document_title: Dow Jones Industrial Average

question_text: what is the oldest company in the dow jones index

text: Dow Jones Industrial Average

text: Components[edit]

text: Since the close on September 1, 2017, the Dow Jones Industrial Average has consisted of the following 30 major companies:

text:
Company
Exchange
Symbol
Industry
Date Added
Notes

3M
NYSE
MMM
Conglomerate
1976-08-09
as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing

American Express
NYSE
AXP
Consumer finance
1982-08-30

Apple
NASDAQ
AAPL
Consumer electronics
2015-03-19

Boeing
NYSE
BA
Aerospace and defense
1987-03-12

Caterpillar
NYSE
CAT
Construction and mining equipment
1991-05-06

Chevron
NYSE
CVX
Oil & gas
2008-02-19
also 1930-07-18 to 1999-11-01

Cisco Systems
NASDAQ
CSCO
Computer networking
2009-06-08

Coca-Cola
NYSE
KO
Beverages
1987-03-12
also 1932-05-26 to 1935-11-20

DowDuPont
NYSE
DWDP
Chemical industry
2017-09-01
Essentially, as continuation of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company's appearance since 1935-11-20, but officially a new company due to its merger with Dow Chemical Company on the same day.[6]

ExxonMobil
NYSE
XOM
Oil & gas
1928-10-01
as Standard Oil of New Jersey

General Electric
NYSE
GE
Conglomerate
1907-11-07
also 1896-05-26 to 1898-10 and 1899-04-21 to 1901-04-01

Goldman Sachs
NYSE
GS
Banking, Financial services
2013-09-20

The Home Depot
NYSE
HD
Home improvement retailer
1999-11-01

IBM
NYSE
IBM
Computers and technology
1979-06-29
also 1932-05-26 to 1939-03-04

Intel
NASDAQ
INTC
Semiconductors
1999-11-01

Johnson & Johnson
NYSE
JNJ
Pharmaceuticals
1997-03-17

JPMorgan Chase
NYSE
JPM
Banking
1991-05-06

McDonald's
NYSE
MCD
Fast food
1985-10-30

Merck
NYSE
MRK
Pharmaceuticals
1979-06-29

Microsoft
NASDAQ
MSFT
Software
1999-11-01

Nike
NYSE
NKE
Apparel
2013-09-20

Pfizer
NYSE
PFE
Pharmaceuticals
2004-04-08

Procter & Gamble
NYSE
PG
Consumer goods
1932-05-26

Travelers
NYSE
TRV
Insurance
2009-06-08

UnitedHealth Group
NYSE
UNH
Managed health care
2012-09-24

United Technologies
NYSE
UTX
Conglomerate
1939-03-14
as United Aircraft

Verizon
NYSE
VZ
Telecommunication
2004-04-08

Visa
NYSE
V
Consumer banking
2013-09-20

Walmart
NYSE
WMT
Retail
1997-03-17

Walt Disney
NYSE
DIS
Broadcasting and entertainment
1991-05-06

text: Former components[edit]

text: The components of the DJIA have changed 51 times since its beginning in May 26, 1896. General Electric has had the longest continuous presence on the index, beginning in 1907. More recent changes to the index include the following:

text:
On April 8, 2004, American International Group Incorporated, Pfizer Incorporated, and Verizon Communications Incorporated replaced AT&T Corporation, Eastman Kodak Company, and International Paper Company.[7]
On February 19, 2008, Chevron and Bank of America replaced Altria Group and Honeywell. Chevron was previously a Dow component from July 18, 1930, to November 1, 1999. During Chevron's absence, its split-adjusted price per share went from $44 to $85, while the price of petroleum rose from $24 to $100.
On September 22, 2008, Kraft Foods Inc replaced the American International Group (AIG) in the index.[8]
On June 8, 2009, General Motors Corporation and Citigroup were replaced by The Travelers Companies and Cisco Systems, the latter of which became the third company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.[9]
On September 24, 2012, UnitedHealth Group replaced Kraft Foods Inc following Kraft's split into Mondelēz International and Kraft Foods Group.
On September 20, 2013, Goldman Sachs, Nike, and Visa replaced Alcoa, Bank of America, and Hewlett-Packard. Visa replaced Hewlett-Packard because of the split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise[10][11]
On March 19, 2015, Apple replaced AT&T, which had been a component of the DJIA since November 1916.[12] Apple became the fourth company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.
On September 1, 2017, DowDuPont replaced DuPont. DowDuPont was formed by the merger of Dow Chemical Company with DuPont.[13]

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: Precursor[edit]

text: In 1884, Charles Dow composed his first stock average, which contained nine railroads and two industrial companies that appeared in the Customer's Afternoon Letter, a daily two-page financial news bulletin which was the precursor to The Wall Street Journal. On January 2, 1886, the number of stocks represented in what is now the Dow Jones Transportation Average dropped from 14 to 12, as the Central Pacific Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey were removed. Though comprising the same number of stocks, this index contained only one of the original twelve industrials that would eventually form Dow's most famous index.[14]

text: Initial components[edit]

text: Dow calculated his first average purely of industrial stocks on May 26, 1896, creating what is now known as the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Of the original 12 industrials, only General Electric currently remains part of that index.[15] The other 11 were:[16]

text:
American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor company to Bestfoods, now part of Unilever.
American Sugar Company, became Domino Sugar in 1900, now Domino Foods, Inc.
American Tobacco Company, broken up in a 1911 antitrust action.
Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897, now an operating subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group.
Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now Millennium Chemicals, formerly a division of LyondellBasell, the latter of which recently emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[17]
Laclede Gas Company, still in operation as Spire Inc, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899.
National Lead Company, now NL Industries, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916.
North American Company, an electric utility holding company, broken up by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1946.
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham, Alabama, bought by U.S. Steel in 1907; U.S. Steel was removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1991.
U.S. Leather Company, dissolved in 1952.
United States Rubber Company, changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961, merged with private B.F. Goodrich in 1986, bought by Michelin in 1990.

