document_title: Ellis Island

question_text: how long did it take most immigrants to pass through ellis island

question_tokens: how long did it take most immigrants to pass through ellis island

text: Ellis Island

text: Geography and access[edit]

text: Ellis Island is located in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island, in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a small section that is part of New York City.[10][11] Largely created through land reclamation, the island has a land area of 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), most of which is part of New Jersey. The 2.74-acre (1.11 ha) natural island and contiguous areas comprise the 3.3 acres (1.3 ha) that are part of New York.[11][12]

text: The entire island has been owned and administered by the federal government of the United States since 1808 and has been operated by the National Park Service since 1965.[13]

text: Since the September 11 attacks in 2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan. The ferry operator, Hornblower Cruises and Events, also provides service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.[14] A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park but is not open to the public. Proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time.[15]

text: Much of the island, including the entire south side, has been closed to the general public since 1954. The renovated area on the north side was again closed to the public after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.[16] The island was re-opened to the public and the museum partially re-opened on October 28, 2013, after major renovations.[17][18][19]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Originally much of the west shore of Upper New York Bay consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster banks, a major source of food for the Lenape population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later to be known as Liberty Island, Black Tom Island and Ellis Island) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the region. The oyster beds remained a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[20][21][22] Landfilling to build the railyards of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey eventually obliterated the oyster beds, engulfed one island, and brought the shoreline much closer to the others.[23] During the colonial period, Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island.[24] It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker and merchant possibly from Wales, around the time of the American Revolution.[25] In 1785, he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:[26]

text:
TO BE SOLD
By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;...

text: The State of New York leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808.[27] Shortly thereafter the War Department established a circular stone 14-gun battery, a mortar battery (possibly of six mortars), magazine, and barracks.[28][29][30] This was part of what was later called the second system of U.S. fortifications. From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. The fort was initially called Crown Fort, but by the end of the War of 1812 the battery was named Fort Gibson, after Colonel James Gibson of the 4th Regiment of Riflemen, killed in the Siege of Fort Erie during the war.[31][32] Parts of the wall foundations of the fort were uncovered while excavating for the Immigrant Wall of Honor, and they are preserved with an interpretive plaque. The island remained a military post for nearly 80 years[33] before it was selected to be a federal immigration station.

text: Immigrant inspection station[edit]

text: In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, more than eight million immigrants arriving in New York City had been processed by officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Lower Manhattan, just across the bay.[33] The federal government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890, and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and fill material was hauled in from incoming ships' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing.

text: The first station was a three-story-tall structure with outbuildings, built of Georgia Pine, containing all of the amenities that were thought to be necessary. It opened with fanfare on January 1, 1892.[24] Three large ships landed on the first day, and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station on Ellis Island. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.[24] Edward Lippincott Tilton and William A. Boring won the 1897 competition to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).[34]

text: The present main structure was designed in French Renaissance Revival style and built of red brick with limestone trim. After it opened on December 17, 1900, the facilities proved barely able to handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years before World War I. In 1913, writer Louis Adamic came to America from Slovenia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people. It is reported that the island’s first immigrant to be processed through was a teenager named Annie Moore from County Cork in Ireland.[35]

text: After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded, and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration.[33] It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, located just across a narrow strait.[36][37] Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time.[38] At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians.[8]

text: Primary inspection[edit]

text: Between 1905 and 1914, an average of one million immigrants per year arrived in the United States. Immigration officials reviewed about 5,000 immigrants per day during peak times at Ellis Island.[39] Two-thirds of those individuals emigrated from eastern, southern and central Europe.[40] The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.[24] After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were those who had problems with their immigration paperwork, displaced persons, and war refugees.[41] Today, over 100 million Americans — about one-third to 40% of the population of the United States — can trace their ancestry to immigrants who first arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.[42]

text: Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government that the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars ($600 in 2015 adjusted for inflation). Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. More than 3,000 would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge." About 2% were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.[43] Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"[44] because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs, and kisses.[45][46]

text: During World War I, the German sabotage of the Black Tom Wharf ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the current barrel-vaulted ceiling of the Main Hall.

text: Medical inspections[edit]

text: To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the United States Public Health Service operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. It was the largest marine hospital in the nation. The medical division, which was active in the hospital wards, the Barge Office at the Battery and the Main Building, was staffed by uniformed military surgeons. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the buttonhook to examine immigrants for signs of eye diseases (particularly, trachoma) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were chalked on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants supposedly entered the country by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.[47]

text: The symbols used were:

text:
B – Back
C – Conjunctivitis
TC – Trachoma
E – Eyes
F – Face
FT – Feet
G – Goiter
H – Heart
K – Hernia
L – Lameness
N – Neck
P – Physical and Lungs
PG – Pregnancy
S – Senility
SC – Scalp (Favus)
X – Suspected Mental defect
ⓧ – Definite signs of Mental defect

text: Some other symbols or marks were used by U.S. Immigrant Inspectors when interrogating immigrants in the Registry Room to determine whether to admit or detain them, including:

text:
SI – Special Inquiry
IV – Immigrant Visa
LPC – Likely or Liable to become a Public Charge
Med. Cert. – Medical certificate issued

text: Eugenic influence[edit]

text: Many of the people immigrating to America hailed from Europe, with Eastern Europe and Southern European immigrants being the primary groups. During this time period, eugenic ideals gained broad popularity and made heavy impact on immigration to the United States by way of exclusion of disabled and "morally defective" people.[citation needed]

text: Eugenicists of the late 19th and early 20th century held the belief that reproductive selection should be carried out by the state as a collective decision.[48] For many eugenicists, this was considered a patriotic duty as they held an interest in creating a greater national race. Henry Fairfield Osborn's opening words to the New York Evening Journal in 1911 were, "As a biologist as well as a patriot...," on the subject on advocating for tighter inspections of immigrants of the United States.[49]

text: Eugenic selection occurred on two distinguishable levels:

text:
State/Local levels which handles institutionalization and sterilization of those considered defective as well as the education of the public, marriage laws, and social pressures such as fitter family and better baby contests.[citation needed]
Immigration control, the screening of immigrants for defects, was notably supported by Harry Laughlin, superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1939, who stated that this was where the "federal government must cooperate."[citation needed]

text: At the time, it was a broadly popular idea that immigration policies had ought to be based off eugenics principles in order to help create a "superior race" in America. To do this, defective persons needed to be screened by immigration officials and denied entry on the basis of their disability.[citation needed]

text: Types of defects screened for included:

text:
Physical: people who had hereditary or acquired physical disability. These included sickness and disease, deformity, lack of limbs, being abnormally tall or short, feminization, and so forth.[citation needed][49]
Mental: people who showed signs or history of mental illness and intellectual disability. These included "feeblemindedness", "imbecility", depression, and other illnesses that stemmed from the brain such as epilepsy and cerebral palsy.[citation needed]
Moral: people who had moral defects at the time were, but not limited to: homosexuals and those of illicit sexuality, criminals, impoverished, and other groups associated with "degeneracy" that deviated from the considered norm or American society at the time.[citation needed]

