document_title: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: where is the right to trial by jury found

text: Text[edit]

text: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.[1]

text: Rights secured[edit]

text: Speedy trial[edit]

text: Criminal defendants have the right to a speedy trial. In Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), the Supreme Court laid down a four-part case-by-case balancing test for determining whether the defendant's speedy trial right has been violated. The four factors are:

text:
Length of delay. A delay of a year or more from the date on which the speedy trial right "attaches" (the date of arrest or indictment, whichever first occurs) was termed "presumptively prejudicial," but the Court has never explicitly ruled that any absolute time limit applies.
Reason for the delay. The prosecution may not excessively delay the trial for its own advantage, but a trial may be delayed to secure the presence of an absent witness or other practical considerations (e.g., change of venue).
Time and manner in which the defendant has asserted his right. If a defendant agrees to the delay when it works to his own benefit, he cannot later claim that he has been unduly delayed.
Degree of prejudice to the defendant which the delay has caused.

text: In Strunk v. United States, 412 U.S. 434 (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that if the reviewing court finds that a defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated, then the indictment must be dismissed and/or the conviction overturned. The Court held that, since the delayed trial is the state action which violates the defendant's rights, no other remedy would be appropriate. Thus, a reversal or dismissal of a criminal case on speedy trial grounds means that no further prosecution for the alleged offense can take place.

text: Public trial[edit]

text: In Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to a public trial is not absolute. In cases where excess publicity would serve to undermine the defendant's right to due process, limitations can be put on public access to the proceedings. According to Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1 (1986), trials can be closed at the behest of the government if there is "an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest." The accused may also request a closure of the trial; though, it must be demonstrated that "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's right to a fair trial."

text: Impartial jury[edit]

text: The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement.[2] Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist.[3] Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.

text: Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to "a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted."[4] Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.

text: When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient,[5] but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury.[6] The Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity, unless the jury has only six members.[7][8][9]

text: Impartiality[edit]

text: The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial. Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased. At voir dire, each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias, and challenge them if the same is found; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause. Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use peremptory challenges.

text: In Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado (2017), the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires a court in a criminal trial to investigate whether a jury's guilty verdict was based on racial bias. For a guilty verdict to be set-aside based on the racial bias of a juror, the defendant must prove that the racial bias "was a significant motivating factor in the juror's vote to convict."[10]

text: Venire of juries[edit]

text: Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel, or venire, from which the jurors are selected. Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community; the defendant might establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a "distinctive" one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process. Thus, in Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975), the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service, while not doing the same for men.

text: Sentencing[edit]

text: In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), the Supreme Court ruled that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but also regarding any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines.[11] In Alleyne v. United States, 11-9335 (2013), the Court expanded on Apprendi and Blakely by ruling that a defendant's right to a jury applies to any fact that would increase a defendant's sentence beyond the minimum otherwise required by statute.[12]

text: Vicinage[edit]

text: Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed. The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from judicial districts ascertained by statute. In Beavers v. Henkel, 194 U.S. 73 (1904), the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial's location. Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime, any of them may be chosen for the trial. In cases of offenses not committed in any state (for example, offenses committed at sea), the place of trial may be determined by the Congress.

text: Notice of accusation[edit]

text: A criminal defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Therefore, an indictment must allege all the ingredients of the crime to such a degree of precision that it would allow the accused to assert double jeopardy if the same charges are brought up in subsequent prosecution.[13] The Supreme Court held in United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611 (1881), that "in an indictment... it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished." Vague wording, even if taken directly from a statute, does not suffice. However, the government is not required to hand over written copies of the indictment free of charge.[14]

text: Confrontation[edit]

text: The Confrontation Clause relates to the common law rule preventing the admission of hearsay, that is to say, testimony by one witness as to the statements and observations of another person to prove that the statement or observation was accurate. The rationale was that the defendant had no opportunity to challenge the credibility of and cross-examine the person making the statements. Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule have been permitted; for instance, admissions by the defendant are admissible, as are dying declarations.[15] Nevertheless, in California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149 (1970), the Supreme Court has held that the hearsay rule is not the same as the Confrontation Clause. Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances. For example, in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant's guilt, they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant. Hearsay may, in some circumstances, be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long-recognized exceptions. For example, prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable. However, in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that "testimonial" out-of-court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial. In Davis v. Washington 547 U.S. 813 (2006), the Court ruled that "testimonial" refers to any statement that an objectively reasonable person in the declarant's situation would believe likely to be used in court. In Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. ___ (2009), and Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. ___ (2011), the Court ruled that admitting a lab chemist's analysis into evidence, without having him testify, violated the Confrontation Clause.[16][17] In Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. ___ (2011), the Court ruled that the "primary purpose" of a shooting victim's statement as to who shot him, and the police's reason for questioning him, each had to be objectively determined. If the "primary purpose" was for dealing with an "ongoing emergency", then any such statement was not testimonial and so the Confrontation Clause would not require the person making that statement to testify in order for that statement to be admitted into evidence.[18]

text: The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses also applies to physical evidence; the prosecution must present physical evidence to the jury, providing the defense ample opportunity to cross-examine its validity and meaning. Prosecution generally may not refer to evidence without first presenting it.

text: In the late 20th and early 21st century this clause became an issue in the use of the silent witness rule.[19]

text: Compulsory process[edit]

text: The Compulsory Process Clause gives any criminal defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor. If any such witness refuses to testify, that witness may be compelled to do so by the court at the request of the defendant.[20][21] However, in some cases the court may refuse to permit a defense witness to testify. For example, if a defense lawyer fails to notify the prosecution of the identity of a witness to gain a tactical advantage, that witness may be precluded from testifying.[22]

text: Assistance of counsel[edit]

text: A criminal defendant has the right to be represented by counsel.

text: In Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), the Supreme Court ruled that "in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him." In Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938), the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own.

text: In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961), that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no "ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like." Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), ruled that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases, overruling Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), in which the Court ruled that state courts had to appoint counsel only when the defendant demonstrated "special circumstances" requiring the assistance of counsel. Under Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972), counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. Regarding sentences not immediately leading to imprisonment, the Court in Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed, but in Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654 (2002), the Court held that a suspended sentence that may result in incarceration can not be imposed if the defendant did not have counsel at trial.

text: As stated in Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977), the right to counsel "[means] at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment."[23] Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversary proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him[24] and that when a defendant is arrested, "arraigned on [an arrest] warrant before a judge", and "committed by the court to confinement", "[t]here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha[ve] been initiated."

text: Self-representation[edit]

text: A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.

text: In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to pro se representation. However, under Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993), a court that believes the defendant is less than fully competent to represent himself can require that defendant to be represented by counsel. In Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California, 528 U.S. 152 (2000), the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts. In Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial, but not competent to represent himself.

text: In Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.[25]


document_title: Mamma Mia! (film)

question_text: who did pierce brosnan play in mamma mia

root

text: Mamma Mia! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.

tag: p

text: Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.

text: Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.

text: At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.

text: In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.

text: Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, each agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan-Carmichael, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried  as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.
Chris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.

tag: ul

text:
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: A soundtrack album was released on July 7, 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally, respectively. The recording was produced by Benny Andersson. The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film, including a hidden track. The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25, 2008.

text:
"I Have a Dream" – Sophie
"Honey, Honey" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Mamma Mia" – Donna
"Chiquitita" – Rosie, Tanya and Donna†
"Dancing Queen" – Tanya, Rosie and Donna
"Our Last Summer" – Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna
"Lay All Your Love on Me" – Sky and Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Voulez-Vous" – Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper
"The Name of the Game" – Sophie‡
"SOS" – Sam and Donna
"Does Your Mother Know" – Tanya and Pepper
"Slipping Through My Fingers" – Donna and Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" – Donna
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – Sam and Donna†
"When All Is Said and Done"  – Sam and Donna
"Take a Chance on Me" – Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry
"Waterloo" – Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie†
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie§

tag: ol

text:
† Featured in the film, but omitted from the soundtrack album.
‡ Included in the soundtrack album, but omitted from the film.
§ Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track.

