document_title: Jay Silverheels

question_text: who played tonto in the original lone ranger

text: Jay Silverheels

text: Early life[edit]

text: Silverheels was born Harold Preston Smith in Canada, on the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, near Hagersville, Ontario.[6] He was a grandson of Mohawk Chief A.G. Smith and Mary Wedge, and one of the 11 children of Captain Alexander George Edwin Smith, MC, Cayuga, and his wife Mabel Phoebe Doxtater, also a Mohawk. His father[7] was wounded and decorated for service at The Somme and Ypres during World War I, and later was an adjutant training Polish-American recruits for the Blue Army (Poland) for service in France, at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario.

text: Athlete[edit]

text: Silverheels excelled in athletics, most notably in lacrosse, before leaving home to travel around North America. In the 1930s, he played indoor lacrosse as Harry Smith with the "Iroquois" of Rochester, New York in the North American Amateur Lacrosse Association.[8] He lived for a time in Buffalo, New York, and in 1938 placed second in the Middleweight class of the Golden Gloves tournament.[9] Silverheels was inducted into the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame as a veteran player in 1997.

text: Actor[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: While playing in Los Angeles on a touring box lacrosse team in 1937, Silverheels impressed Joe E. Brown, with his athleticism.[2] Brown encouraged him to do a screen test, which led to his acting career.[10] Silverheels began working in motion pictures as an extra and stunt man[11][12] in 1937.[13] He was billed variously as Harold Smith and Harry Smith, and appeared in low-budget features, westerns, and serials.[14] He adopted his screen name from the nickname he had as a lacrosse player.[15][16][17] From the late 1940s, he played in major films, including Captain from Castile starring Tyrone Power, I Am an American (1944),[18] Key Largo with Humphrey Bogart (1948), Lust for Gold with Glenn Ford (1949), Broken Arrow (1950) with James Stewart, War Arrow (1953) with Maureen O'Hara, Jeff Chandler and Noah Beery, Jr., The Black Dakotas (1954) as Black Buffalo, Drums Across the River (1954), Walk the Proud Land (1956) with Audie Murphy and Anne Bancroft, Alias Jesse James (1959) with Bob Hope, and Indian Paint (1964) with Johnny Crawford. He made a brief appearance in True Grit (1969) as a condemned criminal about to be executed. He played a substantial role as John Crow in Santee (1973), starring Glenn Ford. One of his last roles was a wise white-haired chief in The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing (1973).

text: Television[edit]

text: Jay Silverheels achieved his greatest fame as Tonto on The Lone Ranger. The fictional story line maintains that a small group of Texas Rangers were massacred, with only a "lone" survivor. The Lone Ranger and Tonto then ride throughout the West to assist those challenged by the lawless element. Their expenses and bullets are provided through a silver mine owned by The Lone Ranger, who also names his horse "Silver".[19] Being irreplaceable in his role, Silverheels appeared in the film sequels: The Lone Ranger (1956) and The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold (1958).[20]

text: When The Lone Ranger television series ended, Silverheels found himself firmly typecast as a Native American. On January 6, 1960, he portrayed a Native American fireman trying to extinguish a forest fire in the episode "Leap of Life" in the syndicated series, Rescue 8, starring Jim Davis and Lang Jeffries.[21]

text: Eventually, he went to work as a salesman to supplement his acting income.[22] He also began to publish poetry inspired by his youth on the Six Nations Indian Reserve and recited his work on television. In 1966, he guest-starred as John Tallgrass in the short-lived ABC comedy/western series The Rounders, with Ron Hayes, Patrick Wayne, and Chill Wills.

text: Despite the typecasting, Silverheels in later years often poked fun at his character. In 1969, he appeared as Tonto without The Lone Ranger in a comedy sketch on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.[23] The sketch was featured on the 1973 record album Here's Johnny: Magic Moments From The Tonight Show. "My name is Tonto. I hail from Toronto and I speak Esperanto." In 1970, he appeared in a commercial for Chevrolet as a Native American chief who rescues two lost hunters who ignored his advice in that year's Chevy Blazer. The William Tell Overture is heard in the background.

text: Silverheels hilariously spoofed his Tonto character in a famous Stan Freberg Jeno's Pizza Rolls TV commercial opposite Clayton Moore, and in The Phynx, opposite John Hart, both having played The Lone Ranger in the original television series.

text: He appeared in three episodes of NBC's Daniel Boone, starring Fess Parker as the real life frontiersman.

text: His later appearances included an episode of ABC's The Brady Bunch, as an Native American who befriends the Bradys in the Grand Canyon, and in an episode of the short-lived Dusty's Trail, starring Bob Denver of Gilligan's Island.

text: In the early 1960s, Silverheels supported the Indian Actors Workshop,[24] where Native American actors refined their skills[25] in Echo Park, California.[26] Today the workshop is firmly established.[27]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Jay Silverheels raised, bred and raced Standardbred horses in his spare time. Once, when asked about possibly running Tonto's famous paint horse Scout in a race, Jay laughed off the idea: "Heck, I can outrun Scout!"[28]

text: Married in 1945, Silverheels was the father of three girls and a boy[29]

text: Death[edit]

text: Silverheels suffered a stroke in 1976,[30] and the following year, Clayton Moore rode a paint horse in Silverheels' honor in the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Parade.[31] Silverheels died on March 5, 1980, from complications of a stroke,[2] at age sixty-seven, in Calabasas, Los Angeles County, California.[32] He was cremated at Chapel of the Pines Crematory, and his ashes were returned to the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario.[30]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 1993, Jay Silverheels was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He was named to the Western New York Entertainment Hall of Fame, and his portrait hangs in Buffalo, New York's Shea's Buffalo Theatre. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6538 Hollywood Boulevard. First Americans in the Arts honored Jay Silverheels with their Life Achievement Award.

text: In 1997, Jay Silverheels was inducted, under the name Harry "Tonto" Smith, into the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame in the Veteran Player category in recognition of his lacrosse career during the 1930s.

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
Gas House Kids Go West (1947)
Unconquered - Indian (uncredited) (1947)
Fury at Furnace Creek (uncredited) (1948)
Key Largo - Tom Osceola (uncredited) (1948)
Trail of the Yukon (1949)
Laramie - Running Wolf (uncredited) (1949)
The Cowboy and the Indians" - Lacona (1949)
Broken Arrow - Geronimo (uncredited) (1950)
Red Mountain - Little Crow (1951)
Brave Warrior - Tecumseh (1952)
The Legend of the Lone Ranger - Tonto (1952)
The Pathfinder - Chingachgook (1952)
"Saskatchewan (1954) Cajou with Alan Ladd

text:
The Lone Ranger Rides Again (1955, TV Movie) - Tonto
The Vanishing American (1955) - Beeteia
The Lone Ranger (1956) - Tonto
Walk the Proud Land (1956) - Geronimo
Return to Warbow (1958) - Indian Joe
The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold (1958) - Tonto
Alias Jesse James (1959) - Tonto (uncredited)
Indian Paint (1965) - Chief Hevatanu
Smith! (1969) - McDonald Lasheway
True Grit (1969) - Condemned Man at Hanging (uncredited)
The Phynx (1970) - Tonto
In Pursuit of Treasure (1972)
One Little Indian (1973) - Jimmy Wolf
The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing (1973) - The Chief
Santee (1973) - John Crow

text: Television[edit]

text:
The Lone Ranger - 217 episodes - Tonto (1949-1957)
Wide Wide World - episode - The Western - Himself (1958)
Wanted: Dead or Alive - episode - Man on Horseback - Charley Red Cloud (1959)
Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color - episode - Texas John Slaughter: Apache Friendship & Texas John Slaughter: Geronimo's Revenge - Natchez (1960)
Gunslinger - episode - The Recruit - Hopi Indian (1961)
Wagon Train - episode - Path of the Serpent - The Serpent (1961)
Rawhide - episode - The Gentleman's Gentleman - Pawnee Joe (1961)
Laramie - episode - The Day of the Savage - Toma (1962)
Daniel Boone - episode - Mountain of the Dead - Chenrogan (1964)
Daniel Boone - episode - The Quietists - Latawa (1965)
Branded - episode - The Test - Wild Horse (1965)
Daniel Boone - episode - The Christmas Story - Sashona (1965)
Gentle Ben - episode - Invasion of Willie Sam Gopher - Willie Sam Gopher (1967)
The Virginian - episode - The Heritage - Den'Gwatzi (1968)
The Brady Bunch - episode - The Brady Braves - Chief Eagle Cloud (1971)
The Virginian - episode - The Animal - Spotted Hand (1971)
Cannon - episode - Valley of the Damned - Jimmy One Eye (1973)
CHiPs -episode-Poachers (1980)


document_title: Hounded (The Walking Dead)

question_text: who is rick talking to on the phone walking dead

root

text: Hounded (The Walking Dead)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rick (Andrew Lincoln), still trying to cope with the death of his wife, Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) after childbirth, is alone in the prison boiler room where she had died when the phone rings. He answers it to hear the voice of Amy (Emma Bell) telling him she is in a safe place and will call back later. Later, a second call from Jim (Andrew Rothenberg) asks him to explain his justification for killing other people and berates him for refusing to talk about Lori's death before dropping the call. A third call from Jacqui (Jeryl Prescott Sales) draws Rick to try to explain his refusal to talk about Lori's death. Finally, the last call is from Lori; realization dawns on him that these calls have come from those that have died, and all imagined as part of his grief. He leaves the boiler room, cleans himself up, and goes to join the rest of the group, seeing his daughter for the first time since he saw Maggie carry her into the yard after she was born.

tag: p

text: In Woodbury, Andrea (Laurie Holden) volunteers for sentry duty and is trained to use a bow and arrow by one of the town guards, Haley (Alexa Nikolas). When a walker approaches and their arrows fail to fell it, Andrea jumps over the wall and kills the walker with a knife. She is chastised by Haley for breaking the rules and called to The Governor (David Morrissey). Andrea says that seeing the fight between Merle (Michael Rooker) and Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) the night before had envigorated her. Andrea spends the night with The Governor and they have sex.

