document_title: Quinn Fabray

question_text: who does quinn end up with on glee

question_tokens: who does quinn end up with on glee

text: Quinn Fabray

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Quinn is introduced as the captain of the cheerleading squad at William McKinley High School, the "Cheerios", coached by Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch). She comes from a conservative Christian family,[3] and is president of the celibacy club.[4] When her teenage boyfriend Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) joins the glee club, New Directions, Quinn worries about his interaction with the group's star, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), and joins New Directions herself along with her fellow Cheerios Santana (Naya Rivera) and Brittany (Heather Morris). Sue then enlists the three of them to help her destroy the glee club from the inside.[5]

text: Upon discovering her pregnancy, Quinn convinces Finn that he is the father, despite the fact that they never actually had a sexual encounter. Quinn claims that due to his premature ejaculation problem, and during their time in a hot-tub, Finn had ejaculated in the tub and Quinn had received the sperm. The real father is Finn's best friend Puck (Mark Salling), who offers to support Quinn and the baby, but is rejected for his irresponsibility.[6] Quinn decides to have the baby adopted, and agrees to give it to Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig), the wife of glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), who is faking a pregnancy.[7] When news of her pregnancy is revealed to the school, Quinn is cut from the cheerleading squad and her popularity declines.[8] Her parents evict her, and Quinn moves in with Finn and his mother.[9] She begins to reconsider having the baby adopted, and gives Puck a chance to prove himself, but he is not reliable so she returns to her plan of giving the baby to Terri.[10] Quinn blackmails Sue into letting her rejoin the Cheerios, but ultimately decides against it, preferring to remain with the glee club, where she feels accepted.[11] Finn learns the truth about the baby's paternity from Rachel, and breaks up with Quinn. Puck again offers to support her, but she turns him down and tells him that she wants to handle the pregnancy by herself.[12] She moves in with Puck's family,[13] but after forming a friendship with fellow New Directions member Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Quinn lives with her family instead.[14] She gives birth to a daughter, named Beth by Puck, who is adopted by Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline and Rachel's biological mother.[15]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: At the beginning of the new school year, Quinn is reinstated as head cheerleader.[16] She begins dating new glee club member Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet),[17] and later accepts a promise ring from him.[18] When Sue forces Quinn, Santana and Brittany to choose between cheerleading and the glee club, all three initially go with the Cheerios to retain their popularity, but are later convinced by Finn to defect to New Directions. Quinn cheats on Sam with Finn,[19] and Sam dumps Quinn after she lies to him about her time with Finn. She and Finn reunite, and Quinn starts campaigning for junior prom king and queen elections. Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), Puck's new girlfriend and one of Quinn's rivals for prom queen, discovers that before transferring to McKinley High, Quinn was known by her first name, Lucy. She was overweight and unpopular, and after slimming down and having rhinoplasty, reinvented herself as Quinn, using her middle name.[20] At prom, Finn is thrown out for fighting with Rachel's date Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff). Quinn is not named prom queen, and blames Rachel for her loss. She slaps her, but immediately regrets it and apologizes. Finn later breaks up with Quinn when he realizes he has a deeper connection with Rachel.[21]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: At the start of her senior year, Quinn has completely reinvented herself and refuses to rejoin either the Cheerios or New Directions, although when New Directions performs "You Can't Stop The Beat" in the auditorium Quinn can be seen watching them with a conflicted look on her face.[22] Shelby lets Puck see Beth, but rejects Quinn's desire to do likewise due to Quinn's bad-girl attitude, appearance and behavior.[23] After seeing a picture of a happy Beth and Puck, Quinn resumes her normal appearance, and Will and the New Directions welcome her back into the club, but Quinn reveals to Puck she is only pretending to behave in order to take Beth back from Shelby, and intends to pursue full custody.[23] After Puck tells Shelby of Quinn's true intentions, Shelby informs Quinn that she does not want her in Beth's life.[24] Quinn later reveals a desire to have a second baby with Puck.[25] Puck refuses, and tries to comfort her; he offers to share an important secret if she promises not to tell anyone, which ultimately results in Quinn planning to get Shelby fired for sleeping with a student, Puck. Quinn decides not to reveal Shelby's secret for Beth's sake.[25][26]

text: Quinn advises Rachel to refuse Finn's marriage proposal and leave her past behind.[27] Quinn has done so, and she has been accepted at Yale.[27] Quinn asks to allow her to rejoin the Cheerios, but Sue refuses.[28] However, following Regionals, she changes her mind. Quinn also changes her mind about Finn and Rachel's marriage and supports it.[28] Rachel is reluctant to start the subsequent wedding without Quinn, and texts Quinn.[28] Quinn is responding to Rachel's text when a truck crashes into the driver's side of her car.

text: Quinn's car accident has left her in a wheelchair, suffering from a severely compressed spine.[28] By "Prom-asaurus" she is able to stand and to walk a few steps in the sessions.[29][30] When Quinn is nominated for prom queen, Finn agrees to campaign with her, but is outraged when he discovers that she has been hiding the fact that she can now stand for the sympathy vote.[30] When Quinn and Santana count the votes, they discover that Finn has won and so has Quinn.[30] Quinn realizes that the victory means nothing.[30] She and Santana falsely report the prom queen results as a write-in victory for Rachel.[30] Her recovery is rapid enough to allow her to dance in the "Nationals" competition episode, which New Directions wins.[31] Quinn helps Puck study for the test he needs to pass in order to graduate. She tells him that with all they went through, they are bonded for life, and she kisses him. Emboldened, Puck passes his test. Later, Quinn returns her cheerleading uniform to Sue, and the two have a tearful farewell.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Quinn returns to Lima for Thanksgiving in the eighth episode of the season, and helps to mentor the new members of New Directions as they prepare for Sectionals competition.[32] Quinn is partnered with Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin). Kitty convinces Quinn, whom she idolizes, that Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Puck's half brother, is pressuring Marley into having sex with him. Quinn becomes hostile towards Jake, Santana confronts Quinn about having discovered that Kitty has given Marley laxatives in order to further Marley's bulimia. Quinn, who is dating one of her teachers at Yale, accuses Santana of being jealous of her and projecting her hostility in their surrogates, leading to a fight before Quinn storms out of the choir room.[32] Quinn travels to New York to give Rachel helpful advice over whether or not to do a nude scene in a short film in "Naked".[33] Quinn returns to Lima for Will and Emma's wedding in "I Do", and evidently single again, vents her frustrations about men. She and Santana get drunk at the wedding reception and sleep together, which they agree was a fun one-time, and then two time, experimentation for Quinn.[34]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Quinn returns to Lima with a new boyfriend, Biff, for the special 100th episode. Puck is jealous of their relationship, because he still loves her. Quinn is lying to him because she does not want him to know about her past yet. Puck convinces her to tell Biff the truth, which she does. Biff reacts wrongly and insults her, which causes a fight between Puck and Biff. They later break-up. Puck and Quinn talk about Finn and their relationship, and she realizes that she still loves him. They later start a relationship again, which is later confirmed in the next episode.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Quinn along with the New Directions alumni return in the episode "Homecoming" to help Rachel and Kurt rebuild the New Directions. Quinn, Santana, and Brittany attempt to recruit new members by performing in Cheerios Alumni outfits, but only recruit twins Mason and Madison when former Glee new member, Kitty, who was the only member not to be transferred as Sue saw her as a star player, announced she wouldn't return because of the way Artie treated her and everyone else when he left. Puck is still her boyfriend. She appears in "Jagged Little Tapestry" along with Tina to help Becky convince her new boyfriend that she is in every club of the school. Quinn, Tina, Sue, and Coach Roz get a huge surprise when they find out that Becky's boyfriend, Darrell, does not have Down syndrome like Becky does. They all get a big lesson when they confront him and realize that a person with Down syndrome should be treated like everyone else. Despite being Santana and Brittany's best friend, she is notably absent during their wedding in "A Wedding". She is mentioned several times during the Pilot's parallel episode "2009", as Finn's cheerleader girlfriend. She is later seen during Don't Stop Believin' watching the performance with Sue and Santana. She returns in the last minutes of the series finale "Dreams Come True" performing backing vocals for I Lived with the rest of the Glee Cast for the re-dedication of the Auditorium.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: Quinn is portrayed by actress Dianna Agron. In casting Glee, series creator Ryan Murphy sought out actors who could identify with the rush of starring in theatrical roles. Instead of using traditional network casting calls, he spent three months on Broadway looking for unknown actors.[35] Agron was the last primary actor to be cast, having won the role only days before the pilot began filming.[36] Agron auditioned for Glee coming from a background in dancing and acting. She has been taking dance classes since the age of three, appeared in many music theatre productions and has appeared in television roles for Skidmarks, CSI: NY, and Heroes.[37] Agron said in a 2009 interview pertaining to her casting session: "I nearly bailed on my audition for the show. I was so nervous". With her wholesome good looks, Agron certainly looked the part, but the producers wondered if she appeared too innocent. Agron said in an interview: "They told me to come back with straight hair and to dress sexier. Later that week, I started work."[38] Agron auditioned with Frank Sinatra's "Fly Me to the Moon".[36] The Glee producers said "we really lucked out in finding Agron to play Quinn".[36]

text: In December 2010, Ryan Murphy announced that the cast of Glee would be replaced at the end of the third season to coincide with their graduation.[39] Murphy said: "Every year we're going to populate a new group. There's nothing more depressing than a high schooler with a bald spot." He also revealed that some of the original cast will leave as early as 2012: "I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers' lives."[39] Although four graduating seniors were confirmed in January 2012 as returning in the fourth season—Rachel, Finn, Kurt and Santana—there had been no announcement regarding Quinn or any other seniors as of the end of February 2012.[40] As of May 2012, Murphy stated that all graduating seniors will come back for season 4 but, not all will be doing "all 22 episodes".