text: Early years[edit]

text: When it was first published in the mid-1880s, the index stood at a level of 62.76. It reached a peak of 78.38 during the summer of 1890, but ended up hitting its all-time low of 28.48 in the summer of 1896 during the Panic of 1896. Many of the biggest percentage price moves in the Dow occurred early in its history, as the nascent industrial economy matured. The 1900s would see the Dow halt its momentum as it worked its way through two financial crises; the Panic of 1901 and the Panic of 1907. The Dow would remain stuck in a trading range between 53 and 103 points until late 1914. The negativity surrounding the 1906 San Francisco earthquake did little to improve the economic climate.

text: At the start of the 1910s, the decade would begin with the Panic of 1910–1911 stifling economic growth for a lengthy period of time. History would later take its course on July 30, 1914; as the average stood at a level of 71.42 when a decision was made to close down the New York Stock Exchange, and suspend trading for a span of four and a half months. Some historians believe the exchange closed because of a concern that markets would plunge as a result of panic over the onset of World War I. An alternative explanation is that the Secretary of the Treasury, William Gibbs McAdoo, closed the exchange to conserve the U.S. gold stock in order to launch the Federal Reserve System later that year, with enough gold to keep the United States on par with the gold standard. When the markets reopened on December 12, 1914, the index closed at 74.56, a gain of 4.4 percent. This is frequently reported as a large drop, due to using a later redefinition. Reports from the time say that the day was positive.[18] Following World War I, the United States would experience another economic downturn, the post-World War I recession. The Dow's performance would remain unchanged from the closing value of the previous decade, adding only 8.26%, from 99.05 points at the beginning of 1910, to a level of 107.23 points at the end of 1919.[19]

text: During the 1920s, specifically In 1928, the components of the Dow were increased to 30 stocks near the economic height of that decade, which was nicknamed the Roaring Twenties. This period downplayed the influence of an early 1920s recession plus certain international conflicts such as the Polish-Soviet war, the Irish Civil War, the Turkish War of Independence and the initial phase of the Chinese Civil War. The Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression over the next several years returned the average to its starting point, almost 90% below its peak. By July 8, 1932, following its intra-day low of 40.56, the Dow would end up closing the session at 41.22. The high of 381.17 on September 3, 1929, would not be surpassed until 1954, in inflation-adjusted numbers. However, the bottom of the 1929 Crash came just 2½ months later on November 13, 1929, when intra-day it was at the 195.35 level, closing slightly higher at 198.69.[20] For the decade, the Dow would end off with a healthy 131.7% gain, from 107.23 points at the beginning of 1920, to a level of 248.48 points at the end of 1929, just before the Crash of 1929.[21]

text: Marked by global instability and the Great Depression, the 1930s contended with several consequential European and Asian outbreaks of war, leading up to catastrophic World War II in 1939. Other conflicts during the decade which affected the stock market included the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War, the 1935–1936 Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Soviet-Japanese Border War of 1939 and the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937. On top of that, the United States dealt with a painful recession in 1937 and 1938 which temporarily brought economic recovery to a halt. The largest one-day percentage gain in the index, 15.34%, happened on March 15, 1933, in the depths of the 1930s bear market when the Dow gained 8.26 points to close at 62.10. However, as a whole throughout the Great Depression, the Dow posted some of its worst performances, for a negative return during most of the 1930s for new and old stock market investors. For the decade, the Dow Jones average was down from 248.48 points at the beginning of 1930, to a stable level of 150.24 points at the end of 1939, a loss of about 40%.[22]

text: Post-war years[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Post-war reconstruction during the 1940s, along with renewed optimism of peace and prosperity, brought about a 39% surge in the Dow from around the 148 level to 206. The strength in the Dow occurred despite a brief recession in 1949 and other global conflicts which started a short time later including the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War, the Greek Civil War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

text: During the 1950s, the Korean War, the Algerian War, the Cold War and other political tensions such as the Cuban Revolution, as well as widespread political and economic changes in Africa during the initial stages of European Decolonization, did not stop the Dow's bullish climb higher. Additionally, the U.S. would also make its way through two grinding recessions; one in 1953 and another in 1958. A 200% increase in the average from a level of 206 to 616 ensued over the course of that decade.

text: The Dow's bullish behavior began to stall during the 1960s as the U.S. became entangled with foreign political issues such as U.S. military excursions including the Bay of Pigs Invasion involving Cuba, the Vietnam War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Colombian civil war which the U.S. assisted with short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns, as well as domestic issues such as the Civil Rights Movement and several influential political assassinations. For the decade though, and despite a mild recession between 1960 and 1961, the average still managed a respectable 30% gain from the 616 level to 800.

text: The 1970s marked a time of economic uncertainty and troubled relations between the U.S. and certain Middle-Eastern countries. To begin with, the decade started off with the ongoing Recession of 1969–70. Following that, the 1970s Energy Crisis ensued which included the 1973–75 recession, the 1973 Oil Crisis as well as the 1979 energy crisis beginning as a prelude to a disastrous economic climate injected with stagflation; the combination between high unemployment and high inflation. However, on November 14, 1972, the average closed above the 1,000 mark (1,003.16) for the first time, during a brief relief rally in the midst of a lengthy bear market. Between January 1973 and December 1974, the average lost 48% of its value in what became known as the 1973–1974 Stock Market Crash; with the situation being exacerbated by the events surrounding the Yom Kippur War. The index closed at 577.60, on December 4, 1974. During 1976, the index went above 1000 several times, and it closed the year at 1,004.75. Although the Vietnam War ended in 1975, new tensions arose towards Iran surrounding the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Other notable disturbances such as the Lebanese Civil War, the Ethiopian Civil War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Angolan Civil War which the U.S. and Soviet Union considered critical to the global balance of power, seemed to have had little influence towards the financial markets. Performance-wise for the decade, gains remained virtually flat, rising less than 5% from about the 800 level to 838.

