document_title: Hang the DJ (Black Mirror)

question_text: where was hang the dj black mirror filmed

text: Hang the DJ (Black Mirror)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank (Joe Cole) is instructed by "Coach", an artificial intelligence system installed on a small, circular tablet, to go to "the Hub", a large, mall-like building. There he enters a restaurant where he is joined by Amy (Georgina Campbell), who is also following Coach's instructions. The two discover that it is the first time each of them has met someone through "the System", which dictates which romantic relationships its users will have and for how long. Amy and Frank check their tablets and find that they have 12 hours together.

text: Amy and Frank are taken to a numbered house, passing an encircling wall on the way. They talk, then sleep next to each other, parting the next morning after their tablets count down their relationship time to zero. In their separate conversations with Coach, it is revealed that the System enters users into numerous relationships and collects data on them in order to match the user with their "ultimate compatible other" on the user's "pairing day", which it claims to do with a 99.8% success rate.

text: Amy is assigned a nine-month long relationship with Lenny (George Blagden), an attractive "old hand" at the system. Frank is assigned a one-year relationship with the humourless and dour Nicola (Gwyneth Keyworth).

text: Amy and Frank reconnect at a pairing day celebration, which they attend with their respective partners. After this encounter, Amy begins to distance herself from Lenny. When her relationship with Lenny expires, Amy is assigned to a string of short relationships that become increasingly meaningless. When Frank's relationship with Nicola expires, Amy and Frank are once again matched and agree not to check their relationship length.

text: As Amy and Frank's relationship continues, Frank becomes distracted by the fact that their relationship has a set end date. He breaks his promise to Amy and checks his tablet to see how long they have left. It initially says five years, but then "recalibrates" to ever-shorter periods. Coach informs Frank that his "one-sided observation" of the expiration date has shortened his and Amy's relationship. The tablet eventually settles on 20 hours. The next day, Amy confronts Frank about his distracted behaviour. Frank admits that he checked their expiry date and tells Amy they only have an hour left. The two argue, with Frank suggesting that they climb the encircling wall and escape the System, and are approached by a security guard carrying a stun gun. Amy leaves Frank, angry at him for breaking their promise and "breaking" their relationship.

text: After another string of indistinguishable short relationships, Coach informs Amy that her ultimate match has been found, and that her pairing day will be the following day. Coach tells Amy that her ultimate match is someone Amy has never met before, and gives Amy the chance to say farewell to one person of her choosing. Amy quickly chooses to say farewell to Frank, then throws her tablet into a pool. The two meet at the restaurant in the Hub and discover their farewell period is just 90 seconds. Amy confirms with Frank that neither of them remembers what their life was like before they entered the System. She tells Frank that they must be undergoing a test, and that rebelling against the System is part of passing it. They agree to rebel by climbing the encircling wall, and start to leave the restaurant. A guard tries to stop them with a stun gun. Amy defies the guard by putting her hand on the stun gun, which freezes him and everyone else in the restaurant. The two make it to the wall. As they climb it, the lights below them go out and pixelated blackness engulfs everything, revealing that they were part of a simulation. They reappear on a virtual plaza with the number 998 above their heads, surrounded by hundreds of other similarly numbered duplicates of themselves. They look up and fade out of existence in awe, as a digital counter announces that out of 1000 simulations run, 998 rebellions have occurred.

text: The camera then flips into the real world, where the System and its simulations are all part of an online dating app's matchmaking algorithm, with the app on their phones scanning everybody around them and identifying Amy and Frank as a 99.8% match. Amy and Frank smile at each other, as the lyrics "Hang the DJ" from the chorus of "Panic" by The Smiths plays in the background, and Amy begins to approach Frank.

text: Production[edit]

text: Whilst series one and two of Black Mirror were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes,[4] and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distribute the third series, with a bid of $40 million.[5] The 12-episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each.

text: According to Annabel Jones, the series' co-creator, "Hang the DJ" was intended to reflect on the state of dating in the present day and the "general sense of loneliness".[6] Charlie Brooker came up with the idea of the dating app by analogy with Spotify: it determines one's perfect mate by running through a "playlist" of prospective partners and evaluating one's responses to each partner until the algorithm finds the best match.[7] One challenge with the episode was to keep the twist—that most of the events took place within a computer simulation—unclear until the very end while still providing enough detail to make the viewer aware that something was off with the setting.[6] Another aspect Brooker and his writers discussed was how long to have the semi-permanent relationship between Amy and Frank last. They ultimately settled on five years. Brooker said that when Frank discovers this time period "it's not devastating news, but it's not forever", and he thinks, "'Okay that's a reasonable amount of time for a serious relationship, a serious bond.'"[8]

text: Some exterior filming took place at Painshill, a centuries-old landscape park in Surrey. One of the original remaining structures, an abbey, served as the backdrop for the Pairing Day ceremony scene.[9] The instrumental soundtrack for "Hang the DJ" was created by Alex Somers, with two pieces contributed by Sigur Rós.[10]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[11] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[12][13]

text: Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror".[14] On 6 December, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.[15]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Charlie Booker was nominated for "Writing: Drama" for the 2018 British Academy Television Awards for his screenplay for "Hang the DJ".[16]


document_title: Boy Meets World

question_text: who sings the boy meets world theme song

root

text: Boy Meets World

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

tag: table

text: Season 1: Middle school[edit]

text: The first season begins with Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) and his best friend Shawn Hunter (Rider Strong), two average sixth-graders. They do not care about schoolwork, despite the efforts of their longtime teacher George Feeny (William Daniels). Initially, their main interest is sports, though later Shawn and then Cory begin to express an interest in girls. This season focuses specifically on Cory's relationships with the other characters in the show. He begins to understand his parents more and respect them for all that they do. His relationship with his elder brother Eric (Will Friedle) becomes confusing as Eric's constant obsession with girls is foreign to Cory, and he becomes more protective of his younger sister Morgan (Lily Nicksay from this season through the end of the second season). Cory begins to show interest in Topanga (Danielle Fishel), a smart outsider in his class, though he often hides this by insulting and berating her. Cory and Topanga have known each other since they were kids, making romance in their relationship even more predictable. Cory and Shawn's friendship is tested for the first time, and Cory must often choose between doing what Shawn wants him to do and doing what is best for their friendship.

tag: p

text: Seasons 2–5: High school[edit]

text: During the second season, Cory, Topanga, and Shawn start high school and meet Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn), an unconventional English teacher. Although they initially view Mr. Turner as cool, they soon realize that he is a teacher above all else, which earns him the nickname "Feeny with an earring" from Cory. Throughout the second season, Cory and Shawn try a variety of ways to become popular with their classmates. In doing so, they nearly get into fights with school bullies and in trouble with Mr. Feeny (now their high school principal). Eventually, though Shawn becomes more popular, he maintains his close friendship with the less popular Cory. Shawn’s mother Virna deserts her son and husband Chet (Blake Clark), which upsets Shawn greatly. Chet then leaves to find Virna. After this occurs, Shawn lives briefly with Cory and his parents, but soon figures out that it's just not the right fit for him, and later moves in with Mr. Turner. Cory tries at some points to begin a relationship with Topanga, but this is mostly because he does not want to be left out of the dating game. Sensing this, Topanga is wary of his advances, and despite the mutual attraction, the two do not date during this season.

text: During the third season, Cory finally admits that he wants to ask out Topanga but cannot work up the courage to do it. Consequently, his best friend Shawn asks her out. Although Cory was hurt, he soon realized Shawn set the whole thing up so he could unite Cory and Topanga and make Cory confess his feelings for her. He tells her how he feels, and they become a couple. Later in the third season, Cory and Topanga are worried that their relationship has hit a rut, and decide it would be best to break up while they are still able to keep the friendship. They get back together a few months later when Cory follows her to Disney World to win her back. Eric spends this season desperately trying to make up for his first three years of slacking off in high school. He makes progress, but it is not enough; he is not acceptable to any universities as of his high school graduation. He decides then to take a year off and figure things out, beginning with a summer road trip. After finding out in the season finale that Cory feels estranged from him, Eric invites Cory along for the ride. Shawn nearly makes several life-changing blunders this season, but Cory and then Mr. Turner help him to make the right choices. Cory endures several tests of character this season—everything from being credited for a great deed (which he did not deserve), to being insistently pursued by another girl while he is with Topanga. Sometimes Cory makes the right decision, and sometimes the wrong one, but he learns from each.

text: The fourth season opens with Cory and Eric's return from their road trip. In this season, Eric finds himself confronted with life after high school. After having a couple of jobs and meeting people that teach him some interesting lessons, Eric decides to retake the SAT and give college another try. The Matthews' patriarch Alan (William Russ) decides to quit his job and open a sporting goods store with Eric as his partner. Topanga’s mother is transferred at her job to Pittsburgh, which is over 300 miles (480 km) from Philadelphia. The news devastates Cory, but Topanga runs away from her new house and returns to Philadelphia. Topanga’s parents decide that she can live with Aunt Prudence (Olivia Hussey) in Philadelphia until she graduates. Shawn's mother returns for a brief period but then leaves again under unknown circumstances at some point between season 4 and season 6.