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Quinn is described by Agron as Rachel Berry's (Lea Michele) enemy, and "terrible, the meanest girl".[2] Agron said that her favorite part of Quinn is that "she's smart. But she's also human, and through her tough exterior, she's often a little girl lost."[41] Interviewmagazine.com's Lauren Waterman has described her as being "lovable, but occasionally a manipulative deposed queen bee."[38] Agron commented: "Yes, there is a stereotype with these characters and it wouldn't be fair if [those stereotypes] didn't exist a little bit. But [co-creator] Ryan Murphy has a way of taking everything and turning it upside down. That's the great thing about this show and these characters: nobody is one note, which is amazing."[42] Quinn was originally conceived as the antagonistic queen bee head cheerleader, a departure from Agron's actual high school experience. Agron said in an interview with HitFix: "I definitely wasn't cool in high school. I really wasn't. I did belong to many of the clubs and was in leadership on yearbook and did the musical theater route, so I had friends in all areas, but I certainly did not know what to wear, did not know how to do my hair, all those things."[43] She added: "I think that it shows that regardless of who you are and what group you belong to, that there are so many emotions behind each person in high school. Sometimes with teens, writers or directors, anybody, short-changes them and makes them be simple, simple individuals, you're either the jock or the popular kid or the nerd. They don't show those shades. Everybody has those shades to them. This show, it really expands upon vulnerability and excitement and anger all the experiences that you probably actually go through in high school."[43]

text: Quinn's role as head cheerleader is central to understanding her character. Agron said that she had never had any prior cheer experience before the Pilot. "If I had been [a cheerleader], I would've ended up on crutches," she told Emmy magazine.[41] In an interview with HitFix she said, "I have new respect for the craft, because I slightly hurt myself during the pilot, coming down from one of the stunts. It's better now. I didn't tear something in my knee, but I strained it. Knees are very sensitive, I've learned. It's crazy, because I've been dancing since I was three on my toes and all these things. And you should never say this, but I've never injured myself ever. I'd seen gnarly injuries with dance and all these things. You shouldn't say that, though, because every day is an opportunity to fall, hurt yourself, so that was my experience."[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Quinn has received positive reviews from critics. The role saw Agron nominated for the Teen Choice Award for "Female Breakout Star" in 2009.[44] She and the other cast members were awarded the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2010, and nominated in the same category the following year.[45][46]

text: The character's accidental pregnancy storyline received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly deemed it "a good dramatic twist", but hoped that it would not be a long-lasting storyline.[47] Reviews of her storyline became increasingly negative,[48] though Agron was praised for her dramatic acting during the confrontation scene with Quinn's parents in "Ballad".[49] Gerrick D. Kennedy, writing for the Los Angeles Times, was critical of the ongoing pregnancy plot in the episode "Hairography", and noted that he cringed whenever Quinn appeared on screen.[50] Conversely, Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle enjoyed Quinn in the episode, and wrote: "I love that she can keep her Mean Girls edge while being heartbreakingly sad or as joyful as she was singing "Papa Don't Preach".[51] Reviewing the episode "Journey to Regionals", Entertainment Weekly's Darren Franich called Quinn's birthing scenes—interspersed with Vocal Adrenaline performing Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"—both "brilliant" and "terrible". He wrote, "If nothing else, it was definitely the most visually arresting way to represent the birthing process I've ever seen outside of The Miracle of Life. But I kind of liked it. Somewhere, Freddie Mercury is nodding proudly, and saying, 'World, I forgive you for We Will Rock You.'"[52]

text: Brett Berk, writing for Vanity Fair, was positive about the scripting of the Quinn character in the second season premiere, now that the pregnancy storyline was over, and was happy to see the return of "evil Quinn".[53] Joel Kelly of TV Squad criticized the decision to pair Quinn with Finn again in the Valentine's Day oriented episode. He saw it as a regression of the characters, and commented: "Yes, it feels like Glee Classic, because the series started with the two of them together. But both of them have changed—Quinn more so than Finn—and having them dating again seems like they're going back to the days when Quinn was the icy lead Cheerio and Finn was the nice but dumb star quarterback."[54]

text: Quinn's season three reinvention attracted mixed reviews. Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter listed her change as a highlight of the episode, and hoped to see more of her new attitude.[55] The Atlantic's Kevin Fallon called it "the most interesting thing Quinn has done since giving birth to a baby to the soundtrack of 'Bohemian Rhapsody'",[56] but VanDerWerff suggested the development hinged on the fact the producers no longer knew how to utilize Agron.[57]

text: She was ranked No. 13 in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.[58]

text: Musical performances[edit]

text: Several songs performed by Agron as Quinn have been released as singles, available for digital download, also featured on the show's soundtrack albums.[59][60] Agron made her musical debut at the end of the episode "Showmance" where she performed Dionne Warwick's "I Say a Little Prayer".[59] Quinn's next solo was in the episode "Throwdown", where she performed The Supremes' "You Keep Me Hangin' On".[59] The song was released on Glee: The Music, Volume 1. Flandez deemed the cover of "Keep Holding On", the ensemble performance on the episode, an "emotionally satisfying showstopper", however was critical of Quinn's cover of "You Keep Me Hangin' On", which he called "thin and jarring".[61] Aly Semigran of MTV observed that Quinn spontaneously bursting into song brought Glee "dangerously close to High School Musical territory".[62] Agron later performed a solo in the episode "Hairography" singing Madonna's "Papa Don't Preach" after her father learns she is pregnant. This performance by Agron was released as a single.[59] She performed a rendition of James Brown's "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" in the episode "Funk".[60] CNN's Lisa Respers France was "slightly disturbed" by Quinn's "weird" performance of "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" using pregnant teenagers as backing dancers.[63]

text: In season two, Quinn performs "Lucky" with Sam Evans in the episode "Duets", which was named by some critics as "the most impressive number of the evening"; others called it "absolutely fantastic" with particular praise for Agron, who was said to be often overlooked. "Lucky" debuted at number twenty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100;[64] it was at number seventeen on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100.[65] Quinn's duet performance with Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) of the mash-up "I Feel Pretty / Unpretty" was the highest charted single featured in the episode "Born This Way", debuting at number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100.[64] It also peaked at number thirteen on the Digital 100 charts and sold 112,000 digital downloads in the United States in its first week of release.[66][67] It was the highest charting Glee single on the Billboard charts since "Loser Like Me", which debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 210,000 downloads in its first week.[68]

text: In season three, Quinn sings her first solo number since the first season, "Never Can Say Goodbye" by The Jackson 5, which received mostly positive reviews. Jen Chaney of The Washington Post gave the song a "B−", and said it "worked much better than every track that preceded it" because it adapted the song to the show "instead of trying to out-Jackson Jackson".[69] Entertainment Weekly's Joseph Brannigan Lynch called it "a nice summation of her character's journey, but not vocally impressive enough to justify listening to outside of the episode" and gave it a "B".[70] Crystal Bell of HuffPost TV described it as a "blah performance", but Kate Stanhope of TV Guide said it was "sweet and reflective".[71][72] Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote that it was "a tune well-suited for Quinn's sultry voice and the flipped meaning she gives the lyrics", and TVLine's Michael Slezak had a similar take: he gave it an "A" and called it a "remarkably lovely fit" for her voice.[73][74]


document_title: Furcula

question_text: where is the wishbone located on a chicken

root

text: Furcula

text: In birds[edit]

text: The furcula works as a strut between a bird's shoulders, and articulates to each of the bird's scapulae. In conjunction with the coracoid and the scapula, it forms a unique structure called the triosseal canal, which houses a strong tendon that connects the supracoracoideus muscles to the humerus. This system is responsible for lifting the wings during the recovery stroke.[1]

tag: p

text: As the thorax is compressed by the flight muscles during downstroke, the upper ends of the furcula spread apart, expanding by as much as 50% of its resting width, and then contracts.[1] X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that in addition to strengthening the thorax, the furcula acts like a spring in the pectoral girdle during flight. It expands when the wings are pulled downward and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula is able to store some of the energy generated by contraction in the breast muscles, expanding the shoulders laterally, and then releasing the energy during upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.[2] While the starling has a moderately large and strong furcula for a bird of its size, there are many species where the furcula is completely absent, for instance scrubbirds, some toucans and New World barbets, some owls, some parrots, turacos, and mesites. These birds are still fully capable of flying. They also have close relatives where the furcula is vestigal, reduced to a thin strap of ossified ligament, seemingly purposeless. Other species have evolved the furcula in the opposite direction, where it has increased in size and become too stiff or massive to act as a spring. In strong flyers like cranes and falcons, the arms of the furcula are large, hollow and quite rigid.[3]

text: In birds, the furcula also may aid in respiration by helping to pump air through the air sacs.[1]

text: In other animals[edit]

text: Several groups of theropod dinosaurs have also been found with furculae, including dromaeosaurids, oviraptorids,[4] tyrannosaurids,[5] troodontids, coelophysids[6] and allosauroids.[4]

text: Seeing the occurrence in diplodocid dinosaurs of interclavicles, Tschopp and Mateus (2013) [7] proposed that the furcula is a transformed and divided interclavicle, rather than a fused clavicle.

text: In folklore[edit]

text: Superstitions surrounding divination by means of a goose's wishbone go back to at least the Late Medieval Period. Johannes Hartlieb in 1455 recorded the divination of weather by means of a goose's wishbone, "When the goose has been eaten on St. Martin's Day or Night, the oldest and most sagacious keeps the breast-bone and allowing it to dry until the morning examines it all around, in front, behind and in the middle. Thereby they divine whether the winter will be severe or mild, dry or wet, and are so confident in their prediction that they will wager their goods and chattels on its accuracy.", and of a military officer: "This valiant man, this Christian Captain drew forth out of his doublet that heretical object of superstition, the goose-bone, and showed me that after Candlemas an exceeding severe frost should occur, and could not fail." The Captain also said, "Teutonic knights in Prussia waged all their wars by the goose-bone; and as the goose-bone predicted so did they order their two campaigns, one in summer and one in winter."[8]

text: The custom of two persons pulling on the bone with the one receiving the larger part making a wish developed in the early 17th century. At that time, the name of the bone was a merrythought. The name wishbone in reference to this custom is recorded from 1860.[9]


document_title: FIFA World Cup awards

question_text: who won the golden glove award in the world cup

text: FIFA World Cup awards

text: Awards

text: There are currently five post-tournament awards, and one given during the tournament:[1]

text:
the Golden Ball (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Ball") for best player, first awarded in 1982;
the Golden Boot (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Boot", previously known as the "adidas Golden Shoe" from 1982 to 2006) for top goal scorer, first awarded in 1982;
the Golden Glove Award (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Glove"; previously known as the "Lev Yashin Award" from 1994 to 2006) for best goalkeeper, first awarded in 1994;
the Best Young Player (currently commercially termed as "Hyundai Best Young Player") award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year, first awarded in 2006;
the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play, first awarded in 1970;
the Man of the Match Award (currently commercially termed as "Budweiser Man of the Match") for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament, first awarded in 2002.

