document_title: History of psychotherapy

question_text: who is credited with being the first person to use talking therapy

text: History of psychotherapy

text: Although modern, scientific psychology is often dated at the 1879 opening of the first psychological clinic by Wilhelm Wundt, attempts to create methods for assessing and treating mental distress existed long before. The earliest recorded approaches were a combination of religious, magical and/or medical perspectives.[1] Early examples of such psychological thinkers included Patañjali, Padmasambhava,[2] Rhazes, Avicenna[3] and Rumi[4] (see Islamic psychology and Eastern philosophy and clinical psychology).

text: In an informal sense, psychotherapy can be said to have been practiced through the ages, as individuals received psychological counsel and reassurance from others. Purposeful, theoretically-based psychotherapy was probably first developed in the Middle East during the 9th century by the Persian physician and psychological thinker, Rhazes, who was at one time the chief physician of the Baghdad bimaristan.[citation needed] In the West, however, serious mental disorders were generally treated as demonic or medical conditions requiring punishment and confinement until the advent of moral treatment approaches in the 18th century. This brought about a focus on the possibility of psychosocial intervention - including reasoning, moral encouragement and group activities - to rehabilitate the "insane".

text: In the 19th century, one could have his or her head examined, literally, using phrenology, the study of the shape of the skull developed by respected anatomist Franz Joseph Gall. Other popular treatments included physiognomy—the study of the shape of the face—and mesmerism, developed by Franz Anton Mesmer—designed to relieve psychological distress by the use of magnets. Spiritualism and Phineas Quimby's "mental healing" technique that was very like modern concept of "positive visualization" were also popular.

text: While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods, academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness. That area was already being addressed by the developing fields of psychiatry and neurology within the asylum movement and the use of moral therapy.[1] It wasn't until the end of the 19th century, around the time when Sigmund Freud was first developing his "talking cure" in Vienna, that the first scientifically clinical application of psychology began—at the University of Pennsylvania, to help children with learning disabilities.

text: Although clinical psychologists originally focused on psychological assessment, the practice of psychotherapy, once the sole domain of psychiatrists, became integrated into the profession after the Second World War.[5] Psychotherapy began with the practice of psychoanalysis, the "talking cure" developed by Sigmund Freud. Soon afterwards, theorists such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung began to introduce new conceptions about psychological functioning and change. These and many other theorists helped to develop the general orientation now called psychodynamic therapy, which includes the various therapies based on Freud's essential principle of making the unconscious conscious.

text: In the 1920s, behaviorism became the dominant paradigm, and remained so until the 1950s. Behaviorism used techniques based on theories of operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social learning theory. Major contributors included Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, and B.F. Skinner. Because behaviorism denied or ignored internal mental activity, this period represents a general slowing of advancement within the field of psychotherapy.[6]

text: Wilhelm Reich began to develop Body psychotherapy in the 1930s.

text: Starting in the 1950s, two main orientations evolved independently in response to behaviorism—cognitivism and existential-humanistic therapy.[7] The humanistic movement largely developed from both the Existential theories of writers like Rollo May and Viktor Frankl (a less well known figure Eugene Heimler[8]) and the Person-centered psychotherapy of Carl Rogers. These orientations all focused less on the unconscious and more on promoting positive, holistic change through the development of a supportive, genuine, and empathic therapeutic relationship. Rollo May, Carl Rogers, and Irvin Yalom acknowledge the influence of Otto Rank (1884-1939), Freud's acolyte, then critic.

text: During the 1950s, Albert Ellis developed the first form of cognitive behavioral therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and few years later Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy. Both of these included therapy aimed at changing a person's beliefs, by contrast with the insight-based approach of psychodynamic therapies or the newer relational approach of humanistic therapies. Cognitive and behavioral approaches were combined during the 1970s, resulting in Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[7] Being oriented towards symptom-relief, collaborative empiricism and modifying core beliefs, this approach has gained widespread acceptance as a primary treatment for numerous disorders.

text: Since the 1970s, other major perspectives have been developed and adopted within the field. Perhaps the two biggest have been Systems Therapy—which focuses on family and group dynamics—and Transpersonal psychology, which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other important orientations developed in the last three decades include Feminist therapy, Somatic Psychology, Expressive therapy, and applied Positive psychology. Clinical psychology in Japan developed towards a more integrative socially-orientated counseling methodology. Practice in India developed from both traditional metaphysical and ayurvedic systems and Western methodologies.[9]

text: Since 1993, the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force has created and revised a list of empirically supported psychological treatments for specific disorders.[10][11][12] The Division 12 standards are based on 7 "essential" criteria for research quality, such as randomization and the use of validated psychological assessments.[13] In general, cognitive behavioral treatments for psychological disorders have received greater support than other psychotherapeutic approaches. Passionate debate among clinical scientists and practitioners about the superiority of evidence-based practices is ongoing,[14] and some have presented correlational data that indicate that most of the major therapies are about of equal effectiveness and that the therapist, client, and therapeutic alliance account for a larger portion of client improvement from psychotherapy.[15][16] While many Ph.D. training programs in clinical psychology have taken a strong empirical approach to psychotherapy that has led to a greater emphasis on cognitive behavioral interventions, other training programs and psychologists are now adopting an eclectic orientation. This integrative movement attempts to combine the most effective aspects of all the schools of practice.


document_title: Good Times

question_text: who played jj's fiancee on good times

question_tokens: who played jj 's fiancee on good times

root

text: Good Times

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 North Gilbert Avenue, apartment 17C, in a housing project in a poor, black neighborhood in inner-city Chicago. The project is unnamed on the show, but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini–Green projects, shown in the opening and closing credits.[1][2] Florida and James have three children: James Jr., also known as "J.J."; Thelma; and Michael, called "the militant midget" by his father due to his passionate activism. When the series begins, J.J. is seventeen years old, Thelma is sixteen, and Michael is eleven. Their exuberant neighbor, and Florida's best friend, is Willona Woods, a recent divorcée who works at a boutique. Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman (seasons 2–6), who James, Willona and later J.J. refer to as "Buffalo Butt", or, even more derisively, "Booger".

tag: p

text: The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans, with Florida employed as Maude Findlay's housekeeper in Tuckahoe, New York, and Henry employed as a New York City firefighter. When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show, they changed the characters' history to fit a new series that was well into development rather than start from scratch to create a consistent starring vehicle. Henry's name became James, he worked various odd jobs, there was no mention of Maude, and the couple lived in Chicago.[3]

text: Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago. James Evans often works at least two jobs, mostly manual labor such as dishwasher, construction laborer, etc. Often he is unemployed, but he is a proud man who will not accept charity. When he has to, he hustles money playing pool, although Florida disapproves of this.

text: Cast conflicts[edit]

text: Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos. Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with.

text: However, Jimmie Walker's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series. J.J.'s frequent use of the expression "Dy-no-mite!" (often in the phrase "Kid Dy-no-mite!"), credited to director John Rich, became a popular catchphrase (later included in TV Land's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special).[4] Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode. Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea, but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience.[5] As a result of the character's popularity, the writers focused more on J.J.'s comedic antics instead of serious issues.

text: Through seasons two and three, Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J.'s antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior.[6] Rolle was vocal about her hate of his character. In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated:

text: He's 18 and he doesn't work. He can't read or write. He doesn't think. The show didn't start out to be that...Little by little—with the help of the artist, I suppose, because they couldn't do that to me—they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role. Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child.[7]

text: Although doing so less publicly, Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character. Amos stated:

text: The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying "DY-NO-MITE", and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue.[8]

text: While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction, he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear. Amos' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career, but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed. Amos stated, "That's the same thing as being fired."[9] The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans, instead opting to kill off the character in the two-part season four episode, "The Big Move".[10][11]

text: Final seasons[edit]

text: By the end of season four, Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show's direction and decided to leave the series. In the final two episodes of the season, "Love Has a Spot On His Lung", Rolle's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn), a man she began dating toward the end of season four. In the season five premiere episode, it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl's health.[12]

text: With Amos and Rolle gone, Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character, as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone.[2][13] In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast, playing Penny Gordon Woods, an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona.[12]

text: Before taping of season six began, CBS and the show's producers decided that they had to do "something drastic" to increase viewership. According to then-vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills, "We had lost the essence of the show. Without parental guidance the show slipped. Everything told us that: our mail, our phone calls, our research. We felt we had to go back to basics."[12]

text: Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series. Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands (including an increased salary and higher quality scripts), she agreed to return to the series on a full-time basis. Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible, as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths. She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character, as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James' death or leave her children. Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl, who was an atheist.[12][14]

text: In the season six premiere episode "Florida's Homecoming: Part 1", Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson (Ben Powers, who joined the cast for the final season). In a rare uncut version of "Florida's Homecoming: Part 2", after Florida arrives home from Arizona, Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl, to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer. Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they'd both bought him.[3] Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle's request and her return, ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978–79 season.[15][16]

text: In the series finale, "The End of the Rainbow", each character finally gets a "happy ending." J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character, DynoWoman, which is based on Thelma (much to her surprise and delight), and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends. Michael attends college and moves into an on-campus dorm. Keith's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy, leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football. Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city's upscale Gold Coast district. Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple's first child. Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby. Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects. Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith, Thelma and Florida are moving to; once again, she and Penny become the Evans' downstairs neighbors.[16]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6