text: Meanwhile, Merle and three others from Woodbury have been tasked by The Governor to locate Michonne (Danai Gurira), who had left the town. She ambushes them, killing two of Merle's men. Merle shoots Michonne in the leg, she then runs off. Merle is left with the inexperienced Gargulio (Dave Davis) to track her. Merle continues the pursuit, and eventually the two of them engage in a fight. The fight draws walkers which pin them down. Michonne escapes by slicing open one, spilling its entrails on her and allowing her to flee unnoticed, while Gargulio helps Merle to break free. Recognizing Michonne is heading for the dangerous Red Zone, Merle calls off the hunt and returns to Woodbury, with the intent to say that he killed Michonne. Gargulio refuses to lie to The Governor, forcing Merle to kill him. Merle and Michonne both separately converge on a shopping mall where Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) are gathering supplies for the newborn. Michonne stays hidden as Merle approaches the two having recognized Glenn as part of Rick's group that had left him to die in Atlanta. He forces the two to drive him back to Woodbury. Michonne, overhearing the conversation, gathers the supplies Glenn and Maggie obtained and makes her way to the prison. In Woodbury, as Glenn and Maggie are locked into separate rooms for later interrogation, Merle explains how he had killed Michonne.

text: At the prison, Rick spots Michonne waiting patiently outside with supplies for the newborn, the walker guts she was covered in masking her presence from the walkers that surround the prison. Inside, Daryl (Norman Reedus) and Oscar (Vincent Ward) are clearing out walkers when they spot one with Carol's (Melissa McBride) knife in it, who they thought had died in the previous walker infestation. Seeing a secured door nearby, they open it and discover Carol inside, exhausted but alive.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Zack Handlen, writing for The A.V. Club, rated the episode an A− on an A to F scale. Of the multiple storylines weaved in this episode, he felt that Rick's was the strongest and Andrea's the weakest, but also noted that Andrea has become "more interesting" with her confession about enjoying the fights from the previous episode.[1]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Upon its initial broadcast on November 18, 2012, "Hounded" was watched by an estimated 9.21 million viewers,[2] decreasing in roughly a million viewers from the previous episode.[3]


document_title: Timeline of Star Trek

question_text: where does star trek discovery fit into the star trek timeline

text: Timeline of Star Trek

text: Series, books and movie settings[edit]

text: This table shows each TV series and movie, its year of release or broadcast, the year it was set in according to the prevailing Okuda chronology (see below) and the stardate range for that year. The designation Enterprise-based series are the series that featured the various incarnations of the starship USS Enterprise. In universe timeline chronological order Star Trek Enterprise (ENT), Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), Star Trek: The Animated Series (TAS), Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) and all 13 of the Star Trek feature films including the three newest J.J. Abrams "reboot" films, or "Kelvin Timeline" based on the original series.

text:
Year
Stardates
Enterprise
Novels and Comics
Deep Space Nine
Voyager
Kelvin Timeline
Discovery

Birth of the Universe

"Death Wish" (1996)

3.5 billion years ago

"All Good Things..." (1994)/primordial Earth

~2840 BC

"All Our Yesterdays" [primary plotline] (1969)

1893

"Time's Arrow" [primary plotline] (1992)

1930

"The City on the Edge of Forever" [primary plotline] (1967)

1944

"Storm Front" [primary plotline] (2004)

1947

"Little Green Men" [primary plotline] (1995)

1957

"Carbon Creek" [primary plotline] (2002)

1968

"Assignment: Earth" [primary plotline] (1968)

1969

"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" [primary plotline] (1967) ("late 1960s" in dialogue, but a radio broadcast states that Apollo 11 will be launched on "Wednesday")

1986

The Voyage Home [primary plotline] (1986)

1992–1996

"Eugenics Wars"
Khan Comics [secondary plotline]

"Future's End" [primary plotline]

2000

"11:59" [primary plotline]

2004

"Carpenter Street" [primary plotline] (2003)

2024

"Past Tense" [primary plotline] (1995)

2032

"One Small Step" [primary plotline] (1999)

2049–2053

World War III

2054–2079

Post-atomic horror

2063

First Contact [primary plotline] (1996)

2112

Jonathan Archer born in Upstate New York

2151–2152

Enterprise season 1 (2001–2002)

2152–2153

Enterprise season 2 (2002–2003)

2153–2154

Enterprise season 3 (2003–2004)

2154–2155

Enterprise season 41 (2004–2005)

2156–2160

Earth–Romulan War

2161

Enterprise series finale: "These are the voyages..." holodeck simulation of the events2 (2005)
Founding of the United Federation of Planets

2164
2164 (Reboot Stardate)

USS Franklin goes missing: Star Trek Beyond (2016)

2233
2233 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek (2009)3

2233–2258
2233–2258 (Reboot Stardates)

Nero comics

2245–2250

The Constitution-class USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched under the command of Captain Robert April and begins its first 5 year mission.

2254

"The Cage" (1964)

2256
1207.3

"The Vulcan Hello" (2017)

2258–2259
2258–2259 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek (2009)

2259
2259.246 (Reboot Stardate)

Khan Comics [primary plotline]

2259–2260
2259–2260 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek Into Darkness (2013)

2263
2263.2 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek Beyond (2016)

2265
1000–1499
"Where No Man Has Gone Before" (1965)

2266–2267
1500–3299
Star Trek season 1 (1966–1967)

2267–2268
3300–4799
Star Trek season 2 (1967–1968)

"Trials and Tribble-ations" [primary plotline — taking place within TOS' "The Trouble With Tribbles"] (1996)

2268–2269
4800–5999
Star Trek season 3 (1968–1969)

2269-2270
5221–5683
Star Trek: The Animated Series season 1 (1973–1974)
Killing Time Novel

2270
6000–6146
Star Trek: The Animated Series season 2 (1974)

2273
7410–7599
The Motion Picture (1979)

2275

Spock's World Novel

2278
7818.1
USS Bozeman launched: "Cause and Effect" (1992)

2285
8100–8299
The Wrath of Khan (1982)
The Search for Spock (1984)

2286
8300–8399
The Voyage Home (1986)

2287
8400–8499
The Final Frontier (1989)

2293
9500–9999
The Undiscovered Country (1991)
Generations (Prologue) (1994)

"Flashback" [flashback taking place within The Undiscovered Country] (1996)

2298–2364

The Lost Era Novels

2333–2355
10000-32999

Stargazer Novels

2354–2381
31000-58999

New Frontier Novels

2364
41000–41999
The Next Generation season 1 (1987–1988)

2365
42000–42999
The Next Generation season 2 (1988–1989)

2366
43000–43999
The Next Generation season 3 (1989–1990)

2367
44000–44999
The Next Generation season 4 (1990–1991)

"Emissary" [flashback to the Battle of Wolf 359] (1993)

2368
45000–45999
The Next Generation season 5 (1991–1992)

2369
46000–46999
The Next Generation season 6 (1992–1993)

Deep Space Nine season 1 (1993)

2370
47000–47999
The Next Generation season 7 (1993–1994)
Enterprise series finale4 (2005)
Q-Squared Novel
Deep Space Nine season 2 (1993–1994)

2371
48000–48999
Generations (1994)

Deep Space Nine season 3 (1994–1995)
Voyager season 1 (1995)

2372
49000–49999

Deep Space Nine season 4 (1995–1996)
Voyager season 2 (1995–1996)

2373
50000–50999
First Contact (1996)

Deep Space Nine season 5 (1996–1997)
Voyager season 3 (1996–1997)

2374
51000–51999

Deep Space Nine season 6 (1997–1998)
Voyager season 4 (1997–1998)

2375
52000–52999
Insurrection (1998)

Deep Space Nine season 7 (1998–1999)
Voyager season 5 (1998–1999)

2376
53000–53999

A Stitch in Time Novel

Voyager season 6 (1999–2000)

2377–2378
54000–55599

Voyager season 7 (2000–2001)

2378–2379
55600-56399

A Time to... Novels

2379
56400–56899
Nemesis (2002)

2379–2386
56900-63999

Titan Novels

2387
64000-64999
Star Trek (film) (2009) flashback, also in the Star Trek Comic: Star Trek: Countdown

2395
72000-72999
The Next Generation series finale: "All Good Things..." (1994)

tag: table

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This timeline is based on the Star Trek Chronology model described below, supplemented by data from startrek.com.[1]

text: Note: Many of these dates are rounded-off approximations, as the dialog from which they are derived often includes qualifiers such as "over," "more than," or "less than."

text: Before Common Era[edit]

text:
The Big Bang

Quinn hides in the big bang to avoid discovery by Q.[2]

c. 6 billion years ago

The Guardian of Forever is formed.[3]

c. 4 billion years ago

A humanoid civilization seeds the oceans of many planets with genetic material, which would lead to the development of humanoids on many planets.[4]

c. 65 to 100 million years ago

The dinosaurs (the Voth civilization) from the episode "Distant Origin" are most likely descendants of Hadrosaurids who lived in the Cretaceous period of Earth's history.

c. 1 million years ago

Sargon's people explore the galaxy and colonize various planets, possibly including Vulcan.[5]

c. 600,000 years ago

The Tkon Empire, an interstellar state consisting of dozens of star systems in the Alpha Quadrant, becomes extinct.

c. 200,000 years ago

The Iconian civilization is destroyed.

c. 8,000 BC

The Dominion may have been founded in the Gamma Quadrant by the shapeshifting race known as the Changelings around this time, possibly in a different form than is known in the modern timeline.[6]

c. 2700 BC

A group of extraterrestrial beings landed on Earth and was eventually known as the Greek gods established in the episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?".

tag: ul

text: 1st millennium[edit]

text:
c. 4th century

The Vulcan Time of Awakening. In the midst of horrific wars on Vulcan, the philosopher Surak leads his people, teaching them to embrace logic and suppress all emotion.[7]
The Dominion may have been founded in the Gamma Quadrant by the shapeshifting race known as the Changelings around this time.[8]

c. 9th century

Kahless the Unforgettable unites the Klingons by defeating the tyrant Molor in battle, and provides his people with teachings based on a philosophy of honor.[9]

text: Pre-20th century[edit]

text:
c. 1570

The ancient Bajorans use solar sail ships to explore their star system, and at least one reaches Cardassia.[10]

18th century

The Suliban homeworld becomes uninhabitable. ("Detained" (ENT))
The Preservers transport various Native Americans to a far-away planet.[11]

c. 1864

The Skagarans abduct humans for use as slaves in their colony world. (as referred to in Enterprise Season 3: North Star)

c. 1871

The Cardassian Union is established.[12]

1888

August 31 – Jack the Ripper's first victim is found murdered and mutilated in East London. (as referred to in Star Trek: The Original Series Season 2: "Wolf in the Fold")

c. 1893

"Time's Arrow" (TNG)

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
1930

"The City on the Edge of Forever" (TOS)
February 18 – Pluto discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.