text: Later that school year, Mr. Turner gets into a severe motorcycle accident in which he almost dies. The next year Eric moves out of his parents’ house and begins college at the fictional Pennbrook University (a pastiche of local Philadelphia schools including Saint Joseph's University and the University of Pennsylvania). He moves into an apartment with Jack (Matthew Lawrence), who turns out to be Shawn’s half-brother. Shawn clearly shows his hatred toward Jack and refuses to live with him because he was upset that Jack never called or checked to see if Shawn and his dad were doing okay (Shawn eventually discovers that Jack never received any of Shawn's letters, or he would have come to see him immediately). However, after being convinced by his father and others around him, Shawn moves in with them but finds he has nothing in common with Jack, which causes a lot of tension. A new student, Angela (Trina McGee), moves to Philadelphia and begins to date Shawn. Over winter break, the students go skiing on a school trip. Cory sprains his ankle and Lauren (Linda Cardellini), a ski-lodge employee, takes care of him. The two kiss, but Cory lies to Topanga. When Topanga finds out that he lied, they break up. Cory, upset about the break-up, gets drunk and is arrested, along with Shawn. The two agree never to drink again, but Shawn breaks the promise and shows up at school drunk. With the help of Angela and Jack, Shawn realizes that alcoholism runs in his family and that he needs to stop drinking.

text: Topanga forgives Cory after encountering her own kiss with an old friend from grade school. She realizes no kiss means more than the ones she shares with Cory. Cory and Topanga reunite and attend the prom together, where they are named King and Queen. On prom night, Cory's mother Amy (Betsy Randle) announces that she is pregnant. Mr. Feeny decides to retire at the end of the school year and move to Wyoming; however, he soon returns from retirement and goes back to teaching. Topanga is accepted to Yale, but Cory does not want her to leave him. At graduation, Topanga tells Cory that she decided not to go to Yale because she wants to be with him; then she proposes. The couple's parents are upset that they got engaged so young, but Cory and Topanga decide to elope. However, at the last minute, they decide that they want to get married "the right way," in front of family and friends.

text: Seasons 6–7: College[edit]

text: Shawn, Cory, Topanga, and Angela join Jack and Eric at Pennbrook. Rachel McGuire (Maitland Ward), a new student from Texas, moves in with Eric and Jack, causing tension as both boys have crushes on her. Angela and Shawn break up due to his claim that they should meet new people and, despite Cory’s efforts, decide to stay just friends. They eventually are brought back together by way of Angela's father during his visit to the college, recruiting students for his R.O.T.C. program of basic training in the army. Mr. Feeny returns to take some classes but then is offered a teaching job at the university. During their freshman year, Stuart (played by Ben Savage's older brother Fred Savage), one of their professors, makes inappropriate—and unwelcome—sexual advances towards Topanga, causing Cory to shove him through a glass door at the Student Union. Cory is suspended but for only one day; the Dean (Bonnie Bartlett) believes that Stuart had crossed the line. Mr. Feeny and the Dean eventually gain feelings for one another and begin dating.

text: Cory and Topanga face a major obstacle in their marriage plans when Topanga’s parents go through a divorce, and she decides to call off the wedding. She breaks up with Cory completely and tells him that she doesn’t believe in love. Topanga is convinced that she is doing what is best for herself and Cory until her mother comes to explain everything and tell her that love is worth the risk.

text: Chet dies of a heart attack, and Jack reacts by admitting feelings for Rachel. They start dating, which causes problems for Jack and Eric. Crushed, Eric decides to move out of the apartment so that he doesn't get in the way of Jack and Rachel and later sleeps in Mr. Feeny’s car. Shawn goes on a road trip to deal with his father's death, saying he won't come back. He does return however when the new Matthews baby, Joshua, is born prematurely and has a small chance of survival. Shawn receives a letter from his mother, confessing she is not his biological parent. Shawn unsuccessfully searches for his biological mother. Alan offers to adopt Shawn, but he decides that it was not necessary because Shawn knows that he is already part of the family.

text: Shawn and Cory have challenges in their relationship throughout the season, including on the day of Cory’s wedding. Shawn admits that he is no longer Cory’s best friend and gives him away to Topanga. Despite this, their friendship remains intact, but Topanga sometimes feels left out. Cory and Topanga get married and move into a shabby apartment for married couples on campus. They struggle for a while, wondering why Alan and Amy refuse to help them, but Alan later admits that he didn't want to deprive of them of the joy and bonding that comes with building a life together when you're new to marriage. They eventually make it a wonderful home and realize that they are capable of doing things on their own as a married couple. The group is growing up—they have to start thinking about what to do with their lives. In one episode, the newer friends get involved in a prank war with the originals (Jack, Rachel, and Angela vs. Cory, Shawn, and Topanga) which ultimately results in an ill-considered prank that exposes a very private secret of Rachel's. The friends are almost completely torn apart by all of this, until Eric and Mr. Feeny intervene by reminding them of the importance of their relationships and, as a result, everyone makes up.

text: In the series finale, Cory, Topanga, Shawn, and Eric all head to New York City, where Topanga has been offered a dream internship at a law firm. Angela decides to move overseas with her father, and Jack and Rachel join the Peace Corps in Guatemala. The final scene has Cory, Topanga, and Shawn having a final meeting with Mr. Feeny in their old sixth-grade classroom, along with Eric, with each one telling him how important he is in their lives and to cherish each other forever.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Cory Matthews (Ben Savage)
George Feeny (William Daniels)
Amy Matthews (Betsy Randle)
Eric Matthews (Will Friedle)
Shawn Hunter (Rider Strong)
Stuart Minkus (Lee Norris)
Morgan Matthews (Lily Nicksay (seasons 1–2), Lindsay Ridgeway (seasons 3–7))
Alan Matthews (William Russ)
Topanga Lawrence (Danielle Fishel)
Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn)
Eli Williams (Alex Désert)
Jack Hunter (Matthew Lawrence)
Angela Moore (Trina McGee-Davis)
Rachel McGuire (Maitland Ward)

tag: ul

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Theme music and introductions[edit]

text: Boy Meets World used a number of theme songs and opening title sequences over its seven-year run. Season one was the only season of the series that incorporated the names of the main cast and series creators within the opening title sequence, while those credits were shown along with the credits for producers and that episode's director and writers during the show's cold open for the remainder of the series. Every episode of seasons one and four through seven utilized a single theme song for every episode; however, the entire second season and part of season three used various instrumental themes composed by Ray Colcord (who also composed the incidental music used between scenes and commercial breaks throughout the show's run). This practice ended with "The Last Temptation of Cory" (season 3, episode 9) as one of the cycled themes became the sole opening title music for the rest of that season. The final theme, written and performed by Phil Rosenthal, of the band Twenty Cent Crush[8] remained for seasons five through seven, though the visuals changed from seasons 5 to 6 to include Trina McGee-Davis (when she moved from recurring cast member in season 5 to series regular cast member in season 6) and Maitland Ward (who was added as a regular cast member in season 6).

text: ABC Family was the first network since ABC to show all the accurate introductions for each of the show's seven seasons. For the broadcast syndication and Disney Channel airings between 1997 and 2007, the opening title sequence from season four (along with a slightly modified version of the theme music from that season) anachronistically replaced the title sequences for the first three seasons, while the opening titles for seasons four through seven were kept intact.

text: Philadelphia references[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: It is one of many television shows to take place primarily in the Philadelphia area and makes multiple local references. These include Cory's love for the Phillies and Morgan often wearing a Philadelphia Eagles jacket. Eric mentions that he and his father always talk about the Eagles, 76ers, Flyers, and Phillies, the four major sports teams in Philadelphia, and his attempts to be accepted into Swarthmore College—finally ending with Cory and most of the cast attending Pennbrook, an institution that appears to be a pastiche of Penn and Saint Joseph's University. In the episode "Starry Night," Cory and Topanga visit the Philadelphia Museum of Art for a Vincent van Gogh exhibition. In the episode "Singled Out" in season 4, Eric meets with one of the producers of Singled Out and the producer makes reference to Eric living in and around Philadelphia.

text: The name of John Adams High School is an homage to William Daniels' long-running role in the Tony-award-winning Broadway play (and later film) 1776, in which Daniels played Founding Father John Adams.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Disney–ABC Domestic Television (sister company to Touchstone Television, now ABC Studios) currently handles the syndication rights to the series.

