document_title: List of the busiest airports in New Zealand

question_text: what is the busiest airport in new zealand

text: Passenger Numbers[edit]

text: 2017 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
19,020,573[1]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
6,566,598[2]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
6,049,194[3]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
1,892,443 [4]

5.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
1,000,373[5]

6.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
973,089[6]

7.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
652,456 [7]

8.
Palmerston North Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
630,000[8]

9.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
435,000[9]

10.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
350,085[10]

11.
Hamilton Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
317,348[11]

12.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
302,884[12]

13.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
294,832[13]

14.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
241,303[14]

text: 2016 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
17,260,349[15]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
6,305,717[16]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
5,848,795[17]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
1,651,109 [18]

5.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
909,614[19]

6.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
865,023 [20]

7.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
566,431[21]

8.
Palmerston North Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
515,727[22]

9.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
411,661[23]

10.
Hamilton Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
303,000[24]

11.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
298,000

12.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
289,836[25]

13.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
266,905[26]

14.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
222,983[27]

text: 2015 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
15,892,741[28]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
5,915,785[29]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
5,457,279 [30]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
1,409,663[31]

5.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
861,982[32]

6.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
764,050[33]

7.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
476,000[34]

8.
Palmerston North Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
466,557[35]

9.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
342,000[36]

10.
Hamilton Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
291,000[37]

11.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
285,992[38]

12.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
277,838[39]

13.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
250,000[40]

14.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
222,226[41]

text: 2014 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
15,098,346[42]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
5,709,272[43]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
5,437,286[44]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
1,248,878[45]

5.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
853,097[46]

6.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
744,416[33]

7.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
456,672[47]

8.
Palmerston North Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
455,166[35]

9.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
343,572[48]

10.
Hamilton Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
294,396[49]

11.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
281,811[50]

12.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
273,857[51]

13.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
241,173[52]

14.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
215,276[53]

text: 2013 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
14,862,485[54]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
5,576,821[55]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
5,373,622[44]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
1,215,526 [56]

5.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
857,951[46]

6.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
767,298[57]

7.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
451,128[58]

8.
Palmerston North Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
445,147[59]

9.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
332,178[60]

10.
Hamilton International Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
306,000[61]

11.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
280,000[62]

12.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
261,265[63]

13.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
227,886[52]

14.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
217,545[53]

text: 2012 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
14,160,640[64]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
5,485,023[65]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
5,191,729[66]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
1,156,250[67]

5.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
853,650[68]

6.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
776,448[69]

7.
Palmerston North International Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
449,318[70]

8.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
440,704[71]

9.
Hamilton International Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
354,000[72]

10.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
321,337[73]

11.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
285,000[74]

12.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
248,519[75]

13.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
226,795[76]

14.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
221,707[52]

text: 2011 Passenger Numbers (Financial Year End)[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Passengers

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
13,703,043[77]

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
5,592,529[78]

3.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
5,135,000[79]

4.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
966,574[77]

5.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
776,508[68]

6.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
758,250[80]

7.
Palmerston North International Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
449,090[81]

8.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
431,903[82]

9.
Hamilton International Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
362,000[83]

10.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
300,960[73]

11.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
281,633[84]

12.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
246,485[85]

13.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
227,578[86]

14.
Blenheim Airport
BHE
Blenheim
212,179[52]

text: Total Aircraft Movements[edit]

text: 2013 Total Movements[edit]

text: This list includes IFR, VFR and International movements, It is from Airways NZ movement data.[87]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Movements

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
157,095

2.
Hamilton International Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
135,404

3.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
107,822

4.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
101,161

5.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
70,450

6.
Palmerston North International Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
55,960

7.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
45,677

8.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
43,012

9.
Kapiti Coast Airport
PPQ
Kapiti Coast
31,241

10.
RNZAF Base Ohakea
OHA
Ohakea
28,807

11.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
24,910

12.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
24,386

13.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
23,058

14.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
22,758

15.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
22,532

text: 2012 Total Movements[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Movements

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
155,903

2.
Hamilton International Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
128,744

3.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
108,757

4.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
102,454

5.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
72,652

6.
Palmerston North International Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
67,395

7.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
48,073

8.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
43,776

9.
Kapiti Coast Airport
PPQ
Kapiti Coast
33,702

10.
RNZAF Base Ohakea
OHA
Ohakea
30,959

11.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
30,773

12.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
28,491

13.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
25,328

14.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
25,242

15.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
22,092

text: 2011 Total Movements[edit]

text:
Rank
Airport
IATA
Location
Movements

1.
Auckland International Airport
AKL
Auckland
156,484

2.
Christchurch International Airport
CHC
Christchurch
121,112

3.
Hamilton International Airport
HLZ
Hamilton
110,419

4.
Wellington International Airport
WLG
Wellington
105,585

5.
Tauranga Airport
TRG
Tauranga
74,400

6.
Palmerston North International Airport
PMR
Palmerston North
65,708

7.
RNZAF Base Ohakea
OHA
Ohakea
55,726

8.
Nelson Airport
NSN
Nelson
50,094

9.
Queenstown International Airport
ZQN
Queenstown
41,769

10.
New Plymouth Airport
NPL
New Plymouth
32,791

11.
Invercargill Airport
IVC
Invercargill
30,840

12.
Dunedin International Airport
DUD
Dunedin
29,229

13.
Hawkes Bay Airport
NPE
Napier
27,322

14.
Rotorua International Airport
ROT
Rotorua
22,682


document_title: Sara Lance

question_text: what season does sarah come back in arrow

root

text: Sara Lance

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of Arrow as the younger sister of Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy), the future Black Canary. It's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series, she was having an affair behind her sister's back with Oliver (Stephen Amell) and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked and was presumed dead. Flashbacks in season two would reveal that she actually survived the experience and was rescued by a research boat, the Amazo. When Oliver was captured by the Amazo's crew, Sara helped him escape. Eventually, along with Oliver's friend Slade Wilson (Manu Bennett), they attacked the ship. When Slade betrayed them and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner, Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter; Sara was swept away, with Oliver believed her dead once more. In fact, Sara was found by Nyssa al Ghul (Katrina Law) who took her to Nanda Parbat. She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the League of Assassins under the name Ta-er al-Sahfer, which means "Yellow Bird" or "Canary".

tag: p

text: In season two, Sara returns to Starling City after six years' absence as "The Canary". After having saved Oliver twice, Felicity (Emily Bett Rickards) realizes that the female vigilante was actually protecting Laurel and not him. Setting a trap, he manages to capture and unmask her, and Sara reveals that she's alive to her father, SCPD Detective Quentin Lance. Some time later, Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver. She aids him and his colleagues Diggle (David Ramsey) and Roy Harper (Colton Haynes) in taking down a drug-enhanced Slade Wilson, with help from the League of Assassins, which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat. In Arrow's third season, Sara is killed while on a rooftop by being shot three times with arrows on the chest. Some time later, it was revealed that Thea (Willa Holland) killed Sara after being drugged by her father Malcolm Merlyn (John Barrowman) as part of a plot to pit Oliver against Ra's al Ghul (Matt Nable). Meanwhile, Laurel takes up Sara's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary. In season four, Laurel and Thea decide to resurrect her using League's mystical Lazarus Pit. The process is successful, but Sara is brought back to life without a soul, making her feral and dangerous. Oliver calls his old friend John Constantine (Matt Ryan) to assist them in restoring Sara's soul. Days later, Sara aids in rescuing Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh) from the hands of Damien Darhk (Neal McDonough), before leaving town to find herself.

text: Sara's appearances in Arrow season four lead into the pilot of the spin-off series DC's Legends of Tomorrow, in which Sara is recruited by Rip Hunter (Arthur Darvill) to a time travelling assault team to take down the immortal villain Vandal Savage (Casper Crump). Before she departs, Laurel gives Sara the White Canary outfit to signify her new start. Over the course of Legends season one, Sara sets in motion the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa; romances many women throughout history; and develops a flirtatious relationship with Leonard Snart (Wentworth Miller). When she returns to her home time, she is devastated to learn that Laurel has died. In season two of Legends, Sara becomes captain of the Waverider following Rip's disappearance and leader of the Legends. She mercilessly hunts her sister's killer, Damien Darhk, throughout history, before accepting she cannot bring Laurel back. In the Invasion! crossover event, Sara returns to 2016 to support Oliver and the Flash (Grant Gustin) in repelling the Dominators' alien invasion, and meets the Kryptonian hero Supergirl (Melissa Benoist) from the parallel universe of Earth-38, who Sara develops a crush on. In the Legends season finale, Sara is forced to use the godlike Spear of Destiny to save reality from the Legion of Doom. While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history, the Spear briefly reunites Sara with Laurel in the afterlife, who encourages her to do what's right and makes peace with her death; she chooses to render the Spear itself inert, foiling the evil plans of Eobard Thawne (Matt Letscher) and allowing him to be killed by the Black Flash, who has been hunting him all season.

text: In season three of Legends, Sara continues to lead the Waverider crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time, working in a loose partnership with Rip Hunter's bureaucratic new organization, the Time Agency. In the four-part crossover "Crisis on Earth-X," Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen and Iris West (Candice Patton), where she has a one-night stand with Supergirl's adoptive sister Alex Danvers (Chyler Leigh). Working together with assembled heroes, the team repel an invading army from the Nazi world of Earth-X. Later, while confronting the demonic entity Mallus (John Noble) alongside her old friend John Constantine, Sara and Constantine hook up, despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent Ava Sharpe (Jes Macallan). Ava and Sara becomes girlfriends in subsequent episodes, but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus thru the death totem and reasons that, given her history with death and destruction, she poses a danger to Ava.

