document_title: Cars 3

question_text: who does the voice of jackson storm in cars 3

text: Cars 3

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lightning McQueen, now a seven-time Piston Cup racing legend, and the other veterans of the Piston Cup, suddenly find themselves being displaced by the next-generation rookies such as Jackson Storm, outfitted with the latest technology to break speed records. As the season progresses, the amount of new racers begin to increase, resulting in many veterans either retiring, or being fired by their sponsors, to make way for the new generation. Then, in the last race of the season, McQueen tries to catch up to Storm and the other leaders, but loses control and gets into a violent rollover crash, leaving him badly injured.

text: Four months later, while recovering in Radiator Springs, McQueen isolates himself from his friends and spends his time watching footage of his late mentor, Doc Hudson, whose career ended in a similar accident, and McQueen fears that he might meet the same fate. After receiving some encouragement from his girlfriend, Sally, McQueen decides to continue racing and call his sponsors from Rust-eze, Rusty and Dusty, who surprise him by telling him they opened a new state-of-the-art training center known as the Rust-eze Racing Center, only to reveal that they have sold the team to a new owner, Sterling. There, McQueen meets Sterling, and is assigned to train under Cruz Ramirez. McQueen becomes impatient with Cruz's methodical approach to training, and he attempts to use a high tech racing simulator - only to end up damaging it. Sterling decides that McQueen is unfit to race, and instead, plans to use him for promotional materials only. McQueen contests this, and instead, makes a deal; if he should win the first race of the season, he will get to determine when he retires, otherwise he will retire on the spot. Sterling accepts the deal, but assigns him to work one-on-one with Cruz.

text: McQueen tries to train on the nearby Fireball Beach in order to build up his speed, but he finds most of his time spent on teaching Cruz how to drive on various terrain. McQueen then attempts to race at a dirt track called Thunder Hollow, and inadvertently ends up competing in a demolition derby called ″Crazy Eight″ that Cruz wins, and her elation leads to McQueen's humiliation on TV. Angry for apparently wasting training time, McQueen rages at Cruz and in the process accidentally breaks her trophy. Upset, Cruz reveals that she had wanted to be a professional racer like McQueen her whole life because he inspired her, but never started a race due to feeling intimidated and outclassed by the other racers. She resigns as McQueen's trainer, and heads back to the training center.

text: Guilty and with no other options, McQueen calls up his friend Mater, who suggests that he should talk to Doc's mentor, Smokey in Doc's hometown of Thomasville. McQueen catches up to Cruz, and convinces her to rejoin him. In Thomasville, McQueen meets up with Smokey, who recounts how, despite his forced retirement, Doc found a new happiness in training McQueen. After McQueen accepts that he will never be as fast as Storm, Smokey and his friends help McQueen learn new tricks to overcome his speed disadvantage with Cruz as his sparring partner. However, during the last practice race, Cruz suddenly overtakes him, giving him a flashback to his crash, shaking his confidence.

text: At the race in Florida, McQueen is coached by Smokey from the pits, and manages to gradually push up through the ranks. Sterling, who still believes McQueen cannot win, orders Cruz back to the center, despite her wanting to stay and watch the race. McQueen overhears this, and remembers Cruz's speech about wanting to be a racer. He devises a plan; the next time he pits, he tells his crew to outfit Cruz in his racing number to try and finally beat Storm, against Sterling's wishes. Cruz is initially shaken by her lack of confidence, but Smokey and McQueen help her to pull ahead. On the last lap, Cruz catches up to Storm. Storm, feeling threatened, tries to intimidate her - even to the point of ramming her against the wall, but she uses one of Doc's tricks to repel off it, take the lead, and win.

text: As Cruz celebrates her victory, Sterling offers her a role on his team, but she instead takes a counteroffer made by Tex Dinoco. Sterling reminds McQueen about his bet, but then McQueen's name is shared with Cruz's on the leaderboard as victors, since both he and Cruz raced with the winning number, thus winning the deal. Tex then goes to speak with Sterling, offering a deal of his own. Sometime later, McQueen and Cruz return to Radiator Springs, decked out in Doc's old color and number, respectively. McQueen reveals that Tex has bought Rust-eze from Sterling, and McQueen decides to continue racing, and to be Cruz's crew chief.

text: In the post-credits scene, Mater at his junkyard tries to answer an incoming call from his phone. Somehow he accidentally touches his reception antenna and his phone goes dead, much to his dismay.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen,[7] a legendary Piston Cup veteran who lives in Route 66's Radiator Springs; former racer for Rust-eze; #95, now crew chief to Cruz Ramirez.
Cristela Alonzo as Cruz Ramirez,[7][8] Lightning McQueen's trainer and racing technician, who always longed to be a racer, but lacked confidence. She later becomes a yellow and blue Dinoco; #51 racer.
Chris Cooper as Smokey,[9] Doc's former mechanic and crew chief, who helps Lightning McQueen train for the Florida 500.
Nathan Fillion as Sterling,[10] a rich business car who runs the elite training facility Rust-eze Racing Center, who challenges McQueen's position as a racer.
Larry the Cable Guy as Mater, a jolly tow truck and Lightning McQueen's best friend.
Armie Hammer as Jackson Storm,[7][8] McQueen's new racing rival. The face of the newer generation of high-tech racers, he threatens to displace McQueen as the top racer, and McQueen's career; racer for IGNTR; #20.
Tom and Ray Magliozzi as Rusty and Dusty Rust-eze, respectively,[11] the owners of Rust-eze. Following Tom's death in 2014, unused archive recordings from the first film were used for Rusty's lines.
Tony Shalhoub as Luigi, a Fiat 500.
Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera, a Porsche 996, and Lightning McQueen's girlfriend.
Lea DeLaria as Miss Fritter,[10] an intimidating demolition derby-inspired monster school bus at the Thunder Hollow demolition derby.
Kerry Washington as Natalie Certain,[10] a statistical analyst.
Bob Costas as Bob Cutlass, a broadcaster at the race track.
Margo Martindale as Louise "Barnstormer" Nash,[12] a Piston Cup legend and a friend of Doc.
Darrell Waltrip as Darrell Cartrip,[5] a broadcaster and former Piston Cup racer working aside with Bob.
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as River Scott,[12] a legendary Piston Cup racer who is a friend of Smokey.
Bob Peterson as Chick Hicks,[11] a former Piston Cup racer and ex-rival of Lightning McQueen, who now works as an RSN announcer and hosts his own TV show, Chick's Picks. He was previously voiced by Michael Keaton in the first film.

Peterson also voices Dr. Damage, an ambulance monster truck competitor at Thunder Hollow; though the character is provided as an additional voice.

Guido Quaroni as Guido, a forklift who is Luigi's best friend and assistant.
John Ratzenberger as Mack,[11] a 1985 Mack Super-Liner who is Lightning's transport.
Kyle Petty as Cal Weathers, one of Lightning's racing friends, and a veteran racer for Dinoco.
Lewis Hamilton as Hamilton, a voice command assistant to Cruz Ramirez.[11] Hamilton previously voiced himself (as a WGP racer) in the second film.
Lloyd Sherr as Fillmore, a Volkswagen Bus. He was previously voiced by George Carlin in the first film who died in 2008.
Junior Johnson as Junior "Midnight" Moon,[12] a former Piston Cup racer who is a 1938 Ford Standard Coupe; #11.
Ray Evernham as Ray Reverham,[5] Jackson Storm's crew chief.
Paul Newman as Doc Hudson, Lightning McQueen's late mentor. He appears in the film with unused archive recordings of Newman from the first film. Following Newman's death in September 2008, the character was written in a flashback for his final film in 2006.
Cheech Marin as Ramone, a Chevrolet Impala Lowrider, and Flo's husband.
Humpy Wheeler as Tex Dinoco, the owner of Dinoco.
Katherine Helmond as Lizzie, a Ford Model T.
Paul Dooley as Sarge, a Willys Jeep.
Jenifer Lewis as Flo, a Motorama show car, and Ramone's wife.
Shannon Spake as Shannon Spokes,[5] an RSN reporter who is not afraid to ask questions to racers.
Madeleine McGraw as Maddy McGear, a young Axxelo Microlux who is Lightning's biggest fan.
Michael Wallis as Sheriff, a seasoned 1949 Mercury Eight police car.
Mike Joy as Mike Joyride, the host on Lightning's radio.
Jeff Gordon as Jeff Gorvette,[5] a World Grand Prix competitor who now works as a Piston Cup announcer for races
Daniel Suárez as Danny Swervez, Octain Gain's next-gen racer; #19.[5]
Ryan Blaney as Ryan "Inside" Laney, Blinkr's next gen racer; #21.[5]
Bubba Wallace as Bubba Wheelhouse, Transberry Juice's next-gen racer; #6.[5]
Chase Elliott as Chase Racelott, Vitoline's next-gen racer; #24.[5]
Richard Petty as Strip "The King" Weathers, who has retired and now acts as crew chief for his nephew Cal.[5]
Andra Day as Sweet Tea, a forklift waiter and singer at Cotter Pin Bar & Grill.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development on Cars 3 began in 2011 after the release of Cars 2,[13] and by March 2014 pre-production was underway.[14] In October 2014, Pixar's chief creative officer John Lasseter revealed at the Tokyo International Film Festival that the film would feature a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki's film The Castle of Cagliostro, in a form of an old Citroën 2CV.[15]