1937

Several hundred humans are secretly abducted by aliens and brought to the Delta Quadrant. Eight are cryogenically frozen, including long-lost pilot Amelia Earhart. "The 37's" (VOY)

1944

"Storm Front" (ENT)

1947

Three Ferengi (Quark, Rom, and Nog) crash land in the New Mexico desert, and are held by the U.S. government at a secret base for scientific study. "Little Green Men" (DS9)

1957

A Vulcan scout ship visits Earth, according to a story told by T'Pol (presumably a true story as T'Pol examines a purse which was portrayed as used by her great-great-grandmother during the story; see episode entry). "Carbon Creek" (ENT)

1961

April 12 – The first human journeys into outer space: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin.

1967

Captain Braxton's 29th century Federation timeship Aeon crashlands on Earth. "Future's End" (Voyager)
January 27 – A launch pad fire during Apollo program tests at Cape Canaveral, Florida, kills astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Edward H. White II, and Roger B. Chafee.

1968

"Assignment: Earth" (TOS)
October 11 – Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, is launched with astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; Donn F. Eisele; and Walter Cunningham aboard.

1969

"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" (TOS)

1970

April 17 – Apollo 13 returns to Earth.

1971

January 31 – Apollo 14 departs for the moon.

1974

March 29 – The unmanned U.S. space probe Mariner 10 becomes the first spacecraft to visit the planet Mercury, sending back close-up images of a celestial body usually obscured because of its proximity to the sun.

1976

July 20 – the Viking 1 lander, an unmanned U.S. planetary probe, becomes the first spacecraft to successfully land on the surface of Mars.

1986 –

Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
December 23 – The experimental aircraft Voyager lands at Edwards Air Force Base in California, completing the first nonstop flight around the globe on one load of fuel.
January 28 – The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes during launch of STS-51-L, killing all 7 on board, including school teacher Christa McAuliffe.

1992

The Eugenics Wars (WWIII) begin.[13] (WWIII is retconned to be in 2050s by TNG's Encounter at Farpoint and Star Trek First Contact; DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" retcons the Eugenics Wars as being in the 22nd century)

1995

June 29 – The American space shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian space station Mir to form the largest man-made satellite ever to orbit the Earth.

1996

The Eugenics Wars end.[13] (WWIII is retconned to be in 2050s by TNG's Encounter at Farpoint and Star Trek First Contact; DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" retcons the Eugenics Wars as being in the 22nd century)
"Future's End" (VOY)

1999

Voyager 6 is launched[14]

text: 21st century[edit]

text:
2000

The past events of "11:59" (VOY).

2002

The interstellar probe Nomad is launched.[1][15]

2003

February 1 – The space shuttle Columbia breaks up while entering the atmosphere over Texas killing all seven crew members.

2004

The past events of "Carpenter Street" (ENT).

2009

The first successful Earth-Saturn probe takes place.[1][16]

2011

July 21 – NASA's space shuttle program completes its final mission when the shuttle Atlantis lands at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

2012

The world's first self-sustaining civic environment, Millennium Gate, which became the model for the first habitat on Mars, completed in Portage Creek, Indiana. ("11:59", Voyager)

2018

Sleeper ships are made obsolete.[17]

2024

A united Ireland is achieved by republican terrorists (TNG "The High Ground")
The past events of "Past Tense" (DS9). Namely the "Bell Riots".

2032

Ares IV, a manned mission to Mars is launched.[18]
Zefram Cochrane is born

2037

The spaceship Charybdis makes an attempt to leave the solar system.[19]

2053

World War III ends and Earth is left devastated, mostly because of nuclear warfare. Scientific advancement continues, however.[20] (In TOS WWIII took place in the 1990s[13] while DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" had the Eugenics Wars in the 22nd century)

2063

The past events of Star Trek: First Contact. Zefram Cochrane makes the first human warp flight with the Phoenix. This attracts the Vulcans and they make first contact with humans.

c. 2065

The SS Valiant is launched.[1][21]

2067

The unmanned interstellar warp probe Friendship 1 is launched[22]

2069

The colony ship SS Conestoga is launched. It would found the Terra Nova colony.[23]

2079

Earth begins to recover from its nuclear war.[24] The recovery is aided and partially organized by a newly established political entity called the European Hegemony.[1]

2088

T'Pol is born

text: 22nd century[edit]

text:
2103

Earth colonizes Mars

2111

Jonathan Archer is born in upstate New York on Earth.[25]

2119

Zefram Cochrane, who now is residing on Alpha Centauri, sets off for parts unknown and disappears. Some thought he was testing a new engine. After an exhaustive search, it is believed that Cochrane has died. He becomes one of the most famous missing people in history.[26]

2129

Hoshi Sato is born.[25]

2142

Warp 2 Barrier broken by Commander Robinson in NX Alpha and Warp 2.5 achieved by Commander Archer in NX Beta

2145

Warp 3 Broken by Commander Duvall in NX Delta

2150

Keel laid for Enterprise (NX-01)

2151–2155

The events of Star Trek: Enterprise take place.[27]

2156–2160

The Earth-Romulan War is fought between United Earth and its allies, and the Romulan Star Empire. The war ends in a stalemate though the Romulans are defeated at the Battle of Cheron. The Romulan Neutral Zone is established.[1]

2161

The United Federation of Planets is founded by Earth, Tellar, Andoria, and Vulcan.[28][29]

2165

Sarek, Federation diplomat and father of Spock, is born on Vulcan.[30]

2160s to 2196

The Daedalus class starship is active.[31]

text: 23rd century[edit]

text:
2222

Montgomery Scott is born in Scotland.[32]

2226

Michael Burnham is born on Earth.[33]

2227

Leonard McCoy is born in Georgia, North America on Earth.[34]

2230

Spock, the son of Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, is born on Vulcan.[35]
Hikaru Sulu is born in San Francisco, North America on Earth.[36]

2233

James T. Kirk is born in Riverside, Iowa on Earth.[37]

2233 (alternate timeline)

James T. Kirk is born aboard a shuttlecraft from the USS Kelvin.
James T. Kirk's father, George Kirk, is killed.
Nyota Uhura is born in the United States of Africa.[38] This fits with the alternate timeline, unlike her alternate birth date of 2239, for the latter would suggest her only being nineteen in the film.

2241 (alternate timeline)

Pavel Chekov born in Russia on Earth

2245–2250

The USS Enterprise, a Constitution class vessel is launched under the command of Robert April, on a five-year mission of exploration.[1] In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, the Enterprise is still under construction in 2255 and is not launched on her maiden voyage until 2258.

2245

Pavel Chekov is born to Russian parents.[39] In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, Chekov is only eight years younger than James T. Kirk, implying a birthdate of 2241.[40]

2250

After a refit, the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on a second five-year mission under Captain Christopher Pike.[1]

2254

The events of "The Cage".[41]

2256

The events of Star Trek: Discovery take place.

2258 (alternate timeline)

The events of Star Trek take place. Nero destroys the planet Vulcan – killing billions, including Spock's mother – as well as 9 Federation starships. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on her maiden voyage under Captain Christopher Pike. James T. Kirk becomes the ship's new captain shortly afterward. Henceforth, a different timeline is required.

2259 (alternate timeline)

The events of Star Trek Into Darkness take place.

2260 (alternate timeline)

The Enterprise is launched on a historic five-year mission.

2263 (alternate timeline)

The events of Star Trek Beyond take place. The USS Enterprise is destroyed – The USS Enterprise-A is commissioned at Starbase Yorktown as its replacement.

2261–2264

The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) undergoes a major refit, increasing its crew complement from 203 to 430.[1]

2263

Boothby, groundskeeper and counselor at Starfleet Academy, is born.

2265–2270

James T. Kirk is captain of the starship Enterprise on a historic five-year mission.[1]

2265

The events of "Where No Man Has Gone Before".

2266–2269

The events of Star Trek: The Original Series take place.

2269-2270

The events of Star Trek: The Animated Series take place.

2270

The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) returns from its five-year mission under the command of Captain James T. Kirk and enters major refit while Kirk is promoted to Admiral at Starfleet Command.

2273

The events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture.

2273-2278

The upgraded USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) embarks on a five-year mission under the command of Admiral James T. Kirk.[1]

2279

Around this time the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is retired from active duty and assigned as a training vessel in orbit of Earth.[1]

2285

The events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
The events of Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is destroyed to prevent it from falling into Klingon hands.

2286

The events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home.
The newly refit USS Yorktown (NCC-1704) is renamed the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A) and is launched on its maiden voyage.

2287

The events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier. (Note that this film apparently takes place soon after the events of the fourth film, as evidenced by Scotty's complaints about repairing the ship after its shakedown cruise, which was depicted at the end of Star Trek IV. Star Trek V would then take place in early 2287, with the events of Star Trek IV spanning most of 2286, with several months passing after Kirk's return to the future to account for the preparation of the Enterprise-A and Gillian's training for her space assignment.)

2293

The events of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. The Enterprise-A is slated to be decommissioned shortly afterwards.
The opening events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-B) is launched under the command of John Harriman. James T. Kirk is presumed killed.

text: 24th century[edit]

text:
2305

Jean-Luc Picard is born in LaBarre, France on Earth.[42]

2311

The Tomed Incident.[1][43]

2324

Beverly Howard (Crusher) is born in Copernicus City, Luna.[42]

2332

Benjamin L. Sisko is born in New Orleans, Louisiana on Earth.[1]

2333

Jean-Luc Picard becomes captain of the USS Stargazer.[1]

2335

Geordi La Forge is born in the African Federation, Earth[42]
William T. Riker is born in Valdez, Alaska on Earth.[1]

2336

Deanna Troi is born on Betazed.[42]
Kathryn Janeway is born in Bloomington, Indiana on Earth.[citation needed]

2337

Tasha Yar is born in a failed Federation colony on Turkana IV.[1]

2340

Worf, son of Mogh, is born on the Klingon homeworld, Qo'noS.[1][44]

2341

Julian Bashir is born.[45]

2343

The Galaxy class development project is officially given the greenlight by Starfleet Command.[46]

2344

The Enterprise-C, under the command of Captain Rachel Garrett, is destroyed defending a Klingon settlement on Narendra III under attack from Romulans.[1][47]
Due to the Enterprise-C's sacrifice, a new era of more open communication begins between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, leading to a formalized alliance.

