document_title: William Byron (racing driver)

question_text: who did william byron drive for last year

text: William Byron (racing driver)

text: Racing career[edit]

text: Byron became interested in racing when he was six years old after seeing a stock car race on television, later attending a race at Martinsville Speedway in 2006. He began racing on the iRacing simulator as a teenager, with over 100 wins and 298 top fives in online competition. In 2012, he and his father explored how Byron could start racing offline – in real cars. He started racing Legends that year at the age of 15, relatively late for modern drivers. That year he won 33 races and became the Legend Car Young Lions Division champion.[1][2][3][4]

text: For 2014, Byron signed with JR Motorsports late model program, in addition to continuing Legends competition. Byron competed in the No. 9 Liberty University Chevrolet at Hickory Motor Speedway in North Carolina for JRM.[1][2][5] Byron scored a single victory and 11 top-five finishes, finishing second in points to teammate Josh Berry at Hickory.[5]

text: K&N Pro Series[edit]

text: Byron was signed to drive in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East for 2015 by HScott Motorsports with Justin Marks, with sponsorship from Liberty University.[6] Byron also continued racing late models for JR Motorsports.[1] In his debut K&N East in February at New Smyrna Speedway, Byron finished 7th.[7] Byron won the second race of the season at Greenville-Pickens Speedway after starting second and leading all 152 laps (two laps past the scheduled distance).[1] Byron made his ARCA Racing Series debut at Lucas Oil Raceway in July, driving the No. 55 Liberty University Toyota Camry for Venturini Motorsports. Byron finished second after leading 120 laps. He scored four K&N East wins en route to winning the series championship.[8] Byron and his team also competed in the 2015 K&N Pro Series West races at Sonoma and Phoenix, finishing fifth and second respectively.[9]

text: Camping World Truck Series[edit]

text: On October 29, 2015, Kyle Busch Motorsports announced that Byron would run a full-time schedule in the team's No. 9 Toyota Tundra in the Camping World Truck Series during the 2016 season.[10] To prepare him for the run, KBM fielded the No. 9 for him in the 2015 Lucas Oil 150 at Phoenix International Raceway.[11][12] Byron started the 2016 season on a low note crashing on the final lap at Daytona to finish 13th, and finishing 32nd at Atlanta after blowing an engine. Later, Byron would get his first top 3 and 10 in the Truck Series after finishing a strong 3rd at Martinsville. Byron won his first Truck Series race at Kansas in May, after avoiding Ben Rhodes and Johnny Sauter's crash on the last lap of the race, and took his second race win in Texas in June. He won the next race at Iowa, finished 17th at Gateway due to a crash, and won yet again at Kentucky, propelling him to first in points. He followed that up with his fifth win of the season at Pocono Raceway, breaking the Camping World Truck Series record for most wins by a rookie. The previous mark was held by Kurt Busch during the 2000 season with four wins.[13]

text: During the playoffs, Byron won the first race of the Round of 8 at New Hampshire but suffered an engine failure at the last race of the Round of 6 at Phoenix, which cost him the chance to join the Championship 4. With a win at the final race at Homestead, he placed fifth in the overall standings, with a total seven wins, eleven top 5s, and 16 top 10s in 23 races. In addition to clinching the owners' championship for the No. 9 team, Byron was named Rookie of the Year.[14]

text: Xfinity Series[edit]

text: On August 18, 2016, Byron and Hendrick Motorsports announced they have signed a multi-year driver agreement, with Byron running full-time in the Xfinity Series driving the No. 9 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports in 2017.[15] Byron finished 2nd at Michigan, just losing out to Denny Hamlin.[16] One week later, Byron won his first career race at Iowa[17] after Christopher Bell wrecked late in the race, battling for a win with Ryan Sieg, who eventually placed second.[18] He ended up winning again the week later in an overtime finish at Daytona.[19] Byron also won at Indianapolis Motor Speedway for the third Xfinity victory of his career;[20] he would add a fourth win when the series visited Phoenix for the penultimate race of the season.[21] The Phoenix win also placed Byron among the four drivers eligible to race for the series championship at Homestead-Miami Speedway.[22] At the final race in Miami, Byron held on as he finished 3rd, ahead of his Championship 4 teammate, Elliott Sadler. He won the 2017 NASCAR Xfinity Series Championship

text: Monster Energy Cup Series[edit]

text: On August 9, 2017, Hendrick Motorsports announced Byron would be the new replacement for Kasey Kahne in the No. 5 car in 2018,[23] while continuing current sponsorship with Axalta Coating Systems and Liberty University.[24] Twenty days later, however, HMS announced Byron would instead drive the No. 24, while Chase Elliott moved to the rebranded No. 9 car.[25]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Byron was born the youngest of two children in Charlotte, North Carolina.[7] He attended Charlotte Country Day School while taking online classes through sponsor Liberty University, graduating in May 2016. Byron is also currently a student at Liberty University earning his college degree.[26] His parents, Bill and Dana, and his older sister, Kathryn, are his main sources of inspiration. Byron is an Eagle Scout.[27]

text: Motorsports career results[edit]

text: NASCAR[edit]

text: (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

text: Monster Energy Cup Series[edit]

text:
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series results

Year
Team
No.
Make
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
MENCC
Pts

2018
Hendrick Motorsports
24
Chevy
DAY
23
ATL
18
LVS
27
PHO
12
CAL
15
MAR
20
TEX
BRI
RCH
TAL
DOV
KAN
CLT
POC
MCH
SON
CHI
DAY
KEN
NHA
POC
GLN
MCH
BRI
DAR
IND
LVS
RCH
DOV
CLT
TAL
KAN
MAR
TEX
PHO
HOM
-*
-*

text: Daytona 500[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Manufacturer
Start
Finish

2018
Hendrick Motorsports
Chevrolet
33
23

text: Xfinity Series[edit]

text:
NASCAR Xfinity Series results

Year
Team
No.
Make
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
NXSC
Pts
Ref

2017
JR Motorsports
9
Chevy
DAY
9
ATL
7
LVS
14
PHO
4
CAL
5
TEX
7
BRI
12
RCH
30
TAL
36
CLT
14
DOV
6
POC
12
MCH
2
IOW
1
DAY
1*
KEN
7
NHA
3
IND
1
IOW
9
GLN
10
MOH
25
BRI
22
ROA
6
DAR
5
RCH
7
CHI
33
KEN
18
DOV
3
CLT
16
KAN
4
TEX
9
PHO
1
HOM
3
1st
4034
[28]

text: Camping World Truck Series[edit]

text:
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results

Year
Team
No.
Make
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
NCWTC
Pts
Ref

2015
Kyle Busch Motorsports
9
Toyota
DAY
ATL
MAR
KAN
CLT
DOV
TEX
GTW
IOW
KEN
ELD
POC
MCH
BRI
MSP
CHI
NHA
LVS
TAL
MAR
TEX
PHO
31
HOM
78th
13
[29]

2016
DAY
13
ATL
32
MAR
3
KAN
1
DOV
11*
CLT
10
TEX
1
IOW
1*
GTW
17*
KEN
1*
ELD
14
POC
1*
BRI
4
MCH
4
MSP
10
CHI
30
NHA
1*
LVS
5
TAL
10
MAR
8
TEX
6
PHO
27*
HOM
1
5th
2199
[30]

text: K&N Pro Series East[edit]

text:
NASCAR K&N Pro Series East results

Year
Team
No.
Make
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
NKNPSEC
Pts
Ref

2015
HScott Motorsports with Justin Marks
9
Chevy
NSM
7
GRE
1*
BRI
2
IOW
1*
BGS
15
LGY
1*
COL
14
NHA
1
IOW
13
GLN
7
MOT
8*
VIR
10
RCH
6
DOV
9
1st
546
[31]

text: K&N Pro Series West[edit]

text:
NASCAR K&N Pro Series West results

Year
Team
No.
Make
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
NKNPSWC
Pts
Ref

2015
HScott Motorsports with Justin Marks
91
Chevy
KER
IRW
TUS
IOW
SHA
SON
5
SLN
IOW
EVG
CNS
MER
AAS
PIR
2
35th
70
[9]

text: ARCA Racing Series[edit]

text:
ARCA Racing Series results

Year
Team
No.
Make
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ARSC
Pts
Ref

2015
Venturini Motorsports
55
Toyota
DAY
MOB
NSH
SLM
TAL
TOL
NJE
POC
MCH
CHI
WIN
IOW
IRP
2*
POC
BLN
ISF
DSF
SLM
KEN
32
KAN
76th
305
[32]

2016
DAY
2
NSH
SLM
TAL
TOL
NJE

58th
415
[33]

15

POC
8
MCH
MAD
WIN
IOW
IRP
POC
BLN
ISF
DSF
SLM
CHI
KEN
KAN

text:
* Season still in progress
1 Ineligible for series points


document_title: List of India national cricket captains

question_text: who is the captain of india in cricket

question_tokens: who is the captain of india in cricket

root

text: List of India national cricket captains

text: International cricket[edit]

text: Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

tag: p

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is the list of the 33 cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Test match. ] is Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful Indian test captain with 27 wins. He also have highest number of loss with 18 loss. The table of results is complete as of 6 August 2017.

text:
Indian Test match captains[1]

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1

CK Nayudu
1932
England
England
1
0
1
0

1933/4
England
India
3
0
2
1

Total
4
0
3
1

2

Maharajkumar of Vizianagram
1936
England
England
3
0
2
1

Total
3
0
2
1

3

Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi
1946
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
3
0
1
2

4

Lala Amarnath
1947/8
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1948/9
West Indies
India
5
0
1
4

1952/3
Pakistan
India
5
2
1
2

Total
15
2
6
7

5

Vijay Hazare
1951/2
England
India
5
1
1
3

1952
England
England
4
0
3
1

1952/3
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

Total
14
1
5
8

6

[[File:|400px|alt=]]

Vinoo Mankad
1954/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
5
0
0
5

1958/9†
West Indies
India
1
0
1
0

Total
6
0
1
5

7

Ghulam Ahmed
1955/6†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

1958/9
West Indies
India
2
0
2
0

Total
3
0
2
1

8

Polly Umrigar
1955/6
New Zealand
India
4
2
0
2

1956/7
Australia
India
3
0
2
1

1958/9†
West Indies
India
1
0
0
1

Total
8
2
2
4

9

Hemu Adhikari
1958/9†
West Indian
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

10

Datta Gaekwad
1959
England
England
4
0
4
0

Total
4
0
4
0

11

[[File:|400px|alt=]]

Pankaj Roy
1959†
England
England
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

12

Gulabrai Ramchand
1959/60
Australia
India
5
1
2
2

Total
5
1
2
2

13

Nari Contractor
1960/1
Pakistan
India
5
0
0
5

1961/2
England
India
5
2
0
3

1961/2†
West Indies
West Indies
2
0
2
0

Total
12
2
2
8

14

Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi
1961/2
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
3
0

1963/4
England
India
5
0
0
5

1964/5
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

1964/5
New Zealand
India
4
1
0
3

1966/7
West Indies
India
3
0
2
1

1967
England
England
3
0
3
0

1967/8
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1967/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
4
3
1
0

1969/70
New Zealand
India
3
1
1
1

1969/70
Australia
India
5
1
3
1

1974/5
West Indies
India
4
2
2
0

Total
40
9
19
12

15

Chandu Borde
1967/8†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

16

Ajit Wadekar
1970/1
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
0
4

1971
England
England
3
1
0
2

1972/3
England
India
5
2
1
2

1974
England
England
3
0
3
0

Total
16
4
4
8

17

Srinivas Venkataraghavan
1974/5†
West Indies
India
1
0
1
0

1979
England
England
4
0
1
3

Total
5
0
2
3

18

Sunil Gavaskar
1975/6†
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1978/9
West Indies
India
6
1
0
5

