document_title: Premier League

question_text: how many games are in a premiership season

question_tokens: how many games are in a premiership season

text: Premier League

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.[12] The Football League First Division, the top level of English football since 1888, was behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.[13]

text: By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse: at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, England reached the semi-finals; UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990, resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991, and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year.[14]

text: The 1980s also saw the major English clubs, led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United, Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal, beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs, which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs.  By threatening to break away, the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power, and took 50% share of all television and sponsorship income in 1986.[15] Revenue from television also became more important: the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but by 1988, in a deal agreed with ITV, the price rose to £44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75% of the cash.[16][17] The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a "super league", but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal.[16][18][19] As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport.[19]

text: Foundation[edit]

text: In 1990, the managing director of London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, met with the representatives of the "big five" football clubs in England (Manchester United, Liverpool, Tottenham, Everton and Arsenal) over a dinner.[20]  The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League. Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money.[21] The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it; however, the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea. The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League's position.[22]

text: At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.[23] The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.[13] Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League, Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day.[20][21]

text: In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate.[13] This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three. There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight, and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted.[19]

text: The league held its first season in 1992–93. It was composed of 22 clubs for that season. The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United.[24] The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon.[25] Luton Town, Notts County, and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991–92 season, and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season.[26]

text:
Results of the 'Big Four' during the 2000s

Season
ARS
CHE
LIV
MUN

2000–01
2
6
3
1

2001–02
1
6
2
3

2002–03
2
4
5
1

2003–04
1
2
4
3

2004–05
2
1
5
3

2005–06
4
1
3
2

2006–07
4
2
3
1

2007–08
3
2
4
1

2008–09
4
3
2
1

2009–10
3
1
7
2

Top four
10
8
7
10

out of 10

     League champions     Champions League group stage     Champions League third qualifying round     Champions League first qualifying round     Europa League or UEFA Cup

text: "Top Four" dominance (2000s)[edit]

text: One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called "Top Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United.[27][28] During this decade, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top-four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003–04 to 2008–09 inclusive, while every season during the 2000s saw the "Big Four" always qualifying for European competition. Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League.[29]

text: During the 2000s, only four sides outside the "Top Four" managed to qualify for the Champions League: Leeds United (1999–2000), Newcastle United (2001–02 and 2002–03), Everton (2004–05) and Tottenham Hotspur (2009–10) – each occupying the final Champions League spot, with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002–03 season, who finished third.

text: In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that "Top Four" dominance threatened the division, "This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world."[30] Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: "There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting."[31]

text: Between 2005 and 2012, there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals, with only "Top Four" clubs reaching that stage. Liverpool (2005), Manchester United (2008) and Chelsea (2012) won the competition during this period, with Arsenal (2006), Liverpool (2007), Chelsea (2008) and Manchester United (2009 and 2011) all losing Champions League finals.[32] Leeds United were the only non-"Top Four" side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League, in the 2000–01 season.

text: Additionally, between the 1999–2000 and 2009–10 seasons, four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals, with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001. Arsenal (2000), Middlesbrough (2006) and Fulham (2010) all lost their finals.[33]

text: Emergence of the "Big Six" (2010s)[edit]

text: The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Top Four" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis, turning the "Big Four" into the "Big Six".[34] In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior.[35] Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "super clubs" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs.[36] Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table, no side has won consecutive Premier League titles. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994–95 season. That season also saw two of the "Big Four" (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season.[34]

text:
Results of the 'Big Six' during the 2010s

Season
ARS
CHE
LIV
MCI
MUN
TOT

2010–11
4
2
6
3
1
5

2011–12
3
6
8
1
2
4

2012–13
4
3
7
2
1
5

2013–14
4
3
2
1
7
6

2014–15
3
1
6
2
4
5

2015–16
2
10
8
4
5
3

2016–17
5
1
4
3
6
2

2017–18
6
5
4
1
2
3

Top four
6
5
3
8
5
4

Top six
8
7
5
8
7
8

out of 8

     League champions     Champions League group stage     Champions League play-off round     Europa League

text: With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league, greater competition for qualification now exists, albeit from a narrow base of six clubs. In the following five seasons after the 2011–12 campaign, Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015–16 season. Arsenal finished 5th in 2016–17, ending their record of 20 consecutive top-four finishes.[37]

text: In the 2015–16 season, the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005. Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league, qualifying for the Champions League as a result.[38]

text: Off the pitch, the "Big Six" wield financial power and influence, with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play.[39] Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success.[40]

text: The 2016–17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the "Big Six" and the rest of the division. All of the "Big Six" had revenues greater than €350 million, with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at €676.3 million. Leicester City was the closest club to the "Big Six" in terms of revenue, recording a figure of €271.1 million for that season – helped by participation in the Champions League. The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham, who didn't play in European competition, had revenues of €213.3 million, nearly half of the fifth largest club, Liverpool (€424.2 million).[41]

text: Development[edit]

text: The number of clubs was reduced to 20, down from 22, in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted.[42][43] The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991–92 season – the year prior to the formation of the Premier League.[43]

text: On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga, be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007–08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction.[44] Ultimately, the 2007–08 season kicked off again with 20 teams.[45]

text: The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007.[46]

text: Corporate structure[edit]

text: The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL)[47][48][49] is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league.[50] The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.[51]

text: The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 1999, and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore, appointed in November 1999.[52] The former chairman and chief executive, John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance.[53] Rick Parry was the league's first chief executive.[54]

text: The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA's European Club Association, the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients. For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur.[55] The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.[56]

text: Competition format[edit]

text: Competition[edit]

text: There are 20 clubs in the Premier League. During the course of a season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents', for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank.[57] The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship, and the top two teams from the Championship, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs, are promoted in their place.[58]

text: Qualification for European competitions[edit]

text: As of the 2009–10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed, the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League, with the top three teams directly entering the group stage. Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically. The fourth-placed team enters the Champions League at the play-off round for non-champions and must win a two-legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage.[59]

text: The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup. Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League.[60][61]

text: An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers.[62] UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. At that time, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League.[63] This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea – who had won the Champions League that summer, but finished sixth in the league – qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League.[64]

text: Starting with the 2015–16 season, the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season's Champions League, and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five. An association with four Champions League places, such as The FA, will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League.[65]

text: In 2007, the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five-year period. This broke the eight-year dominance of the Spanish league, La Liga.[66]

text: Premier League clubs in international competition[edit]

text: Between the 1992–93 and the 2017–18 seasons, Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times (and had six runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with eleven wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins; ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins.[32] The FIFA Club World Cup (originally called the FIFA Club World Championship) has been won once by a Premier League club (Manchester United in 2008),[67] with two runners-up (Liverpool in 2005, Chelsea in 2012),[68][69] behind Spain's La Liga with six wins,[70] Brazil's Brasileirão with four wins,[68][69][71][72] and Italy's Serie A with two wins.[73][74]

text: Promotion and relegation[edit]

text: A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship. The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship, and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League,[75] with an additional team promoted after a series of play-offs involving the third, fourth, fifth and sixth placed clubs. The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992, but this was reduced to the present 20-team format in 1995.

text: Clubs[edit]

text: A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992, up to and including the 2018–19 season.[76]

text: Champions[edit]

text:
No.