text: The people with moral or mental disability were of higher concern to officials and under the law, mandatorily excluded from immigrating to the United States. Persons with physical disability were under higher inspection and could be turned way on the basis of their disability. Much of this came in part of the eugenicist belief that defects were hereditary, especially those of the moral and mental nature those these were often outwardly signified by physical deformity as well.[48]

text: In 1898, a Chicago surgeon named Eugene S. Talbot (Eugene Solomon) wrote "crime is hereditary, a tendency which is, in most cases, associated with bodily defects."[50] Likewise, George Lydston, a medicine and criminal anthropology professor, argued further in 1906 that people with "defective physique" were not just criminally associated but that defectiveness was a primary factor "in the causation of crime."[51]

text: Between 1891 and 1930, Ellis Island reviewed over 25 million attempted immigrations. Of this 25 million, 700,000 were given certificates of disability or disease and of these 79,000 were barred from entry. Approximately 4.4% of immigrants between 1909 and 1930 were classified as disabled or diseased per with 11% being deported when this number spiked to 8.0% in the years of 1918-1919. One percent of immigrants were deported yearly due to medical causes.[52]

text: Detention and deportation station[edit]

text: With the passing of the Immigrant Quota Act of 1921, the number of immigrants being allowed into the United States declined greatly. The passing of the bill ended the era of mass immigration.[8] After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing station.[24][53]

text: During and immediately following World War II, Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and "enemy aliens"—Axis nationals detained for fear of spying, sabotage, and other fifth column activity. In December 1941, Ellis Island held 279 Japanese, 248 Germans, and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast.[54] Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations, Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war.[55] A total of 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island.[24] It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants per year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands per year who arrived before the war. After the war, immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.

text: The Internal Security Act of 1950 barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration laws and policies, only 30 detainees remained.[24]

text: One of the last detainees was the Indonesian Aceh separatist Hasan di Tiro who, while a student in New York in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement.[56] Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien."[56]

text: Staff[edit]

text: The station's commissioners were:

text:
1890–1893 Colonel John B. Weber (Republican)
1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat)
1898–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican)
1902–1905 William Williams (Republican)
1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican)
1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term
1914–1919 Dr. Frederic C. Howe (Democrat)
1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat)
1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican)
1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican)
1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican)
1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican)
1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat)
1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl (actual title: district director)
1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins (district director)
1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy (district director)

tag: ol

text: Other notable officials at Ellis Island included James R. O'Beirne (assistant commissioner, 1890–93), Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner, 1893-1902), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner, 1902–09), Byron Uhl (assistant commissioner, 1909-1940), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), Augustus Frederick Sherman (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon) (surgeon), Dr. Thomas W. Salmon (surgeon), Dr. Howard Knox (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), Fiorello H. La Guardia (interpreter), Samuel Hays, (special immigrant inspector)Roman Dobler (immigrant inspector), Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector) and Philip Forman (immigrant inspector, 1930s; chief of detention, deportation and parole, 1940s, 1950s)

text: Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (Irish Catholic), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (Methodist), Rev. Georg Doring (German Lutheran), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed (Episcopal), Michael Lodsin (Baptist), Brigadier Thomas Johnson (Salvation Army), Ludmila K. Foxlee (YWCA), Athena Marmaroff (Woman's Christian Temperance Union), Alexander Harkavy (HIAS), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky (National Council of Jewish Women).

text: Records[edit]

text: A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.[57][58] In fact, no historical records bear this out. Immigration inspectors used the passenger lists given to them by the steamship companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the Cunard Line, the White Star Line, the North German Lloyd Line, the Hamburg-Amerika Line, the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the Red Star Line, the Holland America Line, and the Austro-American Line.[59][60] The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly because of the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.[61]

text: Notable immigrants[edit]

text: The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who arrived on the ship Nevada on January 1, 1892.[62] She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a $10 gold coin.[63] It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.

text: The last person to pass through Ellis Island was Norwegian merchant seaman Arne Peterssen in 1954.

text: Immigration museum[edit]

text: The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.[64] Architects Edward Lippincott Tilton and William Alciphron Boring received a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition for the building's design and constructed the building at a cost of $1.5 million.[65] The architecture competition was the second under the Tarsney Act, which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the Treasury Department's Office of the Supervising Architect to design federal buildings.[66]

text: After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of Statue of Liberty National Monument. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

text: Boston-based architectural firm Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, together with the New York architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle, designed the restoration and adaptive use of the Beaux-Arts Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart.[67] The building reopened on September 10, 1990.[68] Exhibits include Hearing Room, Peak Immigration Years, the Peopling of America, Restoring a Landmark, Silent Voices, Treasures from Home, and Ellis Island Chronicles. There are also three theaters used for film and live performances.[69]

text: On May 20, 2015, the Ellis Island Immigration Museum was officially renamed the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration, coinciding with the opening of the new Peopling of America galleries. The expansion tells the entire story of American immigration, including before and after the Ellis Island era. The Peopling of America Center was designed by ESI Design and fabricated by Hadley Exhibits, Inc. The architectural design was done by Highland Associates, with construction executed by Phelps Construction Group.[70]

text: The Wall of Honor outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.[71] Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008 the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants.

text: The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island.

text: South side of the island[edit]

text: The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island.

text: Many of the facilities at Ellis Island were abandoned and remain unrenovated.[72] The entire south side, called by some the "sad side" of the island, is off limits to the general public. The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital operated here from early 1902 to 1930.[73][74] The foundation Save Ellis Island is spearheading preservation efforts. The New Ferry Building, built in the Art Deco style to replace an earlier one, was renovated in 2008, but remains only partially accessible to the general public.[75]

text: As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.[76]

text: State sovereignty dispute[edit]

text: The circumstances which led to an exclave of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of New Netherland in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of New Jersey would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",[77] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[78]

text: Attempts were made as early as 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.[79] The City of New York claimed the right to regulate trade on all the waters. This was contested in Gibbons v. Ogden,[80] which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in New York Harbor.

text: In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.[81] The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by U.S. Congress in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.[82] This was later confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases which also expounded on the compact.[23][83][84]

text: The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by land fill, to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Land filling continued in stages until 1934.[85]

text: Nine-tenths of the current area is artificial island that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were outside New York's border and were in fact within New Jersey's border. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then Mayor of Jersey City, Bernard J. Berry, commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.[86] In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.[87] The border was redrawn using information based on studies using geographic information science.[88]

text: The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in New Jersey v. New York 523 U.S. 767 (1998), that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate instances of confusion: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.[81][89][90]

text: The ruling had no effect on the status of Liberty Island, 4.17 acres (1.69 ha) of which was created by land reclamation.[91][92]

text: For New York State tax purposes, it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of New Jersey.[93]

text: Renovations and plans[edit]

text: Frank Lloyd Wright designed a key plan for the island that included housing, hotels, and large domes along the edges. The co-curator of the traveling exhibit, "Never Built New York" in which it is included told AM New York, "It's pretty remarkable but at the same time it's a little bit horrifying that they could have gotten rid of Ellis Island."[94]

text: In 1982 the National Parks Department embarked on an 8-year renovation. During that time, David Simonton was part of The Ellis Island Project: Documentation/Interpretation and captured stunning, black and white photos giving insight into immigrant's lives. Photographer Stephen Wilkes's series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island.[95]

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: Emergency services on Ellis Island are provided by the following emergency divisions of the National Park Service:

text:
Police services and security are provided for the island by the United States Park Police.
Fire suppression/protection is provided by the National Park Service's Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade which consists of a crew of federal NPS firefighters who are trained and certified as Structural Firefighter I, Structural Firefighter II or Wildland Firefighters. The crew also provides fire suppression response to nearby Liberty Island.