tag: ul

text: Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006:[2]

text:
The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most, during the World Cup final tournament, as determined by a poll of the general public;
An All-Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen  by the technical study group.

text: Golden Ball

text: The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals, with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media. Those who finish as runners-up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively. The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, sponsored by Adidas and France Football, though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as "golden ball winners" Kempes, Cruyff, Pelé, Bobby Charlton, Garrincha and Didi for 1978, 1974, 1970, 1966, 1962 and 1958 respectively.[3] Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times (Johan Cruyff in 1974, Romário in 1994, Lionel Messi in 2014).[4]

text:
Golden Ball[5]

World Cup

Golden Ball

Silver Ball

Bronze Ball

1930 Uruguay

 José Nasazzi

 Guillermo Stábile

 José Leandro Andrade

1934 Italy

 Giuseppe Meazza

 Matthias Sindelar

 Oldřich Nejedlý

1938 France

 Leônidas

 Silvio Piola

 György Sárosi

1950 Brazil

 Zizinho

 Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Ademir

1954 Switzerland

 Ferenc Puskás

 Sándor Kocsis

 Fritz Walter

1958 Sweden

 Didi

 Pelé

 Just Fontaine

1962 Chile

 Garrincha

 Josef Masopust

 Leonel Sánchez

1966 England

 Bobby Charlton

 Bobby Moore

 Eusébio

1970 Mexico

 Pelé

 Gérson

 Gerd Müller

1974 West Germany

 Johan Cruyff

 Franz Beckenbauer

 Kazimierz Deyna

1978 Argentina

 Mario Kempes

 Paolo Rossi

 Dirceu

1982 Spain

 Paolo Rossi

 Falcão

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1986 Mexico

 Diego Maradona

 Harald Schumacher

 Preben Elkjær Larsen

1990 Italy

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Lothar Matthäus

 Diego Maradona

1994 United States

 Romario

 Roberto Baggio

 Hristo Stoichkov

1998 France

 Ronaldo

 Davor Šuker

 Lilian Thuram

2002 Korea/Japan

 Oliver Kahn

 Ronaldo

 Hong Myung-bo

2006 Germany

 Zinedine Zidane

 Fabio Cannavaro

 Andrea Pirlo

2010 South Africa

 Diego Forlán

 Wesley Sneijder

 David Villa

2014 Brazil

 Lionel Messi

 Thomas Müller

 Arjen Robben

2018 Russia

 Luka Modrić

 Eden Hazard

 Antoine Griezmann

tag: table

text: Golden Boot

text: The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was in 1982,[6] under the name Golden Shoe.[3] It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010.[7] FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners.[8]

text: If there is more than one player with the same number of goals, since 1994 the tie-breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal, if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such.[9][10] If there is still more than one player, the tie-breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time, which translates to a higher goal average.[11]

text:
Top Goalscorer[12][13]

World Cup

Top goalscorer

Goals

Runners-up

Goals

Third place

Goals

1930 Uruguay

 Guillermo Stábile

8

 Pedro Cea

5

 Bert Patenaude

4

1934 Italy

 Oldřich Nejedlý

5[a]

 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio

4

None

—

1938 France

 Leônidas

7[b]

 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola

5

1950 Brazil

 Ademir

8[c]

 Óscar Míguez

 Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra

4

1954 Switzerland

 Sándor Kocsis

11

 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst

6

None

—

1958 Sweden

 Just Fontaine

13

 Pelé Helmut Rahn

1962 Chile

 Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez

4

None

—

1966 England

 Eusébio

9

 Helmut Haller

6

 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer

4

1970 Mexico

 Gerd Müller

10

 Jairzinho

7

 Teófilo Cubillas

5

1974 West Germany

 Grzegorz Lato

7

 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens

5

None

1978 Argentina[17]

 Mario Kempes

6

 Teófilo Cubillas

 Rob Rensenbrink

5

Golden Shoe[8]

World Cup

Golden Shoe

Goals

Silver Shoe

Goals

Bronze Shoe

Goals

1982 Spain

 Paolo Rossi

6

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

5

 Zico

4

1986 Mexico

 Gary Lineker

 Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona

None[18]

1990 Italy

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Tomáš Skuhravý

 Roger Milla  Gary Lineker

4

1994 United States

 Oleg Salenko[d] Hristo Stoichkov[e]

None

—

 Kennet Andersson Romário

5[f]

1998 France[20]

 Davor Šuker

 Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri

5

None[g]

2002 South Korea/Japan[21]

 Ronaldo

8[h]

 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo

2006 Germany[23]

 Miroslav Klose

5

 Hernán Crespo

3[i]

 Ronaldo

3[i]

Golden Boot[8]

World Cup

Golden Boot

Goals

Silver Boot

Goals

Bronze Boot

Goals

2010 South Africa

 Thomas Müller

5[j]

 David Villa

5[j]

 Wesley Sneijder

5[j]

2014 Brazil

 James Rodríguez

6

 Thomas Müller

5

 Neymar

4[k]

2018 Russia

 Harry Kane

 Antoine Griezmann

4[l]

 Romelu Lukaku

4[l]

Notes

Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals, which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany. However, FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006, making Nejedlý the outright top scorer.[14]

Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals. However, in November 2006, FIFA confirmed that in the quarter-final tie against Czechoslovakia, he had scored once, not twice as FIFA had originally recorded, meaning he had scored only seven goals in total.[14]

Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950, as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain (6–1). The 5–0 goal had been credited to Jair, but is now credited to Ademir.[15][16]

Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages. His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored.

Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker, Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each, and both received the Golden Shoe.[9]

Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals (Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio) by having three assists each.[9][19]

Jump up ^ Both runners-up had the same number of assists, and each received the Silver Shoe.

Jump up ^ During the tournament, after the group stage match against Costa Rica, Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal, and FIFA granted him the change.[22]

^ Jump up to: a b Eight players had scored three goals. Ronaldo, Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist, and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime (308 minutes for Crespo, 411 for Ronaldo, 559 for Zidane).[24]

^ Jump up to: a b c Müller, Villa, Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals. Müller won by virtue of having more assists (3) than the rest (each had one). Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder, and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán.[25]

Jump up ^ Neymar, Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament. Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors (480; Messi played 693 minutes, and Van Persie, 548).[26]

^ Jump up to: a b Griezmann, Lukaku, Denis Cheryshev, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals. Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists (2) than the rest (Lukaku had one, the rest had zero). Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists (one) than Cheryshev, Ronaldo or Mbappé (zero).[27]

text: Golden Glove

text: The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament. The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994, in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper.[6] The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player's performance throughout the final competition. Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position, they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well, as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002. Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994, every All-Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper. In the event of a tie, the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition. The next tiebreakers are saves made, then minutes played.

text:
World Cup

Golden Glove

1930 Uruguay

 Enrique Ballestrero

1934 Italy

 Ricardo Zamora

1938 France

 František Plánička

1950 Brazil

 Roque Máspoli

1954 Switzerland

 Gyula Grosics

1958 Sweden

 Harry Gregg

1962 Chile

 Viliam Schrojf

1966 England

 Gordon Banks

1970 Mexico

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz

1974 West Germany

 Sepp Maier

1978 Argentina

 Ubaldo Fillol

1982 Spain

 Dino Zoff

1986 Mexico

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

1990 Italy

 Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea

1994 United States

 Michel Preud'homme

1998 France

 Fabien Barthez

2002 Korea/Japan

 Oliver Kahn

2006 Germany

 Gianluigi Buffon

2010 South Africa

 Iker Casillas

2014 Brazil

 Manuel Neuer

2018 Russia

 Thibaut Courtois

text: Best Young Player Award

text: The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany's Lukas Podolski.[28] The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old.  For the 2018 World Cup, this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997. The election took place on FIFA's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group.[29]

text: FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the "best young player" of the World Cup, between 1958 and 2002, named the best young player of each tournament.[30] With 61% of the overall vote, the winner was Pelé, who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas, the best young player at Mexico 1970, and England's Michael Owen, who reached similar heights at France 98.[31]

text:
YPA[32]

World Cup

Best Young Player

Age

1958 Sweden

 Pelé

17

1962 Chile

 Flórián Albert

20

1966 England

 Franz Beckenbauer

20

1970 Mexico

 Teófilo Cubillas

21

1974 West Germany

 Władysław Żmuda

20

1978 Argentina

 Antonio Cabrini

1982 Spain

 Manuel Amoros

21

1986 Mexico

 Enzo Scifo

20

1990 Italy

 Robert Prosinečki

21

1994 United States

 Marc Overmars

1998 France

 Michael Owen

18

2002 Korea/Japan

 Landon Donovan

20

2006 Germany

 Lukas Podolski[28]

21

2010 South Africa

 Thomas Müller[33]

20

2014 Brazil

 Paul Pogba[34]

21

2018 Russia

 Kylian Mbappé[35]

19

text: FIFA Fair Play Trophy

text: The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970. Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered. The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, a diploma, a fair play medal for each player and official, and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development.[36]

text: The appearance of the award was originally a certificate. From 1982 to 1990, it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy, a football-playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play.[37][38] Ever since 1994, it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure.[39] Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico.[40]

text:
World Cup

FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners

1970 Mexico

 Peru

1974 West Germany

 West Germany

1978 Argentina

 Argentina

1982 Spain

 Brazil

1986 Mexico

 Brazil

1990 Italy

 England

1994 United States

 Brazil

1998 France

 England France

2002 Korea/Japan

 Belgium

2006 Germany

 Brazil Spain

2010 South Africa

 Spain

2014 Brazil

 Colombia

2018 Russia

 Spain

text: Man of the Match

text: The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002. While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group,[41][42] the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA's website.[43][44]

text:
World Cup

Most Man of the Match wins

Wins

2002 South Korea/Japan

 Rivaldo

3

2006 Germany

 Andrea Pirlo

3

2010 South Africa

 Wesley Sneijder

4

2014 Brazil

 Lionel Messi

4

2018 Russia

 Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić

3

text: Total awardsAs of 15 July 2018

text:
Rank

Player

Country

MoM

WC with awards

1

Arjen Robben
 Netherlands
6
2006, 2010, 2014

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
2010, 2014, 2018

Lionel Messi
 Argentina
2010, 2014, 2018

4

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay
5
2010, 2014, 2018

5

Eden Hazard
 Belgium
4
2014, 2018

Keisuke Honda
 Japan
2010, 2014

James Rodríguez
 Colombia
2014, 2018

Miroslav Klose
 Germany
2002, 2006

Park Ji-sung
 South Korea
2002, 2006, 2010

Thomas Müller
 Germany
2010, 2014

Wesley Sneijder
 Netherlands
2010

text: By CountryAs of 15 July 2018

text:
Rank

Country

MoM

Players

1

 Brazil
22
14

 Germany
12

3

 France
17
11

4

 Spain
16
10

5

 Argentina
15
8

6

 England
14
12

7

 Mexico
12
10

 Netherlands
3

9

 South Korea
11
7

 Portugal
6

 United States
7

text: Most Entertaining Team

text: The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game, organised through public participation in a poll[6] starting in 1994.[7]

text:
World Cup

Most Entertaining Team Award

1994 United States

 Brazil[23]