Esther Rolle
Florida Evans
Main

Main

John Amos
James Evans
Main

Ja'net Dubois
Willona Woods
Main

Jimmie Walker
James "J.J." Evans, Jr.
Main

Ralph Carter
Michael Evans
Main

Bern Nadette Stanis*
Thelma Evans Anderson
Main

Johnny Brown
Nathan Bookman

Recurring
Main

Janet Jackson
Millicent "Penny" Gordon Woods

Main

Ben Powers
Keith Anderson

Main

*Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as "Bern Nadette" during early episodes of season one, and later as "Bernnadette Stanis."

tag: table

text: Minor characters[edit]

text:
Ned the Wino (Raymond Allen) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside. In the season one episode "Black Jesus", J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus. Another episode is centered on Michael's plan to "clean up" Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans' house.
Carl Dixon (Moses Gunn) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for. Despite their religious differences, Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four. Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer. After a talk from Bookman, Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage. The two marry off-screen and move to Arizona. Florida returns at the beginning of season six, without Carl, for Thelma's wedding. Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six, but he is never mentioned again (Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon). (Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out.) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer.
Marion "Sweet Daddy" Williams (Theodore Wilson) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp, who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry. He is usually accompanied by bodyguards (one portrayed by Bubba Smith, the other by series painter Ernie Barnes) and comes across as cool and threatening, but has shown a soft heart on occasion, particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket (to settle a debt) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother. (Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode, "The Comedian and the Loan Sharks").
Alderman Fred C. Davis (Albert Reed, Jr.) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise. Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon, he would state in a speech "I am not a crook." He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family (his "favorite project family") for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support. In a running joke, Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona's name and calls her another similar-sounding name that began with a "W" (such as Wilhemina, Winnifrieda, Winsomnium, Wyomia and even Waldorf-Astoria), thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname "Baldy".
Lenny (Dap 'Sugar' Willie) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat. He usually approaches people with a laid-back rap and a rhyme ("my name is Len-nay, if I ain't got it, there ain't an-nay"). He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying "that's cold" or uses a small brush to "brush off" the negativity.
"Grandpa" Henry Evans (Richard Ward) is James' long lost father. He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them. This hurt James deeply, who disregarded his father's existence, telling everyone he was dead. Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research. She meets him and invites him to the Evans' home to surprise James for his birthday, not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life. After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family, he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave. Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so. Henry and James have a heart-to-heart talk, with Henry being remorseful and apologetic. James ultimately forgives his father. After James' death, the Evans family embraces Henry into the family, alongside his common law (and eventually legal) wife Lena in later episodes.
Wanda (Helen Martin) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside. Earlier episodes show her at a women's support group, and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party. Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals, whether she knew the person or not, thus earning her the nickname "Weeping Wanda" from J.J. and Willona.
Lynnetta Gordon (Chip Fields) is Penny's abusive biological mother. Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode, "The Evans Get Involved". Lynnetta's father abandoned her when she became pregnant at 16. As a result, she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny, including burning her with a hot iron. After the abuse is finally brought to light, she tells the Evans family that she, herself, was abused as a child. She gets into a fighting match with Willona and Thelma, and they plead for her to seek therapy. Just before she disappears, she expresses regret for hurting her child, telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her. This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny. She reappears more than a year later, in the sixth-season episode, "A Matter of Mothers", having gotten married, and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family. She uses her husband's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts, and in an effort to regain custody of Penny, she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive mother who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees. However, her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back. After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening to hurt her again, which is stopped by Willona, Penny tells her birth mother that no matter what anyone says, she will always consider Willona her mother. Devastated, she agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her, never to be seen again.
Cleatus (Jack Baker) is a cousin of J.J. Evans, Thelma Evans Anderson, and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans. He made one appearance in the episode "Cousin Cleatus".
Violet Bookman (Marilyn Coleman) is the wife of Bookman (episodes: "Bye, Bye Bookman" and "Willona, the Other Woman" in season 5).

tag: ul

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Debbie Allen as J.J.'s heroin-addicted fiancée, Diana in "J.J.'s Fiancee (Parts 1 & 2)" (season 3)[17]
Matthew "Stymie" Beard (former Our Gang child actor) in five episodes, including four appearances as James' friend Monty
Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith, J.J.'s boss at the ad agency (season 5, episode 17)
Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam "the Happiness Man", who befriended James in the military (season 1, episode 4)
T. K. Carter as J.J.'s friend "Head" (part of the "Awesome Foursome", later the "Gleesome Threesome", the "Gruesome Twosome" and the "Lonesome Onesome", as stated in the episode "The New Car"
Rosalind Cash as Thelma's teacher, Jessica Bishop, who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. (season 4, episode 3)
Judith Cohen as herself in the episode "The Judy Cohen Story" (season 4, episode 12)
Gary Coleman as Gary, a sharp-tongued classmate of Penny's in two season five episodes
Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson, Willona's supervisor at her short-lived second job as security in a department store (season 5, episode 6)
Kim Fields (real-life daughter of Chip Fields) as Penny's friend, Kim, who has a tendency to add the suffix "-ness" to emphasize her anxiety such as "hopelessnessness" (2 season 6 episodes)
Carl Franklin as Larry, Thelma's fiancé', ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him (2 episodes)
Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs, a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona (3 episodes)
Ron Glass as Michael's elementary school principal (2.4); also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family (2.8)
Louis Gossett, Jr., in season two as Thelma's older boyfriend (Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference) (2.6); also appears as Uncle Wilbert (Florida's brother), who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away (3.8)
Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode "Requiem for a Wino" (season 5, episode 11)
Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode "J.J.'s Fiancee (Part 2)" (season 3, episode 18)
Shirley Hemphill as "Roz", the dimwitted sister of Edna, who was being tutored by Thelma (season 4, episode 10)
Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers, the head of security at Willona's short-lived second job as security in a department store (season 5, episode 6)
Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode "Where Have All The Doctors Gone" (season 6, episode 17)
Jay Leno as "Young Man" in the season three's "J.J. in Trouble", which was one of the first times that the subject of "VD" (STD) was addressed on a primetime series
Calvin Lockhart as Florida's cousin Raymond, who earned his riches by betting on horses (season 6, episode 23)
Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode " The Investigation" (season 3, episode 20).
Paul Mooney as "The Second Guy" in the episode "J.J. and T.C." (season 6)
Debbi Morgan as Samantha, a date of J.J.'s (3.23); and as Ellen (4.18)
J. A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode "Wilona's Dilemma" (season 3, episode 10)
Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James (season 2, episode 14)
Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode "J.J. and The Plumber's Helper" (season 6, episode 9)
Bubba Smith as Claude, a bodyguard/thug working for Marion "Sweet Daddy" Williams (4 season 6 episodes)
Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris, a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem (season 3, episode 20)
Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie, Thelma's college-age boyfriend (season 1, episode 6)
Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason, Willona's boyfriend (2 season 5 episodes)
Vernee Watson-Johnson as Thelma's friend and college mate Valerie, in the episode "Thelma's African Romance (Part 1)" (season 4)
Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks, husband of the 'nude' model for J.J.'s painting (season 2, episode 16)
Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode; James' friend, Willie Washington (season 2); and Mr. Mitchell, the father of Earl Mitchell, who is an art student of J.J.'s (season 6)
John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode "A Matter of Mothers" (season 6, episode 20)

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans. The series also features a character named "Michael Evans", after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear-produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons.[18]

text: Theme song and opening sequence[edit]

text: The gospel-styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman. It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals.

text: The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern, notably the line "Hangin' in a chow line"/"Hangin' in and jivin'" (depending on the source used). Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his "I Know Black People" skit on Chappelle's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer.[19] The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as "Hangin' in a chow line". However, the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually "Hangin' in and jivin'."[19] Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits, with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The program premiered in February 1974; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974–75 season, as it was the seventeenth-highest-rated program that year. During its first full season on the air, 1974–75, the show was the seventh-highest-rated program in the Nielsen ratings, with more than 25% of all American households tuning into an episode each week. Three of the top ten highest-rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African-Americans: Sanford and Son, The Jeffersons, and Good Times.

text: The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time, partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos.[20] The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons:

text:
Season
TV Season
No. of Episodes
Time slot (ET)
Nielsen ratings[21]

Rank
Rating

1
1973–1974
13
Friday at 8:30 pm
17
21.4 (Tied with Barnaby Jones)

2
1974–1975
24
Tuesday at 8:00 pm
7
25.8

3
1975–1976
24
24
21.0

4
1976–1977
24
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-15, 17-24)
Wednesday at 8:30 pm (Episode 16)
26
20.5

5
1977–1978
24
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-16)
Wednesday at 8:30 pm (Episode 2)
Monday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 17-24)
53 [22]
N/A

6
1978–1979
22
Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episode 1)
Saturday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 2-10)
Wednesday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 11-22)
83 [22]
14.4 [22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Recipient(s) / work
Result

1974
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actor – Television
Jimmie Walker
Nominated