text: Creation and development[edit]

text: Jacqueline MacInnes Wood was cast as Sara Lance in March 2012.[1] Caity Lotz was announced to be playing Arrow's version of Black Canary during July 2013. During the same month it was revealed that her character is Sara, who had survived the Queen's Gambit shipwreck.[2][3]

text: According to Arrow producer Andrew Kreisberg, Sara was originally meant to be Ravager but they decided to give that role to Summer Glau's character Isabel Rochev instead. After the switch was made, Sara was made into the Canary.[4]

text: After the character's death during the shows third season, it was announced in February 2015 that Caity Lotz would become a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow,[5] though it was not until May that they revealed she would continue to play Sara instead of a new character.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The revelation in the season two episode, "Heir to the Demon", that Sara is bisexual and has been in a relationship with Nyssa al Ghul was positively received by critics as it made her the first character from either Marvel or DC to be explicitly shown as queer in either the movies or TV shows.[7][8] IGN's Jesse Schedeen praised the relationship between Sara and Wentworth Miller's character Leonard Snart, as well as the chemistry between Lotz and Miller, calling their "faint romantic tension that existed between [them] since the first episode" containing more weight than many of the other relationships on the show.[9]

text: In other media[edit]

text: White Canary made her playable debut in the mobile-exclusive edition of Injustice 2, with her Legends of Tomorrow attire as an alternate skin for Black Canary.

text: The character also features in the tie-in novel Arrow: Fatal Legacies which was released in January 2018. The novel focuses on events between the fifth season finale and sixth season premiere of Arrow[10] and is co-authored by Arrow executive producer Marc Guggenheim and author James R. Tuck.


document_title: Transport in Chennai

question_text: who started first ever bus service in madras

text: Transport in Chennai

text: History[edit]

text: The city of Chennai is the birthplace of the railway system in India. In 1831-33, Madras Parliament first came up with the idea. In 1832, the first proposal of railway under the British administration was made in Madras, 21 years before the first operational railway line in India. Later in 1836 A. P. Cotton, a civil engineer in Madras, advocated the construction of a railroad in India.

text: Meanwhile, in 1835, a short railway line intended to carry granite stones was laid at Chintadripet on an experimental basis, which later became to known as Red Hill Railroad line. Construction on this line began in 1836 and the line was opened in 1837. Despite a few troubles, the line became operational in the same year, with a written report of its functioning since January 1838, thus marking the first rail transport in the country 16 years prior to the running of the first commercial passenger service in India, the Bori Bunder–Thane train with 14 carriages hauled by three locomotives on 16 April 1853. Although the Chintadripet line was primarily intended for wagons hauled by animals, steam locomotives were also operated on the line, one of which is believed to be built in India.[2][3]

text: In 1845, Madras Railway Company was mooted, and in 1852 Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was formed. In 1852, the work for laying the first track by Madras Guaranteed Railway Company between Madras and Arcot was started, and in 1856, the first train run between Royapuram and Arcot.[4] In 1895, the first electric trams became operational in the city.[4][5] The work for suburban train services started in 1928 and became operational in 1931 between Madras Beach and Tambaram with electric multiple units (EMUs). The tram services were withdrawn in 1953. With the operation of the mass rapid transit system (MRTS) between Chennai Beach and Chepauk in 1995, the city is the first to have an elevated track in India.[4]

text: As of 1 April 2013, the total vehicle population of Chennai is 3,881,850, including 3,053,233 two wheelers.[6]

text: Growth trend of motor vehicles in the city is listed below:[7]

text:
Year
Total registered vehicles

1981
120,000

1986
228,000

1991
544,000

1996
812,000

1998
975,000

2012
3,760,000

2016
4,757,822

tag: table

text: Transportation in the past[edit]

text: Trams were existent in the city for about 67 years starting from the end of the 19th century. The city was home to the first electric trams in India. Trams became a necessary one as the area of the city was widely dispersed with broad avenues radiating from the fort area.[8] The first electric trams became operational in the city on 7 May 1895.[4][5] Trams were operated between the docks and the inland areas, carrying goods and passengers. The route encompassed Mount Road, Parry's Corner, Poonamallee Road and the Ripon Building. Run by the Madras Electricity System (MES), trams on rails dominated Chennai roads and remained a convenient mode of transport for thousands of riders as it could carry heavy loads. They moved at a maximum speed of just 7 km/h. Two types of trams were in operations—the bigger type measuring about 50 ft in length and the smaller type measuring about 35 ft. A total of 200 commuters could conveniently travel in trams, which had wooden seats to seat 60 passengers. The trams ran on electricity.[9] The original conduit system was replaced by an conventional overhead wire system after a series of destructive monsoons. By 1921, when the tram system was at its peak, there were 24 km of track and 97 cars.[8]

text: A strike by workers demanding wage revision resulted in a lock-out of the tram company by about 1950. Subsequently, the then Chief Minister C. Rajagopalachari favoured the idea of ending the service, and the tram service came to an end on 12 April 1953. The rails of the tram embedded on roads continued to remain for several years after the withdrawal of the service, since their removal would cost the government a fortune.[9] The contract to remove the tracks and overhead cables was given to Narainsingh Ghanshamsingh.

text: Road transportation[edit]

text: Chennai's economic development has been closely tied to its port and transport infrastructure,[1] and it is considered as one of the best infrastructure in India.

text: The city and metropolitan area are served by major arterial roads that run either in an east-west or north-south direction . Anna Salai — or Mount Road as it is more popularly called – is the city's most famous road. It traverses most of central and south Chennai and leads on to the Grand Southern Trunk Road.

text: (National Highway 45) to Thiruchirapalli. The road runs in a north-east to south-west direction. Other arterials include Kamaraj Salai (north-south), Poonamalee High Road (east-west), Radhakrishnan Salai (east-west), and Sardar Patel Road (east-west). The East Coast Road starts from Thiruvanmiyur and connects Mahabalipuram, Pondicherry and extends beyond.

text: Buses[edit]

text: The first motor bus service in the city was organised by the Madras Tramway Corporation between 1925 and 1928.[10] Most motor bus service providers in the city were nationalised as per the 1939 Motor Vehicles Act. The Pallavan Transport Corporation was created on 1 January 1972 to serve Madras city. It had a fleet of 1029 buses. In 1994, Pallavan Transport Corporation was bifurcated into Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation Limited for northern Madras and Pallavan Transport Corporation Limited for southern Madras. The two were reunited in 2001 to form the Metropolitan Transport Corporation. The bus service, currently, plies about 4,000 buses on 622 routes, moves an estimated 5.038 million passengers each day.[11]

text: The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), opened in 2001, is one of the largest bus station in Asia, and serves as the terminus for all intercity buses from Chennai.[12] The CMBT is located on the Inner Ring Road at Koyambedu in the western part of Chennai, replacing the older terminus on the Esplanade in the city centre. State transport and private bus services to all major cities and towns in Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states start from here.

text: Other road vehicles[edit]

text: In addition to the bus service, private metered call taxis and fixed-rate tourist taxis are available at all entry points to the city like airport, mofussil bus terminus and central railway station. Unmetered autos ply across the city charging flat rates. Economical alternative to the auto rickshaws are the share autos, in which passengers pay a shared fee to their destination. In 2012, according to estimates, 66,679 auto rickshaws and over 2,000 share autos were running in the city.[13][14] Of these, about 10,000 are operated using diesel.[15] About 41,700 auto rickshaws run on LPG.[14] Vans which are run like bus services and popularly called "Maxi Cabs" also ply on many routes in the city. The outlying suburban areas of the city are also served by private mini bus company services as well as government bus transport corporations of neighbouring districts.

text: Despite a sharp increase in the number of four-wheelers in the city, motorscooters are still very prevalent and are preferred to cars due to their affordability, fuel efficiency, manoeuvrability, and ease of parking.

text: In February 2014, bicycle sharing system was conceived by the Corporation to encourage bicycle transportation. Around 3,000 cycles was planned to be stationed at 200 places, which can be accessed with smart card system. The neighbourhoods of Thousand Lights, Egmore, Mylapore, Royapettah, Kamarajar Salai, government offices and Fort complex will be covered by the network in the first phase.[16]

text: There are 31 auto LPG dispensing stations (ALDS) in the city, of which 11 are owned by Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL). They have a capacity to supply 604,000 litres a day but an average of only 150,000 is sold daily. The demand is around 600,000 litres a day.[14]

text: The city has a total of 372 junctions.[17]

text: Rail[edit]

text: The first railway station in Madras city was opened at Royapuram in 1853.[18] The first to be constructed in South India, the Royapuram station served as the headquarters of the Madras Railway Company. On 1 July 1856, the first railway service in South India was commenced between Madras and Arcot.[18] Madras Central was opened in 1873 followed by the Egmore Railway Station in 1908. Egmore served as the headquarters of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway from 1908 to 1951 while Central served as the headquarters of the South Indian Railway Company from 1927 to 1951. Both the companies were liquidated when India's railway network was nationalised in the 1950s. Chennai Central is currently the headquarters of the Southern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways.

text: Chennai's first suburban electric train service was inaugurated between Chennai Beach and Tambaram on 2 April 1931.[19] The Chennai suburban railway system currently has 6 lines with a total system length of about 896.5 km (557 mi) (non-redundant track length) of which 286 km (178 mi) are true suburban and 610.5 km (379 mi) MEMU service].

