document_title: List of the oldest churches in the United States

question_text: where is the oldest catholic church in the united states

text: Oldest church buildings[edit]

text:
Cathedral of San Juan Bautista

San Juan, Puerto Rico
PR
1521–1540
Roman Catholic
The oldest church built in the United States and in the (non incorporated) U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. The original cathedral was constructed from wood in 1521. It was destroyed by a hurricane and the current structure constructed in 1540, being reshaped in later centuries, the last time being in 1917. Building has been within the territory of the U.S. since 1898, when Puerto Rico was annexed from Spain.[1]

Porta Coeli Church

San Germán, Puerto Rico
PR
1609
Roman Catholic
The second oldest church structure in the United States and in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico

San Miguel Mission

Santa Fe, New Mexico
NM
Before 1626
Roman Catholic
The oldest church built in the continental US. The original adobe walls and altar were built by the Tlaxcalan Indians from Mexico, but much of the structure was rebuilt in 1710. Building has been within the U.S. since 1848, when the US annexed New Mexico territory following the Mexican–American War.[2][3]

Jamestown Church

Jamestown, Virginia
VA
1647 (Completed)
Anglican
Only floor tiles and foundations remain from the first brick church (with a tower added sometime earlier or later)

San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church

Acoma, New Mexico
NM
1649
Roman Catholic

Church of Saint Blaise of Illescas

Coamo, Puerto Rico
PR
1661
Roman Catholic

Old Trinity Church, Maryland

Church Creek, Maryland
MD
1675
Episcopal
Church building in continuous use; as such, oldest in the continental US.[4]

St. Mary's, Whitechapel

Lancaster County, Virginia
VA
1675
Episcopal

Third Haven Meeting House

Talbot County, Maryland
MD
1681–84
Quaker (Friends)
Oldest Quaker meeting house in the United States.

Old Ship Church

Hingham, Massachusetts
MA
1681
Puritan, Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist
Only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in the US.[5]

St. Luke's Church

Smithfield, Virginia
VA
1682
Anglican, Episcopal after American Revolution, currently non-denominational and does not have a congregation.
National Historic Landmark[6]

Old Indian Meeting House

Mashpee, Massachusetts
MA
1684
Congregational/Native American
Oldest Native American church

Church of Saint Germanus of Auxerre

San Germán, Puerto Rico
PR
1688
Roman Catholic

Old Quaker Meeting House

Flushing, New York
NY
1694
Quaker (Friends)
Oldest religious building in New York City. The only surviving example in New York State of a typical 17th-century ecclesiastical frame structure of medieval design.[7]

Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow

Sleepy Hollow, New York
NY
1697 (completed)
Dutch Reformed
Oldest church building in New York state

Grace Church

Yorktown, Virginia
VA
1697
Episcopal

Old Norriton Presbyterian Church

Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
PA
1698
Presbyterian
Oldest Surviving church in Pennsylvania

Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes)

Wilmington, Delaware
DE
1698
Lutheran/Episcopal
Oldest Swedish Church in the United States

Great Friends Meeting House

Newport, Rhode Island
RI
1699
Quaker (Friends)
Quaker Meeting House, oldest surviving church in Rhode Island

Gloria Dei
(Old Swedes' Church)

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PA
1700
Lutheran/Episcopal
Oldest surviving church in Philadelphia

Portsmouth Friends Meetinghouse

Portsmouth, Rhode Island
RI
1700
Quaker (Friends)

Six Principle Baptist Church

North Kingstown, Rhode Island
RI
1703
Baptist
Possibly oldest surviving Baptist church building in the U.S.

St. Mary's Episcopal Church

Burlington, New Jersey
NJ
1703
Episcopal
Oldest church in New Jersey

Rehoboth Presbyterian Church

Rehoboth, Maryland
MD
1706
Presbyterian
Oldest continuously operated Presbyterian church in the United States

St. Andrews Episcopal Church

Charleston, South Carolina
SC
1706
Episcopal
Oldest church in South Carolina

Old Narragansett Church

Wickford, Rhode Island
RI
1707
Episcopal
Oldest surviving colonial Episcopal church in Northeastern USA

St. Michael's Church

Marblehead, Massachusetts
MA
1714
Episcopal
Oldest surviving Episcopal church building in New England on its original foundation

Merion Friends Meeting House

Merion Station, Pennsylvania
PA
1715
Quaker (Friends)
Third oldest Friends meeting house in the United States, and oldest place of worship in Pennsylvania

Old North Church

Boston, Massachusetts
MA
1723
Episcopal
Oldest active church building in Boston and a National Historic Landmark, the Old North Church (formal name: Christ Church in the City of Boston) is the location from which the famous signal lanterns are said to have been displayed for Paul Revere's midnight ride during the American Revolution.[8]

Trinity Church, Newport

Newport, Rhode Island
RI
1726
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal Parish in Rhode Island

St. John's Episcopal Church

Hampton, Virginia
VA
1728
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal Parish in the New World

Christ Church

Nanjemoy, Maryland
MD
1732
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal congregation in Maryland

St. Thomas Episcopal Church

Bath, North Carolina
NC
1734
Episcopal
Oldest church in North Carolina

Cathedral of San Fernando

San Antonio, Texas
TX
1738
Catholic
Oldest church in Texas. Oldest RC Cathedral in contiguous United States.

St. Paul's Episcopal Church

Norfolk, Virginia
VA
1739
Episcopal
Oldest Surviving Building in The City of Norfolk.

Augustus Lutheran Church

Trappe, Pennsylvania
PA
1743
Lutheran
Oldest unaltered Lutheran Church in use by the same congregation

King's Chapel

Boston, Massachusetts
MA
1754
Unitarian Christian
Oldest continually used religious site in Boston, present church building 1754

St. Michael's Church

Charleston, South Carolina
SC
1752–1761
Episcopal
Oldest church edifice in Downtown Charleston, SC

St. Paul's Chapel

New York, New York
NY
1766
Episcopal
Oldest church building in Manhattan

Mission San Diego de Alcala

San Diego, California
CA
1769
Roman Catholic
First of the 21 California Missions, oldest church in use in California

The Falls Church

Falls Church, Virginia
VA
1769
Epsicopal
First church in Falls Church, Virginia and established by the colonial Virginia Assembly in May 1732 for the land north of the Occoquan River

Barratt's Chapel

Frederica, Delaware
DE
1780
Methodist
Second oldest Methodist church building in the U.S. built for that purpose (the oldest is St. George's in Philadelphia, PA, built in 1769)

Mission San Juan Capistrano

San Juan Capistrano
CA
1782
Roman Catholic

Wyandot Mission Church

Upper Sandusky
OH
1824
Methodist
The oldest Methodist mission church in America

tag: table

text: Oldest Continuous Church Congregations[edit]

text:
Cathedral of San Juan Bautista

San Juan, Puerto Rico
PR
1521
Roman Catholic
The oldest continuous church congregation in a (non incorporated) territory of the US.[1]

Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine.

St. Augustine, Florida
FL
1565
Roman Catholic
Oldest parish in continuous existence in the United States of America. Parish established September 8, 1565, as San Agustin de La Florida, by Spanish conqueror Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles. Parish records since 1594 available in the Archives of the Diocese of St. Augustine.[9]

San Juan Bautista Church

Ohkay Owingeh (formerly, San Juan Pueblo)
NM
1598
Roman Catholic
Oldest Native American congregation in the United States, and one of the oldest congregations in the United States[10][11][12]

St. John's Episcopal Church (Hampton, Virginia)

Hampton, Virginia
VA
1610
Episcopal
Oldest English-speaking parish in continuous existence in the United States of America, current building from 1728[13]

West Parish Church

West Barnstable, Massachusetts
MA
1616
United Church of Christ
Oldest church congregation on Cape Cod. Founded in 1616 in England by Rev. Henry Jacob by breaking with the Church of England. The second Pastor, Rev. John Lothrop, and 32 followers were imprisoned in 1632 by the Crown, and then released in 1634 on condition that they leave England. In 1639 Lothrop and 22 families found the town of Barstable.[14]

First Parish Church in Plymouth

Plymouth, Massachusetts
MA
1620
Originally Separatist (Calvinist) Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist
-

Marble Collegiate Church

New York, New York
NY
1628
Reformed and United Church of Christ
Oldest church congregation in New York State (building from 1854)

First Church in Salem

Salem, Massachusetts
MA
1629
Originally Puritan (Calvinist) Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist
First Puritan Church in North America and second Congregational Church in America.[15] Building constructed in 1838.

First Church in Boston

Boston, Massachusetts
MA
1630
Originally Puritan (Calvinist) Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist
Oldest congregation in Boston, Massachusetts (building from 1968)

First Parish Watertown (Watertown, Massachusetts)

Watertown, Massachusetts
MA
1630
Originally Puritan (Calvinist) Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist

Christ Church

Stevensville, Maryland
MD
1632
Episcopal
Oldest congregation in Maryland, building from 1880 pictured. (current building from 1995)

First Parish Church (Dover, New Hampshire)

Dover, New Hampshire
NH
1632
Congregational
Oldest congregation in New Hampshire (current building from 1825).

