document_title: List of exceptional asteroids

question_text: what is the biggest asteroid in the solar system

text: List of exceptional asteroids

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: Largest by diameter[edit]

text: Estimating the sizes of asteroids from observations is difficult due to their irregular shapes, varying albedo, and small angular diameter. For example, pure C-type asteroids are much darker than most. Asteroids with only one or two axes measured may have a falsely inflated geometric mean diameter if the unknown second or third axis is significantly smaller than the primary axis. Asteroid 16 Psyche has an IRAS diameter of 253 km, yet has a more recent and accurate geometric mean of only 186 km.[citation needed]

text:
Name

Diameter (km)(geometric mean)
Dimensions (km)
Mean distancefrom Sun (in AU)
Date discovered
Discoverer
Class

1 Ceres
7002946000000000000♠946±2
965×962×891
2.766
January 1, 1801
Piazzi, G.
G

4 Vesta
7002525400000000000♠525.4±0.2
572.6 × 557.2 × 446.4 ± 0.2
2.362
March 29, 1807
Olbers, H. W.
V

2 Pallas
7002512000000000000♠512±3
7002550000000000000♠550±4 × 7002516000000000000♠516±3 × 7005476000000000000♠476±3 km[2]
2.773
March 28, 1802
Olbers, H. W.
B

10 Hygiea
7002431000000000000♠431±7
530×407×370
3.139
April 12, 1849
de Gasparis, A.
C

704 Interamnia
326
350×304
3.062
October 2, 1910
Cerulli, V.
F

52 Europa
315
380×330×250
3.095
February 4, 1858
Goldschmidt, H.
C

511 Davida
289
357×294×231
3.168
May 30, 1903
Dugan, R. S.
C

87 Sylvia
286
385×265×230
3.485
May 16, 1866
Pogson, N. R.
X

65 Cybele
273
302×290×232
3.439
March 8, 1861
Tempel, E. W.
C

15 Eunomia
268
357×255×212
2.643
July 29, 1851
de Gasparis, A.
S

3 Juno
258
320×267×200
2.672
September 1, 1804
Harding, K. L.
S

31 Euphrosyne
256
255.9 ± 5.8 km
3.149
September 1, 1854
Ferguson, J.
C

624 Hektor
241
370×195(×195)
5.235
February 10, 1907
Kopff, A.
D

88 Thisbe
232
221×201×168
2.769
June 15, 1866
Peters, C. H. F.
B

324 Bamberga
229
229×235×229
2.684
February 25, 1892
Palisa, J.
C

451 Patientia
225
225×234
3.059
December 4, 1899
Charlois, A.

532 Herculina
222
260×220×215
2.772
April 20, 1904
Wolf, M.
S

48 Doris
222
278×142
3.108
September 19, 1857
Goldschmidt, H.
C

375 Ursula
216
189×192×194
3.126
September 18, 1893
Charlois, A.

107 Camilla
215
285×205×170
3.476
November 17, 1868
Pogson, N. R.
C

45 Eugenia
213
305×220×145
2.720
June 27, 1857
Goldschmidt, H.
F

7 Iris
213
240×200×200
2.386
August 13, 1847
Hind, J. R.
S

29 Amphitrite
212
233×212×193
2.554
March 1, 1854
Marth, A.
S

423 Diotima
209
171×138
3.065
December 7, 1896
Charlois, A.
C

19 Fortuna
208
225×205×195
2.442
August 22, 1852
Hind, J. R.
G

13 Egeria
206
217×196
2.576
November 2, 1850
de Gasparis, A.
G

24 Themis
198
spheroid 198
3.136
April 5, 1853
de Gasparis, A.
C

94 Aurora
197
225×173
3.160
September 6, 1867
Watson, J. C.
C

702 Alauda
195
97.365±1.6 km
3.195
July 16, 1910
Helffrich, J.
C/B

121 Hermione
190
268×186×183
3.457
May 12, 1872
Watson, J. C.
C

259 Aletheia
190
178×190
3.135
June 28, 1886
Peters, C. H. F.
C/P/X

372 Palma
189
188
3.149
August 19, 1893
Charlois, A.
B

128 Nemesis
188
188
2.751
November 25, 1872
Watson, J. C.
C

6 Hebe
186
205x185x170
2.426
July 1, 1847
Hencke, K. L.
S

16 Psyche
186
240×185×145
2.924
March 17, 1852
de Gasparis, A.
M

120 Lachesis
174
184x144
3.301
April 10, 1872
Borrelly, A.
C

41 Daphne
174
213x160
2.765
May 22, 1856
Goldschmidt, H.
C

9 Metis
174
222x182x130
2.385
April 25, 1848
Graham, A.
S

text: The number of bodies grows rapidly as the size decreases. Based on IRAS data there are about 140 main-belt asteroids with a diameter greater than 120 km.[3]  For a more complete list, see List of Solar System objects by size.

text: The inner asteroid belt (defined as the region interior to the 3:1 Kirkwood gap at 2.50 AU) has few large asteroids. Of those in the above list, only 4 Vesta, 19 Fortuna, 6 Hebe, 7 Iris and 9 Metis  orbit there.

