document_title: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

question_text: what caused the fire in the triangle shirtwaist factory

text: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

text: Fire[edit]

text: The Triangle Waist Company[9] factory occupied the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors of the 10-story Asch Building on the northwest corner of Greene Street and Washington Place, just east of Washington Square Park, in the Greenwich Village area of New York City. Under the ownership of Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, the factory produced women's blouses, known as "shirtwaists." The factory normally employed about 500 workers, mostly young immigrant women, who worked nine hours a day on weekdays plus seven hours on Saturdays,[10] earning for their 52 hours of work between $7 and $12 a week,[7] the equivalent of $171 to $293 a week in 2016 currency, or $3.20 to $5.50 per hour.[11]

text: As the workday was ending on the afternoon of Saturday, March 25, 1911, a fire flared up at approximately 4:40 PM in a scrap bin under one of the cutter's tables at the northeast corner of the eighth floor.[12] The first fire alarm was sent at 4:45 PM by a passerby on Washington Place who saw smoke coming from the eighth floor.[13] Both owners of the factory were in attendance and had invited their children to the factory on that afternoon.[14] The Fire Marshal concluded that the likely cause of the fire was the disposal of an unextinguished match or cigarette butt in the scrap bin, which held two months' worth of accumulated cuttings by the time of the fire.[15] Beneath the table in the wooden bin were hundreds of pounds of scraps which were left over from the several thousand shirtwaists that had been cut at that table. The scraps piled up from the last time the bin was emptied, coupled with the hanging fabrics that surrounded it; the steel trim was the only thing that was not highly flammable.[12] Although smoking was banned in the factory, cutters were known to sneak cigarettes, exhaling the smoke through their lapels to avoid detection.[16] A New York Times article suggested that the fire may have been started by the engines running the sewing machines. A series of articles in Collier's noted a pattern of arson among certain sectors of the garment industry whenever their particular product fell out of fashion or had excess inventory in order to collect insurance. The Insurance Monitor, a leading industry journal, observed that shirtwaists had recently fallen out of fashion, and that insurance for manufacturers of them was "fairly saturated with moral hazard." Although Blanck and Harris were known for having had four previous suspicious fires at their companies, arson was not suspected in this case.[14]

text:
"The Washington Place Fire"
An eyewitness account

00:08:09

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: A bookkeeper on the eighth floor was able to warn employees on the tenth floor via telephone, but there was no audible alarm and no way to contact staff on the ninth floor.[17] According to survivor Yetta Lubitz, the first warning of the fire on the ninth floor arrived at the same time as the fire itself.[18] Although the floor had a number of exits, including two freight elevators, a fire escape, and stairways down to Greene Street and Washington Place, flames prevented workers from descending the Greene Street stairway, and the door to the Washington Place stairway was locked to prevent theft by the workers; the locked doors allowed managers to check the women's purses.[19] The foreman who held the stairway door key had already escaped by another route.[20] Dozens of employees escaped the fire by going up the Greene Street stairway to the roof. Other survivors were able to jam themselves into the elevators while they continued to operate.[21]

text: Within three minutes, the Greene Street stairway became unusable in both directions.[22] Terrified employees crowded onto the single exterior fire escape, which city officials had allowed Asch to erect instead of the required third staircase.[12] It was a flimsy and poorly anchored iron structure which may have been broken before the fire. It soon twisted and collapsed from the heat and overload, spilling about 20 victims nearly 100 feet (30 m) to their deaths on the concrete pavement below. Elevator operators Joseph Zito[23] and Gaspar Mortillalo saved many lives by traveling three times up to the ninth floor for passengers, but Mortillalo was eventually forced to give up when the rails of his elevator buckled under the heat. Some victims pried the elevator doors open and jumped into the empty shaft, trying to slide down the cables or to land on top of the car. The weight and impacts of these bodies warped the elevator car and made it impossible for Zito to make another attempt. William Gunn Shepard, a reporter at the tragedy, would say that "I learned a new sound that day, a sound more horrible than description can picture -- the thud of a speeding living body on a stone sidewalk".[24] Even once firefighters arrived, their ladders were only long enough to reach as high as the sixth to seventh floors.[25]

text: A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street, witnessing 62 people jumping or falling to their deaths from the burning building.[26] Louis Waldman, later a New York Socialist state assemblyman, described the scene years later:[27]

text: One Saturday afternoon in March of that year—March 25, to be precise—I was sitting at one of the reading tables in the old Astor Library. … It was a raw, unpleasant day and the comfortable reading room seemed a delightful place to spend the remaining few hours until the library closed. I was deeply engrossed in my book when I became aware of fire engines racing past the building. By this time I was sufficiently Americanized to be fascinated by the sound of fire engines. Along with several others in the library, I ran out to see what was happening, and followed crowds of people to the scene of the fire.

text: A few blocks away, the Asch Building at the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street was ablaze. When we arrived at the scene, the police had thrown up a cordon around the area and the firemen were helplessly fighting the blaze. The eighth, ninth, and tenth stories of the building were now an enormous roaring cornice of flames.