Center Church
(The First Church of Christ in Hartford)

Hartford, Connecticut
CT
1632
Congregational
Oldest congregation in Connecticut (current building from 1807)

First Baptist Church in America

Providence, Rhode Island
RI
1638
Baptist
First Baptist Church founded in America, oldest church congregation in Rhode Island, oldest Baptist congregation in America (building from 1775)

First Church, Sandwich Massachusetts

Sandwich, Massachusetts
MA
1638
Congregational church
First Congregational Church founded in Cape Cod by Mayflower Pilgrims, second oldest church congregation in Cape Cod (building from 1848)

First Church in Albany

Albany, New York
NY
1642
Reformed
Established in 1642 to serve the Dutch inhabitants of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck. (building from 1790s)

First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica

New York, New York
NY
1662
Presbyterian
Oldest Presbyterian church congregation in continuous existence

First Congregational Church of Greenwich

Greenwich, CT
CT
1665
Congregational
Oldest congregation in Greenwich (wooden buildings in 1667, 1694, 1735 and 1835. Present stone building in 1896.)

St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)

Charleston, SC
SC
1681
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal Congregation south of Virginia, present church building 1838

King's Chapel

Boston, MA
MA
1686
Unitarian Christian
Oldest continually used religious site in Boston, present church building 1754

Brandywine Baptist Church (Chadds Ford, PA)

Chadds Ford, PA
PA
1692
Baptist
Oldest Baptist Church in America West of Philadelphia[16][17]

First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PA
1692
Presbyterian

Christ Church, Philadelphia

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PA
1695
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal congregation in Pennsylvania

First Parish Church (Waltham, Massachusetts)

Waltham, Massachusetts
MA
1696
Unitarian Universalist

Trinity Church, New York

New York, NY
NY
1697
Episcopal
Chartered by King William III in 1697.

Trinity Church, Newport

Newport, Rhode Island
RI
1698
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal Parish in Rhode Island

St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)

Perth Amboy, New Jersey
NJ
1698
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal parish in New Jersey (current building from 1849). Graveyard contains the oldest gravestone in New Jersey

Ste. Anne de Detroit, Detroit, Michigan

Detroit, Michigan
MI
1701
Roman Catholic
Founded in 1701 two days after the founding of Detroit. Current building from 1886

Trinity Church (Swedesboro, New Jersey)

Swedesboro, New Jersey
NJ
1703
Episcopal (originally Swedish Lutheran)
First Swedish congregation in New Jersey

Trinity Episcopal Church (Woodbridge, New Jersey)

Woodbridge, New Jersey
NJ
1703
Episcopal
One of the 1703 Episcopal parishes in New Jersey (current building from 1861)

St. Michael's Church, Trenton, New Jersey

Trenton, New Jersey
NJ
1703
Episcopal
One of the 1703 Episcopal parishes in New Jersey (current building from 1810)

St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Burlington, New Jersey

Burlington, New Jersey
NJ
1703
Episcopal
One of the 1703 Episcopal parishes in New Jersey (oldest Episcopal church building in New Jersey)

Old St. Joseph's Parish

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PA
1733
Roman Catholic
Oldest Catholic congregation in Pennsylvania. Present church building opened in 1757.

Most Blessed Sacrament Parish

Bally, Pennsylvania
PA
1741
Roman Catholic
Oldest RC Church in the original thirteen colonies still in continuous use in original building, original name St. Paul's Chapel

Congaree Baptist Church (Gadsden, South Carolina)

Gadsden, SC
SC
1765
Baptist
Second oldest Baptist congregation in South Carolina (current building constructed in 1810)

John Street Methodist Church

New York City
NY
1766
Methodist
The congregation is the oldest Methodist congregation in North America, founded on October 12, 1766 as the Wesleyan Society in America (building built in 1841)

St. George's Methodist Church

Philadelphia
PA
1769
Methodist
Oldest Methodist church building in continuous use in the United States (congregation founded in 1767)

Barratt's Chapel

Kent County, Delaware
Delaware
1780
Methodist
oldest surviving church building in the United States built by and for Methodists

Chester-Bethel Church

Wilmington, Delaware
Delaware
1780
Methodist
Oldest Methodist congregation that has continuously gathered in the state of DE (building from 1873).

Mother Bethel AME Church

Philadelphia
PA
1794
African Methodist Episcopal (AME)
AME Church and denomination (1816) founded in Philadelphia; oldest congregation in the United States (building from 1890)

Cathedral Church of St. Paul

Detroit
MI
1824
Episcopal
Oldest Episcopal congregation in Michigan (present building from 1907)

text: By state[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text:
Indian Springs Baptist Church, possibly the oldest surviving church building. Circa 1825.[18]
Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile, congregation established in 1703, took current name in 1781, current building completed in 1850 (Roman Catholic)
Mt. Calvary Presbyterian Church, Clay, AL. Founded in 1806.
Flint River Primitive Baptist Church, founded in 1808 (Baptist)
Hurricane Baptist Church, Gilbertown, AL, founded in 1816(Baptist)
Canaan Baptist Church, Bessemer, was founded in 1818 (Southern Baptist).
Round Island Baptist Church (Athens, Limestone County) was founded in 1817.
Old Salem Baptist Church, Monroe County was founded in Nov. 1817 and is still an active church.

tag: ul

text: Alaska[edit]

text:
Church of the Holy Ascension, Oldest church building, built in 1826 (Eastern Orthodox)
St. Michael's Cathedral (Sitka, Alaska) (Eastern Orthodox)
Russian Orthodox Church in Kodiak Alaska, Oldest congregation, founded in 1794 (Eastern Orthodox)
Sitka Lutheran Church, Oldest Protestant church congregation, founded in 1839 (Lutheran)

text: Arkansas[edit]

text:
Rockport First United Methodist Church, Rockport (near Malvern) -- oldest continually operating congregation in the state, organized in 1816
Smyrna Church, Searcy - Oldest church building in the state, built in 1856 (Methodist)[19][20]

text: Arizona[edit]

text:
Mission San Xavier del Bac, Oldest church building, built 1780-1797 (Roman Catholic)
St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Tombstone, Arizona), Oldest Protestant church, built in 1882 (Episcopal)

text: California[edit]

text:
Emmanuel Church in Coloma, Oldest Protestant church building, built in 1855 (Methodist/Episcopal)
Mission San Juan Capistrano, Oldest church building, built in 1782 (Roman Catholic)
Mission San Diego de Alcalá, Oldest congregation, founded in 1769 (Roman Catholic)
Old First Presbyterian Church, San Francisco, Oldest Protestant church congregation, founded in 1849 (Presbyterian)
Trinity+St. Peter's Church (Episcopal), San Francisco, Oldest Episcopal church congregation west of the Mississippi, founded 1849 as Trinity Church (Episcopal)

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church in Antonito, Oldest church building and congregation, built in 1857 (Roman Catholic)
St. James Methodist Church in Central City, Oldest Protestant[21] church in Colorado still used as a church, oldest Protestant congregation (1859) and oldest Protestant church in the state (1871) (Methodist)

text: Connecticut[edit]

text:
Abington Congregational Church, Oldest church building, built in 1751 (Congregational/United Church of Christ)
First Church of Windsor, Oldest church congregation, founded in 1633 (Congregational/United Church of Christ)
Lakeville Methodist Church, Oldest standing Methodist church in New England.
First Church of Christ, Oldest Church building in Glastonbury, founded 1693

text: Delaware[edit]

text:
Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes), Oldest church building in Delaware, built in 1698 (Lutheran/Episcopal)
Barratt's Chapel, oldest surviving church building in the United States built by and for Methodists (built in 1780), known as the "Cradle of Methodism" in America.
Chester-Bethel Church, established 1780, oldest Methodist congregation which has continuously gathered in the state of DE.