1998 France

 France[23]

2002 Korea/Japan

 South Korea[45]

2006 Germany

 Portugal[46]

2010 South Africa

 Germany[47]

2014 Brazil

 Colombia[48]

text: All-Star Team

text: The All-Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals. The ways in which the FIFA All-Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year.  A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team.[49] However, in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad, chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All-Star Team.[50] For 1998, 2002 and 2006, substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23-player squads. The All-Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally, three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa.[51]

text:
All Star Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

1930 Uruguay

 Enrique Ballestrero

 José Nasazzi
 Milutin Ivković

 Luis Monti
 Álvaro Gestido
 José Leandro Andrade

 Pedro Cea
 Héctor Castro
 Héctor Scarone
 Guillermo Stábile
 Bert Patenaude

1934 Italy

 Ricardo Zamora

 Jacinto Quincoces
 Eraldo Monzeglio

 Luis Monti
 Attilio Ferraris
 Leonardo Cilaurren

 Giuseppe Meazza
 Raimundo Orsi
 Enrique Guaita
 Matthias Sindelar
 Oldřich Nejedlý

1938 France

 František Plánička

 Pietro Rava
 Alfredo Foni
 Domingos da Guia

 Michele Andreolo
 Ugo Locatelli

 Silvio Piola
 Gino Colaussi
 György Sárosi
 Gyula Zsengellér
 Leônidas

1950 Brazil

 Roque Máspoli

 Erik Nilsson
 José Parra
 Víctor Rodríguez Andrade

 Obdulio Varela
 Bauer
 Alcides Ghiggia
 Jair

 Zizinho
 Ademir
 Juan Alberto Schiaffino

1954 Switzerland

 Gyula Grosics

 Ernst Ocwirk
 Djalma Santos
 José Santamaría

 Fritz Walter
 József Bozsik
 Nándor Hidegkuti
 Zoltán Czibor

 Helmut Rahn
 Ferenc Puskás
 Sándor Kocsis

1958 Sweden

 Harry Gregg

 Djalma Santos
 Bellini
 Nílton Santos

 Danny Blanchflower
 Didi
 Gunnar Gren
 Raymond Kopa

 Pelé
 Garrincha
 Just Fontaine

1962 Chile

 Viliam Schrojf

 Djalma Santos
 Cesare Maldini
 Valery Voronin
 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger

 Mário Zagallo
 Zito
 Josef Masopust

 Vavá
 Garrincha
 Leonel Sánchez

1966 England

 Gordon Banks

 George Cohen
 Bobby Moore
 Vicente
 Silvio Marzolini

 Franz Beckenbauer
 Mário Coluna
 Bobby Charlton

 Flórián Albert
 Uwe Seeler
 Eusébio

1970 Mexico

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz

 Carlos Alberto
 Atilio Ancheta
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Giacinto Facchetti

 Gérson
 Rivellino
 Bobby Charlton

 Pelé
 Gerd Müller
 Jairzinho

1974 West Germany

 Sepp Maier

 Ruud Krol
 Paul Breitner
 Elias Figueroa[52]
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Berti Vogts

 Wolfgang Overath
 Kazimierz Deyna
 Johan Neeskens

 Rob Rensenbrink
 Johan Cruyff
 Grzegorz Lato

1978 Argentina

 Ubaldo Fillol

 Berti Vogts
 Ruud Krol
 Daniel Passarella
 Alberto Tarantini

 Dirceu
 Teófilo Cubillas
 Rob Rensenbrink

 Roberto Bettega
 Paolo Rossi
 Mario Kempes

1982 Spain

 Dino Zoff

 Luizinho
 Júnior
 Claudio Gentile
 Fulvio Collovati

 Zbigniew Boniek
 Falcão
 Michel Platini
 Zico

 Paolo Rossi
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1986 Mexico

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

 Josimar
 Manuel Amoros
 Júlio César

 Jan Ceulemans
 Jean Tigana
 Michel Platini
 Diego Maradona

 Preben Elkjær Larsen
 Emilio Butragueño
 Gary Lineker

1990 Italy

 Sergio Goycochea
 Luis Gabelo Conejo

 Andreas Brehme
 Paolo Maldini
 Franco Baresi

 Diego Maradona
 Lothar Matthäus
 Dragan Stojković
 Paul Gascoigne

 Salvatore Schillaci
 Roger Milla
 Jürgen Klinsmann

text:
MasterCard All Star Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

1994 United States[50]

 Michel Preud'homme

 Jorginho
 Márcio Santos
 Paolo Maldini

 Dunga
 Krasimir Balakov
 Gheorghe Hagi
 Tomas Brolin

 Romário
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Roberto Baggio

1998 France[53](1)

 Fabien Barthez
 José Luis Chilavert

 Roberto Carlos
 Marcel Desailly
 Lilian Thuram
 Frank de Boer
 Carlos Gamarra

 Dunga
 Rivaldo
 Michael Laudrup
 Zinedine Zidane
 Edgar Davids

 Ronaldo
 Davor Šuker
 Brian Laudrup
 Dennis Bergkamp

2002 Korea/Japan[54](2)

 Oliver Kahn
 Rüştü Reçber

 Roberto Carlos
 Sol Campbell
 Fernando Hierro
 Hong Myung-bo
 Alpay Özalan

 Rivaldo
 Ronaldinho
 Michael Ballack
 Claudio Reyna
 Yoo Sang-chul

 Ronaldo
 Miroslav Klose
 El Hadji Diouf
 Hasan Şaş

2006 Germany[55]

 Gianluigi Buffon
 Jens Lehmann
 Ricardo

 Roberto Ayala
 John Terry
 Lilian Thuram
 Philipp Lahm
 Fabio Cannavaro
 Gianluca Zambrotta
 Ricardo Carvalho

 Zé Roberto
 Patrick Vieira
 Zinedine Zidane
 Michael Ballack
 Andrea Pirlo
 Gennaro Gattuso
 Luís Figo
 Maniche

 Hernán Crespo
 Thierry Henry
 Miroslav Klose
 Luca Toni
 Francesco Totti

text: 1 In addition to the 16 of the All-Star Team, 6 reserves were listed:  Edwin van der Sar,  Juan Sebastián Verón,  Thierry Henry,  Jay-Jay Okocha,  Michael Owen, and  Christian Vieri.[53]

text: 2 Again there were seven reserves:  Iker Casillas,  Cafu,  Dietmar Hamann,  Joaquín,  Hidetoshi Nakata,  Landon Donovan, and  Marc Wilmots.[54]

text: In 2010, an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named "Dream Team", sponsored by Yingli.[56] The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi,[57] and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense.[58]

text:
Dream Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

Manager

2010 South Africa[56]

 Iker Casillas

 Philipp Lahm  Sergio Ramos  Carles Puyol  Maicon

 Xavi  Bastian Schweinsteiger  Wesley Sneijder  Andrés Iniesta

 David Villa  Diego Forlán

 Vicente del Bosque

2014 Brazil[57]

 Manuel Neuer

 Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz

 Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez

 Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar

 Joachim Löw

2018 Russia[59]

 Thibaut Courtois

 Raphaël Varane  Thiago Silva  Diego Godín  Marcelo

 Luka Modrić  Philippe Coutinho  Kevin De Bruyne

 Kylian Mbappé  Harry Kane  Cristiano Ronaldo

text: While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014, official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index, which evaluates players' performances through statistical data.[60]

text:
Castrol Index Top 11

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

2014 Brazil[60]

 Manuel Neuer

 Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij

 Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez

 Arjen Robben Thomas Müller

text:
Fantasy McDonald’s Overall XI

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

2018 Russia[61]

 Thibaut Courtois

 Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina

 Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić

 Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann

text:
Only two players have been named in three separate All-Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven: Djalma Santos in 1954, 1958 and 1962, Franz Beckenbauer in 1966, 1970 and 1974. Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006, 2010 and 2014. However, the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All-Star team listed. Lahm's name has only been in one of these.
21 players have been named in two separate All-Star teams: Luis Monti (1930 and 1934; representing Argentina and Italy respectively); Garrincha (1958 and 1962); Pelé (1958 and 1970); Bobby Charlton (1966 and 1970); Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink (1974 and 1978); Berti Vogts (1974 and 1978); Paolo Rossi (1978 and 1982); Michel Platini (1982 and 1986); Diego Maradona (1986 and 1990); Paolo Maldini (1990 and 1994); Dunga (1994 and 1998); Roberto Carlos, Rivaldo, and Ronaldo (1998 and 2002); Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane (1998 and 2006); Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose (2002 and 2006); Marcelo and Thiago Silva (2014 and 2018).
Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All-Star teams by 12 years apart (1958 and 1970).
Uruguay in 1930 and 1950,  Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All-Star Team. Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006, however, the 2006 edition listed 23 players.
Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All-Star Team with 7 players each. However, the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall, while the 2006 selection had 23.
37 different Brazilian players have been named in All-Star teams, Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper.
Only two Asian players have been named in All-Star teams, Hong Myung-bo and Yoo Sang-chul of South Korea. Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves. All three players were selected in 2002.
Similarly, only two African players have been named in All-Star teams, Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002.
Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team, Diego Maradona, was selected in that year's All-Star team.
Uniquely, brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998.
Similarly, Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy, in 1962 and 1990, 1994 respectively.
Uniquely, Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona (1979 and 1986) and Lionel Messi (2005 and 2014) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship.