text: Most massive[edit]

text: Below are the nineteen most massive measured asteroids.[4] The masses of asteroids are calculated from perturbations they induce on the orbits of other asteroids, except for asteroids that have been visited by spacecraft or have an observable moon, where a direct mass determination is possible. Different sets of astrometric observations lead to different mass determinations; the biggest problem is accounting for the aggregate perturbations caused by all of the smaller asteroids.[5]

text: 1 Ceres   4 Vesta   2 Pallas   10 Hygiea   31 Euphrosyne   704 Interamnia      511 Davida   532 Herculina   15 Eunomia   3 Juno   16 Psyche   52 Europa   all others

text:
Name

Mass(×1018 kg)

Precision

Approx. prop'nall asteroids

Diameter ranking

1 Ceres
939.3
0.05% (939–940)
31%
1

4 Vesta
259.076
0.0004% (259.075–259.077)
8.6%
2

2 Pallas
201
6.4% (188–214)
6.7%
3

10 Hygiea
86.7
1.7% (85.2–88.4)
2.9%
4

31 Euphrosyne
58.1
34% (38.4–77.8)
1.9%
12

704 Interamnia
38.8
4.6% (37.0–40.6)
1.3%
5

511 Davida
37.7
5.2% (35.7–39.7)
1.3%
7

532 Herculina
33
17% (27–39)
1.1%
17

15 Eunomia
31.8
0.9% (31.5–32.1)
1.1%
10

3 Juno
28.6
16% (24.0–33.2)
0.95%
11

16 Psyche
22.7
3.7% (21.9–23.5)
0.76%
35

52 Europa
22.7
7% (21.1–24.3)
0.76%
6

88 Thisbe
18.3
6% (17.2–19.4)
0.61%
14

7 Iris
16.2
5.6% (15.3–17.1)
0.54%
21

13 Egeria
16
27% (12–20)
0.53%
26

423 Diotima
16
Unknown
0.53%
24

29 Amphitrite
15.2
4% (14.8–15.6)
0.51%
23

87 Sylvia
14.78
0.4% (14.72–14.84)
0.49%
8

48 Doris
12
50% (6–18)
0.4%
18

Total

1868.0
NA
62.0%
NA

text: (All the data above are from Baer et al. 2011, apart from 48 Doris and 532 Herculina, which are Kochetova, 2004. The proportions assume that the total mass is 3.0×1021 kg, or 6991150000000000000♠(15.0±1.0)×10−10 M☉.[6]

text: Significant uncertainties remain. For example, the uncertainty in the estimate of 31 Euphrosyne is enough for its low end to overlap with both 704 Interamnia and 511 Davida, which overlap each other and also with 532 Herculina, which overlaps with 15 Eunomia and 3 Juno. Juno barely overlaps 52 Europa, which in turn overlaps with 16 Psyche. That is, outside the top four, the order of all the asteroids is uncertain. However, none of the lesser asteroids, of which the most massive are thought to be 88 Thisbe (at 17–19×1018 kg), 7 Iris, 29 Amphitrite and 48 Doris (all in the range of ≈15×1018 kg), overlap with Europa or Psyche, so the first 12 asteroids in the chart above are likely to be the top dozen unless a hitherto unmeasured asteroid proves to be unexpectedly massive.

text: The largest asteroids with an accurately measured mass, due to the fact that they have been (and are being) studied by the probe Dawn, are 1 Ceres with a mass of 939.3±0.5×1018 kg, and 4 Vesta at 259.076±0.001×1018 kg. The third-largest asteroid with an accurately measured mass, due to the fact that it has moons, is 87 Sylvia at 14.78±0.06×1018 kg.

text: For a more complete list, see List of Solar System objects by size. Other large asteroids such as 423 Diotima currently only have estimated masses.[8][9]

text: Brightest from Earth[edit]

text: Only Vesta regularly attains a brightness sufficient to be visible to the naked eye. The following asteroids can all reach an apparent magnitude brighter than or equal to the +8.3 attained by Saturn's moon Titan at its brightest, which was discovered 145 years before the first asteroid was found owing to its closeness to the easily observed Saturn.

text: None of the asteroids in the outer part of the asteroid belt can ever attain this brightness. Even Hygiea and Interamnia rarely reach magnitudes of above 10.0. This is due to the different distribution of spectral types within different sections of the asteroid belt being such that the highest-albedo asteroids are all concentrated closer to Mars, and much lower albedo C and D types being common in the outer belt.

text: Those asteroids with very high eccentricities will only reach their maximum magnitude on unusual occasions when their perihelion is very close to a heliocentric conjunction with Earth, or (in the case of 99942 Apophis) when the asteroid passes very close to Earth.

text:
Asteroid

Magnitudewhenbrightest
Semi-major axis (AU)
Eccentricityof orbit
Diameter(km)
Year ofdiscovery