text: Boy Meets World reruns began airing on various FOX, WB, UPN, and independent affiliates from 1997 to 2000. During the latter month, Disney Channel assumed syndication rights, with the series running on the cable channel until 2007. To the consternation of some longtime fans of the show, Disney Channel edited many episodes that contained scenes with suggestive content deemed inappropriate for the channel's target audience of 7- to 14-year-olds. All 158 episodes aired during the series' initial run on the Disney Channel, however, due to the adult subject matter and complaints from parents, Disney Channel omitted three episodes from later airings: season five's "If You Can't Be with the One You Love..." (due to its depictions of underage drinking) and "Prom-ises, Prom-ises" (whose main storyline involves Cory and Topanga contemplating losing their virginity on the night of their prom), and season six's "The Truth About Honesty" (due to its sexual references).[9] On May 5, 2014, the show temporarily returned to the network after a seven-year absence to promote Girl Meets World.[10]

text: ABC Family has aired Boy Meets World from June 21, 2004 to August 31, 2007 and again from April 12, 2010 to December 2, 2015.[11] Though the network in a way inherited the syndication rights to the show from Disney Channel, the episode prints broadcast by ABC Family differed from those seen on Disney Channel and in broadcast syndication as it incorporated scenes cut from the Disney Channel broadcasts (though small portions of certain scenes from episodes during the earlier seasons were cut due to time constraints) and featured the three episodes that Disney chose not to air, incorporated each season's corresponding opening title sequence, and restored the placement of the teaser scenes during the season one episodes to running before the opening titles in the manner that they were shown in the original ABC telecasts (instead of having the cast and creators' names shown during the teasers). However, the program was dropped once ABC Family was rebranded as Freeform. The series also began airing on MTV2 since November 14, 2011, again with the original opening title sequences intact.[12]

text: On April 18, 2016, Nickelodeon's sister channel TeenNick began airing the series. The series, TeenNick's only acquired program as of 2017, airs as a lead-in to the channel's classic programming block, NickSplat.

text: Internationally, reruns of the series have been broadcast on Canada's YTV, Family Channel, and ABC Spark; the Canadian version of ABC Family. In Brazil, the show was aired by SBT (terrestrial television) and Disney Channel Brazil (cable television) until 2005.

text: On September 29, 2017, Boy Meets World became available for streaming on Hulu along with fellow Disney–ABC television properties Dinosaurs and Home Improvement, in addition to fellow TGIF programs Family Matters, Full House, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Perfect Strangers and Step by Step.[13]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Angela's interracial relationship with Shawn was a relative rarity for a major network television show targeting youths at the time. Trina McGee-Davis once remarked that the typical reaction she received from young fans regarding the relationship was overwhelmingly positive and encouraging, often inquiring as to when the characters would reconcile after a breakup. She expressed her personal wish that her character's relationship would serve as an example of color blindness for the world, in lieu of a less positive reaction a similar relationship had received on Ally McBeal at the time.[14]

text: Eric and Shawn both wore a popular 1990s hairstyle called curtained hair.

text: The show also addresses the cultural issues of child abuse ("Dangerous Secret"'), sexual harassment ("Chick Like Me"), and underage drinking/alcohol abuse ("If You Can't Be With the One You Love…").

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (as Buena Vista Home Entertainment) released the first three seasons of Boy Meets World on DVD between 2004 and 2005.[15] Because the sales figures did not meet the company's expectations, no further seasons were released. As of 2009, these releases have been discontinued and are out of print.

text: On August 4, 2008, it was announced that Lionsgate Home Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series. They subsequently re-released the first three seasons on DVD on September 7, 2010, with the same special features from the original releases.[16] Season 4 was released on December 7, 2010.[17] Season 5 was released on May 3, 2011.[18] Season 6 was released on July 5, 2011.[19] Season 7 was released on October 4, 2011, completing the series' run on DVD.[20] Ultimately, Lionsgate was able to release all seven seasons in almost a year's time. All seven seasons of the series are available for download at the iTunes Store.

text: On November 5, 2013, Lionsgate released Boy Meets World: The Complete Collection on DVD in Region 1.[21] The 22-disc set features all 158 episodes of the series as well as new and previously included bonus features from the original sets.

text:
DVD name
Ep#
Release date
Bonus features

The Complete First Season

22

August 24, 2004Re-release: September 7, 2010

Bonus Episode from Season 4: Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow (Disc 3) & Audio Commentary with Cast and Crew

The Complete Second Season

23

November 23, 2004Re-release: September 7, 2010

Bonus Feature: "Fear Strikes Out" Video Commentary (Disc 2) & Audio Commentary with Cast and Crew

The Complete Third Season

22

August 23, 2005Re-release: September 7, 2010

"The World According to Boy" Pop Quiz – Answer these quiz questions correctly and you'll graduate from John Adams High with honors (Disc 3)

The Complete Fourth Season

22

December 7, 2010

The Complete Fifth Season

24

May 3, 2011

The Complete Sixth Season

22

July 5, 2011

The Complete Seventh Season

23

October 4, 2011

The Complete Collection

158

November 5, 2013

Boy Meets World: Back to the Beginning featurette, Boy Meets... World Fandom Featurette (Bonus disc)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

1994
Young Artist Award
Best Youth Comedian
Rider Strong
Nominated

Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Television Series
Ben Savage
Nominated

Best New Television Series
Boy Meets World
Nominated

Best Actress Under Ten in a Television Series or Show
Lily Nicksay
Nominated

1995
Young Artist Award
Best Performance: Young Actor in a TV Comedy Series
Will Friedle
Nominated

Jason Marsden
Nominated

1996
Young Artist Award
Best Performance by a Young Actress: TV Comedy Series
Danielle Fishel
Nominated

Best Performance by a Young Actress: Guest Starring Role TV Series
Erin J. Dean
Nominated

Best Performance by a Young Actor: Guest Starring Role TV Series
Justin Thomson
Won

1997
Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Supporting Young Actress
Danielle Fishel
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Supporting Young Actor
Rider Strong
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Comedy: Leading Young Actor
Ben Savage
Nominated

1998
Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series: Leading Young Performer
Ben Savage
Nominated

YoungStar Award
Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy TV Series
Ben Savage
Nominated

Best Young Actress/Performance in a Comedy TV Series
Danielle Fishel
Won

1999
Kids' Choice Award
Favorite Television Show
Boy Meets World
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series: Guest Starring Young Actor
Jarrett Lennon
Won

2000
Kids' Choice Award
Favorite Television Show
Boy Meets World
Nominated

Favorite Television Friends
Ben Savage & Rider Strong
Won

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series: Guest Starring Young Performer
J. B. Gaynor
Won

YoungStar Award
Best Young Actress/Performance in a Comedy TV Series
Danielle Fishel
Nominated

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In November 2012, Disney Channel announced that it had ordered a pilot for a spin-off series, Girl Meets World. The story exists in the same continuity as the original series and follows Riley Matthews (Rowan Blanchard), the daughter of Cory and Topanga Matthews, as she navigates the challenges of her early teenage years. Michael Jacobs returned as showrunner, while Ben Savage and Danielle Fishel reprise their roles as Cory and Topanga. Philadelphia area native Sabrina Carpenter plays Riley's best friend Maya Hart. Several cast members from Boy Meets World appear in recurring guest roles. Most prominently: Rider Strong (Shawn Hunter), Will Friedle (Eric Matthews), Danny McNulty (Harley Keiner), Lee Norris (Stuart Minkus), and William Daniels (Mr. Feeny). Girl Meets World ran three seasons before being canceled in 2017.[22]


document_title: List of Bravest Warriors episodes

question_text: when is bravest warriors season 3 coming out

text: List of Bravest Warriors episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
January 10, 2009 (2009-01-10)

1
12
November 8, 2012 (2012-11-08)
July 18, 2013 (2013-07-18)

2
12
October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
June 12, 2014 (2014-06-12)

3
6
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)

4
26
December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)
TBA

Minisodes
5
August 8, 2013 (2013-08-08)
September 13, 2013 (2013-09-13)

text: Pilot (2009)[edit]

text:
Number in Series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Date published
Production code

0
"The Bravest Warriors"
Randy Myers & Pendleton Ward
Pendleton Ward
January 10, 2009 (2009-01-10)
N/A

Chris, Beth, Danny, and Wallow save the brain dogs from the tickle monster.

text: Season 1 (2012–2013)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed and written by
Storyboarded by
Date published[2]
Production code

1
1
"Time Slime"
Breehn Burns
Tom King
November 8, 2012 (2012-11-08)
BW101

The Bravest Warriors, in place of their parents the Courageous Battlers, assist Supreme Chancellor Gayle from the Moon of Glendale when Professor Fartsparkles' Fartsparkles Time Generator causes a Fartsparkles Effect, trapping the Bravest Warriors and all of the Moon of Glendale in an overlapping time loop.

2
2
"Emotion Lord"
Breehn Burns
Kris Wimberly
November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15)
BW102

After a mission on the planet Zgraxxis, the Bravest Warriors wonder about the strange turn of events, leaving Danny with Zgraxxis Fever and Beth with a tail. However, all attempts to save Danny's life are disrupted by an omnipotent being known as an Emotion Lord.

3
3
"Butter Lettuce"
Breehn Burns
Brett Varon
November 29, 2012 (2012-11-29)
BW103

Chris plays a video game in the Holo-John, eventually joined by Wallow and Danny, and after winning, has problems with the Beth hologram Danny has programmed to be 30% more sexier, particularly after Beth walks in on them all.

4
4
"Memory Donk"
Breehn Burns
Tom King
December 6, 2012 (2012-12-06)
BW104

While on a bus the Bravest Warriors have lost all of their memories, as do all of the other passengers and the driver who ejects himself. The gang must figure out how to stop the bus before it crashes into the Mars Convention Center, all while dealing with the memory stealing Memory Donk.