2345

Sela (half-romulan/half-human), daughter of Natasha Yar (alternate reality from "Yesterday's Enterprise") is born.

2346

Worf's parents are killed by Romulans in the Khitomer massacre. Worf (age 6) is adopted by human parents.[1][48]

2349

Annika Hansen is born in Tendara Colony, to Magnus and Erin Hansen.

2355

Magnus, Erin, and Annika Hansen are assimilated by the Borg while on a research mission in the Delta quadrant.

2357

Worf is the first Klingon to enter Starfleet Academy.[1]
USS Galaxy (NX-70637), the prototype Galaxy class is launched.[46]

2363

USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D), the third Galaxy class starship (Following the Galaxy and Yamato) is launched from the Utopia Planitia shipyards in Mars orbit (under the command of Jean-Luc Picard), and becomes the Federation's new flagship.

2364–2370

The events of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

2367

The Borg assimilate Captain Jean-Luc Picard – the Battle of Wolf 359 is fought 7.7 light years from Earth in Sector 001. The battle results in the loss of 39 Starfleet vessels and over 11,000 lives. Benjamin Sisko aboard the USS Saratoga was a participant in the battle and was one of the few survivors alongside his son Jake Sisko. With the task force lost, the Borg continue to Earth. Picard is rescued and the Borg cube is destroyed via the actions of the crew of the Enterprise-D.

2369–2375

The events of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

2371

The events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) is destroyed – the stardrive section by a warp core breach; the saucer section containing the crew makes a forced landing on Veridian III. The ship is subsequently declared a total loss. James T. Kirk reappears from the temporal continuum in which he had been since his disappearance in 2293; Kirk is killed on Veridian III (Kirk is resurrected a month later in a subsequent story).

2371–2378

The events of Star Trek: Voyager.
"Caretaker": the USS Voyager is stranded in the Delta Quadrant.

2372

Sovereign-class USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) launched under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard

2373

The events of Star Trek: First Contact. The Battle of Sector 001 occurs with a Starfleet Task Force engaging in a running battle with a Borg cube en-route to Earth. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) follows a Borg sphere through a temporal rift and events shift at that point to 2063.

2373–2375

The Dominion War is fought. After devastating losses on both sides, The Federation, alongside the Romulan and Klingon Empires in 2375 make a final push against the Dominion resulting in the Battle of Cardassia. The Dominion subsequently surrenders to the Federation. With the Klingon military in ruins, and the Cardassian Union shattered, The Federation and Romulan Empire emerge from the conflict as the only major powers with the influence to affect Alpha Quadrant politics.

2375

The events of Star Trek: Insurrection.[49] Dialogue in this film and in the DS9 finale "What You Leave Behind" place the chronology of this film as during that episode, after the final battle of the war but before the treaty signing ceremony. Most notable in the film is Worf's ability to leave the station to join the Enterprise, as well as a line about Federation diplomats being involved in Dominion negotiations, and the Federation's willingness to work with the Son'a, who are established as a Dominion ally during the war.

2378

With the help of a future Admiral Janeway, the USS Voyager returns to the Alpha Quadrant. ("Endgame")

2379

The events of Star Trek: Nemesis, resulting in the death of Lieutenant Commander Data.[50]
Discovery of previously unknown Android named "B-4", a prototype android similar in design to Lt. Commander Data but with a notably less advanced Positronic Network.

2387

A star in the Romulan Empire goes Supernova. Ambassador Spock attempts to counter the resulting shockwave using Red Matter, but is unable to save the planet Romulus from destruction. Spock and a Romulan ship commanded by Nero are dragged into a black hole created by the Red Matter detonation and arrive in the past. Nero's arrival in 2233 and subsequent attack on the USS Kelvin creates the Kelvin Timeline.
Based on pattern of Romulan empire following the Roman Empire the Romulan empire is split into a republic and an empire. The empire, being supported by the Tal Shiar continues with its non trusting nature and the republic opens dialogue with the federation.

2395

The "Future" in the Star Trek: The Next Generation series finale ("All Good Things...")

text: 26th century[edit]

text:
c. 2540–2550

The Starship Enterprise-J (presumably NCC 1701-J) is commissioned and takes part in the Battle of Procyon V against the Spherebuilders as shown in Enterprise episode "Azati Prime".

text: 27th century[edit]

text: Temporal Cold War (With agents from the 31st century) – First established in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Enterprise and recurring until the series' fourth season premiere, it is a struggle between those who would alter history to suit their own ends and those who would preserve the integrity of the original timeline.

text: 29th century[edit]

text: The Aeon-type timeship is in active service during this century, ("Future's End") as is the Wells-class timeship Relativity. ("Relativity")

text: 31st century[edit]

text: Star Trek: Voyager episode "Living Witness" takes place sometime during this century. By Star Trek's fictional chronology, this is the last episode of all the seven series.

text:
Episodes with time traveler Daniels from Enterprise

"Cold Front", "Shockwave", "Azati Prime"

text: History of the chronology[edit]

text: There have been several efforts to develop a chronology[51] for the events depicted by the Star Trek television series and its spin-offs. This matter has been complicated by the continued additions to the Star Trek canon, and the scarcity of Gregorian calendar dates given in the show (stardates instead being used).

text: Original series[edit]

text: There are few references setting the original series in an exact time frame, and those that exist are largely contradictory. In the episode, "Tomorrow Is Yesterday", a 1960s military officer says that he's going to lock Captain Kirk up "for two hundred years", to which a bemused Kirk says, "That ought to be just about right". Likewise, in the episode "Space Seed", it is said that the 1996 warlord Khan Noonian Singh is from "two centuries" ago. Both these references place the show in the 22nd century. However, in the episode "Miri", it is said that 1960 was around 300 years ago, pushing the show into the 23rd century. Finally, the episode "The Squire of Gothos" implied that the light cone of 19th century Earth has expanded to 900 light years, which seems to set the show in the 28th century, since light would take nine centuries to traverse that distance.

text: According to notes in The Making of Star Trek, the show is set in the 23rd century, and the Enterprise was supposed to be around 40 years old. Roddenberry says in this book that the stardate system was invented to avoid pinning down the show precisely in time frame.[52] Roddenberry's original pitch for the series dated it "'somewhere in the future. It could be 1995, or maybe even 2995".[53]

text: Early chronologies[edit]

text: The Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology and FASA, a publisher of the first licensed Star Trek role-playing game, chose to take the "Space Seed figure", adding a few years to make sure the events of the Original Series were in the 23rd century. This dating system is followed by other spin-off works in the 1980s, including Mr. Scott's Guide to the Enterprise. This timeline system gives the following dates[54][55]

text:
The sub-warp ship the UNSS Icarus makes first contact with Alpha Centauri in 2048, and there meets Zefrem Cochran [sic], who has invented warp drive.[54]
The first Earth warp ship, the Bonaventure makes its first voyage, to Tau Ceti, in 2059.[54]
The first contact with Vulcans is in 2065.[54]
The Federation is formed in 2087.[54]
The Romulan War occurs in the 2100s.[54]
First contact with the Klingon Empire in 2151.[54]
The first Constitution-class starship is launched in 2188.[54]
The USS Enterprise's five-year mission under Captain Kirk lasts from 2207 to 2212.[55]
The events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture occur in 2217.[55]
The events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan occur around 2222 (dialogue in the film says it is set "fifteen years" after the Season One episode "Space Seed").
The events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home occur on September 21, 2222.[55]

text: The Star Fleet Battles game was published in 1979, with a license only covering the original series. It has since diverged into an entirely separate fictional universe, new additions to which continue to be published. It does not tie into the Gregorian calendar, instead using a "Year 1" of the invention of Warp on earth. Its version of the original series backstory is

text:
Y1 – Warp drive is developed on Earth.
Y4 – Federation is formed by Earth, Vulcan, Andoria, Alpha Centauri.
Y40-Y46 – Romulan War.
Y71 – Starfleet is formed.
Y126 – The Constitution-class is launched (an upgrade from the Republic-class).
Y154–159 – The events of the Original Series.

text: See Star Fleet Universe timeline.

text: TNG era and Okuda[edit]

text: Press materials for The Next Generation suggested it was set in the 24th century, seventy-eight years after the existing Star Trek, although the exact time frame had not yet been set in stone. The pilot had dialogue stating Data was part of the Starfleet "class of '78".[56] The pilot episode, "Encounter at Farpoint", also has a cameo appearance by Leonard "Bones" McCoy, who is said to be 137.

text: In the last episode of the first season, the year is firmly established by Data, as 2364.[56] This marked the first time an explicit future calendar date had been attached to a Star Trek storyline, and allowed fans and writers to extrapolate further dates. For example, the established date implies McCoy was born around 2227, ruling out the Spaceflight Chronology-derived dating of the original series to the early 23rd century (though the dating had already been effectively overruled by Star Trek IV, which primarily takes place in 1986, where Kirk tells Gillian Taylor that he is from the late 23rd Century, though he does not give an exact date).

text: A Star Trek Chronology was published in 1993, written by production staff members Denise Okuda and Michael Okuda.[57] A second edition was issued in 1996.[1] Okuda originally drew up a timeline for internal use by writers, based on his own research and assumptions provided by Richard Arnold. The dates in the Chronology are consistent with the earlier Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual.[46]

text: It gives the following dates:

text:
Zephram Cochrane invents warp drive around 2061 (so that the SS Valiant can be constructed and go missing two hundred years before "Where No Man Has Gone Before", dated to 2265; the first edition gives 2061, the second edition moves this to 2063 per Star Trek: First Contact)
the Romulan War takes place in the 2150s (about a hundred years before "Balance of Terror")
the Federation is formed in 2161, after the Romulan War, on the basis that "Balance of Terror" says that it was an Earth-Romulan war, not a Federation-Romulan War
the first Constitution class starship is launched in 2244, followed by the Enterprise in 2245
Kirk's five-year mission lasts from 2264 to 2269, based on the assumption that the original series is set exactly 300 years after its original broadcast.

aired live-action Star Trek episodes are dated from 2266 to 2269. The chronology does not include the events of Star Trek: The Animated Series. This is in keeping also with Gene Roddenberry's concept (discussed in The Making of Star Trek by Roddenberry and Stephen Whitfield) that Star Trek's first season takes place after the mission has been under way for some time.
An episode of Voyager—"Q2"—, aired after the Chronology was published, established that Kirk's five-year mission actually ended in 2270.

the events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture take place in 2271 (Kirk has been Chief of Starfleet Operations for two-and-a-half years, according to dialog from Kirk and Decker)

The "Q2" dating for Kirk's five-year mission, moves the first film to c. 2273.