99942 Apophis
3.4*
0.922
0.191
0.32
2004

4 Vesta
5.20
2.361
0.089172
529
1807

2 Pallas
6.49
2.773
0.230725
544
1802

1 Ceres
6.65
2.766
0.079905
952
1801

7 Iris
6.73
2.385
0.231422
200
1847

433 Eros
6.8
1.458
0.222725
34 × 11 × 11
1898

6 Hebe
7.5
2.425
0.201726
186
1847

3 Juno
7.5
2.668
0.258194
233
1804

18 Melpomene
7.5
2.296
0.218708
141
1852

15 Eunomia
7.9
2.643
0.187181
268
1851

8 Flora
7.9
2.202
0.156207
128
1847

324 Bamberga
8.0
2.682
0.338252
229
1892

1036 Ganymed
8.1
2.6657
0.533710
32
1924

9 Metis
8.1
2.387
0.121441
190
1848

192 Nausikaa
8.2
2.404
0.246216
103
1879

20 Massalia
8.3
2.409
0.142880
145
1852

text: * Apophis will only achieve that brightness on April 13, 2029.[10][11]  It typically has an apparent magnitude of 20–22.

text: Slowest rotators[edit]

text: This list contains the slowest-rotating known minor planets with a period of at least 1000 hours, or 412⁄3 days, while most bodies have rotation periods between 2 and 20 hours. Also see Potentially slow rotators for minor planets with an insufficiently accurate period (U < 2).

text:
#

Minor planet designation

Rotation period(hours)

Δmag

Quality(U)

Orbit or family

Spectral type

Diameter(km)

Abs. mag(H)

Refs

1.
846 Lipperta
1641
0.30
2
Themis
CBU:
52.41
10.26
LCDB  · List

2.
912 Maritima
1332
0.18
3-
MBA (outer)
C
82.14
 9.30
LCDB  · List

3.
9165 Raup
1320
1.34
3-
Hungaria
S
4.62
13.60
LCDB  · List

4.
1235 Schorria
1265
1.40
3
Hungaria
CX:
5.04
13.10
LCDB  · List

5.
(50719) 2000 EG140
1256
0.42
2
Eunomia
S
3.40
14.65
LCDB  · List

6.
(75482) 1999 XC173
1234.2
0.69
2
Vestian
S
2.96
15.01
LCDB  · List

7.
288 Glauke
1170
0.90
3
MBA (outer)
S
32.24
10.00
LCDB  · List

8.
(39546) 1992 DT5
1167.4
0.80
2
MBA (outer)
C
5.34
15.09
LCDB  · List

9.
4524 Barklajdetolli
1069
1.26
2
Flora
S
7.14
12.90
LCDB  · List

10.
2675 Tolkien
1060
0.75
2+
Flora
S
9.85
12.20
LCDB  · List

11.
(219774) 2001 YY145
1007.7
0.86
2
MBA (inner)
S
1.54
16.43
LCDB  · List

text: Fastest rotators[edit]

text: This list contains the fastest-rotating minor planets with a period of less than 100 seconds, or 0.027 hours. Bodies with a highly uncertain period, having a quality of less than 2, are highlighted in dark-grey. The fastest rotating bodies are all unnumbered near-Earth objects (NEOs) with a diameter of less than 100 meters (see table).

text: Among the numbered minor planets with an unambiguous period solution are (459872) 2014 EK24, a 60-meter sized stony NEO with a period of 352 seconds, as well as (335433) 2005 UW163 and (60716) 2000 GD65, two main-belt asteroids, with a diameter of 0.86 and 2.25 kilometers and a period of 1.29 and 1.95 hours, respectively (see full list).

text:
#

Minor planet designation

Rotation period

Δmag

Quality(U)

Orbit or family

Spectral type

Diameter(km)

Abs. mag(H)

Refs

(seconds)

(hours)