text:
North Line: Chennai Central MMC — Ennore — Gummidipoondi — Sullurpeta (— Gudur — Nellore — Bitragunta)
South Line: Chennai Beach — Tambaram — Chengalpattu (— Melmaruvathur — Tindivanam — Villupuram)
South West Line: Chennai Beach — Tambaram — Chengalpattu (— Kanchipuram — Tirumalpur — Arakkonam)
West Line: Chennai Central MMC — Tiruvallur — Arakkonam (— Katpadi — Jolarpet)
West North Line: Chennai Central MMC — Tiruvallur — Arakkonam — Tiruttani (— Renigunta — Tirupati)
West South Line: Chennai Beach — Royapuram — Washermanpet — Perambur — Arakkonam (— Katpadi — Vellore)

tag: ul

text: The system uses broad gauge. The section from Washermanpet to Beach handles predominantly freight traffic from Chennai Port, and is not geared well to serve passengers.

text: MRTS System[edit]

text: The MRTS system opened in the early 1990s and consists of the following sections:

text:
Chennai Beach — Velachery
Velachery — St. Thomas Mount (under construction)
Thiruvanmiyur — Mamallapuram (proposed)

text: The MRTS system is planned to meet with the Tambaram branch of the existing suburban network at St. Thomas Mount. The plan envisages the MRTS line to proceed north from St. Thomas Mount, forming a ring around the city and ending at the northbound Central-Gummidipoondi line. However, extending MRTS beyond St. Thomas Mount is not very certain in light of the State Government deciding to develop the Chennai Metro rail system.[20][21] A new MRTS line has been proposed between Thiruvanmiyur and Mamallapuram.

text: Metro Railway[edit]

text: A metro system is under construction to meet the future urban transport requirements.[21] It opened its doors to the public on June 29, 2015.[22] Totally 7 corridors have been proposed. In first phase, two corridors are under construction. Three corridors has been proposed in the second phase. There are also plans for extending Corridor 1 till Wimco Nagar.[23]

text:
Corridor 1: Washermanpet — Chennai International Airport (under construction, Little Mount to Chennai International Airport running)
Corridor 2: Chennai Central — St. Thomas Mount (under construction, Template:Metro nehru park to Alandur running)
Corridor 3: Moolakadai — Thiruvanmiyur (planned)
Corridor 4: Moolakadai — Mogappair (planned)
Corridor 5: Mylapore — Poonamallee (planned)

text: Smart Card[edit]

text: The Smart Card looks similar to a debit card, issued by the suburban railway at ticket counters for Rs. 100 currently. This Rs. 100 includes Rs. 50 refundable deposit, and Rs. 50 travel value. The travel value can be used to purchase platform and travel tickets for the Chennai suburban trains. The smart card is valid for 6 months from the date of purchase and the extra amounts of travel value can be recharged whenever needed. It is found that very few people are using this smart card and many ticket vending machines which work on Smart cards do not function properly.[24]

text: Smart Card is very beneficial in terms of avoiding standing in long queues saving precious time, and also keeping track of the money spending on the trains travel. The touch screen ticket vending kiosks are provided in many stations, for using the smart card services. The kiosk has a multilanguage interface, featuring Tamil, English and Hindi. The user has to place the smart card, select destination zone, destination station, number of adults, number of children, one way or return ticket and via stations. The ticket is printed for the user within a second.

text: Airport[edit]

text: The Chennai International Airport serves as the city's airport for both domestic and international flights. The airport consists of the Anna International terminal and the Kamaraj Domestic terminal, and handles domestic as well as international flights. It is the third busiest airport in India and handled a staggering 12 million passengers in 2007-08 with international passenger traffic alone growing at 20 percent - higher than any other metro airport in the country .[25][26] The city is connected to major hubs in South Asia, South East Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America through over fifteen international carriers. The airport is also the second busiest cargo terminus in the country with its large integrated cargo terminal. The Airport lies around 25 km from the city centre and is accessible by road and rail transport services.

text: This airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion, including the construction of an additional terminal. Furthermore, a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of Rs 20 billion in Sriperumbudur to serve the city's burgeoning air traffic.[27]

text: Other airports in the metropolitan area include the Indian Air Force base at Tambaram and the Indian Naval air base at Arakkonam.

text: Ports[edit]

text: The city is served by two major ports namely Chennai Port — which is one of the largest artificial ports – and Ennore Port. Chennai port is India's second busiest container hub, handling general industrial cargo, automobiles, etc.[28] An additional container terminal is being constructed, as well. Chennai Port has 21 alongside berths in three distinct zones of the Chennai port namely the Ambedkar Dock (inner harbour to handle passenger, general cargo and containers), Jawahar Dock (to handle coal, fertiliser, other bulk and break bulk cargo) and Bharathi Dock (outer harbour accommodates ore and oil handling system and a modern container terminal). The Ennore port currently handles cargo such as coal, ore and bulk and break bulk cargo. A new container terminal is also planned for the Ennore port. A smaller harbour at Royapuram is used by local fishing boats and trawlers.

text: Developments[edit]

text: From September 2012, the city traffic police has planned to shift to a ₹ 1,170-million integrated traffic management system (ITMS), which is a first of its kind in the country, through which 100 arterial traffic junctions in the city will be integrated and brought under CCTV surveillance with facilities to ensure smooth traffic flow and streamline the traffic violations as well. The system comprises traffic junction surveillance system and automatic number plate reading system (ANPRS) through which vehicle numbers of traffic offenders would be identified and challans sent to them with visuals of the offence. ITMS would also provide a seamless passageway to the ambulances and VVIP vehicles by giving green signals at the three consecutive junctions ahead and help nabbing the criminals by signalling red lights. A total of 700 cameras (ANPRS and pan-tilt-zoom) would be installed at 100 junctions. Right now in 2017 there are about 21000 + CCTV Camera system installed by chennai police with help of many CCTV Camera dealers in chennai [17]

text: As part of the ITMS, a green corridor for emergency services, including ambulances and fire tenders, will also be implemented.[29]

text: Growth in vehicle population[edit]

text: Chennai's vehicle population has been accelerating steadily from 600,000 in 1992, to 1.3 million in 2001 and 3.64 million in 2012. Daily, about 1,500 new vehicles hit the roads, with two-wheelers constituting more than 75 percent of them. However, registration of new cars is also on the rise. Chennai vehicles constitute one-fourth of the 17.5 million vehicles across the state of Tamil Nadu. The state has more two-wheelers (13 million) than Maharashtra, which has more vehicles overall. Two-wheelers account for 78 percent of all vehicles in the state, while cars add up to 14 percent. According to a survey conducted by the city traffic police in 2012, there is a vehicle on the road for every two Chennaiites. Given the growth rate, it is predicted that Chennai will soon have twice as many vehicles as Mumbai.[30]

text: Owing to the high traffic density, the average bus speed in the city as of 2014 is 17-18 kilometres per hour. Over the next five years it is expected to come down to 12 km per hour, whereas the maximum allowable operating speed of the vehicles shall be 80 km/h with a maximum design speed of 90 km/h. The Chennai Metro Rail project is expected to reduce the commuting time by 75 percent from one end of the city to another.[31]

text: Pollution[edit]

text: Chennai ranks fifth in carbon emissions from the transport sector among 54 South Asian cities, according to a study done by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiative (ICLEI). The city's emission levels in transport is much higher than Kolkata and Delhi. According to the study, Chennai has a per capita emission rate of 0.91 tonnes of carbon dioxide, while its total emissions for the year is 3.82 metric tonnes. This is mostly due to the significant increase of motor vehicles used for commuting and carrying goods in the past few years. As against 1.25 million registered vehicles in the city in 2001, there are approximately 3.5 million registered vehicles in 2012.[32]

text: Safety[edit]

text: According to statistics in the report Accidental Death and Suicides in India (ADSI) 2011, prepared by the National Crime Records Bureau, Chennai has recorded the highest number of road accidents in India, with a staggering 9,845 cases in the year 2011, the highest among 53 cities in the country. This is almost twice as that of 2010, when 5,123 road accidents were recorded. This is much higher than the Delhi's 6,065 road accidents, the city ranking second. However, only 1,399 lives were lost in road mishaps in Chennai, while Delhi recorded 1,679 fatalities. Accidents on the Chennai’s roads resulted in 7,898 persons getting injured, including 6,280 males and 1,618 females. Of these, two-wheelers involved in as many as 341 cases of accidents, followed by private lorries at 266, cars at 159, private tempos and vans at 133, government vehicles at 112, bicycle at 1, with no pedestrian accidents. The largest number of accidents occurred between 9 p.m. and midnight with 1,626 cases, while the period between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. comes close at 1,614 cases. Accidents were also highest in the seven-month period between March and September.[33] Of all the fatal accident in the city between 2007 and 2012, the percentage of hit-and-run cases have been 15 to 18 percent.[34]


document_title: Juliet

question_text: who do researchers think the capulet family is based on

text: Juliet

text: Relationships[edit]

text: This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The play takes place over a time span of four days. Within these few days, Juliet is thrust into adulthood quickly—where she must deal with issues of life such as, romance, passion, loss, and even death. During the play she is courted by a potential husband named Count Paris, strongly falls romantically in love with Romeo who is the only son of her family's enemy, marries Romeo secretly, experiences the death of her first cousin Tybalt, has one brief passionate, romantic night with her new husband before he is forced to leave the city, is threatened by her father and nearly disowned by both of her parents for refusing to marry the man they have chosen for her, she is let down emotionally by the nurse who raised her from infancy, and spends nearly two days drugged to unconsciousness. When Romeo found out he thought she was dead and drank poison to meet her in the after life.