text: Florida[edit]

text:
Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine. Parish established September 8, 1565. Present church cornerstone laid in 1793, dedicated in 1797. Elevated to Cathedral when Diocese of St. Augustine was created in 1870. Became Basilica in 1976.
Trinity Episcopal Church in St. Augustine is Florida's second oldest Episcopal Church. It opened its doors in 1831. Trinity remains on its original site, and with its original steeple that was completed in 1837.
Memorial United Methodist Church (Fernandina Beach, Florida) Oldest continuous Methodist church in Florida. Established in 1822 by Elijah Sinclair. First building was on Broome and 6th Street in historic downtown Fernandina Beach. The congregation moved to larger, and their current, building in the 1920s at 601 Centre Street. Sister church to Trinity United Methodist Church.
Old Christ Church (Pensacola, Florida). Oldest church in Florida on its original foundation, incorporated by an act of the Territorial Legislature in 1829, built in 1832. The building was desecrated during the War Between the States, restored, deconsecrated in the past 20 years and is now owned and operated by The Old Christ Church Foundation. The congregation is located in [new] Christ Church, 18 West Wright Street, Pensacola, built in 1905 (Episcopal)
Mount Beasor Primitive Baptist Church (Sopchoppy, Florida) established in 1853 (Baptist).
St. John's Episcopal Church (Tallahassee, Florida). St. John's is the mother church of the Diocese of Florida. It was founded as a mission parish in 1829, and the church's first building was erected in 1837. The Diocese was organized at St. John's in 1838 and Francis Huger Rutledge, who became rector of St. John's in 1845, was consecrated the first Bishop of Florida in 1851. The original church burned in 1879; a new church was built on the same site and consecrated in 1888, and it is still the parish's principal place of worship.[22]
Middleburg United Methodist Church (3925 Main Street, Middleburg, FL 32068), oldest Methodist Meeting House in the State of Florida. Historical Marker states it was founded on or before July 27, 1828 by Isaac Boring, with the first church erected in 1847. It was built mostly by the hands of slaves, who retained a pew in the back of the church. Services are still conducted every Sunday, and, on special occasions. Its sermons and musical sounds, and beauty, resonates from the wood planks, hand cut, and, pews hand crafted with peg and board design, and, the intricate chandeliers providing light from above. This church congregation has celebrated its 192nd. year in 2015, which dates it back to 1823...to the founding congregants. Originally, Methodist Circuit Riders would hold meetings in homes, until the original church was erected (1847). Come and listen to the glory of the church bell toll, as it did for the first time February 29, 1860, for the funeral of the son of George Branning, who had the bell shipped from where it was cast in New York. As a member, it is still a special little church on Black Creek, where you can "Come and Worship, Go and Witness." [1]
Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, Miami, the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Southeast Florida, is the oldest church in the original city limits of Miami.

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Christ Church (Episcopal) is the Mother Church of Georgia. It was founded in 1733 and assigned its land plot by General James Oglethorpe.
Jerusalem Lutheran Church, Oldest church building in Georgia, built in 1769 (Lutheran)
First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia), claims continuous ties with Silver Bluff Baptist Church congregation as oldest black Baptist congregation, 1774-1775 (Baptist)
Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia) also has continuous congregational ties to Silver Bluff Baptist Church (Baptist)
Antioch Christian Church (Watkinsville, Georgia. The oldest Disciples of Christ congregation in Georgia, established in 1806.

text: Guam[edit]

text: Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica (Roman Catholic) is a structure located on the site where the first Catholic church on the United States territory of Guam was constructed in 1669. The current building was erected in 1959, after the destruction of the former church in WWII.

text: Hawaii[edit]

text:
Mokuaikaua Church, Oldest church congregation and building, founded in 1820, built in 1837 (Congregational)
Kawaiahao Church, Oldest church congregation, founded in 1820, current structure dedicated in 1842 (Congregational)

text: Idaho[edit]

text:
Christ Chapel (Boise, Idaho), Oldest Protestant church, built in 1866 (Episcopal)
Old Mission, Oldest church building in Idaho, built in 1848 (Roman Catholic)

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia), Oldest church building, built in 1799 (Roman Catholic)
First Baptist Church of Elizabethtown, Oldest Baptist church congregation in Illinois, possibly oldest Protestant church, founded in 1806 (Baptist)
Flat Creek Missionary Baptist Church (East Carondelet), Established 1809. Due to its location (Flat Creek Bottom), the people in the area began referring to the church as Flat Creek Baptist Church, although the members officially named the church, "The Missionary Baptist Church of East Carondelet".
Shiloh United Methodist Church (Shiloh, Illinois) established 1807. Current building same location 1825.
Mulkeytown Christian Church, established 1818, is the oldest Independent Christian Church. It is now a part of the fellowship of Christian Churches and Churches of Christ or the "Independent Christian Church" a group which separated from the Disciples of Christ beginning in 1924. The oldest congregation still affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) is Barney's Priarie in Mt. Carmel, established 1816.
Regular/Lighthouse Baptist Church (Griggsville) 1834

text: Indiana[edit]

text:
Little Cedar Grove Baptist Church, Oldest church building, built in 1812 (Baptist)
Stony Point Christian Church, Charlestown, Oldest Protestant congregation in Indiana, constituted in 1789
Old Cathedral Complex, Oldest congregation, founded in 1749 (Roman Catholic)

text: Iowa[edit]

text:
Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Pleasant Grove, Iowa, Oldest Protestant church congregation, founded in 1832 (Presbyterian)
St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque, Iowa), Oldest church congregation in Iowa, founded in 1833 (Roman Catholic)
St. Anthony's Catholic Church (Davenport, Iowa), Oldest church building, built in 1838 (Roman Catholic)

text: Kansas[edit]

text: White Church Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Oldest continuously used church building, built in 1832

text: Kentucky[edit]

text: Cane Ridge Meeting House, Possibly the oldest church building, built in 1791 (Presbyterian and Disciples of Christ)

text: Louisiana[edit]

text:
Christ Church Cathedral, New Orleans, Oldest Protestant church congregation in Louisiana (1803)
St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans, Oldest congregation and church building in Louisiana, founded in 1718, and built in 1793 (Roman Catholic)

text: Maine[edit]

text:
First Congregational Church and Parsonage (Kittery, Maine), Possibly the oldest church building in Maine, built in 1729 (Congregational).
First Parish Congregational Church of York, Maine. Oldest church congregation,[23] (Congregational/United Church of Christ) founded before 1672, organized in the Congregational tradition by Shubael Dummer.[24]

text: Maryland[edit]

text:
Old Trinity Church, Maryland, 1675, Episcopal, building in continuous use; as such, oldest in the US.[4]
Third Haven Meeting House, oldest Quaker building in the US, built in 1682
St. Anne's Church (Annapolis, Maryland), founded in 1692
Rehoboth Presbyterian Church (Somerset County, MD), the oldest Presbyterian Church in continuous use (USA), built in 1706[25]
Sacred Heart Church (Bowie, Maryland) Built 1741
St. James Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland) at Lafayette Square, Oldest African American congregation south of the Mason–Dixon line (1824)
St. Paul's Church, in Clear Spring, Washington County (1747)
St. Francis Xavier Church and Newtown Manor House Historic District, congregation originated from a Jesuit mission started in 1640, surviving building dates to 1731
Old Otterbein, oldest church edifice in continuous use in the city of Baltimore (built 1785-1786) and the mother church of the United Brethren in Christ.

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
First Church in Plymouth, Oldest congregation founded 1620 (building 1899), (Puritan, Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist)
First Congregational Church of Marshfield, gathered in 1632 (same building since 1838) (Congregational) [1]
First Congregational Church, First Church in Roxbury, founded/built in 1632 (majorly rebuilt 4 times, but constantly in use) (Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist. Serves as headquarters for community outreach program "UU Urban Ministry"). [2]
First Parish Congregational Church aka Stone Church by the Lake, founded in 1644, located in Wakefield. Has had 5 different meeting houses but has been continually in use.
First Baptist Church in Swansea, Oldest Baptist congregation in MA, founded in 1663 (Baptist)
First Parish in Cambridge, founded on February 1, 1636 at the First Church (Evangelical, now Unitarian Universalist)
Old Ship Church, Oldest church building, built 1681, (Puritan, Congregational, now Unitarian Universalist)
First Parish Church (Waltham, Massachusetts), gathered in 1696 (Unitarian Universalist)
St. Michael's Church (Marblehead, Massachusetts). Oldest Episcopal Church in New England on its original foundation, built 1714, and still used daily year-round. A National Historic Landmark.
Old North Church, Official name: Christ Church in the City of Boston. Oldest standing church building in Boston, built 1723 (Episcopal) a National Historic Landmark significant for its role in the American Revolution.
Old Ship Church, built in 1681, is one of the oldest buildings in America. The congregation was gathered in 1635. It was originally a Puritan, Congregationalist congregation, but is now affiliated with the Unitarian Universalists.

text: Michigan[edit]

text:
Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church, Oldest congregation (Roman Catholic) founded 2 days after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Detroit in 1701.
Mission Church, Mackinac Island, Oldest church building, built 1829-30 (Congregational)
Central United Methodist Church, Detroit, First Methodist and First Protestant congregation. Established 1810. Their first church building was built in 1818. In 2010 they celebrated their 200th Anniversary.[26]
Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Detroit). Oldest Episcopal congregation in Michigan (1824).

text: Minnesota[edit]

text:
Saint Peter's Church (Mendota, Minnesota), Oldest church in continuous use in Minnesota, built in 1853 (Roman Catholic)
Wabasha United Church of Christ, Oldest Protestant congregation, founded in 1857 (Congregational)
First Presbyterian Church (Stillwater, Minnesota), oldest Presbyterian congregation, founded December 8, 1849.