5
5
"The Bunless"
Breehn Burns
Bob Boyle
December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13)
BW105

If two extradimensional beings do not fall back in love with each other again, the people of Bunless 9 will suffer through 100 years of war and darkness. To this end, Wallow hosts a dance mixer, and has Chris and Beth use their butts to host the two beings.

6
6
"Lavarinth"
Breehn Burns
James Burks
December 20, 2012 (2012-12-20)
BW106

While the Bravest Warriors try to destroy the hive of the firebugs, the Emotion Lord returns with a surprising fact: that he is Chris from nearly 180 years in the future.

7
7
"Gas Powered Stick"
Breehn Burns
Carlos Ramos
January 10, 2013 (2013-01-10)
BW107

Beth's merewif friend Plum drops by for a visit, and Danny and Wallow do their best to try to impress her. Meanwhile, the Emotion Lord gives Impossibear a gas-powered stick that never runs out of gas.

8
8
"Dan Before Time"
Breehn Burns
Kris Wimberly
January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24)
BW108

Danny invents a time machine so he can go back in time to seek revenge on the Low Gravity Hacker Pack who made his childhood horrible after they made a device that could make him barf at the press of a button.

9
9
"Cereal Master"
Breehn Burns
Jeanette Moreno King
February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07)
BW110

Danny accompanies Chris to get Beth a bowl of Moon Frosted Double Dolphin Smax for their ten-year jinx-aversary. But the Cereal Master's refusal to add Beth's favorite ingredient causes Chris's latent Emotion Lord powers to surface, spurring an interplanetary chase to make sure Beth gets her cereal and so Chris does not tell on the Cereal Master's father.

10
10
"Ultra Wankershim"
Breehn Burns
James Burks
February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
BW111

Wankershim leaves the Holo-John as a flesh and blood creature, but he soon grows to gigantic proportions. The Bravest Warriors try to figure out what to do when the Emotion Lord shows up for the Dawning of Wankershim to tell the Bravest Warriors that "it's always been Wankershim" and to help Chris awaken his Emotion Lord powers, without causing a tear in the Space-Time Calliope that may result in a Temporal Pair-of-Socks.

11
11
"Catbug"
Breehn Burns
Tom King
March 7, 2013 (2013-03-07)
BW112

The Bravest Warriors discover that Catbug can travel to and from the See-Through Zone and he has been returning with gifts from their parents, except Beth's father. However, the gifts seem to be covered in a strange virus that mutates into a door, leaving them with one final message: "Ralph Waldo Pickle Chips is the key".

12
Lost Episode
"Sugarbellies"
Breehn Burns
Rayfield Angrum
July 18, 2013 (2013-07-18)
BW109

The Bravest Warriors come to the assistance of the Sugarbelly aliens whose planets have gone out of a particular alignment and causes all in the area to no longer be able to speak clearly. Danny must plug a power cord into a crystalline planet, Wallow must figure out how to turn on two power switches while avoiding a set of robotic guard dogs, Chris must figure out the right tune to play on an organ the Sugarbellies will sing, and Beth must prove herself to the Sugarbellies otherwise no one will be able to speak again.

text: Minisodes (2013)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written and storyboarded by
Date published[3]

1
"Moo-Phobia"
Breehn Burns
Niki Yang
August 8, 2013 (2013-08-08)

Chris's fear of cows keeps him from joining the others on a mission.

2
"DramaBug"
Breehn Burns
Tyler Chen
August 15, 2013 (2013-08-15)

Catbug plays with his toys with soap opera-worthy drama.

3
"Browser Fail"
Breehn Burns
Ryan Pequin
August 22, 2013 (2013-08-22)

Danny wakes up to realize his eyebrows have been shaved off in his sleep.

4
"Impossibomb"
Breehn Burns
Tyler Chen
September 6, 2013 (2013-09-06)

Impossibear shows up with a present for Wallow, not knowing that it is actually a bomb.

5
"Terrabeth Bytes"
Breehn Burns
Parker Simmons
September 13, 2013 (2013-09-13)

Beth sumo wrestles with Wallow.

text: Season 2 (2013–2014)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboard by
Date published[4]
Production code

13
1
"Aeon Worm"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
James Burks
October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
BW201

Beth and her horse find their way into the See-Through Zone where Beth decides to save her father (Bill Mumy), who has since become known as "Ralph Waldo Pickle Chips" in his service to the evil Aeon Worm.

14
2
"RoboChris"
Breehn Burns
Ryan North
Nate Villanueva
October 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)
BW202

Danny creates a robotic Chris duplicate to be his new best friend in an attempt to make the real Chris jealous.

15
3
"Mexican Touchdown"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Bob Boyle
November 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)
BW203

Plum and Danny go on a mission together. Danny confesses his love for Plum, but Plum does not reciprocate.

16
4
"Hamster Priest"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Brandon Kruse
December 5, 2013 (2013-12-05)
BW204

Beth begins to experience strange changes around her which are all tied to a device her father smuggled back with him from the See-Through Zone.

17
5
"Jelly Kid Forever"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
James Burks
December 19, 2013 (2013-12-19)
BW205

Catbug kills Jelly Kid, and Danny doesn't take it well.

18
6
"The Puppetyville Horror"
Breehn Burns
Jhonen Vasquez
Kris Wimberly & Christofer Graham
January 23, 2014 (2014-01-23)
BW206

The Bravest Warriors make a stop on a strange yellow moon due to some toilet problems and soon after they begin to disappear one by one.

19
7
"Catbug's Away Team"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Brandon Kruse
February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)
BW207

With an alien race in trouble from Wankershim, the Bravest Warriors have Catbug form an away team to teach him responsibility while they work to save the aliens.

20
8
"Merewif Tag"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Joseph Orrantia & James Burks
February 20, 2014 (2014-02-20)
BW208

Chris and Plum switch bodies for fun, or so it seems. A kiss ends up fracturing someone's timeline.

21
9
"The Dimension Garden"
Breehn Burns
Noelle Stevenson, Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Josh Pruett
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
BW209

A mysterious worm invades the Invisible hideout.

22
10
"The Parasox Pub"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
James Burks
May 22, 2014 (2014-05-22)
BW210

With the help of his future selves, Chris sets out to change his destiny.

23
11
"Season of the Worm"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Tyson Hesse
June 5, 2014 (2014-06-05)
BW211

The Bravest Warriors follow Hamster Mitch in an effort to track down Ralph Waldo Pickle Chips.

24
12
"Season of the Mitch"
Breehn Burns
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
Tyson Hesse
June 12, 2014 (2014-06-12)
BW212

Beth takes down Ralph Waldo Pickle Chips. Meanwhile, Mitch decides his destiny.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text: Starting on January 10, 2017, Season 3 Episodes of Bravest Warriors were released on VRV, an on-demand service from Crunchyroll.

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Date published
Production code

25
1
"Dan of Future Past"
Tom King
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)[5]
BW301

Chris returns home from the Parasox Pub, but arrives on Mars ten years too early. With his powers out of control, he is discovered by a young, unitard-clad Danny, who is more than enthusiastic about nurturing him back to health.

26
2
"Himmel Mancheese"
Tom King
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10T(For VRV Premium Members))
BW302

To save a divided race of cute little aliens, the Warriors fly to their planet where Himmel is the only hope for peace. But when Wallow's unscrupulous attitude about hooking up with aliens destroys the kingdom's chance for peace, he is sentenced to death.

27
3
"Ghosts of the See-Through Zone"
Tom King
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24T(For VRV Premium Members))
BW303

While spending the evening in the city with Plum, Beth is in turmoil over who she loves more: Chris or Danny, lamenting how either decision will tear apart the Bravest Warriors. Back home, in the meantime, the group is being torn apart by interdimensional phantasms.

28
4
"Fast Times at Saturn Oaks"
Tom King
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07T(For VRV Premium Members))
BW304

At the Saturn Oaks Galleria--a popular teen hangout floating in the rings of Saturn--Chris must foil a food court heist before it's too late, but the crushing prospect of Beth falling for a new guy makes his mission all the more difficult.

29
5
"Everything is Okay"
Tom King
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21T(For VRV Premium Members))
BW305

Catbug, Impossibear, and the other pets open the Invisible Hideout as a Bravest Warriors museum, while Hamster Mitch, AKA The Lord of Morality, is on a mission to seek the wisdom of the Paralyzed Horse.