text: Prior to the film's release, John Lasseter, director of the previous Cars films, stated that the film had a "very emotional story", similar in tone to the first film.[16] Co-writer Kiel Murray, who also co-wrote the original Cars, said of the return to the series roots, "With these franchises you always want to know who it's about. The first movie was about McQueen, and the second movie was a sort of off-ramp to the Mater story. We wanted to get back to the McQueen story. When we looked at what would be next for him, we wondered what that would be like both as an athlete, and also for what he was dealing with in the rest of his life."[17]

text: On January 5, 2017, it was announced that Armie Hammer and Cristela Alonzo would voice Jackson Storm and Cruz Ramirez, respectively. Two months later, Nathan Fillion, Kerry Washington and Lea Delaria joined the cast.[8]

text: The production utilized a new rendering system, RIS, which made scenes like the demolition derby race possible. The system was previously used on Pixar's Finding Dory.[18] In previous movies the animators had to first do the animation before the rendering, but the progress has allowed animation and rendering to take place simultaneously in a process called "hardware shading", making it much easier for the animators too see what a completed scene will look like when finished.[19]

text: Music[edit]

text: Director Brian Fee said that both the score and the soundtrack "really help support the story we are telling".[20] Both the soundtrack and the score were released in June 16, 2017.[20]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Cars 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album

Released
June 16, 2017

Genre
Western, Country, Pop

Length
28:40

Label
Walt Disney

Singles from Cars 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Ride (featuring Gary Clark Jr.)"
Released: April 14, 2017

text: The soundtrack features "Run That Race", an original song written and performed by Dan Auerbach, who stated the song is "about never giving up and always trying your best".[20] The soundtrack also features "Ride", an original song performed by ZZ Ward featuring Gary Clark Jr., which was released as a single in April 14, 2017.[20]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Run that Race"
Dan Auerbach
2:43

2.
"Kings Highway"
James Bay
3:07

3.
"Truckaroo"
Brad Paisley
2:36

4.
"Thunder Hollow Breakdown"
Brad Paisley
4:49

5.
"Glory Days"
Andra Day
4:07

6.
"Ride"
ZZ Ward featuring Gary Clark Jr.
4:03

7.
"Drive My Car"
Jorge Blanco
2:42

8.
"Freeway of Love"
Lea DeLaria
4:30

text: Score[edit]

text:
Cars 3 Original Score

Soundtrack album by Randy Newman

Released
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Recorded
2016–2017

Genre
Country, classical

Length
50:15

Label
Walt Disney

Randy Newman chronology

Monsters University
(2013)
Cars 3 Original Score
(2017)
Toy Story 4
(2019)

text: The film's score was composed by Pixar's frequent collaborator, Randy Newman.[20] Tom MacDugall, Disney's executive vice-president of music, said that Newman has "a real connection to the Cars world" and that "His ability to capture the feelings on this film, its characters, locations, and the Americana theme through out is extraordinary-the music is so naturally fluid and inspired. It really feels like Randy is coming home with this score".[20]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Storm's Winning Streak"
1:23

2.
"When All Your Friends are Gone/ Crash"
3:44

3.
"Doc's Painful Demise"
1:25

4.
"Mater on the Horn"
0:29

5.
"Sistine Chapel on Wheels"
1:06

6.
"Temple of Rust-eze"
1:25

7.
"A Career on a Wall/ Electronic Suit"
3:21

8.
"Drip Pan"
1:12

9.
"McQueen's Wild Ride"
2:05

10.
"Biggest Brand in Racing"
3:12

11.
"Fireball Beach"
2:16

12.
"Pull Over, Now!/ Cruz's Racing Dreams"
2:00

13.
"1.2%"
1:21

14.
"If This Track Could Talk"
2:33

15.
"Letters About You"
2:02

16.
"Smokey Starts Training/ A Blaze of Glory"
5:56

17.
"Starting Dead Last"
1:42

18.
"Flashback/ Pit Stop"
3:32

19.
"Through the Pack"
3:42

20.
"Victory Lane"
3:51

21.
"The Fabulous Lightning McQueen"
2:11

text: Release[edit]

text: Cars 3 was released in theaters on June 16, 2017, in the United States, in 3D[21] and selected IMAX theaters,[22] accompanied by the Pixar short film Lou.[23] The film had a special screening for the NASCAR industry in Kannapolis, North Carolina on May 23, 2017.[24] The world premiere was held in Anaheim, California on June 10, 2017.[25]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A tie-in video game has been announced to accompany the film's release. It was developed by Avalanche Software, which was shut down by Disney in 2016, but was acquired and revived by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It was released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on June 13, 2017, in North America,[26] in Europe and Australia on July 14, 2017,[27] and in Japan on July 20, 2017.[28] As Disney no longer develops and publishes video games after the release of Disney Infinity 3.0, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment published the tie-in game.[29]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Cars 3 was released on Digital HD on October 24, 2017 and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on November 7, 2017, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[30]

text: Short Film[edit]

text: BBC, Disney, and LEGO have released a short film via YouTube, on April 13, 2018, that is inspired by both the Cars animated series as well as the popular Top Gear TV series. The film tells the story of Lightning McQueen's trip to the Top Gear track where he achieves his dream of racing the Stig around the track.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Cars 3 grossed $152.9 million in the United States and Canada and $231 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $383.9 million, against a production budget of $175 million.[4]

text: In North America, Cars 3 was released alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and All Eyez on Me, and was projected to gross $55–60 million from 4,256 theaters in its opening weekend.[32][33] It made $2.8 million from Thursday night previews and $19.5 million on its first day. It went on to open to $53.7 million, finishing first at the box office and dethroning two-time first-place finisher Wonder Woman. Cars 3 had the lowest opening of the series, but nevertheless was the 16th Pixar film to debut at number one.[34] In its second weekend, the film grossed $24.1 million, dropping to third place, behind Transformers: The Last Knight and Wonder Woman.[35] In its third weekend the film made $9.7 million ($14.1 million over the five-day 4 July holiday weekend), dropping to 5th.[36]

text: Internationally, the film made $21.3 million from its opening in 23 markets, which was 9% more than Cars 2 and 29% more than Cars.[37] The film opened in China on August 25 and grossed $10.8 million over its debut weekend.[38] The biggest markets in terms of total earnings are China ($20.8 million), followed by France ($19.5 million), Japan ($16.1 million), Mexico ($15.6 million), and the UK ($15.2 million).[39]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 194 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Cars 3 has an unexpectedly poignant story to go with its dazzling animation, suggesting Pixar's most middle-of-the-road franchise may have a surprising amount of tread left."[40] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 59 out of 100, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[34]

text: In his review for Variety, Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Cars 3 is a friendly, rollicking movie made with warmth and dash, and to the extent that it taps our primal affection for this series, it more than gets the job done. Yet in many ways it’s the tasteful version of a straight-to-DVD (or streaming) sequel."[42] David Fear of Rolling Stone gave the film a positive review, saying: "There's an emotional resonance to this story about growing old, chasing glory days and the joy of passing the baton that leaves the other two films choking on its digitally rendered dust. The end goal this time out isn't just to sell a few more toys and Lightning McQueen lunchboxes. It's actually tapping into something deeper than a corporate bottom line."[43] Mike Ryan of Uproxx called the film 'The Rocky III Of The Cars Franchise,' and wrote "There’s a hint of sadness that seems to be present throughout Cars 3 that gives it a little more weight than the previous installments."[44]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "As a spawner of merchandise, Cars 3 fires on all pistons but, as a movie, it's a harmless but never stimulating 109 minutes."[45] Vicky Roach gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: "Returning to the iconic, backroads nostalgia of the original film, Cars 3 puts the flashy, unpopular middle film squarely in its rear vision mirror. The route that the filmmakers take might be familiar, but after gunning it, they take the corners like pros."[46]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Movie: Comedy
Walt Disney Pictures
Nominated
[47]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Owen Wilson
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 7, 2017
Best Animated Film
Cars 3
Nominated
[48]