text: Goal of the Tournament

text:
World Cup

Player

Scored against

Source

2006 Germany

 Maxi Rodríguez

 Mexico

[62]

2010 South Africa

 Diego Forlan

 Germany

2014 Brazil

 James Rodriguez

 Uruguay

2018 Russia

 Benjamin Pavard

 Argentina


document_title: List of golfers with most LPGA major championship wins

question_text: who has won the most major so far in the arena of golf

text: This article lists all the women (114) who have won past and present major championships on the LPGA Tour.[1] They are listed in order of the number of victories. The list is complete through the 2016 season.

text: Winning span indicates the years from the player's first major win to the last.

text:
Rank
Player
Country
Winning span
Total
ANA
PGA
U.S. Open
British
du Maurier
Titleholders
Western
Evian

1
Patty Berg
 United States
1937–1958
15
–
–
1
–
–
7
7
–

2
Mickey Wright
 United States
1958–1966
13
–
4
4
–
–
2
3
–

3
Louise Suggs
 United States
1946–1959
11
–
1
2
–
–
4
4
–

T4
Annika Sörenstam
 Sweden
1995–2006
10
3
3
3
1
–
–
–
–

Babe Zaharias
 United States
1940–1954
10
–
–
3
–
–
3
4
–

6
Betsy Rawls
 United States
1951–1969
8
–
2
4
–
–
–
2
–

T7
Juli Inkster
 United States
1984–2002
7
2
2
2
–
1
–
–
–

Karrie Webb
 Australia
1999–2006
7
2
1
2
1
1
–
–
–

Inbee Park
 South Korea
2008–2015
7
1
3
2
1
–
–
–
–

T10
Pat Bradley
 United States
1980–1986
6
1
1
1
–
3
–
–
–

Betsy King
 United States
1987–1997
6
3
1
2
–
–
–
–
–

Patty Sheehan
 United States
1983–1996
6
1
3
2
–
–
–
–
–

Kathy Whitworth
 United States
1965–1975
6
–
3
–
–
–
2
1
–

T14
Amy Alcott
 United States
1979–1991
5
3
–
1
–
1
–
–
–

Se Ri Pak
 South Korea
1998–2006
5
–
3
1
1
–
–
–
–

Yani Tseng
 Taiwan
2008–2011
5
1
2
–
2
–
–
–
–

T17
Susie Berning
 United States
1965–1973
4
–
–
3
–
–
–
1
–

Donna Caponi
 United States
1969–1981
4
–
2
2
–
–
–
–
–

Laura Davies
 England
1987–1996
4
–
2
1
–
1
–
–
–

Sandra Haynie
 United States
1965–1982
4
–
2
1
–
1
–
–
–

Meg Mallon
 United States
1991–2004
4
–
1
2
–
1
–
–
–

Hollis Stacy
 United States
1977–1984
4
–
–
3
–
1
–
–
–

T23
Beverly Hanson
 United States
1955–1958
3
–
1
–
–
–
1
1
–

Betty Jameson
 United States
1942–1954
3
–
–
1
–
–
–
2
–

Nancy Lopez
 United States
1978–1989
3
–
3
–
–
–
–
–
–

Mary Mills
 United States
1963–1973
3
–
2
1
–
–
–
–
–

Jan Stephenson
 Australia
1981–1983
3
–
1
1
–
1
–
–
–

T28
June Beebe
 United States
1931–1933
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
–

Brandie Burton
 United States
1993–1998
2
–
–
–
–
2
–
–
–

JoAnne Carner
 United States
1971–1976
2
–
–
2
–
–
–
–
–

Chun In-gee
 South Korea
2015–2016
2
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
1

Fay Crocker
 Uruguay
1955–1960
2
–
–
1
–
–
1
–
–

Jane Geddes
 United States
1986–1987
2
–
1
1
–
–
–
–
–

Helen Hicks
 United States
1937–1940
2
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
–

Opal Hill
 United States
1935–1936
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
–

Cristie Kerr
 United States
2007–2010
2
–
1
1
–
–
–
–
–

Dorothy Kirby
 United States
1941–1942
2
–
–
–
–
–
2
–
–

Lydia Ko
 New Zealand
2015–2016
2
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

Stacy Lewis
 United States
2011–2013
2
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Brittany Lincicome
 United States
2009–2015
2
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Sally Little
 South Africa
 United States
1980–1988
2
–
1
–
–
1
–
–
–

Carol Mann
 United States
1964–1965
2
–
–
1
–
–
–
1
–

Anna Nordqvist
 Sweden
2009–2017
2
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
1

Lorena Ochoa
 Mexico
2007–2008
2
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Sandra Palmer
 United States
1972–1975
2
–
–
1
–
–
1
–
–

Dottie Pepper
 United States
1992–1999
2
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Suzann Pettersen
 Norway
2007–2013
2
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
1

Ryu So-yeon
 South Korea
2011–2017
2
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Jiyai Shin
 South Korea
2008–2012
2
–
–
–
2
–
–
–
–

Marilynn Smith
 United States
1963–1964
2
–
–
–
–
–
2
–
–

Sherri Steinhauer
 United States
1992–2006
2
–
–
–
1
1
–
–
–

T52
Kathy Ahern
 United States
1972
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Helen Alfredsson
 Sweden
1993
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Janet Anderson
 United States
1982
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Donna Andrews
 United States
1994
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Jody Anschutz
 United States
1986
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Kathy Baker
 United States
1985
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Bea Barrett
 United States
1938
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

Nanci Bowen
 United States
1995
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Jerilyn Britz
 United States
1979
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Betty Burfeindt
 United States
1976
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Na Yeon Choi
 South Korea
2012
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Kathy Cornelius
 United States
1956
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Paula Creamer
 United States
2010
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Beth Daniel
 United States
1990
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Helen Dettweiler
 United States
1939
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

Gloria Ehret
 United States
1966
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Shirley Englehorn
 United States
1970
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Mary Lena Faulk
 United States
1961
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

Shanshan Feng
 China
2012
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Tammie Green
 United States
1989
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Marlene Hagge
 United States
1956
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Brooke Henderson
 Canada
2016
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Hisako Higuchi
 Japan
1977
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Pat Hurst
 United States
1988
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Jeong Jang
 South Korea
2005
1
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Eun-Hee Ji
 South Korea
2009
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Christa Johnson
 United States
1997
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Cathy Johnston-Forbes
 United States
1990
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Ariya Jutanugarn
 Thailand
2016
1
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Birdie Kim
 South Korea
2005
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Kim Hyo-joo
 South Korea
2014
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

Kim In-kyung
 South Korea
2017
1
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Judy Kimball
 United States
1962
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Peggy Kirk Bell
 United States
1949
1
–
–
–
–
–
1
–
–

Catherine Lacoste
 France
1967
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Brittany Lang
 United States
2016
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Jenny Lidback
 Peru
 Sweden
1995
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Murle Lindstrom
 United States
1962
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Hilary Lunke
 United States
2003
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Mo Martin
 United States
2014
1
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Catriona Matthew
 Scotland
2009
1
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Marian McDougall
 United States
1934
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

Lauri Merten
 United States
1993
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Patricia Meunier-Lebouc
 France
2003
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Mrs. Lee Mida
 United States
1930
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

Alice Miller
 United States
1985
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Martha Nause
 United States
1994
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Liselotte Neumann
 Sweden
1988
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Alison Nicholas
 England
1997
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Pat O'Sullivan
 United States
1951
1
–
–
–
–
–
1
–
–

Grace Park
 South Korea
2004
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Park Sung-hyun
 South Korea
2017
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Sandra Post
 Canada
1968
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Morgan Pressel
 United States
2007
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Kelly Robbins
 United States
1995
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Nancy Scranton
 United States
1991
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Sandra Spuzich
 United States
1966
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Karen Stupples
 England
2004
1
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–

Lexi Thompson
 United States
2014
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Sherri Turner
 United States
1988
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
–

Colleen Walker
 United States
1997
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–

Jane Weiller
 United States
1932
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

Michelle Wie
 United States
2014
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–

Sun-Young Yoo
 South Korea
2012
1
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Joyce Ziske
 United States
1960
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
–

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country
ANA Inspiration
Women's PGA
U.S. Open
British Open
Evian
du Maurier
Titleholders
Western Open
Total

 United States
21
41
52
3
0
18
27
38
200

 South Korea
4
6
9
6
2
0
0
0
27

 Sweden
4
4
4
1
1
1
0
0
15

 Australia
2
2
3
1
0
2
0
0
10

 England
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
0
6

 Taiwan
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
5

 Canada
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

 France
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2

 Mexico
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2

 Norway
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2

 Uruguay
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2

 New Zealand
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2

 China
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

 Japan
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

 Scotland
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

 Thailand
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1


document_title: Jack Daniel's

question_text: where did the name jack daniels come from

text: Jack Daniel's

text: Early history[edit]

text: The Jack Daniel's brand's official website suggests that its founder, Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel, was born in 1850 (and his tombstone bears that date[1]), but says his exact birth date is unknown.[13] The company website says it is customary to celebrate his birthday in September.[13] The Tennessee state library website said in 2013 that records list his birth date as September 5, 1846, and that the 1850 birth date seems impossible since his mother died in 1847.[1] In the 2004 biography Blood & Whiskey: The Life and Times of Jack Daniel, author Peter Krass said his investigation showed that Daniel was born in January 1849 (based on Jack's sister's diary, census records, and the date of death of Jack's mother).[14]

text: Jack was the youngest of 10 children born to his mother, Lucinda (Cook) Daniel, and father Calaway Daniel. After Lucinda's death, his father remarried and had three more children.[14] Calaway Daniel's father, Joseph "Job" Daniel, emigrated from Wales to the United States with his Scottish wife, the former Elizabeth Calaway.[15] Jack Daniels' ancestry included English, and Scots-Irish as well.[16]

text: Jack did not get along with his stepmother. After Daniel's father died in the Civil War, the boy ran away from home and was essentially orphaned at a young age.[2][14]

text: Career[edit]

text: As a teenager, Daniel was taken in by Dan Call, a local lay preacher and moonshine distiller. He began learning the distilling trade from Call and his Master Distiller, Nathan "Nearest" Green, an enslaved African-American man. Green continued to work with Call after emancipation.[2]

