document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did the drinking age turn to 21 in nj

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1970:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
 ?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
 ?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21 [8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18 [19]
Raised to 21 in 1987 [8]
21

Connecticut
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
 ?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
 ?
18[7]
1972:
19 [27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]
21 [28]

Georgia
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
 ?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
 ?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
 ?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
 ?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
 ?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21

Maine
 ?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][42]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
 ?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[43][44]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][45]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[46][47][48]
Raised to 21 in 1985 [8]
21

Michigan
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[49]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[50][51]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1976:
Raised to 19[52]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[53]
21

Mississippi
 ?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986 [8]
21

Missouri
 ?
1945:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Montana
 ?
21 [11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[54]
1973:
Lowered to 18[55][56]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][57]
21

Nebraska
 ?
21[58]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[58]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
 ?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[59]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[60][61][62]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18 [12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][63]
21

New Mexico
 ?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[64]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][65][66]
21

North Carolina
 ?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
 ?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [67]
21

Ohio
 ?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[68]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[69]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
 ?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[70]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [71]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][72]
21

Oregon
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Pennsylvania
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21
21 [8][51]
21

Rhode Island
 ?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][73]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[74]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
 ?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[75]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[57]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[76]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[77][78]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[79]
1981:
Raised to 19[80]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [8]
21

Vermont
 ?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[81][82]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][82]
21

Virginia
 ?
21[83]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[83]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[83]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [84]
21[citation needed]
21
21 [8]
21

West Virginia
 ?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[85]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[86]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[87]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[87]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[87]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[87]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[87]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
 ?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[88][89]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
 ?
 ?
 ?
21?
21 [90]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
 ?
21?
21 [91]

Puerto Rico
 ?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18 [92]

Virgin Islands
 ?
 ?
 ?
18
18 [93]

Guam
 ?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: Strike action

question_text: when a firm refuses to allow union employees to enter the workplace the action is known as a

question_tokens: when a firm refuses to allow union employees to enter the workplace the action is known as a

root

text: Strike action

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The use of the English word "strike" first appeared in 1768, when sailors, in support of demonstrations in London, "struck" or removed the topgallant sails of merchant ships at port, thus crippling the ships.[2][3][4] Official publications have typically used the more neutral words "work stoppage" or "industrial dispute".

tag: p

text: Pre-industrial strikes[edit]

text: The first historically certain account of strike action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty, under Pharaoh Ramses III in ancient Egypt on 14 November 1152 BC. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid.[5][6] The Egyptian authorities raised the wages.

text: An early predecessor of the general strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In The Outline Of History, H.G. Wells characterized this event as "the general strike of the plebeians; the plebeians seem to have invented the strike, which now makes its first appearance in history."[7] Their first strike occurred because they "saw with indignation their friends, who had often served the state bravely in the legions, thrown into chains and reduced to slavery at the demand of patrician creditors."[7]

text: During and after the Industrial Revolution[edit]

text: The strike action only became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the industrial working class; they lived in cities and exchanged their labor for payment. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, a true and widespread 'workers consciousness' was awakening. In 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. After the second Chartist Petition was presented to Parliament in April 1842 and rejected, the strike began in the coal mines of Staffordshire, England, and soon spread through Britain affecting factories, mills in Lancashire and coal mines from Dundee to South Wales and Cornwall.[8] Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the mutinous masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the then industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men.[citation needed] The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to politically organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist, political establishment. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote:

text: by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, and woe betide the wealthy Englishmen when it ... The English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer.[9]

text: As the 19th century progressed, strikes became a fixture of industrial relations across the industrialized world, as workers organized themselves to collectively bargain for better wages and standards with their employers. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy.[10]

text: In 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States.[11] This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history. The number of major strikes and lockouts in the U.S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010. Companies countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant.[12][13]

text: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted in 1967 ensure the right to strike in Article 8 and European Social Charter adopted in 1961 also ensure the right to strike in Article 6.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Most strikes are undertaken by labor unions during collective bargaining as a last resort. The object of collective bargaining is for the employer and the union to come to an agreement over wages, benefits, and working conditions. A collective bargaining agreement may include a clause which prohibits the union from striking during the term of the agreement, known as a "no-strike clause." No-strike clauses arose in the United States immediately following World War II.[14] Some in the labor movement consider no-strike clauses to be an unnecessary detriment to unions in the collective bargaining process.[15]

text: Generally, strikes are rare: according to the News Media Guild, 98% of union contracts in the United States are settled each year without a strike.[citation needed] Occasionally, workers decide to strike without the sanction of a labor union, either because the union refuses to endorse such a tactic, or because the workers concerned are not unionized. Such strikes are often described as unofficial. Strikes without formal union authorization are also known as wildcat strikes.

text: In many countries, wildcat strikes do not enjoy the same legal protections as recognized union strikes, and may result in penalties for the union members who participate or their union. The same often applies in the case of strikes conducted without an official ballot of the union membership, as is required in some countries such as the United Kingdom.

text: A strike may consist of workers refusing to attend work or picketing outside the workplace to prevent or dissuade people from working in their place or conducting business with their employer. Less frequently workers may occupy the workplace, but refuse either to do their jobs or to leave. This is known as a sit-down strike. A similar tactic is the work-in, where employees occupy the workplace but still continue work, often without pay, which attempts to show they are still useful, or that worker self-management can be successful. For instance, this occurred with factory occupations in the Biennio Rosso strikes - the "two red years" of Italy from 1919-1920.[citation needed]

text: Another unconventional tactic is work-to-rule (also known as an Italian strike, in Italian: Sciopero bianco), in which workers perform their tasks exactly as they are required to but no better. For example, workers might follow all safety regulations in such a way that it impedes their productivity or they might refuse to work overtime. Such strikes may in some cases be a form of "partial strike" or "slowdown".

text: During the development boom of the 1970s in Australia, the Green ban was developed by certain unions described by some as more socially conscious. This is a form of strike action taken by a trade union or other organized labor group for environmentalist or conservationist purposes. This developed from the black ban, strike action taken against a particular job or employer in order to protect the economic interests of the strikers.

text: United States labor law also draws a distinction, in the case of private sector employers covered by the National Labor Relations Act, between "economic" and "unfair labor practice" strikes. An employer may not fire, but may permanently replace, workers who engage in a strike over economic issues. On the other hand, employers who commit unfair labor practices (ULPs) may not replace employees who strike over them, and must fire any strikebreakers they have hired as replacements in order to reinstate the striking workers.

text: Strikes may be specific to a particular workplace, employer, or unit within a workplace, or they may encompass an entire industry, or every worker within a city or country. Strikes that involve all workers, or a number of large and important groups of workers, in a particular community or region are known as general strikes. Under some circumstances, strikes may take place in order to put pressure on the State or other authorities or may be a response to unsafe conditions in the workplace.

text: A sympathy strike is, in a way, a small scale version of a general strike in which one group of workers refuses to cross a picket line established by another as a means of supporting the striking workers. Sympathy strikes, once the norm in the construction industry in the United States, have been made much more difficult to conduct due to decisions of the National Labor Relations Board permitting employers to establish separate or "reserved" gates for particular trades, making it an unlawful secondary boycott for a union to establish a picket line at any gate other than the one reserved for the employer it is picketing. Sympathy strikes may be undertaken by a union as an organization or by individual union members choosing not to cross a picket line.

text: A jurisdictional strike in United States labor law refers to a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a union to assert its members’ right to particular job assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of another union or to unorganized workers.

text: A student strike has the students (sometimes supported by faculty) not attending schools. In some cases, the strike is intended to draw media attention to the institution so that the grievances that are causing the students to "strike" can be aired before the public; this usually damages the institution's (or government's) public image. In other cases, especially in government-supported institutions, the student strike can cause a budgetary imbalance and have actual economic repercussions for the institution.

text: A hunger strike is a deliberate refusal to eat. Hunger strikes are often used in prisons as a form of political protest. Like student strikes, a hunger strike aims to worsen the public image of the target.

text: A "sickout", or (especially by uniformed police officers) "blue flu", is a type of strike action in which the strikers call in sick. This is used in cases where laws prohibit certain employees from declaring a strike. Police, firefighters, air traffic controllers, and teachers in some U.S. states, are among the groups commonly barred from striking usually by state and federal laws meant to ensure the safety or security of the general public.