1979/80
Australia
India
6
2
0
4

1979/80
Pakistan
India
5
2
0
3

1980/1
Australia
Australia
3
1
1
1

1980/1
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1981/2
England
India
6
1
0
5

1982
England
England
3
0
1
2

1982/3
Sri Lanka
India
1
0
0
1

1982/3
Pakistan
Pakistan
6
0
3
3

1984/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

1984/5
England
India
5
1
2
2

Total
47
9
8
30

19

Bishan Singh Bedi
1975/6
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1975/6
West Indies
West Indies
4
1
2
1

1976/7
New Zealand
India
3
2
0
1

1976/7
England
India
5
1
3
1

1977/8
Australia
Australia
5
2
3
0

1978/9
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

Total
22
6
11
5

20

Gundappa Viswanath
1979/80†
Pakistan
India
1
0
0
1

1979/1980
England
India
1
0
1
0

Total
2
0
1
1

21

Kapil Dev
1982/3
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
2
3

1983/4
Pakistan
India
3
0
0
3

1983/4
West Indies
India
6
0
3
3

1985
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
1
2

1985/6
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

1986
England
England
3
2
0
1

1986/7
Australia
India
3
0
0
2[2]

1986/7
Sri Lanka
India
3
2
0
1

1986/7
Pakistan
India
5
0
1
4

Total
34
4
7
23[2]

22

Dilip Vengsarkar
1987/8
West Indies
India
3
0
1
2

1988/9
New Zealand
India
3
2
1
0

1988/9
West Indies
West Indies
4
0
3
1

Total
10
2
5
3

23

Ravi Shastri
1987/8†
West Indies
India
1
1
0
0

Total
1
1
0
0

24

Krishnamachari Srikkanth
1989/90
Pakistan
Pakistan
4
0
0
4

Total
4
0
0
4

25

Mohammad Azharuddin
1989/90
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1990
England
England
3
0
1
2

1990/1
Sri Lanka
India
1
1
0
0

1991/2
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1992/3
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
0
1

1992/3
South Africa
South Africa
4
0
1
3

1992/3
England
India
3
3
0
0

1992/3
Zimbabwe
India
1
1
0
0

1993
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
0
2

1993/4
Sri Lanka
India
3
3
0
0

1993/4
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1994/5
West Indies
India
3
1
1
1

1995/6
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

1996
England
England
3
0
1
2

1997/8
Australia
India
3
2
1
0

1998/9
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
1
0

1998/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1998/9
Pakistan
India
2
1
1
0

1998/9[3]
Pakistan
India
1
0
1
0

1998/9[3]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
0
1

Total
47
14
14
19[4][5][6][7]

26

Sachin Tendulkar
1996/7
Australia
India
1
1
0
0

1996/7
South Africa
India
3
2
1
0

1996/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
2
1

1996/7
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

1997
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

1997/8
Sri Lanka
India
3
0
0
3

1999/2000
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

1999/2000
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1999/2000
South Africa
India
2
0
2
0

Total
25
4
9
12

27

Sourav Ganguly
2000/1
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2000/1
Zimbabwe
India
2
1
0
1

2000/1
Australia
India
3
2
1
0

2001
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
1
1
0

2001
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

2001/2
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2001/2
England
India
3
1
0
2

2001/2
Zimbabwe
India
2
2
0
0

2001/2
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
2
2

2002
England
England
4
1
1
2

2002/3
West Indies
India
3
2
0
1

2002/3
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

2003/4
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

2003/4
Australia
Australia
4
1
1
2

2003/4
Pakistan
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2004/5
Australia
India
2
0
1
1

2004/5
South Africa
India
2
1
0
1

2004/5
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2004/5
Pakistan
India
3
1
1
1

2005/6
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

Total
49
21
13
15

28

Rahul Dravid
2003/4†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

2003/4†
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

2004/5†
Australia
India
2
1
1
0

2005/6
Sri Lanka
India
2
1
0
1

2005/6
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

2005/6
England
India
3
1
1
1

2005/6
West Indies
West Indies
4
1
0
3

2006/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

2007
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
1
0
1

2007
England
England
3
1
0
2

Total
25
8
6
11

29

Virender Sehwag
2005/6†
Sri Lanka
India
1
1
0
0

2009†
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

2010†
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2012†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
4
2
1
1

30

Anil Kumble
2007
Pakistan
India
3
1
0
2

2007/8
Australia
Australia
4
1
2
1

2008
South Africa
India
2
0
1
1

2008
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

2008
Australia
India
2
0
0
2

Total
14
3
5
6

31

Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2008†
South Africa
India
1
1
0
0

2008†
Australia
India
2
2
0
0

2008
England
India
2
1
0
1

2009
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2009
Sri Lanka
India
3
2
0
1

2010
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2010
South Africa
India
2
1
1
0

2010
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
1
1

2010
Australia
India
2
2
0
0

2010
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

2010
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
1
1

2011
West Indies
West Indies
3
1
0
2

2011
England
England
4
0
4
0

2011
West Indies
India
3
2
0
1

2011/12
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

2012
New Zealand
India
2
2
0
0

2012/13
England
India
4
1
2
1

2012/13
Australia
India
4
4
0
0

2013/14
West Indies
India
2
2
0
0

2013/14
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2013/14
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

2014
England
England
5
1
3
1

2014/15
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

Total
60
27
18
15

32

Virat Kohli

2014/15†
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

2015
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
0
0
1

2015
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
1
0

2015/16
South Africa
India
4
3
0
1

2016
West Indies
West Indies
4
2
0
2

2016/17
New Zealand
India
3
3
0
0

2016/17
England
India
5
4
0
1

2017
Bangladesh
India
1
1
0
0

2017
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

2017
Srilanka
Srilanka
3
3
0
0

Total
29
19
3
7

33

Ajinkya Rahane

2017†
Australia
India
1
1
0
0

Total
2
1
0
0

Grand Total(1932-2017)
515
142
158
215[2]

tag: table

text: One Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one One Day International. Total 23 captained in ODI. From which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is most successful captain with 110 wins. He also hold record of highest loss with 74 match.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Ajit Wadekar
1974
2
0
2
0
0
0.00

2
Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan
1975–1979
7
1
6
0
0
14.28

3
Bishen Singh Bedi
1975/6-1978/9
4
1
3
0
0
25.00

4
Sunil Gavaskar
1980/1-1985/6
37
14
21
0
2
40.00

5
Gundappa Viswanath
1980/1
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

6
Kapil Dev
1982/3-1992/1993
74
39
33
0
2
54.16

7
Syed Kirmani
1983/4
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

8
Mohinder Amarnath
1984/1985
1
0
0
0
1
NA

9
Ravi Shastri
1986/7-1991/2
11
4
7
0
0
36.36

10
Dilip Vengsarkar
1987/8-1988/9
18
8
10
0
0
44.44

11
Krishnamachari Srikkanth
1989/90
13
4
8
0
1
33.33

12
Mohammad Azharuddin
1989/90-1999
174
90
72
8
4
51.72

13
Sachin Tendulkar
1996-1999/2000
73
23
43
1
6
35.07

14
Ajay Jadeja
1997/8-1999/2000
13
8
5
0
0
61.53

15
Sourav Ganguly
1999–2005
146[9]
76
65[9]
0
5
53.90

16
Rahul Dravid
2000/1 - 2007
79
42
33
0
4
56.00

17
Anil Kumble
2001/2
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

18
Virender Sehwag
2003 - 2011
12
7
5
0
0
58.33

19
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2007 – 2016
199
110
74
4
11
59.57

20
Suresh Raina
2010 – 2014
12
6
5
0
1
54.54

21
Gautam Gambhir
2010 - 2011
6
6
0
0
0
100.00

22
Virat Kohli
2016 - present
40
31
8
0
1
79.48

23
Ajinkya Rahane
2016
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

Grand Total(1974-2017)
927
474
406
7
40
53.83

text: Source:Cricinfo. Last updated: 1 October 2017.

text: Twenty-20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.Only five player captained in T20I for India. From which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is most successful with 41 wins.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Virender Sehwag
2006
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

2
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2007–2016
72
41
28
1
2
56.94

3
Suresh Raina
2010–2011
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

4
Ajinkya Rahane
2015
2
1
1
0
0
50.00

5
Virat Kohli
2017-present
5
3
2
0
0
60.00

Total(2006-2017)
83
49
31
1
2
61.11

text: Women's cricket[edit]

text: Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match.

text: The table of results is updated as 11 September 2014.

text:
Indian women's Test match captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Shantha Rangaswamy
1976/7
West Indies
India
6
1
1
4

1976/7
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1976/7
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1983/4
Australia
India
4
0
0
4

Total
12
1
2
9

2
Nilima Jogalekar
1984/1985†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

3
Diana Edulji
1984/5
New Zealand
India
2
0
0
2

1986
England
England
2
0
0
2

Total
4
0
0
4

4
Shubhangi Kulkarni
1986†
England
England
1
0
0
1

1990/1
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

Total
3
0
1
2

5
Sandhya Agarwal
1990/1†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

6
Purnima Rau
1994/5
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1995/6
England
India
2
0
1
1

Total
3
0
1
2

7
Pramila Bhatt
1995/6†
England
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

8
Chanderkanta Kaul
1999
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

9
Anjum Chopra
2001/2
England
India
1
0
0
1

2001/2
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

2002
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
3
1
0
2

10
Mamatha Maben
2003/4
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

11
Mithali Raj
2005/6
England
India
1
0
0
1

2005/6
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

2006
England
England
2
1
0
1

2014
England
England
1
1
0
0

Total
5
2
1
2

Total
35
4
6
25

text: Women's One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The World Cup Final appearance against Australia in 2004/5 represents India's best performance in a Women's World Cup.

text: Indian women's ODI captains

tag: ul

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Diana Edulji
1977/8, 1984/5 – 1993
18
7
11
0
0[10]
38.88

2
Shantha Rangaswamy
1981/2-1983/4
16
4
12
0
0
25.00

3
Shubhangi Kulkarni
1986
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

4
Purnima Rau
1994/5-1995/6
8
5
3
0
0[11]
62.50

5
Pramila Bhatt
1995/6-1997/8
7
5
1
1[12]
0[13]
78.57

6
Chanderkanta Kaul
1999
4
3
1
0
0
75.00

7
Anju Jain
2000/1
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

8
Anjum Chopra
2001/2[14]-2002/3-2011/2012
28
10
17
0
1[15]
37.03

9
Mamatha Maben
2003/4-2004/5
19
14
5
0
0
73.68

10
Mithali Raj
2003 – present
81
45
33
0
3
55.55

11
Jhulan Goswami
2008-2011
25
12
13
0
0
48.00

12
Rumeli Dhar
2008-2008
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

13
Harmanpreet Kaur
2013–2013
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

Total
219
113
101
1
4
51.59

text: Women's Twenty-20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.[16]

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Mithali Raj
2006–present
32
17
15
0
0
53.12

2
Jhulan Goswami
2008-2011
18
8
10
0
0
41.17

3
Anjum Chopra
2012-2012
10
3
7
0
0
30.00

4
Harmanpreet Kaur
2012-2016
13
9
4
0
0
69.23

Total
66
33
33
0
0
50.00

text: Youth cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The very nature of Under-19 cricket means that in practice no youth captains the side for more than one year. Four men, Srikkanth, Shastri, Dravid and Virat have gone on to captain the senior side.

text: The table of results is complete as of August 2014.* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match or ODI match).

text:
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Krishnamachari Srikkanth*
1978/9†
Pakistan
India
2
0
0
2