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August 29-September 2007),[3] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[3] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[3] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.

text: The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[4]

text: The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[5][6]

text: Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[7] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[9]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[10] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.

text: In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[11] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[13] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]

text: When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[14]

text: Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[15]  It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.

text: The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[16] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 55% based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[citation needed]

text: BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[20] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, and expressed a "need to vomit".[21] Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[22] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together: "Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."[23] Angie Errigo of Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[24]

text: The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[25] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[26] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[27] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[28] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

ACE Eddie Awards

February 15, 2009

Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical

Lesley Walker

Nominated

[30]

British Academy Film Awards

February 8, 2009

Outstanding British Film

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[31]

Best Film Music

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Nominated

Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film

Judy Craymer

Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards

February 17, 2009

 Excellence in Contemporary Film

Ann Roth

Nominated

[32]

Empire Awards

March 29, 2009

Best Soundtrack

Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Won

[33]

Golden Globe Awards

January 11, 2009

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[34]

Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical

Meryl Streep

Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards

February 21, 2009

Worst Supporting Actor

Pierce Brosnan

Won

[35]

Golden Reel Awards

February 21, 2009

Best Sound Editing – Music in a Musical Feature Film

Tony Lewis, Martin Lowe, Robert Houston

Won

[36]

Grammy Awards

February 8, 2009

Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Various Artists

Nominated

[37]

Irish Film and Television Awards

February 14, 2009

Best International Actress

Meryl Streep

Won

[38]

MTV Movie Awards

May 31, 2009

Best Breakthrough Female Performance

Amanda Seyfried

Nominated

[39]

National Movie Awards

September 8, 2008

Best Musical[40]

Mamma Mia!

Won

[40]

Best Female Performance

Meryl Streep

Won

Best Male Performance

Pierce Brosnan

Nominated

Colin Firth

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

January 7, 2009

Favorite Movie Comedy

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

[41]

Favorite Cast

Mamma Mia!

Nominated

Favorite Song from a Soundtrack

"Mamma Mia"

Won

Rembrandt Awards

March 9, 2009

Best Female Actress

Meryl Streep

Won

[42]

Best International Actress

Won

Best International Film

Phyllida Lloyd

Won

Satellite Awards

December 14, 2008

Best Actress in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical

Meryl Streep

Nominated

[43]

tag: table

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios, said that it would take a while, but there would be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[44]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[45] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[46] It was announced that Seyfried,[47] Cooper, Streep, Firth and Brosnan would be returning.[48] In July 2017, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[49]


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: when did the last episode of game of thrones air

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Winter Is Coming"Tim Van PattenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)2.22[19]
22"The Kingsroad"Tim Van PattenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)2.20[20]
33"Lord Snow"Brian KirkDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)2.44[21]
44"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"Brian KirkBryan CogmanMay 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)2.45[22]
55"The Wolf and the Lion"Brian KirkDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)2.58[23]
66"A Golden Crown"Daniel MinahanStory by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)2.44[24]
77"You Win or You Die"Daniel MinahanDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)2.40[25]
88"The Pointy End"Daniel MinahanGeorge R. R. MartinJune 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)2.72[26]
99"Baelor"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)2.66[27]
1010"Fire and Blood"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)3.04[28]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)111"The North Remembers"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)3.86[29]
122"The Night Lands"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)3.76[30]
133"What Is Dead May Never Die"Alik SakharovBryan CogmanApril 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)3.77[31]
144"Garden of Bones"David PetrarcaVanessa TaylorApril 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)3.65[32]
155"The Ghost of Harrenhal"David PetrarcaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)3.90[33]
166"The Old Gods and the New"David NutterVanessa TaylorMay 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)3.88[34]
177"A Man Without Honor"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)3.69[35]
188"The Prince of Winterfell"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)3.86[36]
199"Blackwater"Neil MarshallGeorge R. R. MartinMay 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)3.38[37]
2010"Valar Morghulis"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)4.20[38]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)211"Valar Dohaeris"Daniel MinahanDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMarch 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)4.37[39]
222"Dark Wings, Dark Words"Daniel MinahanVanessa TaylorApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)4.27[40]
233"Walk of Punishment"David BenioffDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)4.72[41]
244"And Now His Watch Is Ended"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)4.87[42]
255"Kissed by Fire"Alex GravesBryan CogmanApril 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)5.35[43]
266"The Climb"Alik SakharovDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)5.50[44]
277"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"Michelle MacLarenGeorge R. R. MartinMay 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)4.84[45]
288"Second Sons"Michelle MacLarenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)5.13[46]
299"The Rains of Castamere"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)5.22[47]
3010"Mhysa"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)5.39[48]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)311"Two Swords"D. B. WeissDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)6.64[49]
322"The Lion and the Rose"Alex GravesGeorge R. R. MartinApril 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)6.31[50]
333"Breaker of Chains"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)6.59[51]
344"Oathkeeper"Michelle MacLarenBryan CogmanApril 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)6.95[52]
355"First of His Name"Michelle MacLarenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)7.16[53]
366"The Laws of Gods and Men"Alik SakharovBryan CogmanMay 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)6.40[54]
377"Mockingbird"Alik SakharovDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)7.20[55]
388"The Mountain and the Viper"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)7.17[56]
399"The Watchers on the Wall"Neil MarshallDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)6.95[57]
4010"The Children"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)7.09[58]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)411"The Wars to Come"Michael SlovisDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)8.00[59]
422"The House of Black and White"Michael SlovisDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)6.81[60]
433"High Sparrow"Mark MylodDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)6.71[61]
444"Sons of the Harpy"Mark MylodDave HillMay 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)6.82[62]
455"Kill the Boy"Jeremy PodeswaBryan CogmanMay 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)6.56[63]
466"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"Jeremy PodeswaBryan CogmanMay 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)6.24[64]
477"The Gift"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)5.40[65]
488"Hardhome"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)7.01[66]
499"The Dance of Dragons"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)7.14[67]
5010"Mother's Mercy"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)8.11[68]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)511"The Red Woman"Jeremy PodeswaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)7.94[69]
522"Home"Jeremy PodeswaDave HillMay 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)7.29[70]
533"Oathbreaker"Daniel SackheimDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)7.28[71]
544"Book of the Stranger"Daniel SackheimDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)7.82[72]
555"The Door"Jack BenderDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)7.89[73]
566"Blood of My Blood"Jack BenderBryan CogmanMay 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)6.71[74]
577"The Broken Man"Mark MylodBryan CogmanJune 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)7.80[75]
588"No One"Mark MylodDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)7.60[76]
599"Battle of the Bastards"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)7.66[77]
6010"The Winds of Winter"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)8.89[78]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)611"Dragonstone"Jeremy PodeswaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJuly 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)10.11[79]
622"Stormborn"Mark MylodBryan CogmanJuly 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)9.27[80]
633"The Queen's Justice"Mark MylodDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJuly 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)9.25[81]
644"The Spoils of War"Matt ShakmanDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissAugust 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)10.17[82]
655"Eastwatch"Matt ShakmanDave HillAugust 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)10.72[83]
666"Beyond the Wall"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissAugust 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)10.24[84]
677"The Dragon and the Wolf"Jeremy PodeswaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissAugust 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)12.07[85]

text: Season 8[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected by [86][87]Written by [88]Original air date [12]U.S. viewers(millions)681TBADavid NutterDave Hill2019 (2019)TBD
692TBADavid NutterBryan Cogman2019 (2019)TBD
703TBAMiguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD
714TBADavid NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD
725TBAMiguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD
736TBADavid Benioff & D. B. WeissDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