Season

Champion

1
1992–93
Manchester United

2
1993–94
Manchester United

3
1994–95
Blackburn Rovers

4
1995–96
Manchester United

5
1996–97
Manchester United

6
1997–98
Arsenal

7
1998–99
Manchester United

8
1999–2000
Manchester United

9
2000–01
Manchester United

10
2001–02
Arsenal

11
2002–03
Manchester United

12
2003–04
Arsenal

13
2004–05
Chelsea

No.

Season

Champion

14
2005–06
Chelsea

15
2006–07
Manchester United

16
2007–08
Manchester United

17
2008–09
Manchester United

18
2009–10
Chelsea

19
2010–11
Manchester United

20
2011–12
Manchester City

21
2012–13
Manchester United

22
2013–14
Manchester City

23
2014–15
Chelsea

24
2015–16
Leicester City

25
2016–17
Chelsea

26
2017–18
Manchester City

text:
Club

Wins

Winning years

Manchester United

13

1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13

Chelsea

5

2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17

Arsenal

3

1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04

Manchester City

2011–12, 2013–14, 2017–18

Blackburn Rovers

1

1994–95

Leicester City

2015–16

text: 2018–19 season[edit]

text: The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2018–19 season.

text:
Club

Positionin 2017–18

First season intop division

Seasonsin top  division

Seasonsin Premier  League

First season ofcurrent spell intop division

Top  divisiontitles

Last top  division title

Arsenala, b
6th
1904–05
102
27
1919–20
13
2003–04

AFC Bournemouthb
12th
2015–16
4
4
2015–16
0
n/a

Brighton and Hove Albionb
15th
1979–80
6
2
2017–18
0
n/a

Burnleyc
7th
1888–89
56
5
2016–17
2
1959–60

Cardiff Cityd
2nd in the Championship
1921–22
17
2
2018–19
0
n/a

Chelseaa, b
5th
1907–08
84
27
1989–90
6
2016–17

Crystal Palacea
11th
1969–70
19
10
2013–14
0
n/a

Evertona, b, c
8th
1888–89
116
27
1954–55
9
1986–87

Fulham
3rd in the Championship
1949–50
26
14
2018–19
0
n/a

Huddersfield Townb
16th
1920–21
33
2
2017–18
3
1923–24

Leicester City
9th
1908–09
50
13
2014–15
1
2015–16

Liverpoola, b
4th
1894–95
104
27
1962–63
18
1989–90

Manchester Citya
1st
1899–1900
90
22
2002–03
5
2017–18

Manchester Uniteda, b
2nd
1892–93
94
27
1975–76
20
2012–13

Newcastle United
10th
1898–99
87
24
2017–18
4
1926–27

Southamptona
17th
1966–67
42
20
2012–13
0
n/a

Tottenham Hotspura, b
3rd
1909–10
84
27
1978–79
2
1960–61

Watford
14th
1982–83
12
6
2015–16
0
n/a

West Ham United
13th
1923–24
61
23
2012–13
0
n/a

Wolverhampton Wanderersc
1st in the Championship
1888–89
64
5
2018–19
3
1958–59

text:
Swansea City, Stoke City, and West Bromwich Albion were relegated to the Championship for the 2018–19 season, while Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham, as winners, runners-up and play-off final winners respectively, were promoted from the 2017–18 Championship season.
AFC Bournemouth, Brighton and Hove Albion, and Huddersfield Town are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion, having played 4, 2 and 2 seasons (out of 27) respectively.

text:
a: Founding member of the Premier League
b: Never been relegated from Premier League
c: One of the original 12 Football League teams
d: Club based in Wales

text: Non-English clubs[edit]

text: Wales[edit]

text: In 2011, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion.[77][78] The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.[79] In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup.[80] The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion,[81] but they were relegated after their maiden season.[82] Cardiff were promoted again in 2017-18 but the number of Welsh clubs will remain the same as Swansea City were relegated from the Premier League in the same season.[83]

text: Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales (FAW), the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long-running discussions in UEFA. Swansea took one of England's three available places in the Europa League in 2013–14 by winning the League Cup in 2012–13. The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012, allowing them to participate.[84]

text: Scotland and Ireland[edit]

text:
Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result.
The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.[85][86][87][88] Additionally, the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers, should or will take part in the Premier League, but nothing has come of these discussions.[89]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: From 1993 to 2016, the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies, which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor, having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 (until 2004, the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004).[90]

text:
Period

Sponsor

Name

1992–1993
No sponsor
FA Premier League

1993–2001
Carling
FA Carling Premiership[13]

2001–2004
Barclaycard
FA Barclaycard Premiership[13]

2004–2007
Barclays
FA Barclays Premiership

2007–2016
Barclays Premier League[13][91]