2
Vedraj Chauhan
1978/9
Pakistan
India
3
0
0
3

3
Ravi Shastri*
1981
England
England
3
0
0
3

4
Saba Karim*
1984/5
Australia
India
2
0
1
1

5
Anju Mudkavi
1984/5†
Australia
India
1
0
0
1

6
Amikar Dayal
1986/7
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

7
Myluahanan Senthilnathan
1987/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

8
Janardhanan Ramdas
1988/9
Pakistan
Pakistan
4
1
0
3

9
Ranjib Biswal
1989/90
Pakistan
India
4
1
0
3

10
Rahul Dravid*
1991/2
New Zealand
India
2
1
0
1

11
Manoj Joglekar
1992/3
England
India
3
1
1
1

12
Sridharan Sriram*
1993/4
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

13
Amit Sharma
1994
England
England
3
1
0
2

14
Kiran Powar
1994/5
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

15
Sanjay Raul
1995/6
South Africa
India
3
1
1
1

16
Ajit Agarkar*
1996/7†
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
1
0
0

17
Jyoti Yadav
1996/7
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

18
Reetinder Sodhi*
1998/9
Sri Lanka
India
1
0
0
1

19
Ajay Ratra*
2003/4
England
India
3
1
0
2

20
Manvinder Bisla
2002†
England
England
1
0
0
1

21
Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao
2002
England
England
2
0
1
1

22
Ambati Rayudu*
2004/5
England
India
3
3
0
0

23
Tanmay Srivastava
2006
England
England
3
1
0
2

2007
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

Total
5
2
0
3

24
Piyush Chawla*
2006
Pakistan
India
2
2
0
0

2007
New Zealand
India
3
1
1
1

Total
5
3
1
1

25
Virat Kohli*
2008
South Africa
South Africa
2
1
0
1

26
Ashok Menaria
2009
Australia
Australia
2
1
1
0

27
Vijay Zol
2014
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

Total
69
20
12
37

text: Youth One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. India's first great success in Under-19 ODI cricket was in 1999/2000, when they won the Under-19 World Cup under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif. The feat was repeated in 2008/9 and 2012 under the captaincy of Virat Kohli and Unmukt Chand.

text: The table of results is complete as of 16 August 2014.* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match, ODI or T20 match).

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Ravi Shastri
1981
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

2
Saba Karim
1985
3
0
3
0
0
0.00

3
Anju Mudkavi
1985
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

4
Amikar Dayal
1986
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

5
M. Senthilnathan
1988
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

6
Arjan Kripal Singh
1988
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

7
Ranjib Biswal
1989/90
5
4
1
0
0
80.00

8
Rahul Dravid
1992
3
2
1
0
0
66.66

9
Manoj Joglekar
1993
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

10
Amit Sharma
1994
5
2
3
0
0
40.00

11
Kiran Powar
1995
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

12
Sanjay Raul
1996
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

13
Jyoti Yadav
1997/8
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

14
Amit Pagnis
1997
6
4
2
0
0
66.66

15
Reetinder Sodhi
1999
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

16
Mohammad Kaif
1999/00
9
9
0
0
0
100.00

17
Ajay Ratra
2001
3
2
1
0
0
66.66

18
Parthiv Patel
2002
7
4
3
0
0
57.14

19
Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao
2002
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

20
Ambati Rayudu
2003/04
10
8
2
0
0
80.00

21
Dinesh Karthik
2004
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

22
Manoj Tiwary
2005
5
4
1
0
0
80.00

23
Ravikant Shukla
2005/06
17
15
2
0
0
88.23

24
Tanmay Srivastava
2006/07
7
7
0
0
0
100.00

25
Piyush Chawla
2006/07
12
11
1
0
0
91.66

26
Ravindra Jadeja
2007
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

27
Virat Kohli
2008
11
11
0
0
0
100.00

28
Ashok Menaria
2009/10
12
8
4
0
0
66.66

29
Unmukt Chand
2011/12
21
15
5
1
0
73.80

30
Vijay Zol
2013/14
22
18
3
0
1
85.71

31
Sanju Samson
2014
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

32
Ricky Bhui
2015
4
4
0
0
0
100.00

33
Virat Singh
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

34
Rishabh Pant
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

35
Ishan Kishan
2015
8
7
1
0
0
87.50

36
Abhishek Sharma
2016
5
5
0
0
00
100.00

Total
193
145
45
1
2
76.17

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Surya Prakash Chaturvedi,Humaare Kaptaan: Naidu se Dhoni Tak, Rajkamal Prakashan,2010


document_title: Circulation (currency)

question_text: how much cash is in circulation in canada

text: Circulation (currency)

text: History[edit]

text: The American colonies or states governments were able to circulate bills of credit. These state issued and backed money instruments were constitutionally prohibited.[4]

text: Total currency in circulation[edit]

text: In 1990, total currency in circulation in the world passed one trillion USD. After 12 years, in 2002 this figure was two trillion USD, and in 2008 it had increased to four trillion USD.[5]

text: As of 31 December 2015, the Bank for International Settlements provides detailed statistics of the worth of banknotes and coins for 18 major currencies converted to billions of US dollars using the exchange rate at the end of the year.

text:
$1,424.92 United States
$1,210.42 Euro area
$856.55 Japan
$250.80 India
$117.05 Russia
$103.09 United Kingdom
$76.31 Switzerland
$73.92 Korea
$72.02 Mexico
$58.78 Canada
$57.75 Brazil
$55.28 Australia
$52.99 Saudi Arabia
$47.98 Hong Kong SAR
$36.06 Turkey
$27.18 Singapore
$8.59 Sweden
$6.15 South Africa
$4,535.84 Total

text: China is not part of the calculation and may be over a trillion dollars today. That leaves over 160 countries not calculated.


document_title: Climate of Minnesota

question_text: when does it start cooling down in minnesota

text: Climate of Minnesota

text: General climatology[edit]

text: Because of its location in North America, Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of a continental climate, with cold winters and mild to hot summers in the south and frigid winters and generally cool summers in the north.[2] Each season has distinctive upper air patterns which bring different weather conditions with them. The state is nearly 500 miles (805 km) from any large body of water (with the exception of Lake Superior), and temperatures and precipitation vary widely. It is far enough north to experience −60 °F (−51 °C) temperatures and blizzards during the winter months, but far enough south to have 114 °F (46 °C) temperatures and tornado outbreaks in the summer.[3] The 174 degree Fahrenheit (97 °C) variation between Minnesota's highest and lowest temperature is the 11th largest variation of any U.S. state, and 3rd largest of any non-mountainous state (behind North Dakota and South Dakota).[4]

text: Minnesota is far from major sources of moisture and is in the transition zone between the moist East and the arid Great Plains. Annual average precipitation across the state ranges from around 35 inches (890 mm) in the southeast to 20 inches (510 mm) in the northwest.[5] Snow is the main form of precipitation from November through March, while rain is the most common the rest of the year. Annual snowfall extremes have ranged from over 170 inches (432 cm) in the rugged Superior Highlands of the North Shore to as little as 2.3 inches (5.8 cm) in southern Minnesota.[6][7] It has snowed in Minnesota during every month with the exception of July, and the state averages 110 days per year with snow cover of an inch (2.5 cm) or greater.[8]

text: Lake Superior[edit]

text: Lake Superior moderates the climate of those parts of Minnesota's Arrowhead Region near the shore. The lake acts as a heat sink, keeping the state's North Shore area relatively cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.[10] While this effect is marked near the lake, it does not reach very far inland. For example, Grand Marais on the lakeshore has an average July high temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), while Virginia, at about the same latitude but inland about 100 miles (161 km) to the west, has an average July high of 77 °F (25 °C). Virginia's average high temperature in January is 15 °F (−9 °C), while Grand Marais' is 23 °F (−5 °C).[11] Just a few miles inland from Lake Superior are the Sawtooth Mountains, which almost completely confine the marine air masses and associated precipitation to lower elevations near the lake.[12]

text: The prevailing northwest winter winds also limit the lake's influence. Places near the shoreline can receive lake-effect snow, but because the state lies north and west of the lake, snowfall amounts are not nearly as large as they are in locations like Wisconsin and Michigan that lie downwind to the south.[9] Even so, the single largest snowstorm in Minnesota history was a lake effect event. On January 6, 1994, Finland, Minnesota, received 36 inches (91 cm) of lake effect snow in 24 hours, and 47 inches (119 cm) over a three-day period. Both are Minnesota records. At 85 inches (216 cm) per year, the port city of Duluth has the highest average snowfall total of any city in Minnesota.[13] At 58.9 °F (14.9 °C), Grand Marais has the lowest average summer temperature of any city in the state.[14]

text: The climatological effects of Lake Superior tend to stifle convection, thus limiting the potential for tornadoes.[8] Although Cook and Lake counties are two of the largest counties in the state, they have experienced only seven tornadoes in the past 56 years.[15] One of those tornadoes was a large F3 that occurred in the 1969 Minnesota tornado outbreak.

text: Climate[edit]

text:
Alexandria

Brainerd

Duluth

Grand Marais

International Falls

Redwood Falls

Thief River Falls

Twin Cities

Winona

Worthington

text: Temperature[edit]

text:
Average Temperatures in Minnesota in °Fahrenheit (°Celsius), 1971–2000

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual

Alexandria[16]
8
(−13)
15
(−9)
27
(−3)
43
(6)
56
(13)
65
(18)
70
(21)
68
(20)
58
(14)
45
(7)
28
(−2)
14
(−10)
41
(5)

Brainerd[17]
6
(−14)
13
(−11)
26
(−3)
42
(6)
56
(13)
64
(18)
69
(21)
66
(19)
56
(13)
44
(7)
28
(−2)
13
(−11)
40
(4)

Duluth[18]
10
(−12)
17
(−8)
26
(−3)
39
(4)
48
(9)
58
(14)
66
(19)
65
(18)
56
(13)
45
(7)
31
(−1)
17
(−8)
40
(4)

Grand Marais[19]
14
(−10)
19
(−7)
28
(−2)
38
(3)
47
(8)
53
(12)
61
(16)
63
(17)
55
(13)
45
(7)
32
(0)
19
(−7)
39
(4)

International Falls[20]
3
(−16)
11
(−12)
24
(−4)
39
(4)
53
(12)
62
(17)
66
(19)
64
(18)
53
(12)
42
(6)
24
(−4)
9
(−13)
32
(0)

Redwood Falls[21]
13
(−11)
20
(−7)
32
(0)
47
(8)
60
(16)
70
(21)
74
(23)
71
(22)
62
(17)
49
(9)
32
(0)
18
(−8)
46
(8)

Thief River Falls[22]
3
(−16)
11
(−12)
24
(−4)
42
(6)
56
(13)
64
(18)
69
(21)
67
(19)
56
(13)
44
(7)
24
(−4)
9
(−13)
39
(4)

Twin Cities[23]
13
(−11)
20
(−7)
32
(0)
47
(8)
59
(15)
68
(20)
73
(23)
71
(22)
61
(16)
49
(9)
32
(0)
19
(−7)
45
(7)

Winona[24]
18
(−8)
24
(−4)
36
(2)
50
(10)
62
(17)
71
(22)
76
(24)
73
(23)
64
(18)
52
(11)
32
(0)
23
(−5)
49
(9)

Worthington[25]
11
(−12)
18
(−8)
29
(−2)
44
(7)
57
(14)
67
(19)
71
(22)
68
(20)
59
(15)
47
(8)
30
(−1)
17
(−8)
43
(6)

text: Precipitation[edit]

text:
Average Precipitation in Minnesota in inches (millimetres), 1971–2000

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual

Alexandria[16]
1.0 (25)
0.7 (18)
1.5 (38)
1.9 (48)
3.0 (76)
4.5 (110)
3.3 (84)
3.6 (91)
2.7 (69)
2.2 (56)
1.2 (30)
0.6 (15)
26.0 (660)