30
6
"Emotion Fjord"
Tom King
Breehn Burns & Jason Johnson
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07T(For VRV Premium Members))
BW306

Plum leads the Warriors to the Emotion Fjord to find Captain C Word, who can give Chris the protection he needs from deathly emoverload.


document_title: Veterans Stadium

question_text: where did the phillies play before veterans stadium

text: Veterans Stadium

text: History[edit]

text: Inception, design and construction[edit]

text: As early as 1959, Phillies owner Bob Carpenter proposed building a new ballpark for the Phillies on 72 acres (290,000 m2) adjacent to the Garden State Park Racetrack in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The Phillies' then-home, Connie Mack Stadium, was starting to show its age (it had been built in 1909), had inadequate parking, and was located in a declining neighborhood. Furthermore, in 1959 alcohol sales at sporting events were banned in Pennsylvania but were legal in New Jersey. The proposed ballpark would have seated 45,000 fans, been expandable to 60,000 and would have had 15,000 parking spaces.[4]

text: The American League's Philadelphia Athletics had moved to Kansas City, Missouri after the 1954 season and Philadelphians weren't about to lose another professional sports franchise. In 1964, Philadelphia voters approved a US$25-million-bond issue for a new stadium to serve as the home of both the Eagles (who played at the University of Pennsylvania's Franklin Field) and the Phillies. Because of cost overruns, the voters had to go to the polls again in 1967 to approve another $13 million. At a total cost of $60 million[clarification needed], it was one of the most-expensive ballparks to date.[5]

text: The stadium was named by the Philadelphia City Council, in 1968, for the veterans of all wars. As early as December 1969, the Phillies expected that they would play the first month of the 1970 season at Connie Mack Stadium before moving to the new venue.[6] However, the opening was delayed a year because of a combination of bad weather and cost overruns.

text: The stadium's design was nearly circular, and was known as an "octorad" design, which attempted to facilitate both football and baseball. Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego had been similarly designed. As was the case with other cities where this dual approach was tried (other examples include RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.; Shea Stadium in New York City, the Astrodome in Houston; Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta; Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis; Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati; and Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh), the fundamentally different sizes and shapes of the playing fields made the stadium inadequate to the needs of either sport.

text: First game[edit]

text: The Phillies played their first game at the stadium on Saturday, April 10, 1971, beating the Montreal Expos, 4–1, before an audience of 55,352. Jim Bunning (named to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996) was the winning pitcher while Bill Stoneman took the loss. Entertainer Mike Douglas, whose daily talk show was taped in Philadelphia, sang The Star-Spangled Banner before the game. The emcee for the opening ceremonies was newly arrived Harry Kalas. Boots Day opened the game by grounding out to Bunning. Larry Bowa had the stadium's first hit and Don Money slugged the first home run.[7]

text: Final games[edit]

text: As the stadium aged, its condition deteriorated. A hole in the wall allowed visiting teams' players to peep into the Eagles Cheerleaders dressing room. So many mice infested the stadium that the security force employed cats as mousers.[8] The final football game played at the Vet was the Eagles' 27–10 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2003. The Eagles moved into Lincoln Financial Field in August 2003.[9]

text: The final game ever played at the stadium was the afternoon of September 28, 2003, a 5-2 Phillies loss to the Atlanta Braves.[10] The final win was recorded by Greg Maddux of the Braves, the final loss by the Phils' Kevin Millwood. The final Phillies run was scored by Marlon Byrd at the top of the 3rd inning, and the final run altogether by the Braves' Andruw Jones on a double by Robert Fick (who also had the last hit at Tiger Stadium as a Detroit Tiger 4 years earlier) at the top of the 5th. The final hit at the Vet was a single by the Phills' Pat Burrell at the bottom of the 9th. The next batter, Chase Utley, grounded into a double play to end the game and the Vet. However, the ceremony that followed pulled at the heartstrings of the sellout crowd. Both Paul Owens, a former general manager, and Tug McGraw, a former pitcher, made their final public appearances at the park that day; later that winter both men died.[11][12] The last publicly broadcast words uttered in the park were by Harry Kalas — a veteran announcer who helped open the facility on April 10, 1971 — who paraphrased his trademark home run call: "And now, Veterans Stadium is like a 3-1 pitch to Jim Thome or Mike Schmidt. It's on a looooooong drive...IT'S OUTTA HERE!!!" The team moved into Citizens Bank Park in 2004, with the first game being played there on April 12, 2004.

text: Demolition and commemoration[edit]

text: On March 21, 2004, the 32-year-old stadium was imploded in 62 seconds. Frank Bardonaro, President of Philadelphia-based AmQuip Crane Rental Company pressed the "charge" button and then Bardonaro and Nicholas T Peetros Sr., Project Manager for Driscoll/Hunt Construction Company combined to press the "fire" button to trigger the implosion[13] while Greg Luzinski and the Phillie Phanatic, the Phillies' mascot, pressed a ceremonial plunger for the fans.[14] A parking lot for the current sporting facilities was constructed in 2004 and 2005 at the site.

text: On June 6, 2005, the anniversary of World War II's D-Day, a plaque and monument to commemorate the spot where the stadium stood and a memorial for all veterans was dedicated by the Phillies before their game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. On September 28, 2005, the second anniversary of the stadium's final game, a historical marker commemorating where the ballpark once stood was dedicated. In April 2006, granite spaces marking the former locations of home plate, the pitcher's mound, and the three bases for baseball, as well as the goalpost placements for football, were added in Western Parking Lot U.

text: Seating capacity[edit]

text:
Baseball

Years
Capacity

1971–1972

56,371

1973–1974

55,730

1975–1976

56,581

1977–1980

58,651

1981–1982

65,454

1983–1984

66,507

1985

66,744

1986

66,271

1987

64,538

1988

62,382

1989

64,538

1990–1992

62,382

1993

62,586

1994–1995

62,530

1996–1997

62,136

1998–2000

62,363

2001–2003

61,831

Football

Years
Capacity

1971

65,358

1972–1976

65,720

1977–1978

66,052

1979–1987

71,384

1988–1991

65,356

1992–1993

65,178

1994

64,241

1995–1996

64,899

1997–2003

65,352

text: Stadium features[edit]

text: The stadium was a complicated structure with its seating layered in seven separate levels. The lowest, or "100 Level", extended only part way around the structure, between roughly the 25-yard lines for football games and near the two dugouts for baseball. The "200 Level" comprised field-level boxes, and the "300 Level" housed what were labeled "Terrace Boxes". These three levels collectively made up the "Lower Stands". The "400 Level" was reserved for the press and dignitaries; the upper level began with "500 Level" (or "loge boxes"), the "600 Level" (upper reserved, or individual seats), and finally, the "700 Level" (general admission for baseball). Originally, the seats were in shades of brown, terra cotta, orange and yellow, to look like an autumn day, but in 1995 and 1996, blue seats replaced the fall-hued ones.

text: At one time, the stadium could seat over 71,000 people for football, but restructuring in the late 1980s—including removal of several rows of the 700 Level around most of the stadium to accommodate construction of the Penthouse Suites—brought capacity down to around 66,000.

text: The stadium was harshly criticized by baseball purists. Even by multi-purpose-stadium standards, the upper deck was exceptionally high, and many of the seats in that area were so far from the field that it was difficult to see the game without binoculars. Like most of its contemporaries, foul territory was quite roomy. Approximately 70% of the seats were in foul territory, adding to the stadium's cavernous feel. There was no dirt in the infield except for sliding pits around the bases. In the autumn, the football markings were clearly visible in the spacious outfield area. Although the stadium's size enabled the Phillies to shatter previous attendance records, during the years the Phillies were not doing as well, even crowds of 35,000 looked sparse.

text: The stadium had been known for providing both the Eagles and the Phillies with great home-field advantage. In particular, the acoustics greatly enhanced the crowd noise on the field, making it nearly impossible for opposing teams to hear one another.

text: 700 Level[edit]

text: The "700 Level" was well known for being home to the rowdiest fans at Philadelphia Eagles games, and to a lesser extent, Philadelphia Phillies games. In his book If Football's a Religion, Why Don't We Have a Prayer?,[15] Jereé Longman described the 700 Level as having a reputation for "hostile taunting, fighting, public urination and general strangeness." Due to an improvement in facilities, there is no equivalent in either Lincoln Financial Field or Citizens Bank Park. The name has also been the inspiration for websites relating to Philadelphia sports, as well as a weekly "Letters to the Editor" section in the Sunday Sports pages of The Philadelphia Inquirer.

text: Playing surface[edit]

text: The field's surface, originally composed of AstroTurf, contained many gaps and uneven patches. In several places, seams were clearly visible, giving it the nickname "Field of Seams". It perennially drew the ranking of the "NFL's worst field" in player surveys conducted by the NFL Players Association, and visiting players often fell prey to the treacherous conditions resulting in numerous injuries.[16] The NFLPA reportedly threatened to sue the city for the poor conditions, and many sports agents told the Eagles not to even consider signing or drafting their clients. The Eagles, for their part, complained to the city on numerous occasions about the conditions at the stadium. Baseball players also complained about the surface. It was much harder than other AstroTurf surfaces, and the shock of running on it often caused back pain.

text: Two of the most-publicized injuries blamed on the playing surface occurred exactly six years apart. On October 10, 1993, Chicago Bears receiver Wendell Davis had both of his cleats get caught in a seam while he planted to jump for an underthrown bomb from QB Jim Harbaugh. He tore both of his patella tendons, ending his career.[17] On October 10, 1999, Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin suffered a neck injury that led to his premature retirement. (The previously winless Eagles rallied from a 10–0 deficit and won 13–10.)

text: In 2001, the original AstroTurf was eventually replaced by a new surface, NexTurf. It was far softer, and reportedly much easier on the knees.[18] However, the city crew that installed the new turf reportedly did not install it properly, resulting in seams being visible in several places.