DVD release date

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

1

10

March 6, 2012[89]

March 5, 2012[90]

August 10, 2012[91]

2

10

February 19, 2013[92]

March 4, 2013[93]

March 6, 2013[94]

3

10

February 18, 2014[95]

February 17, 2014[96]

February 19, 2014[97]

4

10

February 17, 2015[98]

February 16, 2015[99]

February 18, 2015[100]

5

10

March 15, 2016[101]

March 14, 2016[102]

March 16, 2016[103]

6

10

November 15, 2016[104]

November 14, 2016[105]

November 16, 2016[106]

7

7

December 12, 2017[107]

December 11, 2017[108]

December 11, 2017[109]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday-night screenings and a gross audience (including repeats and on-demand viewings) of 9.3 million viewers per episode.[110] For its second season, the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers.[111] The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers, making Game of Thrones the second-most-viewed HBO series (after The Sopranos).[112][113] For the fourth season, HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers (later adjusted to 18.6 million) had passed The Sopranos for the record.[114][115] By the sixth season the average per-episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million, with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms.[116] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Game of Thrones was "much more popular in cities than in the countryside, probably the only show involving zombies that is".[117]  By season seven, average viewer numbers had increased to over 30 million per episode across all platforms.[118]

text: The series set records on pay-television channels in the United Kingdom (with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms)[119] and Australia (with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million).[120]


document_title: The Edge of Seventeen

question_text: where did the edge of seventeen take place

text: The Edge of Seventeen

text: Plot[edit]

text: Nadine Franklin (Hailee Steinfeld), a high school junior in the suburbs of Portland, confides to her school teacher Mr. Bruner (Woody Harrelson) that she plans to commit suicide. Her threats and his responses illustrate their uniquely wary relationship. Nadine narrates: By age seven, differences between Nadine and her more popular older brother Darian (Blake Jenner) are already obvious. Nadine has a tempestuous relationship with her overly dramatic and image conscious mother Mona (Kyra Sedgwick) who seems to favor her brother, while Nadine's father, Tom (Eric Keenleyside) is the only immediate member she feels close to. At age 13, Nadine is buoyed by her relationships with her best friend Krista (Haley Lu Richardson) and her father. Nadine's father suffers a fatal heart attack while driving. As a result of her father's death, Nadine's life turns upside down. Up to the time Nadine is 17, Krista was the only "good part" of her life.

text: One night, Nadine and Krista get drunk, while Darian throws a pool party. Nadine falls asleep, and wakes up to find Krista in bed with Darian who is naked. Krista tries to fix things, but Nadine is tormented about her best friend being with her brother. Krista and Darian think to break it off, but he ends up asking her to be his girlfriend. Nadine feels desperately alone and resorts to her classmate Erwin Kim (Hayden Szeto), who has a crush on her. She discovers that although he is awkward, he has a great sense of humor and is kind. Nadine, however, is attracted to older student Nick Mossman (Alexander Calvert), whom she has only met once.

text: Later, Darian invites Krista to a house party, who insists Nadine join them. When they arrive, Krista is introduced to other students, who invite Krista and Darian to play beer pong, leaving Nadine to her own devices. After several failed attempts at talking to others at the party, Nadine goes outside and sits on the porch bench with another partygoer, who remarks how inferior Nadine seems compared to her popular, athletic brother. This conversation drives Nadine to leave the party without Krista or Darian. Nadine then calls Erwin and asks him if he'd like to go with her to the amusement park in which he tries to kiss her, but turns into a comedy of awkwardness and at the end of the night Nadine tells him he's a great guy.

text: Krista confronts Nadine for ignoring her the night before, so Nadine makes her choose between herself and Darian. Krista does not want to choose, and Nadine angrily tells Krista their friendship is over.

text: At school, Mr. Bruner has become Nadine's go-to person for support. He lets her vent her anger at him, but afterwards, as a way to guilt her, reveals that she is his favorite student. Erwin and Nadine spend the evening in his heated swimming pool. Although Erwin is wealthy, his parents conduct business overseas for much of the year and he has become lonely. Nadine learns that he is an animation filmmaker and accepts his invitation to their school's short-film festival. Nadine and her mother end up in an argument about her father, and Nadine drives away. In the heat of the moment, she writes a sexually explicit text to Nick, but decides against sending it. Nonetheless, she accidentally hits "send", and is mortified.

text: The film returns to the present, and Mr. Bruner tries to keep Nadine calm about the text she sent. She receives a text from Nick, asking her to hang out that evening, exciting Nadine. Mona calls Darian, confessing that Nadine is missing, and that she has depended on her son as the father figure since Tom died. Darian leaves to find Nadine. During their date, Nick repeatedly attempts to have sex with Nadine in his car, having interpreted the text as a proposition, while she had been wanting a traditional romantic date. Embarrassed and heartbroken, Nadine runs away and calls Mr. Bruner, who drives her to his house, where they wait with his wife and baby boy until Darian arrives. Darian confesses to Nadine that although his life seems perfect, he has been secretly suffering from the pressures of having to take care of the family ever since their father died. Darian even confesses that he feels trapped and did not apply to colleges far away, and the only person who helps him smile is Krista, but even that is a problem, too, since Nadine is upset that Krista is with him. Nadine confesses to her brother that she has been dealing with self-hatred, intensified by her jealousy of him. For the first time, the two hug and their feud ends.