1975
Best TV Actress – Musical/Comedy
Esther Rolle
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Television
Jimmie Walker
Nominated

Humanitas Prize
30 Minute Category
John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode: "The Lunch Money Ripoff"
Nominated

30 Minute Category
Bob Peete / episode: "My Girl Henrietta"
Nominated

2006
TV Land Awards
Impact Award
John Amos, Ralph Carter, Ja'net DuBois, Esther Rolle (posthumously), BernNadette Stanis, and Jimmie Walker
Won

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19, 2004 until 2012. The network began airing the series again in June 2013. Good Times has also aired at various times on TV Land, Antenna TV and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView. As of January 1, 2018, Good Times airs on GetTV. Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006, with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28, 2008. Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27, 2006.

text: On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times.[23] They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD.[24][25]

text: On September 1, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Good Times- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[26]

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release date

The Complete First Season
13
February 4, 2003
January 21, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Second Season
24
February 3, 2004
January 21, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Third Season
24
August 10, 2004
May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Fourth Season
24
February 15, 2005
May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Fifth Season
24
August 23, 2005

The Complete Sixth and Final Season
24
August 1, 2006

The Complete Series
133
October 28, 2008
September 1, 2015 (re-release)


document_title: Goldman Environmental Prize

question_text: which indian awarded goldman environmental prize in april 2017

text: Goldman Environmental Prize

text: Prize winners

text: Source: Goldman Environmental Foundation

text:
Robert Brown (Australia)
Lois Gibbs (United States)
Janet Gibson (Belize)
Harrison Ngau Laing (Malaysia)
János Vargha (Hungary)
Michael Werikhe (Kenya)

text:
Wangari Muta Maathai (Kenya)
Barnens Regnskog (Eha Kern & Roland Tiensuu) (Sweden)
Evaristo Nugkuag (Peru)
Yoichi Kuroda (Japan)
Samuel LaBudde (United States)
Cath Wallace (New Zealand)

text:
Jeton Anjain (Marshall Islands)
Medha Patkar (India)
Wadja Egnankou (Ivory Coast)
Christine Jean (France)
Colleen McCrory (Canada)
Carlos Alberto Ricardo (Brazil)

text:
Margaret Jacobsohn & Garth Owen-Smith (Namibia)
Juan Mayr (Colombia)
Dai Qing (China)
John Sinclair (Australia)
JoAnn Tall (United States)
Sviatoslav Zabelin (Russia)

text:
Matthew Coon Come (Canada)
Tuenjai Deetes (Thailand)
Laila Iskander Kamel (Egypt)
Luis Macas (Ecuador)
Heffa Schücking (Germany)
Andrew Simmons (St. Vincent and the Grenadines)

text:
Aurora Castillo (United States)
Yul Choi (South Korea)
Noah Idechong (Palau)
Emma Must (England)
Ricardo Navarro (El Salvador)
Ken Saro-Wiwa (Nigeria)

text:
Ndyakira Amooti (Uganda)
Bill Ballantine (New Zealand)[6]
Edwin Bustillos (Mexico)
M.C. Mehta (India)
Marina Silva (Brasil)
Albena Simeonova (Bulgaria)

text:
Nick Carter (Zambia)
Loir Botor Dingit (Indonesia)
Alexander Nikitin (Russia)
Juan Pablo Orrego (Chile)
Fuiono Senio & Paul Alan Cox (Western Samoa)
Terri Swearingen (United States)

text:
Anna Giordano (Italy)
Kory Johnson (United States)
Berito Kuwaru'wa (Colombia)
Atherton Martin (Commonwealth of Dominica)
Sven "Bobby" Peek (South Africa)
Hirofumi Yamashita (Japan)

text:
Jacqui Katona & Yvonne Margarula (Australia)
Michal Kravcik (Slovakia)
Bernard Martin (Canada)
Samuel Nguiffo (Cameroon)
Jorge Varela (Honduras)
Ka Hsaw Wa (Myanmar)

text:
Oral Ataniyazova (Uzbekistan)
Elias Diaz Peña & Oscar Rivas (Paraguay)
Vera Mischenko (Russia)
Rodolfo Montiel Flores (Mexico)
Alexander Peal (Liberia)
Nat Quansah (Madagascar)

text:
Jane Akre & Steve Wilson (reporter) (United States)
Yosepha Alomang (Indonesia)
Giorgos Catsadorakis & Myrsini Malakou (Greece)
Oscar Olivera (Bolivia)
Eugène Rutagarama (Rwanda)
Bruno Van Peteghem (New Caledonia)

text:
Pisit Charnsnoh (Thailand)
Sarah James & Jonathon Solomon (United States)
Fatima Jibrell (Somalia)
Alexis Massol González (Puerto Rico)
Norma Kassi (Canada)
Jean La Rose (Guyana)
Jadwiga Łopata (Poland)

text:
Julia Bonds (United States)
Pedro Arrojo-Agudo (Spain)
Eileen Kampakuta Brown & Eileen Wani Wingfield (Australia)
Von Hernandez (Philippines)
Maria Elena Foronda Farro (Peru)
Odigha Odigha (Nigeria)

text:
Rudolf Amenga-Etego (Ghana)
Rashida Bee and Champa Devi Shukla (India)
Libia Grueso (Colombia)
Manana Kochladze (Georgia)
Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho (East Timor)
Margie Richard (United States)

text:
Isidro Baldenegro López (Mexico)
Kaisha Atakhanova (Kazakhstan)
Jean-Baptiste Chavannes (Haiti)
Stephanie Danielle Roth (Romania)
Corneille Ewango (Congo)
José Andrés Tamayo Cortez (Honduras)

text:
Silas Kpanan’ Siakor (Liberia)
Yu Xiaogang (China)
Olya Melen (Ukraine)
Anne Kajir (Papua New Guinea)
Craig E. Williams (United States)
Tarcisio Feitosa da Silva (Brazil)

text:
Sophia Rabliauskas (Manitoba, Canada)
Hammerskjoeld Simwinga (Zambia)
Tsetsgeegiin Mönkhbayar (Mongolia)
Julio Cusurichi Palacios (Peru)
Willie Corduff (Ireland)
Orri Vigfússon (Iceland)

text:
Pablo Fajardo and Luis Yanza (Ecuador)[7][8][9]
Jesus Leon Santos (Oaxaca, Mexico)
Rosa Hilda Ramos (Puerto Rico)
Feliciano dos Santos (Mozambique)
Marina Rikhvanova (Russia)
Ignace Schops from "Hoge Kempen National Park" (Belgium)

text:
Maria Gunnoe, Bob White, West Virginia, United States[10]
Marc Ona, Libreville, Gabon
Rizwana Hasan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Olga Speranskaya, Moscow, Russia
Yuyun Ismawati, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Wanze Eduards and Hugo Jabini, Pikin Slee Village and Paramaribo, Suriname

text:
Thuli Brilliance Makama, Swaziland[11]
Tuy Sereivathana, Cambodia
Małgorzata Górska, Poland
Humberto Ríos Labrada, Cuba
Lynn Henning, United States
Randall Arauz, Costa Rica

text:
Raoul du Toit, Zimbabwe[12]
Dmitry Lisitsyn, Russia
Ursula Sladek, Germany
Prigi Arisandi, Indonesia
Hilton Kelley, United States
Francisco Pineda, El Salvador

text:
Ikal Angelei, Kenya [13]
Ma Jun, China [14]
Yevgeniya Chirikova, Russia [15]
Edwin Gariguez, Philippines [16]
Caroline Cannon, United States [17]
Sofia Gatica, Argentina [18]

text:
Azzam Alwash, Iraq [19]
Aleta Baun, Indonesia [20]
Jonathan Deal, South Africa [21]
Rossano Ercolini, Italy [22]
Nohra Padilla, Colombia [23]
Kimberly Wasserman, United States [24]

text:
Desmond D'Sa, South Africa [25]
Ramesh Agrawal, India [26]
Suren Gazaryan, Russia [27]
Rudi Putra, Indonesia [28]
Helen Slottje, United States [29]
Ruth Buendia, Peru [30]

text:
Myint Zaw, Myanmar [31]
Marilyn Baptiste, Canada [32]
Jean Wiener, Haiti [33]
Phyllis Omido, Kenya [34]
Howard Wood, Scotland [35]
Berta Cáceres, Honduras [36]

text:
Máxima Acuña, Peru[37]
Zuzana Čaputová, Slovakia[38]
Luis Jorge Rivera Herrera, Puerto Rico[39]
Edward Loure, Tanzania[40]
Leng Ouch, Cambodia[41]
Destiny Watford, United States[42]

text:
Wendy Bowman, Australia[43]
Rodrigue Mugaruka Katembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo[44][45]
mark! Lopez, United States[46]
Uroš Macerl, Slovenia[47]
Prafulla Samantara, India[48][49]
Rodrigo Tot, Guatemala[50]


document_title: Safe Haven (film)

question_text: where did the movie safe haven take place

text: Safe Haven (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A frightened woman (Julianne Hough) flees her house in Boston, holding a bloody knife. After taking shelter with a neighbor, she is shown moments later at the bus station trying to flee town. She buys a bus ticket with her hair now cropped and bleached and stops in the small town of Southport, North Carolina. At the general store, she introduces herself as Katie Feldman. After acquiring a job as a waitress and renting a small house on the edge of town, Katie befriends her neighbor, Jo (Cobie Smulders) and meets Alex Wheatley (Josh Duhamel), a widowed father of two young children, Josh (Noah Lomax) and Lexie (Mimi Kirkland), who operates the local general store and gives Katie a bicycle so she won't have to walk.