text: The 1980s decade started with the early 1980s recession. In early 1981, it broke above 1000 several times, but then retreated. The largest one-day percentage drop occurred on Black Monday; October 19, 1987, when the average fell 22.61%. There were no clear reasons given to explain the crash, but program trading may have been a major contributing factor. On October 13, 1989, the Dow stumbled into another downfall, the 1989 Mini-Crash which initiated the collapse of the junk bond market as the Dow registered a loss of almost 7%.

text: For the decade, the Dow made a 228% increase from the 838 level to 2,753; despite the market crashes, Silver Thursday, an early 1980s recession, the 1980s oil glut, the Japanese asset price bubble and other political distractions such as the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the Falklands War, the Iran–Iraq War, the Second Sudanese Civil War and the First Intifada in the Middle East. The index had only two negative years, which were in 1981 and 1984.

text: Dot-com boom[edit]

text: The 1990s brought on rapid advances in technology along with the introduction of the dot-com era. To start off, the markets contended with the 1990 oil price shock compounded with the effects of the Early 1990s recession and a brief European situation surrounding Black Wednesday. Certain influential foreign conflicts such as the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt which took place as part of the initial stages of the Dissolution of the USSR and the Fall of Communism; the First and Second Chechen Wars, the Persian Gulf War and the Yugoslav Wars failed to dampen economic enthusiasm surrounding the ongoing Information Age and the "irrational exuberance" (a phrase coined by Alan Greenspan) of the Internet Boom. Even the occurrences of the Rwandan Genocide and the Second Congo War, termed as "Africa's World War" that involved 8 separate African nations which together between the two killed over 5 million people, didn't seem to have any noticeable negative financial impact on the Dow either. Between late 1992 and early 1993, the Dow staggered through the 3,000 level making only modest gains as the Biotechnology sector suffered through the downfall of the Biotech Bubble; as many biotech companies saw their share prices rapidly rise to record levels and then subsequently fall to new all-time lows.

text: On November 21, 1995, the DJIA closed above the 5,000 level (5,023.55) for the first time. Over the following two years, the Dow would rapidly tower above the 6,000 level during the month of October in 1996, and the 7,000 level in February 1997. On its march higher into record territory, the Dow easily made its way through the 8,000 level in July 1997. However, later in that year during October, the events surrounding the Asian Financial Crisis plunged the Dow into a 554-point loss to a close of 7,161.15; a retrenchment of 7.18% in what became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash. Although internationally there was negativity surrounding the 1998 Russian financial crisis along with the subsequent fallout from the 1998 collapse of the derivatives Long-Term Capital Management hedge fund involving bad bets placed on the movement of the Russian ruble, the Dow would go on to surpass the 9,000 level during the month of April in 1998, making its sentimental push towards the symbolic 10,000 level. On March 29, 1999, the average closed above the 10,000 mark (10,006.78) after flirting with it for two weeks. This prompted a celebration on the trading floor, complete with party hats. The scene at the exchange made front-page headlines on many U.S. newspapers such as The New York Times. On May 3, 1999, the Dow achieved its first close above the 11,000 mark (11,014.70). Total gains for the decade exceeded 315%; from the 2,753 level to 11,497.

text: The Dow averaged a 5.3% return compounded annually for the 20th century, a record Warren Buffett called "a wonderful century"; when he calculated that to achieve that return again, the index would need to close at about 2,000,000 by December 2099.[23] During the height of the dot-com era, authors James K. Glassman and Kevin A. Hassett went so far as to publish a book entitled Dow 36,000: The New Strategy for Profiting From the Coming Rise in the Stock Market. Their theory was to imply that stocks were still cheap and it was not too late to benefit from rising prices during the Internet boom.

text: Characterized by fear on the part of newer investors, the uncertainty of the 2000s (decade) brought on a significant bear market. There was indecision on whether the cyclical bull market represented a prolonged temporary bounce or a new long-term trend. Ultimately, there was widespread resignation and disappointment as the lows were revisited, and in some cases, surpassed near the end of the decade.

text: Post internet-bubble era[edit]

text: The fourth largest one-day point drop in DJIA history, and largest at the time, occurred on September 17, 2001, the first day of trading after the September 11, 2001 attacks, when the Dow fell 684.81 points, or 7.1%. However, the Dow had been in a downward trend for virtually all of 2001 prior to September 11, losing well over 1000 points between January 2 and September 10, and had lost 187.51 points on September 6, followed by losing 235.4 points on September 7.[24] By the end of that week, the Dow had fallen 1,369.70 points, or 14.3%. However, the Dow began an upward trend shortly after the attacks, and quickly regained all lost ground to close above the 10,000 level for the year.

text: During 2002, the average remained subdued without making substantial gains due to the stock market downturn of 2002 as well as the lingering effects of the dot-com bubble. In 2003, the Dow held steady within the 7,000 to 9,000-point level range by the early 2000s recession, the Afghan War and the Iraq War. But by December of that year, the Dow remarkably returned to the 10,000 mark. In October 2006, four years after its bear market low, the DJIA set fresh record theoretical, intra-day, daily close, weekly, and monthly highs for the first time in almost seven years, closing above the 12,000 level for the first time on the 19th anniversary of Black Monday (1987). On February 27, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 3.3% (415.30 points), its biggest point drop since 2001. The initial drop was caused by a global sell-off after Chinese stocks experienced a mini-crash, yet by April 25, the Dow passed the 13,000 level in trading and closed above that milestone for the first time. On July 19, 2007, the average passed the 14,000 level, completing the fastest 1,000-point advance for the index since 1999. One week later, a 450-point intra-day loss, owing to turbulence in the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market and the soaring value of the yuan,[25][26] initiated another correction falling below the 13,000 mark, about 10% from its highs.