Brainerd[17]
0.8 (20)
0.6 (15)
1.5 (38)
2.0 (51)
3.3 (84)
4.2 (110)
4.1 (100)
3.6 (91)
2.8 (71)
2.5 (64)
1.6 (41)
0.7 (18)
27.7 (700)

Duluth[18]
1.0 (25)
0.5 (13)
1.4 (36)
1.6 (41)
2.3 (58)
3.7 (94)
3.7 (94)
3.7 (94)
3.7 (94)
1.9 (48)
1.4 (36)
0.8 (20)
25.6 (650)

Grand Marais[19]
0.7 (18)
0.6 (15)
1.1 (28)
1.3 (33)
2.5 (64)
3.4 (86)
3.4 (86)
3.1 (79)
3.4 (86)
2.6 (66)
1.8 (46)
0.8 (20)
24.6 (620)

International Falls[20]
0.8 (20)
0.6 (15)
1.0 (25)
1.4 (36)
2.6 (66)
4.0 (100)
3.4 (86)
3.1 (79)
3.0 (76)
2.0 (51)
1.4 (36)
0.7 (18)
23.9 (610)

Redwood Falls[21]
0.7 (18)
0.6 (15)
1.7 (43)
2.5 (64)
3.1 (79)
4.1 (100)
3.8 (97)
3.6 (91)
2.5 (64)
1.9 (48)
1.6 (41)
0.6 (15)
26.6 (680)

Thief River Falls[22]
0.2 (5.1)
0.3 (7.6)
0.4 (10)
1.0 (25)
2.6 (66)
3.4 (86)
3.4 (86)
3.1 (79)
2.4 (61)
1.7 (43)
0.9 (23)
0.3 (7.6)
19.7 (500)

Twin Cities[23]
1.0 (25)
0.8 (20)
1.9 (48)
2.3 (58)
3.2 (81)
4.3 (110)
4.1 (100)
4.1 (100)
2.7 (69)
2.1 (53)
1.9 (48)
1.0 (25)
29.4 (750)

Winona[24]
1.4 (36)
0.7 (18)
1.8 (46)
3.5 (89)
3.9 (99)
4.2 (110)
4.4 (110)
4.7 (120)
3.9 (99)
2.2 (56)
2.2 (56)
1.3 (33)
34.2 (870)

Worthington[25]
0.7 (18)
0.6 (15)
1.9 (48)
2.7 (69)
3.4 (86)
4.6 (120)
3.6 (91)
3.5 (89)
2.6 (66)
2.0 (51)
1.7 (43)
0.7 (18)
27.8 (710)

text: Full statistics for selected cities 1981–2010[edit]

text:
[show]Climate data for Duluth Int'l, Minnesota (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1871–present[b])

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
55
(13)
58
(14)
81
(27)
88
(31)
95
(35)
97
(36)
106
(41)
97
(36)
95
(35)
86
(30)
73
(23)
56
(13)
106
(41)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
38.8
(3.8)
43.3
(6.3)
55.0
(12.8)
71.9
(22.2)
80.9
(27.2)
85.4
(29.7)
88.7
(31.5)
86.7
(30.4)
81.7
(27.6)
72.4
(22.4)
54.7
(12.6)
39.5
(4.2)
90.2
(32.3)

Average high °F (°C)
18.9
(−7.3)
24.0
(−4.4)
34.4
(1.3)
49.2
(9.6)
62.2
(16.8)
70.8
(21.6)
76.3
(24.6)
74.3
(23.5)
65.0
(18.3)
51.5
(10.8)
35.6
(2)
22.3
(−5.4)
48.71
(9.28)

Average low °F (°C)
1.5
(−16.9)
6.1
(−14.4)
17.5
(−8.1)
30.0
(−1.1)
40.6
(4.8)
49.3
(9.6)
55.4
(13)
54.4
(12.4)
46.1
(7.8)
34.8
(1.6)
21.9
(−5.6)
7.3
(−13.7)
30.41
(−0.88)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−23.2
(−30.7)
−19.4
(−28.6)
−8
(−22)
13.9
(−10.1)
27.8
(−2.3)
36.6
(2.6)
43.2
(6.2)
42.1
(5.6)
30.9
(−0.6)
20.6
(−6.3)
2.1
(−16.6)
−16.7
(−27.1)
−26.1
(−32.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−41
(−41)
−39
(−39)
−29
(−34)
−5
(−21)
16
(−9)
27
(−3)
35
(2)
32
(0)
23
(−5)
6
(−14)
−29
(−34)
−35
(−37)
−41
(−41)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.96
(24.4)
0.81
(20.6)
1.49
(37.8)
2.43
(61.7)
3.23
(82)
4.23
(107.4)
3.85
(97.8)
3.70
(94)
4.11
(104.4)
2.85
(72.4)
2.09
(53.1)
1.21
(30.7)
30.96
(786.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
19.4
(49.3)
12.4
(31.5)
13.2
(33.5)
6.9
(17.5)
0.4
(1)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.3)
2.3
(5.8)
13.7
(34.8)
17.7
(45)
86.1
(218.7)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.3
8.5
9.7
10.6
12.3
12.6
11.8
10.8
12.3
11.3
10.7
10.5
131.4

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
12.9
10.1
8.7
4.6
0.5
0
0
0
0.1
2.0
8.9
12.8
60.6

Average relative humidity (%)
72.0
69.8
69.3
63.6
62.7
69.5
70.9
74.5
75.7
71.4
74.9
76.3
70.9

Mean monthly sunshine hours
132.7
149.7
190.7
229.5
263.5
272.8
307.5
261.8
194.0
150.4
98.5
102.3
2,353.4

Percent possible sunshine
47
52
52
56
57
58
64
60
51
44
35
38
53

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[26][27][28]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport (1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1871–present)[d]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
58
(14)
70
(21)
83
(28)
95
(35)
106
(41)
104
(40)
108
(42)
103
(39)
104
(40)
90
(32)
77
(25)
68
(20)
108
(42)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
43.1
(6.2)
47.3
(8.5)
65.9
(18.8)
80.1
(26.7)
87.9
(31.1)
93.3
(34.1)
94.8
(34.9)
92.4
(33.6)
87.9
(31.1)
79.1
(26.2)
61.6
(16.4)
45.5
(7.5)
96.6
(35.9)

Average high °F (°C)
23.7
(−4.6)
28.9
(−1.7)
41.3
(5.2)
57.8
(14.3)
69.4
(20.8)
78.8
(26)
83.4
(28.6)
80.5
(26.9)
71.7
(22.1)
58.0
(14.4)
41.2
(5.1)
27.1
(−2.7)
55.2
(12.9)

Average low °F (°C)
7.5
(−13.6)
12.8
(−10.7)
24.3
(−4.3)
37.2
(2.9)
48.9
(9.4)
58.8
(14.9)
64.1
(17.8)
61.8
(16.6)
52.4
(11.3)
39.7
(4.3)
26.2
(−3.2)
12.3
(−10.9)
37.2
(2.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−15
(−26)
−9.4
(−23)
3.6
(−15.8)
21.6
(−5.8)
34.9
(1.6)
45.0
(7.2)
53.2
(11.8)
50.7
(10.4)
36.4
(2.4)
25.3
(−3.7)
7.6
(−13.6)
−10
(−23)
−18.9
(−28.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−41
(−41)
−33
(−36)
−32
(−36)
2
(−17)
18
(−8)
34
(1)
43
(6)
39
(4)
26
(−3)
10
(−12)
−25
(−32)
−39
(−39)
−41
(−41)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.90
(22.9)
0.77
(19.6)
1.89
(48)
2.66
(67.6)
3.36
(85.3)
4.25
(108)
4.04
(102.6)
4.30
(109.2)
3.08
(78.2)
2.43
(61.7)
1.77
(45)
1.16
(29.5)
30.61
(777.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
12.2
(31)
7.7
(19.6)
10.3
(26.2)
2.4
(6.1)
trace
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
trace
0.6
(1.5)
9.3
(23.6)
11.9
(30.2)
54.4
(138.2)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.9
7.4
9.3
10.7
11.5
11.3
10.2
9.7
9.8
9.2
8.7
9.8
116.5

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.4
6.8
5.4
2.0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.6
5.2
9.3
37.8

Average relative humidity (%)
69.9
69.5
67.4
60.3
60.4
63.8
64.8
67.9
70.7
68.3
72.6
74.1
67.5

Mean monthly sunshine hours
156.7
178.3
217.5
242.1
295.2
321.9
350.5
307.2
233.2
181.0
112.8
114.3
2,710.7

Percent possible sunshine
55
61
59
60
64
69
74
71
62
53
39
42
59

Source #1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[30][31][32]

Source #2: The Weather Channel[33]

text: Winter[edit]

text: Even though winter does not officially start until late December, Minnesota usually begins experiencing winter-like conditions in November, sometimes as early as October. As with many other Midwestern states, winter in Minnesota is characterized by cold (below freezing) temperatures and snowfall. Weather systems can move in from the north, west, or south, with the majority of the weather being driven in from the north. A vigorous jet stream brings high and low-pressure systems through in quick succession, which can cause large temperature variations over a short period of time.

text: Winter temperature[edit]

text: As the last remnants of summertime air in the southern U.S. start to lose their grip, cold polar air building up in northern Canada starts to push farther south, eventually spreading into Minnesota. By the time December and January arrive, Minnesota is fully engulfed in the polar air and is then subjected to outbreaks of arctic air masses. Because there are no natural barriers north or northwest of Minnesota to block arctic air from pouring south, Minnesota gets regular shots of the arctic air through the winter.[34] High pressure systems which descend south from the Canadian plains behind the fronts bring light winds, clear skies, and bitterly cold temperatures. The northern part of Minnesota gets the brunt of the cold air. International Falls, sometimes called the "Icebox of the nation", has the coldest average annual temperature of any National Weather Service first-order station in the contiguous United States at 37.4 °F (3.0 °C).[35] Tower, Minnesota, sinks below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average of seventy-one days per year, while the ten coldest counties in the contiguous US, based on January minimums, are all located in Minnesota.[36] The air mass then slowly moderates as it moves south into the rest of the state. Alberta clippers alternate with these high-pressure systems, bringing high winds and some snowfall with them.