text: Missouri[edit]

text:
In 1791 St. Charles Borromeo was founded as a log cabin on the banks of the Missouri River and has been rebuilt 3 times. St. Charles Borromeo is also the namesake of St. Charles, Missouri. (Roman Catholic)
In 1799, the first Protestant sermon and baptism immersion west of the Mississippi River was performed in Randol Creek near modern-day Dutchtown, Missouri.[27]
Fee Fee Baptist Church in Bridgeton, Oldest Protestant church congregation, founded in 1807 (Baptist)
Around 1816, settlers started meeting together in homes for worship on the Missouri River near the present village of Rocheport 12 years after Lewis and Clark camped there in 1804. In 1837, they were chartered as the Rocheport Christian Church. The present building, built in 1847, has been in continuous use since that time. The church building and congregation have survived Missouri River floods and infestations of termites. The congregation continues with weekly Sunday School and Holy Communion. Sunday worship is held on the first Sunday of each month. A Bluegrass Worship service is held at 5 p.m. on the First Saturday night each month. In 2015, the church was named the Missouri Rural Church of the year. (Disciples of Christ)
McKendree Chapel, a log cabin style chapel built in 1819 known as the oldest Protestant church standing west of the Mississippi River; the church was organized in 1809 (Methodist)
St. Ferdinand's Shrine, Oldest church building, built in 1821 (Roman Catholic)
In 1832, the Whitewater Presbyterian Church in Sedgewickville, Missouri, the oldest Presbyterian church west of the Mississippi River to be in continuous service was organized.[28] (Presbyterian)
St. Mary's Episcopal Church in Kansas City, is the oldest Episcopal Church congregation in Missouri, founded in 1857 (Episcopalian)

text: Mississippi[edit]

text:
Woodville Baptist Church, Oldest church building, built in 1809 (Baptist)
Jersey Settlers, Adams County, oldest Protestant congregation, 1772, Reverend Samuel Swayze
Salem Baptist Church, Jefferson County, oldest Baptist church congregation, 1791

text: Montana[edit]

text:
St. Mary's Mission (Montana), Oldest church congregation, founded in 1841 (Roman Catholic)
First Baptist Church in Stevensville, Possibly oldest Protestant church building, built in 1882 (Baptist)
Melville Lutheran Church, oldest Lutheran congregation, founded in 1885, church building still in use (Lutheran)
Dry Creek Bible, Belgrade, oldest continually active Protestant church, established November 1884

text: Nebraska[edit]

text: First Presbyterian Church of Bellevue, Oldest church building, built in 1856 (Presbyterian)[29]

text: Nevada[edit]

text: First Presbyterian Church of Carson City, Oldest church building, built in 1864 (Presbyterian)

text: New Hampshire[edit]

text:
First Parish Church in Dover, Oldest congregation founded in 1632 (Congregational/United Church of Christ)
Newington Meeting House is the oldest church building in New Hampshire (1717, Congregational).

text: New Jersey[edit]

text:
St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Oldest church building, built in 1703 (Episcopal)
Old Bergen Church, Oldest church congregation, founded in 1660 (Reformed)

text: New Mexico[edit]

text:
First Presbyterian Church in Santa Fe, founded in 1867, Oldest Protestant Church congregation in New Mexico (Presbyterian)
San Miguel Mission, Oldest church building, built in 1610 (Roman Catholic)
San Juan de los Caballeros/San Juan Bautista, Established 1598, second oldest foundation in the United States (Roman Catholic)

text: New York[edit]

text:
Marble Collegiate Church, Oldest congregation founded in 1628 (building 1851) (Reformed)
Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, Oldest church building, built in 1685 (Reformed)
Clarkson Community Church, Monroe County, New York, founded in 1816, built in 1825 (Baptist)[30]
Old Dutch Church (Kingston, New York), one of the oldest continuously existing congregations in the country, since 1659

text: North Carolina[edit]

text:
St. Thomas Episcopal Church (Bath, North Carolina), Oldest church building, built in 1734 (Episcopal)
Rockfish Presbyterian Church, (Wallace, North Carolina) 1756
Philadelphia Evangelical Lutheran Church (Lincoln County—Dallas, NC) established 1767.
Home Moravian Church (Winston-Salem, NC), established on November 13, 1771. (Moravian)
Brook's Chapel Church (Polksville, North Carolina), established in 1869 (Methodist)

text: North Dakota[edit]

text:
First Presbyterian Church of Bismarck, Oldest congregation, founded in 1873 (Presbyterian)
Glencoe Presbyterian Church, Oldest church building used by original congregation, built in 1885 (Presbyterian)
First Congregation, Assumption Catholic Church in Pembina, 1818

text: Ohio[edit]

text:
Holy Trinity Lutheran Church, North Canton Ohio Founded in 1806. Is one of the oldest congregations in the state of Ohio that is still meeting today. The church was also mentioned in an exhibit at the McKinley Presidential Museum in North Canton, Ohio as one of the oldest churches in the state.[31][32]
The Church in Aurora, The original church was Congregational, formed in 1809, shortly after Aurora was founded.[33][34]
West Union Presbyterian Church, Oldest church building still in use as a church, built in 1810 (Presbyterian)
First Lutheran Church in Canton, Ohio was built in 1810 and still operates today. It is considered "The Cradle of Lutheranism in Ohio."
First Church of the Resurrection founded in 1810 and was built in 1862 and still in use today (Non-Denominational)
St. Paul's Episcopal Church, South Bass Island, Oldest wooden church building still in use as a church, built in 1865 (Episcopal)
St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral, first Orthodox parish in Cleveland (organized in 1896)
Hopewell Methodist Church in Rush Run, Ohio, oldest Methodist Church in Ohio (1803), site of the first Methodist sermon preached in the Northwest Territory (1787) and the first Methodist ordination in Ohio (1803)
Nast Trinity United Methodist Church (Cincinnati, Ohio), built in 1881, it is the home of the first German Methodist church to be established anywhere in the world.
Holy Assumption Orthodox Church in Marblehead, Ohio. Oldest Orthodox church building in Ohio, built in 1906.

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text:
Wheelock Church, Oldest church building, built in 1846 (Presbyterian)
Ottawa Indian Baptist Church founded in march of 1840 estb. built in Oklahoma in March 1860

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
St. Paul Roman Catholic Church (St. Paul, Oregon), Oldest church building, built in 1846 (Roman Catholic)
Oregon City United Methodist Church, Oldest Protestant church, founded in 1844 (Methodist)

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text:
Germantown Mennonite Meeting House, Germantown Mennonite Church in Germantown, PA (1683).
Merion Friends Meeting House, oldest church building in Pennsylvania (1695), Merion Station (Quaker).
Brandywine Baptist Church, 2nd oldest Baptist Church in Pennsylvania (1692), Chadds Ford (Baptist).[16][17]
New Hanover Lutheran Church[35] near Gilbertsville, Pennsylvania, Founded about 1700.
Gloria Dei (Old Swedes' Church), second oldest church building, built in 1700 (Lutheran/Episcopal)
Old St. Joseph's Church, oldest Roman Catholic congregation in Pennsylvania (1733)
Beulah Presbyterian Church 2500 McCrady Road, Pittsburgh PA 15235, Since 1784[36]
St. George's United Methodist Church (Philadelphia), built in 1769, America's first and oldest continuously used Methodist church in the world.
African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, founded 1792, oldest black Episcopal congregation in the United States (Episcopal)
Mother Bethel AME Church, oldest African Methodist Episcopal congregation, founded 1794 (African Methodist Episcopal)
Old Trinity Church, one of the oldest churches in Philadelphia, erected 1711 (Episcopal)

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, Oldest church building, built in 1521 (Roman Catholic)
San Jose Church, Iglesia de San Jose, was constructed in the 1530s by Dominican friars for use by their Saint Thomas Aquinas monastery. The church is located in Old San Juan. (Roman Catholic)
Holy Trinity Anglican Church in Ponce, Oldest Protestant church, and first Anglican church in Latin America, founded in 1872 (Anglican)

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text:
First Baptist Church in America, oldest congregation in RI, founded in 1638 (building 1775) (Baptist).
Six Principle Baptist Church, one of the oldest Baptist church buildings in the U.S., built in 1703, (Baptist)
Trinity Church, Newport, oldest Anglican congregation in RI, founded in 1698 (building 1726) (Episcopal).
Great Friends Meeting House, oldest church building in RI, built in 1699 (Quaker).
Old Narragansett Church, Wickford, oldest Episcopal church building in New England (1707).
Portsmouth Friends Meeting House, Portsmouth, building dates from the 1690s.