text: Newspaper writers may withhold their names from their stories as a way to protest actions of their employer.[16]

text: Activists may form "flying squad" groups for strikes or other actions to disrupt the workplace or another aspect of capitalism: supporting other strikers or unemployed workers, participating in protests against globalization, or opposing abusive landlords.[17]

text: Legal prohibitions[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: On 30 January 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that there is a constitutional right to strike.[18] In this 5–2 majority decision, Justice Rosalie Abella ruled that "[a]long with their right to associate, speak through a bargaining representative of their choice, and bargain collectively with their employer through that representative, the right of employees to strike is vital to protecting the meaningful process of collective bargaining..." [paragraph 24]. This decision adopted the dissent by Chief Justice Brian Dickson in a 1987 Supreme Court ruling on a reference case brought by the province of Alberta. The exact scope of this right to strike remains unclear and will no doubt be subject to further litigation. Prior to this Supreme Court decision, the federal and/or provincial governments would introduce "back to work legislation", a special law that blocks the strike action (or a lockout) from happening or continuing on further. Canadian governments would also impose binding arbitration or a new contract on the disputing parties. Back to work legislation was first used in 1950 during a railway strike, and as of 2012 has been used 33 times by the federal government for those parts of the economy that are regulated federally (grain handling, rail and air travel, and the postal service), and in more cases provincially. In addition, certain parts of the economy can be proclaimed "essential services" in which case all strikes are illegal.[19]

text: Examples include when the government of Canada passed back to work legislation during the 2011 Canada Post lockout and the 2012 CP Rail strike, thus effectively ending the strikes. In 2016, the government's use of back to work legislation during the 2011 Canada Post lockout was ruled unconstitutional, with the judge specifically referencing the Supreme Court of Canada's 2015 decision Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan.[20]

text: People's Republic of China and the former Soviet Union[edit]

text: In some Marxist–Leninist states, such as the former USSR or the People's Republic of China, striking was illegal and viewed as counter-revolutionary. Since the government in such systems claims to represent the working class, it has been argued that unions and strikes were not necessary.[citation needed] In 1976, China signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which guaranteed the right to unions and striking, but Chinese officials declared that they had no interest in allowing these liberties.[21] (In June 2008, however, the municipal government in Shenzhen in southern China introduced draft labor regulations, which labor rights advocacy groups say would, if implemented, virtually restore Chinese workers' right to strike.[22]) Trade unions in the Soviet Union served in part as a means to educate workers about the country's economic system. Vladimir Lenin referred to trade unions as "Schools of Communism." They were essentially state propaganda and control organs to regulate the workforce, also providing them with social activities.[citation needed]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, the right to strike is recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution.

text: A "minimum service" during strikes in public transport was a promise of Nicolas Sarkozy during his campaign for the French presidential election. A law "on social dialogue and continuity of public service in regular terrestrial transports of passengers" was adopted on 12 August 2007, and it took effect on 1 January 2008.

text: This law, among other measures, forces certain categories of public transport workers (such as train and bus drivers) to declare to their employer 48 hours in advance if they intend to go on strike. Should they go on strike without having declared their intention to do so beforehand, they leave themselves open to sanctions.

text: The unions did and still oppose this law and argue these 48 hours are used not only to pressure the workers but also to keep files on the more militant workers, who will more easily be undermined in their careers by the employers. Most importantly, they argue this law prevents the more hesitant workers from making the decision to join the strike the day before, once they've been convinced to do so by their colleagues and more particularly the union militants, who maximize their efforts in building the strike (by handing out leaflets, organizing meetings, discussing the demands with their colleagues) in the last few days preceding the strike. This law makes it also more difficult for the strike to spread rapidly to other workers, as they are required to wait at least 48 hours before joining the strike.

text: This law also makes it easier for the employers to organize the production as it may use its human resources more effectively, knowing beforehand who is going to be at work and not, thus undermining, albeit not that much, the effects of the strike.

text: However, this law has not had much effect as strikes in public transports still occur in France and at times, the workers refuse to comply by the rules of this law. The public transport industry - public or privately owned - remains very militant in France and keen on taking strike action when their interests are threatened by the employers or the government.

text: The public transport workers in France, in particular the "Cheminots" (employees of the national French railway company) are often seen as the most radical "vanguard" of the French working class. This law has not, in the eyes of many, changed this fact.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Industrial Relations Act 1971 was repealed through the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, sections of which were repealed by the Employment Act 1982.

text: The Code of Practice on Industrial Action Ballots and Notices, and sections 22 and 25 of the Employment Relations Act 2004, which concern industrial action notices, commenced on 1 October 2005.

text: Legislation was enacted in the aftermath of the 1919 police strikes, forbidding British police from both taking industrial action, and discussing the possibility with colleagues. The Police Federation which was created at the time to deal with employment grievances, and provide representation to police officers, has increasingly put pressure on the government, and repeatedly threatened strike action.[23]

text: Prison officers have gained and lost the right to strike over the years; most recently despite it being illegal, they walked out on 15 November 2016.[24]

text: United States[edit]

text: The Railway Labor Act bans strikes by United States airline and railroad employees except in narrowly defined circumstances. The National Labor Relations Act generally permits strikes, but provides a mechanism to enjoin strikes in industries in which a strike would create a national emergency. The federal government most recently invoked these statutory provisions to obtain an injunction requiring the International Longshore and Warehouse Union return to work in 2002 after having been locked out by the employer group, the Pacific Maritime Association.

text: Some jurisdictions prohibit all strikes by public employees, under laws such as the "Taylor Law" in New York. Other jurisdictions impose strike bans only on certain categories of workers, particularly those regarded as critical to society: police, teachers and firefighters are among the groups commonly barred from striking in these jurisdictions. Some states, such as New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa or Florida, do not allow teachers in public schools to strike. Workers have sometimes circumvented these restrictions by falsely claiming inability to work due to illness — this is sometimes called a "sickout" or "blue flu", the latter receiving its name from the uniforms worn by police officers, who are traditionally prohibited from striking. The term "red flu" has sometimes been used to describe this action when undertaken by firefighters.

text: Often, specific regulations on strike actions exist for employees in prisons. The Code of Federal Regulations declares "encouraging others to refuse to work, or to participate in a work stoppage" by prisoners to be a "High Severity Level Prohibited Act" and authorizes solitary confinement for periods of up to a year for each violation.[25] The California Code of Regulations states that "[p]articipation in a strike or work stoppage", "[r]efusal to perform work or participate in a program as ordered or assigned", and "[r]ecurring failure to meet work or program expectations within the inmate's abilities when lesser disciplinary methods failed to correct the misconduct" by prisoners is "serious misconduct" under §3315(a)(3)(L), leading to gang affiliation under CCR §3000.[26]

text: Postal workers involved in 1978 wildcat strikes in Jersey City, Kearny, New Jersey, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. were fired under the presidency of Jimmy Carter, and President Ronald Reagan fired air traffic controllers and the PATCO union after the air traffic controllers' strike of 1981.

text: Strikebreakers[edit]

text: A strikebreaker (sometimes derogatorily called a scab, blackleg, or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the trade union dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. "Strikebreakers" may also refer to workers (union members or not) who cross picket lines to work.

text: Irwin, Jones, McGovern (2008) believe that the term 'scab' is part of a larger metaphor involving strikes. They argue that the picket line is symbolic of a wound and those who break its borders to return to work are the scabs who bond that wound. Others have argued that the word is not a part of a larger metaphor but, rather, originates from the old-fashioned English insult, "scab."

text: "Blackleg" is an older word and is found in the late-nineteenth/early-twentieth century folk song from Northumberland, "Blackleg Miner". The term does not necessarily owe its origins to this tune of unknown origin. The song is, however, notable for its lyrics that encourage violent acts against strikebreakers.

text: Union strikebreaking[edit]

text: The concept of union strikebreaking or union scabbing refers to any circumstance in which union workers themselves cross picket lines to work.

text: Unionized workers are sometimes required to cross the picket lines established by other unions due to their organizations having signed contracts which include no-strike clauses. The no-strike clause typically requires that members of the union not conduct any strike action for the duration of the contract; such actions are called sympathy or secondary strikes. Members who honor the picket line in spite of the contract frequently face discipline, for their action may be viewed as a violation of provisions of the contract. Therefore, any union conducting a strike action typically seeks to include a provision of amnesty for all who honored the picket line in the agreement that settles the strike.

text: No-strike clauses may also prevent unionized workers from engaging in solidarity actions for other workers even when no picket line is crossed. For example, striking workers in manufacturing or mining produce a product which must be transported. In a situation where the factory or mine owners have replaced the strikers, unionized transport workers may feel inclined to refuse to haul any product that is produced by strikebreakers, yet their own contract obligates them to do so.

text: Historically the practice of union strikebreaking has been a contentious issue in the union movement, and a point of contention between adherents of different union philosophies. For example, supporters of industrial unions, which have sought to organize entire workplaces without regard to individual skills, have criticized craft unions for organizing workplaces into separate unions according to skill, a circumstance that makes union strikebreaking more common. Union strikebreaking is not, however, unique to craft unions.

text: Antistrike action[edit]

text: Most strikes called by unions are somewhat predictable; they typically occur after the contract has expired. However, not all strikes are called by union organizations — some strikes have been called in an effort to pressure employers to recognize unions. Other strikes may be spontaneous actions by working people. Spontaneous strikes are sometimes called "wildcat strikes"; they were the key fighting point in May 1968 in France; most commonly, they are responses to serious (often life-threatening) safety hazards in the workplace rather than wage or hour disputes, etc.

text: Whatever the cause of the strike, employers are generally motivated to take measures to prevent them, mitigate the impact, or to undermine strikes when they do occur.

text: Strike preparation[edit]

text: Companies which produce products for sale will frequently increase inventories prior to a strike. Salaried employees may be called upon to take the place of strikers, which may entail advance training. If the company has multiple locations, personnel may be redeployed to meet the needs of reduced staff.

text: Companies may also take out strike insurance prior to an anticipated strike, to help offset the losses which the strike would cause.

text: One of the weapons traditionally wielded by already-established unions is strike action. Some companies may decline entirely to negotiate with the union, and respond to the strike by hiring replacement workers. This may create a crisis situation for strikers — do they stick to their original plan and rely upon their solidarity, or is there a chance that the strike may be lost? How long will the strike last? Will strikers' jobs still be there if the strike fails? Are other strikers defecting from the strike? Companies that hire strikebreakers typically play upon these fears when they attempt to convince union members to abandon the strike and cross the union's picket line.

