
215

Barbadian[fn 6]
1,362
308

Belizean[fn 6]
21,331
1,459

Bermudan[fn 6]
370
170

British West Indian[fn 6]
1,858
485

Dutch West Indian[fn 6]
1,960
329

Haitian[fn 6]
7,363
1,046

Jamaican[fn 6]
28,675
1,877

Trinidadian and Tobagonian[fn 6]
5,357
716

U.S. Virgin Islander[fn 6]
756
288

West Indian[fn 6]
9,221
1,247

Other West Indian[fn 6]
276
124

Yugoslavian
33,363
1,830

Other groups
24,394,120
29,987

footnotes =

Jump up ^ Underlined entries have sub-ancestries

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Arab sub-ancestry

Jump up ^ except Basque

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Subsaharan African sub-ancestry

Jump up ^ except Hispanic groups

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l West Indian sub-ancestry

Estimated ancestries of Californians
show

Ancestry
2010 Population[41]
Percentage of Total Population

White, not Hispanic or Latino
15,763,625
42.3%

Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
14,013,719
37.6%

Mexican
11,423,146
30.6%

Salvadoran
573,956
1.5%

Guatemalan
332,737
0.8%

Puerto Rican
189,945
0.5%

Colombian
164,416
0.4%

Spaniard
142,194
0.3%

Nicaraguan
100,790
0.2%

Peruvian
91,511
0.2%

Cuban
88,607
0.2%

Honduran
72,795
0.1%

Argentinean
44,410
0.1%

Ecuadorian
35,750
0.09%

Chilean
24,006
0.06%

Costa Rican
22,469
0.06%

Panamanian
17,768
0.04%

Bolivian
13,351
0.03%

Dominican
11,455
0.03%

Venezuelan
11,100
0.02%

Uruguayan
4,110
0.01%

Paraguayan
1,228
0.003%

Asian
5,556,592
14.9%

Filipino
1,474,707
3.9%

Chinese (except Taiwanese)
1,349,111
3.6%

Vietnamese
647,589
1.7%

Indian
590,445
1.5%

Korean
505,225
1.3%

Japanese
428,014
1.1%

Okinawan
1,377
0.003%

Taiwanese
109,928
0.2%

Cambodian
102,317
0.2%

Hmong
91,224
0.2%

Laotian
69,303
0.2%

Thai
67,707
0.1%

Pakistani
53,474
0.1%

Indonesian
39,506
0.1%

Sri Lankan
11,929
0.03%

Bangladeshi
10,494
0.02%

Nepalese
6,231
0.01%

Malaysian
5,595
0.01%

Mongolian
4,993
0.01%

Singaporean
1,513
0.004%

Black or African American
2,683,914
7.2%

Multiracial (two or more races)
1,815,384
4.8%

American Indian and Alaska Native
723,225
1.9%

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
286,145
0.7%

Polynesian
157,104
0.4%

Native Hawaiian
74,932
0.2%

Samoan
60,876
0.1%

Tongan]
22,893
0.06%

Micronesian
49,197
0.1%

Guamanian or Chamorro
44,425
0.1%

Melanesian
24,203
0.06%

Fijian
24,059
0.06%

Total
37,253,956
100%

text:
Population of California according to racial/ethnic group 1960–2010[42][43]

Racial/ethnicgroup

Census 1960

Census 1970

Census 1980

Census 1990

Census 2000

Census 2010

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Non-Hispanic Whites

14,455,230

92.0

17,761,032

89.0

15,763,992

66.6

17,029,126

57.2

15,816,790

46.7

14,938,836

40.1

Hispanics

4,541,300

19.2

7,687,938

25.8

10,966,556

32.4

14,007,487

37.6

Blacks

883,861

5.6

1,400,143

7.0

1,819,281

7.7

2,208,801

7.4

2,181,926

6.4

2,309,745

6.2

Asians

318,376

2.0

552,364

2.8

1,819,281

5.3

2,845,659

9.6

3,697,513

10.9

4,843,014

13.0

American Indians and Alaska Natives

39,014

0.2

91,018

0.5

201,369

0.9

242,164

0.8

333,346

1.0

372,539

1.0

text: Birth data[edit]

text: Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

text:
Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Ethnicity

2013[44]

2014[45]

2015[46]

2016[47]

Non-Hispanic White

143,531 (29.0%)

144,318 (28.7%)

141,592 (28.8%)

132,780 (27.2%)

Asian

76,424 (15.4%)

84,224 (16.7%)