2016–
No Sponsor
Premier League

text: Barclays' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015–16 season. The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League, arguing that they wanted to build a "clean" brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues.[92]

text: As well as sponsorship for the league itself, the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers.[93] The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000–01 season when they took over from Mitre.[94]

text: Finances[edit]

text: The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10.[95][96] In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues.[97] In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry.[98]

text: The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world. Deloitte's "Football Money League" listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009–10 season,[99] and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013–14 season, largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue.[100] From 2013, the league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights.[4]

text: Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012, to radical new cost controls. The two proposals consist of a break-even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season. With the new television deals on the horizon, momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents.[101]

text: Central payments for the 2016–17 season amounted to £2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs, with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts (£1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights, £1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £39,090,596 for all overseas rights), commercial rights (a flat fee of £4,759,404) and a notional measure of "merit" which was based upon final league position.[6] The merit component was a nominal sum of £1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place, counted from the foot of the table (e.g., Burnley finished 16th in May 2017, five places counting upwards, and received 5 × £1,941,609 = £9,708,045 merit payment).[6]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: United Kingdom and Ireland[edit]

text:
Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland

Seasons

Sky

Others

Total

1992–1997
60
–
60

1997–2001
60
60

2001–2004
110
110

2004–2007
138
138

2007–2009
96
Setanta
42
–
138

2009–2010
96
ESPN
42
138

2010–2013
115
ESPN
23
138

2013–2016
116
BT
38
154

2016–2019
126
42
168

2019–2022
128
52
Amazon
20
200

text: Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market, as was charging fans to watch live televised football. However, a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar.[17]

text: The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs.[102] The money is divided into three parts:[103] half is divided equally between the clubs; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position, the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club, and equal steps all the way down the table; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this. The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs.[104]

text: The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £304 million over five seasons.[105] The next contract, negotiated to start from the 1997–98 season, rose to £670 million over four seasons.[105] The third contract was a £1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001–02 to 2003–04. The league brought in £320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004–05 to 2006–07. It sold the rights itself on a territory-by-territory basis.[106] Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available. This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company. Sky and Setanta paid a total of £1.7 billion, a two-thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth. Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers. The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons (on Match of the Day) for £171.6 million, a 63 per cent increase on the £105 million it paid for the previous three-year period.[107] Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games (that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday.[108] Overseas television rights fetched £625 million, nearly double the previous contract.[109] The total raised from these deals is more than £2.7 billion, giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £40 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010.[110]

text: The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel, and a number of court cases have arisen as a result.[111] An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position.[112] In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest.[113]

text: The BBC's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights, as well as other evenings when fixtures justify, will run until 2016.[114] Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £1.782 billion.[115] On 22 June 2009, due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £30 million payment to the Premier League, ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009–10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010–11 to 2012–13.[116] On 13 June 2012, the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013–14 through 2015–16 seasons at £246 million-a-year. The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £760 million-a-year. The total domestic rights have raised £3.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010–11 to 2012–13 rights.[117] The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2% in 2015, when Sky and BT paid a total of £5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018–19 season.[118]

text: UK highlights

text:
Highlights programme

Duration

Channel

Match of the Day

1992–2001, 2004–present

BBC

The Premiership

2001–2004

ITV

text: Between the 1998–99 season and the 2012–13 season, RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday. During then between the 2004–05 season and the 2006–07 season, RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live.

text: In August 2016, it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine-style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show.[119]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people,[7]. The Premier League's production arm, Premier League Productions, is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners.

text: The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme.[120] In Australia, Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League, providing live broadcasts and online access (Fox Sports formerly held rights).[121] In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013–14 season.[122] As of the 2013–14 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN, with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season.[123]

text:
The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports.[124]
Premier League viewership has increased rapidly, with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season, up 118% from 2012–13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 (220,000 viewers),[125] and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage.[125][126][127] NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021–22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion (£640 million).[128][129]

text: Widening gap with lower leagues[edit]

text: There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League. Since its split with the Football League, many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues. Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,[130] many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League. In every season except 2001–02, 2011–12 and 2017-18, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League. In 1997–98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.[131]

text: The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of "parachute payments". Starting with the 2013–14 season, these payments are in excess of £60 million over four seasons.[132] Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues (the average Premier League team receives £55 million[133] while the average Football League Championship club receives £2 million),[134] critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,[135] leading to the common occurrence of teams "bouncing back" soon after their relegation. For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League, financial problems, including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed. Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap.[136][137]

text: Stadiums[edit]

text: As of the 2017–18 season, Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division.[138] The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater.[139][140] Since the formation of the Premier League, football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities, with some clubs moving to new-build stadiums.[141] Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished. The stadiums for the 2017–18 season show a large disparity in capacity: Wembley Stadium, the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur, has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court, the home of Bournemouth, having a capacity of 11,360.[142][143] The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017–18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302.[142]

text: Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs.[144] For the 2016–17 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596.[145] This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992–93).[146] However, during the 1992–93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report's 1994–95 deadline for all-seater stadiums.[147][148] The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007–08 season.[149] This record was then beaten in the 2013–14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million, the highest average in England's top flight since 1950.[150]

text: Managers[edit]

text: Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition. Their influence varies from club-to-club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans.[151] Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available, and follows the completion of the UEFA 'B' and 'A' Licences.[152] The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis (i.e. more than 12 weeks – the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control).[153] Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment. Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur.

text: The league's longest-serving manager was Alex Ferguson, who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season, meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League. Arsène Wenger is the league's longest-serving current manager, having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996.[154] In the 2017–18 season, 11 managers were sacked, the most recent being Alan Pardew of West Bromwich Albion.[155]

text: There have been several studies into the reasoning behind, and effects of, managerial sackings. Most famously, Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam, performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings. Bridgewater's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point-per-game.[156]

text:
Winning managers

Manager

Club(s)

Wins

Winning years

 Alex Ferguson

Manchester United

13

1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99,  1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13

 Arsène Wenger

Arsenal

3

1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04

 José Mourinho

Chelsea

2004–05, 2005–06, 2014–15

 Kenny Dalglish

Blackburn Rovers

1

1994–95

 Carlo Ancelotti

Chelsea

2009–10

 Roberto Mancini

Manchester City

2011–12

 Manuel Pellegrini

Manchester City

2013–14

 Claudio Ranieri

Leicester City

2015–16

 Antonio Conte

Chelsea

2016–17

 Pep Guardiola

Manchester City

2017–18

text:
Current managers

Nat.