text: Shakespeare's Juliet is a headstrong and intelligent character in spite of her young age, though she often seems timid to the audience because of her young age. She is considered by many to be the true hero of the play, acting as a sounding board and a balance against the impulsive Romeo. It is Juliet who sets the boundaries of behaviour in her relationship with Romeo: she allows him to kiss her, she pledges her commitment before him, and it is she who suggests their marriage. Juliet's forgiveness of Romeo after he kills Tybalt indicates her mature nature in contrast to his passionate impulsiveness. Furthermore, Juliet lies and clandestinely subverts her family's wishes, a truly rebellious action against traditional Italian society. These actions and the choices they require establish Juliet as a far more complex character than her family, or even Romeo, appreciate.

text: Character history[edit]

text: Juliet's wealthy family lived in Verona, headed by old Capulet and his wife. She was their only child and was thought of as a gift from heaven. Juliet at this point is two weeks away from her fourteenth birthday. As a child, she was cared for by her nurse, who is now her confidant, or Juliet's best companion.

text: In Juliet's first scene, she demonstrates her obedience and lack of experience in the world, outlining herself as inexperienced and in many ways dependent on her parents and nurse. She does not even give marriage a second thought but she does want to do what her mother asks. It is high time that Juliet go the route Lady Capulet went in her youth, and be married to a rich and powerful gentleman like her father. The Count Paris is a bit of a bystander in the play, however, unwittingly mixed up in the drama between the families. The to-be couple only ever met once in the Friar Lawrence's cell, which was very brief. His interest in her is primarily based on her social standing and her family's vast wealth, in contrast to her youthful beauty. He politely and nobly asks Capulet for her hand, and apparently would like her to begin bearing his children as soon as physically possible: "Younger than she are happy mothers made" (1.2.12). Juliet, on the other hand, has no interest in becoming a wife and the mother of Paris's children: "(Marriage) is an honor that I dream not of" (1.3.68). Even her father at first considers her too young to settle down. This may be a reflection on his feelings about his own wife, who might have been happier waiting a few years before marrying him. He tells Paris to let Juliet grow up for a few more years before planning marriage, but he pompously disagrees (1.2.10–11). Of course, Juliet's mind on the matter changes within a few minutes of meeting Romeo, but when Paris is mentioned to her by her mother in act three she reverts back to an immature, whining, almost infantile state.

text:
O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?
Deny thy father and refuse thy name;
Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,
And I'll no longer be a Capulet.

Juliet's famous lines in the play Romeo and Juliet [1]

tag: div

text: Romeo also seems to achieve depth through his intense love with Juliet. When compared to the pining and frustration he exhibited during his crush on Rosaline, his behaviour toward Juliet and her family and his attitude in general both show a level of great maturity. The feud that one day had seemed all-encompassing now makes no sense, and he abandons it. Much of Romeo's dialogue with Juliet is an intricate pattern of words. Their rhyming couplets sometimes come together to create a poem. This symbolises their union, and shows that Juliet can easily match Romeo in wordplay.

text: It is not clear exactly why Romeo and Juliet love each other, beyond immediate physical attraction. They were married not 24 hours after their first meeting. Fate plays a constant role in the story. Their love is "death-marked" (1.1.9), the lovers are "star-crossed" (1.1.6), and Romeo feels he is being led by the stars as a ship is steered by its pilot. The idea may be that the heirs to these two families were fated to end up together to end the feud, and their deaths may or may not have been part of that fate. The play may be interpreted differently according to the whim of the reader or viewer. The series of disastrous events that leads to their deaths may have been just a part of the destiny, or it may have been what shattered the fate and made the story a true tragedy. Either way, peace comes to the families.

text: Juliet's age[edit]

text: One aspect of the story which now seems problematic is Juliet's age. As the story occurs, Juliet is approaching her fourteenth birthday. She was born on "Lammas Eve at night" (1 August), so Juliet's birthday is 31 July (1.3.19). Her birthday is "a fortnight hence", putting the action of the play in mid-July (1.3.17). Her father states that she "hath not seen the change of fourteen years" (1.2.9). In many cultures and time periods, women did and do marry and bear children at an early age. Romeo and Juliet is a play about Italian families. Lady Capulet had given birth to her first child by the time she had reached Juliet's age: "By my count, I was your mother much upon these years that you are now a maid." (1.3.74–75).

text: Even Capulet tries to encourage Paris to wait a little longer before even thinking of marrying his daughter, feeling that she is still too young; "She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride". However, in the English poem the story is based from (Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke)[2] Juliet is approaching her sixteenth birthday and Romeo is the same age whereas in the Bandello novella she is nearly eighteen with Romeo about twenty.[3] The common English people of that age were very rarely in their teens when they married and even among the nobility and gentry of the age, brides thirteen years of age were rare, at about one in one thousand brides; in that era, the vast majority of English brides were at least nineteen years of age when they first married, most commonly at about 23 years, and most English noblewomen were at least sixteen when they married. That the parts of young women were played by pre-adolescent boys in Shakespeare's day also cannot be overlooked and it is possible that Shakespeare had the physique of a young boy in mind during composition, in addition to the fact that Romeo and Juliet are of wealthy families and would be more likely to marry earlier than commoners.[4] At the time, English noblewomen married on average at 19–21 years (compared to 24–26 years for English noblemen) while the average marriage age in England was 25–26 years for women and 27–28 for men;[5] Sir Thomas More wrote in his Utopia that, in Utopia, women must be at least 18 years of age when they marry and men at least 22 years.[6][7]

text: The common belief in Elizabethan England was that motherhood before 16 was dangerous; popular manuals of health, as well as observations of married life, led Elizabethans to believe that early marriage and its consummation permanently damaged a young woman's health, impaired a young man's physical and mental development, and produced sickly or stunted children. Therefore, 18 came to be considered the earliest reasonable age for motherhood and 20 and 30 the ideal ages for women and men, respectively, to marry. Shakespeare might also have reduced Juliet's age from sixteen to fourteen to demonstrate the dangers of marriage at too young of an age; that Shakespeare himself married Anne Hathaway when he was just eighteen might hold some significance.[3]

text: In today's Verona[edit]

text: Casa di Giulietta[edit]

text: In Verona, an early 14th-century house at Via Cappello no. 23, claiming to be the Capulets' has been turned into a tourist attraction but it is mostly empty. The real second name was in Italian Cappelletti, a noble family, and not Capuleti. Cappelletti were in the past members of the light cavalry of the Republic of Venice. They fought for it since the 13th century and they were originally from Dalmatia and Albania. It features the balcony, and in the small courtyard, a bronze statue of Juliet. It is one of the most visited sites in the town. The metal of its chest is worn bare due to a legend that if a person strokes the right breast of the statue, that person will have good fortune and luck in love.[8]

text: Many people write their names and the names of their beloved ones on the walls of the entrance, known as Juliet's wall. Many believe that writing on that place will make their love everlasting. After a restoration and cleaning of the building, it was intended that further writing should be on replaceable panels[9] or white sheets[10] placed outside the wall.

text: It is also a tradition to put small love letters on the walls (which is done by the thousands each year), which are regularly taken down by employees to keep the courtyard clean.[11]

text: Another tradition that occurs in Juliet's courtyard is writing your name and that of your loved one on a lock and attaching it to a large ornamental gate in the back left. The gate is overwhelmed with locks that hold hope for lasting love. This tradition is seen throughout Europe on bridges and gates all over cities.

text: Club di Giulietta[edit]

text: Since the 1930s, letters addressed to Juliet keep arriving in Verona. As of 2010, more than 5,000 letters are received annually, three-quarters of which are from women. The largest single group of senders are American teenagers.[12] The letters are read and replied to by local volunteers, organised since the 1980s in the Club di Giulietta (Juliet Club), which is financed by the City of Verona.[12] The club has been the subject of a book by Lise and Ceil Friedman and is the setting for a 2008 book by Suzanne Harper and a 2010 USA movie, Letters to Juliet.

text: Performers[edit]

text: A number of famous actresses and some actors have portrayed the role of Juliet:

text:
Mary Saunderson was the first woman to play Juliet professionally. Previous actors had all been males.[13]
Eliza O'Neill won her fame with Juliet at Covent Garden, 1814.
Katharine Cornell had a notable Broadway success as Juliet opposite the Romeo of Basil Rathbone in 1934, and revived the production with Maurice Evans as Romeo and Ralph Richardson as Mercutio the following year.
Peggy Ashcroft was one of the great Juliets in history, most famously in the 1935 London production directed by John Gielgud, in which Gielgud and Laurence Olivier alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio.
Norma Shearer in George Cukor's Romeo and Juliet (1936). Leslie Howard was her Romeo.
Judi Dench had a great success as Juliet in Franco Zeffirelli's 1960 London production.
Olivia Hussey portrayed Juliet in Zeffirelli's 1968 film, Romeo and Juliet,; Leonard Whiting was her Romeo.
Niamh Cusack portrayed Juliet in 1986 with The Royal Shakespeare Company. Sean Bean was her Romeo.
Claire Danes was Juliet in Baz Luhrmann's modernised 1996 version, Romeo + Juliet, alongside Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo.
Gugu Mbatha-Raw portrayed Juliet at the Royal Exchange Theatre's 2005 production.
James Patrick Davis portrayed Juliet in an all-male 2008 production with Shakespeare Theatre Company, opposite actor Finn Wittrock as Romeo.
Hailee Steinfeld portrayed Juliet in Carlo Carlei's film adaptation, opposite actor Douglas Booth as Romeo.[14]
Deepika Padukone portrayed Juliet in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 2013 Hindi adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (translated as "A Play of Bullets: Ram-Leela"), opposite actor Ranveer Singh.
Teresa Palmer portrayed Julie Grigio, Juliet's analogue in the 2013 zombie movie adaptation Warm Bodies, opposite Nicholas Hoult as R, the film's zombiefied Romeo analogue

text: Animation[edit]

text:
In Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss, Juliet is portrayed as a white seal and is voiced by Patricia Trippett while her brother Daniel did the voicing of the brown seal Romeo.
Fumie Mizusawa voices Juliet in the heroic fantasy adaptation Romeo x Juliet by the Japanese animation studio GONZO, with Takahiro Mizushima voicing Romeo; Brina Palencia and Chris Burnett portrayed the characters in the English-language dub.
Kristin Fairlie voices Juliet in the children's TV series Peg + Cat.
In Gnomeo & Juliet, Juliet is a Lawn gnome voiced by Emily Blunt.
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child is a loosely-based Japanese animation film adaptation, with Mami Koyama voicing Malta the Fire Child and Tōru Furuya as Sirius the Sea Prince; Tony Oliver and (uncredited-voice-actress) portrayed the characters in the English adaptation.