text: Nadine readies herself for the school's film festival. Nadine walks downstairs on her way out and is welcomed by Darian and Krista, and the two girls agree to catch up later. Mona fears that Nadine has run away. Realizing that her mother is worried, Nadine sends her a text saying that she is safe. Mona decides to trust her word. Erwin's animated film is a story about a green alien boy who falls in love with a girl at high school, but is rejected by her. Realizing the metaphor, Nadine apologizes to Erwin for taking so long to accept his love. Erwin is congratulated by his colleagues. When he introduces Nadine to them, she greets them with a smile, finally opening up to others.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hailee Steinfeld as Nadine Franklin,[5] Darian's younger sister, and Mona and Tom's daughter
Haley Lu Richardson as Krista, Nadine's best friend[6]
Blake Jenner as Darian Franklin, Nadine's older brother and Mona and Tom's son[7]
Woody Harrelson as Mr. Bruner, a high school teacher and Greer's husband[8]
Hayden Szeto as Erwin Kim, Nadine's awkward admirer[7]
Kyra Sedgwick as Mona Franklin, Tom's wife and Darian and Nadine's mother[8]
Eric Keenleyside as Tom Franklin, Mona's husband and Darian and Nadine's father
Alexander Calvert as Nick Mossman, boy who Nadine likes

text: Production[edit]

text: Writer/director Kelly Fremon Craig sent a copy of the screenplay to producer James L. Brooks, hoping that Brooks would produce the film. Craig recalled, "I had written a spec version of this film, and had been just an insane fan of Jim's for years and years. He was the crazy longshot I took in the beginning! And one I never thought would actually work. But I sent him the script and he ended up taking on the project."[9] The Edge of Seventeen is Craig's directorial debut. She also produced the film.[7]

text: On August 4, 2015, Hailee Steinfeld was cast in the film to play the lead role, while Richard Sakai was also attached as a producer of the film.[5] On September 24, 2015, Woody Harrelson and Kyra Sedgwick joined the film's cast, with Harrelson playing the role of a high school teacher and Sedgwick as the main character's mother.[8] On October 6, 2015, Blake Jenner was cast in the film as Nadine's older brother, a popular and handsome soccer player who begins dating Nadine's best friend Krista.[7] Hayden Szeto was cast in the film as Erwin Kim, Nadine's earnest classmate, who fumbles several attempts to win her affection through much of the story. Haley Lu Richardson joined the film to play the role of best friend Krista.[6]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 21, 2015, in Hollywood North, then in Anaheim, California.[10][11] Filming also took place in the Metro Vancouver area, then at Guildford Park Secondary School and near Guildford Town Centre in Surrey, British Columbia. Port Moody was also shown, with the film festival taking place in City Hall.[12] Filming wrapped on December 3, 2015.[13]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Edge of Seventeen, distributed by STX Entertainment, was originally scheduled to be released on September 30, 2016,[6] before being moved to November 18.[14] Stage 6 Films and Sony Pictures Releasing International handle some distribution rights to the film outside the United States.[15]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Edge of Seventeen grossed $14.4 million in the United States and Canada and $4.4 million in other territories for a total of $18.8 million, against a production budget of $9 million.[1]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside the openings of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Bleed for This, as well as the wide expansions of Moonlight and Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk, and was initially expected to gross around $8 million from 1,900 theaters.[16] However, after grossing $1.8 million on its first day, weekend projections were lowered to $4-5 million; it ended up opening with $4.8 million, finishing number seven at the box office.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The movie has received positive reviews, with Steinfeld's performance receiving praise. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Edge of Seventeen's sharp script - and Hailee Steinfeld's outstanding lead performance - make this more than just another coming-of-age dramedy."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[20]

text: IGN reviewer Alex Welch gave the film an 8/10, saying, "Kelly Fremon Craig's The Edge of Seventeen is a pitch-perfect portrait of youth, and the struggles of learning to accept yourself for who you are. It'll have you laughing and crying, sometimes in the same scene, and never feels anything other than sincere and authentic."[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Austin Film Critics Association
December 28, 2016
Best First Film
The Edge of Seventeen
Nominated
[22][23]

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 15, 2016
Most Promising Filmmaker
Kelly Fremon Craig
Nominated
[24]

Critics' Choice Awards
December 11, 2016
Best Young Performer
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[25]

Best Actress in a Comedy
Nominated

Best Comedy
Kelly Fremon Craig
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 19, 2016
Best Film
The Edge of Seventeen
Nominated
[26]

Best Breakthrough
Kelly Fremon Craig (director and screenwriter)
Won

Directors Guild of America Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Directing – First-Time Feature Film
Kelly Fremon Craig
Nominated
[27]

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[28]

Golden Tomato Awards
January 12, 2017
Best Comedy Movie 2016
The Edge of Seventeen
5th Place
[29]

MTV Movie & TV Awards
May 7, 2017
Movie of the Year
Nominated
[30]

Best Actor in a Movie
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle
December 1, 2016
Best First Film
Kelly Fremon Craig
Won[a]
[31]

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Movie: Drama
The Edge Of Seventeen
Nominated
[32]

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[32]

Toronto Film Critics Association
December 11, 2016
Best First Feature
The Edge of Seventeen
Runner-up
[33]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 5, 2016
Best Youth Performance
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[34]

Women Film Critics Circle
December 19, 2016
Best Young Actress
Won
[35]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Tied with Trey Edward Shults for Krisha.


document_title: Spruce Creek Airport

question_text: what is the length of the longest runway at spruce creek airport

text: Spruce Creek Airport

text: Coordinates: 29°04′49″N 081°02′48″W / 29.08028°N 81.04667°W / 29.08028; -81.04667

text:
Spruce Creek Airport

IATA: none
ICAO: none
FAA LID: 7FL6

Summary

Airport type
Private

Owner/Operator
Spruce Creek Prop. Owners Assoc. Inc.

Serves
Daytona Beach, Florida

Location
Port Orange, Florida

Elevation AMSL
24 ft / 7 m

Website
http://www.airport7fl6.com

Runways

Direction
Length
Surface

ft
m

6/24
4,000
1,219
Asphalt

Statistics

Aircraft operations
25,000

Based aircraft
438

Source: Federal Aviation Administration[1]

text: Spruce Creek Airport (FAA LID: 7FL6) is a private airport located in Port Orange, seven miles (11 km) south of the central business district of Daytona Beach, in Volusia County, Florida, United States.[1] It was originally constructed during World War II as an outlying field (OLF) to nearby Naval Air Station DeLand and NAS Daytona Beach. OLF Spruce Creek originally had four paved 4,000 foot runways and was abandoned by the U.S. Navy in 1946.

text: Facilities and aircraft[edit]

text: The Spruce Creek Airport covers an area of 1,350 acres (550 ha), which contains one asphalt-paved runway (5/23) measuring 4,000 × 176 ft (1,219 × 54 m). For a 12-month period the airport had 25,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 68 per day. There are 438 aircraft based at this airport: 67% single-engine, 31% multi-engine, 1% jet and 1% helicopter.[1]


document_title: Freedom of speech

question_text: where did the idea of free speech come from

text: Freedom of speech

text: Origins of freedom of speech and expression[edit]

text: Freedom of speech and expression has a long history that predates modern international human rights instruments.[10] It is thought that ancient Athens' democratic ideology of free speech may have emerged in the late 6th or early 5th century BC.[11] The values of the Roman Republic included freedom of speech and freedom of religion.[12]

text: Concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents.[10] England's Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the constitutional right of 'freedom of speech in Parliament' which is still in effect.[13] The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right.[10] The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that:

text: The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.[14]

text: Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, states that:

text: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.[15]

text: Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.[16] Based on John Milton's arguments, freedom of speech is understood as a multi-faceted right that includes not only the right to express, or disseminate, information and ideas, but three further distinct aspects:

text:
the right to seek information and ideas;
the right to receive information and ideas;
the right to impart information and ideas

text: International, regional and national standards also recognize that freedom of speech, as the freedom of expression, includes any medium, be it orally, in written, in print, through the Internet or through art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression.[16]

text: Relationship to other rights[edit]