Name

Club

Appointed

Time as manager

Eddie Howe
Bournemouth
12 October 2012
7003210300000000000♠5 years, 277 days

Sean Dyche
Burnley
30 October 2012
7003208500000000000♠5 years, 259 days

Mauricio Pochettino
Tottenham Hotspur
27 May 2014
7003151100000000000♠4 years, 50 days

Chris Hughton
Brighton & Hove Albion
31 December 2014
7003129300000000000♠3 years, 197 days

Jürgen Klopp
Liverpool
8 October 2015
7003101200000000000♠2 years, 281 days

David Wagner
Huddersfield Town
5 November 2015
7002984000000000000♠2 years, 253 days

Slaviša Jokanović
Fulham
27 December 2015
7002932000000000000♠2 years, 201 days

Rafael Benítez
Newcastle United
11 March 2016
7002857000000000000♠2 years, 127 days

José Mourinho
Manchester United
27 May 2016
7002780000000000000♠2 years, 50 days

Pep Guardiola
Manchester City
1 July 2016
7002745000000000000♠2 years, 15 days

Neil Warnock
Cardiff City
5 October 2016
7002649000000000000♠1 year, 284 days

Nuno Espirito Santo
Wolverhampton Wanderers
31 May 2017
7002411000000000000♠1 year, 46 days

Roy Hodgson
Crystal Palace
12 September 2017
7002307000000000000♠307 days

Claude Puel
Leicester City
25 October 2017
7002264000000000000♠264 days

Javi Gracia
Watford
21 January 2018
7002176000000000000♠176 days

Mark Hughes
Southampton
14 March 2018
7002124000000000000♠124 days

Manuel Pellegrini
West Ham United
22 May 2018
7001550000000000000♠55 days

Unai Emery
Arsenal
23 May 2018
7001540000000000000♠54 days

Marco Silva
Everton
31 May 2018
7001460000000000000♠46 days

Maurizio Sarri
Chelsea
14 July 2018
7000200000000000000♠2 days

text: Players[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most appearances

Rank
Player
Apps

1

 Gareth Barry

653

2

 Ryan Giggs

632

3

 Frank Lampard

609

4

 David James

572

5

 Gary Speed

535

6

 Emile Heskey

516

7

 Mark Schwarzer

514

8

 Jamie Carragher

508

9

 Phil Neville

505

10

 Steven Gerrard

504

 Rio Ferdinand

As of 9 May 2018.[157]Italicised players still playing professional football.Bolded players still playing in Premier League.

text: Foreign players and transfer regulations[edit]

text: At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland.[158] By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total. In the 2004–05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,[159] and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match.[160] By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.[161]

text: In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union.[162] A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.[163]

text: Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association. The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January. Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis.[164] As of the 2010–11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21, with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances.[165][166] This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted, whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of 'home-grown players'.[165]

text: Player wages and transfer fees[edit]

text: There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League. As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals, player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £75,000 per year.[167] The average salary stands at £1.1 million as of the 2008–09 season.[168] As of 2015, average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world.[169]

text:
The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition. Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £3 million.[170] The record rose steadily in the Premier League's first few seasons, until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996.[170]
All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end, with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £89 million, Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £85 million in 2013,[171] Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million in 2009,[172] and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £75 million in 2014.[173]

text: Top scorers[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Years

Goals

Apps

Ratio

1

 Alan Shearer

1992–2006
260
441
0.59

2

 Wayne Rooney

2002–2018
208
491
0.42

3

 Andrew Cole

1992–2008
187
414
0.45

4

 Frank Lampard

1995–2015
177
609
0.29

5

 Thierry Henry

1999–2007, 2012
175
258
0.68

6

 Robbie Fowler

1993–2009
163
379
0.43

7

 Jermain Defoe

2001–2003, 2004–2014, 2015–
162
492
0.33

8

 Michael Owen

1996–2004, 2005–13
150
326
0.46

9

 Les Ferdinand

1992–2005
149
351
0.42

10

 Teddy Sheringham

1992–2007
146
418
0.35

text: Italics denotes players still playing professional football,Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League.

text:
The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260.[175] Twenty-five players have reached the 100-goal mark.[176]
Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.[177] Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.[178] Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.[179]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The Premier League maintains two trophies – the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season.[180] In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season – then a replica won by a previous club is used.[181]

text: The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London. It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base. The plinth weighs 33 pounds (15 kg) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds (10.0 kg).[182] The trophy and plinth are 76 cm (30 in) tall, 43 cm (17 in) wide and 25 cm (9.8 in) deep.[183]

text: Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play.[183] The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy – the third is symbolised by the captain of the title-winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season.[184] The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.

text: In 2004, a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat.[185]

text: Player and manager awards[edit]

text: In addition to the winner's trophy and the individual winner's medals awarded to players who win the title, the Premier League also issues other awards throughout the season.

text: A man of the match award is awarded to the player who has the greatest impact in an individual match.

text: Monthly awards are also given for the Manager of the Month, Player of the Month and Goal of the Month[186] . These are also issued annually for Manager of the Season[187], Player of the Season.[188] and Goal of the Season.

text: The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season[189] and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season[190].

text: From the 2017–18 season, players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement[191].

text: 20 Seasons Awards[edit]

text: In 2012, the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards:[192]

text:
Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons
Panel Choice: Peter Schmeichel, Gary Neville, Tony Adams, Rio Ferdinand, Ashley Cole, Cristiano Ronaldo, Roy Keane, Paul Scholes, Ryan Giggs, Thierry Henry, Alan Shearer
Public Vote: Peter Schmeichel, Gary Neville, Tony Adams, Nemanja Vidić, Ashley Cole, Cristiano Ronaldo, Steven Gerrard, Paul Scholes, Ryan Giggs, Thierry Henry, Alan Shearer

text:
Best Manager: Sir Alex Ferguson
Best Player: Ryan Giggs
Most Appearances: Gareth Barry (652)
Top Goalscorer: Alan Shearer (260)
Most Clean Sheets: David James (173)
500 Club: Steven Gerrard, Jamie Carragher, Gareth Barry, Ryan Giggs, David James, Gary Speed, Frank Lampard, Emile Heskey, and Sol Campbell.
Best Goal: Wayne Rooney, 12 February 2011, Man. United vs Man. City
Best Save: Craig Gordon, 18 December 2010, Sunderland vs Bolton
Best Team: 2003–04 Arsenal


document_title: Xbox

question_text: when did xbox one come out in australia

question_tokens: when did xbox one come out in australia

root

text: Xbox

text: Consoles

text: Xbox

text: The original Xbox was released on November 15, 2001, in North America, February 22, 2002, in Japan, and March 14, 2002, in Australia and Europe. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market. As part of the sixth-generation of gaming, the Xbox competed with Sony's PlayStation 2, Sega's Dreamcast (which stopped American sales before the Xbox went on sale), and Nintendo's GameCube. The Xbox was the first console offered by an American company after the Atari Jaguar stopped sales in 1996. The name Xbox was derived from a contraction of DirectX Box, a reference to Microsoft's graphics API, DirectX.[7][8]

tag: p

text: The integrated Xbox Live service launched in November 2002 allowed players to play games online with or without a broadband connection.[9] It first competed with Dreamcast's online service but later primarily competed with PlayStation 2's online service. Although these two are free while Xbox Live required a subscription, as well as broadband-only connection which was not completely adopted yet, Xbox Live was a success due to better servers, features such as a buddy list, and milestone titles like Halo 2 released in November 2004, which is the best-selling Xbox video game and was by far the most popular online game for years.