text: It's not too long before Katie and Alex start a relationship, and she becomes like a mother to Josh and Lexie. Meanwhile, Kevin Tierney (David Lyons), a Boston police detective, prepares wanted posters for a woman named "Erin" which describe that she is wanted for attempted murder. Alex sees Erin's wanted poster in the police station and notices the picture bears a striking resemblance to Katie. He confronts Katie with the information, causing a huge fight. They break up, and Katie moves out of her house.

text: As Katie is about to leave town, however, Alex intercepts her and says that he has fallen in love with her. Katie returns his love, and decides to stay in Southport. She tells Alex that she fled to Southport to escape her abusive and alcoholic husband. They got in a fight, and she stabbed him in self-defense before she fled south.

text: Meanwhile, Kevin is suspended for creating the wanted posters, whereupon it is revealed that he is Katie's (Erin's) abusive and alcoholic husband. Enraged, he breaks into Katie's former neighbor's home back in Boston and finds the phone number to the Southport restaurant where Katie works. Arriving just in time for the town's Fourth of July parade, a severely intoxicated Kevin sees Katie kissing Alex, which enrages him. That night, Katie has a dream that she is standing on the docks watching the fireworks when Jo comes up and tells Katie that "he" is here. Katie wakes up in the convenience store next to a sleeping Lexie when Kevin suddenly appears and confronts her, demanding that she go back with him. She refuses and tells him to leave. Kevin pulls a gun and pours gasoline all over the store, with the intent to burn it down.

text: When he hesitates, Katie buys time by faking sympathy for him and agreeing to return home with him. When he lets his guard down, she pushes him into the water; however, a firework spark lands on the gasoline, igniting a fire that engulfs the store. Alex sees the burning store, quickly makes his way across the harbor by boat, and saves Lexie. Meanwhile, Katie tries to fight off Kevin; during the struggle, the gun goes off and kills Kevin, ridding her of him forever.

text: In the aftermath of the fire, Alex recovers several letters which were written by his late wife Carly before she died. The letters prepared ahead of time for memorable events such as Josh's eighteenth birthday and Lexie's wedding day. Alex gives Katie a letter with the words "To Her" on the envelope; the letter thanks the recipient for making Alex happy. Enclosed with the letter is a photo of Alex's late wife, whom Katie is astonished to discover was actually Jo. This means that Jo was Carly, in the form of an angel, who led Katie to her husband, Alex.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Duhamel as Alex Wheatley
Julianne Hough as Erin Tierney/Katie Feldman
Cobie Smulders as Jo/Carly
David Lyons as Detective Kevin Tierney
Mimi Kirkland as Lexie Wheatley
Noah Lomax as Josh Wheatley
Irene Ziegler as Mrs. Feldman
Robin Mullins as Maddie
Red West as Roger. This was West's last film role before his death in July 2017
Juan Carlos Piedrahita as Detective Ramirez
Cullen Moss as Deputy Bass
Mike Pniewski as Lieutenant Robinson

text: Production[edit]

text: The film began principal photography on June 18, 2012 in Wilmington and Southport, North Carolina.[6] Parts of it were filmed in Louisiana and the opening scene with Katie on the Coach America bus is on the Linn Cove Viaduct along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Grandfather Mountain in Linville, North Carolina.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Safe Haven grossed US$71,349,120 in North America and US$26,245,020 in other territories for a worldwide total of US$97,594,140.[3]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed US$21,401,594, finishing third at the box office behind A Good Day to Die Hard (US$24,834,845) and Identity Thief (US$23,674,295).[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Critical reaction for Safe Haven was largely negative.[7][8][9][10][11] Peter Bradshaw, writing for The Guardian, called Safe Haven's setting "a sugary vision of small-town America that does not correspond with the real world at any point."[12] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film zero stars out of four, and concluded his review by stating: "I hate Safe Haven. It's a terrible thing to do to your Valentine."[13]

text: The film has a score of 34 on Metacritic, a "generally unfavorable" score, based on 33 reviews.[14] It holds a 12% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 137 critic reviews.[15]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref(s)

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Romance

Nominated
[16]

Young Artist Awards
Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film
Mimi Kirkland
Nominated
[17]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Though the romance aspect dominates this movie, in the thriller component (a deranged stalker), there is a slight echo of the two Cape Fear films, both the 1962 original with Robert Mitchum and Gregory Peck, and the Martin Scorsese 1991 remake with Robert De Niro and Nick Nolte. The town of Southport is on the Cape Fear waterway which was where the denouement of both movies occurs.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Safe Haven was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 7, 2013.


document_title: List of Thomas & Friends voice actors

question_text: who plays the voice of thomas the tank engine

text: List of Thomas & Friends voice actors

text: Cast[edit]

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Region
Role(s)
Notes

Joseph May
US
Thomas
"The Adventure Begins" onwards

John Hasler
UK

US/UK
Rheneas (series 20 onwards)[1]

Tim Bain
Aiden and Madeleine's father

David Bedella
Victor, Carlos, The Mayor of Sodor and the Cuban man

Sanjeev Bhaskar
Shankar

Sheena Bhattessa
Noor Jehan and Charubala

Jamie Campbell Bower
Skiff

Chipo Chung
Hong-Mei

Nathan Clarke
Alfie

Olivia Colman
Marion

Jules de Jongh
US
Emily, Mavis (Season 13–16), Lady Hatt, The Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt ("Diesel's Special Delivery"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's Friends, Some Children, Little Boy in White and Light Blue Stripes Shirt and Red Shorts, The School Children, Teacher, The Laundry Lady, Little Girl in the Red Dress, The Ginger Haired Boy ("Pop Goes Thomas","Diesel's Special Delivery","Emily and Dash","Percy the Snowman","Emily's Winter Party Special", and "Pouty James"), The Blonde Haired Boy (Season 15 and Season 18), and The Blonde Haired Girl

US/UK
Emily ("4-D: Bubbling Boilers" and the singing voice for "The Great Race" only), Caitlin ("Engine of the Future" only), and Alicia Botti

Jonathan Forbes
Connor

Teresa Gallagher
UK
Emily, Lady Hatt (Season 13, "Day of the Diesels" and Season 15), Mavis (Season 13–16), The Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt ("Diesel's Special Delivery"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's friends, the teacher, the laundry lady, little boy in light white and light blue stripes shirt and red shorts, some children, the school children, little girl in the red dress, the blonde-hair girl, and the blonde-hair boy

US
A blond-haired girl
"Very Important Sheep"

A blonde-haired boy
"Very Important Sheep" only

UK/US
Belle, Frieda, Gina, Mavis, Annie, Clarabel, Judy, The Duchess of Boxford ("Percy's Lucky Day" only), Lady Hatt ("The Afternoon Tea Express" only and Season 21 onwards), the teacher (Season 18 only), the ginger-hair boy, the shouting little boy, the lady with the big hat, some passengers, the Knapford Station speaker ("The Adventure Begins"), some children ("The Adventure Begins" onwards), the school children ("Lost Property"), Stephen Hatt, Bridget Hatt, the lady in the blue dress, the barrow fan ("Reds vs. Blues" and "Useful Railway"), Albert's wife ("Thomas the Babysitter" and "Unscheduled Stops"), the lady in spring green dress, the female puppet show entertainer, little girl in the turquoise dress with pink flowers, the lady in the white dress and gray vest, the lady in the white shirt, light brown skirt and hat, the lady in the grayish white shirt, blackish gray skirt, and white pearl necklace, the chubby little boy in dark green shirt and dark gray shorts, the lady in the yellow dress and hat, The Blonde Haired Girl, The Lady in Red and Indigo Hat and White Dress with Indigo lines, Female Passengers, Madeleine, and Madeleine's Mother

Bob Golding
Stephen, Sidney (series 17 onwards), Ivan, some dock workers ("Tale of the Brave") and a railway inspector ("Lost Property")

Mike Grady
Sir Robert Norramby

Yvonne Grundy
Nia

Rasmus Hardiker
Bill, Philip and some Troublesome Trucks ("The Fastest Red Engine on Sodor" only)

UK
Monty

William Hope
US
Edward, Toby, Stephen Hatt ("Thomas and the Runaway Kite" only), Whiff, Bash, Rocky, Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the blond-haired boy ("Merry Misty Island" and "The Way She Does It" only), the Maithwaite stationmaster ("Double Trouble" and "Wonky Whistle" only), the man at the fire ("Race to the Rescue"), the Dock Manager and the Wellsworth Station worker

UK/US
Iron Bert (series 16 onwards), a railway inspector, a steamworks worker ("Wonky Whistle"), 2 farmhands ("Wonky Whistle"), a workman ("Toad and the Whale"), Passenger, and Farmer McColl ("Philip's Number" only)

Siu-see Hung
An An

Togo Igawa
Hiro

Shane Jacobson
Shane

Rufus Jones
Flying Scotsman

Steven Kynman
UK
Porter, Jack and the dock manager ("Tale of the Brave" only)

US
Charlie
"The Great Race" onwards

Butch
Series 17 onwards

UK/US
Duck, Ryan (series 20 onwards), Dart (Season 17 onwards), Paxton ("Blue Mountain Mystery" onwards), Peter Sam, "The Third Slip Coach", a workman (Journey Beyond Sodor), a railway inspector (Season 17) and the bird watcher ("Who's Geoffrey?")