text: Word had spread through the East Side, by some magic of terror, that the plant of the Triangle Waist Company was on fire and that several hundred workers were trapped. Horrified and helpless, the crowds — I among them — looked up at the burning building, saw girl after girl appear at the reddened windows, pause for a terrified moment, and then leap to the pavement below, to land as mangled, bloody pulp. This went on for what seemed a ghastly eternity. Occasionally a girl who had hesitated too long was licked by pursuing flames and, screaming with clothing and hair ablaze, plunged like a living torch to the street. Life nets held by the firemen were torn by the impact of the falling bodies.

text: The emotions of the crowd were indescribable. Women were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, in paroxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines.

text: The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them. The fire department arrived quickly but was unable to stop the flames, as there were no ladders available that could reach beyond the sixth floor. The fallen bodies and falling victims also made it difficult for the fire department to approach the building.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Although early references of the death toll ranged from 141[28] to 148,[29] almost all modern references agree that 146 people died as a result of the fire: 123 women and 23 men.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Most victims died of burns, asphyxiation, blunt impact injuries, or a combination of the three.[37]

text: The first person to jump was a man, and another man was seen kissing a young woman at the window before they both jumped to their deaths.[38]

text: Bodies of the victims were taken to Charities Pier (also called Misery Lane), located at 26th street and the East River, for identification by friends and relatives.[39] Victims were interred in sixteen different cemeteries.[30] Twenty-two victims of the fire were buried by the Hebrew Free Burial Association[40] in a special section at Mount Richmond Cemetery. In some instances, their tombstones refer to the fire.[41] Six victims remained unidentified until Michael Hirsch, a historian, completed four years of researching newspaper articles and other sources for missing persons and was able to identify each of them by name.[30][31] Those six victims were buried together in the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn. Originally interred elsewhere on the grounds, their remains now lie beneath a monument to the tragedy, a large marble slab featuring a kneeling woman.[30][42][43]

text: Consequences and legacy[edit]

text: The company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, who survived the fire by fleeing to the building's roof when the fire began, were indicted on charges of first- and second-degree manslaughter in mid-April; the pair's trial began on December 4, 1911.[44] Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants, managed to destroy the credibility of one of the survivors, Kate Alterman, by asking her to repeat her testimony a number of times, which she did without altering key phrases. Steuer argued to the jury that Alterman and possibly other witnesses had memorized their statements, and might even have been told what to say by the prosecutors. The prosecution charged that the owners knew the exit doors were locked at the time in question. The investigation found that the locks were intended to be locked during working hours based on the findings from the fire,[45] but the defense stressed that the prosecution failed to prove that the owners knew that. The jury acquitted the two men of first- and second-degree manslaughter, but they were found liable of wrongful death during a subsequent civil suit in 1913 in which plaintiffs were awarded compensation in the amount of $75 per deceased victim. The insurance company paid Blanck and Harris about $60,000 more than the reported losses, or about $400 per casualty. In 1913, Blanck was once again arrested for locking the door in his factory during working hours. He was fined $20.[46]

text: Rose Schneiderman, a prominent socialist and union activist, gave a speech at the memorial meeting held in the Metropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911, to an audience largely made up of the members of the Women's Trade Union League. She used the fire as an argument for factory workers to organize:

text: I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here to talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of the public and we have found you wanting… We have tried you citizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple of dollars for the sorrowing mothers, brothers and sisters by way of a charity gift. But every time the workers come out in the only way they know to protest against conditions which are unbearable, the strong hand of the law is allowed to press down heavily upon us.

text: Public officials have only words of warning to us—warning that we must be intensely peaceable, and they have the workhouse just back of all their warnings. The strong hand of the law beats us back, when we rise, into the conditions that make life unbearable.

text: I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to the working people to save themselves. The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working-class movement.[47]

text: Others in the community, and in particular in the ILGWU,[48] drew a different lesson from events. In New York City, a Committee on Public Safety was formed, headed by eyewitness Frances Perkins,[49] to identify specific problems and lobby for new legislation, such as the bill to grant workers shorter hours in a work week, known as the "54-hour Bill". The committee's representatives in Albany obtained the backing of Tammany Hall's Al Smith, the Majority Leader of the Assembly, and Robert F. Wagner, the Majority Leader of the Senate, and this collaboration of machine politicians and reformers – also known as "do-gooders" or "goo-goos" – got results, especially since Tammany's chief, Charles F. Murphy, realized the advantage to be had from being on the side of the angels.[7]

text: The New York State Legislature then created the Factory Investigating Commission to "investigate factory conditions in this and other cities and to report remedial measures of legislation to prevent hazard or loss of life among employees through fire, unsanitary conditions, and occupational diseases."[50] The Commission was chaired by Wagner and co-chaired by Al Smith. They held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. They started with the issue of fire safety and moved on to broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York state, and gave them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers.[51][52] New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions made a fire like that at the Triangle Factory possible.[53] The State Commissions's reports helped modernize the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform."[54][55] New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work.[56] In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer.[7]

text: As a result of the fire, the American Society of Safety Engineers was founded in New York City on October 14, 1911.[57]

text: The last living survivor of the fire was Rose Freedman, née Rosenfeld, who died in Beverly Hills, California, in 2001 at the age of 107. She was two days away from her 18th birthday at the time of the fire, which she survived by following the company's executives and being rescued from the roof of the building. As a result of her experience, she became a lifelong supporter of unions.[58]

text: Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition[edit]

text: The Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition is an alliance of more than 200 organizations and individuals formed in 2008 to encourage and coordinate nationwide activities commemorating the centennial of the fire[59] and to create a permanent public art memorial to honor its victims.[60][61] The founding partners included Workers United, the New York City Fire Museum, New York University (the current owner of the building), Workmen's Circle, Museum at Eldridge Street, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the Gotham Center for New York City History, the Bowery Poetry Club and others. Members of the Coalition include arts organizations, schools, workers’ rights groups, labor unions, human rights and women’s rights groups, ethnic organizations, historical preservation societies, activists, and scholars, as well as families of the victims and survivors.