text: On October 9, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at a record high of 14,164.53. Two days later on October 11, the Dow traded at an intra-day level high of 14,198.10,[27] a mark which would not be matched until March 2013.[28] In what would normally take many years to accomplish; numerous reasons were cited for the Dow's extremely rapid rise from the 11,000 level in early 2006, to the 14,000 level in late 2007. They included future possible takeovers and mergers, healthy earnings reports particularly in the tech sector, and moderate inflationary numbers; fueling speculation the Federal Reserve would not raise interest rates.

text: On September 15, 2008, a wider financial crisis became evident when Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy along with the economic effect of record high oil prices which reached almost $150 per barrel two months earlier. When opening that morning, it immediately lost 300 points and overall the DJIA lost more than 500 points for only the sixth time in history, returning to its mid-July lows below the 11,000 level. A series of "bailout" packages, including the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, proposed and implemented by the Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury, as well as FDIC-sponsored bank mergers, did not prevent further losses. After nearly six months of extreme volatility during which the Dow experienced its largest one-day point loss, largest daily point gain, and largest intra-day range (more than 1,000 points), the index closed at a new twelve-year low of 6,547.05 on March 9, 2009 (after an intra-day low of 6,469.95[29] during the March 6 session), its lowest close since April 1997, and had lost 20% of its value in only six weeks.

text: Bull market of 2009–present[edit]

text: Towards the latter half of 2009, the average rallied towards the 10,000 level amid optimism that the Late-2000s (decade) Recession, the United States Housing Bubble and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008–2009, were easing and possibly coming to an end. For the decade, the Dow saw a rather substantial pullback for a negative return from the 11,497 level to 10,428, a loss of a little over 9%.

text: During the early part of the 2010s, aided somewhat by the loose monetary policy practiced by the Federal Reserve, the Dow made a notable rally attempt, though with significant volatility due to growing global concerns such as the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis, the Dubai debt crisis, and the United States debt ceiling crisis. On May 6, 2010, the index lost around 400 points over the day, then just after 2:30 pm EDT, it lost about 600 points in just a few minutes, and gained the last amount back about as quickly. The intra-day change at the lowest point was 998.50 points, representing an intra-day loss of 9.2%. The event, during which the Dow bottomed out at 9,869 before recovering to end with a 3.2% daily loss at 10,520.32, became known as the 2010 Flash Crash.[30] The index closed the half-year at 9,774.02 for a loss of 7.7%.[31]

text: In the midst of the decade, the Dow rallied its way above the peak from October 2007. On May 3, 2013, the Dow surpassed the 15,000 mark for the first time before towering above the next few millenary milestones thanks to commendable economic reports.[32][33][34] The index closed 2014 at 17,823.07 for a gain of 71% for the five years before progress became minimal the next year.[35] However, the overwhelming economic factors exhibited in 2015 caused the Dow to plunge into correction territory for the first time since 2011.[citation needed] By October, the Dow had exited correction rallying 14% from its August lows, but failed to hit a record high set back in May.[citation needed] In November and December, the Dow continued to retreat from the 14% rally in October, leading some to call it a bear market.[36][37] This led to the Dow closing at 17,425.03 for 2015, the first annual loss since 2008.[38] After nearly 14 months since the last record close, the Dow finally achieved a fresh new, central-bank debt fueled record close on July 20, 2016 at 18,595.03 along with an intraday high of 18,622.01.[39]

text: During the late part of the 2010s, despite anticipations of post-election selloffs, the Dow rallied significantly after Donald Trump was elected President. On January 25, 2017, the Dow hit a record high of 20,000, an increase of 1,667 points since his election in November 2016.[40] Throughout the course of the rest of 2017 and January 2018, the Dow skyrocketed past a few millenary milestones, including the symbolic 25,000 on January 4, 2018.[41] The current record high of 26,616.71 was achieved on Jan. 26, 2018. However, on February 2, 2018, the Dow suffered its biggest loss since Brexit on June 24, 2016.[42] As volatility made its return for next week, the largest intraday point drop of 1,597.08 points and largest closing point drop of 1,175.21 points were both set on February 5, 2018 although percentage changes were not as extreme as some past stock market crashes.[43]

text: Investing[edit]

text: Investing in the DJIA is made widely accessible in equities through exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as well as in derivatives through option contracts and futures contracts.

text: Exchange-traded fund[edit]

text: Several ETFs follow the Dow Jones Industrial Average, including with short or leverage strategies.[44] The biggest has assets under management in the tens of billions dollars as of 2017.[45]

text: Due to the advent of pre-market trading, the ETFs provide a very accurate opening value for the average.[citation needed]

text: Futures contracts[edit]

text: In the derivatives market, the CME Group through its subsidiaries the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), issues Futures Contracts; the E-mini Dow ($5) Futures (YM), which track the average and trade on their exchange floors respectively. Trading is typically carried out in an Open Outcry auction, or over an electronic network such as CME's Globex platform. Dow Futures is one of the most important premarket tool and reflect the mood in which DJIA will open.

text: Options contracts[edit]

text: The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) issues Options Contracts on the Dow through the root symbol DJX in combination with long-term expiration options called DJX LEAPS. There are also options on the various ETFs; Performance ETFs, Inverse Performance ETFs, 2x Performance ETFs, Inverse 2x Performance ETFs, 3x Performance ETFs, and Inverse 3x Performance ETFs.

text: Calculation[edit]

text: To calculate the DJIA, the sum of the prices of all 30 stocks is divided by a divisor, the Dow Divisor. The divisor is adjusted in case of stock splits, spinoffs or similar structural changes, to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the DJIA. Early on, the initial divisor was composed of the original number of component companies; which made the DJIA at first, a simple arithmetic average. The present divisor, after many adjustments, is less than one (meaning the index is larger than the sum of the prices of the components). That is:

text: where p are the prices of the component stocks and d is the Dow Divisor.