text: Fictional performers[edit]

text:
The Academy Award-winning film Shakespeare in Love depicts history's first Juliet as being illegally played by Viola de Lesseps, a woman (Gwyneth Paltrow).
In her music video Love Story, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift played the part of Juliet. The plot was transformed to a happy ending, instead of tragic.
In the credits of Toy Story 3, one of the Squeeze Toy Aliens/LGMs play the role of Juliet dressed up in a dress, a wig and a princess hat.
In the climax of "Casting Call" from The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog, after Camille Wallaby who is beautifully dressed solves the mystery with Alfred and Milo, she is chosen to be the perfect Juliet by saying her famous words.
In The Sims 2 Juliet reappears as Juliette Capp.
In the episode "Chem Gems" from Danger Rangers, during the song called "Don't Touch That", the pink cat Kitty portrays Juliet.
In the sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place, actress Bridgit Mendler portrays Juliet (Juliet was a vampire and the Romeo of the show was Justin Russo, portrayed by actor David Henrie. In this episode, their families' feud was a result of rival submarine sandwich shops). However, after her disappearance in the episodes, she later at reappears various times in the series.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Act 2 Scene 2". OpenSourceShakespeare.org. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, Arthur Brooke.
^ Jump up to: a b Franson, J. Karl. 1996. "Too Soon Marr'd": Juliet's Age as Symbol in 'Romeo and Juliet.' Papers on Language & Literature, Vol. 32, No. 3
Jump up ^ Laslett, Peter. 1965. The World We Have Lost. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. p 82-86
Jump up ^ Young, Bruce W. 2008. Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p 41
Jump up ^ Life in Elizabethan England: Weddings and Betrothals
Jump up ^ Uzgalis, William. 1997. Utopia, by Sir Thomas More. New York: Ideal Commonwealths. P.F. Collier & Son. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Jump up ^ La casa di Giulietta, Verona – IgoUgo
Jump up ^ Veronissima. "Veronissima – Juliet's Wall Graffiti". Veronissima.com. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Terna02 – Juliet's graffiti at the D'Orsay Museum in Paris". PremioTerna.it. 4 September 2009. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Desenzano Lake Garda Italy – Verona – Romeo and Juliet". DesenzanoItaly.com. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Hooper, John (19 May 2010). "Dear Juliet: the fans who write to Shakespeare's heroine". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Halio, Jay (1998). Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-313-30089-5.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (21 June 2011). "Douglas Booth, thou art 'Romeo'". Variety. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

tag: ol


document_title: Valley Forge

question_text: who showed up as winter ended and helped train the continental army

text: Valley Forge

text: Geography[edit]

text: Several locations were considered for the army's winter quarters, but Washington selected Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 20 miles (30 km) northwest of Philadelphia. Valley Forge was named for an iron forge on Valley Creek in Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania. It was not the best place to set up winter camp for the Continental Army, as it was unable to defend southern Pennsylvania at the time. This location also left the vulnerable under-supplied army in striking distance of the British, who were well provisioned and secured in Philadelphia. However, the area was close enough to the British to keep their raiding and foraging parties out of the interior of Pennsylvania, yet far enough away to halt the threat of British surprise attacks.

text: The densely forested plateau of Mount Joy and the adjoining two-mile-long (3 km) plateau of Mount Misery made the area easily defensible, combined with the Schuylkill River to the north. It also provided abundant forests of timber that were used to construct thousands of log huts. Seventy-eight of the huts in the camp housed soldiers, but more than 2,500 of those soldiers died.[1][3]

text: The Continental Army[edit]

text: Shelter[edit]

text: On December 19, 1777, Washington's poorly fed, ill-equipped army staggered into Valley Forge, weary from long marches. Winds blew as the 12,000 Continentals prepared for winter's fury. Only about one in four of them had shoes, and many of their feet had left bloody footprints from the marching.[4] Grounds were selected for brigade encampments, and defense lines were planned and begun.

text: The first properly constructed hut appeared in three days. One hut required 80 logs, and timber had to be collected from miles away. A hut could go up in one week with the use of only one axe. These huts provided sufficient protection from the moderately cold and wet conditions of a typical Pennsylvania winter. By the beginning of February, construction was completed on 2,000 huts. They provided shelter, but did little to offset the critical shortages that continually plagued the army.[5]

text: Washington ordered that two windows should be cut into each hut during the springtime, as the climate grew considerably warmer. Mud was also chipped between the logs to improve ventilation.[6]

text: Food and supplies[edit]

text: The soldiers received inadequate supplies of meat and bread, some getting their only nourishment from "firecake," a tasteless mixture of flour and water. Occasionally, there would be "pepper pot soup," a black pepper-flavored tripe broth.[7] So severe were conditions at times that Washington despaired "that unless some great and capital change suddenly takes place... this Army must inevitably... starve, dissolve, or disperse, in order to obtain subsistence in the best manner they can."

text: Snow was limited and small in amounts. The layer of snow was often too thin to be collected and melted into drinking water.[8] Alternating freezing and melting of snow and ice made it impossible to keep dry and caused disease to fester.

text: Animals fared no better. General Henry Knox, Washington's Chief of Artillery, wrote that hundreds of horses either starved to death or died of exhaustion. By the end of the winter, about 700 horses had died.[9]

text: Washington appointed Nathanael Greene as Quartermaster General to take charge of the supplies, his ablest and most trusted lieutenant. In so doing, Washington signaled that the supply situation was a more serious threat to his army's survival than was Howe's army.[10] Greene found caches of food and clothing and hauled them there for the troops and horses.[11]

text: Clothing, too, was wholly inadequate. Many soldiers who were wounded from previous battles died from exposure. Long marches had destroyed shoes. Blankets were scarce. Tattered garments were seldom replaced. At one point, these shortages caused nearly 4,000 men to be listed as unfit for duty.

text: Hardships and supply shortages[edit]

text: The army was undernourished and poorly clothed, living in crowded, damp quarters, and ravaged by sickness and disease. Typhoid, typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and pneumonia were among the numerous diseases that thrived in the camp during that winter. These diseases contributed to the death of 2,500 soldiers by the end of the winter, along with malnutrition and exposure to the freezing temperatures and snow.[12]

text: Gouverneur Morris of New York later stated that the Continentals were a "skeleton of an army...in a naked, starving condition, out of health, out of spirits."[13]

text: Soldiers deserted in "astonishing great numbers" as hardships at camp overcame their motivation and dedication to fight. General James Mitchell Varnum warned that the desperate lack of supplies would "force the army to mutiny."[14]

text: Women who were relatives or wives of enlisted men alleviated some of the suffering by providing valuable services that the army desperately needed, such as laundry and nursing. A group of people called Regimental Camp Followers also helped increase the morale of the soldiers and provided necessary support to the men.[15]

text: Restoration of army supplies[edit]

text: Washington repeatedly petitioned for relief and supplies, but the Continental Congress was unable to provide it; they had little to no money, and they had no idea how horrendous the situation was, so the soldiers continued to suffer. Finally, on January 24, 1778, five Congressmen came to Valley Forge to examine the conditions of the Continental Army after many petitions. Washington greeted them imperatively, "Something must be done. Important alterations must be made." Washington also informed them that he wanted Congress to take control of the army supply system, pay for the supplies, and replenish them when necessities were scarce.[16]

text: By the end of February, there were enough supplies flowing throughout camp after Congress finally realized the importance, and gave full support to monetarily funding the supply lines of the army, along with reorganizing the commissionary department, which controlled the gathering of the supplies for the army.[17]

text: Training[edit]

text: Increasing military efficiency, morale, and discipline were as vital to the army's well-being as its supply of food and arms. The army had been handicapped in battle because unit training was administered from a variety of field manuals, making coordinated battle movements awkward and difficult. The soldiers were trained, but not uniformly. The task of developing and carrying out an effective training program fell to Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a skilled Prussian drill master who had recently arrived from Europe. He tirelessly drilled the soldiers, improving their battle and formation techniques greatly; more importantly, he gave them their morale back, which had been lost in the hopeless winter.[18]

text: Women and children[edit]

text: George Washington's wife Martha arrived at the camp on February 10, 1778. She visited soldiers in the huts and in the camp hospital. She also organized a sewing circle of women who knitted, crafted, and patched socks, shirts, and trousers.[19]

text: Camp followers at Valley Forge consisted of the wives, children, mothers, and sisters of the soldiers. These camp followers often served as laundresses, cleaning and mending the uniforms of the soldiers. Washington understood that a soldier would die quickly from disease if his uniform was dirty and threadbare. These women and children also provided the emotional support to the army, encouraging them to remain at camp and continue on training and soldiering during the winter months. Women gained half the rations of soldiers, half the wages of a soldier, and a half pension after the war—if they had done enough work. Children would receive quarter rations if enough work was done, although there is no documented evidence of this measure.[20]