text: Xbox 360

text: The Xbox 360 was released as the successor of the original Xbox in November 2005, competing with Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. As of June 30, 2013, 78.2 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide.[10] The Xbox 360 was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12, 2005, with detailed launch and game information divulged later that month at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). The console sold out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan.[11][12][13]

text: The Xbox 360 showed an expanded Xbox Live service (which now included a limited "Free" tier called Silver), the ability to stream multimedia content from PCs, while later updates added the ability to purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video services, along with access to third-party content services through third-party media streaming applications. Microsoft also released Kinect, a motion control system for the Xbox 360 which uses an advanced sensor system.

text: At their E3 presentation on June 14, 2010, Microsoft announced a redesigned Xbox 360 that would ship on the same day.[14] The redesigned console is slimmer than the previous Xbox 360 model and features integrated 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi, TOSLINK S/PDIF optical audio output, five USB 2.0 ports (compared to the three from older versions) and special port designed for the Kinect peripheral.[15] Older models of the Xbox 360 have since been discontinued.[16] The first new console to be released features a 250 GB hard drive, while a later less expensive SKU features 4 GB internal storage.

text: Xbox One

text: The Xbox One was released on November 22, 2013 in North America, as the successor of the Xbox 360. The Xbox One competes with Sony's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

text: Announced on May 21, 2013,[17] the Xbox One now has a large emphasis on internet-based features; including the ability to record and stream gameplay, and the ability to integrate with a set-top box to watch cable or satellite TV through the console with an enhanced guide interface and Kinect-based voice control.[18][19][20][21]

text: Following its unveiling, the Xbox One proved controversial for its original digital rights management and privacy practices; while Microsoft touted the ability for users to access their library of games (regardless of whether they were purchased physically or digitally) on any Xbox One console without needing their discs, and the ability to share their entire library with 10 designated "family" members, all games would have to be tied to the user's Xbox Live account and their Xbox One console, and the console would be required to connect to the Internet on a periodic basis (at least once every 24 hours) in order to synchronize the library, or else the console would be unable to play any games at all.[22][23] After an overwhelmingly negative response from critics and consumers (who also showed concerns that the system could prevent or hinder the resale of used games), Microsoft announced that these restrictions would be dropped.[24] Microsoft was also criticized for requiring the Xbox One to have its updated Kinect peripheral plugged in to function, which critics and privacy advocates believed could be used as a surveillance device. As a gesture toward showing a commitment to user privacy, Microsoft decided to allow the console to function without Kinect.[25][26][27]

text: On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced the Xbox One S, a slimmer version of the Xbox One, at E3 2016.[28]

text: Xbox One X

text: Phil Spencer, head of Xbox, announced Project Scorpio at E3 2016 on June 13, 2016, an addition to the Xbox One family, saying it would release in Holiday 2017.[29] At E3 2017, Microsoft revealed the final name of the console to be Xbox One X, and that it would start shipping worldwide on November 7, 2017 for a final retail price of $499.[30]

text: Comparison

text:
Xbox
Xbox 360
Xbox One
Xbox One X

Console

Xbox One w/Kinect

Xbox One S

Console Launch price

US$299.99
GB£299.99
€479,99

US$299.99 (Core) (discontinued)
US$399.99 (Premium – 20 GB) (discontinued)
US$249.99 (Premium – 60 GB) (discontinued)
US$479.99 (Elite) (120 GB) (discontinued)
US$299.99 (Arcade – 256 MB internal memory) (discontinued)
US$199.99 (Arcade – 512 MB internal memory) (discontinued)
US$299.99 ("Super Elite") (250 GB) (discontinued)
US$399.99 (Xbox 360 S – 250 GB + Kinect) (discontinued)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 S – 250 GB) (discontinued)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 S – 4 GB internal memory + Kinect) (discontinued)
US$199.99 (Xbox 360 S – 4 GB internal memory) (discontinued)
US$199.99 (Xbox 360 E – 4 GB internal memory)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 E – 250 GB)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 E – 4 GB internal memory + Kinect)

US$499.99 (Kinect Bundle)
US$399.99 (Standalone)
US$499.99 (Xbox One Elite - 1 TB + Elite controller)
US$299.99 (Xbox One S)

US$499.99 (Black 1 TB version)

Release date

NA: November 15, 2001

JP: February 22, 2002

EU: March 14, 2002

NA: November 22, 2005

EU: December 2, 2005

JP: December 10, 2005

AU: March 23, 2006

Further information: Xbox 360 launch#Release dates and pricing
November 22, 2013[31]

WW: November 7, 2017

Discontinued

JP: June 4, 2006

NA: March 2, 2009

EU: March 11, 2007

WW: April 20, 2016

N/A
N/A

Units sold
24+ million (as of May 10, 2006)[1]
77.2 million (as of April 18, 2013[update])[2](details)
26+ million (estimate, as of January 18, 2017[update])[32]
N/A

Best-selling game
Halo 2, 8 million (as of May 9, 2006)[33][34]
Kinect Adventures (pack-in with Kinect peripheral), 24 million[35]
Best selling non-bundled game: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, 14.23 million[36]

Call of Duty: Black Ops III, 7.24 million (As of October 16, 2016)[37]

Media
CD, DVD
CD, DVD, HD DVD (movies only) with add-on drive
CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, USB Drive with supported media, DLNA Servers[38]
CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, UHD Blu-ray Disc, USB Drive with supported media, DLNA Servers[39]

Accessories (retail)

Xbox Live Starter Kit
Xbox Media Center Extender
DVD Playback Kit
Xbox Music Mixer
Memory Unit (8 MB)
Logitech Wireless Controller (2.4 GHz)
More...

see Xbox 360 accessories

Media Remote
Stereo Headset Adapter
Official Stereo Headset
Digital TV Tuner (EU Only)
Play and Charge Kit

see Xbox One accessories

CPU
733 MHz x86 Intel Celeron/Pentium III Custom Hybrid CPU
3.2 GHz IBM PowerPC tri-core CPU codenamed "Xenon"
1.75 GHz AMD x86-64 eight-core CPU codenamed "Jaguar"[40]
2.3 GHz semi-custom AMD x86-64 eight-core CPU code named "Jaguar Enhanced"[39]