text: The Coalition grew out of a public art project called "Chalk" created by New York City filmmaker Ruth Sergel.[62] Every year beginning in 2004, Sergel and volunteer artists went across New York City on the anniversary of the fire to inscribe in chalk the names, ages, and causes of death of the victims in front of their former homes, often including drawings of flowers, tombstones or a triangle.[59][63]

text: Centennial[edit]

text: From July 2009 through the weeks leading up to the 100th anniversary, the Coalition served as a clearinghouse to network some 200 activities as varied as academic conferences, films, theater performances, art shows, concerts, readings, awareness campaigns, walking tours, and parades that were held in and around New York City, and in cities across the nation, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Minneapolis, Boston and Washington, D.C.[59][59]

text: The ceremony, which was held in front of the building where the fire took place, was preceded by a march through Greenwich Village by thousands of people, some carrying shirtwaists – women's blouses – on poles, or wearing sashes commemorating the names of those who died in the fire. Speakers included the United States Secretary of Labor, Hilda L. Solis, U.S. Senator Charles Schumer, New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, the actor Danny Glover, and Suzanne Pred Bass, the grandniece of Rosie Weiner, a young woman killed in the blaze. Most of the speakers that day called for the strengthening of workers’ rights and organized labor.[64][65]

text: At 4:45 PM EST, the moment the first fire alarm was sounded in 1911, hundreds of bells rang out in cities and towns across the nation. For this commemorative act, the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition organized hundreds of churches, schools, fire houses, and private individuals in the New York City region and across the nation. The Coalition maintains on its website a national map denoting each of the bells that rang that afternoon.[66]

text: Permanent memorial[edit]

text: The Coalition has launched an effort to create a permanent public art memorial for the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire at the site of the 1911 fire in lower Manhattan. In 2012, the Coalition announced a national design competition for the memorial, and formed a design search committee, with representatives from Workers United, New York University, the New York City Fire Department, the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives, Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, Manhattan Community Board 2, family members of the victims, historians, and community members.[67][68] On December 22, 2015, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that $1.5 million from state economic development funds would be earmarked to build the Triangle Fire Memorial.[69]

text: Plans for the memorial include steel panels that wrap around the building, as well as upper and lower panels that will list the names of the victims and tell the story of the fire. A reflective steel beam will extend from the corner of the building to the eighth floor, the place of origin for the fire.[70]

text: In 2011, the Coalition established that the goal of the permanent memorial would be:

text:
To honor the memory of those who died from the fire;
To affirm the dignity of all workers;
To value women’s work;
To remember the movement for worker safety and social justice stirred by this tragedy;
To inspire future generations of activists

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Films and television

text:
The Crime of Carelessness (1912), 14 minute Thomas A. Edison, Inc. short inspired by the Triangle Factory fire, directed by James Oppenheim[71]
Children of Eve (1915), written and directed by John H. Collins[72]
With These Hands (1950), directed by Jack Arnold[73]
The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), directed by Mel Stuart, produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez[74]
In the 1981 film American Pop, Zalmie's mother dies in the fire.
Those Who Know Don't Tell: The Ongoing Battle for Workers' Health (1990), produced by Abby Ginzberg, narrated by Studs Terkel[75]
Episode 4 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS series New York: A Documentary Film, "The Power and the People (1898–1918)", extensively covered the fire.
The Living Century: Three Miracles (2001) premiered on PBS, focusing on the life of 107-year-old Rose Freedman (died 2001), who became the last living survivor of the fire.[58]
American Experience: Triangle Fire (2011), documentary produced and directed by Jamila Wignot, narrated by Michael Murphy[76]
Triangle Remembering the Fire (2011) premiered on HBO on March 21, four days short of the 100th anniversary.
A door knob from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory is an artifact in the TV series Warehouse 13, making an appearance in episodes "Past Imperfect" and "The 40th Floor" (2011).
The character Millie in the Hulu TV series Deadbeat died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.
In Season 6, Episode 1 of Veep, Selina Meyers calls her foundation offices the "Triangle Shirtwaist offices".