80,269 (16.3%)

73,843 (15.1%)

African

31,977 (6.5%)

31,654 (6.3%)

30,546 (6.2%)

23,936 (4.9%)

Pacific Islander

1,851 (0.4%)

American Indian

3,590 (0.7%)

3,509 (0.7%)

3,510 (0.7%)

1,447 (0.3%)

Hispanic

238,496 (48.2%)

237,539 (47.2%)

234,237 (47.6%)

228,982 (46.8%)

Total California

494,705 (100%)

502,879 (100%)

491,748 (100%)

488,827 (100%)

text: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

text: Languages[edit]

text:
Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in California (as of 2010)[48]

Language
Percentage of population

Spanish
28.46%

Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin)
2.80%

Tagalog
2.20%

Vietnamese
1.43%

Korean
1.08%

Armenian and Persian (tied)
0.52%

Japanese
0.43%

Russian
0.42%

Hindi and Arabic (tied)
0.38%

French
0.36%

text: As of 2010, 20,379,282 of California residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 10,672,610 spoke Spanish, 1,231,425 Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 796,451 Tagalog, 559,932 Vietnamese, 367,523 Korean, 192,980 Armenian, and Persian was spoken as a main language by 203,770 of the population over the age of five. In total, 14,644,136 of California's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[48]

text: Comparatively, according to the 2007 American Community Survey, 42.6 percent of California's population older than five spoke a language other than English at home, with 73 percent of those also speaking English well or very well, while 9.8 did not speak English at all.[49]

text: California had the highest concentration of Vietnamese or Chinese speakers in the United States, second highest concentration of Korean or Spanish speakers in the United States, and third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers in the United States.[49] California was historically one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, and is home to more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families.[50][51] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers.[52]

text: Over 200 languages are known to be spoken and read in California, with Spanish used as the state's "alternative" language. California has more than 100 indigenous languages, making California one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world. All of California's indigenous languages are endangered, although there are now efforts toward language revitalization.[note 1]

text: The official language of California has been English since the passage of Proposition 63 in 1986.[53] However, many state, city, and local government agencies still continue to print official public documents in numerous languages.[54] For example, the California Department of Motor Vehicles offers the written exam for the standard C Class driver's license in 31 languages along with English, and the audio exam in 11 languages.[55] The politics of language is a major political issue in the state, especially in regard to language policy controlling the teaching and official use of immigrant languages.

text: As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken English in California since the late 20th Century. This dialect, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the dialects used in other regions of the country.[56]

text: Religion[edit]

text:
Religion in California (2014)[57]

Religion

Percent

Protestant

32%

Roman Catholic

28%

No religion

27%

Judaism

3.2%

Buddhism

2%

Hinduism

2%

Islam

1%

Mormon

1%

text: California has the most Roman Catholics in the United States, ahead of New York State, as well as large Protestant, non-religious, Jewish, and Muslim populations. It also has the largest Mormon population outside of Utah.[58] The state also has a large American Jewish community, the largest in the western U.S., mainly concentrated in Los Angeles, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento and Palm Springs. It also has large Muslim communities in west Los Angeles, San Diego, Beverly Hills, Orange County, Santa Clara County, and the Modesto area. Religions indigenous to California includes LaVeyan Satanism.[59]

text: Most Roman Catholics in California are of Mexican, other Hispanic, Irish, Italian and Filipino ancestry. The population of Catholic Californians is rapidly growing due to the influx of Latin American and Filipino immigrants. In the state, Roman Catholicism is highly represented among non-Hispanic European-Americans, but less represented among non-Hispanic African-Americans. Protestantism is the majority Christian denomination in non-Hispanic black and white groups.

text: The largest Christian denominations in California in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,079,310; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 529,575; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 471,119. Jewish congregations had 994,000 adherents, or 3% of the Californian population.[60]

text: Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintō, Sikhism, and Taoism were introduced in part by Asian immigrants. As the twentieth century came to a close, forty percent of all Buddhists in America resided in Southern California. The Los Angeles metropolitan area has become unique in the Buddhist world as the only place where representative organizations of every major school of Buddhism can be found in a single urban center.[61][verification needed] The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Northern California and Hsi Lai Temple in Southern California are two of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.

text: California has the highest Hindu population in the United States,[62] most of them Indian Americans.[63] Many of the prominent Hindu temples including the Malibu Hindu Temple are located in California.