text: Events such as stock splits or changes in the list of the companies composing the index alter the sum of the component prices. In these cases, in order to avoid discontinuity in the index, the Dow Divisor is updated so that the quotations right before and after the event coincide:

text: The Dow Divisor was 0.14523396877348 on September 1, 2017.[46] Presently, every $1 change in price in a particular stock within the average equates to a 6.885 (or 1 ÷ 0.14523396877348) point movement.

text: Assessment[edit]

text: Market performance[edit]

text: With the current inclusion of only 30 stocks, critics such as Ric Edelman argue that the DJIA is not a very accurate representation of overall market performance. Still, it is the most cited and most widely recognized of the stock market indices.[47][48] Additionally, the DJIA is criticized for being a price-weighted average, which gives higher-priced stocks more influence over the average than their lower-priced counterparts, but takes no account of the relative industry size or market capitalization of the components. For example, a $1 increase in a lower-priced stock can be negated by a $1 decrease in a much higher-priced stock, even though the lower-priced stock experienced a larger percentage change. In addition, a $1 move in the smallest component of the DJIA has the same effect as a $1 move in the largest component of the average. For example, during September–October 2008, former component AIG's reverse split-adjusted stock price collapsed from $22.76 on September 8 to $1.35 on October 27; contributing to a roughly 3,000-point drop in the index.[49]

text: As of January 2018, Boeing and Goldman Sachs are among the highest priced stocks in the average and therefore have the greatest influence on it. Alternately, Pfizer and General Electric are among the lowest priced stocks in the average and have the least amount of sway in the price movement.[50] Many critics of the DJIA recommend the float-adjusted market-value weighted S&P 500 or the Wilshire 5000, the latter of which includes all U.S. equity securities, as better indicators of the U.S. stock market.

text: Correlation among components[edit]

text: A study between the correlation of components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average compared with the movement of the index finds that the correlation is higher in a time period where the average recedes and goes down. The correlation is lowest in a time when the average is flat or rises a modest amount.[51]


document_title: List of oldest trees

question_text: where is the oldest tree in north america

root

text: List of oldest trees

text: Individual trees with verified ages[edit]

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

?[nb 1]
7006185095600000000♠5,067
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
White Mountains, California
United States
Oldest-known currently living tree. Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan.[6]

Methuselah
7006177135900000000♠4,849[nb 2]
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
White Mountains, California
United States
Until 2012, it was the oldest-known living tree in the world.[8]

Prometheus
(WPN-114)
4844 !4,844
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
Wheeler Peak, Nevada
United States
Cut down in 1964.[6]

Gran Abuelo
7006133210800000000♠3,647
Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides
Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos
Chile
Alive.[6][9] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[10]

CBR26
3266 !3,266
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

D-21
3220 !3,220
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

D-23
3075 !3,075
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

CMC 3
3033 !3,033
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

Scofield Juniper
2675 !2,675
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

CB-90-11
7005898769000000000♠2,460
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Pinus aristata
central Colorado
United States
[6][11]

Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2302 !2,302
Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa
Anuradhapura, North Central Province
Sri Lanka
A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[6]

?
2200 !2,200
Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirens
northern California
United States
Dead.[6]

Bennett Juniper
2200 !2,200
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

SHP 7
2110 !2,110
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada California
United States
[6]

?
7005710242000000000♠1,944
Subalpine Larch
Larix lyallii
Kananaskis, Alberta
Canada
[6][12]

CRE 175
1889 !1,889
Rocky Mountain Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
northern New Mexico
United States
[6]

Miles Juniper
7005668375000000000♠1,829
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6][13]

?
7005659871000000000♠1,806
Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima Island
Japan
[14]

KET 3996
7005628367000000000♠1,720
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
Ketchum, Idaho
United States
[6][15]

BFR-46
1697 !1,697
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
Wasatch Mountains, Utah
United States
[6]

FL117
7005613546000000000♠1,679
Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario
Canada
[6][16]

ERE
1670 !1,670
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
northern New Mexico
United States
[6]

RCR 1
1666 !1,666
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

?
1661 !1,661
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
South Park, Colorado
United States
[6]

BBL 2
1649 !1,649
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

BCK 69
7005603350000000000♠1,651
Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum
Bladen County, North Carolina
United States
[6][17]

?
1636 !1,636
Nootka Cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis
Vancouver Island
Canada
[6]

FL101
1567 !1,567
Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario
Canada
[6]

?
1542 !1,542
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
central Colorado
United States
[6]

tag: table

text: Old trees with estimated ages[edit]

text: Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and probably unreliable.

tag: p

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

?
4,112
Yew
Taxus baccata
Zonguldak
Turkey
Alive, found in 2016.[18]

Llangernyw Yew
4,000–5,000
Common Yew
Taxus baccata
Llangernyw, Conwy
Wales
Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.

Sarv-e Abarkuh
4,500
Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens
Abarkuh, Yazd
Iran
Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",[19][20]

The Senator
3,500
Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens
Longwood, Florida
United States
Destroyed by fire on January 16, 2012[21][22]

Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)
3,350
European olive tree
Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes
Portugal
Alive.[23][24]

The President
3200 !3,200
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Alive.

Alishan Sacred Tree
3,000
Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis
Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi
Taiwan
Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[25]

S’Ozzastru
3,000–4,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Luras, Sardinia
Italy
[26]

Patriarca da Floresta (pt)
3,020
Jequitibá-rosa
Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo
Brazil
Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park. [27]

Raintree
3,000
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Spring Mountains, Nevada
United States
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.

Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia (Wikidata)
2,850
Olive
Olea europaea
Santa Iria de Azóia (pt), Loures, Lisbon
Portugal
Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID [28]

Mother of the Forest
2520 !2,520
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California
United States
Dead.