Since the nearest other National Park Service Engine Company is located in Fort Hancock in Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade maintains a mutual aid agreement with the Jersey City Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department for mutual aid assistance on Ellis Island should it be required. The Statue of Liberty/ Ellis Island Division of Safety & Emergency Management staffs the fire brigade. The fire brigade is led by a Fire Captain (crew leader), two Lieutenants and has six collateral duty firefighters.
Emergency Medical Services are provided by National Park Services Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management, which consists of a team of full-time NPS Emergency Medical Technicians and Certified First Responders. Patient transportation is coordinated with Jersey City Medical Center ambulances, but emergency response and patient care falls solely upon the National Park Service Emergency Medical Technicians.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Ellis Island has been a source of inspiration or used as a subject in popular culture. Its imagery or representation has been employed in literature (including novels, short stories and poetry), in song, musical composition, dance, theatre, including vaudeville, burlesque, musical comedy, revue, legitimate theatre, motion pictures (silent and sound), newsreels, and in radio and television.

text: Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include Traffic in Souls (1913), How The Jews Care for Their Poor (educational film, 1914) The Yellow Passport (1916), My Boy (1921), Frank Capra's The Strong Man (1926), We Americans (1928), The Mating Call (1928), This is Heaven (1929), Paddy O'Day (1935), Ellis Island (1936), Gateway (1938), Exile Express (1939), I, Jane Doe (1948), and Gambling House (1951). In The Godfather Part II, Vito Corleone immigrates via Ellis Island as a boy. The opening scene of The Brother From Another Planet is set there. The island is visited by the characters in the 2005 romantic comedy, Hitch, and is the setting for the climactic battle in X-Men.

text: Over the decades, Ellis Island was also widely referenced or remarked on in books, such as Mrs 'Arris Goes to New York (1960) by Paul Gallico, and in popular films such as Cafe Metropole (1937) and With a Song in My Heart (1952).

text: Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries Ellis Island. The IMAX 3D movie Across the Sea of Time incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie The Golden Door, directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island. Forgotten Ellis Island, a film and book, focuses on the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital.[96] The Immigrant is a 2013 American drama film directed by James Gray, starring Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix, and Jeremy Renner.[97]

text: Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in Mottel the Cantor's Son by Sholom Aleichem.

text: Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02. The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears", on the 2010 album Songs from the Heart by the group Celtic Woman, is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island.

text: The USPS issued a 32¢ stamp on February 3, 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.

text: The island is accessible in the Spider-Man 2 video game for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox by attaching to passing helicopters.

text: Irish band The Corrs have a song called "Ellis Island", inspired by the island on their album White Light.

text: The 1997 children's novel The Orphan of Ellis Island concerns a contemporary child who becomes separated from his group on a school trip to the island.

text: Ellis Island was also featured in the 2014 Film "Winter's Tale". It is also the central theme for the party the Ellis sisters throw in the 2015 film "Sisters".

text: Ellis, a short, premiered in November 2015.


document_title: Tropical cyclone windspeed climatology

question_text: where are strongest winds found in a hurricane

root

text: Tropical cyclone windspeed climatology

text: Winds in tropical cyclones[edit]

text: The winds in a tropical cyclone are the result of evaporation and condensation of moisture which results in updrafts. The updrafts in turn increase the height of the storm which causes more condensation.

tag: p

text: Location of the winds[edit]

text: The strongest winds in a northern hemisphere tropical cyclone is located in the eyewall and the right front quadrant of the tropical cyclone. Severe damage is usually the result when the eyewall of a hurricane, typhoon or cyclone passes over land. The right front quadrant is also an area of a tropical cyclone were the winds are strongest. The reason that the winds are at the front right side of a storm in the northern hemisphere (and the front left hand side in the Southern Hemisphere) is because of the motion of a tropical cyclones motion contributing to its rotation. A 100 mph hurricane while stationary, might have winds of 100 mph on its right side in the northern hemisphere while the rest of the storm might have winds at 70 mph. The location of the right ( or left in the Southern Hemisphere) front quadrant also depends on the storm track. For example, in the northern hemisphere, if the storm was moving west, then the right side is to the north, if it moving north, then the strongest winds will be to the east of the center. [5]

text: In the southern hemisphere, the strongest winds are to the left of the eye. That is because cyclonic winds below the equator, spin clockwise.[5]

text: On occasion, strong winds and wind gusts can occur in the rain bands of a tropical cyclone. And inside the eye the winds are relatively calm. At higher altitudes, the winds within a tropical cyclone head away from the center, forming the outflow which produces the shape of the tropical cyclone.

text: Classification of the winds[edit]

text:
Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

TD
TS
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5

tag: table

text: The United States uses the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, a 1–5 scale which categorize hurricanes by sustained wind speed. The hurricane scale was created in 1969 by Herbert Saffir and Bob Simpson. The National Hurricane Center classifies hurricanes category 3 or above, major hurricanes. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center also uses a scale similar to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. However, the JTWC classified typhoons with winds of at 150 mph or higher Supertyphoons.

text: The Bureau of Meteorology in Australia uses a 1–5 scale called tropical cyclone severity categories. Unlike the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, it categorizes tropical cyclones based on wind gusts.

text: Beaufort wind scale[edit]

text: Before the 1–5 scale was created in 1969 by the National Hurricane Center and later by the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia. Many tropical cyclones were simply ranked by the Beaufort Wind Scale which was created in the early 1800s by Francis Beaufort. The purpose of the scale was to standardize wind reports in ship logs. The scale was divided down into 14 forces (force 0 is calm while force 12 is hurricane).[6]

text: Fastest windspeed per basin[edit]

text: This lists the fastest wind speed of a tropical cyclone per basin since 1950 (NOTE: All wind speeds are 1-minute sustained and are in mph).