GPU
233 MHz nVidia custom GeForce 3 NV2A DirectX 8.0 based GPU
500 MHz ATi custom Radeon X1800 DirectX 9.0c based GPU codenamed "Xenos"
853 MHz AMD Radeon HD 7000 series DirectX 11.1, DirectX 12 based GPU codenamed "Durango"
1172 MHz customized AMD GCN based GPU with 40 compute units

Memory
64 MB DDR SDRAM @ 200 MHz; in dual-channel 128-bit configuration giving 6400 MB/s
512 MB of GDDR3 RAM @ 700 MHz 22.4 GB/s, 10 MB EDRAM GPU frame buffer memory
8 GB of DDR3 RAM @ 2133 MHz 68.3 GB/s,[38] 32 MB ESRAM GPU frame buffer memory
12 GB of GDDR5 RAM @ 326 GB/s[39]

Video I/O

VGA, Component (YPbPr), SCART, S-Video, Composite
1080i, 720p, 576p, 576i, 480p, 480i

HDMI (on models manufactured after August 2007), VGA, Component/D-Terminal (YPbPr), SCART, S-Video, Composite
1080p, 1080i, 720p, 576p, 576i, 480p, 480i

Various monitor resolutions available via VGA and HDMI/DVI (640×480, 848×480, 1024×768, 1280×720, 1280×768, 1280×1024, 1360×768, 1440×900, 1680×1050 & 1920×1080)

HDMI (one in, one out)
4K 2160p, 1080p, 720p, Xbox One does not support any interlaced resolutions.

HDMI 2.1 Output
HDMI 1.4b Input
4K 2160p @ 60fps, 1080p, 720p
HDR10
AMD FreeSync

Audio I/O

Optical Toslink, Stereo RCA
DTS, Dolby Digital Live, Dolby Digital, Dolby Surround, Stereo

HDMI, Optical Toslink, Stereo RCA
DTS, WMA Pro, Dolby Digital, Dolby Surround, Stereo

HDMI (one in, one out), Optical Toslink
DTS-HD Master Audio, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, Dolby Digital Plus, DTS, Dolby Digital, Dolby Atmos

HDMI 2.1 Output
HDMI 1.4b Input
Optical Toslink
DTS-HD Master Audio, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, Dolby Digital Plus, DTS, Dolby Digital, Dolby Atmos

Online service
Xbox Live (2002–10) XLink Kai (2003-present)
Xbox Live
Xbox Live Arcade
Xbox Live Marketplace
Xbox Live Vision (webcam), headset
Xbox Live Video Marketplace
Windows Live Messenger
Internet Explorer
VideoKinect (Kinect sensor is no longer needed)
Xbox Live
Xbox Store
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Edge
Skype

Backward compatibility
N/A
50% of Xbox Library
Select Xbox 360 and Xbox titles[41]

System software
Xbox Music Mixer
DVD Playback Kit, Xbox Linux
see Xbox 360 system software
see Xbox One system software

System software
features
Audio CD playback

Audio file playback (non-DRM AAC, MP3, WMA)
Video file playback (MPEG4, WMV, DivX, XviD[42])
Image slideshows
Connectivity with Windows PCs for more codec support and external playback (compatible natively with Windows XP Media Center Edition and Windows Vista, with Windows XP with downloadable utility)[43]
Keyboard support

3D Blu-ray Support
DLNA Server Support
External Hard Drive Support

Consumer programmability
Via Softmods and/or modchips; Modified Windows CE 2.x, Linux.
Development on PC with XNA Game Studio ($99/year subscription, binary distribution with XNA 1.0 Refresh).[44]
ID@Xbox and approved Windows Store; UWP apps.

tag: table

text: Games

text: Each console has a variety of games. Most games released on the original Xbox are backwards compatible and can be played directly on its successor, Xbox 360. Backward compatibility with Xbox 360 titles was added to Xbox One in June 2015, although titles requiring Kinect or USB peripherals will not be supported.

text: Online services

text: Xbox Live

text: Xbox Live is an online service with over 40 million users worldwide (as of January 10, 2012).[45] It comprises an online virtual market, the Xbox Live Marketplace, which allows the purchase and download of games and various forms of multimedia. Online gaming on the Xbox first started on November 15, 2002 worldwide. The service is still active and continues to be played by gamers.

text: Xbox Live Marketplace

text: The Xbox Live Marketplace (XBLM) is a virtual market designed for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console that allows Xbox Live members to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, Video Store, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games, Xbox Live Indie Games (Previously Community Games), Games on Demand (Xbox 360 and Xbox Originals), downloadable content such as map packs, gamer pictures, and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes.

text: The August 11, 2009 update added Xbox 360 games for download, the Avatar Marketplace, and renamed Community Games to Indie Games.

text: The Spring 2007 update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard relocated the Marketplace to its own "blade" in order to bring more attention to the service and make it more accessible to users. Although this has been obsoleted by the NXE update, the section has been implemented into three separate sections in the Dashboard: the Game Marketplace, Video & Music Marketplace, and Avatar Marketplace.

text: Downloaded content requires enough space on either the Xbox 360's hard drive, or an Xbox 360 Memory Unit. Selected downloads are placed in a queue and are downloaded whilst the console is powered on and is connected to Xbox Live. Users can choose to send certain downloads to the front of the queue to be downloaded first. Downloads are temporarily halted during certain times where games make use of Xbox Live's features (e.g. online multiplayer).

text: Xbox SmartGlass

text: Xbox SmartGlass is a companion application for Xbox 360 available for Windows 8, Windows 10, Windows Phone, iOS, Android (version 4.0 and above)[46] and Windows Server 2012. It was announced by Microsoft during E3 2012 and released on October 26, 2012, coinciding with the release of Windows 8.[47] It connects with the Xbox 360 and allows more interactive entertainment, allowing mobile devices to potentially serve as second screens and remote controller. Currently[when?] Windows 8 and Windows RT Tablets and PCs, Windows Phone (7.5 and 8) iOS devices, and Android smartphones (4.x) are compatible with SmartGlass,[48] providing information such as Halo 4 stats and Forza Horizon GPS.[49] Users of Windows Server 2012 can currently download the application from the Windows Store after installing the Windows Desktop Experience feature in the Server Manager.[50]

text: Software

text: Xbox 360 Dashboard

text: The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five "Blades" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on. A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. This simplified version showed the user's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game.