text: South Carolina[edit]

text:
St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina), oldest Episcopal congregation south of Virginia, founded 1681 (Episcopal)
First Baptist Church (Charleston, South Carolina), oldest Baptist congregation in the South, founded in 1682 (Baptist)
Presbyterian Church on Edisto - 1685[37]
St. Andrews Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina), Oldest church building, built in 1706 (Episcopal)
Zion Lutheran Church (Lexington County, South Carolina), oldest church congregation in interior S. C. above the fall line, founded 1745.
Silver Bluff Baptist Church, oldest black Baptist congregation in the nation, founded 1774-1775 (Baptist)
St. James Church (Goose Creek, South Carolina), built in 1719 (Episcopal)[38]
Friendship Baptist Church (Pauline, South Carolina) Founded in 1765. Oldest Baptist church in the Upstate.
Congaree Baptist Church (Gadsden, South Carolina) Founded in 1765. Present church building constructed around 1810.
First Baptist Church (Sumter, South Carolina) Church building built in 1820.

text: South Dakota[edit]

text: Renner Lutheran Church, Oldest operating church building, built in 1878 (Lutheran)

text: Tennessee[edit]

text:
Sinking Creek Baptist Church, Oldest church building, Oldest congregation and building, founded in 1772 (Baptist)
Suggs Creek Cumberland Presbyterian, First Confession of Faith of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was adopted in 1814, Suggs Creek church founded in 1800 (Cumberland Presbyterian)
Double Springs Baptist Church (Sullivan County), Founded in 1786 by Jonathan Mulkey
First Presbyterian Church (Greeneville, Tennessee), oldest congregation in Greene County, founded in 1780 by Rev. Samuel Doak

text: Texas[edit]

text:
Cathedral of San Fernando, Possibly oldest church building, built 1738-1750 (Roman Catholic)
McMahan Chapel in St. Augustine, the oldest Protestant church congregation in Texas, founded in 1833 (Methodist)
San Felipe United Methodist Church, the oldest Protestant church building in Texas, built in 1838 (Methodist)
Ysleta Mission, Possibly the oldest continuous congregation, founded in 1680 (Roman Catholic)
Our Lady of Loreto Chapel, at the Presidio La Bahia, Goliad, founded in 1779 (Roman Catholic)
First Presbyterian Church at San Antonio, the first Protestant church in San Antonio, founded in 1846 (Presbyterian)

text: Utah[edit]

text:
Bountiful Tabernacle, Oldest Mormon Tabernacle, built in 1857 (Mormon)
First Congregational Church, Salt Lake City, first non-LDS church in the state, 1865
St. Mark's Cathedral, Salt Lake City, oldest non-LDS Church building in continual use, built in 1871 (Episcopal)

text: Vermont[edit]

text:
First Congregational Church of Bennington, Oldest congregation, founded in 1762 (Congregational)
Rockingham Meeting House, one of the two oldest church buildings, built in 1787 (Congregational)
Thetford Meeting House, Thetford Hill, one of the two oldest church buildings, built in 1787 (Congregational)

text: Virginia[edit]

text:
St. John's Episcopal Church (Hampton, Virginia), Oldest English-speaking parish in continuous existence in the United States of America, founded in 1610 (Episcopal)[13]
St. Luke's Church, Oldest complete church building, built 1682; this date, however, is controversial. The church interprets the extant physical evidence as indicating 1632[39] (Episcopal).
Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Virginia), established in 1674 by the consolidation of two previous parishes in the Virginia Colony. The church remains an active Episcopal parish. The building was constructed 1711-15 and was designated a National Historic Landmark.
Slash Church or Slash Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Oldest wooden frame church building in Virginia, built in 1729
The Falls Church, The Episcopal parish was established in 1732 and the brick meeting house preserved on site dates to 1769
Augusta Stone Church (Near Staunton, Virginia), (Presbyterian), Oldest Presbyterian church in Virginia. The wood meeting house was built in 1740, and was replaced with the current stone church (still in use) in 1749. The stone church was used as both sanctuary and a repose from Indian attacks. It is listed in the Augusta County Historical Register.[40]
Sinking Spring Presbyterian Church (Abingdon, Virginia) first congregated in 1772 and was founded by Rev. Charles Cummings
First Baptist Church (Petersburg, Virginia), contends as the oldest organized black Baptist congregation, organized 1774 (Baptist)
Kempsville Baptist Church (Virginia Beach, Virginia), Established with the Baptist Association on May 21, 1814
Old Chapel (Clarke County, Virginia) Oldest Episcopal church still in use west of the Blue Ridge Mountains; current building built 1790
St. John's Church (Richmond, Virginia), Oldest wooden church building, built 1741
Jerusalem Christian Church (1791), King William Virginia, oldest congregation affiliated with the Christian Churches and churches of Christ. It was once affiliated with the Disciples of Christ.

text: Washington[edit]

text:
Claquato Church, the oldest church and the oldest standing building in Washington State. Built in 1857. Originally housed a Methodist Episcopal congregation.
Tumwater Methodist Church, 219 W. B Street in Tumwater, Washington. Built in 1872 and added to the National Register in 1984. Currently houses St. James Anglican Church.
St. Luke's Episcopal Church, oldest Episcopal congregation, continuously from 1860

text: Washington, D.C.[edit]

text: St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Rock Creek Parish (Washington, D.C.), Oldest congregation and oldest church building, founded in 1717, current building constructed in 1775, but incorporating parts of the 1717 structure (Episcopal)

text: West Virginia[edit]

text: Rehoboth Church, oldest church building, built in 1785 (Methodist), and oldest church building west of the main range of the Allegheny Mountains.

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text:
Methodist Episcopal Church in Mineral Point, Oldest Protestant congregation in Wisconsin, founded in 1834 (Methodist)
St. Gabriel's Church, Oldest church building built in Wisconsin, built in 1835 (Roman Catholic)
St. Joan of Arc Chapel, Oldest church building in Wisconsin, built in 15th century Chasse, France; moved to Wisconsin 1965 (Roman Catholic)

text: Wyoming[edit]

text: First United Methodist Church (Cheyenne, Wyoming), Possibly the oldest church congregation, founded in 1869 (Methodist)


document_title: Constituent Assembly of India

question_text: where was the first session of constituent assembly held

root

text: Constituent Assembly of India

text: Description [edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for almost three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists—all of whom participated in the process.

tag: p

text: The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] During this period (two years, eleven months and eighteen days) the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days.[2] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

text: The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?

text: Background and election[edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly was established while India was still under British rule, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.

text: The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.

text: In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.

text: Constitution and elections[edit]

text: At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).

text: Organization[edit]

text: Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.

text: The assembly's work had five stages:

text:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[3]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.

text: The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.

text: Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]

text: The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.

text: Major Committees

text:
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel. This committee had the following subcommittees:

Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A V Thakkar

Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad

tag: ol

text: Prominent members[edit]

text:
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha, Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[4]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai,first railway minister of India
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Jaipal Singh Munda, Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader

text: Members (by province/state)[edit]

text: Madras: Annie Mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan, Mrs. G. Durgabai, Kala Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Revd. Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan, T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa, P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T. Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, N. G. Ranga, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M. C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai

text: Bombay: Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe, Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, Bal Gangadhar Kher, M.R. Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar, Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, A. A. Khan

text: West Bengal: Monomohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C. Mukherjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung, R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad, Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghuznavi

text: United Provinces: Ajit Prasad Jain, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din, Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V. Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh Pant, Govind Malviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal Kishore, Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati Tripathi, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee, Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mohd. Hifzur Rahman, Z H Lari

text: East Punjab: Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi, Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh Hooda, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal

text: Bihar: Nasif Arafat, Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal, Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Mishra, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam, Latifur Rahman, Mohammad Tahir, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain. Hargovind Mishra

text: Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani

text: Assam: Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M. Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur Rouf

text: Orissa: Biswanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab, Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra

text: Delhi: Deshbhandhu Gupta

text: Ajmer-Merwara: Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava

text: Coorg: C. M. Poonacha

text: Mysore: K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, K. Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah

text: Jammu and Kashmir: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi

text: Travancore-Cochin: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie Mascarene, P.S.Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed

text: Madhya Bharat: Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai, Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo

text: Saurashtra: Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah, Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi

text: Rajasthan: V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Sinha Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas

text: Patiala and East Punjab States Union: Ranjit Singh, Sochet Singh, Bhagwant Roy

text: Bombay States: Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli, Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas A. Desai, Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar

text: Orissa States: Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar, Sarangadhar Das, Yudhishthir Mishra

text: Central Provinces States: R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai

text: United Provinces States: B. H. Zaidi, Krishna Singh

text: Madras States: V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

text: Vindhya Pradesh: Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi

text: Cooch Behar: Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari

text: Tripura and Manipur: Girja Shankar Guha

text: Bhopal: Lal Singh

text: Kutch: Bhawani Arjun Khimji

text: Himachal Pradesh: Yashwant Singh Parmar

text: Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]

text: East Bengal: Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan, Mohammad Akram Khan, A. Hamid, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali, Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani, Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar Datta, Ghulam Mohammed

text: West Punjab: Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,

text: Northwest Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan, Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan

text: Sindh: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro

text: Balochistan: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.