Michael Legge
Luke

Dan Li
Yong Bao
(Big World! Big Adventures!-onwards)

Windson Liong
Lin-Yong, Lei, the Male Chinese Breakdown Crane, the Chinese Guard and the Chinese Men

Genevieve McCarthy
UK/US
Aubrey

Ian McCue
UK/US
The Blue Sea Serpent, Tiger Hunter #2

David Menkin
Porter (US; series 17 onwards/UK; "Pouty James" and "Cranky at the End of the Line" only) and Stanley ("The Truth About Toby" only)

US
Jack

Rachael Miller
UK/US
Rebecca, Angelique, Isla, The Teacher (Outback Thomas), Passengers (Outback Thomas), The Lady in Chartreuse Dress, and The Lady in Yellow Dress

Joe Mills
Douglas, Oliver, Toad, the Welsh bird watcher ("Thomas and the Emergency Cable"), and a Knapford Station yard workman ("Toad and the Whale")

Lucy Montgomery
Lexi, Hannah, Carly
, and Cowgirls

Tracy-Ann Oberman[2]
Daisy
Series 20 onwards

Maggie Ollerenshaw
Henrietta

Rebecca O'Mara
Caitlin and the Second Slip Coach

Nikhil Parnar
UK/US
Rajiv

Jass Patel
UK/US
Concessions Worker

Nigel Pilkington
UK
Percy (Series 19 onwards; excluding "Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure"), and Trevor

UK/US
A passenger

Rob Rackstraw
James (US; "The Adventure Begins" onwards/UK; "Tit for Tat" onwards), Donald (Season 20 onwards), Raul, Axel, Étienne, Flynn (Season 19 onwards), Bradford, The Great Railway Show announcer, some passengers, the man in the blue shirt and light brown hat, The Bird Watcher ("The Railcar and the Coaches"), Fergus Duncan, The Welsh Bird Watcher ("Mike's Whistle"), The Thin Clergyman ("Tit for Tat"), The Red Sea Serpent, and Tiger Hunter #1

UK
Toby
Season 19 onwards

US
Monty

Christopher Ragland[3]
Percy (Season 19 onwards) and Trevor

US/UK
The Troublesome Trucks ("The Adventure Begins" onwards)
, and Cowboys

Miranda Raison
Millie and the Knapford Station speaker

Kerry Shale
UK
Thomas and Spencer
"Hero of the Rails", originally

US
Henry, Gordon, Dash, Scruff, Harold, Max, Kevin, Sir Topham Hatt ("Hero of the Rails" – Season 18), Sir Lowham Hatt, Mr. Percival, Farmer Trotter, The Maithwaite stationmaster ("Time For a Story" and "A Blooming Mess"), a railway inspector, the photographer (Season 16), the railroad coal inspector, the zoo keeper and some workmen

UK/US
Kevin ("Hasty Hannah" only), Diesel (US; series 19 onwards/UK; series 13 onwards), 'Arry, some groaning passengers ("Calm Down Caitlin"), the man on the bridge, and Headkeeper Jack

John Schwab
Vinnie, Ulli and a Bridlington Diesel

US
Stanley
Series 20 onwards, excluding "Saving Time"[4]

Nicola Stapleton
UK/US
Rosie
Season 21 onwards

Tom Stourton
Duncan, Rex, Terence and The Fat Clergyman

Tim Whitnall
Timothy, Mike, Jerome, Oliver the Excavator, Reg, the deputy minister and some workmen

US
The man in the hat
"Spencer's VIP" only

UK
Max

Keith Wickham
Edward, Henry, Gordon, Whiff, Dash, Harold, The Thin Controller, the railway coal inspector, the man at the fire, the Wellsworth station worker, the Fat Controller's assistant, some workmen, some passengers, Gator's driver, and steamworks workman

UK/US
Harvey, Glynn, Salty, Den, Norman, Stafford, Skarloey, Sir Handel, Arlesdale Bert, Bertie, Captain, Sir Topham Hatt/The Fat Controller (UK; "Hero of the Rails" onwards/US; "The Adventure Begins" onwards), Dowager Hatt, Sir Lowham Hatt, Lord Callan, the photographer ("Wild Water Rescue"), a railway inspector, the great composer, the Maron station speaker, the Wellsworth stationmaster,  Thomas' guard, the grumpy passenger, Father Christmas, the groundsman, the postman, Gordon's driver ("The Adventure Begins"), James' guard ("The Adventure Begins"), a Knapford station worker ("The Adventure Begins"), some workmen, sometsignalmen, the dock manager ("Who's Geoffrey?" only), a Sodor search & rescue centre worker ("Toad and the Whale"), a policeman ("Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure"), a diver ("Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure"), The Man in the Hat, some passengers, Albert ("Thomas the Babysitter"), Mr. Bubbles, the man in the sea green shirt and glasses, the Welsh bird watcher ("Sidney Sings and Three Steam Engines Gruff"), one of Dowager Hatt's friends ("Best Engine Ever" and "Sidney Sings"), the museum manager, male puppet show entertainer, the man in the gray shirt and black pants, the Great Railway Show judge, the fat clergyman, the man in the blackish gray shirt and blackish gray pants, Willie the lazy farmer, the man in the black shirt and black pants, Franz, The Man in the Whitish Brown Shirt and Brown Pants, and The Station Announcer

Robert Wilfort
Samson and the Great Railway Show judge ("The Great Race")

Matt Wilkinson
UK
Spencer, Stanley, Charlie, Bash, Scruff, Rocky, Cranky, Butch (Season 16 onwards), Kevin, Stephen Hatt ("Thomas and the Runaway Kite"), Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the photographer (series 16), the Maithwaite stationmaster, Farmer Trotter, the Knapford stationmaster, the bird watcher ("Henry's Good Deeds"), the blond-haired boy ("Merry Misty Island"), the dock manager, a railway inspector, some dock workers, the island inspector, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, the Blue Mountain Quarry workman, the zoo keeper and the man with the hat

UK/US
Ben, Diesel 10, Winston, Rusty, Merrick, Captain Joe, some workmen, and Male Passengers

Glenn Wrage
US
Spencer, Ferdinand, Cranky, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, Sir Topham Hatt's Assistant, Gator's driver and a Steamworks worker

text: Former voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Region
Role(s)
Notes

Jonathan Broadbent
UK/US
Bill and Ben
Season 17-19

The First Slip Coach
Season 18

Rupert Degas
Dart and Flynn
"Day of the Diesels" – Season 16

Bertie
Season 15 and 16 only

UK
Butch
Series 15

Michael Brandon
US
Mr. Bubbles
Season 13–15

Diesel
Season 13–16

Martin Sherman
"King of the Railway" – Series 18

Thomas and Percy
"Hero of the Rails" – Season 18

Henry
Originally

The Bird Watcher
Henry's Good Deeds only

Some children
Time for a Story, Pop Goes Thomas and Toby and Bash only

Ben Small
Stanley
Season 15 only

Charlie
Season 16–18

UK
Thomas and Toby
"Hero of the Rails" – Season 18

Ferdinand
"Misty Island Rescue" – Season 16

UK/US
Rheneas
Season 16–18

Troublesome Truck

Flynn
Season 17 only

Owen
"Blue Mountain Mystery" – Season 18

text: Guest voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role(s)
Notes

Clive Mantle
Gator
"Tale of the Brave" and Series 18 only

Sir John Hurt
Sailor John
"Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure" only

Eddie Redmayne
Ryan

Ashna Kapur
The blond-haired girl (Very Important Sheep)

Oliver McCue
The blond-haired boy (Very Important Sheep)

Tina Desai
Ashima

Hugh Bonneville
Merlin

Darren Boyd
Theo

Jim Howick
Hurricane

Sophie Colquhoun
Frankie

Colin McFarlane
Bulgy and Beresford

Patricia Kihoro
Nia
singing voice on the movie Big World! Big Adventures!