text: Unions faced with a strikebreaking situation may try to inhibit the use of strikebreakers by a variety of methods — establishing picket lines where the strikebreakers enter the workplace; discouraging strike breakers from taking, or from keeping, strikebreaking jobs; raising the cost of hiring strikebreakers for the company; or employing public relations tactics. Companies may respond by increasing security forces and seeking court injunctions.

text: Examining conditions in the late 1990s, John Logan observed that union busting agencies helped to "transform economic strikes into a virtually suicidal tactic for U.S. unions." Logan further observed, "as strike rates in the United States have plummeted to historic low levels, the demand for strike management firms has also declined."[27]

text: In the U.S., as established in the National Labor Relations Act there is a legally protected right for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (like protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the striking worker must wait for a vacancy. But if the strike is due to unfair labor practices, the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could result in the firing of all striking employees which could result in dissolution of that union. Although this is legal it could be viewed as union busting.

text: Strike breaking[edit]

text: Some companies negotiate with the union during a strike; other companies may see a strike as an opportunity to eliminate the union. This is sometimes accomplished by the importation of replacement workers, strikebreakers or "scabs". Historically, strike breaking has often coincided with union busting. It was also called 'Black legging' in the early 20th century, during the Russian socialist movement.[28]

text: Union busting[edit]

text: One method of inhibiting or ending a strike is firing union members who are striking which can result in elimination of the union. Although this has happened it is rare due to laws regarding firing and "right to strike" having a wide range of differences in the US depending on whether union members are public or private sector. Laws also vary country to country. In the UK, "It is important to understand that there is no right to strike in UK law."[29] Employees who strike risk dismissal, unless it is an official strike (one called or endorsed by their union) in which case they are protected from unlawful dismissal, and cannot be fired for at least 12 weeks. UK laws regarding work stoppages and strikes are defined within the Employment Relations Act 1999 and the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.

text: One of the most significant cases of mass-dismissals in the UK in 2005 involved the sacking of over 600 Gate Gourmet employees at Heathrow Airport,[30][31] to which the media responded with outrage. Under the direction of Gate Gourmet's HR Director Andy Cook, according to BBC: "Gate Gourmet sacked more than 600 staff last week in a working practices row, prompting a walkout by British Airways ground staff that paralysed flights and stranded thousands of travellers in the UK." Andy Cook, Gate Gourmet's director of human resources at that time, said: "The company had not been looking to cut the size of the protests, only stop the minority engaged in harassment."[32] Cook is now CEO of the UK labor relations advisory firm Marshall-James Global Solutions Ltd.[33]

text: In 1962 US President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order #10988[34] which permitted federal employees to form trade unions but prohibited strikes (codified in 1966 at 5 U.S.C. 7311 - Loyalty and Striking). In 1981, after public sector union PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) went on strike illegally, President Ronald Reagan fired all of the controllers. His action resulted in the dissolution of the union. PATCO reformed to become the National Air Traffic Controllers Association.

text: In the U.S., as established in the National Labor Relations Act there is a legally protected right for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (i.e., protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the striking worker must wait for a vacancy. But if the strike is due to unfair labor practices (ULP), the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could result in the firing of all striking employees which could result in dissolution of that union.

text: Lockout[edit]

text: Another counter to a strike is a lockout, the form of work stoppage in which an employer refuses to allow employees to work. Two of the three employers involved in the Caravan park grocery workers strike of 2003-2004 locked out their employees in response to a strike against the third member of the employer bargaining group. Lockouts are, with certain exceptions, lawful under United States labor law.

text: Violence[edit]

text: Historically, some employers have attempted to break union strikes by force. One of the most famous examples of this occurred during the Homestead Strike of 1892. Industrialist Henry Clay Frick sent private security agents from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to break the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers strike at a Homestead, Pennsylvania steel mill. Two strikers were killed, twelve wounded, along with two Pinkertons killed and eleven wounded. In the aftermath, Frick was shot in the neck and then stabbed by Alexander Berkman, surviving the attack, while Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison.

text: Films[edit]

text: Non-fiction[edit]

text:
Final Offer - A look at the 1984 contract negotiations between General Motors and its union.
Harlan County, USA, Director: Barbara Kopple, USA 1976–A documentary film about a very long and bitter strike of coal miners in Kentucky
American Dream, Director: Barbara Kopple, USA 1990 – A documentary film about the unsuccessful 1985-1986 meatpacker's strike against Hormel Foods in Austin, Minnesota.
Jimmy Hoffa, a labor union leader who ran the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union from 1958 until 1971, was portrayed by Robert Blake in the 1983 TV-film Blood Feud, Trey Wilson in the 1985 television miniseries Robert Kennedy & His Times, and by Jack Nicholson in the 1992 biographical film Hoffa.
Bastard Boys, A miniseries based on the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute.
Made in Dagenham, A film about the strike by female employees at the Ford Motor company in the UK.
The Great Grunwick Strike 1976-1978 Director: Chris Thomas, Brent Trades Union Council (2007 film)

tag: ul

text: Fiction[edit]

text:
Statschka ("Strike"), Director: Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet Union 1924
Brüder ("Brother"), Director: Werner Hochbaum, Germany 1929–On the general strike in the port of Hamburg, Germany in 1896/97
The Stars Look Down, Director: Carol Reed, England 1939 – Film about a strike over safety standards at a coal mine in North-East England - based on the Cronin novel
The Grapes of Wrath a 1940 film by John Ford includes description of migrant workers striking, and its violent breaking by employers, assisted by the police. Based on the novel by John Steinbeck.
Salt of the Earth, Director: Herbert J. Biberman, USA 1953–Fictionalized account of an actual zinc-miners' strike in Silver City, New Mexico, in which women took over the picket line to circumvent an injunction barring "striking miners" from company property. The striking women were largely played by real members of the strike, and one woman was deported to Mexico while filming. The union organizer Clinton Jencks (from Jencks v. United States fame) also participated.
The Molly Maguires, Director: Martin Ritt, 1970 film starring Sean Connery and Richard Harris. Frustrated by the failure of strike action to achieve their industrial objectives, a secret society among Pennsylvania coal miners sabotages the mine with explosives to try to get what their industrial action failed to obtain. A Pinkerton agent infiltrates them.
F.I.S.T, Director: Norman Jewison, 1978 – loosely based on the Teamsters union and former president Jimmy Hoffa.
Norma Rae, Director: Martin Ritt, 1979.
Matewan, Director: John Sayles, 1987 – critically acclaimed account of a coal mine-workers' strike and attempt to unionize in 1920 in Matewan, a small town in the hills of West Virginia.
Made in Dagenham, 2010 – based on the strike at Fords plant in Dagenham, England, UK, which won equal pay for female workers.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Sometimes, "to go on strike" is used figuratively for machinery or equipment not working due to malfunction, e.g. "My computer's on strike".


document_title: Where Are We Going, Dad? (TV series)

question_text: daddy where are we going season 5 cast

question_tokens: daddy where are we going season 5 cast

text: Where Are We Going, Dad? (TV series)

text: Participants[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Father
Child

Name
Profession
Birthdate & age
Name
Birthdate & age
Age at the beginning of the season

Jimmy Lin Chih-ying
林志颖; Lín Zhìyǐng
singer, actor, & race-car driver
(1974-10-15) 15 October 1974 (age 43)
Kimi/Xiǎoxiǎo Zhì (小小志)/Hēimǐ (黑米)
Kimi Lin
son
(2009-09-15) 15 September 2009 (age 8)
age 4

Wang Yuelun
王岳伦; Wáng Yuèlún
director
(1973-09-27) 27 September 1973 (age 44)
Angela/Tiántián (恬恬)
王诗龄; Wáng Shīlíng
daughter
(2009-10-13) 13 October 2009 (age 8)
age 3

Guo Tao
郭涛; Guō Tāo
actor
(1969-12-17) 17 December 1969 (age 48)
Shítou (石头)
郭子睿; Guō Ziruì
son
(2007-02-26) 26 February 2007 (age 10)
age 6

Zhang Liang[2]
张亮; Zhāng Liàng
model
(1982-03-26) 26 March 1982 (age 35)
Tiāntiān (天天)
张悦轩; Zhāng Yuèxuān
son
(2007-11-12) 12 November 2007 (age 10)
age 5

Tian Liang
田亮; Tián Liàng
diver & actor
(1979-08-27) 27 August 1979 (age 38)
Cindy / Sēndié (森蝶)
田雨橙; Tián Yǔchéng
daughter
(2008-04-15) 15 April 2008 (age 9)
age 5

tag: table

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Father
Child

Name
Profession
Birthdate & age
Name
Birthdate & age
Age at the beginning of the season

Francis Ng Chun-yu
吴镇宇; Wú Zhènyǔ
actor & director
(1961-12-21) 21 December 1961 (age 55)
Feynman
吴费曼; Wú Fèimàn (Actual Chinese name undisclosed)
son
(2008-09-27) 27 September 2008 (age 9)
age 5

Huang Lei
黄磊; Huáng Lěi
actor, director, singer, model,
& screenwriter
(1971-12-06) 6 December 1971 (age 46)
Christine/Duōduō (多多)/Dà Jiějiě (大姐姐)
黄忆慈; Huáng Yìcí
daughter
(2006-02-06) 6 February 2006 (age 11)
age 8

Lu Yi
陆毅; Lù Yì
actor & singer
(1976-01-06) 6 January 1976 (age 41)
Belle/Bèi'er (贝儿)
陆雨萱; Lù Yǔxuān
daughter
(2008-10-26) 26 October 2008 (age 9)
age 5