text: In 1875, on receiving an inheritance from his father's estate (following a long dispute with his siblings), Daniel founded a legally registered distilling business with Call. He took over the distillery shortly afterward when Call quit for religious reasons.[2][14] The brand label on the product says "Est. & Reg. in 1866", but his biographer has cited official registration documents in asserting that the business was not established until 1875.[1][2]

text: After taking over the distillery, in 1884 Daniel purchased the hollow and land where the distillery is now located.[2][15] By the 1880s, Jack Daniel's was one of 15 distilleries operating in Moore County, and the second-most productive behind Tom Eaton's Distillery.[17] He began using square-shaped bottles in 1897, with the square shape of the bottle intended to convey a sense of fairness and integrity.[2][14]

text: According to Daniel's biographer, the origin of the "Old No. 7" brand name was the number assigned to Daniel's distillery for government registration.[2][14] He was forced to change the registration number when the federal government redrew the district, and he became Number 16 in district 5 instead of No. 7 in district 4. However, he continued to use his original number as a brand name, since his brand reputation already had been established.[2][14]

text: Jack Daniel's had a surge in popularity after the whiskey received the gold medal for the finest whiskey at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Daniel's local reputation was suffering as the temperance movement was gaining strength in Tennessee.[2][14][15]

text: Jack Daniel never married and did not have any known children. He took his nephews under his wing – one of whom was Lemuel "Lem" Motlow (1869–1947).[2][14] Lem, a son of Daniel's sister, Finetta,[15] was skilled with numbers. He soon was responsible for all of the distillery's bookkeeping.

text: In 1907, due to failing health, Jack Daniel gave the distillery to two of his nephews.[2][14] Motlow soon bought out the other nephew. He operated the distillery for about 40 years.

text: Tennessee passed a statewide prohibition law in 1910, effectively barring the legal distillation of Jack Daniel's within the state. Motlow challenged the law in a test case that eventually worked its way to the Tennessee Supreme Court. The court upheld the law as constitutional.[18][19]

text: Daniel died in 1911 from blood poisoning. An oft-told tale is that the infection began in one of his toes, which Daniel injured one early morning at work by kicking his safe in anger when he could not get it open (he was said to always have had trouble remembering the combination).[20] But Daniel's modern biographer has asserted that this account is not true.[2][14]

text: Because of prohibition in Tennessee, the company shifted its distilling operations to St Louis, Missouri, and Birmingham, Alabama. None of the production from these locations was ever sold due to quality problems.[21] The Alabama operation was halted following a similar statewide prohibition law in that state, and the St. Louis operation was halted by the onset of nationwide prohibition following passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1920.

text: While the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933 repealed prohibition at the federal level, state prohibition laws (including Tennessee's) remained in effect, thus preventing the Lynchburg distillery from reopening. Motlow, who had become a Tennessee state senator, led efforts to repeal these laws, which allowed production to restart in 1938. The five-year gap between national repeal and Tennessee repeal was commemorated in 2008 with a gift pack of two bottles, one for the 75th anniversary of the end of prohibition and a second commemorating the 70th anniversary of the reopening of the distillery.[22]

text: The Jack Daniel's distillery ceased operations from 1942 to 1946 when the U.S. government banned the manufacture of whiskey due to World War II. Motlow resumed production of Jack Daniel's in 1947 after good-quality corn was again available.[21] Motlow died the same year. He bequeathed the distillery to his children, Robert, Reagor, Dan, Conner, and Mary, upon his death.[24]

text: The company was later incorporated as "Jack Daniel Distillery, Lem Motlow, Prop., Inc." This has allowed the company to continue to include Lem Motlow, who died in 1947, in its marketing. Mentioning him in the advertising is technically just citing the full corporate name. Likewise, the advertisements continue to use Lynchburg's 1960s-era population figure of 361, though the city has since formed a consolidated city-county government with Moore County. Its official population is more than 6,000, according to the 2010 census.

text: The company was sold to the Brown-Forman Corporation in 1956.[7]

text: The Jack Daniel's Distillery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

text: In 2012, a Welshman, Mark Evans, claimed to have discovered the original recipe for Daniel's whiskey,[25] in a book written in 1853 by his great-great-grandmother. Her brother-in-law had emigrated to Tennessee.

text: Moore County, where the Jack Daniel's distillery is located, is one of the state's many dry counties. While it is legal to distill the product within the county, it is illegal to purchase it there. However, a state law has provided one exception: a distillery may sell one commemorative product, regardless of county statutes.[26] Jack Daniel's now sells Gentleman Jack, Jack Daniel's Single Barrel, the original No. 7 blend (in a commemorative bottle), and a seasonal blend (on rotation) at the distillery's White Rabbit Bottle Shop.

text: Recent history[edit]

text: Lowering to 80 proof[edit]

text: Until 1987, Jack Daniel's black label was historically produced at 90 U.S. proof (45% alcohol by volume).[27] The lower-end green label product was 80 proof. However, starting in 1987, the other label variations also were reduced in proof. This began with black label being initially reduced to 86 proof. Both the black and green label expressions are made from the same ingredients; the difference is determined by professional tasters, who decide which of the batches would be sold under the "premium" black label, with the rest being sold as "standard" green label.

text: A further dilution began in 2002 when all generally available Jack Daniel's products were reduced to 80 proof (including the black label, which had been 86 proof since 1987 and was 90 proof before that), thus further lowering production costs and excise taxes.[28][29] This reduction in alcohol content, which was done without any announcement, publicity or change of logo or packaging,[29] was noticed and condemned by Modern Drunkard Magazine, and the magazine formed a petition drive for drinkers who disagreed with the change.[28] The company countered that they believed consumers preferred lower-proof products, and said that the change had not hurt the sales of the brand.[28][29] The petition effort garnered some publicity and collected more than 13,000 signatures, but the company held firm with its decision.[28] A few years later, Advertising Age said in 2005 that "virtually no one noticed" the change, and confirmed that sales of the brand had actually increased since the dilution began[29] (though it does not suppose any causes for that increase).

text: Jack Daniel's has also produced higher-proof special releases and premium-brand expressions at times. A one-time limited run of 96 proof, the highest proof Jack Daniel's had ever bottled at that time, was bottled for the 1996 Tennessee Bicentennial in a decorative bicentennial bottle. The distillery debuted its 94 proof "Jack Daniel's Single Barrel" in February 1997. The Silver Select Single Barrel was formerly the company's highest proof at 100, but is available only in duty-free shops. Now, there are 'single barrel barrel proof' editions, ranging from 125–140 proof.

text: Sales and brand value status[edit]

text: Jack Daniel's Black Label Tennessee Whiskey remains the flagship product of Brown-Forman Corporation. During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2017, the product had sales of 12.5 million cases. Underlying net sales for the Jack Daniel's brand grew by 3% (−1% on a reported basis).[clarification needed][30]

text: Tennessee Honey and Tennessee Fire were also solid contributors to the total underlying net sales growth of 3% (flat on a reported basis) for the Jack Daniel's family of brands. They grew underlying net sales by 4% and 14% (3% and 18% on a reported basis), respectively. Premium brand Gentleman Jack grew underlying net sales mid-single digits, while the RTD/RTP segment increased underlying net sales by 6% (3% on a reported basis).[31]

text: In the IWSR 2013 World Class Brands rankings of wine and spirits brands, Jack Daniel's was ranked third on the global level.[32] More recently, in 2017, it ranked at number 16 on the IWSR's Real 100 Spirits Brands Worldwide list.[33] Additionally, the brand evaluation consultancy Intangible Business ranked Jack Daniel's fourth on its Power 100 Spirits and Wine list in both 2014 and 2015.[34][35]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text: From 2006 until 2015, Jack Daniel's sponsored V8 Supercar teams Perkins Engineering and Kelly Racing.[36] Jack Daniel's also sponsored the Richard Childress Racing 07 car (numbered after the "Old No. 7") in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series from 2005 to 2009.[37] Jack Daniel's also sponsors Zac Brown Band's tours.

text: Master distillers[edit]

text: Jeff Arnett, a company employee since 2001, became Jack Daniel's master distiller in 2008. He is the seventh person to hold the position in the distillery's history. His predecessor, Jimmy Bedford, held the position for 20 years.[38] Bedford retired in mid-2008 after being the subject of a $3.5 million sexual harassment lawsuit against the company that ended in an out-of-court settlement, and he died on August 7, 2009, after suffering a heart attack at his home in Lynchburg.[39][40]

text: Other former Master Distillers include Jess Motlow (1911–41), Lem Tolley (1941–64), Jess Gamble (1964–66), and Frank Bobo (1966–92).[41]

text: Tennessee Squires[edit]

text: A Tennessee Squire is a member of the Tennessee Squire Association, which was formed in 1956 to honor special friends of the Jack Daniel's distillery.[42] Many prominent business and entertainment professionals are included among the membership, which is obtained only through recommendation of a current member. Squires receive a wallet card and deed certificate proclaiming them as "owner" of an unrecorded plot of land at the distillery and an honorary citizen of Moore County, Tennessee.[43]

text: Production process[edit]

text: The mash for Jack Daniel's is made from corn, rye, and malted barley, and is distilled in copper stills. It is then filtered through 10-foot (3.0 m) stacks of sugar maple charcoal.[44] The company refers to this filtering step as "mellowing". This extra step, known as the Lincoln County Process, removes impurities and the taste of corn.[15][45] The company argues this extra step makes the product different from bourbon. However, Tennessee whiskey is required to be "a straight Bourbon Whiskey" under terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement[46] and Canadian law.[47] A distinctive aspect of the filtering process is that the Jack Daniel's brand grinds its charcoal before using it for filtering.[48] After the filtering, the whiskey is stored in newly handcrafted oak barrels, which give the whiskey its color and most of its flavor.[44]

text: The product label mentions that it is a "sour mash" whiskey, which means that when the mash is prepared, some of the wet solids from a previously used batch are mixed in to help make the fermentation process operate more consistently. This is common practice in American whiskey production. (As of 2005[update], all currently produced straight bourbon is produced using the sour mash process.[49])

text: After being used for the aging of Jack Daniel's whiskey, many barrels go to Scotland to be used in the production of Scotch whisky. Some barrels are leased from Glenmorangie distillery. Some of the barrels are sold to McIlhenny Company of Avery Island, Louisiana, for production of Tabasco sauce and to both the Mount Gay Rum company of Barbados and Appleton Estate of Jamaica for use in the aging process of their distinctively flavored rums.[citation needed] Some barrels are also cut in half and shipped to Lowe's Home Centers to be used as planter pots. They retain the whiskey smell for some time after arriving there and must be watered every couple of days to keep them intact[clarification needed] before they are sold and filled with soil.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: On a state level, Tennessee has imposed stringent requirements. To be labeled as Tennessee Whiskey, it is not enough under state law that the whiskey be produced in Tennessee; it must meet quality and production standards. These are the same standards used by Jack Daniel's Distillery, and some other distillers are displeased with the requirements being enshrined into law.[50][51]

text: On May 13, 2013, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed House Bill 1084, requiring the Lincoln County process to be used for products produced in the state labeling themselves as "Tennessee Whiskey", with a particular exception tailored to exempt Benjamin Prichard's, and including the existing requirements for bourbon.[51][52] As federal law requires statements of origin on labels to be accurate, the Tennessee law effectively gives a firm definition to Tennessee whiskey, requiring Tennessee origin, maple charcoal filtering by the Lincoln County process prior to aging, and the basic requirements of bourbon (at least 51% corn, new oak barrels, charring of the barrels, and limits on alcohol by volume concentration for distillation, aging, and bottling).