1.
2014 RC
16
0.004389
0.10
n.a.
NEO
S
0.01
26.80
LCDB  · MPC

2.
2010 JL88
25
0.0068295
0.52
3
NEO
S
0.01
26.80
LCDB  · MPC

3.
2010 WA
31
0.0085799
0.22
3
NEO
S
0.00
30.00
LCDB  · MPC

4.
2016 GE1
34
0.009438
0.13
2
NEO
S
0.01
26.60
LCDB  · MPC

5.
2008 HJ
43
0.01185
0.80
3-
NEO
S
0.02
25.80
LCDB  · MPC

6.
2009 TM8
43
0.012
–
n.a.
NEO
S
0.01
28.40
LCDB  · MPC

7.
2010 SK13
52
0.0144
–
n.a.
NEO
S
0.01
27.40
LCDB  · MPC

8.
2009 BF2
57
0.01593
0.80
3
NEO
S
0.02
25.90
LCDB  · MPC

9.
2016 GS2
66
0.0182725
0.06
1
NEO
S
0.08
23.00
LCDB  · MPC

10.
2010 TG19
70
0.0193935
1.10
3
NEO
S
0.05
23.90
LCDB  · MPC

11.
2008 WA14
70
0.0195
–
n.a.
NEO
S
0.08
23.00
LCDB  · MPC

12.
2007 KE4
77
0.021408
0.38
3-
NEO
S
0.03
25.20
LCDB  · MPC

13.
2000 DO8
78
0.0217
1.39
3
NEO
S
0.04
24.54
LCDB  · MPC

14.
2014 TV
79
0.02190
0.32
2
NEO
S
0.04
24.40
LCDB  · MPC

15.
2000 WH10
80
0.02221
0.66
3-
NEO
S
0.09
22.50
LCDB  · MPC

16.
2012 HG2
82
0.0227
–
n.a.
NEO
S
0.01
27.00
LCDB  · MPC

17.
2010 TD54
83
0.0229317
0.92
3
NEO
S
0.01
28.90
LCDB  · MPC

18.
2010 TS19
83
0.023
–
n.a.
NEO
S
0.02
25.70
LCDB  · MPC

19.
2009 UD
84
0.023246
0.66
2+
NEO
S
0.01
27.20
LCDB  · MPC

20.
2015 RF36
90
0.025
0.15
2
NEO
S
0.06
23.40
LCDB  · MPC

21.
2010 XE11
96
0.0265846
0.50
3
NEO
S
0.08
23.00
LCDB  · MPC

22.
2000 UK11
96
0.026599
0.28
2
NEO
S
0.03
25.30
LCDB  · MPC

23.
2008 TC3
97
0.0269409
1.02
3
NEO
F
0.00
30.90
LCDB  · MPC

text: Orbital characteristics[edit]

text: Retrograde[edit]

text: Minor planets with orbital inclinations greater than 90° (the greatest possible is 180°) orbit in a retrograde direction. As of  September 2016[update], of the more than 700,000 minor planets known, there are only 95 known retrograde minor planets.[12] In comparison, there are over 1920 comets with retrograde orbits. This makes retrograde minor planets the rarest group of all. High-inclination asteroids are either Mars-crossers (possibly in the process of being ejected from the Solar System) or damocloids. Some of these are temporarily captured in retrograde resonance with the gas giants.[13]

text:
Minor planet designation

Inclination (°)

First observed/Discovery date

Condition code

Obs. × arc[1]

Comment

Refs

2015 TN178
90.937°

October 8, 2015

4

2542

—

MPC

2005 SB223
91.419°

September 30, 2005

1

12200

Has a well-determined orbit

MPC

2014 MH55
91.478°

June 29, 2014

9

96

—

MPC

2015 RK245
91.597°

September 12, 2015

2

182880

—

MPC

2010 EQ169
91.606°

March 8, 2010

9

32

—

MPC

2016 TK2
92.343°

July 13, 2016

5

3486

—

MPC

2016 FH13
93.486°

March 29, 2016

6

1638

—

MPC

2014 PP69
93.627°

August 5, 2014

5

4816

—

MPC

2015 BH311
95.575°

January 20, 2015

9

39

—

MPC

2014 JJ57
95.958°

May 9, 2014

3

61802

—

MPC

2014 HS150
96.456°

April 16, 2014

8

200

—

MPC

2013 BL76
98.607°

January 20, 2013

1

46716

Has a semi-major axis of 1254 AU, giving it the third largest semi-major axis of any known minor planet

MPC

2010 GW147
99.623°

April 14, 2010

3

93632

—

MPC

2011 MM4
100.446°

June 24, 2011

4

36036

—

MPC

2014 XS3
100.934°

December 8, 2014

9

55

—

MPC

2013 BN27
101.780°

January 17, 2013

7

1425

—

MPC

2008 KV42
103.483°

May 31, 2008

5

10449

—

MPC

(342842) 2008 YB3
105.031°

December 18, 2008

1

864896

—

MPC

2016 PN66
105.111°

August 14, 2016

4

15219

—

MPC

2010 GW64
105.273°

April 6, 2010

4

9576

—

MPC

2012 YO6
106.914°

December 22, 2012

4

6674

—

MPC

2009 DD47
107.431°

February 27, 2009

7

1584

—

MPC

2007 VW266
108.345°

November 12, 2007

7

2280

—

MPC

2015 MJ116
108.876°

June 27, 2015

9

—

MPC

2011 SP25
108.987°

September 20, 2011

5

3712

—

MPC

(471325) 2011 KT19
110.154°

May 21, 2011

2

350463

—

MPC

2011 OR17
110.345°

May 21, 2010

1

75548

—

MPC

2005 TJ50
110.368°

October 3, 2005

7

1488

—

MPC

2005 VX3
112.459°

November 1, 2005

4

4050

Semi-major axis of 837AU, but has a somewhat short 81-day observation arc for such a large orbit

MPC

2016 LS
114.360°

June 27, 2015

4

16800

—

MPC

2015 YY18
118.232°

December 29, 2015

4

6901

—

MPC

2010 OM1
118.689°

July 28, 2010

5

3232

—

MPC

(65407) 2002 RP120
119.106°

September 4, 2002

2

660275

This outer-planet crosser is a damocloid and SDO).