text: Xbox One Dashboard

text: Controllers

text: Xbox Controller

text: Released in 2001, the Xbox control pad was the first controller made for the original Xbox. The Xbox controller features two analog sticks, a pressure-sensitive directional pad, two analog triggers, a Back button, a Start button, two accessory slots and six 8-bit analog action buttons (A/Green, B/Red, X/Blue, Y/Yellow, and Black and White buttons).[51] The standard Xbox controller (originally nicknamed the "Fatty"[52] and later the "Duke"[53]) was originally the controller bundled with Xbox systems for all territories except Japan.

text: Xbox 360 Controller

text: Released in 2005, the Xbox 360 controller for the Xbox 360 succeeded its predecessor. A standard Xbox 360 controller features eleven digital buttons, two analog triggers, two analog sticks and a digital D-pad. The right face of the controller features four digital actions buttons; a green "A" button, red "B" button, blue "X" button and yellow "Y" button. The lower right houses the right analog stick, in lower left is a digital D-pad and on the left face is the left analog stick. Both analog sticks can also be "clicked in" to activate a digital button beneath. In the center of the controller face are digital "Start", "Back" and "Guide" buttons. The "Guide" button is labelled with the Xbox logo, and is used to turn on the console/controller and to access the guide menu. It is also surrounded by the "ring of light", which indicates the controller number, as well as flashing when connecting and to provide notifications. The left and right "shoulders" each feature a digital shoulder button, or "bumper", and an analog trigger.

text: Xbox 360 Kinect

text: Kinect (stylized as KINECT) is a motion sensing input device by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 video game console and Windows PCs. Based around a webcam-style add-on peripheral for the Xbox 360 console, it enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without the need to touch a game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and spoken commands.[54] The project is aimed at broadening the Xbox 360's audience beyond its typical gamer base.[55] Kinect competes with the Wii Remote Plus and PlayStation Move with PlayStation Eye motion controllers for the Wii and PlayStation 3 home consoles, respectively. A version for Windows was released on February 1, 2012.[56]

text: Kinect was launched in North America on November 4, 2010,[57] in Europe on November 10, 2010,[58] in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore on November 18, 2010,[59][60][61] and in Japan on November 20, 2010.[62] Purchase options for the sensor peripheral include a bundle with the game Kinect Adventures and console bundles with either a 4 GB[63][64][65] or 250 GB[66] Xbox 360 console and Kinect Adventures.[63][64][65][66]

text: The Kinect claimed the Guinness World Record of being the "fastest selling consumer electronics device" after selling a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days.[67][68][69] 24 million units of the Kinect sensor had been shipped as of January 2012.[35]

text: Microsoft released Kinect software development kit for Windows 7 on June 16, 2011.[70][71][72] This SDK was meant to allow developers to write Kinecting apps in C++/CLI, C#, or Visual Basic .NET.[73][74]

text: Additional information on the Xbox One Kinect was released on June 6, 2013, including information on how to turn off the "always on" feature.[75]

text: Xbox One Controller

text: The Xbox One console has a revised controller with forty improvements over the 360's controller. This new controller is built to work with Kinect. The Start and Back buttons are replaced with Menu and View buttons. It has impulse triggers that replace the regular triggers. The button with the Xbox logo will no longer bring up the Xbox Guide as the Xbox Guide Button on the Xbox 360 controller did. The button will now open up the dashboard without interrupting the game currently being played by the user. Once pressed again, the Xbox will resume the game.[76]

text: Xbox One Kinect

text: Although featuring improved performance over the original Kinect, its successor has been subject to mixed responses. It has been praised for its wide angle, its fast response time and high quality camera. However, the Kinect's inability to understand some accents in English was criticized. Furthermore, controversies surround Microsoft's intentional tying of the sensor with the Xbox One console despite the initial requirements for the sensor being plugged in at all times having been revised since its initial announcement. There have also been a number of concerns regarding privacy.

text: Marketing

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)

text: In 2016, Microsoft announced that it would hold its own Xbox FanFest instead of a press conference at the Gamescom annual European video game convention.[77] Microsoft held an Xbox FanFest in Sydney in September 2016.[78]


document_title: Karnataka High Court

question_text: who is the present judge of high court of karnataka

text: Karnataka High Court

text: History[edit]

text: The history of the Karnataka High Court can be traced back to the year 1884, under the reign of the Maharaja of Mysore Chamarajendra Wadiyar, when the Chief Court of Mysore was reconstituted with three judges and was designated as the highest court of appeal in the princely State of Mysore.

text: Earlier The Court of the Chief Judge, Mysore, was set up in 1880 along with three other courts - the Court of District judges, the Bangalore Court of Small Causes and subordinate and Munsiff courts. The Bangalore Small Causes Court was abolished in 1881.

text: In 1930, it was renamed as the High Court of Mysore and the Chief Judge was given the new name of Chief Justice. In 1973, it got its present name of "Karnataka High Court".

text: Constitution of the Chief Court[edit]

text: Subsequent to the passing of Regulation I of 1884, the Chief Court was reconstituted with a plurality of Judges, C. G. Plumer as Chief Judge, T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty and A. Ramachendra Iyer as Second and Third Judges, and section 11 of the said Regulation laid down the law in these terms :

text: " Where, in any suit or proceeding, it is necessary for the Chief Court to decide any question regarding succession, inheritance, marriage or caste or any religious usage or institution (a) the Muhammadan Law where the parties are Muhammadans, and the Hindu Law where the parties are Hindus ; or (b) any custom (if such there be) having the force of law and governing the parties or property concerned, shall form the rule of decision, unless such law or custom has, by legislative enactment, been altered or abolished ; (c) in cases where no specific rule exists, the Chief Court shall act according to justice, equity and good conscience."

text: First Indian Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Mysore[edit]

text: In March 1888 Plumer, having obtained a year's furlough and proceeded to England, T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty was appointed to officiate as Chief Judge and Inspector-General of Prisons. This was the first time when a Native officer was placed at the head of the Judicial and Jail Administration in Mysore. Both most important charges, always heretofore held by a European office. On the retirement of Plumer, in July 1890, Thumboo Chetty was appointed Chief Judge and ex-officio Inspector-General of Prisons, and, on his confirmation there was a general feeling of approbation from all classes of the people of the Province. Chetty occupied this important post until he was relieved of the Chief Judgeship on 4 November 1895.