text: Women were relegated to the back of the column when marching and were forbidden to ride on wagons. Camp followers faced the issues of disease along with the soldiers. Women played an important role in scouting and finding supplies and food, and some lost their lives on the battlefield trying to obtain goods from wounded or dead soldiers. At Valley Forge, it is estimated that women averaged 1 to every 44 men, adding up to around 500 women, although there are no reliable figures for this number.[21]

text: Criticism of Washington[edit]

text: The American public and Congress began to criticize Washington for his inability to advance the war effort, because of the terrible conditions of the army during the winter of 1777. Washington himself was aware of an increasing impatience and criticism of his leadership.[22] A few soldiers wanted to replace him with General Horatio Gates, who had won a decisive victory in the Battles of Saratoga. Some members of the Continental Congress complained that Washington had left the surrounding countryside unprotected by moving into the isolated area of Valley Forge. Washington replied furiously:

text: Washington could not have launched any campaigns during the hardship at Valley Forge, yet anti-Washington movements still arose, led by Brigadier General Thomas Conway. These soldiers worked "behind the curtains" to degrade Washington's reputation in hopes that this would enable Horatio Gates to replace him as the commander of the Continental Army. This scheme is known today as the Conway Cabal.[22]

text: Washington was aware of them, and addressed them by saying:[23]

text: This silenced his main critics and easily renewed his authority as the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; his authority was never critically challenged for the rest of the decade.[23]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: After the horrendous winter, the Continental Army found out that France was going to aid their cause by sending military and monetary donations to the army. France had signed an alliance pact on February 6, 1778 with the 13 colonies, after General Horatio Gates's army had won the decisive Battles of Saratoga.[22] A celebration of French alliance was organized on May 6, 1778 at Valley Forge.[24] The army repeatedly shouted, "Long live France! Long live the friendly powers! Long live the American States!"[25] Thousands of soldiers performed large drill formations and fired salutes from muskets and cannons. The formations were observed by George Washington and other military leaders. At the conclusion of the celebration, each soldier was to be rewarded one gill of rum.[26]

text: Soon, word of the British departure from Philadelphia brought a frenzied activity to the ranks of the Continental Army. The army marched away from Valley Forge on June 19, 1778, exactly six months after they had arrived, and retook Philadelphia. They later charged in pursuit of the British, who were moving toward New York City.[27] The Battle of Monmouth occurred on June 28, 1778 and resulted in an indecisive victory, though Congress and many newspapers treated it as an American victory, since the British retreated and left the battlefield first. This result demonstrated that the colonists were now able to withstand a strong British army after the intense training at Valley Forge under von Steuben, boosting morale and improving Washington's reputation as the Commander in Chief.[28]

text: The winter at Valley Forge imbued into soldiers a strong will to persevere, endure, and triumph over obstacles and bring independence to the United States. Washington always acknowledged that the perseverance gained by the soldiers at Valley Forge was what made the Continental Army bind together even stronger and eventually win the war.[29] At the same time, however, there were significant numbers of resignations among the officers.[30] It was here, amid the struggles and trials, that Washington developed strong bonds of friendship with the much younger Lafayette.[31]

text: Historical maps of the encampment[edit]

text:
The encampment, winter 1777

The encampment at Valley Forge in 1778 (1830 engraving by G. Boynton)

text: Baron (Freiherr) Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben[edit]

text: Von Steuben was a one-time member of the elite Prussian General Staff of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. He was no longer in the Prussian Army—indeed, without employment of any kind—so he offered his military skills to the cause "without pay or rank," until he could prove himself.[32]

text: Von Steuben arrived at Valley Forge from France on February 23, 1778 with a letter of introduction from Benjamin Franklin. Washington saw great promise in the Prussian and almost immediately assigned him the duties of Acting Inspector General with the task of developing and carrying out an effective training program. Von Steuben was a drill instructor who was full of energy. Von Steuben taught the soldiers how to aim muskets accurately, charge with bayonets, and maneuver together in compact ranks.[33]

text: Numerous obstacles threatened success. No standard American training manuals existed, and von Steuben himself spoke little English. Von Steuben trained the soldiers using German and French, along with some broken English, while Secretary Pierre Duponceau translated his orders into English. Undaunted, he drafted his own manual in French.

text: Von Steuben's aides often worked late into the night, translating his work into English, which was titled Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States and more colloquially known as "The Blue Book." The translations, in turn, were copied and passed to the individual regiments and companies that carried out the prescribed drill or military parade the following day. "The Blue Book" remained the official American military training guide until the War of 1812.[34]

text: Von Steuben shocked many American officers by breaking tradition to work directly with the men. One officer wrote of von Steuben's "peculiar grace" as he took "under his direction a squad of men in the capacity of drill sergeant." From dawn to dusk, his familiar voice was heard in camp above the sounds of marching men and shouted commands. Soon companies, regiments, and then brigades moved smartly from line to column, column to line, loaded muskets with precision, and drove imaginary redcoats from the field by skillful charges with the bayonet.

text: The Continental Army paraded on May 6, 1778 to celebrate the French alliance with America, and von Steuben received the honor of organizing the day's activities. On that day, the Grand Parade became a showplace for the united American Army. Cannons boomed in salute. Thousands of muskets fired the ceremonial "feu de joie," a running fire that passed up and down the double ranks of infantrymen. Cheers echoed across the fields. The good drilling order and imposing appearance that the troops presented during the Alliance Day ceremonies demonstrated their remarkable progress in improving their abilities as a unified, fighting force capable of standing up to the British Army.

text: Washington had made a professional, disciplined, unified, and efficient army out of the Continental troops, with heavy aid from von Steuben.[22] Von Steuben himself claimed that his "enterprise succeeded better than he had expected." With their French allies, the Americans could now proceed into the battlefield with hopes of winning the war, which raged on for many years.[35]

text: Oration by Henry Armitt Brown[edit]

text: On June 19, 1878, author and orator Henry Armitt Brown delivered a speech to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the departure of General George Washington's troops from the encampment at Valley Forge. His oration recalled the hardships suffered during the winter of 1777–78, while also celebrating the eventual victory of the Continental Army:

text: Brown's oration was published by J.B. Lippincott & Co. of Philadelphia in 1879, serving as a literary marker of Valley Forge's lasting impact upon American history and identity.[36]

text: Valley Forge National Historical Park[edit]

text: Valley Forge National Historic Park commemorates the perseverance, sacrifice, and strength of the soldiers, the Continental Army, and the generals who were present during the winter of 1777–78.[37]

text: The site of the encampment became a Pennsylvania state park in 1893[38] and, on the July 4, 1976, it became Valley Forge National Historical Park.[citation needed] The modern park features historical and recreated buildings and structures, memorials, and a visitor center which shows a short film and has several exhibits. Washington Memorial Chapel was built in 1904 as a memorial to Washington and his army. An adjoining carillon of 58 bells represents all U.S. states and territories. It resides in a tower underwritten by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

text: Other park amenities include walking and bicycle trails.

text:
Washington made his headquarters in the Isaac Potts House (Aug. 2009)

A Revolutionary War cannon overlooking the site of the Valley Forge encampment (July 1989)

The National Memorial Arch is at Valley Forge (Apr. 2012)

A letter from George Washington, 1778


document_title: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

question_text: who has the most career wins on the pga tour

text: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

text: This is a list of golfers who have won five or more official (or later deemed as historically significant) money events on the PGA Tour[1][2]

text: The distinction between these two categories is important to understand as many players won important events early in the 20th century, well before a PGA Tour was officially established. The significance of many of these events was retrospectively established by golf historians, working together with PGA Tour staff, in the 1980s, during the course of a major statistical research project.[3]

text: The column for Major refers to so-called "Professional Majors". The U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were also considered to be majors for much of their history, but these championships are not considered here. Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold. During the last 30 years, only three players have won PGA Tour events after their 50th birthday. A golfer becomes eligible to compete on PGA Tour Champions, against other older players, at that age. Craig Stadler won in 2003 at age 50, Fred Funk won in 2007 at age 50, and Davis Love III won in 2015 at age 51. Sam Snead is the oldest to win a PGA event, at age 52, in 1965. Others who have won PGA Tour events past age 50 include Jim Barnes, John Barnum, and Art Wall, Jr. The rarity of golfers winning a non-senior event at that age is not restricted to the PGA Tour; Miguel Ángel Jiménez is the only golfer to win a European Tour event after turning 50, doing so in 2014.

text: Accumulating 20 wins is significant, because it is one of the requirements for "life membership" on the PGA Tour. This means that the golfer does not need to requalify for membership on the tour each year by finishing in the top 125 on the money list (starting in 2013, top 125 on the FedEx Cup points list), or through an exemption for tournament victories. Many golfers struggle to do this through their 40s, and go through a hiatus in their career before they qualify for the Champions Tour, but those with 20 wins avoid this problem. However, life members are required to maintain a certain (relatively modest) standard of play to retain their playing privileges: when they can no longer do so, they are moved into the "Past champions" membership category, effectively becoming honorary members.

text: Some of the players on this list have won numerous events on other tours, in particular many of the non-Americans. Seve Ballesteros, for example, is shown with only nine PGA Tour wins, but five of them majors. He won an additional 45 European Tour events. A substantial number of players born from approximately 1930 to 1960 have won many PGA Tour Champions events, with some having significantly more wins on the senior circuit than on the regular PGA Tour (notably Hale Irwin and Gil Morgan).