MPC

2010 PO58
121.229°

August 5, 2010

9

168

—

MPC

2010 LG61
123.732°

June 2, 2010

9

770

—

MPC

(468861) 2013 LU28
125.414°

June 8, 2013

5

21560

—

MPC

2014 SQ339
128.499°

September 9, 2014

7

1276

—

MPC

2000 DG8
129.478°

February 25, 2000

3

44460

A damocloid and SDO. Crosses all the outer planets except Neptune. Came within 0.03 AU of Ceres in 1930.[14]

MPC

2016 CO264
129.852°

February 14, 2016

4

8820

—

MPC

2013 NS11
130.340°

July 5, 2013

2

71929

—

MPC

2005 NP82
130.549°

July 6, 2005

6

8769

—

MPC

2006 RG1
133.195°

September 1, 2006

6

750

Has an orbit with a data arc of 25 days (Uncertainty Parameter=4)

MPC

2012 YE8
136.136°

December 21, 2012

7

1189

—

MPC

2009 QY6
137.654°

August 17, 2009

4

43560

—

MPC

2016 TP93
138.324°

October 9, 2016

7

704

—

MPC

2015 AO44
139.974°

November 27, 2014

2

102600

—

MPC

(336756) 2010 NV1
140.818°

July 2, 2010

1

266805

Perihelion at 9.4 AU, only 2008 KV42 has perihelion further out (154-day data arc)

MPC

2011 WS41
141.645°

November 24, 2011

8

108

—

MPC

2010 OR1
143.861°

January 25, 2010

4

35416

—

MPC

2010 BK118
143.910°

January 30, 2010

1

385148

Semi-major axis of 408 AU with perihelion at 6.1 AU in April 2012 (1 year data arc)

MPC

2016 NM56
144.045°

July 14, 2016

3

39960

—

MPC

2010 CG55
146.246°

February 15, 2010

2

124816

—

MPC

2012 HD2
146.897°

April 18, 2012

2

32314

—

MPC

2009 YS6
147.797°

December 17, 2009

1

199547

—

MPC

2006 EX52
150.240°

March 5, 2006

2

62930

q=2.58 AU and period=274 yr

MPC

1999 LE31
151.807°

June 12, 1999

3

51943

A damocloid, Jupiter- and Saturn-crossing minor planet.[15]

MPC

2016 JK24
152.313°

March 3, 2016

7

2448

—

MPC

2017 CW32
152.436°

June 9, 2016

2

46500

—

MPC

(343158) 2009 HC82
154.496°

April 29, 2009

0

385700

NEO that sometimes has the highest relative velocity to Earth (79 km/s) of known objects that come within 0.5 AU of Earth. However, the relative velocity at 1 AU from the sun is less than 72 km/s.

MPC

2013 LD16
154.748°

June 6, 2013

3

14148

—

MPC

2015 FK37
155.971°

March 20, 2015

7

748

—

MPC

2010 EB46
156.531°

March 12, 2010

7

2610

—

MPC

2015 XR384
157.532°

December 9, 2015

4

5580

—

MPC

2000 HE46
158.448°

April 29, 2000

4

26400

—

MPC

2015 XX351
159.106°

December 9, 2015

3

20790

—

MPC

2012 TL139
160.036°

October 8, 2012

6

900

—

MPC

20461 Dioretsa
160.404°

June 8, 1999

2

256779

most highly inclined known minor planet from 1999/06/08-2004/07/13

MPC

(514107) 2015 BZ509
163.001°

November 26, 2014

2

72846

A Jupiter co-orbital. First known example of a retrograde co-orbital asteroid with any of the planets. Might have an interstellar origin.

MPCSrc

2006 RJ2
164.582°

September 14, 2006

7

2812

—

MPC

2006 BZ8
165.315°

January 23, 2006

2

214312

—

MPC

2004 NN8
165.466°

July 13, 2004

2

23944

Came within 0.80 AU of Saturn on 2007-Jun-05, most highly inclined known minor planet from 2004/07/13-2005/11/01

MPC

2014 AT8
165.554°

January 3, 2014

3

42517

—

MPC

2016 DF2
167.030°

February 28, 2016

9

26

—

MPC

(330759) 2008 SO218
170.318°

September 30, 2008

1

733950

—

MPC

2014 UV114
170.510°

October 26, 2014

9

34

—

MPC

2014 CW14
170.747°

February 10, 2014

7

1938

MPC

2016 EJ203
170.911°

March 11, 2016

7

1740

—

MPC

2006 LM1
172.138°

June 3, 2006

9

48

Has a data arc of only 2 days (Uncertainty Parameter=E), but has a very high inclination

MPC

(434620) 2005 VD
172.866°

November 1, 2005

2

130989

most highly inclined known minor planet from 2005/11/01-2013/06/01

MPC

2013 LA2
175.189°

June 1, 2013

8

1075

Has the highest inclination of any known minor planet

MPC

text: ^  the value given when the number of observations is multiplied by the observation arc; larger values are generally better than smaller values depending on residuals.

text: Highly inclined[edit]

text:
Minor planet designation

Inclination

Discovery date

Comment

Refs

1 Ceres
10.593°

January 1, 1801

most highly inclined known minor planet from 1801/01/01-1802/03/28

MPC

2 Pallas
34.841°

March 28, 1802

most highly inclined known minor planet from 1802/03/28-1920/10/31

MPC

944 Hidalgo
42.525°

October 31, 1920

most highly inclined known minor planet from 1920/10/31-1950/05/22

MPC

1373 Cincinnati
38.949°

August 30, 1935

First main-belt asteroid discovered to have an inclination greater than 2 Pallas. Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid from 1935/08/30-1980/06/14

MPC

1580 Betulia
52.083°

May 22, 1950

most highly inclined known minor planet from 1950/05/22-1973/07/04

MPC

2938 Hopi
41.436°

June 14, 1980

Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid from 1980/06/14-2000/09/20

MPC

(5496) 1973 NA
67.999°

July 4, 1973

An Apollo asteroid, Mars-crosser and +1 km NEO; most highly inclined known minor planet from 4 July 1973 to 8 August 1999.