General Sherman
2,300–2,700
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California
United States
Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[29]

Kayano Ōsugi
2,300
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa
Japan
Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".

Jōmon Sugi
2,170–7,200
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima
Japan
Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[30][31][32]

Koca Katran
2022 !2,022
Lebanon Cedar
Cedrus libani
Antalya
Turkey
Alive.[33]

Ballyconnell Yew
2,000–5,000
Yew
Taxus baccata
Ballyconnell, Annagh
Ireland
Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.[citation needed]

Fortingall Yew
2,000–3,000
Yew
Taxus baccata
Fortingall, Perthshire
Scotland
Possibly the oldest tree in Britain[34]

Elia Vouvon
2,000–5,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Kolymvari, Crete
Greece
Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[35]

Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi
2,000–4,000
Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa
Sicily
Italy
Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".

Ulleungdo Hyangnamu
2,000–3,000
Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis
Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk
South Korea
Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".

Lady Liberty
2,000
Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum
Longwood, Florida
United States
Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".

Tnjri
2,000
Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis
Martuni Region
Artsakh
Oldest tree in Artsakh. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".

Stara Maslina
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Stari Bar, Bar
Montenegro

The Pechanga Great Oak Tree
2,000
Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia
Temecula, California
United States
Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.

?
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Tavira, Algarve
Portugal
Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.[36]

?
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Exo Hora, Zakynthos
Greece
[37]

?
2,000
Yew
Taxus
Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Russia
A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[38]

Houkisugi at Nakagawa
2,000
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan

Methuselah
1,800
Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens
Woodside, California
United States
[39]

Araucaria Madre
1,800
Araucaria Araucana
Araucanía
Chile
Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[40]

Granit oak
1,700
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Granit
Bulgaria

Kongeegen
1,500–2,000
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand
Denmark
[41]

Stelmužė Oak
1,500-2,000
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Stelmužė, Zarasai
Lithuania
Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.

Aubépines
1,500
Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne
France
Oldest tree in France.[citation needed]

Angel Oak
1,500
Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana
Charleston, South Carolina
United States
Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[42]

Seven Sisters Oak
1,500
Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana
Mandeville, Louisiana
United States
Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[42]

Jardine Juniper
1,500
Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
Logan Canyon, Utah
United States
[43]

Árbol del Tule
1,433–1,600
Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum
Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca
Mexico
Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".

Cedars of God
1000+
Cedrus libani
Cedars of Lebanon
Mount Lebanon
Lebanon
Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon[44]

Te Matua Ngahere
1,200–4,000
Kauri
Agathis australis
Waipoua Forest, Northland
New Zealand
Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".

Algarrobo Abuelo
+ 1,200
Algarrobo blanco
Prosopis chilensis
Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis
Argentina
Oldest tree in Central Argentina.

text: Clonal trees[edit]

text: As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

Pando
80,000[45]–1,000,000[46]
Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
Fishlake National Forest, Utah
United States
Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.

Jurupa Oak[47]
13,000[48]
Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri
Jurupa Mountains, California
United States
Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[48]

Old Tjikko
9,550
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna
Sweden
The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[49][50] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[51] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[52]

Old Rasmus
9,500
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Sonfjället, Härjedalen
Sweden
[53]

unknown
3,000[54]–10,000[55]
Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii
Mount Read, Tasmania
Australia
Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[5]


document_title: Committees of correspondence

question_text: who established the first committee of correspondence in boston in 1772 and why

text: Committees of correspondence

text: Function[edit]

text: A major function of the committees in each colony was to inform the voters of the common threat faced by all the colonies, and to disseminate information from the main cities to the rural hinterlands where most of the colonists lived. As news was typically spread in hand-written letters or printed pamphlets to be carried by couriers on horseback or aboard ships, the committees were responsible for ensuring that this news accurately reflected the views of their parent governmental body on a particular issue and was dispatched to the proper groups. Many correspondents were also members of the colonial legislative assemblies, and were active in the secret Sons of Liberty or even the Stamp Act Congress of the 1760s.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest committees of correspondence were formed temporarily to address a particular problem. Once a resolution was achieved, they were disbanded. The first formal committee was established in Boston in 1764 to rally opposition to the Currency Act and unpopular reforms imposed on the customs service.[3]

text: During the Stamp Act Crisis the following year, New York formed a committee to urge common resistance among its neighbors to the new taxes. The Province of Massachusetts Bay correspondents responded by urging other colonies to send delegates to the Stamp Act Congress that fall. The resulting committees disbanded after the crisis was over.

text: Boston, whose radical leaders thought it was under increasingly hostile threats by the royal government, set up the first long-standing committee with the approval of a town meeting in late 1772. By spring 1773, Patriots decided to follow the Massachusetts system and began to set up their own committees in each colony. Virginia appointed an eleven-member committee in March, quickly followed by Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and South Carolina. By February 1774, eleven colonies had set up their own committees; of the thirteen colonies that eventually rebelled, only North Carolina and Pennsylvania had not.

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: In Massachusetts, in November 1772, Samuel Adams and Dr. Joseph Warren formed a committee in response to the Gaspée Affair and in relation to the recent British decision to have the salaries of the royal governor and judges be paid by the Crown rather than the colonial assembly, which removed the colony of its means of holding public officials accountable to their constituents. In the following months, more than one hundred other committees were formed in the towns and villages of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts committee had its headquarters in Boston and under the leadership of Adams became a model for other Patriot groups. The meeting when establishing the committee gave it the task of stating "the rights of the colonists, and of this province in particular, as men, as Christians, and as subjects; to communicate and publish the same to the several towns in this province and to the world as the sense of this town."[4]

text: Virginia[edit]

text: In March 1773, Dabney Carr proposed the formation of a permanent Committee of Correspondence before the Virginia House of Burgesses. Virginia's own committee was formed on March 12, 1773. Its members were Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, Richard Bland, Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton, Patrick Henry, Dudley Digges, Dabney Carr, Archibald Cary, and Thomas Jefferson.[5]