text: In 2014, legislation was introduced in the Tennessee legislature that would modify the 2013 law to allow the reuse of oak barrels in the Tennessee whiskey aging process. Jack Daniel's Master Distiller Jeff Arnett vehemently opposed the legislation, arguing the reuse of barrels would require the use of artificial colorings and flavorings, and would render Tennessee whiskey an inferior product to scotches and bourbons.[53]

text: The company was the subject of a proposal to locally surtax its product in 2011. It was claimed that the distillery, the main employer in a company town, had capitalized on the bucolic image of Lynchburg, Tennessee, and it ought to pay a tax of $10 per barrel. The company responded that such a tax is a confiscatory imposition penalizing it for the success of the enterprise.[54] The proposed tax faced a vote by the Metro Lynchburg-Moore County Council and was defeated 10-5.[55]

text: Labels[edit]

text:
Old No. 7: Also known as Black Label, this is the original Jack Daniel's (80 proof/40% ABV)
Gentleman Jack: Charcoal filtered twice, compared to once with Old No. 7 (80 proof/40% ABV).
Single Barrel: Whiskey sourced from a single barrel in the company's warehouse (94 proof/47% ABV).
Tennessee Honey: Honey liqueur blended with less than 20% whiskey (70 proof/35% ABV).
Tennessee Fire: Cinnamon liqueur blended with less than 20% whiskey (70 proof/35% ABV).
Green Label: A lighter-bodied bottling of Old No. 7, not available everywhere (80 proof/40% ABV).
1907: A lighter, slightly sweeter bottling of Old No. 7, from the cooler areas of the warehouse and sold in the Australian market (74 proof/37% ABV).
Silver Select: For export only (100 proof/50% ABV).
Winter Jack: Seasonal blend of apple cider liqueur and spices (30 proof/15% ABV).
No. 27 Gold: Limited release (80 proof/40% ABV)[56]
Sinatra Select: Tribute to Jack's biggest fan: Mr. Frank Sinatra (90 proof / 45% ABV)
Sinatra Century: Honors the 100th birthday of Frank Sinatra (100 proof / 50% ABV); Limited Edition
Single Barrel Barrel Proof (125–140 proof / 62.5–70% ABV, depending on the bottle you get)
Single Barrel Rye: a permanent line extension and the brand's first fully matured rye whiskey, launched 2016 (94 proof/47% ABV)[57]

text: Special bottlings[edit]

text: The company has done special bottlings, sometimes to commemorate special events.

text: 1970s and 1980s[edit]

text:
Maxwell House (1971): The Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee, was famous for more than just its coffee.[58] This decanter is a replica of a bottle originally designed by Lem Motlow. In 1905, Motlow filled the bottle with Jack Daniel's whiskey and sent it to the hotel.[59]
Belle of Lincoln (1979): Before 1871, the area that comprises Lynchburg and portions of Moore County was part of the larger Lincoln County, and "Belle of Lincoln" was one of the earliest names under which Jack Daniel sold his whiskey.[60] This commemorative bottle was personally created by Jack Daniel himself[61] 90 proof.[59]
Tribute to Tennessee (1982): This was released for the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee.[59]
Inaugural (1984): In 1907, Jack Daniel traveled to Nashville to hear President Theodore Roosevelt speak.[62] The "Inaugural" decanter was released on the 80th anniversary of Roosevelt's presidency. It would commemorate Jack Daniel's admiration of the 26th president. 90 proof.[59]
Silver Cornet (1986): When Jack Daniel opened The White Rabbit and Red Dog saloons in Lynchburg in 1892, he thought of a novel way to attract people to the town square.[63] Daniel recruited townspeople and distillery workers as musicians for his new band.[59]
Riverboat Captain (1987): In Daniel's day, the Cumberland River was a major thoroughfare for riverboats hauling cotton, tobacco, and passengers, with Nashville being a major port of call[64] 90 proof and 86 proof.[59]

text:
125th Anniversary (1990): Because the company claims the distillery was established in 1866, it issued a 125th anniversary commemorative bottling in 1990.
1895 Replica (1992): The first official square bottle was released in 1895 and embossed with the words "Old Time Distillery No. 7 Jack Daniel Distiller Lynchburg, Tenn." To pay tribute to this original square bottle, the distillery released an exact replica in 1992.
Barrelhouse No. 1 (1994): Barrelhouse 1 is one of the oldest warehouses at the Distillery.[65] This bottle commemorates one of the oldest aging houses on the grounds of the distillery. The barrelhouses were built in 1912. These buildings are seven stories tall and have proven ideal for aging whiskey. 94 proof.[59]
Tennessee Bicentennial (1996): A one-time limited run of 96 proof, the highest proof Jack Daniel's had ever bottled at that time, was bottled for the 1996 celebration in a decorative bicentennial bottle.
Jack Daniels Monogram (1998, 2004, 2009): Jack Daniels Monogram is a whiskey that the company used to make for the Asian Markets.[66] The bottle was sold with a leather sleeve. It has the JD monogram in gold in the middle of the bottle. 94 proof.[59] When it was introduced in 2009, the Monogram bottle was a limited release for the state of Tennessee only. However, even though 2009 was the first year this bottle was available in the United States, it actually was released internationally in 1998 and then again in 2004.

text:
75th Anniversary (2008): Released for the 75th anniversary of the 21st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which repealed national prohibition.[67] 90 proof.
70th Anniversary (2008): Twenty-eight years after Prohibition closed the doors to the Jack Daniel Distillery, the distillery returned to making whiskey the way Jack Daniel did. This bottle celebrates the repeal of prohibition and to the reopening of the distillery.[68] 90 proof.
Oregon's 150th Birthday (2009): ...It was to celebrate the 150th birthday of this diverse and beautiful state that Jack Daniel's released a special commemorative bottle in 2009. This 750 ml (26 imp fl oz; 25 US fl oz) bottle was very limited in its release... 86 proof.

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American Forests (2010): To celebrate the 40th anniversary of Earth Day in 2010, Jack Daniel's and American Forests partnered to help restore damaged ecosystems by planting one tree for every limited edition bottle sold.[69]
Gentleman's Jack Limited Edition (2010): Even though twice-filtered Gentleman Jack whiskey has risen in popularity since its introduction in 1988, the company had not issued any special bottlings of it until 2010 when the first Limited Edition Gentleman Jack Commemorative Bottle was released. Using the design of the current 4th Generation Gentleman Jack bottle, the distillery produced this commemorative bottle with an image on the back rather than on the more commonly used front.
Mr. Jack's 160th Birthday (2010): This is packaged in a special black bottle. 80 proof.
Mr. Jack's 161st Birthday (2011): The special edition of Jack Daniel's, bottled in honor of Daniel's 161st birthday. This has a modified bottle shape with a black wrap. 80 proof.[70]
Angelo Lucchesi 90th Birthday (2011): Angelo Lucchesi began working for the Jack Daniel's in 1953 as the distillery's first salesman. 90 proof.
Old No. 7: 1 Million Cases (UK) (2011): An incredibly rare bottle of Jack Daniel's. This was produced to celebrate the sale of 1 million cases of JD in the UK in 2011. Only a handful of these were produced - a real collector's item. 80 proof.[71]
White Rabbit Saloon (2012): This commemorates the 120th anniversary of the opening of Jack Daniel's saloon of the same name. 86 proof.
Unaged Tennessee Rye (2013): Jack Daniel's first new grain bill since the lift of Prohibition, rye is featured predominantly in the mash of this product rather than corn. The first batch is the run straight from the still and has not been kept in barrels. Only unaged corn spirits may be called whiskey, thus unaged Tennessee Rye is labeled as "Spirits Distilled From Rye. 80 proof.[72]
Sinatra Select (2013): A Tennessee whiskey sourced from deeply charred oak barrels and bottled at 90 proof. Meant to tribute Frank Sinatra, it comes with a private invitation to Jack Daniel's Country Club.[73]
Rested Tennessee Rye (2014): From the Jack Daniel's official website: "Our Tennessee Rye has been 'resting' quietly in our barrelhouses these past few years and we invite you to watch it mature along with us with this limited release. The spice character from the rye grain remains from the original Unaged Rye, but the barrels have begun to assert their toasted oak and vanilla notes into the rye whiskey. Charcoal mellowed, matured in a new white oak barrel and offered only in this small batch. We think you will appreciate how our Tennessee Rye is maturing." 80 proof.[74]
Sinatra's 100th Birthday (2015): ...building up to a global launch in 2015 for Sinatra's 100th birthday.[75]

text: Series bottling[edit]