MPC

(22653) 1998 QW2
45.794°

August 17, 1998

Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid from 1998/08/17-1998/10/19

MPC

(88043) 2000 UE110
51.998°

October 29, 2000

First main-belt asteroid discovered and numbered to have an inclination greater than 50°.

MPC

(138925) 2001 AU43
72.132°

January 4, 2001

A Mars-crosser and near-Earth object.

MPC

(127546) 2002 XU93
77.904°

December 4, 2002

A damocloid and SDO. It is almost a Uranus outer-grazer.

MPC

(196256) 2003 EH1
70.790°

March 6, 2003

A Mars-crosser, near-Earth object and Jupiter inner-grazer.

MPC

1998 UQ1
64.281°

October 19, 1998

Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid from 1998/10/19-2007/11/01

MPC

(467372) 2004 LG
70.725°

June 9, 2004

A Mercury- through Mars-crosser and near-Earth object.

MPC

2007 VR6
68.659°

November 1, 2007

Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid from 2007/11/01-2008/09/26

MPC

2008 SB85
74.247°

September 26, 2008

Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid from 2008/09/26-2010/03/08(?)

MPC

2010 EQ169
91.606°

March 8, 2010

Most highly inclined known main-belt asteroid(?) (orbit is not well-known)

MPC

text: Trojans[edit]

text:
Earth trojans: 2010 TK7.
Mars trojans: (121514) 1999 UJ7, 5261 Eureka, (101429) 1998 VF31, (311999) 2007 NS2, (385250) 2001 DH47, 2011 SC191, 2011 UN63, and the candidate 2011 SL25.
Jupiter trojans: the first one was discovered in 1906, 588 Achilles, and the current total is over 6,000.

text: Record-setting close approaches to Earth[edit]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Landmark asteroids[edit]

text:
Name
Diameter (km)
Discovered
Comment

5 Astraea
117
December 8, 1845
First asteroid discovered after original four (38 years later)

87 Sylvia
261
May 16, 1866
First asteroid known to have more than one moon (determined in 2005)

90 Antiope
80×80
October 1, 1866
Double asteroid with two nearly equal components; its double nature was discovered using adaptive optics in 2000

92 Undina
126
1867 July 7
Created in one of the largest asteroid-on-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years

216 Kleopatra
217×94
April 10, 1880
Metallic asteroid with "ham-bone" shape and 2 satellites

243 Ida
56×24×21
September 29, 1884
First asteroid known to have a moon (determined in 1993)

243 Ida I Dactyl
1.4
February 17, 1994
Moon of 243 Ida, first confirmed satellite of an asteroid

279 Thule
127
October 25, 1888
Orbits in the asteroid belt's outermost edge in a 3:4 orbital resonance with Jupiter

288 Glauke
32
February 20, 1890
Exceptionally slow rotation period of about 1200 hours (2 months)

323 Brucia
36
December 22, 1891
First asteroid discovered by means of astrophotography rather than visual observation

433 Eros
13×13×33
August 13, 1898
First near-Earth asteroid discovered and the second largest; first asteroid to be detected by radar; first asteroid orbited and landed upon

490 Veritas
115
September 3, 1902
Created in one of the largest asteroid-on-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years

588 Achilles
135.5
February 22, 1906
First Jupiter trojan discovered

624 Hektor
370×195
February 10, 1907
Largest Jupiter trojan discovered

719 Albert
2.4
October 3, 1911
Last numbered asteroid to be lost then recovered

1125 China

October 30, 1957
First asteroid discovery to be credited to an institution rather than a person

1566 Icarus
1.4
June 27, 1949
First Mercury crosser discovered

1902 Shaposhnikov
97
April 18, 1972
The most recent main-belt asteroid discovered that is ~100+ km in diameter

2063 Bacchus
1.1×1.1×2.6
April 24, 1977

3200 Phaethon
5
October 11, 1983
First asteroid discovered from space; source of Geminids meteor shower.

3753 Cruithne
5
October 10, 1986
Unusual Earth-associated orbit

4179 Toutatis
4.5×2.4×1.9
January 4, 1989
Closely approached Earth on September 29, 2004

4769 Castalia
1.8×0.8
August 9, 1989
First asteroid to be radar-imaged in sufficient detail for 3D modeling[16]

5261 Eureka
~2–4
June 20, 1990
First Mars trojan (Lagrangian point L5) discovered

11885 Summanus

September 25, 1990
First automated discovery of a near-Earth object (NEO)

(29075) 1950 DA
1.1
February 23, 1950
Will approach Earth very closely in 2880, collision unlikely (1 in 8,300 or 0.012%) [17]

69230 Hermes
0.3
October 28, 1937
Named but not numbered until its recovery in 2003 (65 years later)

99942 Apophis
0.3
June 19, 2004
First asteroid to rank greater than one on the Torino Scale (it was ranked at 2, then 4; now down to 0). Previously better known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4.