text: Minnesota occasionally gets breaks from the polar and arctic air when a zonal flow takes hold. This means that the jet stream will move in a west to east motion—rather than north to south—and warmer air from the western United States is pushed into the region. In Minnesota this pattern commonly leads to a prolonged period of above freezing high temperatures that gives Minnesotans a break from the winter freeze. Storms that move into Minnesota from a more westerly direction generally do not bring significant amounts of precipitation with them.[37]

text: Winter precipitation[edit]

text: Winter precipitation comes in a few different forms. Snow is the main form of precipitation, but freezing rain, ice, sleet and sometimes even rain are all possible during the winter months. Larger storm systems, often Panhandle hooks or other storms that occur with a meridional flow, can bring large amounts of snow and even blizzard conditions.[38]

text: Alberta clippers[edit]

text: Alberta clippers are fast-moving areas of low pressure that move through Minnesota during the winter months.[39] Clippers get their name from Alberta, Canada, the province from which they begin their southward track. (Other variations of the same type of storm systems are "Saskatchewan Screamers" or "Manitoba Maulers".[40]) Although clippers often originate over the northern Pacific Ocean, they lose most of their moisture through orographic lift when they collide with the Canadian Rockies. Because of the limited moisture content and quick movement of the systems, clippers rarely produce more than 6 in (15 cm) of snow as they pass through Minnesota.[41] The biggest effects of an Alberta Clipper are what follows them, and that is arctic air, high wind speed, and dangerous wind chills. This often results in severe blowing and drifting snow, and sometimes even blizzard conditions.[42] Alberta Clippers often proceed to become copious lake-effect snow producers on the southern and eastern shores of the Great Lakes.[43]

text: Panhandle hooks[edit]

text: In terms of their characteristics, Panhandle hooks are nearly the opposite of Alberta clippers. Instead of forming in the north and dropping south, these low pressure systems form in the southwestern United States and then move northeast. They get their name from the location where they usually make their turn to the north; near the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. Unlike clippers, these storms usually have a great deal of moisture to work with. As the storms make their turn to the north, they pull in moist air from the nearby Gulf of Mexico and pull it northward toward Minnesota and other parts of the Midwest.[44] As these systems move to the northeast, there will usually be a heavy band of snow to the northwest of the low pressure center if there is enough cold air present. A wintery mix of precipitation, rain, or sometimes even thunderstorms will then often occur to the south of it.[45] Snowfall over a foot (30 cm) is not uncommon with a panhandle hook, and because of the high moisture content in these systems the snow is usually wet and heavy. Large panhandle hooks can become powerful enough to draw in arctic air after they pass by the state, leaving bitter cold temperatures and wind chills in their wake. Panhandle Hooks are responsible for some of the most famous blizzards that have occurred in the Midwest, including the Great Storm of 1975.[42]

text: Spring[edit]

text: Spring is a time of major transition in Minnesota. As winter nears its end, the sun rises higher in the sky and temperatures begin to moderate. As this happens much of the Midwest starts to experience severe thunderstorms and tornadoes.[46] Storm systems that move inland from the Pacific begin to collide with the increasingly warm and moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. In the early part of the spring, Minnesota is usually not in a geographically favorable position to experience severe weather since the warm air needed for it has not yet pushed that far to the north.[47] Early spring tornado outbreaks do occur occasionally in Minnesota though, as evidenced by the 1998 Comfrey – St. Peter tornado outbreak on March 29, 1998. More often, Minnesota is on the northern (cooler) side of major storm systems in the early spring, which instead results in only rain and possibly snow. Even though the winter snow pack typically starts to melt in southern Minnesota in early March, there is usually still enough cold air present over Canada to allow for major snow storms in Minnesota until late April.[48]

text: As spring progresses, the jet stream starts to push storm systems farther to the north, and southern Minnesota becomes more prone to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes.[47] As spring moves into the later stages, the chances for snow continue to drop and eventually disappear, south to north. By the time it gets warm enough for severe weather in northern Minnesota, the strength of storm systems have usually started to decrease, which results in fewer severe storms in northern Minnesota compared to the southern part of the state.

text: Wind[edit]

text: With the exception of areas along the shores of Lake Superior, winds in Minnesota generally prevail from the north and northwest in the winter, and south and southeast in the summer.[8] On average, autumn and spring are the windiest times of the year in Minnesota. October is the windiest month in northwest Minnesota, while April is the windiest over the rest of the state.[49] Winds generally average between 9 and 11 mph (14 and 18 km/h) across the state, with one major exception. The heaviest winds in the state are found on the Buffalo Ridge, or Coteau des Prairies, a flatiron-shaped area extending from Watertown, South Dakota, diagonally across southwestern Minnesota and into Iowa. Created by two lobes of a glacier parting around a pre-existing plateau during the (Pleistocene) Ice Age, the Buffalo Ridge is ideal for wind power generation, with average wind speeds of 16.1 mph (26.8 km/h).[50]

text: Floods[edit]

text: Minnesota is prone to flooding in its major rivers by spring snowmelt runoff and ice jams. Spring flooding to some degree occurs almost annually on some Minnesota rivers, but major floods have occurred in 1965, 1969, 1997, 2001, and 2009.[51][52] The flooding in 1965 was the worst flood in Minnesota history on the Mississippi River, while the flooding in 1997 was the worst in history on the Red River.[53] The Red River flood of 1997 was aided heavily by the 11 blizzards that struck Minnesota that winter.[8][54] Besides heavy winter and spring snowfall, cold winter temperatures and heavy autumn and spring rains causing sudden run-off surges are also common causes of spring river flooding in Minnesota.[55]

text: Minnesota is also prone to both river flooding and localized flash flooding by extended periods of heavy late-spring and summer rainfall. The Great Flood of 1993 on the Mississippi River was caused by copious amounts of rain that fell after the spring snow melt.[56]

text: The 2007 Midwest flooding, which affected the hilly Driftless area of southeast Minnesota was the result of a training pattern of storms mixing warm moist air from Tropical Storm Erin with cooler Canadian air, resulting in record 24-hour rainfall totals of up to 17 inches (432 mm),[57] with a similar flooding event in 2010 as a result of the remnants of tropical storm Georgette in the eastern Pacific and Hurricane Karl in the Gulf of Mexico.[58]

text: Summer[edit]

text: During a Minnesota summer, heat and humidity predominate in the south, while warm and less humid conditions are generally present in the north. A main feature of summer weather in Minnesota and the Midwestern United States as a whole is the weakening of the jet stream, leading to slower movement of air masses, a general increase in the stability of temperatures, and less wind.[59] The strong wind that does blow almost always comes from the south, bringing in warm temperatures and humidity. These humid conditions and a jet stream that has pushed into the northern parts of the U.S. initiate thunderstorm activity 30–40 days per year.[60]

text: Temperature[edit]

text: Daily average summer temperatures in Minnesota range from the low 70s (22 °C) in the south to the mid 60s °F (19 °C) in the north.[14] Because summer time air masses are not as volatile as in the winter, daily high and low temperatures rarely vary more than 15 degrees (7 °C) either side of normal. While summertime around much of the country means long stretches of hot and humid weather, Minnesota is located far enough north where periods of cooler, drier polar air frequently move in behind polar fronts dropping south from Canada.[7] The polar air typically does not linger very long however and is quickly replaced by the warmer and more humid air from the Gulf of Mexico again. The cool, dry polar air colliding with hot and humid summertime air keep the threat of thunderstorms and tornadoes in Minnesota through July and August.[47] Northern Minnesota is considerably cooler and less humid than southern Minnesota during the summer months. For example, Duluth's annual average temperature and dew point are 6 degrees (3.4 °C) cooler than Minneapolis'.[61]

text: July is the hottest month in Minnesota statewide and is usually the month when the peak heat waves occur. In July 1936, Minnesota and the rest of the Midwest suffered through its most severe heat wave on record. Most of the state was engulfed in 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures for several days in a row, and Minnesota's all-time record high temperature of 114 °F (46 °C) was equaled during this stretch. This heat wave was also responsible for the Twin Cities' all-time record high of 108 °F (42 °C), as well as the all-time record high of several other cities across the state.[62]

text: The western region of Minnesota experiences the hottest summer temperatures. Coteau des Prairies can heat cities to the north of it similar to how places in the Rocky Mountains are warmed by Chinook winds. As southwest winds blow down the slope of Coteau des Prairies, the air compresses and warms. This heats the hot air even further and often brings locations such as Beardsley and Moorhead the warmest temperatures in the state, despite their higher latitudes.[7]

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: The summer months of June, July, August, and September account for nearly half of the annual precipitation total across the state of Minnesota.[63] Most of this rain falls from thunderstorms, a frequent summer occurrence. Even though summer is the primary season for Minnesota to experience thunderstorms, they can occur from March to November. These storms can become severe, producing large hail, strong tornadoes, and large bow echos that result in damaging straight-line winds. Minnesota has experienced several major derecho events, most recently the Boundary Waters-Canadian Derecho which blew down millions of trees in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness on July 4, 1999.[64]

text: Summertime thunderstorms are fueled by dew points that often reach into the 70s °F (21 °C) and sometimes even 80 °F (27 °C).[65] In addition to severe conditions, thunderstorms produce heavy rain and cloud to ground lightning. Heavy rain brings flash floods to Minnesota an average of three days per year.[34] With the exception of hail, summer precipitation in Minnesota is almost always in the form of rain. The lone exception is in far northern Minnesota, where in mid-September, small amounts of snow become a possibility.[8]

text: Droughts[edit]

text: Droughts are an annual summer concern in Minnesota, especially for farmers. The growing season (which varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeast Minnesota) is when Minnesota averages its highest percentage of annual precipitation, so a lack of rainfall during this time period can be devastating to crops.[34] The last major drought in Minnesota was in 1988. During that year, the period of April–July was the 2nd driest in the previous century, and the period of May–August was the hottest on record. The combination of dry skies and heat caused a severe drought which cost the state approximately 1.2 billion dollars in crop losses.[66]

text: Other memorable drought years were 1976 and the Dust Bowl years of the 1930s. During the dust bowl, inappropriate farming techniques enhanced by years of drought conditions led to dust storms in Southern Minnesota and the other parts of the Midwest.[67] Drought conditions also have helped spawn forest fires. In 1894 the Great Hinckley Fire destroyed Hinckley killing an estimated 459 people, and in 1918 a forest fire killed 453 people in the vicinity of Cloquet.[68] More recently, in 2006, the Cavity Lake Fire burned 31,830 acres (129 km²) in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.[69]

text: Tornadoes[edit]

text: Tornadoes are possible in Minnesota from March–November, but the peak tornado month is June, followed by July, May, and August. Tornadoes are most common in the southern half of the state, which is located on the northern edge of Tornado Alley. Just over a third of tornadoes in Minnesota strike between 4:00 pm and 6:00 pm.[8] The state averages 27 tornadoes per year,[1] 99% of which have ratings of F2 or weaker. On average Minnesota has an F5 tornado once every 25 years. Some of the notable Minnesota tornadoes and outbreaks are:

text:
August 21, 1883: An F5 tornado struck Rochester, killing 37. This tornado led to the construction of a new hospital, which eventually evolved into the Mayo Clinic.
April 14, 1886: A large tornado struck Sauk Rapids, killing 72. This was Minnesota's deadliest tornado on record.[70]
June 22, 1919: The second-deadliest tornado in Minnesota history tore through Fergus Falls, killing 59.
May 6, 1965: Four F4 tornadoes ripped through the Twin Cities metro area (two of them in Fridley), killing 13.
June 16, 1992: Minnesota experienced its second-largest tornado outbreak with 27 recorded twisters. The largest tornado in this family was an F5 that struck Chandler, Minnesota, killing one. This is the most recent F5 tornado to strike the state.
March 29, 1998: An F4 and an F3 tornado that were part of a larger outbreak tore through the towns of Comfrey and St. Peter. They killed two and caused damage in the millions of dollars in Minnesota's earliest recorded tornado outbreak.
June 17, 2010: Three EF4 and six EF3 tornadoes were part of 48 twisters that touched down in Minnesota's largest tornado outbreak on record.[47]

text: Autumn[edit]

text: Autumn weather in Minnesota is marked by the rapid decrease of severe thunderstorms, dramatic cooling, and eventually the possibility of blizzards. With summer-time heat still prevalent in the southern U.S. and colder air quickly taking hold in Canada, Minnesota can be affected by wide temperature swings in short periods of time. Because of this, the jet stream, which tends to weaken during the summer months, begins to re-strengthen. This leads to quicker changes in weather patterns and increasingly strong storm systems.[71][72] As autumn moves on, these storm systems bring with them progressively colder air, eventually changing the rain over snow, generally starting in October in the northern part of the state and November in the south.[73] From September to December the average temperature in the state falls by approximately 43 °F (23 °C), the largest such temperature swing within any Minnesota season.[14]

text: By late October and November atmospheric dynamics are generally in place to allow storm systems to become very intense. In fact, Minnesota's all-time record low pressure was recorded during autumn on October 26, 2010.[74] If these powerful storm systems are able to draw enough cold air southward from Canada, they can evolve into powerful blizzards. Some of Minnesota's most memorable winter storm events have occurred during the middle part of the autumn season. On November 11, 1940, the southeast half of Minnesota was surprised by the Armistice Day Blizzard. Temperatures in the 60s °F (16 °C) on the morning of November 11 dropped into the single digits (below –12 °C) by the morning of November 12, bringing with them 27 inches (69 cm) of snow and 60 mph (100 km/h) winds. Known deaths in this blizzard reached 154, 49 of them in Minnesota.[75][76] On October 31, 1991, much of Minnesota was hit by the Halloween Blizzard. A band of snowfall of 24+ in (60+ cm) fell from the Twin Cities north to Duluth. It was the single largest snowfall ever recorded in many communities across eastern Minnesota.[77]

text: Image and popular culture[edit]

text: Minnesota's climate has done much to shape the image of the state. Minnesota has a late but intense spring, a summer of water sports, an autumn of brilliantly colored leaves, and a long winter with outdoor sports and activities.