text:
North Atlantic: 190 mph (1980)
East Pacific: 215 mph (2015)
Central Pacific: 175 mph (1994)
West Pacific: 215 mph (1961)
North Indian: 165 mph (2007)
South Indian: 165 mph (1994)
Australia: 180 mph (2006)
South Pacific: 185 mph (2002)
South Atlantic: 105 mph (2004)

tag: ul

text: Windspeed per country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In December 1998, Cyclone Thelma produced wind gusts of 108 mph (174 km/h) and sustained winds of 80 mph (139 km/h) as it made landfall in Western Australia.[7] Three months later, Cyclone Vance produced a record gust of 166 mph (267 km/h). Sustained winds of 113 mph (182 km/h) in Onslow.[8]

text: Cyclone John made landfall near Port Hedland, Australia as a category 4 tropical cyclone. Port Hedland experienced winds of 78 mph (124 km/h) for a period of 18 hours. At Karratha, the winds were gusting to 70 mph (113 km/h). Cape Lambert experienced sustained winds of 95 mph (150 km/h) for a five-hour period with gusts reaching 130 mph (210 km/h).[9]

text: In March 2000, Tropical Storm Tessi made landfall near Townsville, Queensland,Australia. A weather station recorded the towns record wind gust of 81 mph (130 km/h).[10]

text: Canada[edit]

text: A fast moving Hurricane Hazel brought sustained winds of 77 mph (124 km/h) and wind gusts up to 90 mph (150 km/h).[11] The remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought 80 mph winds across southern Canada.[12] A weather station on Nova Scotia recorded 100 mph sustained winds when Hurricane Juan made landfall in 2003.

text: Japan[edit]

text: During Typhoon Vera's impact on Japan, weather station in Iwo Jima reported winds of 89 mph (143 km/h).[13]

text: United States[edit]

text: Florida[edit]

text: During Hurricane Wilma's passage through Florida a weather station recorded sustained windspeeds of 77 knots, gusting to 101 kts.[14]


document_title: List of accolades received by Nocturnal Animals

question_text: american best supporting actor oscar nominee for 2016 nocturnal animals

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

AACTA International Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[12]

Academy Awards
February 26, 2017
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[7]
[13]

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
December 21, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[14]
[15]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Art Directors Guild Awards
February 11, 2017
Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film
Valentino !Shane Valentino
Nominated
[16]

Austin Film Critics Association
December 28, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[17]
[18]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

British Academy Film Awards
February 12, 2017
Best Direction
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated
[8]

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Gyllenhaal !Jake Gyllenhaal
Nominated

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Taylor-Johnson !Aaron Taylor-Johnson
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Cinematography
McGarvey !Seamus McGarvey
Nominated

Best Editing
Sobel !Joan Sobel
Nominated

Best Film Music
Korzeniowski !Abel Korzeniowski
Nominated

Best Production Design
Everist !Meg Everist and Shane Valentino
Nominated

Best Makeup and Hair
Mowat !Donald Mowat and Yolanda Toussieng
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 15, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[19]

Costume Designers Guild
February 21, 2017
Excellence in Contemporary Film
Phillips !Arianne Phillips
Nominated
[20]

Critics' Choice Awards
December 11, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[9]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Cinematography
McGarvey !Seamus McGarvey
Nominated

Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association
December 13, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
3rd Place
[21]

Dorian Awards
January 26, 2017
Campy Film of the Year
Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[22]

Empire Awards
March 19, 2017
Best Thriller
Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[23]

Florida Film Critics Circle
December 23, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[24]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Taylor-Johnson !Aaron Taylor-Johnson
Won
[10]

Best Director
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Hollywood Film Awards
November 6, 2016
Hollywood Breakthrough Director Award
Ford !Tom Ford
Won
[25]

Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2017
Best Picture
Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[26]
[27]

Best Actor
Gyllenhaal !Jake Gyllenhaal
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated

Best Cinematography
McGarvey !Seamus McGarvey
Nominated

Best Original Score
Korzeniowski !Abel Korzeniowski
Nominated

IndieWire Critics Poll
December 19, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
9th Place
[28]

Best Cinematography
McGarvey !Seamus McGarvey
10th Place

Best Editing
Sobel !Joan Sobel
10th Place

Jupiter Awards
March 29, 2017
Best International Actress
Adams !Amy Adams
Nominated
[29]

London Film Critics' Circle
January 22, 2017
Film of the Year
Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[30]

Actor of the Year
Gyllenhaal !Jake Gyllenhaal
Nominated

Supporting Actor of the Year
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
February 19, 2017
Feature-Length Motion Picture – Contemporary Make-Up
Mowat !Donald Mowat, Elaine Offers and Malanie J. Romero
Won
[31]

Feature-Length Motion Picture – Contemporary Hair Styling
Holdren !Jules Holdren and Yolanda Toussieng
Nominated

National Society of Film Critics
January 7, 2017
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
3rd Place
[32]

Online Film Critics Society
January 3, 2017
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[33]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 12, 2016
Best Film
Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[34]
[35]

Best Director
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Actor
Gyllenhaal !Jake Gyllenhaal
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated

Taylor-Johnson !Aaron Taylor-Johnson
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Editing
Sobel !Joan Sobel
Runner-up

Best Cinematography
McGarvey !Seamus McGarvey
Nominated

Best Production Design
Valentino !Shane Valentino
Nominated

Best Ensemble
The cast of Nocturnal Animals
Nominated

Body of Work
Shannon !Michael Shannon (also for Midnight Special, Loving and Elvis & Nixon)
Won

San Francisco Film Critics Circle
December 11, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[36]
[37]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Santa Barbara International Film Festival
February 3, 2017
Virtuosos Award
Taylor-Johnson !Aaron Taylor-Johnson
Won
[38]

Satellite Awards
February 19, 2017
Best Film
Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[11]

Best Director
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Actress
Adams !Amy Adams
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
January 29, 2017
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
The stunt ensemble of Nocturnal Animals
Nominated
[39]

St. Louis Film Critics Association
December 18, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[40]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Editing
Sobel !Joan Sobel
Nominated

Toronto Film Critics Association
December 11, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Runner-up
[41]

Venice Film Festival
September 10, 2016
Grand Jury Prize
Ford !Tom Ford
Won
[42]

Golden Lion
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 5, 2016
Best Supporting Actor
Shannon !Michael Shannon
Nominated
[43]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated

Best Cinematography
McGarvey !Seamus McGarvey
Nominated

Women Film Critics Circle
December 19, 2016
Worst Female Image in a Movie
Nocturnal Animals (the obese naked women dancing)
Nominated
[44]

Mommie Dearest Worst Screen Mom of the Year Award
Linney !Laura Linney
Won

Writers Guild of America Awards
February 19, 2017
Best Adapted Screenplay
Ford !Tom Ford
Nominated
[45]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They recognize several different recipients and have runners-up. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally.


document_title: So Much in Love

question_text: who sang so in love are we two

question_tokens: who sang so in love are we two

text: So Much in Love

text:
"So Much in Love"