text: The PGA Tour recognized The Open Championship as an official tour event in 1995. In 2002, it decided to classify Open Championship victories before 1995 as PGA Tour wins, and the victory tallies in the table reflect this amendment. Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are indicated by H.

text: Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically. The list is complete as of April 8, 2018.

text:
Rank
Name
Year of birth
and death
Country
Wins
Majors
Winning
span
Span
(years)

1
Snead, SamSam Snead H
1912–2002
 United States
82
7
1936–1965
30

2
Tiger Woods
1975–
 United States
79
14
1996–2013
18

3
Jack Nicklaus H
1940–
 United States
73
18
1962–1986
25

4
Ben Hogan H
1912–1997
 United States
64
9
1938–1959
22

5
Arnold Palmer H
1929–2016
 United States
62
7
1955–1973
19

6
Byron Nelson H
1912–2006
 United States
52
5
1935–1951
17

7
Billy Casper H
1931–2015
 United States
51
3
1956–1975
20

8
Walter Hagen H
1892–1969
 United States
45
11
1914–1936
23

9
Phil Mickelson H
1970–
 United States
43
5
1991–2018
28

10
Cary Middlecoff H
1921–1998
 United States
40
3
1945–1961
17

11
Gene Sarazen H
1902–1999
 United States
39
7
1922–1941
20

Tom Watson H
1949–
 United States
39
8
1974–1998
25

13
Lloyd Mangrum H
1914–1973
 United States
36
1
1940–1956
17

14
Vijay Singh H
1963–
 Fiji
34
3
1993–2008
16

15
Horton Smith H
1908–1963
 United States
32
2
1928–1941
14

16
Harry Cooper H
1904–2000
 United States
31
0
1923–1939
17

Jimmy Demaret H
1910–1983
 United States
31
3
1938–1957
20

18
Leo Diegel H
1899–1951
 United States
30
2
1920–1934
15

19
Gene Littler H
1930–
 United States
29
1
1954–1977
24

Paul Runyan H
1908–2002
 United States
29
2
1930–1941
12

Lee Trevino H
1939–
 United States
29
6
1968–1984
17

22
Henry Picard H
1906–1997
 United States
26
2
1932–1945
14

23
Tommy Armour H
1894–1968
 Scotland
 United States
25
3
1920–1938
19

Johnny Miller H
1947–
 United States
25
2
1971–1994
24

25
Gary Player H
1935–
 South Africa
24
9
1958–1978
21

Macdonald Smith
1892–1949
 Scotland
 United States
24
0
1924–1936
13

27
Johnny Farrell
1901–1988
 United States
22
1
1921–1936
16

Raymond Floyd H
1942–
 United States
22
4
1963–1992
30

29
Jim Barnes H
1886–1966
 England
21
4
1916–1937
22

Davis Love III H
1964–
 United States
21
1
1987–2015
29

Willie Macfarlane
1890–1961
 Scotland
 United States
21
1
1916–1936
21

Lanny Wadkins H
1949–
 United States
21
1
1972–1992
21

Craig Wood H
1901–1968
 United States
21
2
1928–1944
17

34
Hale Irwin H
1945–
 United States
20
3
1971–1994
24

Bill Mehlhorn
1898–1989
 United States
20
0
1923–1930
8

Greg Norman H
1955–
 Australia
20
2
1984–1997
14

Doug Sanders
1933–
 United States
20
0
1956–1972
17

38
Ben Crenshaw H
1952–
 United States
19
2
1973–1995
23

Ernie Els H
1969–
 South Africa
19
4
1994–2012
19

Doug Ford H
1922–
 United States
19
2
1952–1963
12

Hubert Green H
1946–
 United States
19
2
1971–1985
15

Tom Kite H
1949–
 United States
19
1
1976–1993
18

43
Julius Boros H
1920–1994
 United States
18
3
1952–1968
17

Jim Ferrier
1915–1986
 Australia
18
1
1944–1961
18

E.J. "Dutch" Harrison
1910–1982
 United States
18
0
1939–1958
20

Nick Price H
1957–
 Zimbabwe
18
3
1983–2002
20

Johnny Revolta
1911–1991
 United States
18
1
1933–1944
12

48
Bobby Cruickshank
1894–1975
 Scotland
17
0
1921–1936
16

Jim Furyk
1970–
 United States
17
1
1995–2015
21

Dustin Johnson
1984–
 United States
17
1
2008–2018
11

Harold "Jug" McSpaden
1908–1996
 United States
17
0
1933–1945
13

Curtis Strange H
1955–
 United States
17
2
1979–1989
11

53
Jack Burke, Jr. H
1923–
 United States
16
2
1950–1963
14

Ralph Guldahl H
1911–1987
 United States
16
3
1931–1940
10

Mark O'Meara H
1957–
 United States
16
2
1984–1998
15

Denny Shute H
1904–1974
 United States
16
3
1929–1939
11

Tom Weiskopf
1942–
 United States
16
1
1968–1982
15

58
Tommy Bolt H
1916–2008
 United States
15
1
1951–1961
11

Fred Couples H
1959–
 United States
15
1
1983–2003
21

Ed Dudley
1901–1963
 United States
15
0
1928–1939
12

Bobby Locke H
1917–1987
 South Africa
15
4
1947–1957
11

Corey Pavin
1959–
 United States
15
1
1984–2006
23

Mike Souchak
1927–2008
 United States
15
0
1955–1964
10

64
Bruce Crampton
1935–
 Australia
14
0
1961–1975
15

Jock Hutchison H
1884–1977
 Scotland
 United States
14
2
1918–1928
11

Rory McIlroy
1989–
 Northern Ireland
14
4
2010–2018
9

Kenny Perry
1960–
 United States
14
0
1991–2009
19

Hal Sutton
1958–
 United States
14
1
1982–2001
20

Joe Turnesa
1901–1991
 United States
14
0
1924–1933
10

Ken Venturi H
1931–2013
 United States
14
1
1957–1966
10

Art Wall, Jr.
1923–2001
 United States
14
1
1953–1975
23

72
George Archer
1939–2005
 United States
13
1
1965–1984
20

Billy Burke
1902–1972
 United States
13
1
1927–1940
14

Mark Calcavecchia
1960–
 United States
13
1
1986–2007
22

David Duval
1971–
 United States
13
1
1997–2001
5

Dave Hill
1937–2011
 United States
13
0
1961–1976
16

Joe Kirkwood, Sr.
1897–1970
 Australia
 United States
13
0
1923–1933
11

Bruce Lietzke
1951–
 United States
13
0
1977–1994
18

Craig Stadler
1953–
 United States
13
1
1980–2003
24

David Toms
1967–
 United States
13
1
1997–2011
15

Adam Scott
1980–
 Australia
13
1
2003–2016
14

82
Paul Azinger
1960–
 United States
12
1
1987–2000
14

Zach Johnson
1976–
 United States
12
2
2004–2015
12

Tony Lema
1934–1966
 United States
12
1
1962–1966
5

Justin Leonard
1972–
 United States
12
1
1996–2008
13

Wayne Levi
1952–
 United States
12
0
1978–1990
13

Bobby Nichols
1936–
 United States
12
1
1962–1974
13

Calvin Peete
1943–2015
 United States
12
0
1979–1986
8

Steve Stricker
1967–
 United States
12
0
1996–2012
17

90
Miller Barber
1931–2013
 United States
11
0
1964–1978
15

Andy Bean
1953–
 United States
11
0
1977–1986
10

Frank Beard
1939–
 United States
11
0
1963–1971
9

John Cook
1957–
 United States
11
0
1981–2001
21

Jason Day
1987–
 Australia
11
1
2010–2018
9

Dow Finsterwald
1929–
 United States
11
1
1955–1963
9

Al Geiberger
1937–
 United States
11
1
1962–1979
18

Vic Ghezzi
1910–1976
 United States
11
1
1935–1948
14

Bob Goalby
1929–
 United States
11
1
1958–1971
14

Scott Hoch
1955–
 United States
11
0
1980–2003
24

Jordan Spieth
1993–
 United States
11
3
2013–2017
5

Payne Stewart H
1957–1999
 United States
11
3
1982–1999
18

Bubba Watson
1978–
 United States
11
2
2010–2018
9

103
Gay Brewer
1932–2007
 United States
10
1
1961–1972
12

Olin Dutra
1901–1983
 United States
10
2
1929–1936
8

Steve Elkington
1962–
 Australia
10
1
1990–1999
10

David Frost
1959–
 South Africa
10
0
1988–1997
10

Sergio García
1980–
 Spain
10
1
2001–2017
17

Don January
1929–
 United States
10
1
1956–1976
21

Ky Laffoon
1908–1984
 United States
10
0
1933–1946
14

John Mahaffey
1948–
 United States
10
1
1973–1989
17

Mark McCumber
1951–
 United States
10
0
1979–1994
16

Dick Metz
1908–1993
 United States
10
0
1935–1949
15

Larry Nelson H
1947–
 United States
10
3
1979–1988
10

Dave Stockton
1941–
 United States
10
2
1967–1976
10

Fuzzy Zoeller
1951–
 United States
10
2
1979–1986
8

116
Stuart Appleby
1971–
 Australia
9
0
1997–2010
14

Seve Ballesteros H
1957–2011
 Spain
9
5
1978–1988
11

Mike Brady
1887–1972
 United States
9
0
1916–1926
11

Wiffy Cox
1896–1969
 United States
9
0
1930–1937
8

Al Espinosa
1891–1957
 United States
9
0