(433953) 1997 XR2
0.23
December 4, 1997
First asteroid to rank greater than zero on the impact-risk Torino Scale (it was ranked 1; now at 0)

1998 KY26
0.030
June 2, 1998
Approached within 800,000 km of Earth

2002 AA29
0.1
January 9, 2002
Unusual Earth-associated orbit

2004 FH
0.030
March 15, 2004
Discovered before it approached within 43,000 km of Earth on March 18, 2004.

2008 TC3
~0.003
October 6, 2008
First Earth-impactor to be spotted before impact (on October 7, 2008)

2010 TK7
~0.3
October 2010
First Earth trojan to be discovered

2014 RC
~0.017
September 1, 2014
Asteroid with fastest rotation: 16.2 seconds

text: Spacecraft targets[edit]

text:
Name
Diameter(km)
Discovered
Spacecraft
Year(s)
Closestapproach(km)
closestapproach(asteroid radii)
Notes
Landmark(s)

1 Ceres
952
January 1, 1801
Dawn
2014–present
7002200000000000000♠approx. 200 (planned)
0.42
Dawn took its first "close up" picture of Ceres in December 2014, and entered orbit in March 2015
First dwarf planet visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft

4 Vesta
529
March 29, 1807
Dawn
2011–2012
7002210000000000000♠210
0.76
Dawn broke orbit on 5 September 2012 and headed to Ceres, where it arrived in March 2015
First "big four" asteroid visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft at the time

21 Lutetia
120×100×80
November 15, 1852
Rosetta
2010
7003316200000000000♠3,162
64.9
Flyby on 10 July 2010
Largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft at the time

243 Ida
56×24×21
September 29, 1884
Galileo
1993
7003239000000000000♠2,390
152
Flyby; discovered Dactyl
First asteroid with a moon visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by spacecraft at the time

253 Mathilde
66×48×46
November 12, 1885
NEAR Shoemaker
1997
7003121200000000000♠1,212
49.5
Flyby
Largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft at the time

433 Eros
13×13×33
August 13, 1898
NEAR Shoemaker
1998–2001
5000000000000000000♠0
0
1998 flyby; 2000 orbited (first asteroid studied from orbit); 2001 landing
First asteroid landing, first asteroid orbited by a spacecraft, first near-Earth asteroid (NEA) visited by a spacecraft

951 Gaspra
18.2×10.5×8.9
July 30, 1916
Galileo
1991
7003160000000000000♠1,600
262
Flyby
first asteroid visited by a spacecraft

2867 Šteins
4.6
November 4, 1969
Rosetta
2008
7002800000000000000♠800
302
Flyby
First asteroid visited by the ESA

4179 Toutatis
4.5×~2
February 10, 1934
Chang'e 2
2012
7000320000000000000♠3.2
0.70
Flyby[18]
Closest asteroid flyby, first asteroid visited by China

5535 Annefrank
4.0
March 23, 1942
Stardust
2002
7003307900000000000♠3,079
1230
Flyby

9969 Braille
2.2×0.6
May 27, 1992
Deep Space 1
1999
7001260000000000000♠26
12.7
Flyby; followed by flyby of Comet Borrelly

25143 Itokawa
0.5×0.3×0.2
September 26, 1998
Hayabusa
2005
5000000000000000000♠0
0
Landed; returned dust samples to Earth
First asteroid with returned samples, smallest asteroid visited by a spacecraft, first asteroid visited by a non-NASA spacecraft

text: Numbered minor planets that are also comets[edit]

text:
Name
Cometary name
Comment

2060 Chiron
95P/Chiron
First centaur discovered in 1977, later identified to exhibit cometary behaviour. Also one of two minor planets known to have a ring system

4015 Wilson–Harrington
107P/Wilson–Harrington
In 1992, it was realized that asteroid 1979 VA's orbit matched it with the positions of the lost comet Wilson–Harrington (1949 III)

7968 Elst–Pizarro
133P/Elst–Pizarro
Discovered in 1996 as a comet, but orbitally matched to asteroid 1979 OW7

60558 Echeclus
174P/Echeclus
Centaur discovered in 2000, comet designation assigned in 2006

118401 LINEAR
176P/LINEAR (LINEAR 52)
Main-belt comet–asteroid discovered to have a coma on November 26, 2005

text: The above table lists only numbered asteroids that are also comets. Note there are several cases where a non-numbered minor planets turned out to be a comet, e.g. C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS), which was provisionally designated 2001 OG108.

text: Minor planets that were misnamed and renamed[edit]

text: In earlier times, before the modern numbering and naming rules were in effect, asteroids were sometimes given numbers and names before their orbits were precisely known. And in a few cases duplicate names were given to the same object (with modern use of computers to calculate and compare orbits with old recorded positions, this type of error no longer occurs). This led to a few cases where asteroids had to be renamed.[19]

text:
Minor planet name

Description

330 Adalberta
An object discovered March 18, 1892 by Max Wolf with provisional designation "1892 X" was named 330 Adalberta, but was lost and never recovered. In 1982 it was determined that the observations leading to the designation of 1892 X were stars, and the object never existed. The name and number 330 Adalberta was then reused for another asteroid discovered by Max Wolf on February 2, 1910, which had the provisional designation A910 CB.