text: "Summer at the lake" is a Minnesota tradition. Water skiing was invented in Minnesota by Ralph Samuelson, and the Minneapolis Aquatennial features a milk carton boat race. Contestants build boats from milk cartons and float them on Minneapolis area lakes, with recognition based more on colorful and imaginative designs than on actual racing performance.[78]

text: But while Minnesota's warm summers provide its natives and tourists with a variety of outdoor activities, the state is known for its winters. The state has produced curlers, skiers, and lugers who have competed in the Winter Olympics, pioneers who invented the snowmobile, and legions of ice fishing enthusiasts.[79]

text: The state is also known for enthusiastic ice hockey players, both at the amateur and professional levels. Eveleth, Minnesota, home to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, boasts of the number of quality players and the contributions of the city (and the rest of the Mesabi Range) to the growth and development of hockey in the United States.[80]

text: To many outsiders, Minnesota's winters appear to be cold and inhospitable. A World War II newscaster, in describing the brutally cold conditions of the Russian front, stated that at least Minnesotans could understand it.[79] A New York journalist visited St. Paul and declared that the city was "another Siberia, unfit for human habitation." In response, the city decided to build a huge ice palace in 1886, similar to one that Montreal had built in 1885. They hired the architects of the Canadian ice palace to design one for St. Paul and built a palace 106 ft (32.3 m) high with ice blocks cut from a nearby lake.[78] This began the tradition of the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, a ten-day festival which celebrates Minnesota's winter season.[81]

text: Minnesota's winters are the setting of several television programs and Hollywood films, including the 1996 film Fargo which features the backdrop of a Minnesota winter, but like most of the characters in the movie, the climate is portrayed as bleak and inhospitable.[82]


document_title: Killzone Shadow Fall

question_text: what is the helghast home planet in killzone shadowfall

text: Killzone Shadow Fall

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Like its predecessors, Killzone Shadow Fall is a first-person shooter in a science fiction setting. Staple weapons such as the M82 Assault Rifle, stA-52 Assault Rifle, and stA-18 pistol return from the earlier Killzone games, albeit in new forms and variations.[6] New weapons include the LSR44, a recoil-free, hybrid assault/charge sniper rifle that functions much like a miniaturized rail-gun,[7] and the OWL, an advanced hovering attack drone (used by the Shadow Marshals) that can attack/stun when it is adjacent to an adversary, as well as deploy an instant zip line, protect the player from enemy fire with an energy shield, and hack/scan terminals and enemy alarms to prevent reinforcements from arriving.[8]

text: While the previous games in the Killzone series portrayed a large war-zone with numerous allies by the players side at any given time and an overall linear design, Killzone Shadow Fall opts for a more open-ended level design and allows players to utilize stealth to approach their missions in addition to engaging in direct confrontations with enemies.[9] Levels are much more open than in previous games, allowing for multiple ways/routes to complete objectives.[10] Also in Shadow Fall, for the first half of the campaign, the player is alone in firefights, with the OWL as the player's only "companion", which is able to lay down cover fire, among other abilities. During the second half onward, the player is occasionally joined by Echo as an ally, where she is able to snipe enemies marked by the player.

text: Multiplayer shipped with 10 maps. Users are encouraged to create their own custom map presets called "Warzones", which then can be shared with others or promoted by the Killzone community.[11] Classes, abilities and weapons are unlocked from the start. The class system has been simplified to just three: Assault, Scout and Support (with some medic abilities from previous games now subsumed under "Support").[12] The player unlocks skill enhancements based on completing challenges unique to his class.[13] Alongside competitive multiplayer, a 4-player online co-operative mode was introduced with the Intercept expansion pack, released on 24 June 2014.[14]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Following the Petrusite detonation that rendered the planet Helghan uninhabitable in Killzone 3 (an event now referred to as "The Terracide"), the ISA grants refuge to the Helghast survivors on the planet Vekta, allowing them to colonize half the planet, with that half of the planet dubbed New Helghan. A massive security fortification called The Wall is constructed to separate the two civilizations from each other, due to the resentment they bear over the previous war. Both the Vektans and Helghast routinely perform covert operations against each other in the hope of finishing the war each claims the other started. The majority of the game takes place in Vekta City, home to the Vektan Security Agency (VSA) headquarters, as well as a prison in New Helghan, and Helghan, the original homeworld of the Helghast, now dead and shattered due to the Petrusite detonation.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The game begins in the year 2370, several years after the construction of "The Wall", during the forced relocation of Vektans out of New Helghan. Michael Kellan and his 5-year-old son, Lucas, attempt to sneak through New Helghan to The Wall. Along the way, they meet Sinclair, a Shadow Marshal, who aids them in making it through to safety. Just as the group makes it to The Wall, Helghast forces spot them and kill Michael. After Sinclair dispatches the remaining forces, he promises Lucas that he will look after him. A brief cutscene plays, showing Lucas rising through the ranks of the Shadow Marshal Academy, eventually becoming a full-fledged Shadow Marshal and working under Sinclair's command.

text: 20 years later, tensions between the Vektans and Helghast have reached a boiling point. Kellan, who let himself be captured by the Helghast as part of an investigation, is being brought across The Wall as part of a prisoner exchange for a Helghast agent named Echo. After the exchange, Kellan is ordered to return to the Helghan side of The Wall in order to retrieve classified data. Kellan recovers the classified information and makes a bold escape out of the area. Using the recovered data, Sinclair sends Kellan to the ISC "Cassandra", a classified research ship, to destroy evidence of a bio-tech weapon being created by head scientist Dr. Hillary Massar and send the "Cassandra" into the nearby sun. Once on the station, Kellan encounters Echo, who escapes with Massar in tow; while Kellan makes it off the ship just as it drifts into the sun.

text: Upon arriving at VSA headquarters, a massive explosion rips through the building, killing several civilians and soldiers. Through the confusion, Kellan meets up with Sinclair; just as a broadcast comes through from Vladko Tyran, leader of "The Black Hand", a paramilitary terrorist group claiming responsibility for the attack. As a result of the terrorism, all Helghast citizens residing on the Vektan side of The Wall are deported to New Helghan. Sinclair sends Kellan under-cover with the rest of the refugees in order to locate Tyran. Eventually he finds Tyran and learns that he is working for Jorhan Stahl (having survived the events of Killzone 3), who plans to use Massar's bio-tech weapon that has been altered to target Vektans. Shortly after, Kellan is taken captive.

text: Kellan is approached by Echo in his cell. He informs her that Stahl plans to use Massar's bio-tech weapon to kill Vektans and half-breeds alike, including Echo (who is half-Vektan, half-Helghast). Echo, who is revealed to be Lady Hera Visari's daughter, is displeased with Visari for being in league with Stahl and planning to ignite another war.[15] She helps Kellan escape his cell and returns him to the Vektan side of The Wall in order to convince the VSA to stand down. Upon his return, Sinclair ignores Kellan's pleas to stand down, outraged that he is siding with Echo. Instead, Sinclair informs him that the VSA have tracked Massar to a massive mining spire in orbit over the planet Helghan, and dispatches him to recover the doctor. Kellan infiltrates the main spire and finds Massar. She states that the bio-weapon is now with Stahl, being prepped for its final test. Sinclair orders Kellan to take Massar into custody, but Echo arrives and kills Massar as Kellan watches on. Now viewed as a traitor by Sinclair, Kellan teams up with Echo, and the two descend to Helghan to stop Stahl.

text: Once the duo arrive on the destroyed surface of Helghan and head to Stahl's base, they confront and defeat Tyran. Kellan then radios Sinclair, warning him to abort the ISA assault on Stahl, but Sinclair ignores him. As the ISA begin their attack on Stahl's base, Stahl activates Massar's weapon, destroying all of the ISA ships. Echo and Kellan are separated in the chaos. Finally, Kellan reaches Stahl himself, strapped to a life support system due to his advanced age (and presumably due to Petrusite exposure). Stahl claims that the Terracide happened because the weak had to be destroyed, and that it is Vekta's turn to share the same fate, but is suddenly shot dead by Sinclair, who enters the room and also shoots Kellan. As Kellan dies, Sinclair states that with the newly reacquired weapon, they can end the Helghast threat forever. Sinclair then apologizes to Kellan before killing him.

text: A mid-credits scene lets the player take control of Echo, sneaking into Vekta City to assassinate Sinclair during a speech he gives to the Vektans, calling for war against the Helghast. Echo comes to a perch overlooking the ceremony, lines up her shot with a sniper rifle and quietly says "For Kellan..." before pulling the trigger, killing Sinclair and preventing a new war from beginning.

text: Development and release[edit]

text: Killzone Shadow Fall was seen by Guerrilla Games as an opportunity to revitalize the franchise, since it was established early in development that they would be working on a new platform. The main point during development was to give players more options on how to proceed, particularly during the single-player mode.[16] According to Guerrilla Games, the original size of Killzone Shadow Fall was 290GB because the game has no assets designed for lower spec systems.[17]

text: The demo of Killzone Shadow Fall shown during the PlayStation 4's announcement only used 4GB of memory – not the full 8GB GDDR5 RAM available to developers in the final hardware, Guerrilla has revealed. According to the studio, 3072MB (3GB) of the PS4's 8GB were dedicated to video resources powering the demo, with 1,536MB used for system resources. A further 128MB were shared between the two. Of the 3GB reserved for video memory, 1,321 MB were used by non-streaming textures. According to Guerrilla, the demo featured 8200 physics objects, 500 particle systems and real-time reflections - which include "a lot of Guerrilla secret sauce". Guerrilla's decision to stick with 4GB suggest that the developer may not have been aware of Sony's decision to include 8GB in final retail hardware – something Just Add Water CEO Stewart Gilray told VideoGamer.com had been kept secret from third-party developers until the console's announcement. "We were told [PS4] was 4GB originally and we first knew it had 8GBs when Mark said at the event's stage, 'And it has 8GB of memory'. We'd had kits at that point for a good while."[18]

text: Killzone Shadow Fall ended development and "went gold" on 21 October 2013.[19] The game was released on 15 November 2013 in North America, and was released on 29 November 2013 in Europe, and on 22 February 2014 in Japan, as a launch title[20] for the PlayStation 4.[21] Participating retailers offered the Shadow Pack as a pre-order bonus. It included three exclusive skins for the OWL combat drone, the MP Spotlight Move (a special victory move to humiliate fallen opponents in multiplayer), and the official soundtrack.[22]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Killzone Shadow Fall (Official Game Soundtrack)Soundtrack album by Tyler Bates and LornReleased
31 December 2013 (2013-12-31) (PS4 App Version)16 September 2014 (2014-09-16) (iTunes)Genre
Ambient, electronic, video game soundtrackLength
1:26:21 (PS4 App Version)45:20 (Disc 1)40:58 (Disc 2)

text: Killzone Shadow Fall is the second game in the series in which Joris de Man did not compose the score, following the PlayStation Vita title Killzone: Mercenary. For Shadow Fall, Tyler Bates and electronica artist Lorn were hired to compose music for the Vekta and Helghan missions, respectively. The style of the soundtrack is vastly different from previous installments, favoring ambient soundscapes and beat-driven electronica over orchestral arrangements.