text: The first football game on the new turf was scheduled to take place on August 13, 2001, when the Eagles were to play the Baltimore Ravens in a preseason game. However, Ravens coach Brian Billick refused to let the Ravens take the field for warm-ups when he discovered a trench around an area where third base was covered up by a NexTurf cutout. City crews unsuccessfully tried to fix the problem, forcing the game to be canceled. Later, players from both teams reported that they sank into the turf in locations near the infield cutouts. Team president Joe Banner was irate after the game, calling the stadium's conditions "absolutely unacceptable" and "an embarrassment to the city of Philadelphia."[19] City officials, however, promised that the stadium would be suitable for play when the regular season started.

text: The problem was caused by heavy rain over the weekend prior to the game, which made the dirt in the sliding pits and pitcher's mound so soft that the cutouts covering them in the football configuration became mushy and uneven. Even when new dirt was shoveled on top, it quickly became just as saturated as the old dirt. The problem was solved by using asphalt hot mix, which allowed for a solid, level playing surface, but required a jackhammer for removal whenever the stadium was converted from football back to baseball (between August and October of each year).

text: Fans[edit]

text: Fans who attended games in the stadium for a football game gained a reputation of being among the most vociferous in sports, especially those in the notorious 700 Level, the highest seating level in the stadium prior to the construction of luxury skyboxes behind that seating area. The stadium became famous for the rowdiness of Eagles fans.

text: One of the more well-known examples of the fans' behavior was during the 1989 season at a follow-up game to what many called the "Bounty Bowl". On Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1989, the Eagles had defeated the Dallas Cowboys at Texas Stadium, 27-0.[20] In that game, Cowboys placekicker Luis Zendejas suffered a concussion during a rough block by linebacker Jessie Small after a kickoff. After the game, Cowboys rookie head coach Jimmy Johnson commented that Eagles coach Buddy Ryan instituted a bounty on Zendejas and Cowboys quarterback Troy Aikman. Two weeks later, on December 10, they played the rematch dubbed "Bounty Bowl II" at the stadium which the Eagles won 20-10.[21] The stadium seats were covered with snow in the stands. The volatile mix of beer, the "bounty" and the intense hatred for "America's Team" (who were 1–15 that season) led to fans throwing snowballs at Dallas players and coaches.[22] Beer sales were banned after that incident for two games. A similar incident in 1995 at Giants Stadium during a nationally telecast San Diego Chargers–New York Giants game[23] led the NFL to rule that seating areas must be cleared of snow within a certain time period before kickoff.

text: The Eagles fans' behavior during a Monday Night Football loss[24] to the San Francisco 49ers in 1997 and a 34-0 loss to Dallas a year later[25] was such that the City of Philadelphia assigned a Municipal Court Judge, Seamus McCaffrey, to the stadium on game days to deal with fans removed from the stands in what was referred to as "Eagles Court".[8] Two years later, fans threw D-Cell batteries at St. Louis Cardinals outfielder J. D. Drew after he spurned the Phillies' offer to play with them, and wound up going back into the draft and picked by the Cardinals.[26]

text: Notable games and incidents[edit]

text:
On June 25, 1971, Willie Stargell hit the longest home run in stadium history in a 14–4 Pirates win.[27] The spot where the ball landed was marked with a yellow star with a black "S" inside a white circle until Stargell's 2001 death, when the white circle was painted black.[28][29] The star remained until the stadium's 2004 demolition.
One of the most notable events in the stadium's history was Game 6 of the 1980 World Series on October 21. In that game, the Phillies clinched their first world championship with a 4–1 victory over the Kansas City Royals in front of 65,838 fans. Tug McGraw's series-ending strikeout of the Royals' Willie Wilson was instrumental in their win.
A very notable football game played at the stadium took place less than three months after the Phillies' title: the Eagles' 20–7 victory over the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game, played on January 11, 1981, in front of 70,696 fans.[30] As a psychological ploy, the Eagles chose to wear their white jerseys for their home game in order to force the Cowboys into their "unlucky" blue jerseys. At the end of the game, Philadelphia police circled the field with horses and dogs as they had done for the Phillies World Series victory; despite the police presence, Eagles fans successfully rushed the field.[31]
Veterans Stadium was host to the latest-finishing game in baseball history, a twi-night double-header between the Phillies and the Padres that started on July 2, 1993, at 5:05 PM and ended at 4:40 AM the following morning. The two games were interrupted multiple times by rain showers. The Padres won the first game,[32] and led in the second, but lost in a come-from-behind victory for the Phillies in the tenth inning on an RBI single by Phillies closing pitcher Mitch Williams.[32] The second game ended with an estimated 6,000 fans at the ballpark.[14]
The Phillies clinched the NLCS at the stadium twice: the first in 1983 over area-born Tommy Lasorda and the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the second in the 1993 NLCS over future divisional rivals the Atlanta Braves. The 1993 season was the last LCS with a two-division League format.

text:
The Phillies pitched two no-hit games at the stadium, the only nine-inning no-hitters in stadium history. Both were against the San Francisco Giants. Terry Mulholland pitched the first[33] on August 15, 1990, in a 6–0[34] Phillies win.[35] Kevin Millwood pitched the second on April 27, 2003, and beat the Giants 1–0,[36] upstaging the Phillie Phanatic's birthday promotion that afternoon. The Montréal Expos' Pascual Pérez pitched a five-inning[37] no-hitter shortened by rain on September 24, 1988. MLB changed its rules in 1991 to require that fully recognized no-hitters – past, present and future – be complete games of at least nine innings.[38]
Another game that is well-remembered by Eagles fans was known as "The Body Bag Game", which took place on November 12, 1990, when the Washington Redskins visited the stadium for a Monday Night Football game. The Eagles' head coach at that time, Buddy Ryan, was quoted as saying that the Redskins' offense would "have to be carted off in body bags." The Eagles' number-one defense scored two touchdowns in a 28–14 win[39] and knocked nine Redskin players out of the game, including both of their quarterbacks.[40] The Redskins were forced to finish the game using running back/returner Brian Mitchell (who would become an Eagles player over a decade later) at quarterback.[41]
During the 1998 Army–Navy Game, a serious accident occurred when a support rail collapsed and eight West Point cadets were injured. That led to the call for new stadiums for football and baseball for the main stadium tenants.[42]

text: Other events at Veterans Stadium[edit]

text: Amateur baseball[edit]

text: The Liberty Bell Classic, Philadelphia Division I college baseball tournament, was played at the stadium from its inception in 1992 through 2003. The original eight schools were:

text:
University of Pennsylvania (the Quakers)
University of Delaware (the Fightin' Blue Hens)
Saint Joseph's University (the Hawks)
Drexel University (the Dragons)
Villanova University (the Wildcats)
Temple University (the Owls)
West Chester University of Pennsylvania (the Golden Rams)
La Salle University (the Explorers)

text: In the first championship game in 1992, Delaware defeated Villanova 6-2.[43]

text: The stadium hosted the 1998 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, won by Fordham.[44]

text: Minor League baseball[edit]

text: In November 1987, the new owners of the Phillies AAA franchise, the Maine Guides, considered playing the 1988 season at the Vet because Lackawanna County Stadium would not be ready until the 1989 season. The team would have had to play 12:35pm day games when the Phillies had night games scheduled at the Vet.[45] Ownership elected to remain in Old Orchard Beach for 1988, renamed the club the 'Maine Phillies', and moved to Moosic, Pennsylvania in 1989 as the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons.

text: The Eastern League Trenton Thunder played two home games at the stadium in April 1994. The Thunder beat the Canton–Akron Indians, 10-9, in front of 483 fans on April 20, 1994, and won 9-3 on April 21. Future Phillies broadcaster Tom McCarthy was in the booth for the Thunder during these two games.[46]

text: Soccer[edit]

text: The stadium was the home field for the Philadelphia Atoms and the Philadelphia Fury, both North American Soccer League teams. The Fury drew 18,191 fans for their April 1, 1978, opener at the stadium which they lost 3-0 to the Washington Diplomats. The Fury averaged 8,279 per-match in 1978 NASL, 5,624 per-match in 1979 NASL, and 4,778 in the 1980 NASL seasons. The club was moved to Montreal in 1981 NASL season.[47]

text: The stadium hosted an exhibition match on August 2, 1991, between the U.S. National Team and English professional soccer club Sheffield Wednesday. John Harkes played for Wednesday, the first American to play in the English Premier League. 44,261 fans saw the U.S. score two second-half goals to defeat Sheffield Wednesday 2-0.[48]

text: Philadelphia established a bid committee to host matches for the 1994 World Cup which was to be played in the United States. Phillies president Bill Giles was on the Philadelphia bid committee and hoped to use Veterans Stadium for games. In addition to the challenge of installing a natural grass field for the games, FIFA would have required the Phillies to vacate the stadium for a month to allow for sufficient preparation time prior to the matches. Giles could only offer 17-days.[49] Of the nine venues eventually chosen to host matches, not one was home to a professional baseball club.

text: High School football[edit]

text: Veterans Stadium hosted Philadelphia's City Title high-school football championship game from 1973 to 1977 and in 1979. The series was suspended in 1980.[50] With the entry of the Philadelphia Catholic League into what is now PIAA District XII (which was formed when the Public League joined the PIAA in 2002), the "City Title Game" was restored in 2008.