525 Adelaide
The object A904 EB discovered March 14, 1904 by Max Wolf was named 525 Adelaide and was subsequently lost. Later, the object 1930 TA discovered October 3, 1930 by Sylvain Arend was named 1171 Rusthawelia. In those pre-computer days, it was not realized until 1958 that these were one and the same object. The name Rusthawelia was kept (and discovery credited to Arend); the name 525 Adelaide was reused for the object 1908 EKa discovered October 21, 1908 by Joel Hastings Metcalf.

715 Transvaalia and 933 Susi
The object 1911 LX discovered April 22, 1911 by H. E. Wood was named 715 Transvaalia. On April 23, 1920, the object 1920 GZ was discovered and named 933 Susi. In 1928 it was realized that these were one and the same object. The name Transvaalia was kept, and the name and number 933 Susi was reused for the object 1927 CH discovered February 10, 1927 by Karl Reinmuth.

864 Aase and 1078 Mentha
The object A917 CB discovered February 13, 1917 by Max Wolf was named 864 Aase, and the object 1926 XB discovered December 7, 1926 by Karl Reinmuth was named 1078 Mentha. In 1958 it was discovered that these were one and the same object. In 1974, this was resolved by keeping the name 1078 Mentha and reusing the name and number 864 Aase for the object 1921 KE, discovered September 30, 1921 by Karl Reinmuth.

1095 Tulipa and 1449 Virtanen
The object 1928 DC discovered February 24, 1928 by Karl Reinmuth was named 1095 Tulipa, and the object 1938 DO discovered February 20, 1938 by Yrjö Väisälä was named 1449 Virtanen. In 1966 it was discovered that these were one and the same object. The name 1449 Virtanen was kept and the name and number 1095 Tulipa was reused for the object 1926 GS discovered April 14, 1926 by Karl Reinmuth.

1125 China and 3789 Zhongguo
The object 1928 UF discovered October 25, 1928 by Zhang Yuzhe (Y. C. Chang) was named 1125 China, and was later lost. Later, the object 1957 UN1 was discovered on October 30, 1957 at Purple Mountain Observatory and was initially incorrectly believed to be the rediscovery of the object 1928 UF. The name and number 1125 China were then reused for the object 1957 UN1, and 1928 UF remained lost. In 1986, the object 1986 QK1 was discovered and proved to be the real rediscovery of 1928 UF. This object was given the new number and name 3789 Zhongguo. Note Zhongguo is the Mandarin Chinese word for "China", in pinyin transliteration.

Asteroid 1317
The object 1914 UQ discovered April 20, 1914 by G. N. Neujmin was named 787 Moskva (and retains that name to this day). The object 1934 FD discovered on March 19, 1934 by C. Jackson was given the sequence number 1317. In 1938, G. N. Neujmin found that asteroid 1317 and 787 Moskva were one and the same object. The sequence number 1317 was later reused for the object 1935 RC discovered on September 1, 1935 by Karl Reinmuth; that object is now known as 1317 Silvretta.


document_title: List of largest insects

question_text: the largest living creature in the insect world

root

text: List of largest insects

text: Insects, which are a type of arthropod, are easily the most numerous group of multicellular organisms on the planet, with about a million species identified so far. The title of heaviest insect in the world has many rivals, the most frequently crowned of which is the larval stage of the goliath beetle, Goliathus goliatus, the top size of which is at least 115 g (4.1 oz) and 11.5 cm (4.5 in). The largest confirmed weight of an adult insect is 71 g (2.5 oz) for a giant weta, Deinacrida heteracantha,[1] although it is likely one of the elephant beetles, Megasoma elephas and Megasoma actaeon, or goliath beetles, both of which can commonly exceed 50 g (1.8 oz) and 10 cm (3.9 in), can reach a higher weight.[1]

tag: p

text: The longest insects are the stick insects, see below.

text: Representatives of the extinct dragonfly-like order Meganisoptera such as the Carboniferous Meganeura monyi and the Permian Meganeuropsis permiana are the largest insect species ever known. These creatures had a wingspan of some 75 cm (30 in) and an estimated body weight of over 1 pound (450 g)[citation needed], making them about the size of a crow.

text: Cockroaches (Blattodea)

tag: ul

text: Beetles (Coleoptera)

text: Earwigs (Dermaptera)

text: True flies (Diptera)

text: Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)

text: True bugs (Hemiptera)

text: Ants, bees, and wasps (Hymenoptera)

text: Termites (Isoptera)

text: Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera)

text: Praying mantises (Mantodea)

text: Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata)

text: Grasshoppers, crickets, weta (Orthoptera)

text: Stick insects (Phasmatodea)

text: Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

text: Booklice (Psocoptera)

text: Fleas (Siphonaptera)

text: Thrips (Thysanoptera)