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Among the last to form a committee of correspondence, Pennsylvania did so at a meeting in Philadelphia on May 20, 1774. In a compromise between the more radical and more conservative factions of political activists the committee was formed by combining the lists each proposed. That committee of 19 diversified and grew to 43, then to 66 and finally to two different groups of 100 between May 1774 and its dissolution in September 1776. One hundred sixty men participated in one or more of the committees, but only four were regularly elected to all of them: Thomas Barclay, John Cox, Jr., John Dickinson, and Joseph Reed.[6]

text: Delaware[edit]

text: According to Hancock (1973), a committee of correspondence was established by Thomas McKean after ten years of agitation centered in New Castle County. In neighboring Kent County Caesar Rodney set up a second committee, followed by Sussex County. Following the recommendation of Congress in 1774, the committees were replaced by elected "committees of inspection" with a subcommittee of correspondence. The new committees specialize in intelligence work, especially the identification of men opposed to the Patriot cause. The committees were in the lead in demanding independence. The correspondence committees exchanged information with others in Boston and Philadelphia, and elsewhere. Their leadership often was drawn upon to provide Delaware with executive leaders. The committees of inspection used publicity as weapons to suppress disaffection and encourage patriotism. With imports from Britain cut off, the committees sought to make America self-sufficient, so they encouraged the raising of flax and sheep for wool. The committees helped organize local militia in the hundreds and later in the counties and all of Delaware. With their encouragement, the Delaware Assembly elected delegates to Congress favorable to independence.[7]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: By 1773, the political situation had deteriorated. There was concern about the courts. Massachusetts' young and ardent Boston patriot, Josiah Quincy, Jr.[8] visited North Carolina staying five days. He spent the night of March 26, 1773 at Cornelius Harnett's home near Wilmington, North Carolina. The two discussed and drew up plans for a Committee of Correspondence. The committee's purpose: communicate circumstances and revolutionary sentiment among the colonies. It was after this meeting that Quincy dubbed Harnett the "Samuel Adams of North Carolina."[9][10]

text: Perhaps characteristic of Committees of Correspondence members, Harnett was celebrated, distinguished, scholarly and possessed of unflinching integrity.[8] Harnett's father (also named Cornelius Harnett) was Sheriff of Albemarle, an area covering about 11 modern counties in northeastern North Carolina.[9][11]

text: The Correspondence Committee formed the next year at Wilmington. Although Harnett was absent, he was made chairman of the committee.[12]

text: New York[edit]

text: In response to the news that the port of Boston would be closed under the Boston Port Act, an advertisement was posted at the Coffee-house on Wall-street in New York City, a noted place of resort for shipmasters and merchants, inviting merchants to meet on May 16, 1774 at the Fraunces Tavern "in order to consult on measures proper to be pursued on the present critical and important situation."[13] At that meeting, with Isaac Low as chair, they resolved to nominated a fifty-member committee of correspondence to be submitted to the public, and on May 17 they published a notice calling on the public to meet at the Coffee-house on May 19 at 1:00PM to approve the committee and appoint others as they may see fit.[14] At the meeting on May 19, Francis Lewis was also nominated and the entire Committee of Fifty-one was confirmed.[15]

text: On May 23, the Committee met at the Coffee-house and appointed Isaac Low as permanent chairman and John Alsop as deputy chairman.[16] The Committee then formed a subcomittee which reported a letter in response to the letters from Boston, calling for a "Congress of Deputies from the Colonies" to be assembled (which became known as the First Continental Congress), which was approved by the committee.[17] On May 30, the Committee formed a subcommittee to write a letter to the supervisors of the counties of New York to extort them to also form similar committees of correspondence, which letter was adopted on a meeting of the Committee on May 31.[18]

text: On July 4, 1774, a resolution was approved to appoint five delegates contingent upon their confirmation by the freeholders of the City and County of New York, and request that the other counties also send delegates.[19] Isaac Low, John Alsop, James Duane, Philip Livingston, and John Jay were then appointed, and the public of the City and County was invited to attend City Hall and concur in the appointments on July 7.[20] This caused friction with the more radical Sons of Liberty (Committee of Mechanics) faction, who held the Meeting in the Fields on July 6.[21] Three counties (Westchester, Duchess, and Albany) acquiesced to the five delegates, while three counties (Kings, Suffolk, and Orange) sent delegates of their own.[22]

text: Other colonies[edit]

text: By July 1773, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and South Carolina had also formed committees.

text: With Pennsylvania's action in May 1774 all of the colonies that eventually rebelled had such committees.[23]

text: The colonial committees successfully organized common resistance to the Tea Act and even recruited physicians who wrote drinking tea would make Americans "weak, effeminate, and valetudinarian for life."

text: These permanent committees performed the important planning necessary for the First Continental Congress, which convened in September 1774. The Second Congress created its own committee of correspondence to communicate the American interpretation of events to foreign nations.

text: These committees were replaced during the revolution with Provincial Congresses.

text: By 1780, committees of correspondence had also been formed in Great Britain and Ireland.[24]


document_title: List of World War II battles involving the United States

question_text: where did the us first fight in ww2

question_tokens: where did the us first fight in ww2

text: This is a list of all battles involving the United States during World War II.

text:
Name
Start Date
End Date
Location
Campaign
U.S. Casualties
Opposing Force

Battle of the Atlantic

September 13, 1941

May 8, 1945

Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean

Around 18,000 sailors and merchant seamen killed [1][2]

Germany

Japan (Possibly), Currently unknown

Operation Torch

November 8, 1942

November 10, 1942

Morocco and Algeria

North African Campaign

1,200(479 killed, 720 wounded)[3]