Gary Chaw
曹格; Cáo Gé
singer-songwriter
(1979-07-09) 9 July 1979 (age 38)
Joe
曹三丰; Cáo Sānfēng
son
(2008-08-21) 21 August 2008 (age 9)
age 5

Grace/Jiějiě (姐姐)
曹华恩; Cáo Huá'ēn
daughter
(2010-09-24) 24 September 2010 (age 7)
age 3

Yang Wei
杨威; Yáng Wēi
gymnast
( 1980 -02-08) 8 February 1980 (age 37)
Yáng Yángyáng (杨阳洋)
杨文昌; Yáng Wénchāng
son
(2009-11-06) 6 November 2009 (age 8)
age 4

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
Father
Child

Name
Profession
Birthdate & age
Name
Birthdate & age
Age at the beginning of the season

Liu Ye
刘烨; Líu Yè
actor
(1978-03-23) 23 March 1978 (age 39)
Noé/Nuòyī
刘诺一; Liú Nuòyī
son
(2010-10-10) 10 October 2010 (age 7)
age 4

Hu Jun
胡军; Hú Jūn
actor
(1968-03-18) 18 March 1968 (age 49)
Kāngkāng
胡皓康; Hú Hàokāng
son
(2008-11-11) 11 November 2008 (age 9)
age 6

Zou Shiming
邹市明; Zōu Shìmíng
professional boxer
(1981-05-18) 18 May 1981 (age 36)
Xuānxuān
邹明轩; Zōu Míngxuān
son
(2011-06-27) 27 June 2011 (age 6)
age 4

Lin Yongjian
林永健; Lín Yǒngjiàn
actor & dancer
(1969-02-14) 14 February 1969 (age 48)
Dàjùn
林大竣; Lín Dàjùn
son
(2010-08-25) 25 August 2010 (age 7)
age 4

Chris Downs
夏克立; Xià Kèlì
anchor, actor, writer, & producer
(1972-02-06) 6 February 1972 (age 45)
Poppy/Xiàtiān
Kyana Poppy Downs; 夏天; Xiàtiān
daughter
(2009-12-02) 2 December 2009 (age 8)
age 5

Wang Baoqiang (since Ep. 9)
王宝强; Wáng Bǎoqiáng
actor
(1984-05-29) 29 May 1984 (age 33)
Nànà (娜娜)
王子珊; Wáng Zǐshān
daughter
(2011-10-28) 28 October 2011 (age 6)
age 3

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
Father
Child

Name
Profession
Birthdate & age
Name
Birthdate & age
Age at the beginning of the season

Cai Guoqing
蔡国庆; Cài Guóqìng
singer
(1968-09-17) 17 September 1968 (age 49)
Qìng Qìng(庆庆)
蔡轩正; Cài Xuānzhèng
son
(2011-04-15) 15 April 2011 (age 6)

Sha Yi
沙溢; Shā Yì
actor
(1978-02-15) 15 February 1978 (age 39)
Ān jí(安吉)
沙俊伯; Shā Jùnbó
son
(2011-07-16) 16 July 2011 (age 6)

Tian Liang
田亮; Tián Liàng
diver & actor
(1979-08-27) 27 August 1979 (age 38)
Xiǎo Liàngzǎi(小亮仔)
田宸宇; Tián Chényŭ
son
(2011-11-08) 8 November 2011 (age 6)

Jacky Heung
(Interim Father)
向佐; Replaced Huáng Zhìliè
singer
(1984-07-20) 20 July 1984 (age 33)
Lǐ Yìháng
李亦航
son
(2011-05-28) 28 May 2011 (age 6)

Dong Li
(Interim Father)
董力; Dǒng Lì
fencing athlete
(1993-08-23) 23 August 1993 (age 24)
Ā Lāléi(阿拉蕾)
崔雅涵; Cuī Yǎhán
daughter
(2012-10-01) 1 October 2012 (age 5)

Zhang Lunshuo
(Stepfather)
张伦硕; Zhāng Lúnshuò
actor & singer
(1982-07-09) 9 July 1982 (age 35)
Cayla/Kǎo Lā (考拉)
严稚棱; Yán Zhìléng
daughter
(2010-02-06) 6 February 2010 (age 7)

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
Father
Child

Name
Profession
Birthdate & age
Name
Birthdate & age
Age at the beginning of the season

Jordan Chan
陈小春; Chén Xiǎochūn
singer & actor
(1967-07-08) 8 July 1967 (age 50)
Jasper Chan
陳胤捷 (小小春)
son
(2013-07-01) 1 July 2013 (age 4)

Wu Zun
吳尊; Wú Zūn
actor, singer & model
(1979-10-10) 10 October 1979 (age 38)
Neinei
吳欣怡; Wú Xīn Yí
daughter
(2010-10-10) 10 October 2010 (age 7)

Max
吳欣樂; Wú Xīn Lè
son
(2013-10-11) 11 October 2013 (age 4)

Du Jiang
杜江; Dù Jiāng
actor
(1985-09-10) 10 September 1985 (age 32)
Eń hēng (嗯哼)
杜宇麒; Dù Yǔqí
son
(2013-09-19) 19 September 2013 (age 4)

Will Liu
刘畊宏; Líu Gēnghóng
singer, actor & songwriter
(1972-10-07) 7 October 1972 (age 45)
Xiǎo Pàofú (小泡芙)
刘宇芙; Liú Yǔfú
daughter
(2013-07-22) 22 July 2013 (age 4)

Deng Lun
(Interim Father)
邓伦; Dèng Lún
actor
(1992-10-21) 21 October 1992 (age 25)
Xiǎo Shān Zhú (小山竹)
纪美伊; Jì Měiyī
daughter
(2012-09-19) 19 September 2012 (age 5)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section is incomplete. This is because one should add the rest of Season 4 and Season 5. (November 2017)

text: It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled List of Where Are We Going, Dad? episodes. (Discuss) (November 2017)

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Station
EP
Air date
Filming date(s)
Landmark

Location
Geographical feature

1st Leg[3][4]
1
11 October 2013
24–25 August 2013
Lingshuicun
Mentougou District, Beijing
A North China hamlet

2
18 October 2013

2nd Leg[5][6]
3
25 October 2013
17–19 September 2013
Tengger Desert
Shapotou District, Zhongwei, Ningxia
A Northwest China desert

4
1 November 2013

3rd Leg[7][8]
5
8 November 2013
15–16 October 2013
Puzhehei
Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan
A Southwest China karst

6
15 November 2013[a]

4th Leg[9][10]
7
22 November 2013
29–30 October 2013
Jiming Island
Rongcheng, Weihai, Shandong
A East China island

8
29 November 2013

5th Leg
9
6 December 2013
15–16 November 2013
Beisicun
Pingjiang County, Yueyang, Hunan
A South Central China hamlet

10
13 December 2013

6th Leg
11
20 December 2013
27–28 November 2013
Xuexiang
Hailin, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang
A North East China hamlet

12
27 December 2013

Film
31 January 2014
16–17 January 2014
Chimelong Safari Park
Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong
A South Central China safari park

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Station
EP
Air date
Filming date(s)
Landmark
Guest Appearance

Location
Geographical feature

1st Leg
1
20 June 2014
11–13 May 2014
Xiaozhai Tiankeng (Yuquancun)
Wulong County, Chongqing
A Southwest China sinkhole
Huang Jianxiang

2
27 June 2014

2nd Leg
3
4 July 2014
24–26 May 2014
Xinyecun
Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
An East China hamlet
Yao Ming

4
11 July 2014

3rd Leg
5
18 July 2014
7–8 June 2014
Ethnic Miao Camp
Jingzhou County, Huaihua, Hunan
A South Central China hamlet
Wang Han

6
25 July 2014

4th Leg
7
1 August 2014
23–24 June 2014
Hongkou Township
Dujiangyan, Chengdu, Sichuan
A Southwest China basin
Mother Group

8
8 August 2014

5th Leg
9
15 August 2014
7–8 July 2014
Inner Mongolian Grassland
Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia
A North China grassland
Guo Tao, Shitou,
Zhang Liang, Tiantian

10
22 August 2014

6th Leg
11
29 August 2014
28–30 July 2014
Yellow River Stone Forest
Jingtai County, Baiyin, Gansu
A Northwest China desert
none

12
5 September 2014

7th Leg
13
12 September 2014
13–15 August 2014
Formosa (Treasure Island)
Ruisui, Hualien County, Taiwan
An Amis Aboriginal Heartland
coastal hamlet in Eastern Taiwan
Jimmy Lin Chih-ying, Kimi

14
19 September 2014

8th Leg
15
26 September 2014
2-? September 2014
Rotorua
Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand
A Māori Heartland
volcanic and geothermal hamlet
Huang Bo, Tong Dawei

16
3 October 2014

Film 2
19 February 2015
 ? January 2015
Viti
Fiji
A Southern Pacific Melanesian island

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
Station
EP
Air date
Filming date(s)
Landmark
Guest Appearance

Location
Geographical feature

1st Leg
1
10 July 2015
18–21 May 2015
Wangyangwacun
Zizhou County, Yulin, Shaanxi
A Northwest China plateau (Loess Plateau)

2
17 July 2015

2nd Leg
3
24 July 2015
16–19 June 2015
Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture
Menghai County, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan
A Southwest China rainforest