1924–1935
12

Nick Faldo H
1957–
 England
9
6
1984–1997
14

Johnny Golden
1896–1936
 United States
9
0
1927–1935
9

Jay Haas
1953–
 United States
9
0
1978–1993
16

Jimmy Hines
1903–1986
 United States
9
0
1933–1946
14

Bobby Jones H
1902–1971
 United States
9
7
1923–1930
8

Willie Klein
1901–1957
 United States
9
0
1922–1936
15

127
K. J. Choi
1970–
 South Korea
8
0
2002–2011
10

Jim Colbert
1941–
 United States
8
0
1969–1983
15

Roberto De Vicenzo H
1923–2017
 Argentina
8
1
1951–1968
18

Bruce Devlin
1937–
 Australia
8
0
1964–1972
9

Dave Douglas
1918–1978
 United States
8
0
1947–1954
8

Brad Faxon
1961–
 United States
8
0
1991–2005
15

Fred Funk
1956–
 United States
8
0
1992–2007
16

David Graham H
1946–
 Australia
8
2
1972–1983
12

Lee Janzen
1964–
 United States
8
2
1992–1998
7

Steve Jones
1958–
 United States
8
1
1988–1998
11

George Knudson
1937–1989
 Canada
8
0
1961–1972
12

Ted Kroll
1919–2002
 United States
8
0
1952–1962
11

Lawson Little H
1910–1968
 United States
8
1
1936–1948
13

Tony Manero
1905–1989
 United States
8
1
1929–1938
10

Geoff Ogilvy
1977–
 Australia
8
1
2005–2014
10

Ed Oliver
1916–1961
 United States
8
0
1940–1958
19

Jerry Pate
1953–
 United States
8
1
1976–1982
7

Loren Roberts
1955–
 United States
8
0
1994–2002
9

Justin Thomas
1993–
 United States
8
1
2015–2018
4

Chi-Chi Rodríguez H
1935–
 Puerto Rico
 United States
8
0
1963–1979
17

Justin Rose
1980–
 England
8
1
2010–2017
8

J. C. Snead
1940–
 United States
8
0
1971–1987
17

Brandt Snedeker
1980–
 United States
8
0
2007–2016
10

Bob Tway
1959–
 United States
8
1
1986–2003
18

Al Watrous
1899–1983
 United States
8
0
1922–1933
12

Mike Weir
1970–
 Canada
8
1
1999–2007
9

152
Jerry Barber
1916–1994
 United States
7
1
1953–1963
11

Mark Brooks
1961–
 United States
7
1
1988–1996
9

Clarence Clark
1907–1974
 United States
7
0
1931–1936
6

Gardner Dickinson
1927–1998
 United States
7
0
1956–1971
16

Bill Glasson
1960–
 United States
7
0
1985–1997
13

Retief Goosen
1969–
 South Africa
7
2
2001–2009
9

Clarence Hackney
1894–1941
 Scotland
 United States
7
0
1923–1931
9

Chick Harbert
1915–1992
 United States
7
1
1941–1954
14

Chandler Harper
1923–1997
 United States
7
1
1942–1955
14

Jay Hebert
1923–1997
 United States
7
1
1957–1961
5

John Huston
1961–
 United States
7
0
1990–2003
14

Peter Jacobsen
1954–
 United States
7
0
1980–2003
24

Matt Kuchar
1978–
 United States
7
0
2002–2014
13

Billy Maxwell
1929–
 United States
7
0
1955–1962
8

Dick Mayer
1924–1989
 United States
7
1
1953–1965
13

Gil Morgan
1946–
 United States
7
0
1977–1990
14

Johnny Palmer
1918–2006
 United States
7
0
1946–1954
9

Scott Simpson
1955–
 United States
7
1
1980–1998
19

Joey Sindelar
1958–
 United States
7
0
1985–2004
20

Harry Vardon H
1870–1937
 Jersey
7
7
1896–1914
19

Bert Yancey
1938–1994
 United States
7
0
1966–1972
7

174
Sammy Byrd
1906–1981
 United States
6
0
1942–1945
4

Bob Charles H
1936–
 New Zealand
6
1
1963–1974
12

Stewart Cink
1973–
 United States
6
1
1997–2009
13

Henry Ciuci
1903–1986
 United States
6
0
1928–1931
4

Ed Furgol
1917–1997
 United States
6
1
1947–1957
11

Bob Gilder
1950–
 United States
6
0
1976–1983
8

Lou Graham
1938–
 United States
6
1
1967–1979
13

Bill Haas
1982–
 United States
6
0
2010–2015
6

Paul Harney
1929–2011
 United States
6
0
1957–1972
16

Pádraig Harrington
1971–
 Ireland
6
3
2005–2015
11

Willie Hunter
1892–1968
 Scotland
 United States
6
0
192?–1936
~11

Gary Koch
1952–
 United States
6
0
1976–1988
13

Bob Lunn
1945–
 United States
6
0
1968–1972
5

Sandy Lyle H
1958–
 Scotland
6
2
1985–1988
4

Hunter Mahan
1982–
 United States
6
0
2007–2014
8

Rocco Mediate
1962–
 United States
6
0
1991–2010
20

José María Olazábal H
1966–
 Spain
6
2
1990–2002
13

Steve Pate
1961–
 United States
6
0
1987–1998
12

Patrick Reed
1990–
 United States
6
1
2013–2018
6

Bill Rogers
1951–
 United States
6
1
1978–1983
6

Bob Rosburg
1926–2009
 United States
6
1
1954–1972
19

Rory Sabbatini
1976–
 South Africa
6
0
2000–2011
12

Dan Sikes
1929–1987
 United States
6
0
1963–1968
6

Jeff Sluman
1957–
 United States
6
1
1988–2002
15

Henrik Stenson
1976–
 Sweden
6
1
2007–2017
11

Frank Stranahan
1922–2013
 United States
6
0
1945–1958
14

Peter Thomson H
1929–
 Australia
6
5
1954–1965
12

Mike Turnesa
1907–2000
 United States
6
0
1931–1949
19

Cyril Walker
1892–1948
 England
 United States
6
1
1917–1930
14

Jimmy Walker
1979–
 United States
6
1
2013–2016
4

Bo Wininger
1922–1967
 United States
6
0
1955–1963
9

Lew Worsham
1917–1990
 United States
6
1
1946–1953
8

206
Buddy Allin
1944–2007
 United States
5
0
1971–1976
6

James Braid H
1870–1950
 Scotland
5
5
1901–1910
10

Jonathan Byrd
1978–
 United States
5
0
2002–2011
10

Pete Cooper
1914–1993
 United States
5
0
1949–1958
10

Ben Crane
1976–
 United States
5
0
2003–2014
12

John Daly
1966–
 United States
5
2
1991–2004
14

Luke Donald
1977–
 England
5
0
2002–2012
11

Jason Dufner
1977–
 United States
5
1
2012–2017
6

Danny Edwards
1951–
 United States
5
0
1977–1985
9

Dan Forsman
1958–
 United States
5
0
1985–2002
18

Marty Furgol
1916–2005
 United States
5
0
1951–1959
9

Jim Gallagher, Jr.
1961–
 United States
5
0
1990–1995
6

Ken Green
1958–
 United States
5
0
1985–1989
5

Fred Haas
1916–2004
 United States
5
0
1945–1954
10

Bob Hamilton
1916–1990
 United States
5
1
1944–1949
6

Jerry Heard
1947–
 United States
5
0
1971–1978
8

Lionel Hebert
1928–2000
 United States
5
1
1957–1966
10

Herman Keiser
1914–2003
 United States
5
1
1942–1947
6

Tom Lehman
1959–
 United States
5
1
1994–2000
7

Roger Maltbie
1951–
 United States
5
0
1975–1985
11

Ray Mangrum
1910–1975
 United States
5
0
1936–1946
11

Hideki Matsuyama
1992–
 Japan
5
0
2014–2017
4

Billy Mayfair
1966–
 United States
5
0
1993–1998
6

Blaine McCallister
1958–
 United States
5
0
1988–1993
6

Ryan Moore
1982–
 United States
5
0
2009–2016
8

Bob Murphy
1943–
 United States
5
0
1968–1986
19

Gilbert Nicholls
1878–1950
 England
 United States
5
0
191?–1927
~11

Jesper Parnevik
1965–
 Sweden
5
0
1998–2001
4

Carl Pettersson
1977–
 Sweden
5
0
2005–2012
8

Johnny Pott
1935–
 United States
5
0
1960–1968
9

Tom Purtzer
1951–
 United States
5
0
1977–1991
15

Henry Ransom
1911–1987
 United States
5
0
1946–1955
10

Phil Rodgers
1938–
 United States
5
0
1962–1966
5

Mason Rudolph
1934–2011
 United States
5
0
1959–1970
12

John Henry Taylor H
1871–1963
 England
5
5
1894–1913
20

Bob Toski
1926–
 United States
5
0
1953–1954
2

Scott Verplank
1964–
 United States
5
0
1985–2007
23

George Von Elm
1901–1961
 United States
5
0
19??–1938
~10

Nick Watney
1981–
 United States
5
0
2007–2012
6

D. A. Weibring
1953–
 United States
5
0
1979–1996
18

Mark Wilson
1974–
 United States
5
0
2007–2012
6

text:
^ Harry Cooper was born in England, but grew up in Dallas, Texas, and became a U.S. citizen before starting his professional career. However, he was not allowed to compete for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup. U.S. citizens born outside the country, even if they were born with only U.S. citizenship, were not eligible to represent the U.S. in the Ryder Cup until 2002. Even today, those who naturalize after age 18 are ineligible for Team USA.
^ Jim Barnes was born in England, but became a U.S. citizen soon after moving to the United States in 1906.