Numerous sources, including the Chronology, postulate a second five-year mission under now-Admiral Kirk's command began soon after the events of the first movie; in part this is to take into account the unproduced revival series Star Trek: Phase II.
the events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock take place in 2285

The Wrath of Khan is a sequel to the episode "Space Seed", which Okuda dates to 2267. In Okuda's timeline there is a gap of eighteen years rather than the fifteen years established in dialog. The film was released in 1982, fifteen years after the episode's broadcast in 1967. The film begins on Kirk's birthday, which is semi-canonically established as March 22, the same as William Shatner.

the events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home take place in 2286

This places Star Trek III in late 2285, as Kirk states in his log that the Enterprise crew has been on Vulcan for "three months" since bringing Spock home

the events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier take place in 2287
the events Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country take place in 2293, based on McCoy's statement that he had served on the Enterprise for 27 years, and his absence in "Where No Man Has Gone Before"
The Kirk-era part of Star Trek Generations is set 78 years before 2371 (established by way of an on-screen caption), thus is set in 2293 and soon after Star Trek VI

text: The gap between 1986's Star Trek IV: the Voyage Home (2286) and the 1987 first season of The Next Generation (2364) is 78 years by this timeline, matching early press materials.

text: There was a gap of 10 years between the broadcast of the last episode of Star Trek: The Original Series and the release of The Motion Picture. The film skirted round the fact the actors had aged, supposing that only two and a half years had passed since the events of the TV show. For Star Trek II, it was decided to acknowledge the reality of the ageing actors, both by setting the film some 15 years after "Space Seed", and by having Kirk worry about getting old.[58]

text: Within The Next Generation era, episodes and films are easier to date. Stardates correspond exactly with seasons, with the first two digits of the stardate representing the season number. Okuda assumes the start of a season is January 1 and the end of the season is December 31.[1] The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager television series and movies have roughly followed "real time", and are set around 377 years after their release.

text: Since the Chronology was published, it has been generally adhered to by the producers of the show. The film Star Trek: First Contact and prequel series Star Trek: Enterprise both revisit the early era. In First Contact, Zephram Cochrane is confirmed as having invented warp drive on Earth, but the date is moved forward slightly to 2063, and it is revealed that Earth's official first contact with an alien species, the Vulcans, took place immediately afterwards as a result of this.

text: The dating of the final season of Star Trek: Voyager has presented controversy. The standard assumption about stardates, as well as the regular correspondence between seasons and in-universe years, would place the entire season in the year 2377—the season begins with stardate 54014.4 and ends with 54973.4. However, the episode "Homestead" features a celebration of the 315th anniversary of Zefram Cochrane's first contact with the Vulcans, which would set the episode on April 5, 2378. The fansite Memory Alpha thus places the final eight episodes of the season ("Human Error" through "Endgame") in 2378, with other sources following suit.

text: Enterprise is set in the 2150s, and ties into the Cochrane backstory. The show uses the Gregorian calendar instead of Stardates, making tracking the dating easier. Its pilot, "Broken Bow", depicts first contact with the Klingons occurring much earlier than the Okuda chronology anticipated (it suggested a date of 2218, based on a line in "Day of the Dove", noting that dialog in "First Contact" makes this problematic – though the actual line in the episode referred to hostilities between the two, and in Enterprise Human-Klingon relations, while by no means friendly, clearly do not rise to the de facto state of war shown in TOS). It shows the opening of the Romulan war and the start of a coalition between Earth, Vulcan, Andor and Tellar in the 2150s. The date of the founding year of the Federation, 2161, was revealed in the fifth-season TNG episode "The Outcast," based on an early draft of the Okuda timeline. The final episode of Enterprise, "These Are the Voyages...", is consistent with the establishment of 2161 as the founding year for the Federation.

text: No version of the Chronology or the Encyclopedia has been published since 1999. A 2006 book by Jeff Ayers contains a timeline which attempts to date all of the many Star Trek novels.[59] This timeline has The Motion Picture in 2273, to account for the two-and-a-half-year gap between the end-date of 2270 established in "Q2" and the events of the movie. The official website, StarTrek.com, still gives the date of that movie as 2271.[60]

text: Eugenics Wars and World War III[edit]

text: When the original series of Star Trek was produced, the 1990s were considered the distant future, and so various elements of the backstory to Star Trek are set in that era, particularly the Eugenics Wars. The references to the Eugenics Wars and to a nuclear war in the 21st century are somewhat contradictory.

text: The episode "Space Seed" establishes the Eugenics Wars, and has them lasting from 1992 to 1996. The Eugenics Wars are described as a global conflict in which the progeny of a human genetic engineering project, most notably Khan Noonien Singh, established themselves as supermen and attempted world domination. Spock calls them "your last so-called World War," and McCoy identifies this with the Eugenics Wars.

text: In the episode "Bread and Circuses" Spock gives a death toll for World War III of 37 million. The episode "The Savage Curtain" features a Colonel Green, who led a genocidal war in the 21st century. The TNG episode "Encounter at Farpoint" further establishes a "post-atomic horror" on Earth in 2079. However, the movie Star Trek: First Contact put the contact between Vulcans and humans at April 5, 2063.

text: The Star Trek Concordance identifies the "Bread and Circuses" figure as the death toll for a nuclear World War III, in the mid-21st century. Star Trek: First Contact firmly establishes World War III ended, after a nuclear exchange, in 2053, but with a body count of 600 million. The figure of Colonel Green is elaborated on in Star Trek: Enterprise. First Contact also deliberately describes the warring parties in World War III as "factions," not nations per se.

text: The Voyager episode "Future's End" saw the Voyager crew time-travel to Los Angeles in 1996, which, as the Encyclopedia notes, seems entirely unaffected by the Eugenics Wars, which ended that year. The episode acknowledges the issue only by featuring a model of Khan's DY-100-class ship on a 1996 desk.[61] Khan's spaceship is another anomaly for the timeline, which has a variety of long-lost spaceships being launched between 1980 and 2100, with inconsistent levels of technology (caused by the increasing real lifetime and also decreased optimism about the pace of space exploration).

text: A reference in the Deep Space Nine episode "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" suggests that the Eugenic Wars instead took place in the 22nd century. According to writer Ronald D. Moore, this was not an attempt at a retcon, but a mistake – when writing the episode, he recalled the already questionable "two centuries ago" line from "Space Seed" and forgot that DS9 takes place over 100 years later.[62]

text: Season 4 of Star Trek: Enterprise involves a trilogy of episodes ("Borderland" "Cold Station 12", and "The Augments") related to scientist Doctor Arik Soong, ancestor of Doctor Noonien Soong, and his genetic augmentations of Humans. Numerous historical details of the devastating Eugenics Wars are discussed: the death of 35–37 million people; how Earth's governments could not decide on the fate of the 1,800 genetically enhanced embryos; and how Soong had infiltrated the complex and stolen and raised 19 embryos himself. Soong maintained that he himself and humanity in general had learned the lessons of the Eugenics Wars and should not continue to hide behind those events when there was progress to be made now that the technology had matured and was much more practicable. (The actions of his "children" convince him otherwise, and at the end of "The Augments" Soong declares his interest in cybernetics, beginning the work which would one day bring about Data.)

text: Greg Cox's two-book series The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh develops the idea of the Eugenics Wars in the context of real-life history by representing it as a secret history, and that the truth behind the various civil wars and conflicts in the 1990s was not generally known; ironically, Los Angeles, whose appearance in "Future's End" helped bring the war's existence into question, is portrayed as an EW "battlefront", the Rodney King riots being one such calamity.

text: Cochrane[edit]

text: In the episode "Metamorphosis", it is stated that Zefram Cochrane of Alpha Centauri, the discoverer of the space warp, disappeared 150 years ago, at the age of 87. Given Okuda's date of 2267 for that episode, this puts Cochrane's disappearance in 2117 and birth in 2030. 1980s spin-off material such as the Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology posit that Cochrane was from Alpha Centauri originally, and that a sub-warp ship the UNSS Icarus arrived at Alpha Centauri in 2048 to find he had discovered the theory behind warp drive. The Icarus then relayed its findings back to Earth, the first prototype warp ship was launched in 2055.

text: The Star Trek Chronology does not hold with this theory, and asserts that Cochrane was an Earth native, who moved to Alpha Centauri later in life (even in "Metamorphosis", before Cochrane identifying himself to the landing party, Dr. McCoy had taken a tricorder scan and determined him to be human). The first edition Chronology notes that Cochrane's invention of warp drive must have been at least 200 years before "Where No Man Has Gone Before", and suggests a date of 2061, noting that Cochrane would be 31 that year.

text: The film Star Trek: First Contact prominently features Cochrane's first successful warp flight. The film is set in 2063, two years after the Chronology suggestions, and therefore by the timeline Cochrane is 33. The actor who played Cochrane in that movie, James Cromwell, was 56 at the time of the film's release. The Encyclopedia notes the age issue, and claims that the Cromwell Cochrane had suffered from radiation poisoning, causing his aged appearance. Enterprise pins down Cochrane's disappearance to 2119, making Cochrane instead 31 at the time of First Contact.