Single by The Tymes

from the album So Much In Love

B-side
"Roscoe James McClain"

Released
1963

Genre
Doo-wop

Length
2:08

Label
Parkway Records

Songwriter(s)
George Williams, Bill Jackson, Roy Straigis

The Tymes singles chronology

"So Much in Love"
(1963)
"Wonderful! Wonderful!"
(1963)

"So Much in Love"
(1963)
"Wonderful! Wonderful!"
(1963)

text:
"So Much in Love"

Single by All-4-One

from the album All-4-One

Released
1993 (1993)

Genre
R&B

text: "So Much in Love" is a popular song sung by The Tymes that was #1 in the United States in 1963. It was The Tymes' first hit single, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on August 3, 1963, and remaining there for one week. The song was written by George Williams and Bill Jackson, and arranged by Roy Straigis.

text: The song has been covered several times. Jay and the Americans released a version on their 1969 album Sands of Time. "So Much in Love" was sung by Eagles member Timothy B. Schmit on the soundtrack to Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982) and reached #59 on the Hot 100 as a single.[1] A 1988 rendition by Art Garfunkel got to #11 on the Adult Contemporary chart. R&B vocal group All-4-One released "So Much in Love" in late 1993 as their debut single. It peaked at #5 on the Hot 100 in early 1994 and was certified Gold by the RIAA, selling 600,000 copies.[2][3]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Year-end chart (1994)
Position

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[4]
28

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (1992). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits - revised & enlarged. New York: Billboard Books. p. 134. ISBN 0-8230-8298-9.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – All 4 One – So Much in Love". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1994". Billboard. BPI Communications. 107 (3): 57. January 21, 1995. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1994". Retrieved 2010-08-27.

text:
Preceded by
"Surf City" by Jan and Dean
Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (The Tymes version)
August 3, 1963
Succeeded by
"Fingertips - Part 2" by Little Stevie Wonder

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

All-4-One

Tony Borowiak
Jamie Jones
Delious Kennedy
Alfred Nevarez

Studio albums

All-4-One
And the Music Speaks
On and On
A41
Split Personality
No Regrets
Twenty+

Compilation albums

Greatest Hits

Singles

"So Much in Love"
"I Swear"
"I Can Love You Like That"
"Someday"
"I Turn to You"

Related articles

Discography
Atlantic Records
Universal Records
Peak Records
John Michael Montgomery
Dead 7

text: 1963 songs1963 singles1982 singles1988 singles1993 singles1994 singlesThe Tymes songsJay and the Americans songsArt Garfunkel songsAll-4-One songsBillboard Hot 100 number-one singlesDebut singlesRhythm and blues ballads

text: Articles with hAudio microformats


document_title: Fontanelle

question_text: when does the anterior fontanelle close in babies

text: Fontanelle

text: Structure[edit]

text: The skull of a baby consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth.

text:
Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped. It lies at the junction between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture. At birth, the skull features a small posterior fontanelle with an open area covered by a tough membrane, where the two parietal bones adjoin the occipital bone (at the lambda). The posterior fontanelles ossify within 2 or 3 months after birth. This is called intramembranous ossification.  The mesenchymal connective tissue turns into bone tissue.
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped membrane-filled space located between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the developing fetal skull. It persists until approximately 18 months after birth. It is at the junction of the coronal suture and sagittal suture. The fetal anterior fontanelle may be palpated until 18 months. In cleidocranial dysostosis, however, it is often late in closing or may never close.  Examination of an infant includes palpating the anterior fontanelle.
Two smaller fontanelles are located on each side of the head, more anteriorly the sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelle (between the sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and frontal bones) and more posteriorly the mastoid or posterolateral fontanelle (between the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones).

text: During birth, fontanelles enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull causes the anterior fontanelle to close over by 9 to 18 months.[3] The sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close during the first few months of life. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Other than the anterior and posterior fontanelles, the mastoid fontanelle and the sphenoidal fontanelle are also significant.

text: Closure[edit]

text: In humans, the sequence of fontanelle closure is as follows:[2][4]

text:
The posterior fontanelle generally closes 2 to 3 months after birth;
The sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6 months after birth;
The mastoid fontanelle closes next from 6 to 18 months after birth; and
The anterior fontanelle is generally the last to close between 18–24 months.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The fontanelle may pulsate, and although the precise cause of this is not known, it is perfectly normal and seems to echo the heartbeat, perhaps via the arterial pulse within the brain vasculature, or in the meninges. This pulsating action is how the soft spot got its name – fontanelle is borrowed from the old French word fontenele, which is a diminutive of fontaine, meaning "spring". It is assumed that the term spring is used because of the analogy of the dent in a rock or earth where a spring arises.[5]

text: Parents may worry that their infant may be more prone to injury at the fontanelles. In fact, although they may colloquially be called "soft-spots", the membrane covering the fontanelles is extremely tough and difficult to penetrate.[6]

text: Fontanelles allow the infant brain to be imaged using ultrasonography. Once they are closed, most of the brain is inaccessible to ultrasound imaging, because the bony skull presents an acoustic barrier.[6]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Fontanelles – bulging[edit]

text: A very tense or bulging anterior fontanelle indicates raised intracranial pressure. Increased cranial pressure in infants may cause the fontanelles to bulge or the head to begin to enlarge abnormally.[7] It can occur due to:[4]

text:
Encephalitis – swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections
Hydrocephalus – a buildup of fluid inside the skull
Meningitis—infection of the membranes covering the brain
Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) previously called Shaken Baby Syndrome

text: Fontanelles – sunken[edit]

text: A sunken (also called "depressed") fontanelle indicates dehydration or malnutrition.[8]

text: Fontanelles – enlarged[edit]

text: The fontanelles may be enlarged, may be slow to close or may never close most commonly due to causes like:[9]

text:
Down syndrome
Hydrocephalus
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Premature birth

text: Rarer causes include:[9]

text:
Achondroplasia
Apert syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Congenital rubella
Neonatal hypothyroidism
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Rickets

text: In other animals[edit]

text: Primates[edit]

text: In apes the fontanelles fuse soon after birth. In chimpanzees the anterior fontanelle is fully closed by 3 months of age.[2]

text: Dogs[edit]

text: One of the more serious problems that can affect canines is known as an "open fontanelle," which occurs when the skull bones at the top of the head fail to close. The problem is often found in conjunction with hydrocephalus, which is a condition in which too much fluid is found within and around the brain, placing pressure on the brain and surrounding tissues. Often the head will appear dome-shaped, and the open fontanelle is noticeable as a "soft spot" on the top of the dog's head. The fluid-filled spaces within the brain, known as ventricles, also become swollen. The increased pressure damages or prevents the development of brain tissue.[10]

text: Not all open fontanelles are connected with hydrocephalus. In many young dogs the skull bones are not fused at birth, but instead will close slowly over a three- to six-month period. Occasionally these bones fail to close, but the dog is still healthy. In these cases, however, the dog's owners need to be very careful, since any injury or bumps to the animal's head could cause significant brain damage, as well as conditions like epilepsy.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Fontanelle.