4
31 July 2015

3rd Leg
5
7 August 2015
6–9 July 2015
Hekengcun
Shuyang, Nanjing County, Fujian
South China hills and tulou
Kingdom Yuen, Liu Nina

6
14 August 2015

4th Leg
7
21 August 2015
20–24 July 2015
Qingwaxiang
Gaochang District, Turpan, Xinjiang
Northwest China oasis (Turpan Depression)
Zou Minghao

8
28 August 2015
Ulastai Ranch
Ürümqi County, Ürümqi, Xinjiang
A Northwest China grassland

5th Leg
9
11 September 2015
11–13 August 2015
Guanxia Ethnic Miao Township
Suining County, Shaoyang, Hunan
A South Central China hamlet

10
18 September 2015

6th Leg
11
25 September 2015
22–24 August 2015
Beixiacun
Qingyuan District, Ji'an, Jiangxi
An East China hamlet
Liu Nina
Mothers: Anais Martane, Ran Yingying,
Zhou Dongqi, Phoebe Huang, Ma Rong

12
2 October 2015

7th Leg
13
9 October 2015
6–8 September 2015
Hengdian World Studios
Hengdian, Dongyang, Jinhua, Zhejiang
Film studio replica of the Forbidden City
Vanness Wu, Wong Cho-lam, Ning Jing,
Louis Fan, Liu Tao, Da Zhangwei

14
16 October 2015

8th Leg
15
23 October 2015
22–24 September 2015
Perth
Western Australia, Australia

16
30 October 2015

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
Station
EP
Air date
Filming date(s)
Landmark
Guest Appearance

Location
Geographical feature

1st Leg
1
14 October 2016
14–16 September 2016
Baihabacun
Tireketi Township，Habahe County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

2
21 October 2016

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
[hide] China Hunan Television premiere ratings

Episode
Date
CSM46/48
CSM national network

Rating
Share
Ranking
Rating
Share
Ranking

1
October 11, 2013
1.423
6.74
1
1.1
7.67
1

2
October 18, 2013
2.588
11.53
1
1.67
11.45
1

3
October 25, 2013
3.116
14.43
1
1.8
13.47
1

4
November 1, 2013
3.471
15.26
1
2.16
13.70
1

5
November 8, 2013
3.851
16.73
1
2.13
13.47
1

6
November 15, 2013
4.024
18.16
1
2.30
15.92
1

7
November 22, 2013
4.748
20.68
1
2.69
17.37
1

8
November 29, 2013
4.76
21.11
1
2.81
18.51
1

9
December 6, 2013
4.98
22.12
1
2.9
18.68
1

10
December 13, 2013
5.3
23.22
1
3.21
20.37
1

11
December 20, 2013
5.008
22.14
1
3.40
21.41
1

12
December 27, 2013
4.916
22.06
1
3.64
22.45
1

text:
The data determined by CSM.
Ratings ranked above not including CCTV.
Information source:卫视小露电、潇湘卧龙.

tag: ol

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
[hide] China Hunan Television premiere ratings

Episode
Date
CSM50
CSM national network

Rating
Share
Ranking
Rating
Share
Ranking

1
June 20, 2014
3.927
16.82
1
2.43
14.24
1

2
June 27, 2014
3.570
15.39
1
2.06
11.59
1

3
July 4, 2014
3.605
15.81
1
2.34
14.06
1

4
July 11, 2014
3.393
15.40
1
2.12
12.67
1

5
July 18, 2014
3.08
13.73
2
1.91
11.24
2

6
July 25, 2014
3.387
14.04
2
2.62
14.27
1

7
August 1, 2014
3.485
14.78
2
2.44
13.76
1

8
August 8, 2014
3.718
16.07
2
2.79
15.59
1

9
August 15, 2014
3.640
15.45
2
2.53
14.85
1

10
August 22, 2014
3.372
14.51
2
2.27
13.27
1

11
August 29, 2014
3.296
13.45
2
2.46
13.21
1

12
September 5, 2014
2.774
11.98
2
2.18
12.53
1

13
September 12, 2014
3.067
12.96
2
1.99
11.28
1

14
September 19, 2014
2.960
13.41
2
1.90
11.68
1

15
September 26, 2014
2.844
12.47
2
1.84
10.58
1

16
October 3, 2014
2.838
14.80
1
2.09
14.34
1

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
[hide] China Hunan Television premiere ratings

Episode
Date
CSM50
CSM national network

Rating
Share
Ranking
Rating
Share
Ranking

1
July 10, 2015
2.856
14.16
1
2.28
13.82
1

2
July 17, 2015
2.418
10.68
3
1.82
9.88
2

3
July 24, 2015
2.461
11.41
3
1.94
10.96
2

4
July 31, 2015
2.331
11.40
3
1.81
11.32
2

5
August 7, 2015
2.496
11.45
2
1.97
11.21
2

6
August 14, 2015
2.625
11.74
2
1.98
11.51
1

7
August 21, 2015
2.454
10.92
2
1.90
10.86
2

8
August 28, 2015
2.422
10.86
2
1.73
10.59
2

9
September 11, 2015
2.441
10.83
2
1.76
10.68
2

10
September 18, 2015
2.132
10.34
2
1.43
9.72
1

11
September 25, 2015
2.077
9.31
2
1.27
7.64
2

12
October 2, 2015
2.217
10.999
1
1.66
10.69
1

13
October 9, 2015
1.643
9.128
1
0.97
7.55
2

14
October 16, 2015
2.136
10.529
1
1.41
9.43
2

15
October 23, 2015
2.175
11.02
1
1.32
9.19
2

16
October 30, 2015
1.572
8.004
3
1.12
7.84
3

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Infiniti became a supplier for actors' official passenger vehicles, including Infiniti JX, Infiniti QX50, Infiniti QX70, Infiniti QX80.[11][12][13]

text: Broadcast TV Stations[edit]

text: Start on July 24, 2015, Sky Link TV air Where Are We Going, Dad? simultaneously broadcast with Hunan Television on Fridays 21:00.


document_title: Elections in France

question_text: who has the right to vote in france

question_tokens: who has the right to vote in france

text: Elections in France

text: Voters[edit]

text: With the exception of senatorial election, for which there is an electoral college, the voters are French citizens over the age of 18 registered on the electoral rolls. People are automatically registered on reaching the age of 18. For municipal and European, but not national, elections, citizens aged 18 or older of other European Union countries may vote in France. Registration is not compulsory, but the absence of registration precludes the possibility of voting.

text: Citizens may register either in their place of residence or in a place where they have been on the roll of taxpayers for local taxes for at least 5 years, but not in more than one place. Citizens living abroad may register at the consulate responsible for the region in which they live.

text: Only citizens legally registered as voters can run for public office.[5]

text: There are exceptions to the above rules. Convicted criminals may be deprived of their civic rights, which include the right to vote, for a certain period of time depending on the crime. In particular, elected officials who have abused public funds may be deprived of the right to run for national public office for as long as 10 years. The application of such rules in the case of certain politicians has been controversial; see for instance the case of Alain Juppé.

text: Voting by proxy is possible when the citizen cannot easily attend the polling station (reasons include: health problems, the citizen does not live in the voting constituency, he or she is away for work or vacations, he or she is jailed but has not yet been sentenced and deprived of civic rights etc.) The citizen designates a proxy, who must be a voter from the same commune. The designation of the proxy must be made before a legally capable witness: a judge, a judicial clerk, or an officier of judicial police, or, outside France, before an ambassador or consul. In the case of handicapped or severely ill people, an officer of judicial police or delegate thereof can be sent to the home of the citizen to witness the designation. The procedure is meant to avoid pressures on voters.

text: Electoral system[edit]

text: In all elections where there is a single official to be elected for a given area, including the two major national elections (the election of the President of the Republic and the election of the members of the National Assembly), two-round runoff voting is used.

text: For elections to the European Parliament and some local elections, proportional voting is used.

text: Party primary elections[edit]

text: Primary elections, within registered political parties, are used to select presidential candidates for the general election. Primaries also use two-round runoff voting when there are multiple candidates within a party. (see Category:Primary elections in France). Open primaries, where any eligible voter may participate with minimal requirements, also occur.

text: Voting procedures[edit]

text: In general, voting is done using paper and manual counting. The voter gets a pre-printed ballot paper (bulletin) from a table at the entrance of the voting office (they are also provided through the mail), as well as an envelope. The voter enters a curtained booth (isoloir), where they are hidden from sight, and inserts the completed ballot paper into an envelope. They walk to the ballot box and may show their voter registration card (not compulsory) and are required to prove their identity[6] (in conurbations with more than 5000 inhabitants, an identification document must be shown[7]). After the officials have acknowledged their right to vote, the ballot box is opened and the voter inserts the envelope. One of the officials, traditionally loudly, announces "A voté! (Has voted!)". This is purely ceremonial and has a double meaning: the voter's voix (voice) will be taken into account and they have accomplished their civic duty. The voter then signs the voters' list and their voter registration card is stamped.

text: Procedures differ when electronic voting is used. It is not widespread in France, but is used in some cities, despite controversy over its safety and effectiveness.

text: Latest election[edit]

text: Presidential[edit]

text:
e • d Summary of the 23 April and 7 May 2017 French presidential election results