B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.


document_title: Slam dunk

question_text: who had the first dunk in nba history

question_tokens: who had the first dunk in nba history

text: Slam dunk

text: Introduction[edit]

text: During the 1940s and '50s, 7-foot center and Olympic Gold Medalist Bob Kurland was dunking regularly during games.[5] Yet defenders viewed the execution of a slam dunk as a personal affront that deserved retribution; thus defenders often intimidated offensive players and thwarted the move. Satch Sanders, a career Boston Celtic from 1960 to 1973, said:

text: "...in the old days, [defenders] would run under you when you were in the air... ...trying to take people out of games so they couldn't play. It was an unwritten rule..."[6]

text: Still, by the late 1950s and early '60's players such as Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain had incorporated the move into their offensive arsenal. The dunk became a fan-favorite, as offensive players began to aggressively intimidate defenders with the threat of vicious slams. Through the 1970s, the slam dunk was standard fare; David Thompson, Julius Erving, Darryl Dawkins, and others wowed crowds with high-flying moves.

text: Dunk types[edit]

text: Dunk types reflect the various motions performed on the way to the basket. They start with the basic one- or two-hand forward-facing dunk and go on through various levels of athleticism and intricacy. Discrete dunk types can be modified by appending other moves; for example, a player who passes the ball off the backboard, catches it in the air, and executes a double-pump dunk would be said to have completed a "self-pass off the backboard, double pump".

text: Double Clutch[edit]

text: At the onset of the jump, the ball is controlled by either one or both hands and once in the air is typically brought to chest level. The player will then quickly thrust the ball downwards and fully extend their arms, bringing the ball below the waist. Finally the ball is brought above the head and dunked with one or both hands; and the double clutch appears as one fluid motion. As a demonstration of athletic prowess, the ball may be held in the below-the-waist position for milliseconds longer, thus showcasing the player's hang time (jumping ability).

text: Whether the result of a 180° spin or body angle at takeoff, the double clutch is generally performed with the player's back toward the rim. While this orientation is rather conducive to the double clutch motion, Spud Webb was known to perform the dunk while facing the basket. Additionally, Kenny "Sky" Walker, Tracy McGrady—in the 1989 and 2000 NBA Contests, respectively—and others, have performed 360° variation of the double clutch (McGrady completed a lob self-pass before the dunk). Circa 2007, independent slam dunker T-Dub performed the double clutch with a 540° spin which he concluded by hanging on the rim.[7]

text: Tomahawk[edit]

text: A Tomahawk dunk can be performed with one or two hands, and when two hands are used, it is called a backscratcher. During the jump, the ball is raised above, and often behind the player's head for a wind-up before slamming the ball down into the net at the apex of the jump. Due to the undemanding body mechanics involved in execution, the tomahawk is employed by players of all sizes and jumping abilities.[citation needed] Because of the ball-security provided by the use of both hands, the two-handed tomahawk is a staple of game situations—frequently employed in alley-oops and in offense-rebound put-back dunks.

text: In one common variation, a 360° spin may be completed prior to or simultaneously with the tomahawk. Circa 2009, independent slam dunker Troy McCray pioneered an especially complex variant of the dunk: once the tomahawk motion is complete, instead of slamming the ball in the rim, a windmill dunk (see below) is then performed.[8]

text: The two-hand backscratcher finish can exert tremendous force on the basket. In 1979, Darryl Dawkins twice shattered NBA backboards with tomahawk dunks leading to a quickly-enacted rule making it an offence to break the backboard.[citation needed] Technology has evolved to adapt to the increased strength and weight of players to withstand the force of such dunks, such as the breakaway rim (introduced to the NBA in 1981) changes to the material used for the backboards, and strengthening of the goal standards themselves.

text: Windmill[edit]

text: Before takeoff, or at the onset of the jump, the ball is brought to the abdomen and then the windmill motion is started by moving the ball below the waist according to the length of the player's fully extended arm. Then following the rotation of the outstretch arm, the ball is moved in a circular motion, typically moving from the front towards the back, and then slammed through the rim (from the profile view of a player facing the basket, the windmill motion most generally appears clockwise). Although, due to momentum, many players are unable to palm the ball through the entire windmill motion, the dunk is often completed with one-hand as centripetal force allows the player to guide the ball with only their dunking hand. In some instances sticky resins or powders may be applied to the palm, these are thought to improve grip and prevent loss of possession.[9] Amongst players, subtle variations in the direction of the windmill depend on bodily orientation at takeoff and also jumping style (one-foot or two-feet) in relation to dominant hand.

text: There are a number of variations on the windmill, the most common being the aforementioned one- or two-hand variants. In these cases, the windmill motion may be performed with the previously discussed one-arm technique and finished with one- or two-hands, or the player may control the ball with two hands, with both arms performing the windmill motion, finishing with one or both hands. Additionally, the ball may be cuffed between the hand and the forearm—generally with the dominant hand. The cuff technique provides better ball security, allowing for a faster windmill motion and increased force exerted on the basket at finish, with either one or both hands. Using the cuffing method, players are also afforded the opportunity of performing the windmill motion towards the front (counterclockwise), a technique exploited by French athlete Kadour Ziani when he pioneered his trademark double-windmill.

text: Occasionally in the game setting, the windmill is performed via alley-oop but is rarely seen in offense-rebound putback dunks due to the airtime required. Dominique Wilkins popularized powerful windmills—in games as well as in contests—including two-handed, self-pass, 360°, rim-hang, and combined variants thereof.

text: Between the Legs[edit]

text: For one-footed jumpers, the ball is generally transferred to the non-dominant hand just before or upon take-off; for two-footers, this transfer is often delayed for milliseconds as both hands control the ball to prevent dropping it. Once airborne, the dunker generally transfers the ball from non-dominant to dominant hand beneath a raised leg. Finally, the ball is brought upwards by the dominant hand and slammed through the rim.

text: The between-the-legs dunk was popularized by Isaiah Rider in the 1994 NBA slam dunk contest,[10] so much so that the dunk is often colloquially referred to as a "Rider dunk" — notwithstanding Orlando Woolridge's own such dunk in the NBA contest a decade earlier.[11] Since then, the under-the-leg has been attempted in the NBA contest by a number of participants, and has been a staple of other contests as well. Its difficulty — due to the required hand-eye coordination, flexibility, and hang-time — keeps it generally reserved for exhibitions and contests, not competitive games. Ricky Davis has managed to complete the dunk in an NBA game,[12] but both he[13] and Josh Smith[14] have botched at least one in-game attempt as well.

text: Because of the possible combinations of starting and finishing hands, and raised-legs, there are many variations on the basic under-the-legs dunk—more so than any other.[15] For example, in a 1997 French Dunk contest, Dali Taamallah leapt with his right leg while controlling the ball with his left hand, and once airborne he transferred the ball from his left hand, underneath his right leg to his right hand before completing the dunk.[16] NBA star Jason Richardson has also pioneered several notable variations of the between-the-legs including a lob-pass to himself[17] and a pass off of the backboard to himself.[18] Independent athlete Shane 'Slam' Wise introduced a cuffed-cradle of the ball prior to initiating the under the leg transfer and finishing with two-hands.[19] While a number of players have finished the dunk using one- or two-hands with their backs to the rim, perhaps the most renowned variant of the dunk is the combination with a 360°, or simply stated: a 360-between-the-legs. Due to the athleticism and hang-time required, the dunk is a crowd favorite and is heralded by players as the preeminent of all dunks.[citation needed]

text: Elbow Hang[edit]

text: The player approaches the goal and leaps as they would for a generic dunk. Instead of simply dunking the ball with one or two hands, the player allows their forearm(s) to pass through the basket, hooking their elbow pit on the rim before hanging for a short period of time. Although the dunk was introduced by Vince Carter in the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk contest, Kobe Bryant was filmed performing the dunk two years earlier at an exhibition in the Philippines.[20] Colloquially, the dunk has a variety of names including 'honey dip', 'cookie jar', and 'elbow hook'.

text: In the 2011 NBA contest, L.A. Clippers power-forward Blake Griffin completed a self-pass off of the backboard prior to elbow-hanging on the rim. A number of other variants of the elbow hang have been executed, including a lob self-pass, hanging by the arm pit,[21] a windmill,[22] and over a person.[23] Most notable are two variations which as of July 2012, have yet to be duplicated. In 2008, Canadian athlete Justin Darlington introduced an iteration aptly entitled a 'double-elbow hang', in which the player inserts both forearms through the rim and subsequently hangs on both elbows pits.[24] Circa 2009, French athlete Guy Dupuy demonstrated the ability to perform a between-the-legs elbow hang; however, Guy opted not to hang on the rim by his elbow, likely because the downward moment could have resulted in injury.[25]

text: Dunk Modifiers[edit]

text: Discussed in this module are activities which when applied, modify a given dunk type. Modifier-activities occur prior to leaping or while airborne. Modifiers performed prior to leaping pertain to the manner of approach (e.g., locomotion or standstill), angle of approach (e.g., from the baseline), distance of leap from the basket, the addition of a pass (e.g., alley-oop), or some combination thereof. Modifiers performed while airborne pertain to bodily rotation (e.g., 360°), obstruction of own vision (e.g., arm-over-the-eyes), other bodily movements superfluous of dunk type (e.g., voluntary kicking of the legs), or some combination thereof. Dunk types can also be modified with obstructions (e.g., leaping over a car or person) which influence activities both prior to leaping and while airborne.