Anterior fontanelle.

Cranial sutures shown from top of head.


document_title: 2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

question_text: cyclone that was formed in bay of bengal in may 2017

text: 2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: Season summary[edit]

text: The season officially had an early start compared with the last two seasons, with the formation of Cyclone Maarutha over the Bay of Bengal in mid-April. Cyclone Mora, formed in late May over the Bay of Bengal. At its peak intensity, it was equivalent to a marginal Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. The cyclone produced severe flooding across Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar and Bangladesh and caused 15 deaths directly and 208 deaths indirectly. The floods persisted in Bangladesh since a Deep Depression over Bay of Bengal made landfall and killed 156 people in Bangladesh. A depression formed in northwestern Bay of Bengal and produced torrential rainfall. It was followed by a depression over Jharkhand which killed 70 people in West Bengal. Under the influence of strong monsoon surge a disturbance developed over Bay of Bengal travelled westwards and intensified to an unnamed depression. It also affected neighboring Karachi in Pakistan. A strong monsoon surge prevented formation of systems until a deep depression formed over  West Bengal in October and caused heavy rainfall. A couple of depression formed between mid October and November which continued the rain spell causing destruction of life and property. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Ockhi formed in early December and wreaked havoc in the countries where it impacted. It was equivalent to a strong Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale at peak intensity. The twin storm of Ockhi was a deep depression which originated in Bay of Bengal  while its counterpart was in Arabian Sea.

text: Systems[edit]

text: Cyclonic Storm Maarutha[edit]

text:
Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 Duration
April 15 – April 17Peak intensity
75 km/h (45 mph) (3-min)  996 hPa (mbar)

text:
On April 13, an area of low pressure formed in the South Bay of Bengal, under the influence of a persistent area of convection, in a span of six hours.[3] Under favorable conditions, rapid deepening took place, and the system was classified as a depression on April 15.[4] Later on the same day, it further intensified into a Deep Depression, and then into Cyclonic Storm Maarutha. The system moved very fast under the influence of mid-latitude trough in
westerlies lying over India in the middle and upper tropospheric levels.[5] However, strong vertical wind shear and unfavourable MJO inhibited rapid intensification or further intensification of the system. Moving northeastwards, it reached its peak intensity in the early hours of 16th. The system maintained its peak intensity till landfall near Sandoway (Thandwe) in Myanmar in the midnight. After landfall, the system weakened into a Deep Depression in early hours of 17th, into a Depression in the morning and well marked low pressure area over central Myanmar and neighbourhood in the forenoon of 17th.[6]

text:
Maarutha had already triggered heavy rainfall as a depression in Sri Lanka, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India). Due to a heavy swell in the sea around the Andaman Islands, all ferries to Havelock Island from Port Blair were suspended on leaving nearly 1,500 tourists stranded.[7] In Kyaukpyu, Maarutha destroyed more than 81 households and total damages amounted to Ks31.8 million (US$23,400) as of April 18.[8] Four people were reported to be killed in the Irrawady division of Myanmar.[9][10]
Maarutha developed as a depression in the first fortnight of April. Climatologically, the formation of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal at this time of the year is rare. Only twelve Cyclonic Storms have developed over the Bay of Bengal this early in the year between 1891–2016.

text: Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora[edit]

text:
Severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 Duration
May 28 – May 31Peak intensity
110 km/h (70 mph) (3-min)  978 hPa (mbar)

text:
Under the influence of a persistent area of convection, a low-pressure area formed over the southeast Bay of Bengal on May 26.[11]
It rapidly strengthened on May 28 with the IMD classifying it as a Depression and subsequently into a Deep Depression on the same day, designating it BOB 02. In the early hours of May 29, the IMD reported the storm to have reached Cyclonic storm intensity, naming it Mora.[11]
The storm followed a north-northeasterly track parallel to Myanmar coast. The system moved fast under the influence of mid-latitude trough in westerlies lying over India in the middle and upper tropospheric levels and the anti-cyclonic cyclonic circulation lying to the northeast of the system.[11]
Shortly before landfall, the storm reached its peak intensity as a severe cyclonic storm with winds of 110 km/h and a minimum central pressure off 978 hPa (28.9 inHg). The JTWC analysed it having reached Category 1 hurricane strength with winds of 120 km/h on the same day. At peak intensity, the storm made landfall on the southern coast of Bangladesh near Chittagong at IST 6:00 am.[11]
After landfall, the storm steadily weakened due to land interaction and dissipated into a well-marked low-pressure area over Nagaland on May 31.[11]

text:
A total of 31 people have been killed—9 in Bangladesh and 1 in Myanmar and 19 in Manipur[12][13][14]
Damage throughout  all the affected countries totalled almost USD 1.37 billion.[15][16][17] Two people were reported to be killed in Malda district of West Bengal.[18]

text: Additionally, although not directly related to the storm, the precursor low of Mora strengthened the arrival of the monsoon, which caused heavy flooding in Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands that killed 208 people.

text: Deep Depression BOB 03[edit]

text:
Deep depression (IMD)
 Duration
June 11 – June 13Peak intensity
55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  988 hPa (mbar)

text: A low pressure area formed over west central & adjoining north Bay of Bengal off north Andhra Pradesh south Odisha coast in the morning of 10 June.[19] It concentrated into a well marked low pressure area over northern parts of central Bay of Bengal & adjoining north Bay of Bay on 11th morning and into a depression over north Bay of Bengal in the evening of 11th.).[19] An anti-cyclonic circulation lay to the southeast of the system centre leading to poleward outflow favouring genesis of the system.[19] Moving nearly north-northeastwards, it intensified into a deep depression over north Bay of Bengal in the night of 11th (1800 UTC)and peaked with estimated 3-minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km/h (35 mph).[19] Moving north-northeastwards, it crossed Bangladesh coast near Khepupara between 2300 UTC of 11th and 0000 UTC of 12 June.[19] As the system moved over land, it weakened gradually into a depression over east Bangladesh & neighbourhood due to land surface interaction and thereafter into a well marked low pressure area.[19]

text: At least 156 people have been confirmed dead following landslides caused in the Rangamati, Bandarban and Chittagong districts of Bangladesh along with 14 others in Northeast India caused by torrential rainfall. Cherrapunji received 320 mm rain in association with the system.[20][21] The system helped in the advancement of monsoon over the regions of West Bengal and Odisha. Damages included loss of Tk 1800 crore (USD  $223 million).[22]

text: Depression BOB 04[edit]

text:
Depression (IMD)
 Duration
July 18 – July 18Peak intensity
45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