Mia Hope Gaywood
Kid (School of Duck)

Holly Hazelton
Kid (School of Duck)

Jessica Hann
Kid (School of Duck)

Damon Denton Snape
Kid (School of Duck)

Innis Robertson-Pinnell
Kid (School of Duck)

Charlie Barnard
Kid (School of Duck)

text: Online videos[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role(s)

Sabrina Frederick-Traub
Tracy

Matthew Richardson
Shane

text: Thomas and the Magic Railroad voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role(s)
Notes

Eddie Glen
Thomas

John Bellis
Originally

Keith Scott
Diesel 10

Neil Crone
Gordon, Diesel 10 and Splatter

A tumbleweed
Uncredited

Troublesome Trucks
Originally had lines but removed

Kevin Frank

Henry, Dodge and Bertie

Harold
Originally had no lines

Britt Allcroft
Lady

Patrick Breen
Splatter and Dodge (Splodge)
Originally

Susan Roman
James

Michael Angelis
Originally

Percy

Linda Ballantyne

Colm Feore
Toby

Shelley-Elizabeth Skinner
Annie and Clarabel

text: Narrators[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Actor
Region
Years
Period

John Hasler
UK
2018–present
Season 22–present

Joseph May
US

text: Former[edit]

text:
Actor
Region
Years
Period

Ringo Starr
UK/AUS/US
1984–1986 (UK), 1987–1988 (AUS), 1989–1990 (US)
Season 1–2

George Carlin
US
1991–1995
Season 1–4 (US)

Michael Angelis
UK/AUS/US
1991–2012
Season 3–16 (UK and AUS), Season 6–7 (US re-narration for episodes: Gordon and Spencer, Emily's New Coaches, The Spotless Record, Peace and Quiet, Jack Jumps In and A Friend in Need), Calling All Engines, Hero of the Rails, Misty Island Rescue, Day of the Diesels and Blue Mountain Mystery for UK and AUS audiences

Alec Baldwin
US
1998–2002
Season 5–6 (US), Thomas and the Magic Railroad as Mr Conductor

Mara Wilson
US
2000
Thomas and the Magic Railroad as Lily (originally hired to narrate the movie)

Michael Brandon
US
2003–2012
Season 7–16 (US), Calling All Engines, Hero of the Rails, Misty Island Rescue, Day of the Diesels and Blue Mountain Mystery for US audiences

Gwyneth Paltrow
US
2008
The Great Discovery (originally hired to narrate the movie)

Pierce Brosnan
UK/AUS/US
2008
The Great Discovery, Season 12 (original cut)

Mark Moraghan
UK/AUS/US
2013–2018
Season 17–21, Season 13 (US re-narration for episode: Snow Tracks), Season 14 (US re-narration for episodes: Charlie and Eddie and Thomas' Crazy Day), Season 15 (PBS Kids website re-narration for episodes: Up, Up and Away and Percy's New Friends, King of the Railway, Tale of the Brave, The Adventure Begins, Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure, The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Years
Period

Mara Wilson
2000
original script of Thomas and the Magic Railroad

Gwyneth Paltrow
2008
original script of The Great Discovery

Pierce Brosnan
The Great Discovery / original cut of season 12

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Narrator(s)
Model Series: 1984–2008
CGI Series: 2010–present

Classic Series1984–2003
New Series2004–08

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Ringo Starr

Michael Angelis

UK
UK
United Kingdom

US

George Carlin
US

US

Alec Baldwin

US

Michael Brandon

US
United States

Pierce Brosnan

*
 * * *

Mark Moraghan

US

John Hasler

UK

Thomas

Joseph May

US

text: Specials[edit]

text:
Narrator(s)
Model era
CGI era

TatMR2000
CAE!2005
TGD2008
HotR2009
MIR2010
DotD2011
BMM2012
KotR2013
TotB2014
TAB2015
SLotLT2015
TGR2016
JBS2017

Mara Wilson
Lily

Alec Baldwin
Mr. C

Michael Angelis

UK

United States

Michael Brandon

US

United Kingdom

Gwyneth Paltrow

Pierce Brosnan

Mark Moraghan

text:
A light green cell indicates the narrator who officially narrated the series.
An orange cell indicates the narrator who re-narrated the series.
A red cell indicates the original narrator who narrated the series, including the movies.

text: * Pierce Brosnan narrated the original cut of Series 12, but withdrew from the series, and his narrations left unreleased.

text: Characters[edit]

text: CGI Series[edit]

text:
Characters
HiT Era
Mattel Era

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Thomas
Ben Small (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
John Hasler (UK)Joseph May (US)

Edward
Keith Wickham (UK)William Hope (US)

Henry
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)Martin Sherman (original US voice)
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

Gordon
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

James
Keith Wickham (UK)
Rob Rackstraw

Kerry Shale (US)
Rob Rackstraw (US)

Percy
Keith Wickham (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
Nigel Pilkington (UK)Christopher Ragland (US)

Toby
Ben Small (UK)
Rob Rackstraw (UK)

William Hope (US)

Duck

Steven Kynman
Cameo
Steven Kynman

Donald

Rob Rackstraw

Douglas

Joe Mills

Oliver

Joe Mills

Bill

Jonathan Broadbent

Cameo
Rasmus Hardiker

Ben
Matt Wilkinson

Emily
Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)

Diesel
Kerry Shale (UK)
Kerry Shale

Michael Brandon (US)
Martin Sherman (US)

Mavis
Teresa Gallagher (UK)
Teresa Gallagher
Cameo
Teresa Gallagher

Jules de Jongh (US)

'Arry

Kerry Shale
Kerry Shale

Cameo
Cameo
Kerry Shale

Iron Bert
William Hope

William Hope

Skarleoy

Keith Wickham

Cameo
Keith Wickham

Rheneas

Ben Small

John Hasler
Cameo

Sir Handel

Originally
Keith Wickham

Keith Wickham

Peter Sam

Steven Kynman

Steven Kynman

Rusty

Matt Wilkinson

Duncan

Tom Stourton

Tom Stourton

Annie and Clarabel
Non-speaking role
Cameo
Non-speaking role
Teresa Gallagher

Henrietta
Non-speaking role
Cameo
Maggie Ollerenshaw

Toad

Joe Mills

Bertie
Non-speaking role
Rupert Degas
Keith Wickham

Harold

Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Non-speaking role
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Non-speaking role
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

Cranky
Matt Wilkinson (UK)Glenn Wrage (US)

Sir Topham Hatt
Keith Wickham (UK)
Keith Wickham

Kerry Shale (US)

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Characters
TatMR
HotR
MIR
DotD
BMM
KotR
TotB
TAB
SLotLT
TGR
JBS
BW! BA!

Thomas
Eddie GlenJohn Bellis (originally)
Martin Sherman (US)Ben Small (UK)Kerry Shale (original UK voice)
Ben Small (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
John Hasler (UK)Joseph May (US)

Edward

Keith Wickham (UK)William Hope (US)

Henry
Kevin Frank
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

Gordon
Neil Crone
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Cameo
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

James
Susan RomanMichael Angelis (originally)
Keith Wickham (UK)
Rob Rackstraw

Kerry Shale (US)
Rob Rackstraw (US)

Percy
Linda BallantyneMichael Angelis (originally)
Keith Wickham (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
Indirectly mentioned
Keith Wickham (UK)Christopher Ragland (US)
Christopher Ragland (US speaking voice / UK singing voice)Nigel Pilkington (UK)
Nigel Pilkington (UK)Christopher Ragland (US)

Toby
Colm Feore
Ben Small (UK)William Hope (US)

Rob Rackstraw (UK)William Hope (US)
Cameo
Rob Rackstraw (UK)William Hope (US)

Duck

Non-speaking role

Steven Kynman
Cameo

Donald and Douglas

Joe Mills

Oliver

Cameo

Bill
Jonathan Broadbent
Jonathan Broadbent
Cameo
Rasmus Hardiker

Ben
Matt Wilkinson

Emily

Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)
Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)
Jules de Jongh (US speaking voice / UK singing voice)Teresa Gallagher (UK)
Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)

Diesel
Cameo
Kerry Shale (UK)

Cameo
Kerry Shale
Cameo
Kerry Shale

Michael Brandon (US)
Martin Sherman (US)

Annie and Clarabel
Shelley-Elizabeth Skinner

Teresa Gallagher

Sir Topham Hatt
Seen on posters
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Keith Wickham


document_title: Mary Magdalene (2018 film)

question_text: who played jesus in the movie mary magdalene

text: Mary Magdalene (2018 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the year 33 AD, when Judea was under the control of the Roman Empire, a woman named Mary from the small town of Magdala begins to follow Jesus of Nazareth, the founder of Christianity. This causes conflict with the other, male disciples, including Saint Peter. Mary follows Jesus all the way to the Resurrection.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rooney Mara as Mary Magdalene
Joaquin Phoenix as Jesus Christ
Chiwetel Ejiofor as Peter
Tahar Rahim as Judas
Sarah-Sofie Boussnina as Martha
Hadas Yaron as Sarah
Lubna Azabal as Susannah
Lior Raz as Magdala Community Leader
Ryan Corr as Joseph
Jacopo Olmo Antinori as Magdala Man
Shira Haas as Leah
Uri Gavriel as Philip
Charles Babalola as Andrew
Tawfeek Barhom as James
Tzachi Halevy as Ephraim
Zohar Shtrauss as John
Michael Moshonov as Matthew
Ariane Labed as Rachel
Theo Theodoridis as Lazarus
Gaspare Alfano
Daniele Diez
Giovanni Cirfiera

text: Production[edit]