text: Modifiers are inherent to in-game dunking and conduce toward successful dunking as a means to score points. Modifiers are important in the grading of slam dunk contests because dunk types are made more difficult when modified (i.e., successfully executed modified-dunks ostensibly yield high scores in contests).

text: For taxonomic purposes it is an important distinction, but the modifiers discussed below are often considered dunk types in common parlance. This misconception is perhaps attributable to the modifier being the most salient component of the dunk from the perspective of the observer. However, each dunk modifier requires a dunk type to be a successful dunk—albeit the most-basic dunk type.

text: Alley-oop[edit]

text: An alley-oop dunk, as it is colloquially known, is performed when a pass is caught in the air and then dunked. The application of an alley-oop to a slam dunk occurs in both games and contests. In games, when only fractions of a second remain on the game or shot clock, an alley-oop may be attempted on in-bound pass because neither clock resumes counting down until an in-bounds player touches the ball. The images to the right depict an interval spanning 1/5 of a second.

text: Baseline dunk[edit]

text: The baseline dunk is an approach-modifier of any dunk type in which the player approaches the basket along the court-boundary (baseline) which runs parallel with the backboard. In the game setting, the dunk often comes as the result of a pass, creating an assist opportunity for a teammate. In the contest, the baseline approach may be used as a means of convenience, facilitating a particular dunk type (e.g., passes bounced off the side of the backboard or its padding) or to increase the difficulty of a dunk type in hopes of meriting higher scores.

text: From a Distance[edit]

text: This is a dunk where the player takes off from a distance which is significantly further away from the basket than is considered typical. The free-throw line is most commonly constituted as the take-off point, an effect likely attributed to the easily observable span between the line and the basket in the view of the TV audience. In order to achieve the hang-time and altitude necessary, players will generally leap from one-foot to maximize the momentum generated from the half-court running start often required to complete the dunk. A cornerstone of dunk contests, dunks from a distance are also performed in games, most often on the fast break.

text: Free Throw Line[edit]

text: In the 1950s, Jim Pollard[26] and Wilt Chamberlain[27] had both dunked from the free throw line—15 feet from the basket. Chamberlain was able to dunk from the free-throw line without a running start, beginning his forward movement from within the top half of the free-throw circle.[27] This was the catalyst for the 1956 NCAA rule change which requires that a shooter maintain both feet behind the line during a free-throw attempt.[28]

text: In the 1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest, Julius Erving dunked after leaping from the free-throw line, with his heel on the line, and has since been credited with introducing the free-throw line dunk to the general public.

text: In the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Michael Jordan dunked from the free-throw line, in the same manner as Julius Erving, but parted his legs making his dunk more revolutionary than Erving's.

text: In the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Scottie Pippen dunked from the free throw line. This was in the first round and Pippen received a score of 47 out of 50 for his dunk. Pippen however didn't proceed to the next round and the contest was won by Dominique Wilkins.

text: In the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winner Brent Barry dunked from the free-throw line. Barry received 49 (out of 50) for the dunk.[29]

text: In the 2011 NBA Sprite Slam Dunk Contest, Serge Ibaka dunked from behind the free-throw line, getting a score of 45 for the dunk, and finishing 4th.

text: In the 2016 NBL Pre-Season Challenge Slam Dunk Contest in Australia's National Basketball League, Adelaide 36ers 18 year old American import player Terrance Ferguson dunked from just in front of the free-throw-line.[30]

text: In the 2016 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Zach LaVine dunked from the free throw line on three occasions: One Hand, Windmill, and Between the Legs. All of the Dunks received a score of 50 for the dunk and won the Dunk contest.

text: Other[edit]

text: Other instances of dunks from a distance abound. James White in the 2006 NCAA Slam Dunk Contest successfully performed tomahawk and windmill variations of the foul-line dunk.[31] Though he was unable to complete a between-the-legs from the foul line at that contest, he has been known to execute it on other occasions.[32]

text: In the 2008 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Jamario Moon leaped from the foul-line then, using his non-dominant hand, caught and dunked a bounce-pass from teammate Jason Kapono.[33]

text: Independent 6'2" North American athlete Eric Bishop introduced a dunk entitled the 'Paint Job'. The title is in reference to the key on a basketball court, often known as 'paint' in common parlance.[34] Approaching along the baseline with a running dribble, Bishop jumped with one-foot at the border of the key, dunked with one-hand while gliding over the key and landed just beyond the border on the side opposite his take-off—a 16-foot flight.

text: Obstructions[edit]

text: The player approaches the basket and obstruction, and then leaps. During flight, some portion of the player's body is elevated above the obstruction. This may entail raising the legs or some portion thereof in-air to soar over the obstruction. In other instances, the trunk-moves over an obstruction as the legs pass around it. Common obstructions include: motor vehicles; crouched, seated or standing person(s); ball rack; or other available objects.

text: Perhaps the most popular obstruction-modified dunk is the Dubble-Up. Aptly eponymous of the its pioneer—T-Dub, an American dunker hailing from Minnesota—the Dubble-Up starts with a person standing before the basket, holding the ball above their head. The dunker approaches and leaps as though their groin would soar above just above the head and their legs around the stationary person. Just prior to clearing the person, the dunker will assume control of the ball with one or both hands, guide it under a raised leg, transferring it to the appropriate hand, clearing the ball-holder, raising the ball above the horizontal plane of the rim, and finally guiding it downward through the basket. While the Dubble-Up mimics a between-the-legs dunk, Kenny Dobbs and Justin Darlington have both performed an under-both-legs variant.

text: Other obstruction-dunks are worth noting: Haneef Munir performed a Dubble-Up, dunking with his right-hand and then caught and dunked a second ball with his left hand—a yet to be duplicated dunk pioneered by Jordan Kilganon on a lower, non-regulation rim. Jordan Kilganon, a Canadian athlete, approached from the baseline a person standing, holding the ball above their head. Kilganon leaped, controlled the ball in front of his torso and raised it above the horizontal plane of the rim before bringing the ball downward into the hoop and hooking both elbows on and hanging from the rim.

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: A study was carried out in 2015 to show the effectiveness of different shot types, including slam dunks. The study was carried out across five different levels of basketball (NBA, EuroBasket, the Slovenian 1st Division, and two minor leagues). Overall the study showed that slam dunks were a very effective way of scoring in the game of basketball, particularly in the NBA which had the highest dunk percentage in the study.[35]

text: Notable Dunks[edit]

text: Wilt Chamberlain was known to have dunked on an experimental 12-foot basket set up by Phog Allen at the University of Kansas in the 1950s.[27]

text: Michael Wilson, a former Harlem Globetrotter and University of Memphis basketball player, matched this feat on April 1, 2000 albeit with an alley-oop.[citation needed]

text: Vince Carter dunked while leaping over 7-foot-2 (2.18 m) French center Frédéric Weis in the 2000 Summer Olympics. The French media dubbed it "le dunk de la mort" — "the dunk of death."

text: At least one player has performed a 720 degree dunk (that is, two full turns in the air): Taurian Fontenette also known as Air Up There during a Streetball game.[36]

text: In the NBA Slam Dunk Contest[edit]

text: Several notable and remarkable dunks have been performed by participants in the annual NBA Slam Dunk Contest.

text: Spud Webb at 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) defeated 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) Dominique Wilkins in the 1986 contest.

text: Michael Jordan popularized a dunk referred to by some fans as the "Leaner". This dunk was so called because Jordan's body was not perpendicular to the ground while performing the dunk. TNT viewers rated it "the best dunk of all time" over Vince Carter's between-the-legs slam.[citation needed]

text: In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest Carter used an elbow hang along with his reverse 360 windmill dunk and between-the-legs dunk. When performed, much of the audience was speechless, including the judges, because none had seen these types of dunks before (Carter's first round 360 windmill dunk is reminiscent of Kenny Walker's 360 windmill dunk in 1989 except that Carter spins clockwise, whereas Walker spins counter-clockwise).

text: In the 2008 Sprite Rising Star's Slam Dunk Contest Dwight Howard performed the "Superman" dunk. He donned a Superman outfit as Orlando Magic guard Jameer Nelson tied a cape around his shoulders. Nelson alley-ooped the basketball as Howard jumped from within the key side of the free throw circle line, caught the ball, and threw it through the rim. This dunk is somewhat controversial, as his hand was not over as well as on a vertical plane to the rim. Some insist that it should in fact be considered a dunk because the ball was thrust downward into the basket, meeting the basic definition of the dunk.