text: A low pressure area consolidated into a depression over the northwestern and adjoining west-central Bay of Bengal, off the Odisha coast on July 17. The IMD began issuing advisories on the depression, which was very likely to cross the coast by night. The depression moved in a generally northwestwards direction without intensifying, and made landfall on India's Odisha coast, south of Puri, at about 15:00 UTC (20:30 IST) on July 18. Heavy rainfall peaking at Dondilohara in Chhattisgarh receiving  270 mm (11 in)[23] and Dabubagan in Odisha receiving  200 mm (7.9 in)[23] in 24 hours, along with sustained winds of 45 km/h (30 mph) affected the region,[24] causing at least a dozen villages to be submerged in floodwater and five bridges to be washed away.[25] As many as 6,000 people were evacuated in Nabarangpur, and an estimated 65,000 people were directly affected by the dangerous weather.[25][23] By July 31, at least seven people had been killed as a result of the storm.[25] Total losses were estimated at Rs 219 crore (USD $34.3 million).[26]

text: Land Depression 01[edit]

text:
Depression (IMD)
 Duration
July 26 – July 27Peak intensity
50 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

text:
A well-marked low-pressure area over Jharkhand and adjoining the Gangetic West Bengal intensified into a depression on July 26.[27]
It moved in a west-northwest  direction until degenerated to a well marked low pressure area over east Madhya Pradesh during the next day.[28]

text: As a precursor low, the storm caused dangerous floods in West Bengal. At least 152 people died,[29] while nearly 2 million people were affected in over 160 villages, which were inundated due to heavy rains. 2,301 people were evacuated from their houses and 202,957 hectares (501,520 acres) of agricultural land were submerged.[30] Around 7,868 houses were entirely destroyed, while 44,361 were partially damaged in West Bengal.[31][32] The state lost around Rs.14000 crores ($2.9 billion USD) due to the storm.[33] Eleven people were reported to be killed in Jharkhand, due to the heavy rains.[34] The system caused flooding rains from  West Bengal to East Rajasthan. In Jharkhand, Latehar recorded 270 mm (11 in) of rain, and Pratapgarh in Rajasthan recorded 240 mm (9.5 in) of rain, along with sustained winds of 45 km/h.[28] In West Bengal, Halisahar recorded 189 mm.

text: Land Depression 02[edit]

text:
Deep depression (IMD)
 Duration
October 8 – October 10Peak intensity
55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  996 hPa (mbar)

text: Under active monsoonal conditions, a low pressure area formed over the north Bay of Bengal, near south Bangladesh on October 8.[35] On the following day, the system intensified further into a well-marked low pressure area over the same region, and later, into a depression over the northern Bay of Bengal, near the West Bengal coast.[36] The Madden Julian Oscillation lay over phase 4 with amplitude 1 and these conditions helped in maintaining the intensity of the system and associated convection and thus the storm intensified further into a deep depression later on the same day.[37] An anticyclonic circulation lay over central India in the middle & upper tropospheric levels thus making the system move in a north-northwesterly direction. The storm encountered with strong wind shear, which caused it to weaken rapidly into a low pressure area over west Jharkhand, on October 10.[38]

text:
The system produced heavy rainfall in East India,[39] and also caused caused 3 deaths in Odisha by lightning and heavy rainfall.[40] The system caused 200 mm of rainfall in Durgapur  .[41] Halisahar recorded 105 mm with strong gusty wind of 65 kmph. Kolkata was badly affected by the dangerous weather receiving rain up to 124.4 mm (4.9 in).[42]
Strong winds along with incessant rains slowed down traffic, uprooted trees and collapsed buildings.[42]
Departure of flights from Kolkata Airport were canceled, due to strong gusty wind of about 70 kmph, at least 23 domestic flights were diverted due to the bad weather.[43] Couple of accidental death also happened due to the rain.[44]
An elderly person was electrocuted when he accidentally touched a lamppost. A youth died after an uptrooted tree fell on him.[42]
Bangladesh was also affected by severe weather conditions. Torrential rain fell, peaking at Jessore receiving  109 mm (4.3 in) in 24 hrs.[45]
Maritime ports of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Mongla and Payra had been advised in Bangladesh to hoist local cautionary signal number three.[46]

text: Depression BOB 05[edit]

text:
Depression (IMD)
 Duration
October 18 – October 22Peak intensity
45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  997 hPa (mbar)

text:
On 18 October, the JTWC noted an area of thunderstorm activity located in the eastern Bay of Bengal as having a partially exposed low level center while located in a marginally favorable environment for further development.[47] Later that day, the IMD upgraded the system to Depression BOB 05 as the system developed formative banding surrounding a center of deep thunderstorm activity.[48][49] Despite being initially forecasted to intensify further, the depression tracked into an environment with strong wind shear and failed to intensify, making landfall on the Odisha coast near Paradip during the afternoon of 20 October.[50] After landfall, the system remained near the coastline, allowing moisture incursion from the Bay of Bengal to prevent rapid weakening. Initially tracking northwards, the system soon recurved towards the northeast before weakening into an area of low pressure early on 22 October, while located over northeastern Bangladesh, Meghalaya, and southern Assam.[51]
[52]

text: On 20 October, the Odisha state government declared the heavy rains caused by the storm as a "State-Specific Disaster". Up to 25 blocks of eight districts in the state had received rainfall exceeding 135 mm (5 in), with the Kanas block of the Puri district recording rainfall of 274 mm (10 in). Heavy damage to homes were reported in Balasore and Bhadrak districts, with an infant reported to have died in the former district following the collapse of a wall.[53][54]

text: West Bengal was similarly affected by torrential rain, with Kolkata reporting 110 mm (5 in) of rain and the Bankura district reporting 279 mm (10 in). In North 24 pargana district, Halisahar recorded 116 mm and strong winds of about 55 kmph. In the East Midnapore district, a key bridge linking the seaside tourist destinations of Shankarpur and Tajpur collapsed due to strong waves and a storm surge of 1.5 m (5 ft) from the Bay of Bengal as the storm passed through the area. Large portions of the Jamura-Shyampur village near the bridge were similarly reported to have been inundated by the storm surge. In addition, the town of Cherapunji in Meghalaya reported rainfall of 283 mm (10 in) – among the highest reported in association with the depression.[55][56]

text: In Bangladesh, the ports of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Mongla and Payra raised Signal No. 3 as a result of the strong crosswinds and heavy rainfall.[57] Heavy rainfall was witnessed in the country, with the highest total reported at Gopalganj of 279 mm (10 in) of rain.[58]

text: Depression BOB 06[edit]

text:
Depression (IMD)
 Duration
November 15 – November 17Peak intensity
45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  1000 hPa (mbar)

text: On November 9, an area of low pressure formed in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of Sri Lanka. The storm moved northwards, but failed to organize further, due to strong wind shear. Conditions later improved while the system moved north-northeastwards, and intensified into a depression on November 15. The IMD subsequently gave the system the identifier BOB 06.[59] On November 17, BOB 06 weakened off the coast of north Odisha  into a well-marked low-pressure area as it encountered strong wind shear, with the IMD issuing their final advisory on the system.[60]