text: The official soundtrack for Killzone Shadow Fall received two releases: first, as a standalone app on PlayStation 4, released on 31 December 2013,[23][24] and then as a digital download on iTunes, released on 16 September 2014.[25][26][27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic73/100[28]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid9/10[29]Eurogamer7/10[30]Game Informer8/10[31]GameSpot7/10[32]GamesRadar+[33]IGN8/10[34]Polygon5/10[35]

text: Killzone Shadow Fall received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. It was mostly praised for its visuals and multiplayer mode, but criticism was directed at the game's story and AI problems.

text: Destructoid's Dale North was very positive of the game; he scored it a 9/10 and said: "I like Killzone Shadow Fall for its change of direction from previous series games, as well as its change of pace over other first-person shooters. Guerrilla has tried a few new things this time around, and should be commended as such. I welcome the almost sandbox-ish level approach, and the stealth segments did a nice job of breaking up the standard shooting action. It's really nice when gameplay concepts win out over big set pieces and cinematic events. Oh, and it's beautiful. A stunner. Killzone Shadow Fall is the game that will make you happy to own a PS4."[29]

text: Oli Welsh's review for Eurogamer scored a 7 out of 10. He praised the visuals, gunplay, movement, level design, and multiplayer, as well as the OWL, which was called a "fun tactical toy". Welsh said "It's a game that any new PlayStation 4 owner will be proud to show off - but it won't be one they remember by the time PS5 rolls around."[30]

text: In his review for Game Informer, Dan Ryckert scored the game an 8/10 and stated: "When you look past the gorgeous visuals, Killzone Shadow Fall is a competent shooter in terms of both campaign gameplay and multiplayer offerings. It may not be the most innovative title on the market, but it's certainly one of the top stars of the PlayStation 4's launch lineup."[31]

text: Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot scored the game a 7 out of 10 and said: "As much as I enjoyed my online time with Killzone Shadow Fall–and as much as I will enjoy lots more time with it, unlocking perks that allow me to personalize my weapons–I missed Killzone 3's jump pack, which brought a nifty nimbleness to the battlegrounds. I missed it in Shadow Fall's disappointing single-player campaign, too, which sorely needed a shot of adrenaline. Where I look back fondly on Killzone 2's finest single-player moments, the moments I recall here are those in which I wandered through corridors and rocky meadows wondering where the bad guys were. Luckily, Guerrilla Games remembered what drew me and many others to the front lines of online war, and it's here that Shadow Fall emerges from the rubble and flies into the electric skies."[32]

text: GamesRadar's Ryan Taljonick gave the game a positive review. He scored it a 4/5 and stated: "Killzone Shadow Fall is an excellent way to kick off the eighth console generation. Sure, its characters may not be all that convincing, and its multiplayer is more a well-crafted distraction than a long-term destination, but the game as a whole contains plenty of unexpected surprises that make it worth your time. The open-ended missions, though not as plentiful as you might like, are made even better thanks to the awesome tools at your disposal, and its story has some powerful moments that are sure to catch you off guard. And even when it hits lulls, you'll still have a great time shooting to your heart's content."[33]

text: Colin Moriarty of IGN gave a generally positive review, with a score of 8 out of 10. He called it "great", praised the "stunning" graphics, said the multiplayer was "fun" and liked the gameplay improvements. Some negative comments were made concerning the AI and level design. Moriarty summed up the review by saying "There's never been a better time for everyone to be paying attention to the Killzone franchise, because Shadow Fall is a step in an all-new, very welcome direction."[34]

text: Polygon's review was more harsh, with Arthur Gies giving the game a score of 5 out of 10. Gies praised the visuals but said the game is filled with "shooter cliches" and is marred by poor execution. "Shadow Fall looks like the future, but it's stuck in the past," Gies said. "In a launch lineup crowded with shooters, Killzone Shadow Fall sits at the bottom."[35]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Killzone Shadow Fall was a commercial success, selling almost 800,000 copies as of 25 December 2013. As of 2 March 2014 it has sold over 2.1 million copies.[36][37]

text: Killzone Shadow Fall received several awards after its release, including the Best PS4 Shooter and Best PS4 Graphics by IGN. It also received the People's Choice awards on both categories.[38][39]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: On 5 August 2014, Sony was sued for $5 million in a class action lawsuit. Sony was accused of "deceptive marketing" because the game's multiplayer mode does not run at the resolution advertised.[40] The case was dismissed on 22 April 2015.[41]


document_title: Paris Las Vegas

question_text: how many floors does paris las vegas have

text: Paris Las Vegas

text: History[edit]

text: In May 1995, Bally Entertainment, owner of the adjacent Bally's Las Vegas, announced the projects at a shareholders meeting. Paris was designed by architectural companies Leidenfrost/Horowitz & Assoc., Bergman, Walls & Assoc. and MBH Architects. The design architect of the project was Bergman Walls Associates. Herbert Horowitz, Partner of Leidenfrost/Horowitz & Assoc., was executive architect and signed all plans.

text: Bally broke ground for the Paris Las Vegas on April 18, 1997, and construction began in May on the 24 acres (9.7 ha) parcel. It was built at an estimated cost of $760 million. Original plans for the Eiffel Tower called for a full-scale replica, however that would have interfered with the nearby McCarran Airport and designers therefore reduced it to approximately 1:2 scale. The hotel is 33 stories tall. A unique architectural aspect of the Paris is that the back legs of its Eiffel Tower actually come down through the ceiling into the casino floor.

text: Paris Las Vegas opened on September 1, 1999, with fireworks being shot from the Eiffel Tower. French actress Catherine Deneuve flipped a switch, turning on all of Paris' lights, including the various crystal chandeliers in the main lobby.

text: On January 31, 2007, Paris Las Vegas premiered its new show The Producers, headlined by David Hasselhoff. There were reports of friction between the show's producers and Hasselhoff and he announced he would leave May 6 due to other commitments.[2] The Producers refocused on Max, played by Tony Danza. Danza came on as the celebrity actor for the show until The Producers closed on February 9, 2008. Barry Manilow has headlined at the Paris since March 6, 2010.

text: To counter the 2008–2009 economic downturn, Harrah's focused on marketing its properties to specific segments of the population; as a result Paris is being marketed heavily towards gay and lesbian travelers.[3]

text: Beginning in 2010, Caesars Entertainment Corporation has begun a series of improvement projects that will see some removal of the Parisian theme. Caesars is beginning to phase out the French greeters around the property, and in early 2010 begun a major remodel project at the front entrance. The project debuted in Spring 2011 and includes a new nightclub dubbed 'Chateau' and the largest Sugar Factory store on the Strip. It was announced in early December 2010 that the hotel's famous steakhouse Les Artisies would close at the end of January 2011 to make way for Gordon Ramsay Steak. The controversial[citation needed] icon's restaurant opened in June 2011.

text: The Chateau nightclub opened in early March, 2011[4]. The nightclub overlooks the Strip and spans more than 45,000 square feet (4,200 m2) in a two-story, outdoor setting. Outside, guests will find a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) terrace overlooking the Strip with VIP cabanas and three additional bars. During the day, the terrace will serve as a beer garden and restaurant, opening at 10 a.m.[5]

text: In 2015, Hexx Kitchen & Bar and Hexx Chocolate & Confexxions was opened in the space formerly occupied by the Sugar Factory. Hexx is the first "bean-to-bar" chocolate maker in Nevada.[6]

text: In 2016, Beer Park by Budweiser opened on a 10,000-square-foot (930 m²) deck overlooking the Las Vegas Strip. It is Las Vegas' first rooftop bar and grill.[7]

text: Film history[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
In the 2006 miniseries 10.5: Apocalypse, Paris is seen sinking in a massive sinkhole caused by acidic water undermining the underground limestone (barring the Eiffel Tower replica, which collapses while it sinks) along with the rest of the city.
In the 2007 film Resident Evil: Extinction, Paris is seen buried in sand, along with the rest of Las Vegas, several years after a zombie apocalypse. One of the characters climbs the Eiffel Tower replica to escape a horde of zombies.
Lester Nygaard (Fargo) got Insurance Salesman of the Year 2007 Prix there.
In the 2009 film 2012, Paris, along with the rest of The Strip, is destroyed.
In the 2010 animated film Despicable Me, Gru is shown to have stolen the Eiffel Tower replica along with the Statue of Liberty replica from the New York-New York Hotel and Casino.
The Eiffel Tower replica is destroyed by the female MUTO in the 2014 film Godzilla.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Paris Las Vegas in 2006

Panoramic of Las Vegas from the Paris hotel, showing the Bellagio fountain, Eiffel tower at Paris hotel and Caesars Palace in 2006

Paris Las Vegas from across Las Vegas Boulevard in 2006

Paris Las Vegas in 2006

Tower at night in 2009

Paris Las Vegas and Bellagio Fountain show in 2010

Le Boulevard interior in 2012

Interior near gaming floor in 2012

Panoramic image taken from Bellagio, left to right, Flamingo, Bally's, Paris Las Vegas in 2012

Eiffel Tower replica over Paris Las Vegas in 2014


document_title: Jackie Burkhart

question_text: who did jackie end up with in that 70s show

text: Jackie Burkhart

text: Personality[edit]

text: Jackie is a self-centered, spoiled member of a wealthy family who can be rather insensitive to the needs and feelings of others, though is regarded by many as attractive and fashionable, about which she can be quite vain. She is one of the program's most conceited characters, and can behave quite selfishly. She looks down upon those of lower status in her school and has been said to treat them unfairly, and on the occasions she has treated them with respect she has not continued to do so for very long or only did it knowing that she could be rewarded for behaving in such a manner, such as when she ran for the title of "Snow Queen" but was utterly disappointed when she loses the election. For the most part, Jackie only cares about herself, and fashion is among one of the few other things that she is concerned about. She believes herself to be very beautiful and appealing and has been involved in romantic relationships with Michael Kelso, Steven Hyde, and Fez at different points in the series. She starts to change when she starts dating Hyde and by doing so, becomes cemented as a member of the group. Even after her break up with Hyde, they remained good friends and she continued hanging around. She also becomes less shallow and cares about others. In the season 8 episode "Fun It", it is revealed she has had coulrophobia (an irrational fear of clowns) ever since her seventh birthday party.

text: Friendships[edit]

text: Jackie's friendships tend to be complicated. While people might be endeared to her good heart and her triumphs over major life upheavals, her habit of being condescending to others keeps them at a distance.

text: Although she frequently criticizes Donna's dress, physique and feminism, she repeatedly calls herself Donna's best friend. Even though she thinks Donna is boring and unattractive when compared to herself, she believes Donna could do much better than Eric. Despite their extremely different personalities, Donna serves as Jackie's de facto big sister and often tries to look out for her when she feels Jackie is making a mistake, more often than not due to lack of common sense. After her father is sent to prison in the middle of season five, Jackie moves in with the Pinciottis after the Formans learn that she has secretly been living with Hyde in his basement room. Jackie is also defensive of Donna; she displays this often by insulting or kicking Eric for doing something stupid, for example Eric makes a sexist comment so Jackie kicks him in the shin in the episode "Won't Get Fooled Again." Although both girls often tease one another they show genuine friendship. In the episode "Squeeze Box" Donna shows how much she trusts Jackie when she runs in to talk about Eric. Jackie also demonstrates her level of care for Donna when she helps pay for Donna's wedding ring in the episode "No Quarter".