text: The right to freedom of speech and expression is closely related to other rights, and may be limited when conflicting with other rights (see limitations on freedom of speech).[16] The right to freedom of expression is also related to the right to a fair trial and court proceeding which may limit access to the search for information, or determine the opportunity and means in which freedom of expression is manifested within court proceedings.[17] As a general principle freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor and reputation of others. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved.[17]

text: The right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all.[16] However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech. Judith Lichtenberg has outlined conditions in which freedom of the press may constrain freedom of speech, for example where the media suppresses information or stifles the diversity of voices inherent in freedom of speech. Lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle "no money, no voice".[18]

text: Democracy and social interaction[edit]

text: Freedom of speech is understood to be fundamental in a democracy. The norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency.[17] One of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and democracy is Alexander Meiklejohn. He argues that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary. In order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information and stifling criticism. Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, the democratic ideal.[19]

text: Eric Barendt has called this defense of free speech on the grounds of democracy "probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies".[20] Thomas I. Emerson expanded on this defense when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and change. Freedom of speech acts as a "safety valve" to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on revolution. He argues that "The principle of open discussion is a method of achieving a more adaptable and at the same time more stable community, of maintaining the precarious balance between healthy cleavage and necessary consensus." Emerson furthermore maintains that "Opposition serves a vital social function in offsetting or ameliorating (the) normal process of bureaucratic decay."[21]

text: Research undertaken by the Worldwide Governance Indicators project at the World Bank, indicates that freedom of speech, and the process of accountability that follows it, have a significant impact in the quality of governance of a country. "Voice and Accountability" within a country, defined as "the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and free media" is one of the six dimensions of governance that the Worldwide Governance Indicators measure for more than 200 countries.[22] Against this backdrop it is important that development agencies create grounds for effective support for a free press in developing countries.[23]

text: Richard Moon has developed the argument that the value of freedom of speech and freedom of expression lies with social interactions. Moon writes that "by communicating an individual forms relationships and associations with others – family, friends, co-workers, church congregation, and countrymen. By entering into discussion with others an individual participates in the development of knowledge and in the direction of the community."[24]

text: Free speech on university campuses in the United-States[edit]

text: University campuses have historically been bastions of free speech. UC Berkeley was the birthplace of the Free Speech Movement.

text: In recent times, a number of colleges and universities in the United States have since backed away from a position of absolute support for free speech. Several colleges have dis-invited prominent conservative speakers, a few more have developed their own speech codes that prohibit what they may deem "offensive speech". Students have also protested the participation of politically unpopular speakers on campus, including those that are traditionalist Christians, pro-Israel, anti-abortion, or otherwise conservative.[25]

text: This wave of activism by students, and occasionally professors, advocating for the tightening of permissible speech was commented on and condemned by President Obama in 2015.[26] Several high-profile incidents have occurred since 2014 in which large protests, which ranged in nature from peaceful disruption to widespread violence and rioting,[27] periodically occurred on college campuses, such as at Yale University in 2016,[28] at the University of Missouri in 2015,[29] at the University of California Berkeley in 2017,[27] at Middlebury College in 2017,[30] at Evergreen State College in 2017,[31] and elsewhere. The rise of far-left militant groups, such as Antifa, prompted in large part by the election of Donald Trump to the presidency, which are often attracted to college protests, have led to a rise in the level of violence of some protests.[27][32]

text: University of California, Los Angeles Chancellor Gene Block issued a statement concerning both the value of free speech and the responsibility for civil discourse. The statement was in favor of an environment in which people coming from different beliefs and backgrounds may engage in passionate dialogue without belittling one another. In Block's view, "just because speech is constitutionally protected doesn’t mean that it is wise, fair or productive."[33]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Legal systems sometimes recognize certain limits on the freedom of speech, particularly when freedom of speech conflicts with other rights and freedoms, such as in the cases of libel, slander, pornography, obscenity, fighting words, and intellectual property. Justifications for limitations to freedom of speech often reference the "harm principle" or the "offense principle". Limitations to freedom of speech may occur through legal sanction or social disapprobation, or both.[35] Certain public institutions may also enact policies restricting the freedom of speech, for example speech codes at state schools.

text: In On Liberty (1859), John Stuart Mill argued that "...there ought to exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine, however immoral it may be considered."[35] Mill argues that the fullest liberty of expression is required to push arguments to their logical limits, rather than the limits of social embarrassment. However, Mill also introduced what is known as the harm principle, in placing the following limitation on free expression: "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others."[35]

text: In 1985, Joel Feinberg introduced what is known as the "offense principle", arguing that Mill's harm principle does not provide sufficient protection against the wrongful behaviors of others. Feinberg wrote "It is always a good reason in support of a proposed criminal prohibition that it would probably be an effective way of preventing serious offense (as opposed to injury or harm) to persons other than the actor, and that it is probably a necessary means to that end."[36] Hence Feinberg argues that the harm principle sets the bar too high and that some forms of expression can be legitimately prohibited by law because they are very offensive. But, as offending someone is less serious than harming someone, the penalties imposed should be higher for causing harm.[36] In contrast, Mill does not support legal penalties unless they are based on the harm principle.[35] Because the degree to which people may take offense varies, or may be the result of unjustified prejudice, Feinberg suggests that a number of factors need to be taken into account when applying the offense principle, including: the extent, duration and social value of the speech, the ease with which it can be avoided, the motives of the speaker, the number of people offended, the intensity of the offense, and the general interest of the community at large.[35]

text: Along similar lines as Mill, Jasper Doomen has argued that harm should be defined from the point of view of the individual citizen, not limiting harm to physical harm since nonphysical harm may also be involved; Feinberg's distinction between harm and offense is criticized as largely trivial.[37]

text: In 1999, Bernard Harcourt wrote of the collapse of the harm principle: "Today the debate is characterized by a cacophony of competing harm arguments without any way to resolve them. There is no longer an argument within the structure of the debate to resolve the competing claims of harm. The original harm principle was never equipped determine the relative importance of harms."[38]

text: Interpretations of both the harm and offense limitations to freedom of speech are culturally and politically relative. For instance, in Russia, the harm and offense principles have been used to justify the Russian LGBT propaganda law restricting speech (and action) in relation to LGBT issues. A number of European countries that take pride in freedom of speech nevertheless outlaw speech that might be interpreted as Holocaust denial. These include Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, and Switzerland.[39]

text: Kurt Westergaard, a Danish cartoonist, created the controversial cartoon of the Islamic prophet Muhammad wearing a bomb in his turban and was met with strong violent reactions worldwide.[40]

text: Norman Finkelstein, a writer and professor of political science expressed the opinion that Charlie Hebdo's abrasive cartoons of Muhammad exceeded the boundaries of free speech, and compared those cartoons with the cartoons of Julius Streicher,[41] who was hanged by the Allies after World War II for the words and drawings he had published. In 2006, in response to a particularly abrasive issue of Charlie Hebdo, French President Jacques Chirac condemned "overt provocations" which could inflame passions. "Anything that can hurt the convictions of someone else, in particular religious convictions, should be avoided", Chirac said.[42]

text: In the U.S., the standing landmark opinion on political speech is Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969),[43] expressly overruling Whitney v. California.[44] In Brandenburg, the US Supreme Court referred to the right even to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms:

text: [Our] decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action.[45]

text: The opinion in Brandenburg discarded the previous test of "clear and present danger" and made the right to freedom of (political) speech's protections in the United States almost absolute.[46][47] Hate speech is also protected by the First Amendment in the United States, as decided in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, (1992) in which the Supreme Court ruled that hate speech is permissible, except in the case of imminent violence.[48] See the First Amendment to the United States Constitution for more detailed information on this decision and its historical background.