text: During the 2009 NBA dunk contest, Howard had a separate goal brought onto the court, and the rim was noticeably significantly higher than a standard goal. Howard, after going into a 1950s-era telephone booth and again fashioning the Superman attire, caught a pass from Nelson and easily completed a two-handed dunk on the higher goal. While this was not performed for record-setting purposes, the dunk received a perfect score and a warm response from the crowd, in part because of its theatrics. Also in this contest, 5'9" guard Nate Robinson wore a green New York Knicks jersey and green sneakers to represent Kryptonite, playing on Howard's Superman theme. He used a green "Kryptonite" ball, and jumped over the 6'11" Howard prior to dunking. This dunk and the theatrics could have won the competition for Robinson, who was voted the winner by the NBA fans. Robinson then thanked Howard for graciously allowing him to dunk over him, asking the crowd to also give Howard a round of applause.

text: JaVale McGee currently holds the world record for Most Basketball Dunks in a Single Jump: three. While competing in the 2011 NBA Sprite Slam Dunk Contest, McGee jumped with two balls in his possession and dunked each prior to receiving and slamming an alley-oop pass from then teammate John Wall.[37]

text: Broken Backboards[edit]

text: In the past, it has been possible for players to dunk a basketball and pull the rim down so hard that the glass backboard shatters, either around the rim itself or, at times, shattering the entire backboard, or the entire goal standard fails. Reinforced backboards and breakaway rims have minimized this at the college and professional levels, but it still happens at lower levels.

text: All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets was the first of the famous backboard breakers in the NBA, shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s.[38] Luke Jackson also shattered a backboard in 1968:

text: The game was delayed for nearly half an hour when Philadelphia's burly Luke Jackson shattered the glass backboard when he came down on the basket, ripping it from its moorings, on a driving stuff shot.[39]

text: Darryl Dawkins of the Philadelphia 76ers was notorious for two glass-shattering dunks in 1979 resulting in the league threatening to fine him and eventually installing breakaway rims.[40] Twice in his rookie season (1992–93) during games, center Shaquille O'Neal dunked so hard that he broke the hydraulic support of one goal standard (against the Phoenix Suns) and broke the welds holding up another goal standard, causing the basket to break off and fall to the floor (against the New Jersey Nets), although in neither case did the glass break. This resulted in reinforced backboard supports as well. During that same season, New Jersey's Chris Morris shattered a backboard in a game against the Chicago Bulls (the most recent shattered-backboard incident in the NBA to date). The NBA has made shattering the backboard a technical foul, although it will not count towards a player's count of seven that can draw a suspension, or two towards ejection from a game, and it counts towards a player's count of six personal fouls. This has assisted in deterring this action, as it can cost the team points.

text: In the ABA, Charlie Hentz broke two backboards in the same game on November 6, 1970 resulting in the game being called.[41] In the NCAA, Jerome Lane shattered a backboard while playing for Pitt in a 1988 regular-season game against Providence, and Darvin Ham did the same while playing for Texas Tech in a tournament game against North Carolina in 1996.

text: The Premier Basketball League has had two slam-dunks that have resulted in broken backboards. Both came consecutively in the 2008 and 2009 PBL Finals, and both were achieved by Sammy Monroe of the Rochester Razorsharks.

text: Dunking in women's play[edit]

text: Dunking is much less common in women's basketball than in men's play. Dunking is slightly more common during practice sessions, but many coaches advise against it in competitive play because of the risks of injury or failing to score.[42]

text: In 1978, Cardte Hicks became the first woman to dunk in a professional game [43] during a men's professional game in Holland.

text: In 1984, Georgeann Wells, a 6'7" (201 cm) junior playing for West Virginia University, became the first woman to score a slam dunk in women's collegiate play, in a game against the University of Charleston on December 21.[44]

text: As of 2014, 11 dunks have been scored in WNBA play. The first and second were scored by Lisa Leslie of the Los Angeles Sparks, on July 30, 2002 (against the Miami Sol), and July 9, 2005. Other WNBA dunks have been scored by Michelle Snow, Candace Parker (twice), and Sylvia Fowles.

text: The record for the most WNBA dunks belongs to Brittney Griner. As a high school senior, she dunked 52 times in 32 games and set a single-game record of seven dunks.[45] As a standout at Baylor University, Griner became the seventh player to dunk during a women's college basketball game[46] and the second woman to dunk twice in a single college game.[47] In her WNBA debut on May 27, 2013, Griner dunked twice, and as of 2014, has five WNBA dunks, including the first in a playoff game (August 25, 2014).

text: At the 2012 London Olympics, Liz Cambage of the Australian Opals became the first woman to dunk in the Olympics, scoring against Russia.[48]

text: Women in dunk contests[edit]

text: In 2004, as a high school senior, Candace Parker was invited to participate in the McDonald's All-American Game and accompanying festivities where she competed in and won the slam dunk contest.[49] In subsequent years other women have entered the contest; though Kelley Cain, Krystal Thomas, and Maya Moore were denied entry into the same contest in 2007.[50] Brittney Griner intended to participate in the 2009 McDonald's Dunk Contest but was unable to attend the event due to the attendance policy of her high school.[51] Breanna Stewart, at 6'3" (191 cm), Alexis Prince (6'2"; 188 cm), and Brittney Sykes (5'9"; 175 cm) competed in the 2012 contest; Prince and Sykes failed to complete their dunks, while Stewart landed two in the first round but missed her second two attempts in the final round.[52][53]

text: Use as a phrase[edit]

text: One of many sports idioms, the phrase "slam dunk" is often used outside of basketball to refer colloquially to something that has a certain outcome or guaranteed success (a "sure thing").[54]


document_title: Third umpire

question_text: who was the first batsman to be given out by third umpire

text: Third umpire

text: History[edit]

text: The third umpire was conceptualized by former Sri Lankan domestic cricketer, and current cricket writer Mahinda Wijesinghe and debuted in Test cricket in November 1992 at Kingsmead, Durban for the South Africa vs. India series. Karl Liebenberg was the third umpire with Cyril Mitchley the on-field umpire, referring the run-out decision in this match. Sachin Tendulkar became the first batsman to be dismissed (run out) by using television replays in the second day of the Test scoring 11.[1]

text: Functions[edit]

text: In the case of a run out or stumping, a batsman may be declared "out" if the wicket is 'put down'. The wicket is down if a bail is removed from the top of the stumps or a wicket is struck out of the ground, whether by the ball, the bat or the striker's person. If the batsman is caught between the two popping creases and the wicket is put down, the batsman is declared out. In most cases, the event occurs in a fraction of a second. If the field umpires are unable to accurately come to a decision on the dismissal of a batsman, the umpire requests the third umpire to ascertain whether the batsman had made it home. The third umpire then looks at various TV replays from different angles and comes to a conclusion by pressing the appropriate signal. Originally decisions were conveyed in traffic light style (a red light indicating a batsman's dismissal, a green light not out); it is now common practice to display the decision via the large screen scoreboard, if available. If the umpire is unsure if a batsman is out or not, due to lack of conclusive evidence, the usual procedure is to acquit the batsman, known in cricketing parlance as "the benefit of the doubt".

text: The third umpire may also be called upon if the on-field umpire cannot decide which batsman is out (i.e. they end up at the same end). An example of this was the Third Test between New Zealand and the West Indies in 2006.[2]

text: A batsman is caught out if a fielder catches the ball on the fly. In some cases the fielder may catch the ball a few inches above ground level. If the umpire's vision is obscured or is unsure if the ball bounced before the fielder caught the ball, he can also refer the decision.

text: A six is scored if the batsman hits the ball directly beyond the perimeter of the field. In some cases the ball may bounce just a foot inside the boundary rope resulting in four runs. If the umpire needs to ascertain if it had been a 4 or a 6, he may consult the third umpire. Near the boundary, often a fielder may dive to save the ball from travelling beyond the boundary. If the fielder makes any simultaneous contact with the boundary and the cricket ball, 4 runs are declared. A third umpire may also be consulted in such a case.

text: Instant Replays[edit]

text: Whenever a third umpire decision is signalled by an on-field umpire, the third umpire gets access to Instant Replay to make his decision. The instant replays are also available to the TV/Internet viewers. However, the live crowd does not get to witness it. Because in most of the cases, third umpire decisions end up in a tight gap between out and not out. A live crowd will make their decision on the replay shown. However, the third umpire is required to follow guidelines which may not be known by the crowd.

text: After the Stuart Broad incident, in The Ashes 2013, ICC has started to take steps to give third umpire access to instant replays. This is regardless of calls being referred to by on-field umpires. By doing so, ICC wants to make sure that any obvious mistakes are avoided in future.[3]