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Scenes From Lynchburg (1998–): Around 1998 the company started to sell the first 1-liter bottle in a new bottle line called the "Scenes from Lynchburg". This first bottle was sold only in Europe. It was to include seven different bottles with a little picture/drawing of something – a scene – from Lynchburg. Almost every year a new bottle was made and sold around airports in Europe. Around 2001 the company started selling the same designed bottles in a 750-ml version in Canada, also trying to bring out a new bottle each year. In 2003 the first U.S. version was sold exclusively in Lynchburg also in a 750-ml version with 43% proof whiskey instead of the 40% used in Canada. What started as a bottle line of seven bottles expanded to a total of 12 scenes in the 1-liter size, eight in the 750-ml size, and three for Canada. The series appears to have ended.[59]
Gold Medal Series (1996–2006): This run, started in 1996 and completed 10 years later, celebrates the company's seven wins of best whiskey at various spirits awards. Each of the seven medals was commemorated by a different bottle design and 86 proof whiskey.
Ducks Unlimited Series, Single Barrel (2006–): In 2006, the Jack Daniel Distillery announced that it would team up with Ducks Unlimited to release a special new series of bottles and would donate a portion of sales to this organization's conservation efforts. Each year since then, a new bottle in the series has been released.
Holiday Select Series (2011–2014): Made with barrels used in Lynchburg's barrel tree, these are limited small batch bottlings for the holiday season. The release in 2011 was 100 proof, 2012's bottling was 90.4 proof, and 2013's was 98 proof.
Master Distiller Series (2012–): This line is meant to honor the seven men who have held the position of master distiller in the company's history. This is bottled with 86 proof whiskey. The second bottle in the series honoring Jess Motlow was released in 2013 with an error on the bottle.[citation needed] The error is a misprint of service dates as 1911–44; Motlow served only until 1941. The distillery recalled shipments and it is believed[by whom?]only 200 cases were sold in Tennessee and international locations.[citation needed] The corrected bottle was released a few months later.

text: Distillery[edit]

text: The Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg is situated in and around a hollow known as "Stillhouse Hollow" or "Jack Daniel's Hollow", where a spring flows from a cave at the base of a limestone cliff. The limestone removes iron from the water, making it ideal for distilling whiskey (water heavy in iron gives whiskey a bad taste).[15] The spring feeds into nearby East Fork Mulberry Creek, which is part of the Elk River watershed. Some 1.9 million barrels containing the aging whiskey are stored in several dozen barrelhouses, some of which adorn the adjacent hilltops and are visible throughout Lynchburg.[44]

text: The distillery is a major tourist attraction, drawing more than a quarter of a million visitors annually.[44] The visitor center, dedicated in June 2000, contains memorabilia related to the distillery and a gift shop. Paid tours of the distillery are conducted several times per day and a premium sampling tour is also offered.[76]

text: In February 2016, a $140 million expansion was announced for the distillery. The company will be expanding the visitors center and adding two new barrel houses.[77]

text: Cocktails[edit]

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Jack Daniel's is the alcoholic component of "Jack and Coke", a common cocktail.[78] In January 2016, Food and Beverage magazine dubbed the drink "The Lemmy" in honor of rock bassist Lemmy who died in December 2015, as it was his regular drink.[79] The "Jack and Coke" is also sometimes called "The Long Island"[80]
Jack Daniel's is also the alcoholic component of "Lynchburg Lemonade".[81]
Jack Daniel's is a common choice for the Tennessee Whiskey component of the "Three Wise Men".

text: Gallery[edit]

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National Register of Historic Places

Founder Jack Daniel

Whiskey barrels in the distillery

Inside the barrels

text: Cultural references[edit]

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Notable drinkers of Jack Daniel's

Frank Sinatra was widely known as a Jack Daniel's drinker. He was buried with a bottle of Jack Daniel's Old Number 7 in 1998.
Lemmy Kilmister of Motörhead cited Jack Daniel's as his drink of choice. Often in media appearances he would be seen drinking Jack Daniel's and Coke, and he reportedly drank a whole bottle every day for 38 years.[82]
Michael Anthony, bass guitarist for the rock band Van Halen, was noted for drinking from a bottle of Jack Daniel's Old Number 7 between songs during concerts. By the end of the show, the bottle would be empty.[citation needed] He has an electric bass guitar that resembles a bottle of Jack Daniel's Old Number 7.
Members of the heavy metal band Pantera were Jack Daniel's drinkers. Notably, the cover of their 1997 live album Official Live: 101 Proof was styled like the label of a Jack Daniel's bottle.

In songs

A line from Dean Martin's song "I Love Vegas" states "I love Vegas, like Sinatra loves Jack Daniel's."[83]
The George Jones song "A whole lotta trouble for you" mentions "Jack Daniel's makes a good whiskey".
The George Thorogood song "I Drink Alone" mentions "So I called up my pal Jack Daniel's and his partner Jimmy Beam".
The National's song "Baby We'll Be Fine" mentions "I pull off your jeans, and you spill Jack and Coke in my collar".
The Kesha song "Tik Tok" mentions "Before I leave, brush my teeth with a bottle of Jack".
The song "Ils sont cools" by the French rapper Orelsan includes the line "Passe la tise que je me Jack Danise" (which can be translated as "Give me the alcohol so I can be Jack Danieled").
The song "Expectations" by the Canadian rock band Three Days Grace includes the line "Threw a shot of Jack back, left with the jackpot."
Eric Church has a song titled "Jack Daniels" in which he sings "Jack Daniels kicked my ass again last night." His song "Love Your Love The Most" includes "and hell yes I love my dog, and Jack D. in my coke." Another song, "Sinners Like Me", says "so we sit on his headstone with a fifth of Jack D, here's to a long line of sinners like me."
The band The Devil Makes Three reference Jack Daniel's in their song "Old Number Seven" with the lyrics "Jack Daniel's Old Number Seven, Tennessee Whiskey got me drinking in heaven."
The song "He's a Mental Giant" by Tech N9ne contains the line: "...Like drinking Patron and Jack prone then jack on silk quilts..."
The song "Fuck Food" by Tech N9ne contains the line: "...Action-packed with a rack and a little bit of that Jack..."
Hank Williams Jr mentions Jack Daniel's in his song "Dixie On My Mind", singing "The people here don't sip Jack Daniel's whiskey, the way they do in that Tennessee mountain land."
The song "Get Throw'd" by Krizz Kaliko contains the line: "...Four horsemen I'm drinking, Jack Daniel's, Johnnie Walker..."
The song "Cruisin' and Boozin'" by Sammy Hagar contains the line "We got JD (Jack Daniel's) in the backseat, We drink nothing but the best."[84]
The 1979 David Allen Coe song "Jack Daniels if you please" contains the line "Jack Daniel's if you please, knock me to my knees".
The Brad Paisley song "Alcohol" references the distillery's location in its chorus: "...since the day I left Milwaukee, Lynchburg, and Bordeaux, France..."
The Drive-By Truckers song "Dead, Drunk, And Naked" has the lyric "Me and old Jack Daniel's, become the best of friends. We got all them Baptists to die for our sins. I know the lord is coming. The South will rise again!"
The French country group Liane Edwards Band refers to the brand name in their song "Jack": "My Best Friend's Name is... 'Jack'. He was born down in Lynchburg... My best friend's name is Jack, he may be your best friend too, when you drain him to his last drop, I'll be glad to share my friend with you..."
Dave Lewis released an instrumental single called "Jack Daniel's Green" in 1968.
ZZ Top mentions Jack Daniel's as "Jack Black" in the song "Arrested for Driving While Blind"
Heather Longstaffe's song "Jack Daniels" makes several references including "I didn't call you last night, Jack Daniel's did"
The Indigo Girls' song "Digging For Your Dream" contains the lyric, "But the bottle of Jack sits on the counter like the devil she knows."
Jason Aldean's 2014 song "Burnin' It Down" includes the lyric "We're just hanging around, burning it down, sipping on some cold Jack Daniel's."

In film, television, Internet video, and theater

In the movie 1978 movie Animal House, the character John "Bluto" Blutarsky (played by John Belushi) chugs an entire bottle of Old No. 7.
In the 1978 movie Dawn Of The Dead, the characters Peter, Stephen, and Roger pass around a bottle of Jack Daniel's at one point.
The play Whiskey by Terrence McNally features a character named Jack Daniels.
In the 1992 movie Scent of a Woman, Al Pacino's character refers to filling a hotel room with "John" Daniel's. When his companion reminds the correct name, Pacino says "When you've known him as long as I have, then it's John".
In the movie National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, Clark (played by Chevy Chase) asks his father how he got through the family's disastrous holidays, and his father replies, "I had a lot of help from Jack Daniel's".
In the film The Shining, Jack Torrance, played by Jack Nicholson, is seen drinking Jack Daniel's in the hotel bar, served by the ghostly bartender Lloyd (he had ordered a bourbon on the rocks).
In the opening scene of the film Basic, the character played by John Travolta drinks from a bottle of Jack Daniel's while taking a shower.
The character Barnes in Oliver Stone's 1986 film Platoon is drinking from a Jack Daniel's bottle when he drunkenly berates Taylor and his group.
YouTube channel Epic Meal Time uses Jack Daniel's in every episode.
Brian Griffin, the anthropomorphic dog in the television series Family Guy, uses Jack Daniel's as his favorite whiskey.
In the 2010 movie A Serbian Film, the character Milos (played by Srđan Todorović) frequently drinks Jack Daniel's.
In the 2008 film Sasori by Hong Kong director Joe Ma, inmates at a fictional Chinese prison engage in gladiator-style fights for bottles of Jack Daniel's
In the 16th episode of Season 2 of the NBC television series Revolution, the character Rachel Matheson hits a patriot over the head with a Jack Daniel's bottle.
In the 1995 James Bond film Goldeneye, Bond's boss, M, serves herself and Bond a drink from a bottle of Jack Daniel's after saying she "prefers bourbon".
In a scene in the 1988 film, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, a fellow detective of the main character asks in reference to his drinking habit's, "Or did you change your name to Jack Daniels?"

Cover art

The cover of Patrick Wensink's book Broken Piano for President featured a design based on the label of Jack Daniel's whiskey, which resulted in a cease-and-desist letter from the company.[85] However, the whiskey company said it could be done upon the book's next reprinting and it would compensate the author if he chose to comply during the current run.[86]
The cover of The Dirt: Confessions of the World's Most Notorious Rock Band, an autobiography collectively written by the members of the rock band Mötley Crüe, includes a bottle design based on that of Jack Daniel's whiskey.
The Charlie Daniels Band album Way Down Yonder depicts bottles of Jack Daniel's on its cover art.