document_title: Lucha Underground (season 2)

question_text: when does rey mysterio appear on lucha underground

text: Lucha Underground (season 2)

text: Plot overview[edit]

text: At the beginning of season two, Lucha Underground Temple owner Dario Cueto (Luis Fernandez-Gil) has been absent from the Temple since the end of season 1 and Catrina (Karlee Perez) has taken charge of the temple, leaving it a "much darker place" as Matt Striker comments during the opening scene. Under her management Lucha Underground Champion Mil Muertes (Gilbert Cosme) and Lucha Underground Trios Champions the Disciples of Death control the operation. In their quest to control everything Catrina hires King Cuerno to take the Gift of the Gods Championship from Fénix. Fénix defeated Mil Muertes to win the championship, only for Catrina to force him to defend the title during Aztec Warfare II. During the match Cueto returns to the temple, unleashing his brother Matanza on the temple, winning the Lucha Underground Championship in the process. Over the next few weeks, running alongside a tournament for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship, The Monster Matanza Cueto would go on to easily dispatch top technicos in the promotion like Pentagon Jr. and Fenix.[2] Matanza's first real challenge came in the form of the former Lucha Underground Champion Mil Muertes. In their initial encounter, Mil Muertes delivered his finisher, the flatliner, to the Monster which sent both monsters through the roof of Dario Cueto's office. This put both monsters out of commission for several weeks and gave the crowd something that's rare in Lucha Underground, a no-contest finish.[3]

text: Cast and crew[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Taped date
Original air date

2
1
"A Much Darker Place"
000000002015-11-14-0000November 14, 2015
January 27, 2016 (2016-01-27)

No.
Results[4][5]
Stipulations

1
King Cuerno defeated Fénix (c)
Singles match for the Gift of the Gods Championship

2
Ivelisse defeated Angélico and Son of Havoc
Three-way match for a shot at the Lucha Underground Championship

3
Mil Muertes (c) (with Catrina) defeated Ivelisse
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
2
"The Dark and the Mysterious"
000000002015-11-14-0000November 14, 2015
February 3, 2016 (2016-02-03)

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Johnny Mundo defeated Killshot
Singles match

2
The Mack defeated PJ Black
Singles match

3
Prince Puma and Pentagón Jr. defeated The Disciples of Death (Barrio Negro, El Sinestro de la Muerte and Trece)
Two-on-three handicap match

2
3
"The Hunt is On..."
000000002015-11-15-0000November 15, 2015
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Kobra Moon defeated Bengala
Singles match

2
Jack Evans defeated Drago
Singles match

3
Fénix defeated King Cuerno
Last Luchador Standing match

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
4
"Cero Miedo"
000000002015-11-15-0000November 15, 2015
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Angélico, Ivelisse and Son of Havoc defeated Chavo Guerrero Jr., Mr. Cisco and Cortez Castro
Trios match

2
Cage defeated Joey Ryan
Singles match

3
Prince Puma defeated Pentagón Jr.
Singles match

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
5
"The Machine"
000000002015-11-21-0000November 21, 2015
February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Jack Evans defeated PJ Black
Singles match

2
King Cuerno (c) defeated Killshot
Singles match for the Gift of the Gods Championship

3
Chavo Guerrero Jr., Cortez Castro and Mr. Cisco defeated Texano
No disqualification 3-on-1 elimination match

4
Johnny Mundo defeated Cage
Singles match

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
6
"Gift of the Gods Ladder Match"
000000002015-11-21-0000November 21, 2015
March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Kobra Moon defeated Sexy Star
Singles match

2
Pentagón Jr. defeated Prince Puma by disqualification
Singles match

3
Fénix defeated King Cuerno (c)
Ladder match for the Gift of the Gods Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
7
"Death Comes In Threes"
000000002015-11-22-0000November 22, 2015
March 9, 2016 (2016-03-09)

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Marty Martinez defeated The Mack
Singles match

2
Cage defeated Taya
Boyle Heights Street Fight

3
Mil Muertes (c) defeated Prince Puma and Pentagón Jr.
Three-way match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
8
"Life After Death"
000000002015-11-22-0000November 22, 2015
March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16)

This episode was dedicated to Eiji "Hayabusa" Ezaki.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Angélico, Ivelisse and Son of Havoc defeated The Disciples of Death (Barrio Negro, El Sinestro de la Muerte and Trece) (c)
Trios match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship

2
Texano defeated Chavo Guerrero Jr.
Bullrope match

3
Fénix defeated Mil Muertes (c)
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
9
"Aztec Warfare II"
000000002015-12-12-0000December 12, 2015
March 23, 2016 (2016-03-23)

Following his championship victory the previous week Fénix is forced to defend the championship against 19 other wrestlers by order of Catrina. Fénix is forced to enter the match first, while Mil Muertes would be the last to enter the match. The entire show focuses on the match and included the in ring debut of Rey Mysterio and El Dragon Azteca Jr. After Mil Muertes enters the match as the 20th man Dario Cueto makes his return to the Temple, announcing that his brother Matanza Cueto was the 21st competitor in the match. Prince Puma and Rey Mysterio eliminated Mil Muertes, followed by Matanza eliminating the remaining nine wrestlers to win the championship.[6]

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Matanza Cueto last eliminated Rey Mysterio to win
Aztec Warfare for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
10
"El Jefe is Back"
000000002015-12-12-0000December 12, 2015
March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)

This episode features the musical guest by Chingon.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Cortez Castro and Mr. Cisco defeated Johnny Mundo and Taya
Tag team match

2
Angélico, Ivelisse, and Son of Havoc (c) defeated The Disciples of Death (Barrio Negro, El Sinestro de la Muerte and Trece)
Trios elimination match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship

3
Mariposa defeated Sexy Star
Singles match

4
Matanza Cueto (c) defeated Pentagón Jr.
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
11
"Bird of War"
000000002015-12-13-0000December 13, 2015
April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Ivelisse defeated Kobra Moon
Singles match

2
Cortez Castro, Mr. Cisco, and Joey Ryan defeated Marty Martinez, Mariposa, and The Mack
First round in the Lucha Underground Trios Championship Tournament

3
Matanza Cueto (c) defeated Fénix
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
12
"Three's a Crowd"
000000002015-12-13-0000December 13, 2015
April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Killshot defeated Argenis
Singles match

2
Texano defeated Daga
Singles match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

3
El Dragon Azteca Jr., Prince Puma, and Rey Mysterio defeated Johnny Mundo, Taya, and Cage
First round in the Lucha Underground Trios Championship Tournament

2
13
"Monster meets Monster"
000000002015-12-13-0000December 13, 2015
April 20, 2016 (2016-04-20)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Aero Star defeated Drago
Singles match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

2
Fenix, PJ Black, and Jack Evans defeated The Disciples of Death (Barrio Negro, El Sinestro de la Muerte, and Trece)
First round in the Lucha Underground Trios Championship Tournament

3
Matanza Cueto (c) (with Dario Cueto) vs. Mil Muertes (with Catrina) ended in a no contest
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
14
"Cage in a Cage"
000000002015-12-13-0000December 13, 2015
April 27, 2016 (2016-04-27)

This episode features the musical guest by Bang Data.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Cage defeated Johnny Mundo (with Taya Valkyrie)
Steel Cage match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

2
Rey Mysterio, El Dragon Azteca, Jr. and Prince Puma defeated Angélico, Ivelisse and Son of Havoc (c), Joey Ryan and The Crew (Mr. Cisco and Cortez Castro), and Fenix, PJ Black, and Jack Evans
Fatal Four-Way Tag Team Elimination match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship
Finals in the Lucha Underground Trios Championship Tournament

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
15
"No Mas"
000000002015-12-13-0000December 13, 2015
May 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)

This episode features the musical guest by Bang Data. Also, Sexy Star vs Mariposa in the promotion's first-ever "I Quit" match.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
The Mack defeated Marty Martinez
Singles match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

2
El Sinestro De La Muerte (with Catrina) defeated King Cuerno
Singles match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

3
Cage defeated Mascarita Sagrada (with Famous B)
Singles match

4
Sexy Star defeated Mariposa
"No Mas" match for a Golden Aztec Medallion.

2
16
"Graver Consequences"
000000002015-12-13-0000December 13, 2015
May 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Joey Ryan defeated Cortez Castro and Mr. Cisco
Triple Threat match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

2
Rey Mysterio, El Dragon Azteca, Jr. and Prince Puma (c) defeated Son of Havoc, Ivelisse and Johnny Mundo
Trios match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship

3
Matanza Cueto (c) (with Dario Cueto) defeated Mil Muertes (with Catrina)
Casket match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
17
"Crime & Punishment"
000000002016-01-10-0000January 10, 2016
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Daga defeated Argenis, Kobra Moon, and Mascarita Sagrada (with Famous B and The Beautiful Brenda)
Fatal Four-Way

2
Killshot defeated Marty Martinez
Singles match

3
Chavo Guerrero Jr. defeated Aero Star, El Sinestro de la Muerte, Joey Ryan, Sexy Star, Texano, and The Mack
Seven-way match for the vacant Lucha Underground Gift of the Gods Championship

2
18
"Enter The Mundo"
000000002016-01-17-0000January 17, 2016
May 25, 2016 (2016-05-25)

This episode features the musical guest by Voodoo Glow Skulls.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Joey Ryan defeated Mascarita Sagrada (with Famous B and The Beautiful Brenda)
Singles match

2
Cage defeated Chavo Guerrero Jr. (c)
Singles match for the Gift of the Gods Championship

3
Worldwide Underground (Jack Evans, Johnny Mundo and PJ Black) defeated Rey Mysterio, El Dragon Azteca, Jr. and Prince Puma (c)
Trios match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
19
"Judgement Day"
000000002016-01-17-0000January 17, 2016
June 1, 2016 (2016-06-01)

This episode features the musical guest by Voodoo Glow Skulls.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Son of Havoc defeated Daga
Singles match

2
Worldwide Underground (Jack Evans, Johnny Mundo and PJ Black) (c) defeated Rey Mysterio, El Dragon Azteca, Jr. and Prince Puma
Trios match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship

3
Matanza Cueto (c) (with Dario Cueto) defeated Cage
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

2
20
"The Contenders"
000000002016-01-16-0000January 16, 2016
June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08)

This episode features the musical guest by Voodoo Glow Skulls.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Killshot and Marty Martinez fought to a double countout
Singles match