text: Of the group, Jackie and Eric seemed to dislike each other the most in the beginning, though as the series progresses, they develop a friendship. Throughout the series, the two have a clear "frenemy" relationship. They demonstrate their annoyance with each other, but show compassion for each other many times, and through it all, are close. In the beginning of the series, Jackie admits to trusting and liking Eric, confiding in him that she might be pregnant. In "The Pill", for example, she says to Eric's surprise, "Look, I've always been able to trust you--and, God, you are such a nice guy." Later in the episode, once Kelso threatens to break up with Jackie, Eric yells at him, having developed protective feelings towards her. This proves that their burning of each other throughout the show is only for laughs and friendly bickering, as none of their hostility is ever serious. Eric is consistent in ignoring Jackie as an object of sexual desire, but this changes in "What Is and What Should Never Be" where Hyde helps Eric realize that Jackie is "hot." After this, Eric has shown to have a sexual attraction to her, as shown in many episodes. Jackie is sometimes demeaning towards Eric due to his effeminate qualities, dorkiness and physical weakness. They have been known to occasionally help each other out. In the episode "Jackie's Cheese Squeeze," Eric admits that they are "friends," as long as they don't refer to each other as such in public, and in the season seven finale, Jackie calls Eric from Chicago and admits that she's always cared for him and that he was always very special to her.

text: Early on, Red remarks she was the favorite of Eric's friends for her ability to hold a flashlight on a car.[1] Jackie has run crying into Red's arms no fewer than three times, all of which left him baffled and uncomfortable. Red finds Jackie as annoying as everyone else, but she still loves him because he's the closest thing she has to a father.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: When the show premieres, Jackie is dating Michael Kelso, a good-looking, brainless goofball. She decides to finally lose her virginity to him when he is released from jail after being mistakenly arrested for driving a stolen car.[2] Jackie gets on Kelso's friends' nerves on a daily basis and Kelso repeatedly says that he is going to break up with her. However, in the first season it is Jackie who ends the relationship - twice. First, after Kelso is caught kissing Pam Macy (they get back together in the very same episode) [3] and again after a pregnancy scare. However, admitting that they miss each other, they get back together at the Junior Prom.[4]

text: In season 2, Kelso is seduced by Eric's promiscuous and manipulative sister, Laurie, who later on begins a physical affair with him. Later in the season, Jackie eventually discovers his repeated infidelities and breaks up with him without realizing that Kelso has told Laurie that he is done with her since he only loves Jackie.[5] After this breakup she is openly hostile to Kelso and many things clearly remain unfinished between them. She often insults him in front of his friends to get his attention and just for the sake of bringing him up. By season 3, she does eventually warm up to him. Following Kelso's breakup with Laurie, Kelso apologizes to Jackie for cheating on her because now he knows how it feels to be cheated on as Laurie cheated on him, except he states that what happened to him and Jackie was different because they were actually really in love. After this, Jackie begins to notice that Kelso has matured somehow, so Jackie devises a series of "tests" for Kelso to see if they should reconcile. He passes her tests and they get back together.[6] Kelso remains loyal to Jackie after that and stays with her throughout season four, and they enjoy a happier, more loving relationship. However, towards the end of season 4, Jackie's father tells her that if she stays with Kelso, he will cut her off financially. She ends up choosing Kelso, and gets a job. Later, Kelso begins to spend less time with Jackie as a result of his joining a modeling agency and she is caught kissing her boss by Eric. This event spurs a period of discovery for Jackie and Kelso. After reading Cosmopolitan, Kelso realizes that the reason he cheated on Jackie with Laurie was because Jackie has always bossed him around and made him feel bad about himself. Following this revelation, he breaks up with her (true to form, the breakup doesn't stick and they reunite one episode later).[7]

text: In the season four finale, Jackie and Kelso both agree that they don't want to stay broken up. So, Jackie has Kelso choose to kiss any girl at The Hub to make things even between them and they can move on and be together again. Kelso surprises Jackie when he pretends to look around the room, but ends up choosing to kiss her. Jackie decides that it's time for Kelso to really choose her. Without warning, she brings up marriage to Kelso and decides that they're getting married. Kelso, feeling overwhelmed, flees to California. When he returns in the beginning of season five, he (along with the others) is horrified to learn that she has begun dating Hyde. Jackie continues to date Hyde for most of the season, but when Kelso introduces Annette to the gang, Jackie finds herself clearly jealous and tells Donna that Michael is still supposed to pine over her. Later in the episode, she claims to not be jealous anymore, but the moment she sees Annette kissing Kelso, she screams, "Get off my boyfriend!" For the rest of the season, Kelso is clearly not over Jackie and doesn't realize that he's indirectly trying to win her back. Towards the end of season five, as Jackie comforts Kelso, he states that no one understands him like she does. In the finale, Kelso and Hyde make Jackie choose between the two of them and she chooses herself. By the beginning of season six, Kelso claims that he is happy and genuinely enjoying their new friendship. He spends the rest of the season trying to move on with his life, joins the police academy and impregnates a girl named Brooke and spends the rest of season 6 and 7 taking care of the baby.

text: Towards the end season seven, however, Kelso drives Jackie to Chicago after her break-up with Hyde, and Jackie asks him to spend some time with her before he leaves. He is later seen entering Jackie's hotel room in only a towel, implying that he and Jackie were about to sleep together, but runs off nude into the night when he sees that Hyde has come to the hotel to get Jackie back.[8] In the beginning of season eight, with Hyde married to a stripper, Jackie figures out her own life. Kelso considers marrying Jackie and states that the happiest time of his life was with Jackie and claims he still loves her. When Fez tells Jackie what Kelso intends, she considers the proposal and decides that if he asks, she will accept. However, he gets offered a job out of town and realizes he can move on with his life, but Fez reveals to him that he has already told Jackie of the proposal. Kelso grows angry, and states that he loves Jackie and that he knows in the future, they will be together, but now is not the right time, but since Fez has implied that Kelso will lose all of his chances with Jackie if he doesn't propose now, Kelso ends up proposing at Red and Kitty's anniversary party, though, she turns him down giving practically the same reasons as Kelso, which is that she loves him, but he has a lot of maturing to do and she has her own life to figure out so now is not the right time for them yet. They both feel an unexpected relief, and end on good terms.[9]

text: Jackie and Steven Hyde are, from the beginning of the show, polar opposites and even enemies. She is disgusted by his poverty and crass behavior, he scorns her superficiality and materialism. They strongly dislike each other during the first season, but begin to form a bond when Hyde helps Jackie cope with her breakup with Kelso in season two. This leads to a brief period in which Jackie is infatuated with Hyde, but her feelings gradually fade. It isn't until season five, when Kelso is in California, that their romance begins. After watching The Price Is Right together all summer, the two begin making out every time they have a moment alone.[10] When their friends discover the relationship, they each insist that they are not dating and that it is purely physical, but finally give in and admit that what they have goes deeper than just sex. They date for most of season five until Jackie sees Kelso kissing Annette and yells "Get off my boyfriend!" Hyde reacts angrily to this and grows suspicious of Jackie. When he sees Jackie holding Kelso in her arms, knowing Jackie and Kelso's long history and on-off relationship, Hyde assumes that something must be going on between her and Kelso again. Despite her pleas that she was only comforting him and that nothing untoward happened, he doesn't believe her and he takes revenge by spending the night with another woman. When he realizes that Jackie has been telling the truth, he confesses his infidelity. A heartbroken Jackie ends the relationship immediately. [11]

text: In the beginning of season six, Kelso and Hyde are in competition to get Jackie back because they both still love her. She decides she needs time to think about it, leaving them to wait and agonize, but chooses Hyde in the end.[12] Their relationship goes on until Jackie is offered a job in Chicago. She is torn between her relationship and her professional ambition, but tells Hyde that she will stay if he can gives her the merest hope that they will eventually get married. Hyde has no immediate answer, and when he finally decides, he is upset to realize that she has already gone (or so he thinks). Jackie has no way out of Point Place, and in a final attempt to get an answer out of Hyde, she goes to the basement. Hiding his hurt and anger that she "left" him, Hyde tells her to have a good trip.[13]

text: Hyde decides he still wants her, and goes to her Chicago hotel to persuade her to take him back. During his conversation with Jackie, Kelso walks into the hotel room with a towel around his waist and a bucket of ice in his hands and implying that he and Jackie were about to have sex.[8] Hyde goes to Las Vegas. When he comes back to Point Place, he has impulsively married a stripper named Samantha and she follows him back to Wisconsin. This effectively ends his and Jackie's relationship.[14]

text: Throughout season eight, Jackie remains single. She and Hyde, no longer together, have since remained good friends. However, their friendship somewhat reverts to how it was in the earlier seasons as they sometimes bicker and tease one another. Fez tells Jackie that Kelso intends to propose to her, and she decides that she will accept, but after considering it, she turns him down claiming that though she loves Kelso, he still has a lot of maturing to do, and now is not the time for them to be together. Feeling that she is in a low point in her life, Jackie decides to find someone that would be perfect for her and writes out a list of what she wants in a man. She is surprised to find out that Fez matches everything on the list. She denies this at first, but quickly comes around to the idea and decides to wait for Fez to come to her. Fez, however, is clueless of her attraction to him and is instead seeing other women at the time, which makes it hard for her. Jackie then chooses to go to him. She kisses him and asks if they can be together because he is the one good thing in her life right now, but Fez turns her down, feeling that she is treating him as a last resort, citing how she has already dated both Kelso and Hyde. Jackie then goes to the bathroom and cries, but immediately after vows revenge on Fez. She flushes his toothbrush, microwaves his lotion, and ruins his car with graffiti. To get back at Jackie, Fez dyes her hair green, and says that now she is ugly on the outside like she is on the inside. Hurt by Fez's words, Jackie decides to move out. However, she later learns through one of his friends that he loves her and wishes that he had never said those things. They eventually reconcile and in the final episode, Fez and Jackie finally get together and kiss atop the water tower.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Career Day". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 18. 1999-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Stolen Car". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 14. January 24, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Ski Trip". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 13. 1999-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Prom Night". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 19. 1999-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Kiss of Death". That '70s Show. Season 2. Episode 20. 2000-03-20.
Jump up ^ "The Trials of Michael Kelso". That '70s Show. Season 3. Episode 18. 2001-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Everybody Loves Casey". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 26. 2002-05-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Till the Next Goodbye". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 24. 2005-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Misfire". That '70s Show. Season 8. Episode 5. 2005-11-16.
Jump up ^ "I Can't Quit You, Baby". That '70s Show. Season 5. Episode 2. 2002-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Nobody's Fault But Mine". That '70s Show. Season 5. Episode 23. 2003-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Join Together". That '70s Show. Season 6. Episode 2. 2003-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Short and Curlies". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 23. 2005-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Bohemian Rhapsody". That '70s Show. Season 8. Episode 1. 2005-11-02.

tag: ol

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

That '70s Show

Characters

Teenagers

Eric Forman
Donna Pinciotti
Steven Hyde
Michael Kelso
Jackie Burkhart
Fez

Adults

Kitty Forman
Red Forman
Midge and Bob Pinciotti
Leo

Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Related articles

Home video
That '80s Show
Days Like These
Point Place

text: Fictional characters from WisconsinFictional characters introduced in 1998Fictional cheerleadersThat '70s Show charactersTeenage characters in television

text: Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2017All articles with topics of unclear notabilityArticles lacking reliable references from October 2015All articles lacking reliable referencesArticles that may contain original research from October 2015All articles that may contain original research