text: The Internet and information society[edit]

text: Jo Glanville, editor of the Index on Censorship, states that "the Internet has been a revolution for censorship as much as for free speech".[50] International, national and regional standards recognise that freedom of speech, as one form of freedom of expression, applies to any medium, including the Internet.[16] The Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996 was the first major attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet. In 1997, in the landmark cyberlaw case of Reno v. ACLU, the US Supreme Court partially overturned the law.[51] Judge Stewart R. Dalzell, one of the three federal judges who in June 1996 declared parts of the CDA unconstitutional, in his opinion stated the following:[52]

text: The Internet is a far more speech-enhancing medium than print, the village green, or the mails. Because it would necessarily affect the Internet itself, the CDA would necessarily reduce the speech available for adults on the medium. This is a constitutionally intolerable result. Some of the dialogue on the Internet surely tests the limits of conventional discourse. Speech on the Internet can be unfiltered, unpolished, and unconventional, even emotionally charged, sexually explicit, and vulgar – in a word, "indecent" in many communities. But we should expect such speech to occur in a medium in which citizens from all walks of life have a voice. We should also protect the autonomy that such a medium confers to ordinary people as well as media magnates.[...] My analysis does not deprive the Government of all means of protecting children from the dangers of Internet communication. The Government can continue to protect children from pornography on the Internet through vigorous enforcement of existing laws criminalizing obscenity and child pornography. [...] As we learned at the hearing, there is also a compelling need for public educations about the benefits and dangers of this new medium, and the Government can fill that role as well. In my view, our action today should only mean that Government's permissible supervision of Internet contents stops at the traditional line of unprotected speech. [...] The absence of governmental regulation of Internet content has unquestionably produced a kind of chaos, but as one of the plaintiff's experts put it with such resonance at the hearing: "What achieved success was the very chaos that the Internet is. The strength of the Internet is chaos." Just as the strength of the Internet is chaos, so that strength of our liberty depends upon the chaos and cacophony of the unfettered speech the First Amendment protects.[52]

text: The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Declaration of Principles adopted in 2003 makes specific reference to the importance of the right to freedom of expression for the "Information Society" in stating:

text: We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the Information society, and as outlined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organisation. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers.[53]

text: According to Bernt Hugenholtz and Lucie Guibault the public domain is under pressure from the "commodification of information" as information with previously little or no economic value has acquired independent economic value in the information age. This includes factual data, personal data, genetic information and pure ideas. The commodification of information is taking place through intellectual property law, contract law, as well as broadcasting and telecommunications law.[54]

text: Freedom of information[edit]

text: Freedom of information is an extension of freedom of speech where the medium of expression is the Internet. Freedom of information may also refer to the right to privacy in the context of the Internet and information technology. As with the right to freedom of expression, the right to privacy is a recognised human right and freedom of information acts as an extension to this right.[55] Freedom of information may also concern censorship in an information technology context, i.e. the ability to access Web content, without censorship or restrictions.[56]

text: Freedom of information is also explicitly protected by acts such as the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act of Ontario, in Canada.[57]

text: Internet censorship[edit]

text: The concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the internet. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.[58] The Global Internet Freedom Consortium claims to remove blocks to the "free flow of information" for what they term "closed societies".[59] According to the Reporters without Borders (RWB) "internet enemy list" the following states engage in pervasive internet censorship: China, Cuba, Iran, Myanmar/Burma, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[60]

text: A widely publicized example of internet censorship is the "Great Firewall of China" (in reference both to its role as a network firewall and to the ancient Great Wall of China). The system blocks content by preventing IP addresses from being routed through and consists of standard firewall and proxy servers at the Internet gateways. The system also selectively engages in DNS poisoning when particular sites are requested. The government does not appear to be systematically examining Internet content, as this appears to be technically impractical.[61] Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China is conducted under a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations, including more than sixty regulations directed at the Internet. Censorship systems are vigorously implemented by provincial branches of state-owned ISPs, business companies, and organizations.[62][63]

text: History of dissent and truth[edit]

text: Before the invention of the printing press a written work, once created, could only be physically multiplied by highly laborious and error-prone manual copying. No elaborate system of censorship and control over scribes existed, who until the 14th century were restricted to religious institutions, and their works rarely caused wider controversy. In response to the printing press, and the heresies it allowed to spread, the Roman Catholic Church moved to impose censorship.[64] Printing allowed for multiple exact copies of a work, leading to a more rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information (see print culture).[65] The origins of copyright law in most European countries lie in efforts by the Roman Catholic Church and governments to regulate and control the output of printers.[65]

text: In 1501 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bill against the unlicensed printing of books and in 1559 the Index Expurgatorius, or List of Prohibited Books, was issued for the first time.[64] The Index Expurgatorius is the most famous and long lasting example of "bad books" catalogues issued by the Roman Catholic Church, which presumed to be in authority over private thoughts and opinions, and suppressed views that went against its doctrines. The Index Expurgatorius was administered by the Roman Inquisition, but enforced by local government authorities, and went through 300 editions. Amongst others, it banned or censored books written by René Descartes, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei, David Hume, John Locke, Daniel Defoe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire.[67] While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways because it allowed for the dissemination of Bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. As a consequence, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade and produce books.[65]

text: The notion that the expression of dissent or subversive views should be tolerated, not censured or punished by law, developed alongside the rise of printing and the press. Areopagitica, published in 1644, was John Milton's response to the Parliament of England's re-introduction of government licensing of printers, hence publishers.[68] Church authorities had previously ensured that Milton's essay on the right to divorce was refused a license for publication. In Areopagitica, published without a license,[69] Milton made an impassioned plea for freedom of expression and toleration of falsehood,[68] stating:

text: Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.[68]

text: Milton's defense of freedom of expression was grounded in a Protestant worldview and he thought that the English people had the mission to work out the truth of the Reformation, which would lead to the enlightenment of all people. But Milton also articulated the main strands of future discussions about freedom of expression. By defining the scope of freedom of expression and of "harmful" speech Milton argued against the principle of pre-censorship and in favor of tolerance for a wide range of views.[68] Freedom of the press ceased being regulated in England in 1695 when the Licensing Order of 1643 was allowed to expire after the introduction of the Bill of Rights 1689 shortly after the Glorious Revolution.[72][73] The emergence of publications like the Tatler (1709) and the Spectator (1711) are given credit for creating a 'bourgeois public sphere' in England that allowed for a free exchange of ideas and information.