2
Aero Star and Drago defeated Jack Evans and PJ Black
Nunchuck Tag Team match

3
Fenix, Ivelisse, Johnny Mundo, King Cuerno, Pentagón Jr. and Taya defeated Rey Mysterio, Prince Puma, Sexy Star, Son of Havoc, Texano and The Mack
Twelve Person Tag Team match

2
21
"Six To Survive"
000000002016-01-16-0000January 16, 2016
June 15, 2016 (2016-06-15)

This episode features the musical guest by Voodoo Glow Skulls.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Pentagón Jr. defeated Fénix, Ivelisse, Johnny Mundo, King Cuerno and Taya
Six Way Elimination Match to determine the #1 contender for the Lucha Underground Championship

2
22
"Fame And Fortune"
000000002016-01-17-0000January 17, 2016
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

This episode features the musical guest by Voodoo Glow Skulls.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Daga defeated Mascarita Sagrada (with Famous B and The Beautiful Brenda)
Singles match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

2
El Sinestro de la Muerte, Killshot and Marty Martinez defeated Joey Ryan and The Crew (Mr. Cisco and Cortez Castro)
Trios match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

3
Sexy Star and Mariposa defeated Ivelisse and Taya
Tag team match for a Golden Aztec Medallion

2
23
"The Phoenix, the Dragon, and the Spaceman"
000000002016-01-17-0000January 17, 2016
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
King Cuerno defeated Mil Muertes (with Catrina)
Singles match

2
Prince Puma defeated El Dragon Azteca Jr. (with Rey Mysterio)
Singles match

3
Johnny Mundo (with Taya) defeated Fénix
Singles match

2
24
"Ultima Lucha Dos Part 1"
000000002016-01-30-0000January 30, 2016
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
The Mack defeated Cage
Falls Count Anywhere Semifinal match in "The Tournament 4 a Unique Opportunity"

2
Son of Havoc defeated Texano
Bar Fight Semifinal in "The Tournament 4 a Unique Opportunity"

3
Son of Havoc defeated The Mack
Falls Count Anywhere Final match in "The Tournament 4 a Unique Opportunity"

4
Dr. Wagner Jr. (with Famous B and The Beautiful Brenda) defeated Son of Havoc
Singles match for Son of Havoc's Unique Opportunity

2
25
"Ultima Lucha Dos Part 2"
000000002016-01-31-0000January 31, 2016
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Sexy Star defeated Marty "The Moth" Martinez, Mariposa, Killshot, Night Claw, Daga and Sinestro de la Muerte
Seven-way Elimination match for the Gift of the Gods Championship

2
Mil Muertes defeated King Cuerno
Death match

2
26
"Ultima Lucha Dos Part 3"
000000002016-01-31-0000January 31, 2016
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)

This episode features the musical guest by El Conjunto Nueva Ola.

No.
Results
Stipulations

1
Aero Star, Drago and Fénix defeated Worldwide Underground (Jack Evans, Johnny Mundo and PJ Black) (c)
Trios match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship

2
El Dragon Azteca Jr. vs. Black Lotus ended in a no contest
Singles match

3
Matanza Cueto (c) (with Dario Cueto) defeated Pentagón Dark
Singles match for the Lucha Underground Championship

4
Taya defeated Ivelisse
Singles match

5
Rey Mysterio defeated Prince Puma
Singles match

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Lucha Underground's second season has received a mixed reception critically compared to the first, with more fans and professional wrestling media outlets aware of the product in its sophomore season. Loyal Lucha Underground fans have commended its storytelling and match quality, as well as its portrayal of women's wrestling, which some consider to be revolutionary while others remain uncomfortable with the concept of women wrestling men (particularly when the male opponent is a much larger and more powerful fighter, cf., Taya vs Cage)[7] At Prowrestling.net, journalists Will Pruett and John Moore who were huge proponents of Lucha Underground's initial direction have criticized the second part of Season 2 as being both deflating and unorganized. Will Pruett in particular has stated that "Where Lucha Underground failed in 2016 was their storytelling. They didn’t support these great matches and moments wrestlers created in The Temple. They didn’t honor the experiences they wanted fans to have. The structure of the show felt fragmented, with far fewer episodes naturally leading into the next."[8] PwTorch.com contributor Joel Dehnel has praised Lucha Underground for being "capable of doing some really great things" but "They are going to the well too many times in these matches with having no rules and high spots in the crowd that ultimately lead to nothing." He also stated that "they have gotten away far too many times with stories that make no sense and matches that are about entertaining the fans instead of telling a great story through visuals."[9]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Episode
First run viewership
Repeat viewership
Change from previous
Ref(s)

s2e1
130,000
105,000
n/a
[10]

s2e2
125,000
76,000
-6%
[11]

s2e3
136,000
81,000
+8%
[12]

s2e4
152,000
52,000
+6%
[13]

s2e5
99,000
62,000
-21%
[14]

s2e6
124,000
63,000
+16%
[15]

s2e7
95,000
41,000
-27%
[16]

s2e8
100,000
57,000
+15%
[17]

s2e9
163,000
69,000
+48%
[18]

s2e10
159,000
63,000
-4%
[19]

s2e11
156,000
78,000
+5%
[20]

s2e12
139,000
66,000
-12%
[21]

s2e13
149,000
49,000
-3%
[22]

s2e14
107,000
52,000
-20%
[23]

s2e15
138,000
42,000
+12%
[24]

s2e16
96,000
42,000
-2%
[25]

s2e17
127,000
37,000
-7%
[26]

s2e18
114,000
68,000
+11%
[27]

s2e19
111,000
40,000
-17%
[28]

s2e20
85,000
61,000
-3%
[29]

s2e21
89,000
39,000
-12%
[30]

s2e22
104,000
62,000
+30%
[31]

s2e23
116,000
103,000
+32%
[32]

s2e24
104,000
39,000
-35%
[33]

s2e25
108,000
56,000
+14.7%
[34]

s2e26
180,000
43,000
+8%
[35]


document_title: The Zookeeper's Wife (film)

question_text: where was the zookeeper's wife movie filmed

question_tokens: where was the zookeeper 's wife movie filmed

text: The Zookeeper's Wife (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dr. Jan Żabiński (Johan Heldenbergh) is the director of the Warsaw Zoo, one of the largest and most prolific zoos in 1930s Europe. He is aided by his wife, Antonina (Jessica Chastain).

text: On September 1, 1939, the aerial bombardment of Warsaw commences as German forces storm Poland. Bombs raze the zoo cages, killing many animals while others escape into the streets. Antonina and her son Ryszard (Timothy Radford and later, Val Maloku) barely survive. As Polish resistance collapses, Dr. Lutz Heck (Daniel Brühl), the head of the Berlin Zoo and Adolf Hitler's chief zoologist and Jan's professional rival, arrives at the zoo when Jan is away. He offers to house the prized animals and return them to Warsaw after the war. Heck later returns with Nazi soldiers to shoot the remaining animals. It becomes evident that Heck has developed a romantic interest in Antonina.

text: Warsaw undergoes a monstrous upheaval as Jews are herded into the Ghetto. Two of the Zabinskis' Jewish friends, Maurycy Fraenkel (Iddo Goldberg) and his partner Magda Gross (Efrat Dor), seek a safe place for another friend's notable insect collection. Antonina makes an unusual offer to shelter Magda in an attic closet. Knowing they can be executed for helping Jews, Jan and Anatonia decide to use the zoo to save other lives.

text: Jan and Antonina seek out Heck at his Warsaw headquarters to propose turning the abandoned zoo into a pig farm to help feed the German occupying forces. Secretly, they hope to bring food to Jews in the Ghetto. Heck needs a new site for his experiments, recreating Aurochs, an extinct cattle breed, as a symbol of the Reich.[Note 2]  He agrees to the pig farm idea.

text: As Jan collects garbage scraps from the Ghetto to feed the pigs, he sees starving Jews. He secretly begins working with the Underground Army to transport Jews from the Ghetto to safehouses throughout the country. Jews are sneaked into the zoo and hidden in animal cages, tunnels, and inside the Zabinski house. After some trepidation, Antonina agrees to help and uses her ability to soothe frightened animals to comfort the terrified people.

text: The Żabińskis continue smuggling Jews out of the Ghetto, hiding them in the zoo or disguising them as Aryans and taking them to safehouses. However, in 1942, the Germans begin deporting Jews to the death camps. Jan is devastated that young children are being taken to the camps, but he has no choice but to help load them into the cattle cars under the German's watch.

text: In 1943, two women rescued by Jan and disguised as Aryans by Antonina are arrested and executed in a Warsaw street. Several months later, after a failed uprising, the Germans announce their intention to liquidate the Ghetto. It will happen on Hitler's birthday, which also falls on the first night of Passover. While the Jews mournfully celebrate a secret Passover Seder hidden inside the zoo, the Germans burn the Ghetto, killing those left inside.

text: Several months later, Antonina gives birth to a baby girl, whom Ryszard names Teresa. As Heck's attraction to Antonina intensifies, she struggles to fend him off while guarding the secret "guests." Jan participates in the Warsaw uprising and is shot and captured. Antonina is given no information as to his whereabouts and fears he is dead.

text: In January 1945, with the Soviet troops forcing the Germans to retreat, the enemy begins evacuating Warsaw. Antonina seeks Heck's help to find Jan, but he refuses, and accuses her of resistance activity. Heck attacks Antonina in a sexual rage. She confesses that he repulses her, and he realizes she had duped him. Antonina returns to the zoo and warns her guests who escape. Magda takes baby Teresa with her as Antonina hides Ryszard in the basement, knowing Heck will return. Heck arrives in a fury with his men, barging into the villa's basement and discovering the secret drawings on the walls: yellow Stars of David and dates, and images of hidden Jewish guests drawn with animal faces.

text: Enraged, Heck threatens to shoot Ryszard. Antonina begs Heck to spare Ryszard but he drags him away. A shot rings out off-screen and Antonina, devastated, collapses. Ryszard suddenly returns, the victim of Heck's cruel hoax. Heck leaves the zoo for good, and Antonina and Ryszard join the march out of Warsaw, taking along the rabbit and one of Heck's test subjects, a young bison. As they leave their home and the city is liberated, they release the bison into the woods.