Candidate
Party
1st round
2nd round

Votes
%
Votes
%

Emmanuel Macron
En Marche!
EM
8,656,346
24.01
20,743,128
66.10

Marine Le Pen
National Front
FN
7,678,491
21.30
10,638,475
33.90

François Fillon
The Republicans
LR
7,212,995
20.01

Jean-Luc Mélenchon
La France Insoumise
FI
7,059,951
19.58

Benoît Hamon
Socialist Party
PS
2,291,288
6.36

Nicolas Dupont-Aignan
Debout la France
DLF
1,695,000
4.70

Jean Lassalle
Résistons!
435,301
1.21

Philippe Poutou
New Anticapitalist Party
NPA
394,505
1.09

François Asselineau
Popular Republican Union
UPR
332,547
0.92

Nathalie Arthaud
Lutte Ouvrière
LO
232,384
0.64

Jacques Cheminade
Solidarity and Progress
S&P
65,586
0.18

Total
36,054,394
100.00
31,381,603
100.00

Valid votes
36,054,394
97.43
31,381,603
88.48

Blank ballots
659,997
1.78
3,021,499
8.52

Null ballots
289,337
0.78
1,064,225
3.00

Turnout
37,003,728
77.77
35,467,327
74.56

Abstentions
10,578,455
22.23
12,101,366
25.44

Registered voters
47,582,183

47,568,693

Official results published by the Constitutional Council – 1st round result  · 2nd round result

text: Legislative[edit]

text:
e • d Summary of the 11 and 18 June 2017 French National Assembly election results

Parties and coalitions
First round
Second round
Total

Votes
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats
Seats
%

La République En Marche!
REM
6,391,269
28.21
2
7,826,245
43.06
306
308
53.38

Democratic Movement
MoDem
932,227
4.12
0
1,100,656
6.06
42
42
7.28

Presidential majority (centre)
7,323,496
32.33
2
8,926,901
49.11
348
350
60.66

The Republicans
LR
3,573,427
15.77
0
4,040,203
22.23
112
112
19.41

Union of Democrats and Independents
UDI
687,225
3.03
1
551,784
3.04
17
18
3.12

Miscellaneous right
DVD
625,345
2.76
0
306,074
1.68
6
6
1.04

Parliamentary right
4,885,997
21.57
1
4,898,061
26.95
135
136
23.57

Socialist Party
PS
1,685,677
7.44
0
1,032,842
5.68
30
30
5.20

Miscellaneous left
DVG
362,281
1.60
1
263,488
1.45
11
12
2.08

Radical Party of the Left
PRG
106,311
0.47
0
64,860
0.36
3
3
0.52

Parliamentary left
2,154,269
9.51
1
1,361,190
7.49
44
45
7.80

La France Insoumise
FI
2,497,622
11.03
0
883,573
4.86
17
17
2.95

French Communist Party
PCF
615,487
2.72
0
217,833
1.20
10
10
1.73

National Front
FN
2,990,454
13.20
0
1,590,869
8.75
8
8
1.39

Regionalists
REG
204,049
0.90
0
137,490
0.76
5
5
0.87

Miscellaneous
DIV
500,309
2.21
0
100,574
0.55
3
3
0.52

Ecologists
ECO
973,527
4.30
0
23,197
0.13
1
1
0.17

Debout la France
DLF
265,420
1.17
0
17,344
0.10
1
1
0.17

Far-right
EXD
68,320
0.30
0
19,034
0.10
1
1
0.17

Far-left
EXG
175,214
0.77
0
–
–
–
0
0.00

Total
22,654,164
100.00
4
18,176,066
100.00
573
577
100.00

Valid votes
22,654,164
97.78

18,176,066
90.14

Blank ballots
357,018
1.54
1,409,784
6.99

Null ballots
156,326
0.67
578,765
2.87

Turnout
23,167,508
48.70
20,164,615
42.64

Abstentions
24,403,480
51.30
27,128,488
57.36

Registered voters
47,570,988

47,293,103

Source: Ministry of the Interior

text: Past elections and referendums[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

 Elections and referendums in France

Presidential

1848
1965
1969
1974
1981
1988
1995
2002
2007
2012
2017
2022

Parliamentary

1791
1792
1795
1797
1798
1799
1815
1816
1817
1819
1820
1824
1827
1830
1831
1834
1837
1839
1842
1846
1848
1849
1852
1857
1863
1869
1871
1876
1877
1881
1885
1889
1893
1898
1902
1906
1910
1914
1919
1924
1928
1932
1936
1945
1946 (Jun)
1946 (Nov)
1951
1956
1958
1962
1967
1968
1973
1978
1981
1986
1988
1993
1997
2002
2007
2012
2017

Regional

1986
1992
1998
2004
2010
2015

Departemental

1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1992
1994
1998
2001
2004
2008
2011
2015

Municipal

1959
1965
1971
1977
1983
1989
1995
2001
2008
2014

European

1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
2014

Referendums

1793
1795
1800
1802
1804
1815
1851
1852
1870
1945
1946 (May)
1946 (Oct)
1958
1961
1962 (Jun)
1962 (Oct)
1969
1972
1988
1992
2000
2005

See also: Indirect presidential and Senate elections
Elections in French Guiana
French Polynesia
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Mayotte
New Caledonia
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Wallis and Futuna

text: Indirect presidential elections[edit]

text:
3rd Republic
1947
1953
1958

text: Other elections[edit]

text: As well as Presidential and legislative elections, France also has municipal, cantonal, regional, European, and (indirect) Senatorial elections.

text: Regional[edit]

text: Regional elections have been held since 1986 to elect regional councillors and regional presidents: all elected to serve 6-year terms.

text:
2015
2010
2004
1998
1992
1986

text: European Parliament[edit]

text: Elections for the French delegation to the European parliament are held every five years.

text:
2014
2009
2004
1999
1994
1989

text: Senate[edit]

text: French senators are renewed by halves every six years through an indirect electoral college composed of elected officials and general, regional, and some local councillors.

text:
2014
2011
2008

text: Municipal[edit]

text: Municipal elections to elect city mayors and councillors are held every six years.

text:
2014
2008
2001
1995
1989

text: Departmental (Cantonal prior to 2015)[edit]

text:
2015
2011
2008
2004
2001
1998

text: Referendums[edit]

text: The Constitution of France defines in Article 3 that "National sovereignty shall vest in the people, who shall exercise it through their representatives and by means of referendum."[8] The Constitution describes two ways for holding a referendum:

text:
The President may, on the recommendation from the Government or the Parliament, submit to a referendum some government bills.
A referendum may be held upon the initiative of one fifth of the Members of Parliament, supported by one tenth of the registered voters.

text: The Constitution explicitly states that a referendum can be called only on a Government Bill "which deals with the organization of the public authorities, or with reforms relating to the economic or social policy of the Nation, and to the public services contributing thereto, or which provides for authorization to ratify a treaty which, although not contrary to the Constitution, would affect the functioning of the institutions" (Article 11 of the Constitution[8]).

text: The second procedure for holding a referendum has several limitations:

text:
it cannot be used to repeal laws which are in effect for less than a year, and
if the proposal fails on a referendum, it cannot be re-submitted to a referendum for next two years.

text: The second procedure for holding a referendum was added to the Constitution in 2008, and it still has not come into effect (as of 2013). It will come into effect when appropriate legislation is implemented by the Parliament.

text: The Constitution of France can be amended in two ways:

text:
on a referendum, or
by three fifths super-majority of both houses of the Parliament.

text: Most constitutional revisions went through the super-majority of the Parliament in Congress.

text: Ratification of treaties of accession of states to the EU must go through the same procedure as amendment of Constitution of France. All of ratifications went through the super-majority of the Parliament, except the first EU enlargement in 1973.

text: There were 9 referendums in the Fifth Republic:

text:
2 on Algiers (1961, 1962)
2 on amending the Constitution (1969, 2000)
2 on EU treaties (1992, 2005)
French presidential election referendum of 1962, which also amended the Constitution
1 on EU enlargement (1972)
1 on New Caledonia (1988)


document_title: Elephant in the room

question_text: where does the term elephant in the room come from

text: Elephant in the room

text: Origins[edit]

text: In 1814, Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769–1844), poet and fabulist, wrote a fable entitled "The Inquisitive Man" which tells of a man who goes to a museum and notices all sorts of tiny things, but fails to notice an elephant. The phrase became proverbial.[3] Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel 'Demons' wrote, 'Belinsky was just like Krylov's Inquisitive Man, who didn't notice the elephant in the museum....'[4]

text: The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first recorded use of the phrase, as a simile, in The New York Times on June 20, 1959: "Financing schools has become a problem about equal to having an elephant in the living room. It's so big you just can't ignore it."[5]

text: This idiomatic expression may have been in general use much earlier than 1959. For example, the phrase appears 44 years earlier in the pages of a British journal, Journal of Education, in 1915. The sentence was presented as a trivial illustration of a question British schoolboys would be able to answer, e.g., "Is there an elephant in the class-room?"[6]

text: The first widely disseminated conceptual reference was a story written by Mark Twain in 1882, "The Stolen White Elephant", which slyly dissects the inept, far-ranging activities of detectives trying to find an elephant that was right on the spot after all. This may have been the reference in the legal opinion of United States v. Leviton, 193 F. 2d 848 (2nd Circuit, 1951), makes reference in its opinion, "As I have elsewhere observed, it is like the Mark Twain story of the little boy who was told to stand in a corner and not to think of a white elephant."

text: A slightly different version of the phrase was used before this, with George Berkeley talking of whether or not there is "an invisible elephant in the room" in his debates with scientists.[7]

text: In 1935, comedian Jimmy Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose Broadway musical Jumbo, in which a police officer stops him while leading a live elephant and asks, "What are you doing with that elephant?" Durante's reply, "What elephant?" was a regular show-stopper. Durante reprises the piece in the 1962 film version of the play, Billy Rose's Jumbo.

text: Usage[edit]

text: The term refers to a question, problem, solution, or controversial issue which is obvious to everyone who knows about the situation, but which is deliberately ignored because to do otherwise would cause great embarrassment, sadness, or trigger arguments or is simply taboo. The idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly, or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself.

text: The term is often used to describe an issue that involves a social taboo, such as race, religion, homosexuality, mental illness, or even suicide. It is applicable when a subject is emotionally charged; and the people who might have spoken up decide that it is probably best avoided.[8]

text: The idiom is commonly used in addiction recovery terminology to describe the reluctance of friends and family of an addicted person to discuss the person's problem, thus aiding the person's denial. Especially in reference to alcohol abuse, the idiom is sometimes coupled with that of the pink elephant, q.v. "the pink elephant in the room."[citation needed]

text: The expression has also been used as a metaphorical idiom in Spanish. In 1994, the 8000 Process was a legal investigation of events surrounding accusations that the campaign of Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper for President of Colombia was partially funded with drug money from the Cali Cartel. Insisting on his innocence, Samper stated that if drug money had entered the presidential campaign, it had done so "behind his back". Cardinal Pedro Rubiano, a leader of Colombia's Catholic Church, stated in an interview that not knowing that drug money financed part of the presidential campaign was similar to not noticing "an elephant entering one's living room".[9][10] Since then, the events that led to drug money financing the "Samper for President" campaign have been referred to as "The Elephant".

text: For some, their first encounter with this phrase comes through the poem of the same name by Terry Kettering.[11] In one edition of Time magazine in 2013, Chris Christie was labeled as the "Elephant in the Room" on the cover page.

text: Similar[edit]

text: A variation is the phrase "elephant in the corner" which is infrequently used to the same effect.[12]

text: Logician and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein used an example of a rhinoceros in the room to show the impossibility of proving negative existential statements.[citation needed]

text: "Mokita" is a word in the Kilivila language,[13] which is spoken on Kiriwina, the largest of the Trobriand Islands (near Papua New Guinea). It means "truth we all know but agree not to talk about."


document_title: Wind wave

question_text: the ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called

text: Wind wave

text: Wave formation[edit]

text: The great majority of large breakers seen at a beach result from distant winds. Five factors influence the formation of the flow structures in wind waves:[4]

text:
Wind speed or strength relative to wave speed—the wind must be moving faster than the wave crest for energy transfer
The uninterrupted distance of open water over which the wind blows without significant change in direction (called the fetch)
Width of area affected by fetch[clarification needed]
Wind duration — the time for which the wind has blown over the water.
Water depth

text: All of these factors work together to determine the size of wind waves and the structure of the flow within them.

text: The main dimensions associated with waves are:

text:
Wave height (vertical distance from trough to crest)
Wave length (distance from crest to crest in the direction of propagation)
Wave period (time interval between arrival of consecutive crests at a stationary point)
Wave propagation direction

text: A fully developed sea has the maximum wave size theoretically possible for a wind of a specific strength, duration, and fetch. Further exposure to that specific wind could only cause a dissipation of energy due to the breaking of wave tops and formation of "whitecaps". Waves in a given area typically have a range of heights. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their characteristic height over a period of time is usually expressed as significant wave height. This figure represents an average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually chosen somewhere in the range from 20 minutes to twelve hours), or in a specific wave or storm system. The significant wave height is also the value a "trained observer" (e.g. from a ship's crew) would estimate from visual observation of a sea state. Given the variability of wave height, the largest individual waves are likely to be somewhat less than twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm.[5]

text: Wave formation on an initially flat water surface by wind is started by a random distribution of normal pressure of turbulent wind flow over the water. This pressure fluctuation produces normal and tangential stresses in the surface water, which generates waves. It is assumed that:[6]

text:
The water is originally at rest.
The water is not viscous.
The water is irrotational.
There is a random distribution of normal pressure to the water surface from the turbulent wind.
Correlations between air and water motions are neglected.

text: The second mechanism involves wind shear forces on the water surface. John W. Miles suggested a surface wave generation mechanism which is initiated by turbulent wind shear flows based on the inviscid Orr-Sommerfeld equation in 1957. He found the energy transfer from wind to water surface is proportional to the curvature of the velocity profile of the wind at the point where the mean wind speed is equal to the wave speed. Since the wind speed profile is logarithmic to the water surface, the curvature has a negative sign at this point. This relation shows the wind flow transferring its kinetic energy to the water surface at their interface.

text: Assumptions:

text:
two-dimensional parallel shear flow
incompressible, inviscid water and wind
irrotational water
slope of the displacement of the water surface is small[7]

text: Generally these wave formation mechanisms occur together on the water surface and eventually produce fully developed waves.

text: For example,[8] if we assume a flat sea surface (Beaufort state 0), and a sudden wind flow blows steadily across the sea surface, the physical wave generation process follows the sequence:

text:
Turbulent wind forms random pressure fluctuations at the sea surface. Ripples with wavelengths in the order of a few centimetres are generated by the pressure fluctuations. (The Phillips mechanism[6])
The winds keep acting on the initially rippled sea surface causing the waves to become larger. As the waves grow, the pressure differences get larger causing the growth rate to increase. Finally the shear instability expedites the wave growth exponentially. (The Miles mechanism[6])
The interactions between the waves on the surface generate longer waves[9] and the interaction will transfer wave energy from the shorter waves generated by the Miles mechanism to the waves which have slightly lower frequencies than the frequency at the peak wave magnitudes, then finally the waves will be faster than the cross wind speed (Pierson & Moskowitz[10]).

text:
[hide]Conditions necessary for a fully developed sea at given wind speeds, and the parameters of the resulting waves

Wind conditions
Wave size

Wind speed in one direction
Fetch
Wind duration
Average height
Average wavelength
Average period and speed

19 km/h (12 mph)
19 km (12 mi)
2 hr
0.27 m (0.89 ft)
8.5 m (28 ft)
3.0 sec, 10.2 km/h (9.3 ft/sec)

37 km/h (23 mph)
139 km (86 mi)
10 hr
1.5 m (4.9 ft)
33.8 m (111 ft)
5.7 sec, 21.4 km/h (19.5 ft/sec)

56 km/h (35 mph)
518 km (322 mi)
23 hr
4.1 m (13 ft)
76.5 m (251 ft)
8.6 sec, 32.0 km/h (29.2 ft/sec)

74 km/h (46 mph)
1,313 km (816 mi)
42 hr
8.5 m (28 ft)
136 m (446 ft)
11.4 sec, 42.9 km/h (39.1 ft/sec)

92 km/h (57 mph)
2,627 km (1,632 mi)
69 hr
14.8 m (49 ft)
212.2 m (696 ft)
14.3 sec, 53.4 km/h (48.7 ft/sec)

NOTE: Most of the wave speeds calculated from the wave length divided by the period are proportional to the square root of the wave length. Thus, except for the shortest wave length, the waves follow the deep water theory. The 28 ft long wave must be either in shallow water or intermediate depth.

text: Types of wind waves[edit]

text: Three different types of wind waves develop over time:

text:
Capillary waves, or ripples
Seas
Swells

text: Ripples appear on smooth water when the wind blows, but will die quickly if the wind stops. The restoring force that allows them to propagate is surface tension. Sea waves are larger-scale, often irregular motions that form under sustained winds. These waves tend to last much longer, even after the wind has died, and the restoring force that allows them to propagate is gravity. As waves propagate away from their area of origin, they naturally separate into groups of common direction and wavelength. The sets of waves formed in this manner are known as swells.

text: Individual "rogue waves" (also called "freak waves", "monster waves", "killer waves", and "king waves") much higher than the other waves in the sea state can occur. In the case of the Draupner wave, its 25 m (82 ft) height was 2.2 times the significant wave height. Such waves are distinct from tides, caused by the Moon and Sun's gravitational pull, tsunamis that are caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides, and waves generated by underwater explosions or the fall of meteorites—all having far longer wavelengths than wind waves.

text: Yet, the largest ever recorded wind waves are common — not rogue — waves in extreme sea states. For example: 29.1 m (95 ft) high waves have been recorded on the RRS Discovery in a sea with 18.5 m (61 ft) significant wave height, so the highest wave is only 1.6 times the significant wave height.[12] The biggest recorded by a buoy (as of 2011) was 32.3 m (106 ft) high during the 2007 typhoon Krosa near Taiwan.[13]

text: Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force(s) that create(s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force(s) weaken(s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~20 minutes, and speeds of 760 km/h (470 mph). Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.

text:
[14]

Wave type
Typical wavelength
Disturbing force
Restoring force

Capillary wave
< 2 cm
Wind
Surface tension

Wind wave
60–150 m (200–490 ft)
Wind over ocean
Gravity

Seiche
Large, variable; a function of basin size
Change in atmospheric pressure, storm surge
Gravity

Seismic sea wave (tsunami)
200 km (120 mi)
Faulting of sea floor, volcanic eruption, landslide
Gravity