Germany

Battle of the Kasserine Pass

February 19, 1943

February 25, 1943

Kasserine Pass, Tunisia

Tunisia Campaign

6,500(1,000+ killed)[3][4]

Germany and Italy

Battle of El Guettar

March 23, 1943

April 7, 1943

El Guettar, Tunisia

Tunisia Campaign

~5,000[5]

Germany and Kingdom of Italy

9,195(2,572 killed, 5,946 wounded and 1,012 captured or missing)[6]

Germany and Italy

Battle of Salerno

September 9, 1943

September 16, 1943

Salerno, Italy

Italian Campaign

4,870[7]

Germany and Italy

Battle of Monte Cassino

January 17, 1944

May 18, 1944

Monte Cassino, Italy

Italian Campaign

100,000+ (Total allied casualties)[3]

Germany

Battle of Anzio

January 22, 1944

June 5, 1944

Anzio and Nettuno, Italy

Italian Campaign

23,173(5,538 killed, 15,558 wounded and 2,947 captured or missing)[8]

Germany

Battle of Normandy

June 6, 1944

July 24, 1944

Normandy, France

Operation Overlord

63,360(16,293 killed, 43,221 wounded and 6,180 captured or missing)[8]

Germany

Battle for Brest

August 7, 1944

September 19, 1944

Brittany, France

Operation Overlord

~4,000[9]

Germany

Operation Dragoon

August 15, 1944

September 14, 1944

Southern France

Operation Overlord

15,574(7,301 killed, 5,804 wounded, 3,098 captured or missing)[6]

Germany

Battle of Metz

September, 1944

December, 1944

Metz, France

Siegfried Line campaign

Germany

Battle of Nancy

September 5, 1944

September 15, 1944

Nancy, France

Siegfried Line campaign

2,851+[3]

Germany

Operation Market Garden

September 17, 1944

September 25, 1944

The Netherlands

Siegfried Line campaign

3,974[3]

Germany

Battle of Hürtgen Forest

September 19, 1944

February 10, 1945

Hurtgen Forest, German-Belgian border

Siegfried Line campaign

33,000[3]

Germany

Battle of Aachen

October 2, 1944

October 21, 1944

Aachen, Germany

Siegfried Line campaign

5,000[3]

Germany

Battle of the Bulge

December 16, 1944

January 25, 1945

The Ardennes, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany

Siegfried Line campaign

89,500(19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded, 23,000 missing)[10]

Germany

Operation Nordwind

January 1, 1945

January 25, 1945

Alsace and Lorraine, France

Siegfried Line campaign

12,000(3,000 killed, 9,000 wounded or missing)[11]

Germany

Colmar Pocket

January 20, 1945

February 9, 1945

Alsace, France

Siegfried Line campaign

8,000[3]

Germany

Ruhr Pocket

March 7, 1945

April 21, 1945

Ruhr Area, Germany

Western Allied invasion of Germany

Germany

Operation Varsity

March 24, 1945

Wesel, Germany

Western Allied invasion of Germany

2,700[3]

Germany

Spring 1945 offensive in Italy

April 6, 1945

May 2, 1945

Northern Italy

Italian Campaign

16,258(1,288 killed, 15,453 wounded and 93 missing)[3]

Germany

Attack on Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, United States

3,592(2,345 killed and 1,247 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Wake Island

December 8, 1941

December 23, 1941

Wake Island

627(130 killed, 49 wounded and 448 captured)[3]

Japan

Battle of Bataan

January 7, 1942

April 9, 1942

Bataan Peninsula, Philippines

Philippines Campaign (1941–1942)

15,000 captured and interned[3]

Japan

Doolittle Raid

April 18, 1942

Tokyo and other Japanese cities

3 killed and 8 later died in captivity/executed

Japan

Battle of the Coral Sea

May 4, 1942

May 8, 1942

Coral Sea, between Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands

New Guinea campaign

656 killed

Japan

Battle of Midway

June 3, 1942

June 7, 1942

Near Midway Atoll

307 killed[12]

Japan

Battle of Guadalcanal

August 7, 1942

February 9, 1943

Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands campaign

~6,000(1,600 killed, 4,400 wounded and missing)[13]

Japan

Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands

October 25, 1942

October 27, 1942

Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands campaign

266 killed[3]

Japan

Battle of Tarawa

November 20, 1943

November 23, 1943

Betio, Tarawa Atoll

Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign

3,296(1,000 killed and 2,296 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Kwajalein

January 31, 1944

February 3, 1944

Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands

Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign

1,964(372 killed and 1,592 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Saipan

June 15, 1944

July 9, 1944

Saipan, Mariana Islands

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

13,313(2,949 killed and 10,364 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Guam (1944)

July 21, 1944

August 8, 1944

Guam, Mariana Islands

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

7,800(1,747 killed and 6,053 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Peleliu

September 15, 1944

November 27, 1944

Peleliu, Palau Islands

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

9,804(1,794 killed and 8,010 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Angaur

September 17, 1944

September 30, 1944

Angaur, Palau Islands

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

260 killed[3]

Japan

Battle of Leyte Gulf

October 23, 1944

October 26, 1944

Leyte Gulf, The Philippines

Philippines campaign (1944–45)

~1,500 killed[3]

Japan

Battle of Luzon

January 9, 1945

August 15, 1945

Luzon, Philippines

Philippines campaign (1944–45)

~37,870(8,310 killed and 29,560 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Manila

February 3, 1945

March 3, 1945

Manila, Philippines

Philippines campaign (1944–45)

6,575(1,010 killed and 5,565 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Iwo Jima

February 19, 1945

March 26, 1945

Iwo Jima, Japan

Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign

26,038(6,821 killed and 19,217 wounded)[3]

Japan

Battle of Okinawa

April 1, 1945

June 22, 1945

Okinawa, Japan

Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign

51,429(12,513 killed and 38,916 wounded)[3]

Japan