text: Depression BOB 06 caused heavy rainfall, damaging standing paddy crops in Sompeta, Vajrapukotturu, Ichchapuram, Mandasa and some other areas in Srikakulam district in Andhra Pradesh.[61] The system caused heavy rain in Odisha as it tracked along the coastline.[62] Kolkata recorded 53.7 mm rainfall, Digha recorded 60 mm rain while Halisahar recorded 58 mm rain and Diamond Harbour in coastal South 24 Parganas district recorded 50 mm rain as the system moved closer.[63] The rains from the storm caused an epidemic, which caused the death of hundreds of cattle at Gumabirsinghur village in the Ganjam District, in Odisha.[64] As a precursor low, the storm caused heavy rain in Tamil Nadu including Chennai,[65] and caused 20 confirmed fatalities.[66][67]

text: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Ockhi[edit]

text:
Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 Duration
November 29 – December 6Peak intensity
155 km/h (100 mph) (3-min)  976 hPa (mbar)

text: On November 20, the remnant energy of Tropical Storm Kirogi led to the formation of a new low-pressure area over the Gulf of Thailand.[68]  During the next several days, the system moved into Bay of Bengal and slowly drifted westward, but the storm was unable to organize significantly, due to unfavorable conditions.[68] On November 29, the storm organized into a depression just off the southeast coast of Sri Lanka, and the IMD gave the storm the identifier BOB 07.[69] Due to the storm's rapidly consolidating low level circulation center the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system, shortly before classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 03B.[70] The IMD followed suite and upgraded the storm to a Deep Depression, and soon afterwards to Cyclonic Storm Ockhi. The storm tracked towards the west-northwest around the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge located over India.[71] The storm tracked westwards, and intensified further into a Severe Cyclone Storm, early on December 1.[72] Soon afterwards, Ockhi intensified further into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.[73] On December 2, a 23 mi (37 km) eye formed, prompting the JTWC to upgrade it to a Category 3-equivalent cyclone.[74] But the storm had a sudden turn to the north and the northeast and interacted with a  Western Disturbance and a rapid deepening trough along with strong wind shear which deteriorated the overall structure of the storm.[75]  It moved further north-northeastwards towards Gujarat coast and encountered cooler sea surface temperatures and dry air intrusion from the  Arabian Peninsula and was last noted as a well-marked low-pressure area off the coast of  Gujarat.[76]

text: As a precursor low, the system produced heavy rainfall in Sri Lanka, killing at least 13 people and displacing another 200,000.[77] As a Deep Depression, the system lashed the coast of Tamil Nadu[78] and Kerala, damaging infrastructure, and taking the lives of 72 more people in Kerala[79] and 14 in Tamil Nadu.[80][81]

text: Deep Depression BOB 08[edit]

text:
Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 Duration
December 5 – December 9Peak intensity
55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  1002 hPa (mbar)

text:
A low pressure area formed in the Malay Peninsula in early December. The system slowly drifted westwards in the Bay of Bengal, but failed to organize rapidly due to strong wind shear. Warm sea surface temperatures and a pole-ward channel helped the system to consolidate, and on December 5, the IMD initiated advisories on Depression BOB 08, while the JTWC to issued a TCFA on the system,[82] as it intensified to a deep depression.
The following day, the system depicted flaring convection to the north of the low level circulation center. At that time the storm was located in moderate vertical wind shear along with moderate poleward outflow. The system  steered under the influence of a subtropical ridge.[83] The system produced 40 knots winds in the western quadrant and the JTWC upgraded to a tropical storm.
But the storm encountered high wind shear and started to rapidly decay, leading to an exposed low level circulation center with limited convection and shallow banding wrapping into a broad circulation.[84] However an overall weak structure of the storm was noted and it rapidly weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area off the coast of  West Bengal and Bangladesh on the evening of 9 December.[85]

text: Due to heavy rains under the influence of the storm paddy harvests died down in some parts of Rupsa block in Balasore and some pockets in Mayurbhanj district in Odisha. Paddy in acres of land was damaged in the rain at Badaopalasa, Bagedihi, Badepataka, Kendua, Olidihai, Burupalsa, Tupaghutu, Segeghutu, Jharadihui, Badakedam, Pokharia, Kuladiha, Rangamatia, Suruda, Anlajodi, Bahalda, Kanki, Basing and Gidighati.[86]

text: In Bangladesh, the maritime ports of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Mongla and Payra had been advised to keep hoisted local cautionary signal no three. All the fishing boats and trawlers over the North Bay had been advised to remain in shelter owing to roughconditions in the sea.At some places of Dhaka, Khulna, Barisal and Chittagong, moderate to heavy rainfall were witnessed from the remnants of the system.[86]

text: As a precursor low, the system caused massive floods and landslides in Indonesia and Thailand. As of 10 December, 20 people were reported killed and 5 remained missing.[86]

text: Season effects[edit]

text: This is a table of all storms in the 2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2017 USD.

text:
Name

Dates active

Peak classification

Sustainedwind speeds

Pressure

Areas affected

Damage(USD)

Deaths

Refs

Maarutha
April 15 – 17
Cyclonic storm
75 km/h (45 mph)
996 hPa (29.41 inHg)
Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Yunnan
$23.4 thousand
7000400000000000000♠4
[8][9]

Mora
May 28 – 31
Severe cyclonic storm
110 km/h (70 mph)
978 hPa (28.88 inHg)
Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, East India,Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Tibet
$1.36 billion
7002135000000000000♠135
[13][14][87]

BOB 03
June 11 – 13
Deep depression
55 km/h (35 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
Northeast India, Bangladesh
$223 million
170
[19][88]

BOB 04
July 18 – 19
Depression
45 km/h (30 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
$34.3 million
7

LAND 01
July 26 – 27
Depression
45 km/h (30 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
West Bengal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh
$2.19 billion
7002152000000000000♠152
[89][34]

LAND 02
October 8 – 10
Deep depression
55 km/h (35 mph)
996 hPa (29.41 inHg)
Bangladesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha,  Andhra Pradesh
Unknown
7

BOB 05
October 18 – 22
Depression
45 km/h (30 mph)
999 hPa (29.50 inHg)
Odisha, West Bengal, Northeastern India, Bangladesh
Unknown
1

BOB 06
November 15 – 17
Depression
45 km/h (30 mph)
1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
Unknown
20

Ockhi
November 29 – December 6
Very severe cyclonic storm
155 km/h (100 mph)
976 hPa (28.82 inHg)
Sri Lanka, India, Maldives
> $5.07 billion
245
[90][77][80]

BOB 08
December 5 – 9
Deep Depression
55 km/h (35 mph)
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
Southern Thailand, Northern Malaysia, Aceh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Odisha
Unknown
20
[91][92][93]

Season aggregates

10 systems
April 15 – December 9

155 km/h (100 mph)
976 hPa (28.82 inHg)

$8.88 billion
7002761000000000000♠761