text: Music

text:
"Dos lid fun nokh dem fayer"[77] ("The Song from after the Fire") by Yiddish lyricist Charles Simon, 1912.
"My Little Shirtwaist Fire" by Rasputina, from their 1996 album Thanks for the Ether.
"The Triangle Fire" by The Brandos, from their 2006 album Over The Border.
"Sweatshop Fire" by Curtis Eller, from his 2008 album Wirewalkers and Assassins.
"Washington Square", by Si Kahn, from his album Courage

text: Theatre and dance

text:
In Ain Gordon's play Birdseed Bundles (2000), the Triangle fire is a major dramatic engine of the story.[78]
The musical Rags – book by Joseph Stein, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and music by Charles Strouse – incorporates the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in the second act.
In March 2012, the modern dance concert One Hundred Forty-Six by Denise J. Murphy explored the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire through movement, text, video, photography and original music.[79]
Scintille ("Sparks") is a 2012 Italian political play by Laura Sicignano which centers on the fire and the circumstances surrounding it.[80]
Triangle, a stage musical with music by Curtis Moore, lyrics by Thomas Mizer, and book by Thomas Mizer, Curtis Moore and Joshua Scher, deals with the Shirtwaist Factory fire on the 100th anniversary of the tragedy through the eyes of a scientist whose laboratory is located in the Asch Building. The play was premiered at TheatreWorks in Palo Alto, California on July 2, 2015.

text: Literature

text:
Triangle: The Fire That Changed America by David Von Drehle, 2003
Triangle, a 2006 novel by Katharine Weber, tells the story of the last living survivor of the fire, whose story hides the truth of her experience on March 25, 1911, raising the questions of who owns history and whose stories prevail.
Margaret Peterson Haddix's 2007 historical novel for young adults, Uprising, deals with immigration, women's rights, and the labor movement, with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire as a central element.
Esther Friesner's Threads and Flames deals with a young girl, named Raisa, who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire.
Deborah Hopkinson's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Hear My Sorrow: The Diary of Angela Denoto.
Mary Jane Auch's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Ashes of Roses tells the tale of Margaret Rose Nolan, a young girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire, along with her sister and her friends.
The comic book The Goon issue #37 tells the story of a similar fire at a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142 women who worked there. After the fire, the surviving women attempt to unionize and the Goon comes to their aid after union busters try to force them back to work. Author Eric Powell specifically cites the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire as an inspiration for the story.
Vivian Schurfranz's novel Rachel, from the Sunfire series of historical romances for young adults, is about a Polish Jewish immigrant girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire.
In issue #28 of the comic "The Dreaming", The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (and the fire specifically) is featured heavily.
Robert Pinsky's poem Shirt describes the fire.
"Mayn Rue Platz" (My Resting Place), a poem written by former Triangle employee Morris Rosenfeld, has been set to music, in Yiddish and English, by many artists, including Geoff Berner and June Tabor.
In Alice Hoffman's novel The Museum of Extraordinary Things, the fire is one of the main elements of the plot.
"Afterlife", a 2013 short story by Stephen King, centers around Isaac Harris in Purgatory talking about the fire.
In a section of Edward Rutherfurd's novel New York, a protagonist's sister, from an Italian immigrant family, dies after jumping from a window to escape the fire.
Sholem Asch's 1946 novel East River tells the story of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire through the eyes of Irish girl who was working at the factory at a time of the fire.


document_title: The Land Before Time

question_text: where does the land before time take place

root

text: The Land Before Time

text: Plot[edit]

text: During the age of the dinosaurs, a massive drought forces several herds of dinosaurs to seek an oasis known as the Great Valley. Among these, a mother in a diminished "Longneck" herd gives birth to a single baby, named Littlefoot. Years later, Littlefoot plays with Cera, a "Three-horn", until her father intervenes; whereupon Littlefoot's mother describes the different kinds of dinosaurs: "Three-horns", "Spiketails", "Swimmers", and "Flyers". That night, as Littlefoot follows a "Hopper", he encounters Cera again, and they play together briefly until a large "Sharptooth" attacks them. Littlefoot's mother comes to their rescue, receiving fatal injuries in the process. An earthquake swallows up the Sharptooth and divides Littlefoot and Cera from their herds. Littlefoot receives advice from his dying mother. Depressed and confused, Littlefoot meets an old "Clubtail" named Rooter, who consoles him. He is then guided by his mother's voice telling him to follow the sun to the Great Valley.

tag: p

text: Later, Littlefoot meets a Bigmouth named Ducky and a Flyer named Petrie, who accompany him on his journey. Cera, who is attempting to find her own kind, finds the unconscious Sharptooth inside a ravine and mistakenly wakes him up. She escapes and bumps into Littlefoot, Ducky, and Petrie; she tells them that Sharptooth is alive, but Littlefoot does not believe her. As Cera describes her encounter, she accidentally flings Ducky to the direction of a hatching Spiketail, whom she names Spike and inducts into the group. Seeking the Great Valley, they discover a cluster of trees, which is abruptly depleted by a herd of Longnecks. Searching for remaining growth, they discover a single leaf-bearing tree, and obtain food by stacking up atop each other and pulling it down. Cera remains aloof, but at nightfall, everyone including herself gravitates to Littlefoot's side for warmth and companionship.