text: Professional wrestling[edit]

text: The only professional wrestling event held in Veterans Stadium was National Wrestling Alliance/Jim Crockett Promotions "Great American Bash" on July 1, 1986, with an attendance of 10,900. The event was the start of a 14-city summer tour.

text: Concerts[edit]

text: The stadium has hosted many stadium concerts, by famous artists of many different genres.

text: Other events[edit]

text: The venue also played host to religious events including annual Jehovah's Witnesses conventions, which was open to the public each year it took place. It also played host to a Billy Graham crusade in 1992.

text: Photo gallery[edit]

text:
Home plate at Veterans Stadium, home to the Philadelphia Phillies for thirty-three seasons, is remembered with this granite and bronze marker in the parking lot near Citizens Bank Park. (2006)

Veterans Stadium's goalpost, used by the Philadelphia Eagles for thirty-two seasons, is marked in the same parking lot. (2011)

Veterans Stadium's pitching mound is marked. (2011)

A brief history of how the stadium was named and a tribute to veterans of all wars is on display outside where the stadium stood. (2006)

The historic marker shows the stadium's major moments. (2007)

Dedication plaque that once was attached to The Vet. (2007)


document_title: To hell in a handbasket

question_text: where does the saying to hell in a handcart come from

text: To hell in a handbasket

text: "Going to hell in a handbasket", "going to hell in a handcart", "going to hell in a handbag", "go to hell in a bucket",[1] "sending something to hell in a handbasket" and "something being like hell in a handbasket" are variations on an American allegorical locution of unclear origin, which describes a situation headed for disaster inescapably or precipitately.

text: I. Windslow Ayer's 1865 polemic[2] alleges, "Judge Morris of the Circuit Court of Illinois at an August meeting of Order of the Sons of Liberty said: "Thousands of our best men were prisoners in Camp Douglas, and if once at liberty would 'send abolitionists to hell in a hand basket.'"[3]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Hieronymous Bosch painting "The Haywain" (c. 1515) (in the Prado, Madrid) illustrates a large cart of hay heading to Hell.  The cart is drawn by 'infernal beings that drag everyone to Hell'.

text: The phrase also appeared in the title of several published works and other media:

text:
"To Hell in a Handbasket" is the name of humorist H. Allen Smith's 1962 autobiography.
Hell in a Handbasket was the title of a 1988 Star Trek comic book.
Hell in a Handbasket is the title of a 2006 book (ISBN 1585424587) by American cartoonist Tom Tomorrow, who authors the cartoon strip This Modern World.
"Hell in a handbasket" was the name of an undescribed con requiring a trained cat referenced in the 2004 film, Ocean's Twelve.
Hell in a Handbasket is a song from Voltaire's Ooky Spooky album.
Hell in a Handbasket is the title of a 2011 Meat Loaf album
A number of fictional characters have used a name that puns on the phrase, including:
Helena Handbasket is the name of a character in the TV show Friends. It is the stage name for Chandler's crossdressing dad.
Helena Handbasket is also a fictional nymph in the 2011 video game Rayman Origins.
Helena Handbasket is also the pseudonym of the author of Twilight's Last Gleaming: The Decline and Fall of the United States.
2015 video game Fallout 4 in the prequel it includes a "Vault Tec Representative" (Vault Tec is a fictional company in the Fallout franchise) and refers to the phrase "Heck in a handbasket"


document_title: Avon River (Canterbury)

question_text: where does the avon river start in christchurch

text: Avon River (Canterbury)

text: Course[edit]

text: The Avon follows a meandering course through Christchurch from its source in the outer western suburb of Avonhead through Ilam, Riccarton and Fendalton, then through Hagley Park and the Central Business District (CBD).

text: East of the CBD, it passes through Avonside, Dallington, Avondale and Aranui, finally flowing into the Pacific Ocean via the Avon Heathcote Estuary (Māori: Te Wahapū[1]) near Sumner.

text: Naming[edit]

text: The Avon River was known by the Māori as Ōtākaro[2] or Putare Kamutu.[3] The Canterbury Association had planned to call it the Shakespere  [sic].[4] The river was given its current name by John Deans in 1848 to commemorate the Scottish Avon, which rises in the Ayrshire hills near what was his grandfathers' farm, Over Auchentiber.[5] The Deans built their homestead adjacent to the Avon River where the suburb of Riccarton now lies.

text: The name was officially altered to Avon River / Ōtākaro by the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, one of many such changes under the Ngāi Tahu treaty settlement.[6]

text: Punting[edit]

text: Commercial punting as a tourist attraction is available in the central city, Hagley Park and Mona Vale, a park in Fendalton.[7]

text: Fishing[edit]

text: The Avon, flowing through the centre of the south island's most populous urban area, has become popular among local anglers as large numbers of introduced Brown trout are in the river. In the lower reaches below the Central Business District it is not uncommon for trout over 10 lbs (4 kg) to be caught, after the fish have made good use of consuming high numbers of a native Galaxiidae, Whitebait. Above the CBD the fish are smaller but higher numbers of these smaller fish are available, the most common method above the city is Fly Fishing as the Trout have become somewhat wary of anglers. Angling is not permitted between the Armagh street bridge at Hagley Park and the Barbadoes street bridge downstream from the city centre.

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text: Much of the land along the Avon River downstream from the central city was damaged in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and the June 2011 Christchurch earthquake and has been zoned red by the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority. Community interests are lobbying for the red zoned land to be turned into a park that links the central city with the estuary.[8] The campaign is headed by a group called Avon-Otakaro Network (AvON) and has received the backing of the mayor.[9]

text: In January 2013 health officials warned against swimming in the river due to contamination, linked to damage caused in the earthquakes.[10]

text: In September 2015, it was revealed that Christchurch City Council (CCC) and the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) had bought two sculptures named Stay from English sculptor Antony Gormley, with one of them to be placed in the Avon River. Gormley, who had visited Christchurch in 2007 and significantly discounted his works for the city, stated that he wanted his sculptures to help the city's healing process from the earthquakes. CCC's contribution towards the project was NZ$502,500, while CERA refused to say how much it spent. The second sculpture will be placed at the Arts Centre.[11] The two sculpture are Gormley's first works in New Zealand.[12]


document_title: Succession to the British throne

question_text: what's the order of succession to the british throne

question_tokens: what 's the order of succession to the british throne

text: Succession to the British throne

text: Current line of succession

text:
First six in line[n 1] from 23 April 2018

1. The Prince of Wales

2. The Duke of Cambridge

3. Prince George of Cambridge

4. Princess Charlotte of Cambridge

5. Prince Louis of Cambridge

6. The Duke of Sussex

text: No official, complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained. The exact number, in remoter collateral lines, of the people who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001, American genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession, but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status.[3] When updated in January 2011, the number was 5,753.[4]

text: The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of George V (the present Queen's grandfather). The order of the first seventeen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy;[1] other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations (Notes and sources below) and footnotes.  People named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession.

text:
King George V (1865–1936)
 King Edward VIII (1894–1972)
 King George VI (1895–1952)
 Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926)
(1) Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948) B D W
(2) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982) B D W
(3) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013) B D W
(4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (b. 2015) B D W
(5) Prince Louis of Cambridge (b. 2018) B D
(6) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984) B D W
(7) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960) B D W
(8) Princess Beatrice of York (b. 1988) B D W
(9) Princess Eugenie of York (b. 1990) B D W
(10) Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (b. 1964) B D W
(11) James, Viscount Severn (b. 2007) B D W
(12) Lady Louise Windsor (b. 2003) B D W
(13) Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950) B D W
(14) Peter Phillips (b. 1977) B D W
(15) Savannah Phillips (b. 2010) B D W
(16) Isla Phillips (b. 2012) B D W
(17) Zara Tindall (née Phillips; b. 1981) B D W
(18) Mia Tindall (b. 2014) D W
(19) Lena Tindall (b. 2018)[5]
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (1930–2002) 1952
(20) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (b. 1961) D W
(21) Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (b. 1999) D W
(22) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (b. 2002) D W
(23) Lady Sarah Chatto (née Armstrong-Jones; b. 1964) D W
(24) Samuel Chatto (b. 1996) D W
(25) Arthur Chatto (b. 1999) D W
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974) 1952
(26) Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944) D W
(27) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (b. 1974) D W
(28) Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (b. 2007) D W
(29) Lady Cosima Windsor (b. 2010) D W
(30) Lady Davina Lewis (née Windsor; b. 1977) D W
(31) Senna Lewis (b. 2010) D W
(32) Tāne Lewis (b. 2012) W
(33) Lady Rose Gilman (née Windsor; b. 1980) D W
(34) Lyla Gilman (b. 2010) D W
(35) Rufus Gilman (b. 2012) W
Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942)
(36) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935) D W
(37) George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (b. 1962) M D W
Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (b. 1988) X D W
Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor (b. 1992) X W [n 2]
(38) Lady Amelia Windsor (b. 1995) D W
Lord Nicholas Windsor (b. 1970) X D W
(39) Albert Windsor (b. 2007) D W [n 3]
(40) Leopold Windsor (b. 2009) D W
(41) Louis Windsor (b. 2014) D W
(42) Lady Helen Taylor (née Windsor; b. 1964) D W
(43) Columbus Taylor (b. 1994) D W
(44) Cassius Taylor (b. 1996) D W
(45) Eloise Taylor (b. 2003) D W
(46) Estella Taylor (b. 2004) D W
(47) Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942) M W
(48) Lord Frederick Windsor (b. 1979) W
(49) Maud Windsor (b. 2013) W
(50) Isabella Windsor (b. 2016)
(51) Lady Gabriella Windsor (b. 1981) W
(52) Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (b. 1936) W
(53) James Ogilvy (b. 1964) W
(54) Alexander Ogilvy (b. 1996) W
(55) Flora Ogilvy (b. 1994) W
(56) Marina Ogilvy (b. 1966) W
(57) Christian Mowatt (b. 1993) W
(58) Zenouska Mowatt (b. 1990) W

text:
Notes and sources

Mark
Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession

1952
Succession published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 [6]

B
Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy, "Succession", retrieved 27 April 2018.