text: As the "menace" of printing spread, more governments attempted to centralize control.[74] The French crown repressed printing and the printer Etienne Dolet was burned at the stake in 1546. In 1557 the British Crown thought to stem the flow of seditious and heretical books by chartering the Stationers' Company. The right to print was limited to the members of that guild, and thirty years later the Star Chamber was chartered to curtail the "greate enormities and abuses" of "dyvers contentyous and disorderlye persons professinge the arte or mystere of pryntinge or selling of books." The right to print was restricted to two universities and to the 21 existing printers in the city of London, which had 53 printing presses. As the British crown took control of type founding in 1637 printers fled to the Netherlands. Confrontation with authority made printers radical and rebellious, with 800 authors, printers and book dealers being incarcerated in the Bastille in Paris before it was stormed in 1789.[74]

text: A succession of English thinkers was at the forefront of early discussion on a right to freedom of expression, among them John Milton (1608–74) and John Locke (1632–1704). Locke established the individual as the unit of value and the bearer of rights to life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness. However Locke's ideas evolved primarily around the concept of the right to seek salvation for one's soul, and was thus primarily concerned with theological matters. Locke neither supported a universal toleration of peoples nor freedom of speech; according to his ideas, some groups, such as atheists, should not be allowed.[75]

text: By the second half of the 17th century philosophers on the European continent like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle developed ideas encompassing a more universal aspect freedom of speech and toleration than the early English philosophers.[75] By the 18th century the idea of freedom of speech was being discussed by thinkers all over the Western world, especially by French philosophes like Denis Diderot, Baron d'Holbach and Claude Adrien Helvétius.[76] The idea began to be incorporated in political theory both in theory as well as practice; the first state edict in history proclaiming complete freedom of speech was the one issued December 4, 1770 in Denmark-Norway during the regency of Johann Friedrich Struensee.[77] However Struensee himself imposed some minor limitations to this edict in October 7, 1771, and it was even further limited after the fall of Struensee with legislation introduced in 1773, although censorship was not reintroduced.[78]

text: John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) argued that without human freedom there can be no progress in science, law or politics, which according to Mill required free discussion of opinion. Mill's On Liberty, published in 1859 became a classic defence of the right to freedom of expression.[68] Mill argued that truth drives out falsity, therefore the free expression of ideas, true or false, should not be feared. Truth is not stable or fixed, but evolves with time. Mill argued that much of what we once considered true has turned out false. Therefore, views should not be prohibited for their apparent falsity. Mill also argued that free discussion is necessary to prevent the "deep slumber of a decided opinion". Discussion would drive the onwards march of truth and by considering false views the basis of true views could be re-affirmed.[79] Furthermore, Mill argued that an opinion only carries intrinsic value to the owner of that opinion, thus silencing the expression of that opinion is an injustice to a basic human right. For Mill, the only instance in which speech can be justifiably suppressed is in order to prevent harm from a clear and direct threat. Neither economic or moral implications, nor the speakers own well-being would justify suppression of speech.[80]

text: In Evelyn Beatrice Hall's biography of Voltaire, she coined the following sentence to illustrate Voltaire's beliefs: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."[81] Hall's quote is frequently cited to describe the principle of freedom of speech.[81] In the 20th Century, Noam Chomsky states that: "If you believe in freedom of speech, you believe in freedom of speech for views you don't like. Stalin and Hitler, for example, were dictators in favor of freedom of speech for views they liked only. If you're in favor of freedom of speech, that means you're in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise."[82] Lee Bollinger argues that "the free speech principle involves a special act of carving out one area of social interaction for extraordinary self-restraint, the purpose of which is to develop and demonstrate a social capacity to control feelings evoked by a host of social encounters." Bollinger argues that tolerance is a desirable value, if not essential. However, critics argue that society should be concerned by those who directly deny or advocate, for example, genocide (see limitations above).[83]


document_title: Ann Perkins

question_text: when does ann and chris get back together

text: Ann Perkins

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: At the start of the series, Ann Perkins was dating Andy Dwyer, her live-in boyfriend. Ann matured faster than Andy did and, while Ann entered into a career in nursing, Andy remained lazy, spoiled, and unemployed.[1] After Andy falls into a large pit next to her house and breaks his legs, Ann is inspired to attend Parks and Recreation meetings to advocate for filling in the pit, which leads Ann to befriend the department's deputy director Leslie Knope.[2] Eventually, after Andy's leg casts are removed, Ann learns he could have taken them off weeks prior, but did not because he enjoyed being pampered and spoiled by Ann. This leads to an angry confrontation, and eventually the two break up, much to Andy's despair.[3]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After Andy, Pawnee city planner Mark fell into the construction pit (at the end of season one) and is nursed by Ann during his time at the hospital. The two develop a romantic interest in each other and start dating only after Leslie, who previously harbored feelings for Mark, assures Ann she is fine with the pairing.[4] At first, Ann seems to be happy with Mark, but as time goes on, she starts getting bored having a normal and healthy relationship, remembering that her relationship with Andy, while terrible, was more interesting. Furthermore, she shows a hint of jealousy toward Andy's budding relationship with April. However, she continues to date Mark unsure of what her true feelings are for him. Yet, when Mark attempts to propose to her, she realises that her feelings for Mark have left and wants to be with Andy. She and Mark break up, and Mark leaves his government job to work in the private sector. In the season finale episode, after Andy crashes his motorcycle, Ann kisses him while nursing him at the hospital. On another night, she gets drunk and kisses state auditor Chris Traeger, which prompts him to continually ask her out on a date, which invitations she declines because she is put off by his excessive positivity.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Ann continues to be asked out by Chris but continually declines. Leslie sees an opportunity to utilize Chris' positivity to bring more funds into the Parks Department by having Ann bring it up on a date. While out, Ann learns of the reason for Chris' positivity: he had a rare blood disorder and was expected to die as a baby, and so he is happy to still be alive many years later; as a result, she takes a genuine liking to him. Their date is ruined when both Leslie and Ben crash it, and Leslie accidentally reveals the motive behind the date. Ann later apologizes to Chris and asks him out on another date, and the two soon enter into a relationship. Initially, Ann was intimidated by Chris' intensity, calling him "the perfect human man". But after he is incapacitated by a serious flu virus and so drops his appearance of perfection, Ann relaxes. After a few weeks of dating Ann is infatuated enough with Chris to have no issues with the idea of leaving Pawnee and following him to Indianapolis. When the two discuss the issue of a long distance relationship or the notion of Ann's moving with him, Ann believes that things are a bit cleared up although she came up with no definite solution on the issue. Ann later tells Leslie Chris became distant after their "talk", which prompts Leslie to search his house for items that could suggest his infidelity, when she and Ron visit his house in Indianapolis. There, she finds a pink razor and pink swim cap, and calls Ann about it. Ann then storms into Chris' house drilling him about whether he is cheating on her, only to find out that he had actually broken up with her in their conversation the week before; Ann did not realize he had dumped her, because Chris was so cheerful about it, and Ann had never been dumped in her life before that point. Ann is shown to be emotionally affected by the break up, and she begins engaging in impulsive behaviors, such as dyeing part of her hair red and making out with a patient during the Harvest Festival. When Chris returns to Pawnee as the temporary city manager, the two of them discuss their relationship over dinner, where Ann is fooled again by his positive attitude into thinking their relationship is back on. In order to cope, she decides to start dating again, which causes her to be more distant from Leslie. Leslie, in response, recommends her as the new Health Department public relations director. Ann ends up taking the job part-time so she can still be a nurse at the hospital.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Ann moves on from Chris after they shoot a PSA. Ann gets closer to Ron and April after she tells them a disgusting medical story. This results from several failed attempts to engage in small talk, over fact-checking Leslie's book. Ann is again a big supporter in Leslie and Ben getting back together. She also agrees to help Leslie with her campaign and temporarily became her campaign manager. In Operation Ann, Leslie tries to help Ann meet a date. She ends up going out with Tom Haverford, even though almost everything he does frustrates her and they frequently break up. On election night, a drunken Ann agrees to move in with Tom.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season five, Ann and Tom have moved in together. Despite realizing, within two days, that it was a mistake, they stay together to thwart their co-workers' expectations that it wouldn't last, and so Tom won't lose his $1,000 bet with Donna. They publicly break up when Donna tells them she knows the truth and lets Tom off the hook.