text: With almost one million Jews, California has the highest number of Jews of any state except New York. Many of these Jews live in the West Los Angeles and San Fernando Valley regions of Los Angeles. At the present time, one of California's Senators, Dianne Feinstein, is Jewish.  Historic synagogues include Beth Jacob Congregation (Beverly Hills, California), Congregation B'nai Israel (Sacramento, California), and Temple Israel (Stockton, California). Chabad,[64] The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute,[65] and Aish HaTorah are active in California.

text: California also has the largest Muslim community in the United States, an estimated one percent of the population, mostly residing in Southern California. Approximately 100,000 Muslims reside in San Diego.[citation needed]

text: California has more members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Temples than any state except Utah.[66] Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have played important roles in the settlement of California throughout the state's history. For example, a group of a few hundred Mormon converts from the Northeastern United States and Europe arrived at what would become San Francisco in the 1840s aboard the ship Brooklyn, more than doubling the population of the small town. A group of Mormons also established the city of San Bernardino in Southern California in 1851.[58] According to the LDS Church 2014 statistics, 780,200 Mormons reside in the state of California, attending almost 1400 congregations statewide.[58]

text: The Seventh-day Adventist Church is headquartered in Loma Linda in San Bernardino county 60 miles east of Los Angeles, where the church members form the majority of the town's population. The SDA church there has a university, a free hospital and a TV station (3ABN or the 3 Angels Broadcasting Network). Seventh-day Adventists are vegetarians, so you would notice there are no fast food restaurants within the town limits. The town is known for a large number of centenarians who live over 100 years of age.[67]

text: A Pew Research Center survey revealed, however, that California is less religious than the rest of the United States: 62% of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of the belief "in God or a universal spirit", while in the nation 71% say so. The survey also revealed that 48% of Californians say religion is "very important", while the figure for the U.S. in general is 56%.[68] The state's non-religious, which consists of atheists, agnostics, and non-affiliated theists, is one of the fastest-growing groups in the state.[citation needed]

text:
Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in San Jose

Mission San Diego de Alcalá

Hsi Lai Temple in Los Angeles County

South Indian style Malibu Hindu Temple

North Indian style BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Chino Hills

text: Income and socioeconomic factors[edit]

text: This section may require copy editing.  (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: California's income distribution is quite broad; compared to the U.S. as a whole, California has relatively more residents with no income and with income over $100,000. Low incomes combine with high housing and living costs to produce a California poverty rate much higher than that of the U.S. as a whole. Calculated by comparing household income to a locally-adjusted poverty threshold, the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure reports that 20.7% of California's population has income insufficient for their basic needs, as compared to 12.9% in the U.S. as a whole.[69] This calculation of income includes the benefits of California welfare programs such as food stamps and earned income tax credits — without these income transfers, California's poverty rate would be 28%. In other words, of the people receiving a 1–2× poverty level income with benefits, about one quarter would fall below the poverty level without benefits.[70]

text: The trends and patterns of low income in California are complex and diverse, yet some of the most dramatic can be seen in census and tax data. From 1975 to 2014 real (inflation-adjusted) incomes have fallen for all but the highest earners (those in the top 20th percentile). This pattern is volatile — in some years lower incomes grew, in some they fell sharply — but on average the bottom 20th percentile has seen a decrease in income of 1% per year.[71][72] Correspondingly, the percent of Californians with income below their poverty threshold has risen and fallen, but has on average increased by a tenth of a percentage point per year.[73]

text: This increasing income inequality has many effects on Californians' lives, but one of the easiest to measure is life expectancy. This can be taken as a proxy for health or even general welfare. A study conducted by Clarke et al.[74] related life expectancy to socioeconomic status (SES, an index including income and other related factors), finding that Californians in the top 20% by SES live on average 6 years longer than those in the bottom 20% (81 years, compared to 75). This disparity becomes even more pronounced when intersected with race: White males in the top 20% live 14 years longer than African American males in the bottom 20% (for females, the difference is 10 years). This illustrates the pervasive and severe consequences of socioeconomic inequality in California.[74]

text: A program in Oakland illustrates the complex interactions among ethnic groups. The City of Oakland implemented the nation's first policy of recruiting bilingual applicants for public-facing city jobs in 2001 in response to growing Chinese- and Spanish-speaking populations. This increased the employment of Hispanic and Chinese bilinguals throughout the public workforce, but led to a corresponding decrease in Black monolingual employment. Thus a policy intended to remove lingual barriers to city services also had notable impacts on the racial segmentation of public employment, and so on racial differences in income.[75]