St. Louis Film Critics Association
December 15, 2017
Best Animated Feature
Brian Fee
Nominated
[49]

IGN Awards
December 19, 2017
Best Animated Movie
Cars 3
Nominated
[50]

Central Ohio Film Critics Association
January 4, 2017
Best Animated Film
Nominated
[51]

Image Awards
January 15, 2018
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Kerry Washington as Natalie Certain
Nominated
[52]

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Cars 3
Nominated
[53]

Art Directors Guild
January 27, 2018
Production Design in an Animated Feature
William Cone and Jay Shuster
Nominated
[54]

Visual Effects Society Awards
February 13, 2018
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature
Brian Fee, Kevin Reher, Michael Fong, Jon Reisch
Nominated
[55]

Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature
Marlena Fecho, Thidartana Annee Jonjai, Jose L. Ramos Serrano, Frank Tai for "Abandoned Racetrack"
Nominated

Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature
Greg Gladstone, Stephen Marshall, Leon JeongWook Park, Tim Speltz
Nominated

Annie Award
February 3, 2018
Best Animated Feature
Kevin Reher
Nominated
[56]

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Amit Baadkar, Greg Gladstone, Stephen Marshall, Tim Speltz and Jon Reisch
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards
February 24, 2018
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated
Doc Kane, Tom Meyers, Michael Semanick, Nathan Nance, David Boucher and Blake Collins
Nominated
[57]

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best Animated Film
Cars 3
Pending
[58]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: Regarding a possible Cars 4, Cars 3 producers Kevin Reher and Andrea Warren stated speaking to Cinema Blend that "If there's a good story to tell, I mean, our heads kinda break after having gotten this one done, like "oh my God" what could you do the further adventures of? But like any sequel, from Toy Story 4 to Incredibles 2, as long as there's a good story to tell it's worth investing, we do love these characters, we love them as much as the public does."[59] Regarding which character would be the main protagonist in the film, Reher and Warren stated that "if Cruz is a breakout character, kind of like Mater was, she would be involved in a 4".[60] Owen Wilson stated at a Cars 3 press event that possible stories have been discussed for a Cars 4, though he would personally like for a fourth Cars film to delve into aspects of the thriller genre, akin to Cars 2.[61]


document_title: Go Set a Watchman

question_text: where does go set a watchman take place

question_tokens: where does go set a watchman take place

root

text: Go Set a Watchman

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jean Louise "Scout" Finch, now 26, returns from New York to the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, on her annual two-week visit. She is met by her childhood sweetheart and suitor, Henry "Hank" Clinton, who works for her father, Atticus, a lawyer and former state legislator. Jack, her father's brother, a retired doctor, is her mentor. Their sister, Aunt Alexandra, runs the house since Calpurnia's retirement. The Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) are introduced as sources of controversy in the community.

tag: p

text: Returning from a trip to Finch's Landing, Jean Louise and Henry are passed by a car of black men travelling dangerously at high speed. Henry mentions that the black people in the county now have money for cars but neglect to get licenses and insurance. The next day is spent dealing with the minor scandal the previous evening has caused, and there are sequences during Jean Louise's youth, spent with "Dill" Harris, and her older brother Jeremy "Jem" Finch, who has since died of a heart condition which also killed her mother.

text: Jean Louise finds a pamphlet titled "The Black Plague" among her father's papers, so she follows him to a Citizens' Council meeting where Atticus introduces a man who delivers a racist speech. Jean Louise watches in secret from the balcony and is horrified. She is unable to forgive him for betraying her and flees from the hall. After dreaming about her black family maid, Calpurnia, whom she sees as a mother figure, Jean Louise has breakfast with her father. They soon learn that Calpurnia's grandson killed a drunk pedestrian the previous night while speeding in his car. Atticus agrees to take the case in order to stop the NAACP from getting involved. Jean Louise visits Calpurnia and is treated politely but coldly, causing her to leave, devastated.

text: At lunch with her Uncle Jack, Jean Louise questions why Atticus was at the meeting. Jack says that Atticus hasn't suddenly become racist but is trying to slow federal government intervention into state politics. Her uncle lectures her on the complexity of history, race, and politics in the South, trying to get Jean Louise to come to a conclusion, which she struggles to grasp. She has a flashback to when she was a teenager and recalls an incident where Atticus planted the seed for an idea in Henry's brain, then let him come to the right conclusion on his own.

text: While having coffee with Henry, Jean Louise tells him she doesn't love him and will never marry him. She expresses her disgust at seeing him and her father at the council meeting. Henry explains that sometimes people have to do things they don't want to do. Henry then defends his own case by saying that the reason that he is still part of the Citizens' Council is because he wants to use his intelligence to make an impact for his hometown of Maycomb and to make money to raise a family. She screams that she could never live with a hypocrite, only to notice that Atticus is standing behind them, smiling.

text: During a discussion with his daughter, Atticus argues that the blacks of the South are not ready for full civil rights, and the Supreme Court's decision was unconstitutional and irresponsible. Although Jean Louise agrees that the South is not ready to be fully integrated, she says the court was pushed into a corner by the NAACP and had to act. She is confused and devastated by her father's positions as they are contrary to everything he has ever taught her. She returns to the family home furious and packs her things. As she is about to leave town, her uncle comes home. She angrily complains to him, and her uncle slaps her across the face. He tells her to think of all the things that have happened over the past two days and how she has processed them. When she says she can now stand them, he tells her it is bearable because she is her own person. He says that at one point she had fastened her conscience to her father's, assuming that her answers would always be his answers. Her uncle tells her that Atticus was letting her break her idols so that she could reduce him to the status of a human being.

text: Jean Louise returns to the office and makes a date with Henry for the evening. She reflects that Maycomb has taught him things she had never known and rendered her useless to him except as his oldest friend. She goes to apologize to Atticus, but he tells her how proud of her he is. He hoped that she would stand for what she thinks is right. She reflects that she didn't want her world disturbed but that she tried to crush the man who is trying to preserve it for her. She tells him that she thinks she loves him very much. As she follows him to the car, she silently welcomes him to the human race, seeing him as just a man for the first time.

text: Development history[edit]

text: Although promoted by its publisher and initially described in media reports as a sequel to Lee's best-selling novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, which was published in 1960, Go Set a Watchman is actually that novel's first draft.[2][13] The novel was finished in 1957[13] and purchased by the J.B. Lippincott Company. Lee's editor, Tay Hohoff, although impressed with elements of the story, saying that "the spark of the true writer flashed in every line",[13] thought it was by no means ready for publication. It was, as she described it, "more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel". As Jonathan Mahler recounts in his Times article on Hohoff, she thought the strongest aspect of Lee's novel was the flashback sequences featuring a young Scout, and thus requested that Lee use those flashbacks as a basis for a new novel. Lee agreed, and "during the next couple of years, Hohoff led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird".[13]

text: According to Mahler, "Ms. Hohoff also references a more detailed characterization of the development process, found in the Lippincott corporate history: 'After a couple of false starts, the story-line, interplay of characters, and fall of emphasis grew clearer, and with each revision — there were many minor changes as the story grew in strength and in her own vision of it—the true stature of the novel became evident.' (In 1978, Lippincott was acquired by Harper & Row, which became HarperCollins, publisher of Watchman.)"[13] Mahler remarks that "there appeared to be a natural give and take between author and editor. 'When she disagreed with a suggestion, we talked it out, sometimes for hours,' Ms. Hohoff wrote. 'And sometimes she came around to my way of thinking, sometimes I to hers, sometimes the discussion would open up an entirely new line of country.'"[13]

text: In terms of the initial characterization of Atticus as a segregationist, an element to his character that was dropped in the later draft, there are various theories already offered. Mahler offers that it could have been Hohoff that inspired the change.[13] Raised "in a multigenerational Quaker home near Prospect Park in Brooklyn, Hohoff attended a Quaker school, Brooklyn Friends. Such an upbringing suggests certain progressive values. But probably the clearest window into her state of mind when she was coaching Ms. Lee through the rewrite of Mockingbird is the book she was writing herself at the time: a biography of John Lovejoy Elliott, a social activist and humanist in early-20th-century New York who had committed his life to helping the city's underclass. The book, A Ministry to Man, was published in 1959, one year before Mockingbird."[13]

text: Michiko Kakutani made note of the changes between the two versions: "Some plot points that have become touchstones in Mockingbird are evident in the earlier Watchman. Scout's older brother, Jem, vividly alive as a boy in Mockingbird, is dead in Watchman; the trial of a black man accused of raping a young white woman, while a main story line in Mockingbird, is only a passing aside in Watchman. (Interestingly, the trial results in a guilty verdict for the accused man, Tom Robinson, in Mockingbird, but leads to an acquittal in Watchman.)" She continues, "Students of writing will find Watchman fascinating for these reasons: How did a lumpy tale about a young woman's grief over her discovery of her father's bigoted views evolve into a classic coming-of-age story about two children and their devoted widower father? How did a distressing narrative filled with characters spouting hate speech (from the casually patronizing to the disgustingly grotesque—and presumably meant to capture the extreme prejudice that could exist in small towns in the Deep South in the 1950s) mutate into a redemptive novel associated with the civil rights movement, hailed, in the words of the former civil rights activist and congressman Andrew Young, for giving us "a sense of emerging humanism and decency"?[14]

text: Kakutani also goes on to describe that not only are characterizations and plot points different, the motivation behind the novel shifts as well, stating: "Somewhere along the way, the overarching impulse behind the writing also seems to have changed. Watchman reads as if it were fueled by the alienation of a native daughter—who, like Lee, moved away from small-town Alabama to New York City—might feel upon returning home. It seems to want to document the worst in Maycomb in terms of racial and class prejudice, the people's enmity and hypocrisy and small-mindedness. At times, it also alarmingly suggests that the civil rights movement roiled things up, making people who "used to trust each other" now "watch each other like hawks".[14]

text: According to Kakutani, "Mockingbird, in contrast, represents a determined effort to see both the bad and the good in small-town life, the hatred and the humanity; it presents an idealized father-daughter relationship (which a relative in Watchman suggests has kept Jean Louise from fully becoming her own person) and views the past not as something lost but as a treasured memory. In a 1963 interview, Lee, whose own hometown is Monroeville, Ala., said of Mockingbird: 'The book is not an indictment so much as a plea for something, a reminder to people at home.'"[14]

text: The papers of Harper Lee's literary agents in the 1950s, Annie Laurie Williams and Maurice Crain, are held by Columbia University's Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Their records show that Go Set a Watchman was an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, and underwent significant changes in story and characters during the revision process. Harper Lee was writing Go Set a Watchman in January 1957, and sold the manuscript to the publisher J. B. Lippincott in October 1957. She then continued to work on the manuscript for the next two years, submitting revised manuscripts to her literary agents. At some point in that two-year period, Lee renamed her book To Kill a Mockingbird. Some of these records have been copied and posted online.[15]

text: Discovery[edit]

text: The manuscript for the novel was originally thought to be lost. According to The New York Times, the typed manuscript of Go Set a Watchman was first found during an appraisal of Lee's assets in 2011 in a safe deposit box in Lee's hometown of Monroeville.[16][17] Lee's lawyer, Tonja Carter, later revealed that she had first assumed the manuscript to be an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird. Later, upon learning in the middle of 2014 of the existence of a second novel at a family gathering, she then re-examined Lee's safe-deposit box and found the manuscript for Go Set a Watchman. After contacting Lee and reading the manuscript, she passed it on to Lee’s agent, Andrew Nurnberg.

text: Lee released a statement through her attorney in regards to the discovery.[18] "In the mid-1950s, I completed a novel called Go Set a Watchman. It features the character known as Scout as an adult woman and I thought it a pretty decent effort. My editor, who was taken by the flashbacks to Scout's childhood, persuaded me to write a novel from the point of view of the young Scout. I was a first-time writer, so I did as I was told. I hadn't realized it had survived, so was surprised and delighted when my dear friend and lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it. After much thought and hesitation I shared it with a handful of people I trust and was pleased to hear that they considered it worthy of publication. I am humbled and amazed that this will now be published after all these years."[18]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Some publications have called the timing of the book "suspicious", citing Lee's declining health, statements she had made over several decades that she would not write or release another novel, and the recent death of her sister and caregiver—two months before the announcement.[19][20] NPR reported on the news of her new book release, with circumstances "raising questions about whether she is being taken advantage of in her old age".[21] Some publications have even called for fans to boycott the work.[22] News sources, including NPR[21] and BBC News,[23] have reported that the conditions surrounding the release of the book are unclear and posit that Lee may not have had full control of the decision. Investigators for the state of Alabama interviewed Lee in response to a suspicion of elder abuse in relation to the publication of the book.[24] However, by April 2015 the investigation had found that the claims were unfounded.[25]

text: Historian and Lee's longtime friend Wayne Flynt told Associated Press that the "narrative of senility, exploitation of this helpless little old lady is just hogwash. It's just complete bunk." Flynt said he found Lee capable of giving consent and believes no one will ever know for certain the terms of said consent.[26]

text: Marja Mills, author of The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Harper Lee, a friend and former neighbor of Lee and her sister Alice paints a very different picture. In her piece for The Washington Post "The Harper Lee I knew",[8] she quotes Lee's sister Alice, whom she describes as "gatekeeper, advisor, protector" for most of Lee's adult life, as saying "Poor Nelle Harper can't see and can't hear and will sign anything put before her by anyone in whom she has confidence." She makes note that Watchman was announced just two and a half months after Alice's death and that all correspondence to and from Lee goes through her new attorney. She describes Lee as "in a wheelchair in an assisted living center, nearly deaf and blind, with a uniformed guard posted at the door" and her visitors "restricted to those on an approved list".[8]

text: New York Times columnist Joe Nocera continues this argument.[7] He also takes issue with how the book has been promoted by the 'Murdoch Empire' as a "Newly discovered" novel, attesting that the other people in the Sotheby's meeting insist that Lee's attorney was present in 2011, when Lee's former agent (whom she subsequently fired) and the Sotheby's specialist found the manuscript. They say she knew full well that it was the same one submitted to Lippencott in the '50s that was reworked into Mockingbird, and that Carter had been sitting on the discovery, waiting for the moment when she, and not Alice, would be in charge of Harper Lee's affairs.[7] He questions how commentators are treating the character of Atticus as though he were a real person and are deliberately trying to argue that the character evolved with age as opposed to evolved during development of the novel. He quotes Lee herself from one of her last interviews in 1964 where she said "I think the thing that I most deplore about American writing—is a lack of craftsmanship. It comes right down to this—the lack of absolute love for language, the lack of sitting down and working a good idea into a gem of an idea."[7][27] He states that, "a publisher that cared about Harper Lee's legacy would have taken those words to heart, and declined to publish Go Set a Watchman—the good idea that Lee eventually transformed into a gem. That HarperCollins decided instead to manufacture a phony literary event isn't surprising. It's just sad."[7]

text: Others have questioned the context of the book's release, not in matters of consent, but that it has been publicized as a sequel as opposed to an unedited first draft.[8] There is no foreword to the book, and the dust jacket, although noting that the book was written in the mid-1950s, gives the impression that the book was written as a sequel or companion to Mockingbird, which was never Lee's intention.[8][13] Edward Burlingame, who was an executive editor at Lippincott at the time of Mockingbird's release, has stated there was never any intention, then or after, on the part of Lee or Hohoff, to publish Watchman. It was simply regarded as a first draft.[13] "Lippincott’s sales department would have published Harper Lee’s laundry list", Burlingame said. "But Tay really guarded Nelle like a junkyard dog. She was not going to allow any commercial pressures or anything else to put stress on her to publish anything that wouldn’t make Nelle proud or do justice to her. Anxious as we all were to get another book from Harper Lee, it was a decision we all supported." He said that in all his years at Lippincott, "there was never any discussion of publishing Go Set a Watchman".[13]

text: Brilliant Books, an independent bookstore in Michigan, made headlines by offering full refunds to customers who felt duped by the marketing of the book, calling it "shameful" and "exploitative". They released a statement shortly after Go Set a Watchman was released, comparing the book to James Joyce's Stephen Hero and condemning its publication.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Go Set a Watchman received mixed reviews. Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times described Atticus' characterization as "shocking", as he "has been affiliating with raving anti-integration, anti-black crazies, and the reader shares [Scout's] horror and confusion".[14] Aside from this reveal, Kakutani does make note that Watchman is the first draft of Mockingbird and discusses how students of writing will find Watchman fascinating for those reasons.[14] A reviewer for The Wall Street Journal described the key theme of the book as disillusionment.[29] Despite Atticus' bigotry in the novel, he wins a case similar to the one he loses in To Kill a Mockingbird.[30]

text: Entertainment Weekly panned the book as "a first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird" and said "Though Watchman has a few stunning passages, it reads, for the most part, like a sluggishly-paced first draft, replete with incongruities, bad dialogue, and underdeveloped characters".[31] "Ponderous and lurching", wrote William Giraldi in The New Republic, "haltingly confected, the novel plods along in search of a plot, tranquilizes you with vast fallow patches, with deadening dead zones, with onslaughts of cliché and dialogue made of pamphleteering monologue or else eye-rolling chitchat".[32] In The New Yorker, Adam Gopnik commented that the novel could be seen as "a string of clichés", although he went on to remark that "some of them are clichés only because, in the half century since Lee's generation introduced them, they've become clichés; taken on their own terms, they remain quite touching and beautiful".[33] Maureen Corrigan in NPR Books called the novel "kind of a mess".[34] In The Spectator, Philip Hensher called Go Set a Watchman "an interesting document and a pretty bad novel", as well as a "piece of confused juvenilia".[35] "Go Set A Watchman is not a horrible book, but it's not a very good one, either", judged the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, citing among other flaws its "overly simplistic" plot.[36]

text: Alexandra Petri wrote in The Washington Post, "It is an inchoate jumble ... Go Set a Watchman is not, by any stretch of the imagination, a good, or even a finished book. For the first 100 pages it lacks anything that could even charitably be described as a plot. ... [T]he writing is laughably bad. ... I flung the book down and groaned audibly and I almost did not pick it back up even though I knew I had fewer than 100 pages to go. ... This should not have been published. It’s 280 pages in desperate need of an editor. ... If you were anywhere in the vicinity of me when I was reading the thing, you heard a horrible bellowing noise, followed by the sound of a book being angrily tossed down. ..."[37]

text: Author Ursula K. Le Guin wrote that "Harper Lee was a good writer. She wrote a lovable, greatly beloved book. But this earlier one, for all its faults and omissions, asks some of the hard questions To Kill a Mockingbird evades."[38]

text: Go Set a Watchman set a record for the highest adult novel one-day sales at Barnes & Noble, which included digital sales and pre-orders made before July 14. Barnes & Noble declined to release the exact number.[39]

text: Some translations of the novel have appeared. In the Finnish translation of the novel by Kristiina Drews "nigger" is translated as if "negro" or "black" had been used. Drews stated that she interpreted what was meant each time, and used vocabulary not offensive to black people.[40]

text: The book won the primary Goodreads Choice Award in 2015.[41]


document_title: Lincoln Memorial

question_text: how many stones were used to build the statue of lincoln

text: Lincoln Memorial

text: History[edit]

text: The first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C., was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincoln's assassination.[4][5] Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time, and called for a 70-foot (21 m) structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a 12-foot (3.7 m) statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.[6]

text: The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois, six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U.S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued at a steady pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commission's choice of design and location.[6]

text: There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought that architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the Washington Monument-Capitol axis, overlooking the Potomac River and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.[6][7]

text: With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, was enlarged to 19 feet (5.8 m) to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922 and presented it to President Warren G. Harding, who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 78-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln, was in attendance.[8]

text: The Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.[9]

text: Exterior[edit]

text: The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble from Colorado. The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet (57.8 by 36.1 m) and is 99 feet (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns in-antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The columns stand 44 feet (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet (2.3 m). Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture.[10]

text: Above the colonnade, inscribed on the frieze, are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death and the dates in which they entered the Union.[Note 1] Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in bas-relief. The cornice is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a garland joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by Ernest C. Bairstow.[10]

text: The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, 44 to 66 feet (13 to 20 m) in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a 187-by-257-foot (57 by 78 m) rectangular granite retaining wall measuring 14 feet (4.3 m) in height.[10]

text: Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the Reflecting Pool, the steps rise to the Lincoln Memorial Circle roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an 11-foot (3.4 m) tall tripod carved from pink Tennessee marble[10] by the Piccirilli Brothers.[11]

text: Interior[edit]

text: The Memorial's interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four Ionic columns, each 50 feet (15 m) tall and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) across at their base. The central chamber, housing the statue of Lincoln, is 60 feet wide, 74 feet deep, and 60 feet high.[12] The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincoln's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address.[Note 2] Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.[10]

text: The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements. The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of Lincoln's death; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Inside, each inscription is surmounted by a 60-by-12-foot (18.3 by 3.7 m) mural by Jules Guerin portraying principles seen as evident in Lincoln's life: Freedom, Liberty, Immortality, Justice, and the Law on the south wall; Unity, Fraternity, and Charity on the north. Cypress trees, representing Eternity, are in the murals' backgrounds. The murals' paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture.[13]

text: The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between these are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase translucency. But feeling that the statue required even more light, Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights, which could be modulated to supplement the natural light; this modification was installed in 1929. The one major alteration since was the addition of a handicapped elevator in the 1970s.[13]

text: Statue[edit]

text:
IN THIS TEMPLE
AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE
FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION
THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
IS ENSHRINED FOREVER

Epitaph by Royal Cortissoz

tag: table

text: Lying between the north and south chambers is the central hall containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting in contemplation. The statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers under the supervision of the sculptor, Daniel Chester French, and took four years to complete. The statue, originally intended to be only 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, was, on further consideration, enlarged so that it finally stood 19 feet (5.8 m) tall from head to foot, the scale being such that if Lincoln were standing, he would be 28 feet (8.5 m) tall. The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height. Of Georgia white marble, it weighs 175 short tons (159 t) and was shipped in twenty-eight pieces.[13]

text: The statue rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble 10 feet (3.0 m) high, 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, and 17 feet (5.2 m) deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about 34.5 feet (10.5 m) long, 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and 6.5 inches (0.17 m) high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman  fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.[14] The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters, and above Lincoln's head, is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln[13] by Royal Cortissoz.[15]

text: Sculptural features[edit]

text: The sculpture has been at the center of two urban legends. Some have claimed that the face of General Robert E. Lee was carved onto the back of Lincoln's head,[16] and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, Arlington House, now within the bounds of Arlington National Cemetery. Another popular legend is that Lincoln is shown using sign language to represent his initials, with his left hand shaped to form an "A" and his right hand to form an "L", the president's initials. The National Park Service denies both legends.[16]

text: However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it, because he was familiar with American Sign Language, and he would have had a reason to do so, that is, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.[17] The National Geographic Society's publication, "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.[18][19] Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."[20]

text: Sacred space[edit]

text: As Sandage (1993) demonstrates, the Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue especially for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow the African-American contralto Marian Anderson to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's Constitution Hall. At the suggestion of Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harold L. Ickes, the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 75,000, and a nationwide radio audience.[21]

text: On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which proved to be a high point of the American Civil Rights Movement. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard Martin Luther King Jr., deliver his historic I Have a Dream speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years earlier.  King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity.[22] The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.[23] Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices.  The "I Have a Dream" speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.[24]

text: At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President Richard Nixon had a middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters who, just days after the Kent State shootings, were preparing to march against the Vietnam War.[25]

text: Vandalism[edit]

text: In September 1962, vandals painted the words "nigger lover" in foot-high pink letters on the rear wall.[26]

text: On the morning of July 26, 2013, the memorial was shut down after the statue's base and legs were splashed with green paint.[27] It reopened later that day.[28] A 58-year-old Chinese national, Jiamei Tian, was later found responsible for the vandalism. Following her arrest at the Washington National Cathedral, she was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital, a psychiatric facility, and was later found to be incompetent to stand trial; she has since been released from the hospital.[29]

text: On February 27, 2017, graffiti written in permanent marker was found at the memorial, the Washington Monument, the District of Columbia War Memorial, and the National World War II Memorial, saying "Jackie shot JFK", "blood test is a lie", as well as other claims. Street signs and utility boxes were also defaced. Authorities believed that a single person was responsible for all the vandalism.[30]

text: On August 15, 2017, graffiti that Reuters reported "appeared to read 'fuck law'" was spray painted in red on one of the columns. The initials "M+E" were etched on the same pillar. A "mild, gel-type architectural paint stripper" was used to remove the paint without damaging the memorial. However, the etching was deemed "permanent damage." A Smithsonian Institution directional sign several blocks away was also defaced.[31][32]

text: On September 18, 2017, Nurtilek Bakirov from Kyrgyzstan was arrested when a police officer saw him vandalizing the Memorial at around 1:00 PM EDT. Bakirov used a penny to carve the letters "HYPT MAEK" in what appeared to Cyrillic letters into the fifth pillar on the north side. As of  20 September 2017[update], police do not know what the words mean, although there is a possibility that they contain a reference to the vandal's name.  Court documents indicate that the letters can not be completely removed, but could be polished at the cost of approximately $2,000.  A conservator for the National Park Service said that the stone would weather over time, helping to obscure the letters, although she characterized it as "permanent damage".[33]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: As one of the most prominent American monuments, the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books, films, and television shows that take place in Washington; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films,[34] and in 2009, Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television.[35]

text: Some examples of films include Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, in a key scene where the statue and its inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by James Stewart[36] – the Park Service did not want director Frank Capra to film at the Memorial, so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and Jean Arthur at the Memorial;[37] The Day the Earth Stood Still, a science fiction film in which the alien Klaatu visits the Memorial and is impressed by Lincoln's words carved there; the 2001 version of Planet of the Apes; X-Men: First Class; the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, where Megatron destroys the statue of Lincoln and then sits on the chair as a throne;[38] and the 2016 horror movie The Purge: Election Year, in which the Lincoln Memorial is shown with dead and burning bodies on the steps and the columns defaced with giant letters that spell out "PURGE", written in human blood.[39]

text: Other films and television programs which have featured the Memorial include In the Line of Fire; National Treasure, in which the main characters discuss the possibility of stealing the Declaration of Independence while sitting on the steps of the Memorial; the comedy Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, where the statue of Lincoln helps defeat the Horus warriors; the "Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington" episode of The Simpsons;[40] the scene from Forrest Gump, in which Forrest (Tom Hanks) delivers a speech standing on a podium in front of the Memorial facing the reflecting pool; and the 2013 film White House Down, in which the President (Jamie Foxx) requests a fly-by of the Lincoln Memorial, at both the beginning and the end of the movie to pay homage to his hero.[36]

text: Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital visual effects, due to restrictive filming rules.[40]  As of 2017, according to the National Park Service, "Filming/photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial."[41]

text: Mitchell Newton-Matza argued in 2016, "Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans, the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture, especially motion pictures."[42]  According to Tracey Gold Bennett, "The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts, producers, and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films."[43]

text: Jay Sacher writes:

text: From high to low, the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism. From Forrest Gump's Zelig-like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial, to the villainous Decepticon robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne....The memorial's place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied.[40]

text: Depictions on U.S. currency[edit]

text: From 1959 (the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the memorial, with statue visible through the columns, was depicted on the reverse of the United States one-cent coin, which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front.[44]

text: The memorial has appeared on the back of the U.S. five-dollar bill since 1929.[45] The front of the bill bears Lincoln's portrait.


document_title: Internet Explorer version history

question_text: what version of ie shipped with windows 7

text: Internet Explorer version history

text: OS compatibility[edit]

text: IE versions, over time, have had widely varying OS compatibility, ranging from being available for many platforms and several versions of Windows to only a few versions of Windows. Many versions of IE had some support for an older OS but stopped getting updates. The increased growth of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s means that current browsers with small market shares have more total users than the entire market early on. For example, 90% market share in 1997 would be roughly 60 million[1] users, but by the start of 2007 90% market share would equate to over 900 million users.[1] The result is that later versions of IE6 had many more users in total than all the early versions put together.

text: The release of IE7 at the end of 2006 resulted in a collapse of IE6 market share; by February 2007, market version share statistics showed IE6 at about 50% and IE7 at 29%.[2] Regardless of the actual market share, the most compatible version (across operating systems) of IE was 5.x, which had Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X, Unix, and most Windows versions available and supported for a short period in the late 1990s (although 4.x had a more unified codebase across versions). By 2007, IE had much narrower OS support, with the latest versions supporting only Windows XP Service Pack 2 and above. Internet Explorer 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0 (Experimental) have also been unofficially ported to the Linux operating system from the project IEs4Linux.

text: Windows[edit]

text:
Windows[3][4]

Years
Layout engine
10, Server 2016
8.1, Server 2012 R2
8, Server 2012
7, Server 2008 R2
Vista, Server 2008
Server 2003
XP
ME
2000
98
NT 4.0
95
NT 3.51
NT 3.5
NT 3.1
3.1x

IE 11
2013/2015
Trident 7.0
Included
Included
N/A
Yes with SP1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 10
2012
Trident 6.0
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes with SP1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 9
2011
Trident 5.0[5]
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes with SP2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 8
2009
Trident 4.0[6]
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes
Yes with SP2
Yes with SP2/SP3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 7
2006
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes with SP1/SP2
Yes with SP2/SP3&
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 6
2001
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Included
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 5.5
2000
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5.5 SP2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 5
1999
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
5.01 SP4
Included
with 98SE
Yes
Yes
Yes
16-bit only
N/A
N/A
Yes

IE 4
1997
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
4.01
Yes
Included
OSR2.5
Yes
16-bit only
N/A
N/A
Yes

IE 3
1996
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
SP3 or some language versions
Included
OSR2
Yes
Yes
N/A
Yes

IE 2
1995
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Included
OSR1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

IE 1.5
1996
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
N/A

IE 1
1995
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Non-free
Plus!
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Mac OS[edit]

text:
Mac OS[3][4]

Years
Layout engine
Mac OS X
PPC
Mac OS 7.6 to 9.2.2
PPC
Mac OS 7.5.x
PPC

Mac OS 7.1 to 8.1
68k
7.1.2
PPC

Mac OS 7.0.1
68k

IE 5.0
1999
Tasman
Included
5.2.3 €
Included¥
5.1.7 €
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 4.5
1999
–
N/A
Included€
Yes
N/A
N/A

IE 4.0
1997
Trident
[verification needed]
N/A
Included€
Yes
Yes
4.01
N/A

IE 3.0
1996
–
N/A
Included€
Yes
Included€
N/A

IE 2.0
1995
–
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes£
Yes£
2.0.1

text: Others[edit]

text:
Other operating systems[3][4]

Years
Layout engine
IBM OS/2
2.1 and later
Unix HP-UX
Solaris

IE 5.0
1999
?
N/A
Yes
5.01 SP1

IE 4.0
1997
Trident
[verification needed]
N/A
Yes

IE 3.0
1996
–
Yes (16-bit)
Beta

IE 2.0
1995
–
Yes (16-bit)
N/A

text: Early versions[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer (later referred to as Internet Explorer 1) made its debut on 16 August 1995. It was a reworked version of Spyglass Mosaic which Microsoft had licensed,[7][8] like many other companies initiating browser development, from Spyglass Inc.[7][8] It came with the purchase of Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and with at least some OEM releases of Windows 95 without Plus!.[9] It was installed as part of the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Plus! for Windows 95.[10] The Internet Explorer team began with about six people in early development.[11][12] Microsoft Internet Explorer 1.5 was released several months later for Windows NT and added support for basic HTML table rendering. By including it free of charge on their operating system, they did not have to pay royalties to Spyglass Inc, resulting in a lawsuit and a US$8 million settlement on January 22, 1997.[7][8]

text: Although not included, this software can also be installed on the original release of Windows 95.