Tide
Half the circumference of Earth
Gravitational attraction, rotation of Earth
Gravity

text: The speed of all ocean waves is controlled by gravity, wavelength, and water depth. Most characteristics of ocean waves depend on the relationship between their wavelength and water depth. Wavelength determines the size of the orbits of water molecules within a wave, but water depth determines the shape of the orbits. The paths of water molecules in a wind wave are circular only when the wave is traveling in deep water. A wave cannot "feel" the bottom when it moves through water deeper than half its wavelength because too little wave energy is contained in the small circles below that depth. Waves moving through water deeper than half their wavelength are known as deep-water waves. On the other hand, the orbits of water molecules in waves moving through shallow water are flattened by the proximity of the sea surface bottom. Waves in water shallower than 1/20 their original wavelength are known as shallow-water waves. Transitional waves travel through water deeper than 1/20 their original wavelength but shallower than half their original wavelength.

text: In general, the longer the wavelength, the faster the wave energy will move through the water. For deep-water waves, this relationship is represented with the following formula:

text: where C is speed (celerity), L is wavelength, and T is time, or period (in seconds).

text: The speed of a deep-water wave may also be approximated by:

text: where g is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 meters (32 feet) per second squared. Because g and π (3.14) are constants, the equation can be reduced to:

text: when C is measured in meters per second and L in meters. Note that in both formulas the wave speed is proportional to the square root of the wavelength.

text: The speed of shallow-water waves is described by a different equation that may be written as:

text: where C is speed (in meters per second), g is the acceleration due to gravity, and d is the depth of the water (in meters). The period of a wave remains unchanged regardless of the depth of water through which it is moving. As deep-water waves enter the shallows and feel the bottom, however, their speed is reduced and their crests "bunch up," so their wavelength shortens.

text: Wave shoaling and refraction[edit]

text: As waves travel from deep to shallow water, their shape alters (wave height increases, speed decreases, and length decreases as wave orbits become asymmetrical). This process is called shoaling.

text: Wave refraction is the process that occurs when waves interact with the sea bed as the wave crests align themselves as a result of approaching decreasing water depths at an angle to the depth contours. Varying depths along a wave crest cause the crest to travel at different phase speeds, with those parts of the wave in deeper water moving faster than those in shallow water. This process continues until the crests become (nearly) parallel to the depth contours. Rays—lines normal to wave crests between which a fixed amount of energy flux is contained—converge on local shallows and shoals. Therefore, the wave energy between rays is concentrated as they converge, with a resulting increase in wave height.

text: Because these effects are related to a spatial variation in the phase speed, and because the phase speed also changes with the ambient current – due to the Doppler shift – the same effects of refraction and altering wave height also occur due to current variations. In the case of meeting an adverse current the wave steepens, i.e. its wave height increases while the wave length decreases, similar to the shoaling when the water depth decreases.[15]

text: Wave breaking[edit]

text: Some waves undergo a phenomenon called "breaking".[16] A breaking wave is one whose base can no longer support its top, causing it to collapse. A wave breaks when it runs into shallow water, or when two wave systems oppose and combine forces. When the slope, or steepness ratio, of a wave is too great, breaking is inevitable.

text: Individual waves in deep water break when the wave steepness—the ratio of the wave height H to the wavelength λ—exceeds about 0.17, so for H > 0.17 λ. In shallow water, with the water depth small compared to the wavelength, the individual waves break when their wave height H is larger than 0.8 times the water depth h, that is H > 0.8 h.[17] Waves can also break if the wind grows strong enough to blow the crest off the base of the wave.

text: In shallow water the base of the wave is decelerated by drag on the seabed. As a result, the upper parts will propagate at a higher velocity than the base and the leading face of the crest will become steeper and the trailing face flatter. This may be exaggerated to the extent that the leading face forms a barrel profile, with the crest falling forward and down as it extends over the air ahead of the wave.

text: Three main types of breaking waves are identified by surfers or surf lifesavers. Their varying characteristics make them more or less suitable for surfing, and present different dangers.

text:
Spilling, or rolling: these are the safest waves on which to surf. They can be found in most areas with relatively flat shorelines. They are the most common type of shorebreak. The deceleration of the wave base is gradual, and the velocity of the upper parts does not differ much with height. Breaking occurs mainly when the steepness ratio exceeds the stability limit.
Plunging, or dumping: these break suddenly and can "dump" swimmers—pushing them to the bottom with great force. These are the preferred waves for experienced surfers. Strong offshore winds and long wave periods can cause dumpers. They are often found where there is a sudden rise in the sea floor, such as a reef or sandbar. Deceleration of the wave base is sufficient to cause upward acceleration and a significant forward velocity excess of the upper part of the crest. The peak rises and overtakes the forward face, forming a "barrel" or "tube" as it collapses.
Surging: these may never actually break as they approach the water's edge, as the water below them is very deep. They tend to form on steep shorelines. These waves can knock swimmers over and drag them back into deeper water.

text: When the shoreline is near vertical, waves do not break, but are reflected. Most of the energy is retained in the wave as it returns to seaward. Interference patterns are caused by superposition of the incident and reflected waves, and the superposition may cause localised instability when peaks cross, and these peaks may break due to instability. (see also clapotic waves)

text: Physics of waves[edit]

text: Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate along the interface between water and air; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as surface gravity waves. As the wind blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by Miles, also in 1957.[18][19]

text: In linear plane waves of one wavelength in deep water, parcels near the surface move not plainly up and down but in circular orbits: forward above and backward below (compared the wave propagation direction). As a result, the surface of the water forms not an exact sine wave, but more a trochoid with the sharper curves upwards—as modeled in trochoidal wave theory. Wind waves are thus a combination of transversal and longitudinal waves.

text: When waves propagate in shallow water, (where the depth is less than half the wavelength) the particle trajectories are compressed into ellipses.[21][22]

text: In reality, for finite values of the wave amplitude (height), the particle paths do not form closed orbits; rather, after the passage of each crest, particles are displaced slightly from their previous positions, a phenomenon known as Stokes drift.[23][24]

text: As the depth below the free surface increases, the radius of the circular motion decreases. At a depth equal to half the wavelength λ, the orbital movement has decayed to less than 5% of its value at the surface. The phase speed (also called the celerity) of a surface gravity wave is – for pure periodic wave motion of small-amplitude waves – well approximated by

text: where

text:
In deep water, where

d
≥

1
2

λ

{\displaystyle d\geq {\frac {1}{2}}\lambda }

, so

2
π
d

λ

≥
π

{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi d}{\lambda }}\geq \pi }

 and the hyperbolic tangent approaches

1

{\displaystyle 1}

, the speed

c

{\displaystyle c}

 approximates

text:
In SI units, with

c

deep

{\displaystyle c_{\text{deep}}}

 in m/s,

c

deep

≈
1.25

λ

{\displaystyle c_{\text{deep}}\approx 1.25{\sqrt {\lambda }}}

, when

λ

{\displaystyle \lambda }

 is measured in metres. This expression tells us that waves of different wavelengths travel at different speeds. The fastest waves in a storm are the ones with the longest wavelength. As a result, after a storm, the first waves to arrive on the coast are the long-wavelength swells.

text: For intermediate and shallow water, the Boussinesq equations are applicable, combining frequency dispersion and nonlinear effects. And in very shallow water, the shallow water equations can be used.

text: If the wavelength is very long compared to the water depth, the phase speed (by taking the limit of c when the wavelength approaches infinity) can be approximated by

text: On the other hand, for very short wavelengths, surface tension plays an important role and the phase speed of these gravity-capillary waves can (in deep water) be approximated by

text: where

text: When several wave trains are present, as is always the case in nature, the waves form groups. In deep water the groups travel at a group velocity which is half of the phase speed.[26] Following a single wave in a group one can see the wave appearing at the back of the group, growing and finally disappearing at the front of the group.

text:
As the water depth

d

{\displaystyle d}

 decreases towards the coast, this will have an effect: wave height changes due to wave shoaling and refraction. As the wave height increases, the wave may become unstable when the crest of the wave moves faster than the trough. This causes surf, a breaking of the waves.

text:
The movement of wind waves can be captured by wave energy devices. The energy density (per unit area) of regular sinusoidal waves depends on the water density

ρ

{\displaystyle \rho }

, gravity acceleration

g

{\displaystyle g}

 and the wave height

H

{\displaystyle H}

 (which, for regular waves, is equal to twice the amplitude,

a

{\displaystyle a}

):

text: The velocity of propagation of this energy is the group velocity.

text: Wind wave models[edit]

text: Surfers are very interested in the wave forecasts. There are many websites that provide predictions of the surf quality for the upcoming days and weeks. Wind wave models are driven by more general weather models that predict the winds and pressures over the oceans, seas and lakes.

text: Wind wave models are also an important part of examining the impact of shore protection and beach nourishment proposals. For many beach areas there is only patchy information about the wave climate, therefore estimating the effect of wind waves is important for managing littoral environments.

text: Seismic signals[edit]

text: Ocean water waves generate land seismic waves that propagate hundreds of kilometers into the land.[27] These seismic signals usually have the period of 6 ± 2 seconds. Such recordings were first reported and understood in about 1900.

text: There are two types of seismic "ocean waves". The primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave-land interaction and have the same period as the water waves (10 to 16 seconds). The more powerful secondary waves are generated by the superposition of ocean waves of equal period traveling in opposite directions, thus generating standing gravity waves – with an associated pressure oscillation at half the period, which is not diminishing with depth. The theory for microseism generation by standing waves was provided by Michael Longuet-Higgins in 1950, after in 1941 Pierre Bernard suggested this relation with standing waves on the basis of observations.[28][29]

text: Internal waves[edit]