text: The next morning, they are attacked by Sharptooth, but they escape through a tunnel too small for him. Beyond this, they discover landmarks mentioned by Littlefoot's mother. Cera decides to go another way, but Littlefoot refuses and a schism divides him from the others. However, when Ducky and Spike become endangered by lava and Petrie gets stuck in a tar pit, he returns to rescue them. They then rescue Cera as she is being harassed by a pack of "domeheads". Ashamed of her fear and reluctant to admit her mistake, Cera leaves them in tears. Later, while crossing a pond, Petrie overhears Sharptooth nearby. The group devises a scheme to lure him to the pond and drown him in the deep side using a nearby boulder. During the ensuing struggle, a draft from Sharptooth's nostrils enables Petrie to fly for the first time.

text: The plan nearly fails when Sharptooth begins attacking the boulder while the group attempts to push it onto him. However, Cera reunites with the group, allowing the others to push both Sharptooth and the boulder into the water below. Sharptooth momentarily takes Petrie down with him, but he later emerges unharmed. Littlefoot, alone, follows a cloud resembling his mother, which guides him to the Great Valley. He is then joined by the others. Upon arrival, the five are reunited with their families: Petrie impresses his family with his newfound flight; Ducky introduces Spike to her family, who adopt him; Cera reunites with her father; and Littlefoot rejoins with his grandparents. The group then rejoins at the top of a hill and embrace each other.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gabriel Damon as Littlefoot
Candy Hutson as Cera
Judith Barsi as Ducky
Will Ryan as Petrie
Helen Shaver as Littlefoot's mother
Burke Byrnes as Cera's father
Bill Erwin as Littlefoot's grandfather
Pat Hingle as Narrator and Rooter

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: During production of An American Tail, talk began of the next feature with Steven Spielberg. Spielberg wanted to do a film similar to Bambi, but only with dinosaurs, and George Lucas also brought in on the project. An early working title for the film was The Land Before Time Began.[6] Steven Spielberg and George Lucas originally wanted the film to have no dialogue, like The Rite of Spring sequence in Fantasia, but the idea was abandoned in favor of using voice actors in order to make it appealing to children.[7] The film was originally planned for release in fall of 1987, but the production and the release date were delayed by a year due to the relocation of Sullivan Bluth Studios to Dublin, Ireland.

text: The production was preceded by extensive research, wherein researchers visited natural history museums in New York City and Los Angeles and the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. The artists had to create a credible landscape and animals. Animators made more than 600 background images for the film. Littlefoot was originally going to be called "Thunderfoot", until it was found out that a Triceratops in a children's book already had that name. It was Lucas's idea to make Cera a female Triceratops, when she was in mid-animation as a male named Bambo. After voicing Digit in An American Tail, Will Ryan performed the voice of Petrie. The idea was brought up by Spielberg's son, Max. The character of Spike was inspired by Don Bluth's pet Chow Chow, Cubby.

text: Editing[edit]

text: Throughout production, The Land Before Time underwent a severe cutting and editing of footage. Spielberg and Lucas thought that some scenes in the movie would appear too dark and intense for young children. Spielberg told Bluth while looking at the scenes from the film, "It's too scary. We'll have kids crying in the lobby, and a lot of angry parents. You don't want that." About 10 minutes of footage, comprising a total of 19 fully animated scenes, were cut from the final film, to attain a G rating instead of a PG rating. Much of the cut footage consisted of the Tyrannosaurus attack sequence and sequences of the five young dinosaurs in grave danger and distress. Examples can be seen in the storyboards of the chase sequence in the briar patch. POV shots of Sharptooth's snapping jaws were deleted, and shots were rearranged to shorten the sequence.[8] This results in continuity errors, depicting the Tyrannosaur with his right eye still open after it had been blinded.[9][10] Some screams were re-voiced using milder exclamations.[7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Land Before Time Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
November 21, 1988[11]

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
57:49

Label
MCA Records (1988)
Geffen Records (2013)

Producer
James Horner

Don Bluth Music of Films chronology

An American Tail
(1986)An American Tail1986
The Land Before Time
(1988)
All Dogs Go to Heaven
(1989)All Dogs Go to Heaven1989

Singles from The Land Before Time Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"If We Hold on Together"
Released: January 21, 1989

text: The music for The Land Before Time was composed by James Horner, who had previously provided the soundtrack for An American Tail, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Choir of King's College. An official soundtrack was released on audio cassette and vinyl record on November 21, 1988, and later on CD by MCA Records, and features seven tracks from the movie.[12] The film's theme song "If We Hold on Together" was sung by Diana Ross and was released as a single on January 21, 1989, peaking at number 23 on the US adult contemporary charts,[13] and was later included on her 1991 album The Force Behind the Power.[14] A digital version of the soundtrack was released on a number of services on January 22, 2013 by Geffen Records.[15]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
 [1]

Filmtracks
[16]

text:
"The Great Migration" (7:49)
"Sharptooth and the Earthquake" (10:33)
"Whispering Winds" (9:00)
"If We Hold on Together" - performed by Diana Ross (4:07)
"Foraging for Food" (7:15)
"The Rescue/Discovery of the Great Valley" (12:43)
"End Credits" (6:22)

tag: ol

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Diana Ross - vocals (track 4)
Lee Sklar - bass (track 4)
Russ Kunkel - drums (track 4)
Waddy Watchel - guitar (track 4)
Guy Moon, Randy Kerber - keyboards (track 4)
Kate Markowitz, Valerie Carter - backing vocals (track 4)
Michael Fisher - percussion (track 4)