text: Four months after the Nazi surrender, Warsaw begins rebuilding. Antonina, Ryszard and baby Teresa return. The zoo is extensively damaged but still standing. Jerzyk, their loyal zookeeper, greets them, and they begin rebuilding the zoo. Jan later returns home, having survived a prison camp.

text: In the film's final moment, the Żabińskis paint Stars of David on all the cages in the zoo.

text: The Postscript tells us that the Zabinskis saved 300 people. Lutz Heck returned to Berlin, where his zoo was destroyed by Allied bombings. His efforts to recreate extinct aurochs failed. The Żabińskis were eventually recognized by Israel (Yad Vashem) for their righteous acts and defiance against the Germans.[11] The Zabinskis rebuilt their zoo and the Warsaw Zoo remains open to this day.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jessica Chastain as Antonina Żabińska
Johan Heldenbergh as Jan Żabiński
Daniel Brühl as Lutz Heck
Michael McElhatton as Jerzyk
Iddo Goldberg as Maurycy Fraenkel
Efrat Dor as Magda Gross
Shira Haas as Urszula
Val Maloku as Ryszard Żabiński
Timothy Radford as Young Ryszard Żabiński
Martha Issová as Regina Kenigswein
Goran Kostić as Mr. Kinszerbaum
Arnošt Goldflam as Janusz Korczak

text: Historical context[edit]

text: The Zookeeper's Wife is based on Diane Ackerman's non-fiction book of the same name, which relied heavily on the diaries of Antonina Żabińska, published in Poland as Ludzie i zwierzęta (translated as: People and Animals) (1968). In key aspects of historical context, the screenplay follows the story of Antonina and her husband, Jan, closely. Both worked at the Warsaw Zoo. Antonina helped her husband who was the director of the zoo. Animals were part of their family's life, and the devastation that resulted from the attack on Warsaw and the subsequent pillaging of the zoo is well documented. The actions of Lutz Heck and his animal breeding experiments were also a matter of historical record, although the intimate relationship of the protagonist, Antonina and the antagonist, Heck, is exaggerated. However, the defiance of Nazi occupation and ultimately, the rescue of over 300 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto were depicted accurately. The contributions and participation of the Żabinski children, Ryszard and Teresa (credited as Theresa in the film) were also notable.[6]

text: Production[edit]

text: In September 2010, it was announced that Angela Workman was adapting Diane Ackerman's non-fiction book, The Zookeeper's Wife.[12] On April 30, 2013, Jessica Chastain was attached to play the titular role as Antonina Żabińska, while Niki Caro signed on to direct the film.[13] On August 24, 2015, Focus Features acquired the US rights to the film, and Daniel Brühl and Johan Heldenbergh signed on to star in it.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began with the animals on September 9, 2015, and principal photography with the actors began on September 29, 2015, in Prague, Czech Republic.[15][16] Suzie Davies served as the production designer, Andrij Parekh as the director of photography, and Bina Daigeler as the costume designer.[17] Filming ended on November 29, 2015.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Zookeeper's Wife had its world premiere on March 8, 2017 in Warsaw, Poland, and its US premiere at the Cinequest Film Festival on March 12, 2017.[19] The film was released in the United States on March 31, 2017 and was released in the United Kingdom on April 21, 2017.[20] It premiered in Spain at the Barcelona-Sant Jordi International Film Festival on April 22, 2017.[21] It also premiered in France at the 43rd Deauville Film Festival on September 7, 2017.[22]

text: A special screening was held at the US Holocaust Museum in Washington DC on March 22, 2017, with a panel discussion including speakers Diane Ackerman, Jessica Chastain, Niki Caro and Angela Workman.[23][24] Prior to the film's release, Focus Features partnered with the International Rescue Committee to screen the film in cities across the country, including a special screening at the Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, California, and a special screening in New York City, with a panel of speakers which included Chastain, Caro and Workman. The New York screening occurred on behalf of the Anne Frank Center for Mutual Respect, and was hosted by activist Steven Goldstein. The film speakers were joined by Sarah O'Hagan of the International Rescue Committee. The evening's topic of discussion was the rescue of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, and the current refugee crisis in Europe.[25]

text: The film began running on HBO on December 23, 2017.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Zookeeper's Wife grossed $17.6 million in the United States and Canada and $8.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26.1 million, against a production budget of $20 million.[1]

text: In North America, the film grossed $3.3 million in its opening weekend from 541 theaters (a per-theater average of $6,191), finishing 10th at the box office.[27] It remained the top grossing indie film in its second, third and fourth weeks of release.[28]

text: The film remained the top grossing specialty film of 2017 in its fifth week of release, with IndieWire praising the film's release strategy, saying: "Focus’ aggressive push for this Jessica Chastain Holocaust rescue story has paid off with the top result for any specialized audience release since awards season. It won’t hit the level of Woman in Gold two years ago ($33 million), but that’s more of a factor of the steep decline in overall upscale grosses and more competition at the moment than other differences between the two films."[29] In its eighth and ninth weeks of release, The Zookeeper's Wife was the third highest grossing specialty release of 2017, despite a reduction in its theater count.[30][31] In its tenth week of release, IndieWire said the film "has been a rare specialized standout this spring."[32]

text: The film remained the top-selling war film for the first three months of its home media release.[33]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 61% based on 160 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Zookeeper's Wife has noble intentions, but is ultimately unable to bring its fact-based story to life with quite as much impact as it deserves."[34] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[35] PostTrak reported that over 90% of audience members gave the film a rating of either "excellent" or "very good".[36]

text: IndieWire listed The Zookeeper's Wife on its shortlist of best indie films of the year, stating: "Niki Caro’s fact-based historical drama is a heartbreaker of the highest order, anchored by an understated performance by Jessica Chastain and a series of wrenching dramatic twists that will wring tears out of even the hardest of hearts."[37] Mick LaSalle, writing for The San Francisco Chronicle, gave the film a 5-star review, saying that it "grabs us from its first seconds" and that:

text: The Zookeeper's Wife achieves its grandeur not through the depiction of grand movements, but through its attentiveness to the shifts and flickers of the soul. The war was a great external event, but Caro reminds us that it was experienced internally, by the people and the animals who had to try to live through it.[38]

text: Kenneth Turan, in The Los Angeles Times, says "Niki Caro and Jessica Chastain create an emotionally satisfying Zookeeper's Wife".[39] The AP, the national wire service, says the film "tells a riveting true story" that is "both inspiring and comes as a welcome reminder in this time of uncertainty that even in the face of astonishing evil, humanity and goodness can also rise to the occasion."[40] Jacob Soll in The New Republic heralded the film as the "first feminist Holocaust film".[41]

text: In a negative review, Variety's Peter Debruge said, "There’s no nice way to put it in this case, but The Zookeeper’s Wife has the unfortunate failing of rendering its human drama less interesting than what happens to the animals — and for a subject as damaging to our species as the Holocaust, that no small shortcoming."[42] In contrast, Variety's Kristopher Tapley wrote that the film deserved consideration as an Oscar contender.[43]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times said the film "was like "Schindler's List with pets," writing that it was "so timid and sanitized it almost feels safe for children."[44]

text: Polish reviewers expressed a strong positive response to the film, as it spoke to their history. The Krakow Post stated: "On a universal level (the film) is a prayer for sanity and the civilized values of charity, empathy, and humanity in any time which finds itself threatened to be ruled by mass insanity, hatred, and barbarism. Lessons derived from this darkest period of recent history can never be untimely."[45]

text: Alexandra Macaaron, in Women's Voices For Change, gave the film a rave review, noting that The Zookeeper's Wife is a rarity among Holocaust films, and is distinguished by its female perspective on war and the struggle to protect every living soul, strangers and friends alike.[46]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 2016 Heartland Film Festival, held each October in Indianapolis, Indiana, The Zookeeper's Wife was awarded the "Truly Moving Picture Award"; emblematic of the festival's goal to "inspire filmmakers and audiences through the transformative power of film."[47][48]

text: The Zookeeper's Wife was awarded the Audience Choice Award for Best Narrative Feature at the 2017 Seattle Jewish Film Festival.[49]

text: In April 2017, Political Film Society USA nominated The Zookeeper's Wife for its PFS award, in the category "Human Rights".[49]

text:
List of Accolades

Award / Film Festival

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Heartland Film Festival 2017[50]

Truly Moving Picture Award

Niki Caro

Won

Women Film Critics Circle 2017[51]

The Invisible Woman Award

Jessica Chastain

Nominated

Women Film Critics Circle 2017[51]

Best Woman Storyteller (Screenwriting Award)

Angela Workman

Nominated


document_title: Bourque

question_text: where does the last name bourque come from

text: Bourque

text: Bourque is a French surname of Irish origin, being a francisation of Burke. The name may refer to:

text:
Chris Bourque (born 1986), American ice hockey player
Claude Bourque (born 1915), Canadian ice hockey player
Curt Bourque (born 1967), American horse-racing jockey
David Bourque (born 1955), Canadian musician
E. A. Bourque (1887–1962), Canadian politician; Mayor of Ottawa 1949–50
Edna Bourque (1915–2012), Canadian volunteer with the elderly
François Bourque (born 1984), Canadian Olympic skier
Gabriel Bourque (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player
James Bourque (1935–1996), Canadian First Nations activist
John Samuel Bourque (1894–1974), Canadian politician from Quebec; provincial legislator 1935–60; government minister
Justin Bourque (born 1989), Canadian convicted triple murderer
Mark Bourque (1948–2005), Canadian RCMP officer; killed while working with the UN in Haiti
Pat Bourque (born 1947), American baseball player
Phil Bourque (born 1962), American ice hockey player
Pierre Bourque (born 1942), Québécois politician; mayor of Montreal 1994–2001
Pierre Bourque (born 1958), Canadian Internet entrepreneur
Ray Bourque (born 1960), Canadian ice hockey player
René Bourque (born 1981), Canadian ice hockey player
Renée Bourque (born 1977), American actress
Romuald Bourque (1889–1974), Canadian politician from Quebec; MP 1952–74
Thomas-Jean Bourque (1864–1952), Canadian politician from New Brunswick; MP 1917–52
Wayne Bourque (born 1959), Canadian North American Native boxing champion

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Bourque. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesFrench-language surnames

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles