document_title: American black bear

question_text: how long do black bears live with their mother

text: American black bear

text: Taxonomy and evolution

text: Despite living in North America, black bears are not closely related to brown bears and polar bears; genetic studies reveal that they split from a common ancestor 5.05 million years ago (mya).[2] American and Asian black bears are considered sister taxa, and are more closely related to each other than to other species of bear.[2][3] According to recent studies, the sun bear is also a relatively recent split from this lineage.[4]

text: A small primitive bear called Ursus abstrusus is the oldest known North American fossil member of the genus Ursus, dated to 4.95 mya.[5] This suggests that U. abstrusus may be the direct ancestor of the American black bear, which evolved in North America.[2][6] Although Wolverton and Lyman still consider U. vitabilis an "apparent precursor to modern black bears",[7] it has also been placed within U. americanus.[6]

text: The ancestors of American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged from sun bears 4.58 mya. The American black bear then split from the Asian black bear 4.08 mya.[2][8] The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asiatic species,[9] though later specimens grew to sizes comparable to grizzlies.[10] From the Holocene to present, American black bears seem to have shrunk in size,[2] but this has been disputed because of problems with dating these fossil specimens.[7]

text: The American black bear lived during the same period as short-faced bears (Arctodus simus and A. pristinus) and the Florida spectacled bear (Tremarctos floridanus). These Tremarctine bears evolved from bears that had emigrated from Asia to North America 7–8 ma.[11] The short-faced bears are thought to have been heavily carnivorous and the Florida spectacled bear more herbivorous,[12] while the American black bears remained arboreal omnivores, like their Asian ancestors. The black bear's generalist behavior allowed it to exploit a wider variety of foods and has been given as a reason why, of these three genera, it alone survived climate and vegetative changes through the last ice age while the other more specialized North American predators became extinct. However, both Arctodus and Tremarctos had survived several other ice ages. After these prehistoric ursids became extinct during the last glacial period 10,000 years ago, black bears were probably the only bear present in much of North America until the migration of brown bears to the rest of the continent.[10]

text: Hybrids

text: American black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species, and have occasionally produced hybrid offspring. According to Jack Hanna's Monkeys on the Interstate, a bear captured in Sanford, Florida, was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asian black bear and a male American black bear.[13] In 1859, a black bear and a Eurasian brown bear were bred together in the London Zoological Gardens, but the three cubs died before they reached maturity. In The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Charles Darwin noted:

text: In the nine-year Report it is stated that the bears had been seen in the zoological gardens to couple freely, but previously to 1848 most had rarely conceived. In the reports published since this date three species have produced young (hybrids in one case), ...[14]

text: A black bear shot in autumn 1986 in Michigan was thought by some to be a black bear/grizzly bear hybrid, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull. DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a large black bear or grizzly.[15]

text: Subspecies

text: Listed alphabetically.[16][17]

text:
American black bear sub-species

Sub-species name
Common name
Distribution
Description

Ursus americanus altifrontalis

Olympic black bear

Pacific Northwest coast from central British Columbia through northern California and inland to the tip of northern Idaho and British Columbia

Ursus americanus amblyceps

New Mexico black bear

Native to Colorado, New Mexico, west Texas, the eastern half of Arizona into northern Mexico, and southeastern Utah

Ursus americanus americanus

Eastern black bear

Eastern Montana to the Atlantic coast, from Alaska south and east through Canada to Maine and south to Texas. Thought to be increasing in some regions.

Common to Eastern Canada and U.S. wherever suitable habitat is found. A large-bodied subspecies, almost all specimens have black fur. May very rarely sport a white blaze on chest.

Ursus americanus californiensis

California black bear

Mountain ranges of southern California, north through the Central Valley to southern Oregon

Able to live in varied climates: found in temperate rainforest in the north and chaparral shrubland in the south. Small numbers may feature a cinnamon brown fur.

Ursus americanus carlottae

Haida Gwaii black bear, Queen Charlotte black bear

Haida Gwaii/Queen Charlotte Islands and Alaska

Generally larger than its mainland counterparts with a huge skull and molars, and is found only as a black color phase[18]

Ursus americanus cinnamomum

Cinnamon bear

Colorado, Idaho, western Montana, and Wyoming, eastern Washington and Oregon, northeastern Utah

Has brown or red-brown fur, reminiscent of cinnamon

Ursus americanus emmonsii

Glacier bear

Southeast Alaska. Stable.

Distinguished by the fur of its flanks being silvery gray with a blue luster[19]

Ursus americanus eremicus

Mexican black bear

Northeastern Mexico and US borderlands with Texas. Very endangered.

Most often found in Big Bend National Park and the desert border with Mexico. Numbers unknown in Mexico, but presumed very low.

Ursus americanus floridanus

Florida black bear

Florida, southern Georgia, and Alabama

Has a light brown nose and shiny black fur. A white chest patch is also common. An average male weighs 136 kg (300 lb).

Ursus americanus hamiltoni

Newfoundland black bear

Newfoundland

Generally bigger than its mainland relatives, ranging in size from 90 to 270 kg (200 to 600 lb) and averaging 135 kg (298 lb). It has one of the longest hibernation periods of any bear in North America.[20] Known to favor foraging in fields of Vaccinium species.

Ursus americanus kermodei

Kermode bear, spirit bear

Central coast of British Columbia

Approximately 10% of the population of this subspecies have white or cream-colored coats due to a recessive gene and are called "kermodes" or "spirit bears". The other 90% appear as normal-colored black bears.[21]

Ursus americanus luteolus

Louisiana black bear

Eastern Texas, Louisiana, southern Mississippi. Threatened (federal list).

Has relatively long, narrow, and flat skull, and proportionately large molars[22] Prefers hardwood bottom forests and bayous as habitat

Ursus americanus machetes

West Mexico black bear

North-central Mexico

Ursus americanus perniger

Kenai black bear

Kenai Peninsula, Alaska

Ursus americanus pugnax

Dall black bear

Alexander Archipelago, Alaska

Ursus americanus vancouveri

Vancouver Island black bear

Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Found in the northern section of the island, but occasionally will appear in the suburbs of Victoria metropolitan area

text: Distribution and population

text: Historically, black bears occupied the majority of North America's forested regions. Today, they are primarily limited to sparsely settled, forested areas.[23] Black bears currently inhabit much of their original Canadian range, though they seldom occur in the southern farmlands of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba; they have been extinct in Prince Edward Island since 1937.[24] The total Canadian black bear population is between 396,000 and 476,000,[25] based on surveys taken in the mid-1990s in seven Canadian provinces, though this estimate excludes black bear populations in New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan. All provinces indicated stable populations of black bears over the last decade.[23]

text: The current range of black bears in the United States is constant throughout most of the Northeast, and within the Appalachian Mountains almost continuously from Maine to north Georgia, the northern Midwest, the Rocky Mountain region, the West Coast and Alaska.[24] However, it becomes increasingly fragmented or absent in other regions. Despite this, black bears in those areas seem to have expanded their range during the last decade, such as with recent sightings in Ohio[24] and southern Indiana,[citation needed] though these probably do not yet represent stable breeding populations. Surveys taken from 35 states in the early 1990s indicate that black bears are either stable or increasing, except in Idaho and New Mexico. The overall population of black bears in the United States has been estimated to range between 339,000 and 465,000,[26] though this excludes populations from Alaska, Idaho, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, whose population sizes are unknown.[23] In the state of California, there are an estimated 25-35,000 black bears, making it the largest black bear population in the Contiguous United States.[27][28]

text: As of 1993, known Mexican black bear populations existed in four areas, though knowledge on the distribution of populations outside those areas has not been updated since 1959. Mexico is the only country where the black bear is classified as "endangered".[23]

text: There have been several sightings quite far away from where the black bear is normally found, such as Union County, North Carolina,[29][30] and western Nebraska.[31]

text: Habitat

text: Throughout their range, habitats preferred by American black bears have a few shared characteristics. They are often found in areas with relatively inaccessible terrain, thick understory vegetation and large quantities of edible material (especially masts). The adaptation to woodlands and thick vegetation in this species may have originally been due to the black bear having evolved alongside larger, more aggressive bear species, such as the extinct short-faced bear and the still living grizzly bear, that monopolized more open habitats [32] and the historic presence of larger predators such as smilodon and the American lion that could have preyed on black bears. Although found in the largest numbers in wild, undisturbed areas and rural regions, black bears can adapt to surviving in some numbers in peri-urban regions as long as they contain easily accessible foods and some vegetative coverage.[4]

text: In most of the contiguous United States, black bears today are usually found in heavily vegetated mountainous areas, from 400 to 3,000 m (1,300 to 9,800 ft) in elevation. For bears living in the American Southwest and Mexico, habitat usually consists of stands of chaparral and pinyon juniper woods. In this region, bears occasionally move to more open areas to feed on prickly pear cactus. At least two distinct, prime habitat types are inhabited in the Southeastern United States. Black bears in the southern Appalachian Mountains survive in predominantly oak-hickory and mixed mesophytic forests. In the coastal areas of the Southeast (such as Florida, the Carolinas, and Louisiana), bears inhabit a mixture of flatwoods, bays, and swampy hardwood sites.

text: In the northeast part of the range (United States and Canada), prime habitat consists of a forest canopy of hardwoods such as beech, maple, and birch, and coniferous species. Corn crops and oak-hickory mast are also common sources of food in some sections of the Northeast; small, thick swampy areas provide excellent refuge cover largely in stands of white cedar. Along the Pacific coast, redwood, Sitka spruce, and hemlocks predominate as overstory cover. Within these northern forest types are early successional areas important for black bears, such as fields of brush, wet and dry meadows, high tidelands, riparian areas, and a variety of mast-producing hardwood species. The spruce-fir forest dominates much of the range of the black bear in the Rockies. Important nonforested areas here are wet meadows, riparian areas, avalanche chutes, roadsides, burns, sidehill parks, and subalpine ridgetops.

text: In areas where human development is relatively low, such as stretches of Canada and Alaska, American black bears tend to be found more regularly in lowland regions.[32] In parts of northeastern Canada, especially Labrador, black bears have adapted exclusively to semi-open areas that are more typical habitat in North America for brown bears (likely due to the absence here of brown and polar bears as well as other large carnivore species).[4]

text: Description

text: Build

text: The skulls of American black bears are broad, with narrow muzzles and large jaw hinges. In Virginia, the total length of adult bear skulls was found to average 262 to 317 mm (10.3 to 12.5 in).[32] Across its range, greatest skull length for the species has been reportedly measured from 23.5 to 35 cm (9.3 to 13.8 in).[4] Females tend to have slenderer and more pointed faces than males. Their claws are typically black or grayish-brown. The claws are short and rounded, being thick at the base and tapering to a point. Claws from both hind and front legs are almost identical in length, though the foreclaws tend to be more sharply curved. The paws of the species are relatively large, with a rear foot length of 13.7 to 22.5 cm (5.4 to 8.9 in), which is proportionately larger than other medium-sized bear species but much smaller than the paws of large adult brown, and especially polar, bears.[4] The soles of the feet are black or brownish, and are naked, leathery, and deeply wrinkled. The hind legs are relatively longer than those of Asiatic black bears. The vestigial tail is usually 4.8 inches (120 mm) long. The ears are small and rounded, and are set well back on the head.

text: Black bears are highly dexterous, being capable of opening screw-top jars and manipulating door latches. They also have great physical strength. They have been known to turn over flat-shaped rocks weighing 310 to 325 pounds (141 to 147 kg) by flipping them over with a single foreleg.[34] They move in a rhythmic, sure-footed way and can run at speeds of 25 to 30 miles per hour (40 to 48 km/h).[35] Black bears have good eyesight and have been proven experimentally to be able to learn visual color discrimination tasks faster than chimpanzees and as fast as dogs. They are also capable of rapidly learning to distinguish different shapes such as small triangles, circles, and squares.[36]

text: Size

text: Black bear weight tends to vary according to age, sex, health, and season. Seasonal variation in weight is very pronounced: in autumn, their pre-den weight tends to be 30% higher than in spring, when black bears emerge from their dens. Black bears on the East Coast tend to be heavier on average than those on the West Coast, although black bears follow Bergmann's rule and bears from the Northwest are often slightly heavier than the bears from the Southeast. Adult males typically weigh between 57–250 kg (126–551 lb), while females weigh 33% less at 41–170 kg (90–375 lb).[4][37]

text: In the state of California, studies have indicated that the average mass is 86 kg (190 lb) in adult males and 58 kg (128 lb) in adult females.[32] Adult black bears in Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east-central Alaska were found to average 87.3 kg (192 lb) in males and 63.4 kg (140 lb) in females, whereas on Kuiu Island in southeast Alaska (where nutritious salmon are readily available) adult bears averaged an estimated 115 kg (254 lb).[38][39] In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, adult males averaged 112 kg (247 lb) and adult females averaged 47 kg (104 lb) per one study.[40] In Yellowstone National Park, a population study found that adult males averaged 119 kg (262 lb) and adult females averaged 67 kg (148 lb).[41] In New York state, the two sexes reportedly average 135 kg (298 lb) and 74 kg (163 lb), respectively.[42] Adults typically range from 120 to 200 cm (47 to 79 in) in head-and-body length, and 70 to 105 cm (28 to 41 in) in shoulder height. The typically small tail is 7.7–17.7 cm (3.0–7.0 in) long.[34][43][44][45] Although they are the smallest species in North America, large males exceed the size of other bear species except the brown bear and polar bears.[34]

text: The biggest wild American black bear ever recorded was a male from New Brunswick, shot in November 1972, that weighed 409 kg (902 lb) after it had been dressed, meaning it weighed an estimated 500 kg (1,100 lb) in life, and measured 2.41 m (7.9 ft) long.[46] Another notably outsized wild black bear, weighing in at 408 kg (899 lb) in total, was the cattle-killer shot in December 1921 on the Moqui Reservation in Arizona.[46] The record-sized bear from New Jersey was shot in Morris County December 2011 and scaled 376.5 kg (830 lb).[47] Even larger, the most massive black bear recorded in Pennsylvania (one of six weighing over 363 kg (800 lb) shot in the last 15 years in the state) weighed in at 399 kg (880 lb) and was shot in November 2010 in Pike County.[48] The North American Bear Center, located in Ely, Minnesota, is home to the world's largest captive male and female black bears. Ted, the male, weighed 431–453.5 kg (950–1,000 lb) in the fall of 2006.[49] Honey, the female, weighed 219.6 kg (484 lb) in the fall of 2007.[50]

text: Pelage

text: The fur is soft, with dense underfur and long, coarse, thick guard hairs.[34] The fur is not as shaggy or coarse as that of brown bears.[51] American black bear skins can be distinguished from those of Asiatic black bears by the lack of a white mark on the chin and hairier footpads.[52] Despite their name, black bears show a great deal of color variation. Individual coat colors can range from white, blond, cinnamon, or light brown to dark chocolate brown or to jet black, with many intermediate variations existing. Bluish-tinged black bears occur along a portion of coastal Alaska and British Columbia. White to cream-colored black bears occur in coastal islands and the adjacent mainland of southwestern British Columbia. Albino specimens have also been recorded.[53] Black coats tend to predominate in moist areas such as Maine, New York, Tennessee, Michigan and western Washington. Approximately 70% of all black bears are black, though only 50% of black bears in the Rocky Mountains are black.[34] Many black bears in northwestern North America are cinnamon, blond or light brown in color, and thus may sometimes be mistaken for grizzly bears. Grizzly (and other types of brown) bears can be distinguished by their shoulder hump, larger size and broader, more concave skull.[54]

text: In his book The Great Bear Almanac, Gary Brown summarized the predominance of black or brown/blond specimens by location:[34]

text:
Color variations of black bears by location

Location

Color breakdown

Michigan

100% black

Minnesota

94% black, 6% brown

New England

100% black

New York

100% black

Tennessee

100% black

Washington (coastal)

99% black, 1% brown or blonde

Washington (inland)

21% black, 79% brown or blonde

Yosemite National Park

9% black, 91% brown or blonde

text: Behavior and life history

text: A black bear has better eyesight and a better sense of hearing compared to humans. Their keenest sense is the sense of smell, which is about seven times greater than a dog's.[55] Black bears are excellent and strong swimmers, doing so for pleasure and to feed (largely on fish). They regularly climb trees to feed, escape enemies, and hibernate. Half of bear species are habitually arboreal (the most arboreal species, the American and Asian black bears and the sun bear, being fairly closely related).[4] Their arboreal abilities tend to decline with age.[35] Black bears may be active at any time of the day or night although they mainly forage by night. Bears living near human habitations tend to be more extensively nocturnal, and bears living near brown bears tend to be more extensively diurnal.[4][32] Their social behavior is somewhat similar to that of canids.[56]

text: American black bears tend to be territorial and non-gregarious in nature. However, at abundant food sources (i.e. spawning salmon or garbage dumps) black bears may congregate and dominance hierarchies form, with the largest, most powerful males dominating the most fruitful feeding spots.[57] They mark their territories by rubbing their bodies against trees and clawing at the bark. Annual ranges held by mature male black bears tend to be very large, but there is some variation. On Long Island off the coast of Washington, ranges average 5 sq mi (13 km2), whereas on the Ungava Peninsula in Canada ranges can average up to 1,000 sq mi (2,600 km2), with some male bears traveling as far as 4,349 sq mi (11,260 km2) in times of food shortages.[4][57]

text: Black bears may communicate with various vocal and non-vocal sounds. Tongue-clicking and grunting are the most common sounds and are made in cordial situations to conspecifics, offspring, and occasionally humans. During times of fear or nervousness, bears may moan, huff or blow air. Warning sounds include jaw-clicking and lip-popping. In aggressive interactions, black bears produce deep-throated pulsing sounds. Cubs may squeal, bawl or scream when in distress and make motor-like humming when comfortable or nursing.[58][59][60]

text: Reproduction and development

text: Sows usually produce their first litter at the age of 3–5 years,[35] with those living in more developed areas tending to get pregnant at younger ages.[61] The breeding period usually occurs in the June–July period, though it can extend to August in the species' northern range. The breeding period lasts for 2–3 months. Both sexes are promiscuous. Males try to mate with several females, but large, dominant ones may violently claim a female if another mature male comes near.[32] Sows tend to be short-tempered with their mates after copulating. The fertilized eggs undergo delayed development and do not implant in the female's womb until November. The gestation period lasts 235 days, and litters are usually born in late January to early February. Litter size is between one and six cubs, typically two or three.[62] At birth, cubs weigh 280–450 g (0.62–0.99 lb), and measure 20.5 cm (8.1 in) in length. They are born with fine, gray, down-like hair, and their hind quarters are underdeveloped. They typically open their eyes after 28–40 days, and begin walking after 5 weeks. Cubs are dependent on their mother's milk for 30 weeks, and will reach independence at 16–18 months. At the age of six weeks, they attain 900 g (2.0 lb), by 8 weeks they reach 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) and by the age of 6 months they weigh 18 to 27 kg (40 to 60 lb). They reach sexual maturity at the age of three years, and attain their full growth at 5 years.[35]

text: Longevity and mortality

text: The average lifespan in the wild is 18 years, though it is quite possible for wild specimens to survive for more than 23 years.[54] The record age of a wild specimen was 39 years,[63] while that in captivity was 44 years.[34] The average annual survival rate for adult bears is variable, ranging from 86% in Florida to 73% in Virginia and North Carolina.[32] In Minnesota, 99% of wintering adult bears were able to survive the hibernation cycle in one study.[32] Remarkably, a study of black bears in Nevada found that the amount of annual mortality of a population of bears in wilderness areas was 0%, whereas in developed areas in the state this figure rose to 83%.[4] Survival in sub-adults is generally less assured. In Alaska, only 14–17% of sub-adult males and 30–48% of sub-adult females were found in a study to survive to adulthood.[32] Across the range, the estimated number of cubs who survive past their first year is 60%.[4]

text: With the exception of the rare confrontation with an adult brown bear or gray wolf pack, adult black bears are not usually subject to natural predation.[32] However, as evidenced by scats with fur inside of them and the recently discovered carcass of an adult sow with puncture marks in the skull, black bears may occasionally have fallen and still do fall prey to jaguars in the southern parts of their range. In such scenarios, the big cat would have the advantage if it ambushed the bear, killing it with a crushing bite to the back of the skull.[64] Black bear cubs tend to be more vulnerable to predation than adults. Known predators of bear cubs have included bobcats, coyotes, cougars, wolves, brown bears and other bears of their own species.[4][32] Many of these will stealthily snatch small cubs right from under the sleeping mother. There is a single record of a golden eagle snatching a yearling cub.[4] Once out of hibernation, mother bears may be able to fight off most potential predators.[32] Even cougars will be displaced by an angry mother bear if they are discovered stalking the cubs.[65] Flooding of dens after birth may also occasionally kill newborn cubs. However, in current times, American black bear fatalities are overwhelmingly attributable to human activities. Seasonally, tens of thousands of black bears are hunted legally across North America, with many more being illegally poached or trapped. Auto collisions also may claim many black bear lives annually.[4][32]

text: Hibernation

text: Black bears were once not considered true or "deep" hibernators, but because of discoveries about the metabolic changes that allow black bears to remain dormant for months without eating, drinking, urinating, or defecating, most biologists have redefined mammalian hibernation as "specialized, seasonal reduction in metabolism concurrent with scarce food and cold weather". Black bears are now considered highly efficient hibernators.[66][67] The physiology of American black bears in the wild is closely related to that of bears in captivity. Understanding the physiology of bears in the wild is vital to the bear's success in captivity.[68]

text: The bears enter their dens in October and November, although in the southernmost areas of their range (i.e. Florida, Mexico, the Southeastern United States), only pregnant females and mothers with yearling cubs will enter hibernation.[4] Prior to that time, they can put on up to 14 kg (30 lb) of body fat to get them through the several months during which they fast. Hibernation in black bears typically lasts 3–8 months, depending on regional climate.[18][69]

text: Hibernating bears spend their time in hollowed-out dens in tree cavities, under logs or rocks, in banks, caves, or culverts, and in shallow depressions. Although naturally-made dens are occasionally used, most dens are dug out by the bear itself.[54] Females have been shown to be pickier in their choice of dens, in comparison to males.[70]

text: During their time in hibernation, bears' heart rate drops from 40–50 beats per minute to 8 beats per minute, and metabolic rate can drop to a quarter of a bear's (non-hibernating) basal metabolic rate (BMR). These reductions in metabolic rate and heart rate do not appear to decrease the bear's ability to heal injuries during hibernation.[71]

text: The hibernating American black bear does not display the same rate of muscle and bone atrophy relative to other nonhibernatory animals that are subject to long periods of inactivity, due to ailment or old age.[72][73] A hibernating black bear loses approximately half the muscular strength to that of a well-nourished, inactive human. The bear's bone mass does not change in geometry or mineral composition during hibernation, which implies that the bear's conservation of bone mass during hibernation is due to a biological mechanism.[74] During hibernation bears retain all excretory waste, leading to the development of a hardened mass of fecal material in the colon known as a fecal plug.[75]  A special hormone, leptin, is released into the black bear's systems, to suppress appetite. The retention of waste during hibernation (specifically in minerals such as calcium) may play a role in the bear's resistance to atrophy.[72]

text: The body temperature of the American black bear does not drop significantly, like other mammalian hibernators (staying around 35 °C (95 °F)) and they remain somewhat alert and active. If the winter is mild enough, they may wake up and forage for food. Females also give birth in February and nurture their cubs until the snow melts.[76] During winter, black bears consume 25–40% of their body weight.[77] The footpads peel off while they sleep, making room for new tissue.

text: Many of the physiological changes a bear exhibits during hibernation are retained slightly post-hibernation. Upon exiting hibernation, bears retain a reduced heart rate and basal metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of a hibernating bear will remain at a reduced level for up to 21 days after hibernation.[78] After emerging from their winter dens in spring, they wander their home ranges for two weeks so that their metabolism accustoms itself to the activity. In mountainous areas, they seek southerly slopes at lower elevations for forage and move to northerly and easterly slopes at higher elevations as summer progresses.

text: Dietary habits

text: Generally, American black bears are largely crepuscular in foraging activity, though may actively feed at any time.[57] Up to 85% of the black bear's diet consists of vegetation,[35] though they tend to dig less than brown bears, eating far fewer roots, bulbs, corms and tubers than the latter species.[53] When initially emerging from hibernation, they will seek to feed on carrion from winter-killed animals and newborn ungulates. As the spring temperature warms, black bears seek new shoots of many plant species, especially new grasses, wetland plants and forbs.[77] Young shoots and buds from trees and shrubs during the spring period are also especially important to black bears emerging from hibernation, as they assist in rebuilding muscle and strengthening the skeleton and are often the only digestible foods available at that time.[79] During summer, the diet largely comprises fruits, especially berries and soft masts such as buds and drupes. During the autumn hyperphagia, feeding becomes virtually the full-time task of black bears. Hard masts become the most important part of the black bear's diet in autumn and may even partially dictate the species distribution. Favored masts such as hazelnuts, oak acorns and whitebark pine nuts may be consumed by the hundreds each day by a single black bear during fall.[4][32] During the fall period, American black bears may also habitually raid the nut caches of tree squirrels.[77] Also extremely important in fall are berries such as huckleberries and buffalo berries.[4] Black bears living in areas near human settlements or around a considerable influx of recreational human activity often come to rely on foods inadvertently provided by humans, especially during summertime. These include refuse, birdseed, agricultural products and honey from apiaries.[54]

text: The majority of the black bear's animal diet consists of insects such as bees, yellow jackets, ants and their larvae.[77] Black bears are also fond of honey, and will gnaw through trees if hives are too deeply set into the trunks for them to reach them with their paws. Once the hive is breached, black bears will scrape the honeycombs together with their paws and eat them, regardless of stings from the bees.[46] Black bears that live in northern coastal regions (especially the Pacific coast) will fish for salmon during the night, as their black fur is easily spotted by salmon in the daytime. However, the white-furred black bears of the islands of western Canada have a 30% greater success rate in catching salmon than their black-furred counterparts.[80] Other fish including suckers, trout and catfish are readily caught when possible.[81] Although black bears do not often engage in active predation of other large animals for much of the year, the species will regularly prey on mule and white-tailed deer fawns in spring, given the opportunity.[82][83][84] Bears may catch the scent of hiding fawns when foraging for something else and then sniff them out and pounce. As the fawns reach 10 days of age, they can outmaneuver the bears and their scent is soon ignored until the next year.[85] Black bear have also been recorded similarly preying on elk calves in Idaho[86] and moose calves in Alaska.[87]

text: Black bear predation on adult deer is rare but has been recorded.[88][89][90] They may even hunt prey up to the size of adult female moose, which are considerably larger than themselves, by ambushing them.[91] There is at least one record of a male black bear killing two bull elk over the course of six days by chasing them into deep snow banks where their movement is impeded. In Labrador, black bears are exceptionally carnivorous, living largely off caribou, usually sickly, young or dead specimens, and rodents such as voles. This is believed to be due to a paucity of edible plant life in this sub-Arctic region and a local lack of competing large carnivores (including other bear species).[54] Like brown bears, black bears try to use surprise to ambush their prey and target the sickly animals in herds. Once a deer fawn is captured, it is frequently torn apart alive while feeding.[83] If able to capture a mother deer in spring, the bear frequently begins feeding on the udder of lactating females, but generally prefers meat from the viscera. Black bears often drag their prey to cover, preferring to feed in seclusion. The skin of large prey is stripped back and turned inside out with the skeleton usually left largely intact. Unlike wolves and coyotes, black bears rarely scatter the remains of their kills. Vegetation around the carcass is usually matted down by black bears, and their droppings are frequently found nearby. Black bears may attempt to cover remains of larger carcasses, though they do not do so with the same frequency as cougars and grizzly bears.[92] They will readily consume eggs and nestlings of various birds and can easily access many tree nests, even the huge nest of the bald eagle.[35] Black bears have been reported stealing deer and other animals from human hunters.

text: Interspecific predatory relationships

text: Over much of their range, black bears are assured scavengers that can intimidate, using their large size and considerable strength, and if necessary dominate other predators in confrontations over carcasses. However, in occasions where they encounter the Kodiak or the grizzly bears, the larger two brown subspecies dominate them. Black bears tend to escape competition from brown bears by being more active in the daytime, and living in more densely forested areas. Violent interactions resulting in the deaths of black bears have been recorded in Yellowstone National Park.[93][94]

text: Black bears do compete with cougars over carcasses. Like brown bears, they will sometimes steal kills from cougars. One study found that both bear species visited 24% of cougar kills in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, usurping 10% of carcasses.[95][96] Another study found that black bears visited 48% of cougar kills in summer in Colorado, and 77% of kills in California. As a result, the cats spend more time killing and less time feeding on each kill.[97][98]

text: Black bear interactions with wolves are much rarer than with brown bears, due to differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species' northern range, with no interactions being recorded in Mexico. Despite the black bear being more powerful on a one-to-one basis, packs of wolves have been recorded to kill black bears on numerous occasions without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills.[99] Wolf packs typically kill black bears when the large animals are in their hibernation cycle.[37]

text: There is at least one record of a black bear killing a wolverine in a dispute over food in Yellowstone National Park.[100] Anecdotal cases of alligator predation on bears have been reported, though such cases may involve assaults on cubs.[101]

text: Relationships with humans

text: In folklore, mythology and culture

text: Black bears feature prominently in the stories of some of America's indigenous peoples. One tale tells of how the black bear was a creation of the Great Spirit, while the grizzly was created by the Evil Spirit.[102] In the mythology of the Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian people of the Northwest Coast, mankind first learned to respect bears when a girl married the son of black bear Chieftain.[103] In Kwakiutl mythology, black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's own cubs.[104] The Navajo believed that the Big Black Bear was chief among the bears of the four directions surrounding Sun's house, and would pray to it in order to be granted its protection during raids.[105]

text: Morris Michtom, the creator of the teddy bear, was inspired to make the toy when he came across a cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt refusing to shoot a black bear cub tied to a tree.[106] Winnie-the-Pooh was named after Winnipeg, a female black bear cub that lived at London Zoo from 1915 until her death in 1934.[107] A black bear cub who in the spring of 1950 was caught in the Capitan Gap Fire was made into the living representative of Smokey Bear, the mascot of the United States Forest Service.[108]

text: Terrible Ted was a de-toothed and de-clawed black bear who was trained to perform as a pro wrestler, and whose "career" lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s.

text: The bear is the mascot of the University of Maine and Baylor University, where the university houses two live black bears on campus.

text: Sleeping Bear Dunes in Michigan is named after a Native American legend, where a female bear and her cub swam across Lake Michigan. Exhausted from their journey, the bears rested on the shoreline and fell sound asleep. Over the years, the sand covered them up, creating a huge sand dune.

text: Attacks on humans

text: Although an adult bear is quite capable of killing a human, black bears typically avoid confronting humans when possible. Unlike grizzly bears, which became a subject of fearsome legend among the European settlers of North America, black bears were rarely considered overly dangerous, even though they lived in areas where the pioneers had settled. Black bears rarely attack when confronted by humans, and usually limit themselves to making mock charges, emitting blowing noises and swatting the ground with their forepaws. The number of black bear attacks on humans is higher than those of the brown bear in North America, though this is largely because the black species considerably outnumbers the brown rather than greater aggressiveness. Compared to brown bear attacks, aggressive encounters with black bears rarely lead to serious injury. However, the majority of black bear attacks tend to be motivated by hunger rather than territoriality, and thus victims have a higher probability of surviving by fighting back rather than submitting. Unlike grizzlies, female black bears do not display the same level of protectiveness to their cubs, and seldom attack humans in their vicinity.[53] However, occasionally, attacks by protective mothers do occur.[32] The worst recorded fatality incident occurred in May 1978, in which a black bear killed three teenagers who were fishing in Algonquin Park in Canada.[109] Another exceptional, spree-like attack occurred in August 1997 in Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in Canada, when an emaciated black bear attacked a child and mother, killing the mother as well as an adult man who tried to intervene. This bear was shot while mauling a fourth victim.[110][111]

text: The majority of attacks happened in national parks, usually near campgrounds, where the bears had become habituated to close human proximity and food-conditioned.[53] Out of 1,028 incidents of black bears acting aggressively toward people, recorded from 1964 to 1976 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 107 resulted in injury, and occurred mainly in tourist hotspots where people regularly fed the bears handouts.[109] In almost every case where open dumps or handouts that had previously attracted black bears were ceased, the number of aggressive encounters with bears has decreased precipitously over time.[32] However, in the aforementioned case of the spree attack in Liard River Hot Springs, the attacking bear was believed to have been previously almost fully dependent on a local garbage dump that had closed and was starving as a result of the loss of that food source.[110] Attempts to relocate bears are typically unsuccessful, as black bears seem to be able to return to their home range even without familiar landscape cues.[32]

text: Livestock and crop predation

text: A limitation of food sources in early spring and wild berry and nut crop failures during summer months may be contributing factors to black bears regularly feeding from commercial human-based food sources. Crops are frequently eaten by these bears, especially during autumn hyperphagia when natural foods are scarce. Favored crops may include apples, oats and corns.[4] Black bears can do extensive damage in some areas of the northwestern United States by stripping the bark from trees and feeding on the cambium. Livestock depredations by black bears occur mostly in spring. Though black bears have the capacity to (and occasionally do) hunt adult cattle and horses, they seem to prefer smaller, more easily overwhelmed prey such as sheep, goats, calves, and pigs. They normally kill by biting the neck and shoulders, though they may break the neck or back of prey with blows from the paws. Evidence of a bear attack includes claw marks and is frequently found on the neck, back, and shoulders of larger animals. Surplus killing of sheep and goats are common. Bears have been known to frighten livestock herds over cliffs, causing injuries and death to many animals; whether or not this is intentional is not known.[92] Occasionally, pets, especially dogs, which are most prone to harass a bear, are killed by black bears.[112] It is not recommended to use unleashed dogs as a deterrent from bear attacks. Although large, aggressive dogs sometimes cause a bear to run, if pressed, angry bears frequently turn the tables and end up chasing the dog in return. A bear in pursuit of a pet dog has the potential to threaten both canid and human lives.[113][114]

text: In British Columbia a group of black bears were used as guard animals to protect a marijuana plantation.[115][116][117]

text: Hunting and exploitation

text: Hunting

text: Historically, black bears were hunted by both Native Americans and European settlers. Some Native American tribes,[which?] in admiration for the black bear's intelligence, would decorate the heads of bears they killed with trinkets, and place them on blankets. Tobacco smoke would be wafted into the disembodied head's nostrils by the hunter that dealt the killing blow, who would compliment the animal for its courage.[46] The Kutchin typically hunted black bears during their hibernation cycle. Unlike the hunting of hibernating grizzlies, which was fraught with danger, black bears took longer to awaken, and hunting them was thus safer and easier.[118] During the European colonisation of eastern North America, thousands of black bears were hunted for their meat, fat and fur.[3] Theodore Roosevelt wrote extensively on black bear hunting in his Hunting the Grisly and other sketches, in which he stated, "in [a black bear] chase there is much excitement, and occasionally a slight spice of danger, just enough to render it attractive; so it has always been eagerly followed." He wrote that black bears were difficult to hunt by stalking, due to their habitat preferences, though were easy to trap. Roosevelt described how, in the southern states, planters regularly hunted black bears on horseback with hounds. General Wade Hampton was known to have been present at 500 successful black bear hunts, two thirds of which he killed personally. He killed thirty or forty black bears with only a knife, which he would use to stab the bears between the shoulder blades while they were distracted by his hounds.[91] Unless well trained, horses were often useless in black bear hunts, as they often bolted when the bears stood their ground.[46] In 1799, 192,000 black bear skins were exported from Quebec. In 1822, 3,000 skins were exported from the Hudson's Bay Company.[119] In 1992, untanned, fleshed and salted black bear hides were sold for an average of $165.[120]

text: In Canada, black bears are considered as both a big game and furbearer species in all provinces save for New Brunswick and Northwest Territories, where they are only classed as a big game species. There are around 80,900 licensed black bear hunters in all of Canada. Canadian black bear hunts take place in the fall and spring, and both male and female bears can be legally taken, though some provinces prohibit the hunting of females with cubs, or yearling specimens.[23]

text: Currently, 28 of the U.S. states have black bear hunting seasons. Nineteen states require a bear hunting license, with some also requiring a big game license. In eight states, only a big game license is required to hunt black bears. Overall, over 481,500 black bear hunting licences are sold per year. The hunting methods and seasons vary greatly according to state, with some bear hunting seasons including fall only, spring and fall, or year-round. New Jersey, in November 2010, approved a six-day bear-hunting season in early December 2010 to slow the growth of the black bear population. Bear-hunting had been banned in New Jersey for five years.[121] A Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind poll found that 53% of New Jersey voters approved of the new season if scientists concluded black bears were leaving their usual habitats and destroying private property.[122] Men, older voters, and those living in rural areas were more likely to approve of a bear-hunting season in New Jersey than women, younger voters, and those living in more developed parts of the state.[122] In the western states, where there are large black bear populations, there are spring and year-round seasons. Approximately 18,000 black bears were killed annually in the USA between 1988 and 1992. Within this period, annual kills ranged from six bears in South Carolina to 2,232 in Maine.[23]

text:
Black bear meatNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy
649 kJ (155 kcal)
Carbohydrates
0.00 g

Fat
8.30 g

Protein
20.10 g

Vitamins
Quantity %DV†Vitamin A equiv.
10% 78 μgThiamine (B1)
14% 0.160 mgRiboflavin (B2)
57% 0.680 mgNiacin (B3)
21% 3.200 mg

Minerals
Quantity %DV†Iron
55% 7.20 mgPhosphorus
23% 162 mg

Other constituents
QuantityWater
71.20 g

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: According to Dwight Schuh in his Bowhunter's Encyclopedia, black bears are the third most popular quarry of bowhunters, behind deer and elk.[123]

text: Meat

text: Black bear meat had historically been held in high esteem among North America's indigenous people and colonists.[46] Black bears were the only bear species the Kutchin hunted for their meat, though this constituted only a small part of their diet.[118] According to the second volume of Frank Forester's Field Sports of the United States, and British Provinces, of North America:

text: The flesh of the [black] bear is savoury, but rather luscious, and tastes not unlike pork. It was once so common an article of food in New-York as to have given the name of Bear Market to one of the principal markets of the city.

text: Theodore Roosevelt himself likened the flesh of young black bears to that of pork, and not as coarse or flavourless as the meat of grizzlies.[124] The most favoured cuts of the black bear's meat are concentrated in the legs and loins. Meat from the neck, front legs and shoulders is usually ground into minced meat or used for stews and casseroles. Keeping the fat tends to give the meat a strong flavour. As black bears can have trichinellosis, cooking temperatures need to be high in order to kill the parasites.[125]

text: Black bear fat was once valued as a cosmetic article that promoted hair growth and gloss. The fat most favoured for this purpose was the hard white fat found in the body's interior. As only a small portion of this fat could be harvested for this purpose, the oil was often mixed with large quantities of hog lard.[46] However, animal rights activism over the last decade has slowed the harvest of these animals; therefore the lard from black bears has not been used in recent years for the purpose of cosmetics.[citation needed]


document_title: Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me

question_text: who sings toucha touch me in rocky horror

root

text: Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me

text:
"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me"

Song by Susan Sarandon, Little Nell, Patricia Quinn, Tim Curry, Barry Bostwick, Richard O'Brien and Trevor White

from the album The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Language
English

Released
1975

Songwriter(s)
Composer: Richard Hartley
Lyricist: Richard O'Brien

The Rocky Horror Picture Show track listing

"Science Fiction/Double Feature"
"Dammit Janet"
"Over at the Frankenstein Place"
"Time Warp"
"Sweet Transvestite"
"I Can Make You a Man"
"Hot Patootie - Bless My Soul"
"I Can Make You a Man (Reprise)"
"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me"
"Eddie"
"Floor Show"

"Rose Tint My World
"Fanfare/Don't Dream It"
"Wild and Untamed Thing"

"I'm Going Home"
"Super Heroes"
"Science Fiction/Double Feature (Reprise)"

tag: table

text: "Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me" is the 11th song in The Rocky Horror Show score. It is sung by Janet in both the play and film versions. Originally sung in London by Julie Covington.

tag: p

text: Origin[edit]

text: The song was written by Richard O'Brien especially for the stage play. It expresses Janet's feeling of loss for Brad cheating on her, her feelings of frustration concerning sexual matters and her pent-up angst of no one being intimate with her. The main focus of the song is sexual exploration. It shows Janet welcoming pure lust.

text: Chord progression[edit]

text: The song features a less common progression of Dm-C-G-Am in the verse with a more common D-E-G-D in the chorus. In the stage version of Rocky Horror, the song ends with Janet tearing off her brassiere and going down on the creature.

text: The chord progression from the movie follows Cm-B♭-E♭-Fm-B♭-E♭-(F♯)G-(F♯)G for the verse and C-D-F-C for the chorus, stepping up one half step to C♯-E♭-F♯-C♯ for the last chorus. The F♯-C♯ chords repeat in the coda (over the Creature of the Night... lyric).

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Stage shows

The Rocky Horror Show (1973)
The Rocky Horror Show Live (2015)

Films

The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)

Soundtrack

Shock Treatment (1981)
The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again (2016)

Soundtrack

Songs

"Science Fiction/Double Feature"
"Dammit Janet"
"Over at the Frankenstein Place"
"The Time Warp"
"Sweet Transvestite"
"I Can Make You a Man"
"Hot Patootie – Bless My Soul"
"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me"
"Rose Tint My World"
"I'm Going Home"

Related

The Rocky Horror Show (video game)
Cult following
Sequels and other media
The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show
"The Rocky Horror Glee Show" (EP)
A Regular Frankie Fan
Sal Piro

text: 1973 songsSongs from Rocky HorrorSongs about sexualitySongs with lyrics by Richard O'BrienSongs with music by Richard Hartley

tag: ul


document_title: The End of the F***ing World

question_text: who played alyssa in the end of the world

text: The End of the F***ing World

text: Premise[edit]

text: James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath. He kills animals as a hobby, but grows bored of the practice.  He decides he wants to try killing a human. He settles on Alyssa, a mouthy, rebellious 17-year-old classmate with issues of her own. She proposes they run away together, hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home-life, and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her. They embark on a road trip across England, and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alex Lawther as James, a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa.[2] Jack Veal portrays a young James.
Jessica Barden as Alyssa, a rebellious teenage girl. Initially James' intended victim but later his love interest.[2] Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa.
Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon, Darego's police partner.
Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego, Noon's stern police partner.
Steve Oram as Phil, James' caring father.
Christine Bottomley as Gwen, Alyssa's mother.
Navin Chowdhry as Tony, Alyssa's abusive stepfather.
Barry Ward as Leslie Foley, Alyssa's estranged drug-dealing father.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Kierston Wareing as Debbie, Leslie's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child.
Geoff Bell as Martin, a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride.
Alex Sawyer as Topher, a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with.
Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch, an author, professor, serial killer and James' first human victim.
Eileen Davies as Flora, Clive's mother.
Earl Cave as Frodo, a miserable petrol station employee.
Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station.
Alex Beckett as Jonno, one of Leslie's buyers.
Leon Annor as Emil, an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by.
Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow.
Kelly Harrison as James' dead mother.
Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa's baby sister.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.EpisodeDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1Episode 1Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)[a]
James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath, having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something, and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old. At school, he encounters Alyssa, a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next. He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating. When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day, he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her. However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left. After this incident, she reaches James's home later than planned, and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in, wanting him to say yes. Resolving that he could kill her later, he accepts and steals his father Phil's car and punches him in the face, something he has always wanted to do.
2Episode 2Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
With their newfound freedom, Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money. After crashing their car, they hitchhike in the van of Martin, a middle-aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to. While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food, Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand, before smelling it and putting it on his crotch; James is submissive, despite being disgusted by it. Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet. After booking a hotel room, Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries, while James waits with his knife by the door, hesitantly. He does not try to kill her. Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers. He denies her request to speak to her mother, Gwen, implying his dominance over her mother. Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her; he replies that he wants her. She decides to go see her biological father, Leslie, who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her.
3Episode 3Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
After leaving the hotel, Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father's house, internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her. The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch. Later that day, Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves, angrily, when a picture of Koch puts him off. During her walk, Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house, vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher. Distraught, he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims, revealing Koch to be a serial rapist. Meanwhile, Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse. Topher leaves angrily. While Alyssa is asleep, James tries to kill her, but he cannot because he knows he is falling in love with her. Koch returns home and suspecting a break-in, arms himself; James hides under the bed. When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed, she lies and says she is alone. Koch becomes malevolent, attempting to rape her. James stabs him in the neck with a knife, killing Koch, and saving Alyssa.
4Episode 4Jonathan EntwistleCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch's body out of the bedroom, James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay. James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her, and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body. James hides the knife in the pool drain. When she questions him about the knife, he does not answer. Koch's mother, Flora, arrives at the house and discovers his body; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage. The police, led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa's and James's identity and presence at the house. They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes "involving two teenagers" while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list. Despite James's attempts, Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him. He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions. Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up, he also realises his growing interest in her. James decides to report a murder to police, coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath.
5Episode 5Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
At the police station, James changes his mind about reporting Koch's murder and instead describes his mother's suicide as the "murder" he was referring to. In a flashback, his mother, Vanessa, killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond. Thinking of Alyssa, James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe. Meanwhile, Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James, as well as informed about his car. He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa. They also question Tony, who is rather nonchalant and self-absorbed, before moving to Gwen about Alyssa. Concurrently, Alyssa is caught by Emil, a security officer, while attempting to shoplift clean underwear, but is eventually let go. She returns to the cafe to find James waiting. Although without money, both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie. Meanwhile, investigators find James's knife at Koch's house.
6Episode 6Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa's father's house. They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel. When Jocelyn, the petrol station manager, begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money, James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn's co-worker, Frodo. However, when he wants to join, they wait until he is distracted to dash. Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive, this time with years-old accusations of sexual assault against him. She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave. On their way to Leslie's, Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home. At the police station, Flora gives Noon the camcorder, having a change of heart. When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self-defence, Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead. After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home, James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home.
7Episode 7Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other. Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer, as well as a non-conforming individual himself. Meanwhile, Tony, Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery. Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie's former residence, assuming that both have not arrived. On the drive to Leslie's former residence, it becomes clear that Darego's law-abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon's open-minded and sympathetic morals. As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar, James begins feeling distant to Alyssa. At Leslie's former residence, Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie's whereabouts to Noon and Darego. She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son, Milton. When questioned by Alyssa, Leslie takes off in his truck, running over a dog in the process. Although he has killed many animals before, James is unable to euthanise it with a rock; Alyssa does it instead. Bitter, Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie's location, later, and she drives there without Darego. Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television.
8Episode 8Lucy TcherniakCharlie Covell24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach, then passionately and sincerely make out. At dawn, ruminating about their current situation, they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country. When they ask Leslie for the boat keys, he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession. James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself. Noon, listening in, arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead. Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea, would James and her still be together. When Noon tells that that would be unlikely, Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie's shotgun, takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James, only to find that the tide had gone out. With the police armed response unit closing in, James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach. In a voiceover, James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other. A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black.

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme.[3]

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman. Originally self-published as a series of mini-comics, the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013. It was republished in hardback in 2017, in anticipation of the television series.[4]

text: While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics, Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format – the original idea was to make an American film, and later a web series was considered. A film was pitched to Film4, and Entwistle was given funding for a short.[5] Made in 2014,[6] it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series. Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer;[7] Jessica Barden played Alyssa. However, instead of Alex Lawther, James was played by Craig Roberts.[8]

text: Though the short was well-received, no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full-length film.[5] Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films, following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved. Forsman had no official role in the show's production, wanting to continue working on his comics, though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated.[9]

text: The programme's plot differs from that of Forsman's comics. In print, the children kill a satanist serial killer, whose wife was a police officer; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist.[10] Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel: the satanist police officer chases after James, and the two begin to attack each other, while police try to break up the fight. There is then a gunshot. In the final scene, Alyssa's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James, while Alyssa is seen carving the name "JAMES" into her arm. Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead,[10] but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show's release in October 2017. Though filmed in England, the programme has an American tone to it; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo. Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey, with locations such as Woking, Bracknell and Longcross Studios.[5] Another filming location was Leysdown-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey.[11] Entwistle uses mostly close-up shots, particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character. He uses this for deadpan humour, by moving from face to face to get shots of characters' reactions.[5]

text: The series is set in the present day, but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set "any time from 1988 to 2006". Additionally, diners have a 1970s-style design, and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s, 60s and 70s, along with original music from Graham Coxon, the founding member of Blur. Entwistle describes Coxon's scores as "guitar-based suburban noir", and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers.[5]

text: Potential continuation[edit]

text: The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman's original comics.[12] On 25 January 2018, Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series. He confirmed that "We're exploring and we're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to." Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived.[13] Writer Charlie Covell said "I think there are a number of stories we could tell" and that she would "love to write more".[14] Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be "very excited" for a second series, as it would give Covell "a chance to explore something from her imagination".[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4.[3] The End of the F***ing World was a co-production with Netflix[3] who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018.[15] On that weekend, sales of the graphic novel rose considerably, with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The End of the F***ing World' currently holds an approval rating of 98% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 8.21/10. The site's consensus states, "Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F***ing World."[16] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[17][18]

text: Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme's writing, characters, and soundtrack, as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden, calling it a "pitch-black, eight-episode comedy gem of a U.K. import."[19] Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it "batty fun," also praising Lawther and Barden's performances while praising the programme's surreal concept and execution.[20]


document_title: Overseas Highway

question_text: when was the first road to key west built

text: Overseas Highway

text: History[edit]

text: While the Overseas Highway today runs along the former Overseas Railroad right of way, portions of the highway came into existence earlier in a different alignment while the railroad was still operational. The concept of an Overseas Highway began with the Miami Motor Club in 1921. The Florida land boom of the 1920s was underway and the club wanted to attract tourists to easily reached fishing areas, which could only be reached by boat or train at the time. The land boom also attracted real estate interests who sought vehicular access to the upper keys where there were thousands of acres of undeveloped land. The completion of the railroad further proved a highway through the keys was feasible.[4]

text: Construction on the original Overseas Highway, designated State Road 4A (an extension of a route running from Miami to Homestead), lasted through most of the mid 1920s. Officially opening for traffic on January 25, 1928, the original highway existed in two segments at its greatest extent. One segment ran from the mainland via Card Sound Road to Key Largo and extended as far as Lower Matecumbe Key, while a segment in the lower keys existed from No Name Key to Key West. An automobile ferry service connected the 41 mile gap between Lower Matecumbe and No Name Keys.[4] State Road 4A mostly ran alongside of the Overseas Railroad in the upper keys but in the lower keys, it followed a much different path than the railroad and current highway. The ferry landing on No Name Key was located at the end of what is now Watson Boulevard, which carried State Road 4A across No Name Key and Big Pine Key before it crossed to Little Torch Key. On Little Torch Key, it turned south and rejoined the railroad. It would continue along the north side of the railroad to Upper Sugarloaf Key, where it turned south and ran along the current route of County Roads 939 and 939A over Lower Sugarloaf Key and the Saddlebunch Keys. From the Saddlebunch Keys, State Road 4A crossed onto Geiger Key, continuing along what is now Geiger Road and Boca Chica Road. On Boca Chica Key, it followed the shoreline south of Naval Air Station Key West's airstrip to Boca Chica Beach before crossing to Stock Island. On Stock Island, it followed Maloney Avenue and MacDonald Avenue where it rejoined the Overseas Railroad heading into Key West. Most of the State Road 4A bridges in the Lower Keys were of wooden construction and had been in use by the early 1920s.

text: By the early 1930s it was clear that the ferries were insufficient for the travel needs of the keys, and Monroe County and the State Road Department began making plans to connect the two portions of State Road 4A to make a continuous highway. By 1931, the ferries would also service a 13-mile road built through Marathon on the Vaca Keys with terminals at Hog and Grassy Keys. In 1933, the state legislature created the Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District to seek federal funding to extend the roadways. Funding was scarce as the country was in the midst of the Great Depression, but funding would eventually come through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Hundreds of disgruntled World War I veterans seeking early payment of wartime bonuses were employed for construction on the roadway and bridges as part of a government relief program.[4]

text: Construction on a bridge connecting Lower Matecumbe Key and Long Key was already underway when the Category 5 Labor Day Hurricane struck Islamorada on September 2, 1935. The hurricane caused widespread damage throughout the area and destroyed much of the Overseas Railroad in the upper keys. Of the over 400 fatalities from the hurricane, more than half were veterans and their families. Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation. Just west of Lower Matecumbe Key at Mile Marker 73 on the current highway, eight concrete bridge piers and a small dredged island are all that remains of the veterans work. The dredged island is now known as Veteran's Key and the piers remain as a tribute to the veterans with a memorial plaque on Craig Key.[5]

text: After the hurricane, the Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the damaged sections of the Overseas Railroad. Seizing a rare opportunity, the state purchased the railroad's entire right of way and remaining infrastructure for a price of $640,000. The Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District abandoned its original highway plans and made new plans to build the highway on the old rail bed from Lower Matecumbe Key to Little Torch Key, effectively connecting the two segments of State Road 4A. The railroad's bridges, which withstood the hurricane and were in good condition, were retrofitted with new two-lane wide concrete surfaces for automobile use. In the case of the Bahia Honda Rail Bridge, which was a truss bridge, the concrete road surface was built on top of the trusses. The conversion of the railroad bridges to automobile use was accomplished by Cleary Brothers Construction Co. of West Palm Beach.[6] Portions of the road were tolled until April 15, 1954; toll booths were located on Big Pine Key and Lower Matecumbe Key. Pigeon Key, roughly the midway point of the Seven Mile Bridge, served as the headquarters for the "Overseas Road and Toll District."[7] The toll for automobiles was $1, plus 25 cents per passenger.[8] The full highway from the mainland to Key West was officially opened for traffic on March 29, 1938 and upon completion, the route became the southernmost segment of U.S. Highway 1, which previously terminated in Miami (State Road 4A would remain as a hidden designation until the 1945 Florida State Road renumbering, when the hidden designation became State Road 5).[9] President Franklin D. Roosevelt toured the road in 1939.

text: At this time, the Overseas Highway only ran along the old railroad route in the middle keys; the original highway segments were still in use in the upper and lower keys. As the United States entered into World War II, the U.S. Navy sought improvements to the highway to improve their access from the Naval Air Station on Boca Chica Key to the mainland for national security purposes. The 1920s-era lower keys segment was less than ideal with its winding road and rickety wooden bridges. This resulted in completing the rest of the highway throughout the keys on the former railroad right of way, which the state already owned and was a more direct route with smoother curves that would allow for higher speeds. Also included in this project was the construction of the highway from Florida City to Key Largo via Jewfish Creek (known as the 18-Mile Stretch). The new alignments, which were officially completed on May 16, 1944, shortened the route to the mainland by 17 miles.[10] The original Card Sound Bridge was closed after the Jewfish Creek alignment opened, and its remains were subsequently destroyed by a fire (the Card Sound route would be restored as a secondary route in 1969 with the opening of the current bridge). Today, some segments of the original highway remain as side and frontage roads for the current highway.

text: The original highway through Key Largo and Tavernier would once again become part of the Overseas Highway in the early 1970s when it was expanded to a four-lane divided highway. Here, the northbound lanes run along the route of the original highway and the southbound lanes along the route of the railroad, which is especially evident in area where the route splits into two one-way streets.[4] The widening was the beginning of a much larger project to rebuild much of the Overseas Highway, which included replacing the aging repurposed railroad bridges with more modern bridges; some of which are able to accommodate more than two lanes of traffic. This included the Seven Mile Bridge, the Bahia Honda Bridge and the Long Key Bridge (although these three original bridges are no longer open to vehicular traffic, except for part of Seven Mile Bridge, they became listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and are currently used as fishing piers). The more modern bridges were completed in the early 1980s. In recent years, Pigeon Key was used by the University of Miami as an oceanography laboratory, but current efforts to restore the buildings on the island have resulted in the establishment of a railroad museum there. The newer Seven Mile Bridge does not have direct access to Pigeon Key; people going there must walk on 2.2 miles (3.5 km) of the original Seven Mile Bridge from its northern end on Knight's Key, take a shuttle bus, or take a boat ride to reach the island.

text: Mile markers[edit]

text: Locations along the Overseas Highway from Key West to Key Largo are commonly given as mile markers. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) maintains mile marker signs every mile along the highway. Numbering starts in Key West, and increases towards the east and northeast up the path of the highway over the keys. Businesses along the highway began listing their locations by mile markers, adding decimal parts to more precisely indicate locations between mile marker signs. Outside of Key West and the city of Marathon, street addresses along the highway are based on the mile markers, using a four- to six-digit number (with no decimal point); the numbering pattern is as follows:[11]

text:
The first three (or four) digits denote the approximate mile marker; the first two (or three) digits denote the mile while the last digit denotes the nearest 0.1 (tenth of a mile)
The last two digits denote a particular address; an even digit denotes an address on the Atlantic Ocean side while an odd digit denotes an address on the Florida Bay/Gulf of Mexico side

text: As an example, the Tropical Research Laboratory of Mote Marine Laboratory has a physical address of 24244 Overseas Highway. The first three digits indicate that it is near mile marker 24.2 (corresponding to an address on Summerland Key), while the last two digits indicate that it is located on the Atlantic Ocean side of the highway.

text: Trail[edit]

text: In 2001, the Monroe County Commission, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Office of Greenways and Trails, and FDOT entered into a Memorandum of understanding to create the Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail (FKOHT).[12] The trail will be a world-class, multi-use bicycle and pedestrian facility that will traverse the Florida Keys from Key Largo to Key West. Upon completion, the FKOHT will include an integrated system of educational kiosks, roadside picnic areas, scenic overlooks, fishing piers, water access points, and bicycle and jogging paths. The development of the trail will provide a mechanism for the preservation and use of the historic Flagler Railroad Bridges, 23 of which still exist and are mostly intact. Several alternatives exist for trail alignment, including cutting down the 22-foot-wide (6.7 m), 1940s-era roadway to its original 12-foot (3.7 m) spandrel width, or using the 22-foot-wide (6.7 m) roadway as is, particularly in multi-use areas. In all cases, original bridgework will be repaired or rebuilt, and the breaks created during the 1980s and 1990s fishing pier conversion will be reconnected. Where the original roadway no longer exists, the trail will be temporarily cantilevered on the side of the current US 1 highway bridge, until new 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) trail bridge sections can be built. The new sections will be built to match the historical character of the original bridges.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: One of animated television's Wacky Races was The Overseas Hi-Way Race, which first aired on December 28, 1968, on CBS, covering the entire actual route from Key Largo to Key West. While Long Key was correctly portrayed, most of the other in-between keys were given fictional names, and Sombrero Key was actually five miles south of the highway in open water, according to the Florida Keys–East map.

text: The Overseas Highway is depicted in a screenprint by American artist Ralston Crawford.[13]

text: A scene from the 1994 James Cameron thriller True Lies was filmed on a portion of the old Seven Mile Bridge. No part of the bridge was destroyed during filming; instead, an 80-foot model of the bridge built off Sugarloaf Key was blown up for the iconic scene.[14]

text: Major intersections[edit]

text: The entire route is in Monroe County.

text:
Location
mi[15]
km
Destinations
Notes

Key West
0.000
0.000
Fleming Street

0.406
0.653
Truman Avenue / Whitehead Street
90 degree turn

0.490
0.789
Duval Street

1.337
2.152
Eisenhower Drive / Jose Marti Drive
south end of four lanes

1.643
2.644
Palm Avenue / 1st Street
no left turn either way on US 1

3.927
6.320
 SR A1A south – Airport, Beaches

4.100–
4.169
6.598–
6.709
Bridge over Cow Key Channel
trail on sidewalk to north

Stock Island
4.586
7.380
MacDonald Drive
old SR 4A

5.291
8.515
Key Haven Boulevard
to Raccoon Key

5.997–
6.498
9.651–
10.458
Bridge over Boca Chica Channel

Boca Chica Key
8.08
13.00
Naval Air Station Key West
interchange

Rockland Key
8.790
14.146
Toppino Industrial Drive

East Rockland Key
9.183
14.779
Rockland Drive - NAS Truck Entrance
former US 1 south

9.508–
9.754
15.302–
15.698
Bridge over Rockland Channel
trail on old bridge to south

Big Coppitt Key
10.691
17.205
Boca Chica Road (CR 941 south)

11.181
17.994
Shark Key

11.309–
11.701
18.200–
18.831
Bridge over Shark Channel
trail on old bridge to south

Saddle Bunch Keys
12.547–
12.712
20.192–
20.458
Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 5
trail on old bridge to south

13.018–
13.185
20.950–
21.219
Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 4
trail on old bridge to south

14.118–
14.259
22.721–
22.948
Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 3
trail on old bridge to south

14.328
23.059
Blue Water Drive

14.496–
14.616
23.329–
23.522
Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 2
trail on old bridge to south

14.968
24.089
East Circle Drive

15.261–
15.504
24.560–
24.951
Bridge over Lower Sugarloaf Channel
trail on old bridge to south

16.370–
16.455
26.345–
26.482
Bridge over Harris Channel

Lower Sugarloaf Key
16.955
27.286
Sugarloaf Boulevard (CR 939 south)

17.451–
17.472
28.085–
28.118
Bridge over Harris Gap Channel

17.658–
17.741
28.418–
28.551
Bridge over North Harris Channel

Park Key
18
29
no major intersections

18.600–
18.755
29.934–
30.183
Bridge over Park Channel
trail on old bridge to south

Sugarloaf Key
19.349
31.139
Crane Boulevard

19.970
32.139
State Road 939B (CR 939 south)
old SR 4A

20.150–
20.433
32.428–
32.884
Bridge over Bow Channel
trail on old bridge to south

Cudjoe Key
21.409
34.454
Blimp Road

23.471–
23.682
37.773–
38.112
Bridge over Kemp's Channel
partial old bridge to south

Summerland Key
25.197
40.551
East Shore Drive (CR 942 south)

25.413–
26.278
40.898–
42.290
Bridge over Nile's Channel
partial old bridge to south

Ramrod Key
27.264
43.877
Indies Road

27.504–
27.629
44.263–
44.465
Bridge over Torch Ramrod Channel

Middle Torch Key
27.836
44.798
Middle Torch Road - Big Torch Key

27.895–
28.052
44.893–
45.145
Bridge over Torch Key Channel

Little Torch Key
28.216
45.409
State Road 4A
old SR 4A

28.625–
28.801
46.067–
46.351
Bridge over South Pine Channel
partial old bridge to south

29.411–
29.552
47.332–
47.559
Bridge over North Pine Channel

Big Pine Key
30.527
49.128
Key Deer Boulevard (CR 940 north) - National Key Deer Visitor Center

33.130–
33.791
53.318–
54.381
Bridge over Spanish Harbor Channel

Scout Key
34.5
55.5
no major intersections

35.272–
36.544
56.765–
58.812
Bahia Honda Bridge over Bahia Honda Channel
partial old Bahia Honda Rail Bridge to south

Bahia Honda Key
36.794
59.214
Bahia Honda State Park

38.361–
38.571
61.736–
62.074
Bridge over Ohio Bahia Honda Channel
trail on old bridge to north

Ohio Key
38.75
62.36
no major intersections

38.896–
39.176
62.597–
63.048
Bridge over Missouri Ohio Channel
trail on old bridge to north

Missouri Key
39.25
63.17
no major intersections

39.448–
39.620
63.485–
63.762
Bridge over Little Duck Missouri Channel
trail on old bridge to north

Little Duck Key
39.823
64.089
Veterans Memorial Park

40.011–
46.804
64.391–
75.324
Seven Mile Bridge over Moser Channel
partial old bridge via Pigeon Key to north

Marathon
47.186
75.939
Knights Key

Marathon (Vaca Key)
48.059
77.343
 CR 931 south (20th Street)

49.965
80.411
Sombrero Beach Road (CR 931 south) - Sombrero Beach

Marathon
53.001–
53.081
85.297–
85.426
Bridge over Vaca Cut
trail on sidewalk to north

Marathon (Fat Deer Key)
53.610
86.277
Sadowski Causeway - Key Colony Beach

Marathon (Long Point Key)
56.191
90.431
Curry Hammock State Park

Marathon (Crawl Key)
56.459
90.862
Banana Boulevard

Marathon (Grassy Key)
57.594
92.689
Kyle Avenue

60.498–
60.786
97.362–
97.826
Bridge over Tom's Harbor No. 4
trail on old bridge to south

Duck Key
61.051
98.252
Hawks Cay

61.418–
61.680
98.843–
99.264
Bridge over Tom's Harbor Cut
trail on old bridge to south

Conch Key
62.846
101.141
North Conch Avenue

63.140–
65.446
101.614–
105.325
Long Key Bridge over Long Key Channel
trail on old bridge to south

Long Key
67.404
108.476
Long Key State Park

70.735–
71.670
113.837–
115.342
Bridge over Channel No. 5
partial old bridge to north

Craig Key
72
116
no major intersections

Islamorada
72.642–
73.000
116.906–
117.482
Bridge over Channel No. 2
trail on old bridge to north

Islamorada (Lower Matecumbe Key)
74.403
119.740
Gulfview Drive

Islamorada
77.531–
77.703
124.774–
125.051
Bridge over Lignumvitae Channel

77.966–
78.353
125.474–
126.097
Bridge over Indian Key Channel

79.177–
79.318
127.423–
127.650
Bridge over Tea Table Channel

79.708–
79.761
128.278–
128.363
Bridge over Tea Table Relief

Islamorada (Upper Matecumbe Key)
80.425
129.431
Frontage Road
old SR 4A

83.509
134.395
Frontage Road
old SR 4A

Islamorada
83.879–
84.001
134.990–
135.187
Bridge over Whale Harbor Channel

Islamorada (Windley Key)
84.344
135.739
 CR 905 north
old SR 4A

Islamorada
85.578–
85.739
137.724–
137.984
Snake Creek Bridge over Snake Creek

Islamorada (Plantation Key)
90.513
145.667
Plantation Avenue / Sunshine Boulevard / Bessie Road

90.895–
90.955
146.281–
146.378
Bridge over Tavernier Creek Waterway

Tavernier
91.485
147.231
Ocean Boulevard

Key Largo
103.430–
103.454
166.454–
166.493
Bridge over Marvin D. Adams Waterway

106.312
171.093
 CR 905 north (Card Sound Road) – Miami

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi


document_title: Olympus Has Fallen

question_text: who plays mike banning in olympus has fallen

text: Olympus Has Fallen

text: Plot[edit]

text: Former Army Ranger Mike Banning (Gerard Butler) is the lead U.S. Secret Service agent assigned to head the U.S. Presidential detail. Banning maintains a personal, friendly relationship with President Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), First Lady Margaret (Ashley Judd) and their son Connor (Finley Jacobsen). During a snowy Christmas evening drive from Camp David to a campaign fundraiser, the car transporting the First Family spins out of control on a bridge due to icy conditions; Banning pulls Asher from the vehicle, but Margaret falls to her death while inside the car.

text: Eighteen months later, having been removed from the presidential detail, Banning works at Treasury headquarters. During a meeting between Asher and South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo (Keong Sim), a North Korean terrorist organisation; Koreans for United Freedom (KUF) led by Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune), mount an air and ground assault that results in the capture of the White House. The group is also aided by treasonous members of the prime minister's own detail, including Dave Forbes (Dylan McDermott), a former Secret Service agent. Asher and several top officials are held hostage in the White House bunker; South Korean Prime Minister Lee is executed on live video. Before his own death, detail agent Roma (Cole Hauser) alerts the Director of the Secret Service Lynne Jacobs (Angela Bassett) that "Olympus has fallen".

text: Kang seeks to use Asher's hostage status as leverage to force U.S. officials to withdraw the Seventh Fleet and U.S. forces from the Korean Peninsula, removing American opposition to a North Korean invasion of South Korea. He also seeks to destroy the American nuclear weapons stockpile by detonating them in their respective silos across the country, turning the U.S. into an irradiated wasteland as revenge for the death of his family. To accomplish this, he requires the access codes to a system in the bunker called Cerberus, which are held by three top government officials within the bunker, including the President. Asher orders the other two officials to reveal their codes to save their lives, certain that he will not give up his code.

text: During the initial assault by Kang's forces, Banning joins the White House's defenders. He falls back into the White House, disabling the internal surveillance and gaining access to Asher's satellite ear phone, which he uses to maintain contact with Jacobs and Allan Trumbull (Morgan Freeman), the Speaker of the House, now the Acting President since the Vice President is being held hostage with the President and others.

text: Authorized to proceed, Banning’s first act is to save Connor, whom Kang plans to use to force Asher to reveal his Cerberus code. Banning finds Connor hiding in the walls, thanks to the training he had given him, and sneaks the boy to safety. Banning begins reconnaissance and reduces the terrorists' numbers. Banning kills Forbes, first convincing the traitor to report to Kang that Banning is dead. Meanwhile, Army Chief of Staff General Edward Clegg (Robert Forster) convinces Trumbull to order an aerial SEAL assault on the White House. Kang discovers the assault force and activates the Hydra 6, an advanced anti-aircraft system built by the military. Discovering the system, Banning advises Trumbull and Clegg to abort the mission, but the new weapon system annihilates most of the assault force before Banning can stop it. Kang retaliates for the infiltration by killing Vice President Charlie Rodriguez (Phil Austin).

text: After Banning disables Kang’s communications, Kang tries to execute Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan (Melissa Leo) outside the White House in front of the media, but Banning rescues her, taking out several of Kang's men in the process. With his forces dwindling, Kang fakes his and Asher's death by sacrificing several of his men and the remaining hostages. However, Banning sees through his ruse, as Kang would never go down without fighting. Kang eventually cracks Asher’s code using brute-force attack and activates Cerberus. As Kang and his remaining men attempt to escape, Banning ambushes them and kills the remaining terrorists in the process. During the fight, Asher tries to break free from Kang's grip and is subsequently shot by him in the stomach. Banning and Kang confront each other and a climactic fight breaks out, in which Kang quickly gains the upper hand. Eventually, Banning kills Kang by stabbing him in the head with a knife and then disables Cerberus with the assistance of Trumbull and his staff, with only seconds to spare. During daybreak that day, Banning walks out with Asher and is received by the soldiers posted to await their arrival. After the events, the U.S. begins to heal from the attack, while Banning once again heads the president's security detail. President Asher addresses the public while Banning, Jacobs, Clegg, and Connor observe.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gerard Butler as Mike Banning, a former member of the 75th Ranger Regiment and now Secret Service agent.[4]
Aaron Eckhart as Benjamin Asher, the President of the United States.[5]
Morgan Freeman as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull[6]
Angela Bassett as Lynne Jacobs, Director of the Secret Service.[7]
Rick Yune as Kang Yeonsak, a North Korean ultra-nationalist mastermind disguised as a South Korean ministerial aide.[8]
Dylan McDermott as Dave Forbes, a former Secret Service agent now working for South Korean Prime Minister's private security detail.[9]
Finley Jacobsen as Connor Asher, the son of Benjamin and Margaret Asher.
Melissa Leo as Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan[8]
Robert Forster as US Army General Edward Clegg, Army Chief of Staff.[10]
Ashley Judd as Margaret Asher, the First Lady of the United States.[10]
Cole Hauser as Agent Roma, a Secret Service Special Agent-in-Charge.[11]
Radha Mitchell as Leah Banning, a nurse and Mike's wife.[12]
Sean O'Bryan as Ray Monroe, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency.
Lance Broadway as Agent O'Neil, a member of the President's security detail.[13]
Tory Kittles as Agent Jones, a member of the President's security detail.[14]
Keong Sim as South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo
Phil Austin as Vice President Charlie Rodriguez
James Ingersoll as Admiral Joe Hoenig, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
Freddy Bosche as Agent Diaz, Secret Service.
Kevin Moon as Cho, Kang's henchman
Malana Lea as Lim, Kang's henchwoman who serves as the technical expert of the group.[15]
Sam Medina as Yu, Kang's henchman

text: Production[edit]

text: Olympus Has Fallen was directed by Antoine Fuqua, based on a script by Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt in their first screenwriting effort. The production company Millennium Films acquired the spec script in March 2012, and Gerard Butler was cast later in the month as the star.[4] The rest of the characters were cast throughout June and July.

text: In 2012, Millennium Films competed against Sony Pictures, which was producing White House Down (also about a takeover of the White House) to complete casting and to begin filming.[16]

text: Filming began in Shreveport, Louisiana, in mid-July 2012.[10] Because Olympus Has Fallen was filmed so far from its actual setting of Washington, D.C., the entire production relied heavily upon visual effects, particularly computer-generated imagery.[17] For example, computers created nearly all of the opening sequence in which the First Lady is killed in a car accident, with chroma key greenscreen technology used to composite the actors into the computer-generated snowy scenery.[17] For scenes where actors walked in or out of the White House, a first-floor façade and entrance were built; computers added the second floor, roof, and downtown D.C. cityscape. Action scenes with the White House in the background were filmed in open fields and the White House and D.C. were added in post-production.[17]

text: Score[edit]

text: Musician and orchestral composer Trevor Morris produced the score. His past projects include shows The Tudors and The Borgias.[18] The record was released on March 15, 2013 via Relativity Music Group label. The runtime is one hour, eight minutes, and 57 seconds.

text: Release[edit]

text: Olympus Has Fallen was released in the United States on March 22, 2013.[6] It was initially scheduled for an April 5, 2013 release, but moved to avoid competition with The Heat, which was to open at the same time (its release was later pushed back to June 28). FilmDistrict distributed the film.[19]

text: The film's trailer was criticized for using the U.S. Emergency Alert System, and several cable companies were fined by the Federal Communications Commission for airing the ad.[20]

text: Olympus Has Fallen grossed $98.9 million in the U.S. and Canada and $70.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $170.2 million against a budget of $70 million.[3] In its first weekend, the film earned $30.5 million finishing second at the box office, and exceeded predictions of $23 million.[21][22]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 13, 2013, in the U.S. It earned $38.2 million in video rental sales in the U.S.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 48% based on 181 reviews and a weighted average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's far from original, but Olympus Has Fallen benefits from Antoine Fuqua's tense direction and a strong performance from Gerard Butler—which might be just enough for action junkies".[24] Metacritic assigns the film a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

text: Richard Roeper compared Olympus Has Fallen with the Die Hard series for sharing the same style and momentum, calling it as "just too much of a pale Die Hard ripoff." He gave the film a C.[27]

text: David Edelstein was much more negative about the film. While praising Butler's role as a "solid" character, Edelstein criticized the script and the violence of the film, writing "Olympus Has Fallen is a disgusting piece of work, but it certainly hits its marks – it makes you sick with suspense."[28]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Gerard Butler, Morgan Freeman, Aaron Eckhart, Angela Bassett and Radha Mitchell returned for a sequel titled London Has Fallen revolving around a plot to strike London during the funeral of the British Prime Minister.[29] Production was scheduled to begin in May 2014 in London, with Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt returning to pen the script. Director Antoine Fuqua, however, was not returning due to his commitments with The Equalizer.[30]

text: On May 1, 2014, it was announced that Focus Features had acquired distribution rights to the sequel and would release it on October 2, 2015, though this was later pushed back to January 22, 2016.[31] However, the film's release was delayed to March 4, 2016. On August 18, 2014, it was announced that Charlie Countryman director Fredrik Bond would be taking over direction from Fuqua,[32] but Bond left the film on September 18, just six weeks before the shooting was set to begin.[33] However, on September 28, 2014, it was announced that Babak Najafi will take over direction of the sequel.[34]

text: On October 10, 2014, it was announced that Jackie Earle Haley would be joining London Has Fallen as a Deputy Chief Mason.[35] Filming for the sequel began on October 24, 2014.[36]