text: In February 2016, Rooney Mara joined the cast of the film portraying the role of Mary Magdalene, with Garth Davis directing the film, Universal Pictures, Film4 Productions and See-Saw Films will co-produce the film, with Iain Canning and Emile Sherman serving as producers.[4] In April 2016, Joaquin Phoenix was in talks to portray the role of Jesus Christ.[5] In July 2016, Chiwetel Ejiofor and Tahar Rahim joined the cast of the film.[6][7] In September 2016, Hadas Yaron joined the cast of the film.[8] Hildur Guðnadóttir and Jóhann Jóhannsson composed the film's score, the latter's final score before his death in February 2018.[9][10]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on October 3, 2016[11][12] and concluded on December 2, 2016.[13] The film was shot in Rome and in multiple locations in Southern Italy including Matera in Basilicata, Gravina in Puglia in Apulia, Trapani in Sicily and Naples[14] in Campania.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text:
In February 2016, it was announced Focus Features will distribute the film worldwide except for New Zealand and Australia, where The Weinstein Company and Transmission Films will distribute, respectively.[16]
It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States and Canada on November 24, 2017.[17] In August 2017, the release was pushed back to March 30, 2018,[18] In January 2018, it was pulled from the schedule.[19] In March 2018, it was announced The Weinstein Company would no longer distribute the film, and the producers were attempting to find another distributor to release the film.[20]

text: The film had its world premiere at the National Gallery on February 26, 2018.[21] It screened at the Audi Dublin International Film Festival on February 28, 2018.[22] It was released in the United Kingdom on March 16, 2018,[23] and in Australia on March 22, 2018.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes. Mary Magdalene holds an approval rating of 41% based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Mary Magdalene has obvious reverence for its subject; unfortunately, it lacks enough momentum or depth of character to make her story interesting."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[26]


document_title: Trophic level

question_text: average number of trophic level in the food chain of an ecosystem are

text: Trophic level

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of trophic level was developed by Raymond Lindeman (1942), based on the terminology of August Thienemann (1926): "producers", "consumers" and "reducers" (modified to "decomposers" by Lindeman).[2][3]

text: Overview[edit]

text: The three basic ways in which organisms get food are as producers, consumers and decomposers.

text:
Producers (autotrophs) are typically plants or algae. Plants and algae do not usually eat other organisms, but pull nutrients from the soil or the ocean and manufacture their own food using photosynthesis. For this reason, they are called primary producers. In this way, it is energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain.[4] An exception occurs in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems, where there is no sunlight. Here primary producers manufacture food through a process called chemosynthesis.[5]
Consumers (heterotrophs) are species that cannot manufacture their own food and need to consume other organisms. Animals that eat primary producers (like plants) are called herbivores. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores, and animals that eat both plant and other animals are called omnivores.
Decomposers (detritivores) break down dead plant and animal material and wastes and release it again as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi (mushrooms), feed on waste and dead matter, converting it into inorganic chemicals that can be recycled as mineral nutrients for plants to use again.

text: Trophic levels can be represented by numbers, starting at level 1 with plants. Further trophic levels are numbered subsequently according to how far the organism is along the food chain.

text:
Level 1: Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers.
Level 2: Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers.
Level 3: Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers.
Level 4: Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers.
Apex predators by definition have no predators and are at the top of their food chains.

text:
Second trophic levelRabbits eat plants at the first trophic level, so they are primary consumers.

Third trophic levelFoxes eat rabbits at the second trophic level, so they are secondary consumers.

Fourth trophic levelGolden eagles eat foxes at the third trophic level, so they are tertiary consumers.

DecomposersThe fungi on this tree feed on dead matter, converting it back to nutrients that primary producers can use.

text: In real world ecosystems, there is more than one food chain for most organisms, since most organisms eat more than one kind of food or are eaten by more than one type of predator. A diagram that sets out the intricate network of intersecting and overlapping food chains for an ecosystem is called its food web.[6] Decomposers are often left off food webs, but if included, they mark the end of a food chain.[6] Thus food chains start with primary producers and end with decay and decomposers. Since decomposers recycle nutrients, leaving them so they can be reused by primary producers, they are sometimes regarded as occupying their own trophic level.[7][8]

text: The trophic level of a species may vary, if it has a choice of diet. Virtually all plants and phytoplankton are purely phototrophic and are at exactly level 1.0. Many worms are at around 2.1; insects 2.2; jellyfish 3.0; birds 3.6.[9] A 2013 study estimates the average trophic level of human beings at 2.21, similar to pigs or anchovies.[10] This is only an average, and plainly both modern and ancient human eating habits are complex and vary greatly. For example, a traditional Eskimo living on a diet consisting primarily of seals would have a trophic level of nearly 5.[11]

text: Biomass transfer efficiency[edit]

text: In general, each trophic level relates to the one below it by absorbing some of the energy it consumes, and in this way can be regarded as resting on, or supported by, the next lower trophic level. Food chains can be diagrammed to illustrate the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to the next in a food chain. This is called an energy pyramid. The energy transferred between levels can also be thought of as approximating to a transfer in biomass, so energy pyramids can also be viewed as biomass pyramids, picturing the amount of biomass that results at higher levels from biomass consumed at lower levels. However, when primary producers grow rapidly and are consumed rapidly, the biomass at any one moment may be low; for example, phytoplankton (producer) biomass can be low compared to the zooplankton (consumer) biomass in the same area of ocean.[12]

text: The efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next is called the ecological efficiency. Consumers at each level convert on average only about 10% of the chemical energy in their food to their own organic tissue (the ten-percent law). For this reason, food chains rarely extend for more than 5 or 6 levels. At the lowest trophic level (the bottom of the food chain), plants convert about 1% of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy. It follows from this that the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about 0.001%[7]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Both the number of trophic levels and the complexity of relationships between them evolve as life diversifies through time, the exception being intermittent mass extinction events.[13]

text: Fractional trophic levels[edit]

text: Food webs largely define ecosystems, and the trophic levels define the position of organisms within the webs. But these trophic levels are not always simple integers, because organisms often feed at more than one trophic level.[14][15] For example, some carnivores also eat plants, and some plants are carnivores. A large carnivore may eat both smaller carnivores and herbivores; the bobcat eats rabbits, but the mountain lion eats both bobcats and rabbits. Animals can also eat each other; the bullfrog eats crayfish and crayfish eat young bullfrogs. The feeding habits of a juvenile animal, and, as a consequence, its trophic level, can change as it grows up.

text: The fisheries scientist Daniel Pauly sets the values of trophic levels to one in plants and detritus, two in herbivores and detritivores (primary consumers), three in secondary consumers, and so on. The definition of the trophic level, TL, for any consumer species is:[8]

text:
where

T

L

j

{\displaystyle TL_{j}}

 is the fractional trophic level of the prey j, and

D

C

i
j

{\displaystyle DC_{ij}}

 represents the fraction of j in the diet of i.

text:
In the case of marine ecosystems, the trophic level of most fish and other marine consumers takes value between
2.0 and 5.0. The upper value, 5.0, is unusual, even for large fish,[16] though it occurs in apex predators of marine mammals, such as polar bears and killer whales.[17]

text: In addition to observational studies of animal behavior, and quantification of animal stomach contents, trophic level can be quantified through stable isotope analysis of animal tissues such as muscle, skin, hair, bone collagen. This is because there is a consistent increase in the nitrogen isotopic composition at each trophic level caused by fractionations that occur with the synthesis of biomolecules; the magnitude of this increase in nitrogen isotopic composition is approximately 3–4‰.[18][19]

text: Mean trophic level[edit]

text: In fisheries, the mean trophic level for the fisheries catch across an entire area or ecosystem is calculated for year y as:

text:
where

Y

i
y

{\displaystyle Y_{iy}}

 is the catch of the species or group i in year y, and

T

L

i

{\displaystyle TL_{i}}

 is the trophic level for species i as defined above.[8]

text: Fish at higher trophic levels usually have a higher economic value, which can result in overfishing at the higher trophic levels. Earlier reports found precipitous declines in mean trophic level of fisheries catch, in a process known as fishing down the food web.[20] However, more recent work finds no relation between economic value and trophic level;[21] and that mean trophic levels in catches, surveys and stock assessments have not in fact declined, suggesting that fishing down the food web is not a global phenomenon.[22] However Pauly et al. note that trophic levels peaked at 3.4 in 1970 in the northwest and west-central Atlantic, followed by a subsequent decline to 2.9 in 1994. They report a shift away from long-lived, piscivorous, high-trophic-level bottom fishes, such as cod and haddock, to short-lived, planktivorous, low-trophic-level invertebrates (e.g., shrimps) and small, pelagic fish (e.g., herrings). This shift from high-trophic-level fishes to low-trophic-level invertebrates and fishes is a response to changes in the relative abundance of the preferred catch. They argue this is part of the global fishery collapse.[17][23]

text: FiB index[edit]

text: Since biomass transfer efficiencies are only about 10%, it follows that the rate of biological production is much greater at lower trophic levels than it is at higher levels. Fisheries catches, at least to begin with, will tend to increase as the trophic level declines. At this point the fisheries will target species lower in the food web.[23] In 2000, this led Pauly and others to construct a "Fisheries in Balance" index, usually called the FiB index.[24] The FiB index is defined, for any year y, by[8]

text:
where

Y

y

{\displaystyle Y_{y}}

 is the catch at year y,

T
L

y

{\displaystyle {TL}_{y}}

 is the mean trophic level of the catch at year y,

Y

0

{\displaystyle Y_{0}}

 is the catch,

T
L

0

{\displaystyle {TL}_{0}}

 the mean trophic level of the catch at the start of the series being analyzed, and