D
Listed on Debrett's website (as of 27 April 2018): "The Line of Succession"

W
Listed by Whitaker's Almanack 2015, London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-4729-0929-9, p. 22

M
These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic. This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015, restoring them to the line of succession, when the Perth Agreement came into effect.

X
Excluded as Roman Catholics. This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement.

text: History

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland. Originally in both countries, there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne. The individual could have relied on inheritance, statute, election (by Parliament or by another body), nomination (by a reigning sovereign in his or her will), conquest or prescription (de facto possession of the Crown). It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence; often, the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims, but on the political or military power of the claimants.

text: However, over time, the default rule became male primogeniture: later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules, and to prove their rivals illegitimate.  Eventually, Parliament asserted control of succession.

text: England

text: In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster, the House of Beaufort, assumed the English crown as Henry VII, after defeating Richard III, who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry's standard. Richard was the last king of the House of York, and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field,[7] and caused Richard's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament.[8] After Henry's coronation in London in October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that "the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming."[9]

text: Henry VII was followed by his son, Henry VIII. Though his father descended from the Lancastrians, Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line, as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland; this would pass down with the monarchs of England, and later Great Britain, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom.

text: Henry VIII's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession. Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon, by whom he had a daughter named Mary. His second marriage, to Anne Boleyn, resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth. Henry VIII had a son, Edward, by his third wife, Jane Seymour. An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth. Though the two remained illegitimate, an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them, providing further "that the King should and might give, will, limit, assign, appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises … by letters patent or last will in writing." Mary and Elizabeth, under Henry VIII's will, were to be followed by descendants of the King's deceased sister Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk (he, however, excluded his niece Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk). This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry's eldest sister Margaret Tudor, who were the rulers of Scotland.

text: When Henry VIII died in 1547, the young Edward succeeded him, becoming Edward VI. Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England. He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half-sister, Mary, from inheriting the throne. He excluded Mary and Elizabeth, settling on the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter, Lady Jane Grey. Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England. Nonetheless, the will, which originally referred to Jane's heirs-male, was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs-male. Upon Edward VI's death in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland. She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary. As Henry VIII's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544, Edward's contravening will was unlawful and ignored.

text: Mary was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors, and refused to name an heir. Whilst previous monarchs (including Henry VIII) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills, the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes, and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority. Wary of threats from other possible heirs, Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584, which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding. (The Act was repealed in 1863.)

text: Scotland

text: The House of Stewart (later Stuart) had ruled in Scotland since 1371. It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567; even then she was succeeded by her son, James VI.

text: After the union of the crowns

text: Stuarts

text: Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland, her first cousin twice removed, even though his succession violated Henry VIII's will, under which Lady Anne Stanley, heiress of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, was supposed to succeed. James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision, and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival. He reigned as James I of England and Ireland, thus effecting the Union of the Crowns, although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707. His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament.[10]

text: James's eldest surviving son and successor, Charles I, was overthrown and beheaded in 1649. The monarchy itself was abolished. A few years later, it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King. Cromwell had the right to name his own successor, which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard was ineffective, and was quickly forced from office. Shortly afterwards, the monarchy was restored, with Charles I's son Charles II as King.

text: James II and VII, a Roman Catholic, followed his brother Charles II, despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles's illegitimate Protestant son, the Duke of Monmouth. James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688. Parliament then deemed that James had, by fleeing the realms, abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William, who as James's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him. The two became joint Sovereigns (a unique circumstance in British history) as William III of England and Ireland (and II of Scotland) and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland. William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James.

text: The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones, and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.

text: After Mary II died in 1694, her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702. The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end; William and Mary never had any children, and Princess Anne's children had all died. Therefore, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement. The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants, and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages. The Act, however, declared that they would be followed by James I & VI's granddaughter Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover (the daughter of James's daughter Elizabeth Stuart), and her heirs. As under the Bill of Rights, non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.

text: Upon William's death, Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne's heir-presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders, the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security. The Act provided that, upon the death of Anne, the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland, who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met. Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent, but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen's army. England's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705, which threatened to cripple Scotland's economy by cutting off trade with them. Thus, Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707; the Crown of the new nation (along with the Crown of Ireland) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement.

text: Hanoverians and Windsors

text: Anne was predeceased by Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover, and was therefore succeeded by the latter's son, who became George I in 1714.

text: Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne, supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession. The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed, and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules. In 1801, following the Acts of Union 1800, the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Between 1811 and 1820, when George III was deemed unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as his regent. Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death, but this event did not come about.

text: In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father's death. Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936,[11] and opened (for the only time) Parliament in November 1936. Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson, a divorcee, but the Church of England, of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor, would not authorize the marriage of divorcees. Consequently, Parliament passed His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign "immediately upon" his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December. The Act provided that he and his descendants, if any, were not to have any "right, title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne". Edward died childless in 1972.

text: Edward's abdication was "a demise of the Crown" (in the words of the Act), and the Duke of York, his brother who was then next in the line, immediately succeeded to the throne and to its "rights, privileges, and dignities", taking the regnal name George VI. He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter, Elizabeth II. By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland (which had become a republic in 1949), but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states (Commonwealth realms).

text: Commonwealth realms

text: Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth, Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of sex—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England.[12] The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution.[13][14]

text: Following the changes coming into effect, the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged, including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren, until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015. The first to be affected by the changes, on the day they came into effect in March, were the children of Lady Davina Lewis—her son Tāne (born 2012) and her daughter Senna (born 2010)—who were reversed in the order of succession, becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively.[15]

text: Current rules

text: The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement (restated by the Acts of Union) still govern succession to the throne. They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, which was passed mainly "to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender" and "to make provision about Royal Marriages" (according to its long title), thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that, by their laws, have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK. Other realms passed their own legislation.

text: Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were "dead". That person's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible.

text: Marriages

text: The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant "heirs of the body" (that is, legitimate descendants) of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture (the "male-preference" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling.[16] Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown.[n 4]

text: The Royal Marriages Act 1772 (repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry. (The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families, as well as, from 1936, any descendants of Edward VIII,[n 5] of which there are none.) The Act provided, however, that if a dynast older than twenty-five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign, then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year, unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage. A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void, and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed, though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected. This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void, so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic. Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course.[2] A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void "for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown" under the 2013 act.[17]

text: The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne.[18] The Act is no longer applicable, because Edward died in 1972 without issue.

text: Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act, the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign's approval before marrying.[17] Marriage without the Sovereign's consent disqualifies the person and the person's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown,[17] but the marriage is still legally valid.

text: Religion

text: Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement. The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides "that all and every person and persons that then [at the time of the Bill of Right's passage] were, or afterwards should be reconciled to, or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome, or should profess the popish religion, or marry a papist, should be excluded."[19] The Act of Settlement continues, providing "that all and every Person and Persons who shall … is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities"[20] as the Bill of Rights established.

text: The clause precludes a Roman Catholic from succeeding to the throne. The monarch is required to be in communion with the Church of England.[1]

text: The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed. The Act did not require that the spouse be Anglican; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics. Since the passage of the Act it has been determined (in the case of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics, though not on Roman Catholics themselves.

text: Treason

text: Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason (Ireland) Act 1703, it is treason to "endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm". Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment.

text: Accession

text: In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony.[21][n 6] Nevertheless, the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London, York, Edinburgh and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as Accession Day, including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom.[23]

text: Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Privy Council, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and "other principal Gentlemen of quality", though there have been variations in some proclamations. The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth.

text: Upon his or her accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths. The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism.[n 7] This declaration, known as the Accession Declaration, is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign (i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament) or at his or her coronation, whichever occurs first. The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic. Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism, the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will "uphold and maintain" the Protestant succession.[24] In addition to the Accession Declaration, the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland.[25] This oath is normally made at the sovereign's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession. According to the Regency Act 1937, should the sovereign be under the age of 18, such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age.[26]

text: After a period of mourning,[27] the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet during his short reign was the undoubted king.