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer (that is version 1.x) is no longer supported, or available for download from Microsoft. However, archived versions of the software can be found on various websites.

text: Features[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer came with an install routine replacing a manual installation required by many of the existing web browsers.[13]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 2[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 2 was released for Windows 95, Windows NT 3.51, and NT 4.0 on 22 November 1995 (following a 2.0 beta in October). It featured support for JavaScript, SSL, cookies, frames, VRML, RSA, and Internet newsgroups. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k.[14] Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time, Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft's Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95 in early 1996.[15] It launched with twelve languages, including English, but by April 1996, this was expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1, and Mac, respectively.[15] The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set.[15]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 3[edit]

text:
Market share history snapshot
for February 2005[16]

IE4: 0.07%

IE5: 6.17%

IE6: 82.79%

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was released on 13 August 1996 and went on to be much more popular than its predecessors. Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was the first major browser with CSS support, although this support was only partial. It also introduced support for ActiveX controls, Java applets, inline multimedia, and the PICS system for content metadata. Version 3 also came bundled with Internet Mail and News, NetMeeting, and an early version of the Windows Address Book, and was itself included with Windows 95 OSR 2. Version 3 proved to be the first more popular version of Internet Explorer, bringing with it increased scrutiny. In the months following its release, a number of security and privacy vulnerabilities were found by researchers and hackers. This version of Internet Explorer was the first to have the 'blue e' logo.[10] The Internet Explorer team consisted of roughly 100 people during the development of three months.[17] The first major IE security hole, the Princeton Word Macro Virus Loophole, was discovered on 22 August 1996 in IE3.[18]

text: Backwards compatibility was handled by allowing users who upgraded to IE3 to still use the previous version, because the installation renamed the old version (incorporating the old version number) and stored it in the same directory.[19]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 4[edit]

text:
Market share history snapshot
for October 2008[20]

IE4: 0.01%

IE5: 0.20%

IE6: 37.01%

IE7: 35.81%

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 4, released in September 1997, deepened the level of integration between the web browser and the underlying operating system. Installing version 4 on Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0 and choosing Windows Desktop Update would result in the traditional Windows Explorer being replaced by a version more akin to a web browser interface, as well as the Windows desktop itself being web-enabled via Active Desktop. The integration with Windows, however, was subject to numerous packaging criticisms (see United States v. Microsoft). This option was no longer available with the installers for later versions of Internet Explorer, but was not removed from the system if already installed. Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 introduced support for Group Policy, allowing companies to configure and lock down many aspects of the browser's configuration as well as support for offline browsing.[21] Internet Mail and News was replaced with Outlook Express, and Microsoft Chat and an improved NetMeeting were also included. This version was also included with Windows 98. New features that allowed users to save and retrieve posts in comment forms were added, but they are not used today. Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.5 offered new features such as easier 128-bit encryption. It also offered a dramatic stability improvement over prior versions, particularly the 68k version, which was especially prone to freezing.[22][23][24]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 5[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, launched on 18 March 1999, and subsequently included with Windows 98 Second Edition and bundled with Office 2000, was another significant release that supported bi-directional text, ruby characters, XML, XSLT, and the ability to save web pages in MHTML format. IE5 was bundled with Outlook Express 5. Also, with the release of Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0, Microsoft released the first version of XMLHttpRequest, giving birth to Ajax (even though the term "Ajax" was not coined until years later). It was the last with a 16-bit version. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01, a bug fix version included in Windows 2000, was released in December 1999. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 followed in July 2000, improving its print preview capabilities, CSS and HTML standards support, and developer APIs; this version was bundled with Windows ME. However, version 5 was the last version for Mac and UNIX. Version 5.5 was the last to have Compatibility Mode, which allowed Microsoft Internet Explorer 4[25] to be run side by side with the 5.x.[10][26] The IE team consisted of over 1,000 people by 1999, with funding on the order of US$100 million per year.[12][17]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 6[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 was released on 27 August 2001, a few months before Windows XP. This version included DHTML enhancements, content restricted inline frames, and partial support of CSS level 1, DOM level 1, and SMIL 2.0.[27] The MSXML engine was also updated to version 3.0. Other new features included a new version of the Internet Explorer Administration Kit (IEAK), Media bar, Windows Messenger integration, fault collection, automatic image resizing, P3P, and a new look-and-feel that was in line with the Luna visual style of Windows XP, when used in Windows XP. Internet Explorer 6.0 SP1 offered several security enhancements and coincided with the Windows XP SP1 patch release. In 2002, the Gopher protocol was disabled, and support for it was dropped in Internet Explorer 7.[28] Internet Explorer 6.0 SV1[29] came out on 6 August 2004 for Windows XP SP2 and offered various security enhancements and new colour buttons on the user interface. Internet Explorer 6 updated the original 'blue e' logo to a lighter blue and more 3D look.[10] Microsoft now considers IE6 to be an obsolete product and recommends that users upgrade to Internet Explorer 8. Some corporate IT users have not upgraded despite this, in part because some still use Windows 2000, which will not run Internet Explorer 7 or above.[30] Microsoft has launched a website, http://ie6countdown.com/, with the goal of getting Internet Explorer 6 usage to drop below 1 percent worldwide. Its usage is 6% globally as of October 2012, and now about 6.3% since June 2013, and depending on the country, the usage differs heavily: while the usage in Norway is 0.1%, it is 21.3% in the People's Republic of China.[31] On 3 January 2012, Microsoft announced that usage of IE6 in the United States had dropped below 1%.[32][33]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 7[edit]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 7 was released on 18 October 2006. It includes bug fixes, enhancements to its support for web standards, tabbed browsing with tab preview and management, a multiple-engine search box, a web feeds reader, Internationalized Domain Name support (IDN), Extended Validation Certificate support, and an anti-phishing filter. With IE7, Internet Explorer has been decoupled from the Windows Shell—unlike previous versions, the Internet Explorer ActiveX control is not hosted in the Windows Explorer process, but rather runs in a separate Internet Explorer process. It is included with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, and is available for Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later, and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and later. The original release of Internet Explorer 7 required the computer to pass a Windows Genuine Advantage validation check prior to installing, but on October 5, 2007, Microsoft removed this requirement. As some statistics show, by mid-2008, Internet Explorer 7 market share exceeded that of Internet Explorer 6 in a number of regions.[34][35]

text: For newer versions see: Internet Explorer.

text: Release history for desktop Windows OS version[edit]

text:
Color
Meaning

Pink
Old test release; unsupported

Red
Old release; unsupported

Orange
Old release; support limited to WES09. [Note 1]

Yellow
Old release; support limited to most current version available for supported operating systems. [Note 2]

Green
Current (final) release;

text: Service packs are not included unless significant.

tag: ul

text:
Major version
Minor version
Release date
Significant changes
Shipped with

Version 1
1.0
August 1995
Initial release.
Plus! for Windows 95

1.5
January 1996
Compatible with Windows NT 3.5

Version 2
2.0 Beta
October 1995
Support of HTML tables and other elements.

2.0
November 1995
SSL, cookies, VRML, and Internet newsgroups.
Windows NT 4.0
Windows 95 OSR1
Internet Starter Kit

2.01
Unknown
Bug fix release.

Version 3
3.0 Alpha 1
March 1996
Improved support of HTML tables, frames, and other elements.

3.0 Alpha 2
May 1996
Support of VBScript and JScript.

3.0 Beta 2
July 1996
Support of CSS and Java.

3.0
August 1996
Final release.
Windows 95 OSR 2

3.01
October 1996
Bug fix release.

3.02
March 1997
Bug fix release.

3.03
April 1997
Bug fix release.

Version 4
4.0 Beta 1
April 1997
Improved support of CSS and Microsoft DOM.

4.0 Beta 2
July 1997
Improved support of HTML and CSS.

4.0
September 1997
Improved support of HTML and CSS.
Windows 95 OSR 2.5

4.01
November 1997
Bug fix release.
Windows 98

Version 5
5.0 Beta 1
June 1998
Support of more CSS2 features.

5.0 Beta 2
November 1998
Support of bi-directional text, ruby character, XML/XSL and more CSS properties.

5.0
March 1999
Final release. Last version supported on Windows 3.x and Windows NT 3.x.
Windows 98 SE

5.01
November 1999
Bug fix release.
Windows 2000

5.5 Beta 1
December 1999
Support of more CSS properties. Minor changes to support of frames.

5.5
July 2000
Final release. Last version supported on Windows 95.
Windows ME

5.6
August 2000
Released for Windows Whistler build 2257.
Windows Whistler

Version 6
6.0 Beta 1
March 2001
More CSS changes and bug fixes to be more W3C-compliant. Add new feature Smart tag

6.0
August 27, 2001
Final release. remove the Smart tag again.
Windows XP
Windows Server 2003

6.0 SP1
September 9, 2002
Vulnerability patch. Last version supported on Windows NT 4.0, 98, 2000 and ME.
Windows XP SP1

6.05
October 1, 2003
Released for Windows Longhorn build 4051.
Windows Longhorn build 4051-4094

6.0 SP2
August 25, 2004
Vulnerability patch. Popup/ActiveX blocker. Add-on manager.
Windows XP SP2
Windows Server 2003 SP1

6.0 SP3
April 21, 2008
Windows XP: Latest updates included with XP SP3.
Windows XP SP3
Windows Server 2003 SP2

Version 7
7.0 Beta 1
July 27, 2005
Support of PNG alpha channel. CSS bug fixes. Tabbed browsing. Support for EV SSL certificate. Phishing filter.
Windows Vista Beta 1

7.0 Beta 2 Preview
January 31, 2006
More CSS fixes. Web feeds platform integration. New GUI. Quick Tabs.

7.0 Beta 2
April 24, 2006
Feature complete. More CSS fixes. Application compatibility fixes.

7.0 Beta 3
June 29, 2006
Fixes rendering issues for CSS.

7.0 RC 1
August 24, 2006
Improvements in performance, stability, security, application compatibility and final CSS adjustments.

7.0[Note 1]
October 18, 2006
Final release.
Windows Vista
Windows Server 2008

Version 8
8.0 Beta 1
March 5, 2008
CSS 2.1, Contextual Services. Accelerators. Web Slices. Tab isolation and DEP protection enabled by default. Automatic crash recovery. Improved phishing and malware filter (SmartScreen). Uses 6 HTTP server connections for improved website responsiveness.

8.0 Beta 2
August 27, 2008
CSS 2.1 bug fixes. InPrivate browsing. Smart address bar. Search suggestions. Tab color grouping. Caret browsing.
Windows 7 Pre-Beta

8.0 Pre-RC 1
December 11, 2008
CSS bug fixes. Improved Developer Tools. Changes in Compatibility View. Improved Favorites management and other minor changes to UI. Changes to InPrivate browsing and blocking modes.
Windows 7 Beta

8.0 RC1
January 26, 2009
CSS bug fixes. Minor changes in favorites management and search bar.

8.0[Note 2]
March 19, 2009
Final release. Last version supported on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.[36]
Windows 7
Windows Server 2008 R2

Version 9
9.0 Platform Preview 1
v1.9.7745.6019
March 16, 2010
Support for some CSS3 selectors (including border-radius property), HTML5 and SVG. New JavaScript engine (code name Chakra). Added support for graphics and web rendering hardware acceleration, using Direct2D and DirectWrite.

9.0 Platform Preview 2
v1.9.7766.6000
May 5, 2010
Support for more functions in SVG, HTML5, DOM. Added support for all CSS3 selectors. JavaScript performance improvements.

9.0 Platform Preview 3
v1.9.7874.6000
June 23, 2010
Support for HTML5 <audio>, <video> and <canvas> tags. Support for WOFF fonts. JavaScript and graphics performance improvements.

9.0 Platform Preview 4
v1.9.7916.6000
August 4, 2010
CSS bug fixes. Support for ECMAScript5 (ES5). JScript engine integrated into the core browser components (architectural change). Performance improvements.

9.0 Beta & 9.0 Platform Preview 5
v1.9.7930.16406
September 15, 2010
New UI, Download manager, New Tab page, Search in the address bar, Notification Bar, Add-on Performance Advisor

9.0 Platform Preview 6
v1.9.8006.6000
October 28, 2010
CSS3 2D transforms and HTML5 semantic tags.

9.0 Platform Preview 7
v1.9.8023.6000
November 17, 2010
Better JavaScript performance.

9.0 Release Candidate & 9.0 Platform Preview 8
1.9.8080.16413
February 10, 2011
Performance improvements, Tracking Protection, ActiveX Filtering, paste and navigate, enhancements to user interface, and support for the W3C Geolocation API.

9.0[Note 3]
March 14, 2011
Improved performance, improved Tracking Protection, and the option to pin multiple targets per page. Last version supported on Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.[37]

Version 10
10.0 Platform Preview 1
v2.10.1000.16394
April 12, 2011
Support for CSS3 multi-column layout, CSS3 grid layout, CSS3 flexible box layout, CSS3 gradients, and ES5 strict mode.

10.0 Platform Preview 2
v2.10.1008.16421
June 29, 2011
Support for Positioned Floats, CSS stylesheet limit lifted, CSSOM Floating Point Value support, Improved hit testing APIs, Media Query Listeners, HTML5: Support for async attribute on script elements, HTML5 Drag and Drop, HTML5 File API, HTML5 Sandbox, HTML5 Web Workers, and some Web Performance APIs.

10.0 Developer Preview
v10.0.8102.0 - Platform Preview 3
September 13, 2011
Support for Windows 8, CSS 3D Transforms, CSS Text shadow, SVG Filter Effects, Spellchecking, Autocorrection, local storage with IndexedDB and the HTML5 Application Cache, Web Sockets, HTML5 History, and InPrivate tabs.
Windows 8 Developer Preview

10.0 Developer Preview
v10.0.8103.0 - Platform Preview 4
November 29, 2011

Windows 8 Developer Preview

10.0 Consumer Preview
v10.0.8250.0 - Platform Preview 5
February 29, 2012
Improved performance and support for more HTML5.[38]
Windows 8 Consumer Preview

10.0 Release Preview
v10.0.8400.0 - Platform Preview 6
May 31, 2012

Windows 8 Release Preview

10.0[Note 4]
October 26, 2012
Final release. Last version supported on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.
Windows 8 RTM

Version 11
11.0 Preview
11.0.9431.0
June 26, 2013
Windows 8.1 only. Improved support for HTML5 and CSS3. Support for WebGL and SPDY. New Modern UI-interface and developer tools.
Windows 8.1 Preview

11.0 Release Preview
11.0.9431.0
September 18, 2013
Windows 7 only.

11.0
October 17, 2013
The default browser in Windows 8.1. Last version supported on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.[39]
Windows 8.1 Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows 10 Windows Server 2016

text:
^ Jump up to: a b As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 7 available only on Windows Embedded for Point of Service. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Microsoft Internet Explorer
^ Jump up to: a b As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 8 available only on Windows Embedded Standard 2009, Windows Embedded POSReady 2009, and Windows Thin PC. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Internet Explorer
Jump up ^ As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 9 available only on Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, and Windows Server 2008 IA64. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Internet Explorer
Jump up ^ As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 10 available only on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Embedded 8 Standard. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Internet Explorer

tag: ol