T
E

{\displaystyle TE}

 is the transfer efficiency of biomass or energy between trophic levels.

text: The FiB index is stable (zero) over periods of time when changes in trophic levels are matched by appropriate changes in the catch in the opposite direction. The index increases if catches increase for any reason, e.g. higher fish biomass, or geographic expansion.[8] Such decreases explain the “backward-bending” plots of trophic level versus catch originally observed by Pauly and others in 1998.[23]

text: Tritrophic and other interactions[edit]

text: One aspect of trophic levels is called tritrophic interaction. Ecologists often restrict their research to two trophic levels as a way of simplifying the analysis; however, this can be misleading if tritrophic interactions (such as plant–herbivore–predator) are not easily understood by simply adding pairwise interactions (plant–herbivore plus herbivore–predator, for example). Significant interactions can occur between the first trophic level (plant) and the third trophic level (a predator) in determining herbivore population growth, for example. Simple genetic changes may yield morphological variants in plants that then differ in their resistance to herbivores because of the effects of the plant architecture on enemies of the herbivore.[25] Plants can also develop defenses against herbivores such as chemical defenses.[26]


document_title: Night at the Museum

question_text: where were the night at the museum movies filmed

text: Night at the Museum

text: Plot[edit]

text: Larry Daley is a divorced man from Queens, hoping to find a good job to impress his ten-year old son Nick, his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son. Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks and his colleagues Gus and Reginald. Larry meets the museum’s neurotic curator Dr. McPhee, and museum docent Rebecca Hutman, who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea. On his first night, Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum, warning him not to let anything “in or out.”

text: Larry soon discovers that at night, the museum’s exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him. Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions; the warring factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius; violent Attila the Hun; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum; the fire-seeking neanderthals; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt, who is in love with Sacagawea.

text: Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact, the Tablet of Akhmenrah, the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus. He also explains to Larry that as night guard, it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum, otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside. The next day, Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions’ destruction. He studies in libraries and from Rebecca. Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night, but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire, leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside. After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day, Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca, but she thinks he is mocking her.

text: On his third night, Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life, but they strangely do not. They catch Cecil, Gus, and Reginald stealing artifacts, who explain the tablet’s magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age, and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement. Nick activates the tablet, but Cecil steals it, locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit. They free Akhmenrah, and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park. Gus and Reginald are captured, but Cecil escapes by stagecoach.

text: Larry and several exhibits give chase, where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet, using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise. Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry, subsequently introduced to Sacagawea. The next day McPhee fires Larry, but when they go into the museum, they find it is crowded due to last night’s strange activities, and Larry is rehired. During the credits, Cecil, Gus, and Reginald were granted mercy by Larry and work as janitors.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a night-shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks, a veteran security guard
Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman, a museum docent
Mickey Rooney as Gus, a veteran security guard
Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a veteran security guard
Jake Cherry as Nick Daley, Larry's son
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry's boss
Kim Raver as Erica Daley, Larry's former wife
Charlie Murphy as the taxi-driver
Paul Rudd as Don, Erica's fiancé
Anne Meara as Debbie

text: Exhibits[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt
Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun
Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah
Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a miniature cowboy figure
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a miniature Roman general figure
Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea
Kerry van der Griend, Dan Rizzuto, Matthew Harrison, and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals
Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis
Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark
Randy Lee, Darryl Quon, Gerald Wong, and Paul Chih-Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns
Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head
Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a stuffed capuchin monkey

text: Production[edit]

text: The building featured in the film, which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby, British Columbia, is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, external shots of which were used in the movie.[2]

text: Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal, who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter, to slap and bite Stiller in the film.

text: Robin Williams' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne's character in The Shootist.[3]

text: Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast: "When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him. It['s] a high-water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I'm convinced that's a big part of why we got this cast."[4]

text: Music[edit]

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"Friday Night" - performed by McFly; not featured in American version of the film, but heard in some international cuts, used during the end credits. It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub.
"September" - performed by Earth, Wind and Fire; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying.
"Weapon of Choice" - performed by Fatboy Slim; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos.
"Tonight" - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham; used for the end credits (U.S. theatrical version only).
"Eye of the Tiger" - performed by Ben Stiller; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music.
An instrumental version of "Mandy" by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator, while escaping from Attila the Hun.
"Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones" is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night.
"Camptown Races" by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama. This is a period-correct song.

text: Score[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer.[5] Silvestri's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who!

text:
Night at the Museum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Alan Silvestri

Released
December 19, 2006 (2006-12-19)

Recorded
2006

Genre
Film score

Length
53:19

Label
Varese Sarabande

text: Track list[edit]

text: Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19, 2006.[6]

text: All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.

text:
Night at the Museum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Night at the Museum"
02:35

2.
"One of Those Days"
00:49

3.
"An Ordinary Guy?"
01:27

4.
"Tour of the Museum"
02:35

5.
"Civil War Soldiers"
04:08

6.
"Out of Africa"
01:07

7.
"Meet Dexter"
01:27

8.
"Mayan Warriors"
00:57

9.
"Where's Rexy?"
00:48

10.
"West from Africa"
01:49

11.
"The Iron Horse"
01:06

12.
"Saved by Teddy"
01:57

13.
"Tablet of Akmenrah"
00:37

14.
"Tracking, Dear Boy"
01:08

15.
"Some Men Are Born Great"
00:50

16.
"Sunrise"
00:42

17.
"Study Up on History"
02:15

18.
"Teddy Likes Sacagawea"
01:53

19.
"Tearing Limbs"
01:45

20.
"Caveman on Fire"
00:43

21.
"Outrun the Sun"
00:58

22.
"Show You What I Do"
02:55

23.
"Tablet's Gone"
02:45

24.
"Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service"
01:11

25.
"This Is Your Moment"
02:10

26.
"Rally the Troops"
01:07

27.
"Tree Take Down"
01:21

28.
"Cecil's Escape"
01:26

29.
"Stage Coach"
02:28

30.
"Teddy in Two"
01:18

31.
"Cab Ride"
00:50

32.
"Big Fan"
01:03

33.
"Heroes Return"
00:54

34.
"A Great Man"
00:57

35.
"Full House"
01:21

Total length:
53:19

text: Release[edit]

text: Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17, 2006, in South Korea on December 21, 2006, on December 22, 2006 in United States, December 26, 2006 in UK, January 12, 2007 in Brazil, on February 14, 2007 in China and on March 17, 2007 in Japan.[7]

text: The film was released under the title of "Noche en el museo" in Spain, "Una notte al museo" in Italy, "La nuit au musée" in France, "Ночь в музее" in Russia and "Uma Noite no Museu" in Brazil.[7]

text: Box office[edit]

text: At the end of its box office run, Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million.[1] It is also the highest-grossing film worldwide of the trilogy.[8]

text: It was the highest-grossing film in its opening weekend, grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters, with a $8,258 per-theater average. For the four-day Christmas holiday weekend, it took in $42.2 million.[1] The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format, often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle.

text: In its second weekend, Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million, out-grossing its opening weekend. It maintained the top position in its third week, with an additional $23.7 million.[9]

text: During its opening weekend of December 15, 2006, the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million, with the highest debut coming from South Korea ($5.04 million).[10] The biggest market in the other territories were the UK, Japan, South Korea, and Germany, where it grossed $40.8 million, $30 million, $25.7 million, $22.9 million.[11]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43%, based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Parents might call this either a spectacle-filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest, depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids".[12] On Metacritic, the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13]

text: James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4, and commented on Stiller's performance by stating "It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an 'A' for effort, but to call what he does in this movie "acting" is a misnomer. He does a lot of running around, occasionally falling down or bumping into things."[14] One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, gave it a B-, and stated that the film was "Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history, and that's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy."[15] In a case of life imitating art, museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20%. According to a museum official, between December 22, 2006, and January 2, 2007, there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year.[16] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on a 2-Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2, 2007. It was released on 1-Disc and 2-Disc DVD editions and Blu-ray Disc format on April 24, 2007 elsewhere.

text: The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney (now known as DVDizzy.com), due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney.[18][19]

text: As of 6 December 2009[update], the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales.[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film
N/A
Nominated

ASCAP Award
Top Box Office Films
Alan Silvestri
Won

Artios
Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy
Ilene Starger
Coreen Mayrs (Vancouver casting)
Heike Brandstatter (Vancouver casting)
Won

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
N/A
Nominated
[21]

MTV Movie Award
Best Comedic Performance
Ben Stiller
Nominated

National Movie Award
Best Comedy
N/A
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Comedy and Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Ben Stiller
Nominated

Taurus Award
Hardest Hit
Greg Fitzpatrick
Nominated
[22]

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger
Jake Cherry
Nominated
[23]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The first installment in the trilogy, Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian,[24] which was released on May 22, 2009 in North America. The third and final installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, was released on December 19, 2014 in North America.[25]