text: Premises[edit]

text:
The High Court is located in a building called as Attara Kacheri (meaning Eighteen offices). It is a two-storied building of stone and brick, painted red, in the Graeco-Roman style of architecture – a structure of vast expanse with Ionic porticoes at the center and at the two ends of the elevation. The construction of the building was supervised by Rao Bahadur Arcot Narayanaswami Mudaliar and completed in the year 1868. It was earlier named as Old Public Offices and got its name of Attara Kacheri when the eighteen departments in the general and revenue secretariat of the Mysore Government were shifted here from their crowded premises in Tipu Sultan's summer palace.Tipu's Palace was only a temporary house for the offices. When Bowring took over as Commissioner after Cubbon, he found the building unsuitable, both because of its state of maintenance as well as its limited accommodation which no longer sufficed for the much increased work of administering the State. It was he who conceived and prepared the plans for a full-fledged secretariat building in the city area. The construction was taken up in 1864 and completed at a cost of Rs. 4.5 lakhs in 1868.
There was a proposal to demolish this building in the year 1982.[1] However, a public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in order to save this old building from getting demolished. This was the first PIL to be filed in the Karnataka High court and the case was heard in the very building that was supposed to be demolished.[2] In August 1984, the judges M. N. Venkatachaliah and Vittal Rao pronounced a judgement that stayed the demolition.

text: Judges[edit]

text: The High Court has a sanctioned judge strength of 62.[3] Many judges have presided in the High Court with four of them including E. S. Venkataramiah, M. N. Venkatachaliah, S. Rajendra Babu and H.L. Dattu, going on to become the Chief Justice of India[4] and others including Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty, N. Venkatachala, R. V. Raveendran, Shivaraj Patil, Venkate Gopala Gowda, Mohan Shantanagoudar and S. Abdul Nazeer being appointed as judges in the Supreme Court of India.[5]

text: The Chief Justices[edit]

text: Raja Dharma Praveena Diwan Bahadur P Mahadevayya, M Sadasivayya, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau, Sam Piroj Bharucha and G. T. Nanavati were some of the famous Chief Justices who presided over this court. Presently, Dinesh Maheshwari is the Chief Justice at the court.

text: List of former Chief Justices[edit]

text:
Chief Judge
Term

Charles George Plumer
1884 – July 1890

Sir T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty
July 1890 – 4 November 1895

James William Best
4 November 1895–?

Sir Stanley Ismay
1908–1912

Raja Dharma Praveena Diwan Bahadur P Mahadevayya
1931-1934

text:
#
Chief Justice
Term

1
R.Venkataramaiah
1 November 1956 – 16 July 1957

2
S. R. Das Gupta
25 July 1957 – 13 August 1961

3
Nittoor Srinivasa Rau
29 March 1962 – 7 August 1963

Acting
H. Hombe Gowda
20 January 1964 – 1 August 1969

Acting
A. R. Somanath Iyer
1 August 1969 – 30 August 1969

Acting
M. Sadasivayya
31 August 1969 – 23 October 1969

Acting
A. R. Somanath Iyer
24 October 1969 – 22 November 1969

4
A. R. Somanath Iyer
23 November 1969 – 29 December 1969

5
M. Sadasivayya
30 December 1969 – 16 September 1970

6
A. Narayana Pai
17 September 1970 – 6 June 1973

7
G. K. Govinda Bhat
7 June 1973 – 14 December 1977

8
D. M. Chandrashekar
22 March 1978 – 25 September 1982

Acting
K. Bhimaiah
26 September 1982 – 27 October 1982

9
K. Bhimaiah
28 October 1982 – 10 April 1983

10
V. S. Malimath
6 February 1984 – 24 October 1985

Acting
Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty
24 October 1985 – 27 August 1986

11
Prem Chand Jain
28 August 1986 – 16 September 1989

12
S. Mohan
26 October 1989 – 7 October 1991

13
S. P. Bharucha
1 January 1991 – 30 June 1992

14
S. B. Majumdar
2 July 1993 – 13 September 1994

15
G. T. Nanavati
28 September 1994 – 4 March 1995

16
M. L. Pendse
28 July 1995 – 25 March 1996

17
S. A. Hakeem
3 May 1996 – 9 May 1996

18
R. P. Sethi
29 June 1996 – 6 January 1999

Acting
Y. Bhaskar Rao
17 January 1999 – 8 March 1999

19
Y. Bhaskar Rao
9 March 1999 – 26 June 2000

20
P. V. Reddi
21 October 2000 – 16 August 2001

21
Nagendra Kumar Jain
31 August 2001 – 20 October 2004

22
N. K. Sodhi
19 November 2004 – 29 November 2005

23
Cyriac Joseph
7 January 2006 – 6 July 2008

24
P. D. Dinakaran
8 August 2008 – 7 August 2010

25
Jagdish Singh Khehar
8 August 2010 – 12 September 2011

26
Vikramajit Sen
24 December 2011 – 23 December 2012

Acting
K Shridhar Rao

27
Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela
March 2013 - 31 May 2015

28
Subhro Kamal Mukherjee
1 June 2015 – 9 October 2017

Acting
H. G. Ramesh
10 October 2017 – 11 February 2018

30
Dinesh Maheshwari
12 February 2018 – present

text: Additional Benches[edit]

text: The Karnataka High Court is currently functional in Bangalore, Dharwad and Gulbarga. There was a long-standing demand for an additional bench: the location of Bangalore in south-east corner of the state caused hardship for people visiting the High Court from the distant northern regions of the state. This issue led to agitation, including boycott of court proceedings by lawyers in the northern region.The demand was finally met in the year 2006 when it was decided that circuit benches of the High Court would be set up in Dharwad and Gulbarga.[6] The new branches were inaugurated on 4 and 5 July 2008, respectively. There was later demand to make both Dharwad and Gulbarga benches permanent. Consequently, Dharwad circuit bench became a permanent bench from 25 August 2013 and Gulbarga circuit bench became a permanent bench from 31 August 2013.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In late 2002, 14 newspapers and periodicals reported that some judges from the High Court of Karnataka were allegedly involved in a sex scandal in Mysore. A high-level judicial inquiry committee was established by the Chief Justice. Later, the committee acquitted the judges as they could not find any substantive evidence.[7][8][9]