text: Ann decides she wants to have a child and begins the process of fertilization, asking Chris Traeger to father her child. Chris accepts her offer in the episode "Bailout". Ann and April's friendship expands this season, culminating in a hug and an admission on April's part that she considers Ann a friend.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the season six premiere, Ann reveals that she is back together with Chris, and she is pregnant.

text: In the episode "New Beginnings", Chris and Ann briefly get engaged but decide that they don't need to be married since they're both happy with their relationship. They also learn they're having a boy.

text: Chris and Ann decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan, as Chris is offered a job at the University of Michigan coupled with their desire to be closer to Ann's family, who reside in Michigan. Upon hearing the news, Leslie decides to throw Ann a goodbye party and start groundbreaking on "Pawnee Commons", the lot that was a pit at the start of the series, which Leslie vowed to turn into a park. On Ann and Chris' final day in Pawnee, Ann tells Leslie she will always be her best friend and invites her to come and visit, then she and Chris leave Pawnee for good.

text: On "Galentine's Day", Ann hangs up on Leslie from their scheduled phone call. Leslie later finds out that Ann did this because she was in labor and didn't want Leslie to drop everything to come see her. Ann is later visited by Leslie at the hospital, and she is seen holding her newborn son Oliver Perkins-Traeger. Chris is not featured in the episode because he was asked to be the birthing coach for another patient, since he did such a great job with Ann.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Ann and Chris, now married, return for a guest appearance in the series finale in order to advise Leslie in 2025. It is revealed that after Oliver, the couple had a second child, a daughter named Leslie.

text: Development[edit]

text: While in early stages of developing Parks and Recreation, Greg Daniels and Michael Schur had been considering ideas for a possible show involving Rashida Jones before the concept of the series was even established. Both Daniels and Schur had worked with Jones on the Daniels-created NBC comedy series, The Office, in which Jones played the character Karen Filippelli. It was only after Amy Poehler was cast as protagonist Leslie Knope that the concept of the show and Ann's character were fully developed.[5] While most of the Parks and Recreation character work for the local Pawnee government, Ann Perkins was initially conceived as a political outsider who became indirectly involved in municipal government and, in Schur's words, "got drawn into Leslie's world".[6]

text: Ann Perkins appeared in every episode of Parks and Recreation until Season 6, except for "Woman of the Year", which she missed because she was filming scenes for the David Fincher film The Social Network (2010).[7][8] Her last name was inspired by Nancy Perkins, one of the casting directors who worked on the show.[9] In crafting the Ann Perkins character, the staff were drawn to the idea of building a show around a female relationship, namely Ann and Leslie Knope's.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
God bless you, Rashida Jones's agent, you know how to draw up an ironclad contract. Jones herself is never a chore to watch; far from it, and it can only be assumed she's equally charming to work with. [But] the Parks and Recreation writers are the smartest in the business, and even they seem at a loss as to what to do with Ann Perkins.
“
”

– Steve Kandell, New York magazine[7]

tag: div

text: While most reviewers have praised Rashida Jones' performance, the character of Ann Perkins initially received mixed reviews from critics. Ann often serves as a straight man to the other characters, particularly Leslie Knope,[11][12][13] and some reviewers have said Rashida Jones' talent has been under-utilized in the role.[14][15] Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote, "While I like Rashida Jones in the part, her character usually does best when she's got some wacky person to play off of."[16] Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis said, "Even Parks and Rec lovers often agree that Rashida Jones’s character can seem, well, kind of boring."[17] Matt Fowler of IGN wrote, "Ann isn't necessarily the funniest character on the show, to say the least",[18] but he said she is capable of being very humorous, adding: "Rashida Jones is sexy and funny, but a lot of her humor is subtle and thankless."[19] New York magazine writer Steve Kandell said he did not believe the Ann character was necessary for the show because she was too far removed from the other characters. He added, "The Parks and Recreation writers are the smartest in the business, and even they seem at a loss as to what to do with Ann Perkins."[7] However, Los Angeles Times reporter Robert Lloyd said he felt Jones and Amy Poehler had a good comedic rhythm with each other,[20] and The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow said Jones has a "natural comic sensibility" who rarely gets the best material due to her straight man role.[13] Television columnist Alan Sepinwall said Jones not only plays a good straight man, but particularly excels in bringing the best comedic potential out of her fellow cast members.[21] The character was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest TV Nurses".[22]

text: Many reviewers were critical of the pairing of Mark and Ann, feeling the couple lacked chemistry and were often the least funny parts of the individual episodes.[23][24][25] Entertainment Weekly writer Margaret Lyons called Mark and Ann the show's "Achilles' heel",[26] and Sandra Gonzalez, also from Entertainment Weekly, wrote, "No matter what they do with these two, I can’t help but be bored."[27] Alan Sepinwall said the relationship was ineffective because both Mark and Ann are "straight man" characters, and he called the pairing one of the few mistakes of the second season.[11] In his review of "94 Meetings", in which Mark discusses his intentions to marry Ann, Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club wrote of the couple, "their scenes just seemed to lay there and die: action was set up but never resolved, and the deferral contained no laughs to compensate for the dramatic fizzle".[25] Matt Fowler of IGN called the pairing one of the "lesser elements" of the second season, but said it had more to do with Mark than Ann: "Mark just wound up feeling extraneous, [but] I can also appreciate the nuanced realism of Ann just realizing that she wasn't ultimately that 'into him' as a way to break them up."[28]

text: Ann would receive much more positive reviews in the later seasons. Many reviewers claimed Ann's relationship with Chris in the third season was a major improvement,[11][18] with several writing that Chris' near-perfection took the normally composed Ann out of her comfort zone, giving Rashida Jones more comedic material to work with.[13][17] Several commentators felt Ann's character in general saw major improvements during the third season, such as in subplots where she started acting eccentricly after her break-up with Chris, or her phase of dating several random men.[12][29][30] Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote that by the middle of the third season, "Ann's character defies all the expectations heaped on her from two previous seasons".[31] Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com wrote: "Rashida Jones hasn't been given too much opportunity to shine within the ensemble, so pushing her off the deep-end seems to be a good decision. Jones is a really funny actress if given the right material, and it's quickly becoming apparent that the 'crazy, almost slutty' approach is one that works in a comedic way for her very, very well."[32] Matt Fowler of IGN wrote, "While Ann still isn't the best of the bunch as far as characters go, she was able to be a part of more great scenes this year by getting paired up with Chris in the first half of the season and getting to have some great moments of drunken anger in 'The Fight'."[33] Several reviews also praised the pairing of Ann and Donna Meagle, who gives her dating advice in the episode "Harvest Festival" and "April and Andy's Fancy Party".[34][35]