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Land Before Time was released on VHS on September 14, 1989, as well as LaserDisc in regular pan and scan[17] and "Special Collector's Edition" CAV-play editions by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment in North America and internationally, and CIC Video in the UK.[18] According to the book The Animated Films of Don Bluth, the original release did "very successful business" on the home video market, and included a promotional tie-in with Pizza Hut in North America, which was offering rubber hand puppets based on the film at the time.[7] Pizza Hut also ran its partnership with the film's VHS release in Australia.[citation needed] The VHS version was made available once more on February 20, 1996, under the Universal Family Features label,[19] and was later packaged with following three films in the series as part of the Land Before Time Collection on December 4, 2001.[20]

text: The film was released on DVD for the first time on April 30, 1997,[21] and re-released in December 2, 2003, as the "Anniversary Edition" for the movie's 15th anniversary, which included games and sing-along songs.[22] The Anniversary Edition was later included with An American Tail and Balto as a three-movie pack in November 2007.[23] A widescreen Blu-ray version was available for the first time on October 13, 2015, which included digital HD and UltraViolet copies,[24] which was accompanied by a new widescreen DVD release on the same day.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Land Before Time holds a 70% "fresh" approval rating from review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes from 30 critics with the consensus "Beautifully animated and genuinely endearing, The Land Before Time is sure to please dino-obsessed tykes, even if it's a little too cutesy for older viewers.[26] Metacritic assigned a score of 66, based on reviews by 15 critics, signifying "Generally favorable reviews".[27]

text: Critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film "two thumbs up" on a 1988 episode of their television program At the Movies.[28] Siskel found it to be "sweet more than it was scary" and "quite beautiful", also praising its straightforward story and remarked that he would recommend it to children over Disney's Oliver and Company, released the same day.[28] In his own review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, writing "I guess I sort of liked the film, although I wonder why it couldn't have spent more time on natural history and the sense of discovery, and less time on tragedy."[29] Peter Travers of People magazine felt the movie had an unclear audience, stating "The animation is fine. But the Stu Krieger screenplay contains violence that might be hard on the younger ones, [...] and a never-let-up cuteness that can turn minds of all ages to mush."[30] Los Angeles Times writer Sheila Benson also stated that the movie's enjoyment was limited to younger viewers, remarking "do dinosaurs really lend themselves to ootsie-cutesiness?"[31]

text: Many reviewers compared The Land Before Time to films from Disney's Golden Age. Steven Rea of the Philadelphia Inquirer said that the movie "looks and sounds as if it came out of the Disney Studios of the '40s or '50s. Which isn't necessarily a bad thing," calling it "meticulously crafted" but was also "mildly disappoint[ed]" that the dialog wasn't as sophisticated.[32] In her review for the Sun-Sentinel, Candice Russel similarly remarked, "The Land Before Time works by evoking the simple virtues of this art aimed at children, as it was in the beginning when Disney animated Mickey Mouse."[33] A review from the Motion Picture Guide 1989 Annual notes that the film "has been called a sort of prehistoric Bambi".[34] David Kehr from the Chicago Tribune similarly felt that the film's title "also refers to the Disney past, but it goes for all the marbles. Its model is nothing less than the life-cycle saga of Bambi, and that Bluth gets even half the way there is proof of a major talent."[35] Kehr gave the movie three-and-a-half out of four stars, calling it "as handsome and honest an animated feature as any produced since Walt Disney's death; it may even be the best."[36]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Land Before Time grossed $48 million at the US box office, as well as beating the Disney film, Oliver & Company, which was released on the same day, for the #1 spot during its opening weekend. It brought in a box office total of nearly $50 million during its US release, slightly more than Don Bluth's previous film, An American Tail. While Oliver & Company had grossed over its US earnings, The Land Before Time grossed nearly $84 million worldwide,[3] which the Disney film did not surpass. However, Oliver & Company beat out The Land Before Time at the US box office by about $5 million. Attached to the film, Universal and Amblin issued Brad Bird's Family Dog short from their television anthology Amazing Stories.[37]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Land Before Time was nominated for "Best Family Animation or Fantasy Motion Picture" at the 10th annual Youth in Film Awards, losing out to Tim Burton's Beetlejuice.[38] It also received a nomination for "Best Fantasy Film" at the 16th Saturn Awards ceremony in 1990, beaten by Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[39]

text:
Award
Nomination
Nominee
Result

Saturn Award
Best Fantasy Film
The Land Before Time
Nominated

Youth in Film Award
Best Family Animation or Fantasy Motion Picture
The Land Before Time
Nominated

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The film generated many direct-to-video sequels, which differ from the original by adding "sing-a-long" musical numbers. Bluth and his animation studio have no affiliation with any of the film's sequels. The sequels have generally been met with mixed reception with several fans of the original disregarding the sequels, while others have embraced the sequels into the canon of the story.

text: In 2007 a television series was released in North America. It follows the style of the sequels in terms of the morality and the musical numbers (with some of the songs being shortened, and reworked).


document_title: High School Musical 2

question_text: who sings bet on it in high school musical

text: High School Musical 2

text: Plot

text: The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ("What Time Is It"). Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez, who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother. Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college.

text: Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family's country club, Lava Springs ("Fabulous"), but Sharpay's summer plans also include pursuing Troy, whom she has arranged to be hired at the club. However, Troy convinces the club's manager, Mr. Fulton, into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well; including Taylor and Chad. Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards, but is unable to get her fired. So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best to quit. Fulton attempts to intimidate the group, but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ("Work This Out").

text: Troy continues to worry about funding for college. Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted, hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show. Meanwhile, Kelsi writes a ballad for Troy and Gabriella. Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ("You Are The Music In Me"), not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention. (In the extended version, Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella, and perform their potential show-stopper ("Humuhumunukunukuapua'a").)

text: Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore, as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy. This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders. Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game, where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ("I Don't Dance").

text: Troy and Gabriella's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella, sparking jealousy. Owing to a "promise" from Troy, he and Sharpay practice their song for the Midsummer Night's Talent Show ("You Are The Music In Me (Sharpay Version)").

text: When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show, she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing. Gabriella angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs. Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind. Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ("Gotta Go My Own Way") and leaves Lava Springs, and gives him the necklace back. It also seems that they broke up.

text: Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to him. Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton, causing Troy to question his own motivations ("Bet On It"). He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends. Then Troy confronts Sharpay, informing her that he will not sing with her. The Wildcats and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent show, which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well.

text: At Sharpay's supposed instruction, Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show. As Troy goes onstage, he asks Sharpay why she switched the song, and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her. Troy sings the song ("Everyday") alone until Gabriella surprisingly joins him onstage. In the end, Sharpay proudly presents her brother, Ryan, with the award for the talent show. After the talent show, all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks.

text: Everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ("All for One") which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus.

text: Cast

text:
Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) is the most popular male student at East High School and the captain of the varsity basketball team. For this movie, Efron did all of his own singing, whereas, in the first High School Musical, his singing was blended with singer Drew Seeley's voice.[citation needed]
Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens) is Troy's girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East High. She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Shapay's actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy.
Sharpay Evans (Ashley Tisdale) is Ryan's primadonna twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy's attention and doing anything to help him.
Ryan Evans (Lucas Grabeel) is Sharpay's twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna sister.
Chad Danforth (Corbin Bleu) is Troy's best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke.
Taylor McKessie (Monique Coleman) is Gabriella's best friend. She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad. She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team. She has a summer job at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator.
Thomas Fulton (Mark L. Taylor) is the manager of Lava Springs.
Coach Jack Bolton (Bart Johnson) is Troy's father and East High's basketball coach.
Vance Evans (Robert Curtis Brown) is Sharpay and Ryan's father.
Darby Evans (Jessica Tuck) is Sharpay and Ryan's mother and president of the Lava Springs Board.
Ms. Darbus (Alyson Reed) is the stern drama teacher at East High.
Kelsi Nielsen (Olesya Rulin) is a pianist and composer.
Zeke Baylor (Chris Warren Jr.) is friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team.
Jason Cross (Ryne Sanborn) is friends with Troy, Chad, and Zeke and plays on the basketball team.
Martha Cox (Kaycee Stroh) is friends with Gabriella, Kelsi, and Taylor.
Boi Evans (Manly "Little Pickles" Ortega) is Sharpay's Pet dog.
Jackie (Tanya Chisholm) is one of Sharpay’s friends (a.k.a. The Sharpettes).
Lea (Kelli Baker), another Sharpette.
Emma (McCall Clark), another Sharpette.
Unknown Wildcats player (Shane Harper), the principal dancer.
Girl At Pool (Miley Cyrus), An unknown dancer at the end (cameo)
Lucille Bolton (Leslie Wing Pomeroy) Troy's mother.

text: Release

text: The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17, 2007, and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie's cast. On Saturday, August 18, Disney Channel aired "High School Musical 2: Wildcat Chat", in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans. On August 19, Disney aired a sing-along version of the movie.[6] On May 23, DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high-definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network-only channel, The 101.[7]

text: Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2, beginning on June 8, 2007, and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August. The show offered viewers a behind-the-scenes look into the production of the movie. The world premiere of the opening number "What Time Is It" was on Radio Disney May 25, 2007,[8] and similarly "You Are The Music In Me" premiered on July 13, 2007.[9]

text: On December 11, 2007, the movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray titled High School Musical 2: Extended Edition. On September 15, 2008, a 2-disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2: Deluxe Dance Edition.

text: Songs

text:
Song
Chiefly sung by
Other singers
Scene

What Time Is It?
Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Ryan, Chad, Taylor
Wildcats
East High's Classroom, Hallways, Cafeteria

What Time Is It (Reprise)
Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Ryan, Chad, Taylor
Wildcats
East High's School Grounds

Fabulous
Sharpay
Ryan & Sharpettes
Lava Springs Pool

Work This Out
Troy, Gabriella, Chad, Taylor, Kelsi, Zeke, Martha, Jason
Wildcats and Kitchen Workers
Lava Springs Kitchen

You Are the Music in Me
Troy and Gabriella
Kelsi and Wildcats
Lava Springs Dining Room

Humuhumunukunukuapua'a
Sharpay and Ryan
Sharpettes
Lava Springs Backstage Room

I Don't Dance
Chad and Ryan
Baseball Players, Wildcats, and Company
Lava Springs Baseball Field

You Are the Music in Me (Reprise)
Sharpay and Troy
Sharpettes
Lava Springs Stage

Gotta Go My Own Way
Gabriella
Troy
Lava Springs Pool, Locker Room, Grounds

Bet On It
Troy
None
Lava Springs Golf Course

Everyday
Troy and Gabriella
Wildcats and Company
Lava Springs Stage

All for One
Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Ryan, Chad, Taylor
Kelsi, Zeke, Martha, Jason, Wildcats, Company
Lava Springs Pool

text: Reception

text: The first broadcast of the film on August 17, 2007 broke records, receiving 17.2 million viewers.[4] This number made it, at the time, the most-watched basic-cable telecast in history (the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23, 2006, which attracted 16 million viewers), the most-watched made-for-cable movie ever (the previous record was held by TNT's January 21, 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail, which brought in 12.5 million viewers), and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season, along with Friday nights for the past five years. Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million, and the third showing fell to 7.4 million, totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers.[10]

text: In Latin America, the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region. The film was the most-watched in its schedule, among all cable channels, and produced the highest rating of the channel, surpassing all original films of Disney Channel. Among other records, the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year, in a 107 percent, while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent, and Mexico did so with 61 percent.[11] In the United Kingdom, the movie became Disney Channel UK's most viewed program ever, totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing.[12]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, gaining a score of 57% on Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72/100 at Metacritic.[13][14] USA Today's Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four, saying High School Musical 2 was "sweet, smart, bursting with talent and energy, and awash in innocence".[15] While critics enjoyed the film, they noted that the timing of the movie's premiere seemed odd, premiering just when school was about to start up again, while the movie's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation.[16] High School Musical 2 won the "So Hot Right Now" award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2007, in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas.

text: High School Musical 2: On Stage!

text: Like the original High School Musical, the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions: a one-act, 70-minute version and a two-act full-length production. This stage production includes the song "Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a" that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD. Through Music Theater International, Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008. MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full-length adaptation, but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score, all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program.

text:
On May 18, 2008, Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High School Musical 2.
From July 17-August 3, 2008, Harrell Theatre, in Collierville, Tennessee, was the first community theatre to perform the production, which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast.
From January 15 - February 15, 2009, the West Coast premiere production was presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre's School of Dramatic Arts. The production was directed by PacRep founderStephen Moorer, who previously directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical.[17]
From 6–18 April 2009, the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in Cardiff.[18]

text: Awards

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2007
American Music Award
Favorite Soundtrack
(High School Musical 2 (soundtrack))
Won

Bravo Magazine Award
Bravo Otto for TV Star – Male
(Zac Efron)
Won

CMA Wild and Young Awards
Best Single International
(You Are the Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston)
Won

Family Television Awards
Best Actor
(Zac Efron)
Won

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie Star
(Zac Efron)
Won

So Hot Right Now!
Won

Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards
Best TV Actress
(Ashley Tisdale)
Won

Best TV Actor
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Star Under 35
(Zac Efron)
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Movie
Won

2008
ALMA Award
Outstanding Director of a Made–for–TV Movie
(Kenny Ortega)
Won

ASTRA Awards
Favourite International Program
Won

Favourite International Personality or Actor
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries
(Douglas Cameron, Terry O'Bright and Keith Rogers)
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Program
(Kenny Ortega)
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing – Music for Long Form Television
(Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk)
Won

Image Award
Outstanding Children's Program
Nominated

PGA Awards
Outstanding Producer for Long–Form Television
(Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush)
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Choreography
(Kenny Ortega, Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow)
Nominated

Outstanding Children's Program
(Don Schain, Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush)
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming
Nominated


document_title: Selective reabsorption

question_text: where does selective reabsorption of components of the glomerular filtrate occur

text: Selective reabsorption

text: Selective reabsorption is the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron.[1] Selective reabsorbtion occurs in the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule). The PCT is highly permeable meaning it is easy for molecules to diffuse through it.

text: A basic outline of the process[edit]

text:
The co-transport sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium out of the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) wall (using energy from converting ATP to ADP + Pi) to maintain a low Na+ concentration gradient in the wall.
This low concentration gradient means that Na+ ions from the glomerulus filtrate can easily passively diffuse into the wall of the PCT.
However, the Na+ ions cannot diffuse freely across the membrane, but can only enter through special transporter (carrier) proteins in the membrane of the wall.
There are several different kinds of these transporter proteins, each of which transports another molecule, such as glucose or amino acids. The concentration gradient for the sodium provides the energy to pull in these other molecules into the wall of the PCT.
As the substances listed above (Na+ ions, amino acids and glucose) enter the wall of the PCT, so does 65–70% of the water in the glomerulus filtrate via osmosis. Water can move freely through the wall of the PCT (it does not require a transporter protein). Nearly all the rest of the water is reabsorbed into the blood in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.
However, as urea is a small molecule it can pass easily through the membrane of the PCT wall. As the concentration of urea in the filtrate is significantly higher than in the blood, around 50% of urea on the filtrate is reabsorbed.