document_title: Thar Desert

question_text: which is the only large river of indian desert of rajasthan

question_tokens: which is the only large river of indian desert of rajasthan

text: Thar Desert

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Thar Desert extends between the Aravalli Hills in the north-east,[2] the Great Rann of Kutch along the coast and the alluvial plains of the Indus River in the west and north-west. Most of the desert is covered by huge shifting sand dunes that receive sediments from the alluvial plains and the coast. The sand is highly mobile due to strong winds occurring before the onset of the monsoon. The Luni River is the only river integrated into the desert.[5] Rainfall is limited to 100–500 mm (3.9–19.7 in) per year, mostly falling from July to September.[2]

text: Salt water lakes in the Thar Desert include the Sambhar, Kuchaman, Didwana in Rajasthan and Kharaghoda in Gujarat. These lakes receive rain water during monsoon and evaporate during the dry season. The salt is derived by the weathering of rocks in the region.[6]

text: Lithic tools belonging to the prehistoric Aterian culture of the Maghreb have been discovered in Middle Paleolithic deposits in the Thar Desert.[7]

text: Desertification control[edit]

text: The soil of the Thar Desert remains dry for much of the year and is prone to wind erosion. High velocity winds blow soil from the desert, depositing some on neighboring fertile lands, and causing shifting sand dunes within the desert. Sand dunes are stabilised by erecting micro-windbreak barriers with scrub material and subsequent afforestation of the treated dunes with seedlings of shrubs such as phog, senna, castor oil plant and trees such as gum acacia, Prosopis juliflora and lebbek tree. The 649 km (403 mi) long Indira Gandhi Canal brings fresh water to the Thar Desert.[2] It was conceived to halt spreading of the desert to fertile areas.

text: There are few local tree species suitable for planting in the desert, which are slow growing. Therefore, exotic tree species were introduced for plantation. Many species of Eucalyptus, Acacia, Cassia and other genera from Israel, Australia, US, Russia, Zimbabwe, Chile, Peru and Sudan have been tried in Thar Desert. Acacia tortilis has proved to be the most promising species for desert afforestation and the jojoba is another promising species of economic value found suitable for planting in these areas.[2]

text: Protected areas[edit]

text: There are several protected areas in the Thar Desert.

text:
In India:

the Desert National Park covers 3,162 km2 (1,221 sq mi) and represents the Thar Desert ecosystem;[8] it includes 44 villages.[9] Its diverse fauna includes the great Indian bustard (Chirotis nigricaps), blackbuck, chinkara, fox, Bengal fox, wolf, and caracal. Seashells and massive fossilized tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert;
the Tal Chhapar Sanctuary covers 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi) and is an Important Bird Area.[9] It is located in the Churu District, 210 km (130 mi) from Jaipur, in the Shekhawati region. This sanctuary is home to a large population of blackbuck, fox and caracal such as partridge and sand grouse;
the Sundha Mata Conservation Reserve covers 117.49 km2 (45.36 sq mi) and is located in the Jalore District.[10]

In Pakistan:

the Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary covers 6,300 km2 (2,400 sq mi);[11]
the Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary.

text: Biodiversity[edit]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: Stretches of sand in the desert are interspersed by hillocks and sandy and gravel plains. Due to the diversified habitat and ecosystem, the vegetation, human culture and animal life in this arid region is very rich in contrast to the other deserts of the world. About 23 species of lizard and 25 species of snakes are found here and several of them are endemic to the region.

text: Some wildlife species, which are fast vanishing in other parts of India, are found in the desert in large numbers such as the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), chinkara (Gazella bennettii) and Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) in the Rann of Kutch. They have evolved excellent survival strategies, their size is smaller than other similar animals living in different conditions, and they are mainly nocturnal. There are certain other factors responsible for the survival of these animals in the desert. Due to the lack of water in this region, transformation of the grasslands into cropland has been very slow. The protection provided to them by a local community, the Bishnois, is also a factor. Other mammals of the Thar Desert include a subspecies of red fox (Vulpes vulpes pusilla) and the caracal.

text: The region is a haven for 141 species of migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrel and vultures. There are short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), greater spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels. There are also a number of reptiles.

text: The Indian peafowl is a resident breeder in the Thar region. The peacock is designated as the national bird of India and the provincial bird of the Punjab (Pakistan). It can be seen sitting on khejri or pipal trees in villages or Deblina.Bishnois Dharmaguru Jambeshwar was an ecologist.

text: Flora[edit]

text: The natural vegetation of this dry area is classed as Northwestern thorn scrub forest occurring in small clumps scattered more or less openly.[12][13] Density and size of patches increase from west to east following the increase in rainfall. The natural vegetation of the Thar Desert is composed of the following tree, shrub and herb species:[14]

text:
trees and shrubs: Acacia jacquemontii, Balanites roxburghii, Ziziphus zizyphus, Ziziphus nummularia, Calotropis procera, Suaeda fruticosa, Crotalaria burhia, Aerva javanica, Clerodendrum multiflorum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium barbarum, Grewia tenax, Commiphora mukul, Euphorbia neriifolia, Cordia sinensis, Maytenus emarginata, Capparis decidua, Mimosa hamata
herbs and grasses: Ochthochloa compressa, Dactyloctenium scindicum, Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus setigerus, Lasiurus scindicus, Cynodon dactylon, Panicum turgidum, Panicum antidotale, Dichanthium annulatum, Sporobolus marginatus, Saccharum spontaneum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Desmostachya bipinnata, Eragrostis species, Ergamopagan species, Phragmites species, Tribulus terrestris, Typha species, Sorghum halepense, Citrullus colocynthis

text: The endemic floral species include Calligonum polygonoides, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix aphylla, Cenchrus biflorus.[15]

text: People[edit]

text: The Thar Desert is the most densely populated desert in the world, with a population density of 83 people per km2.[9] In India, the inhabitants comprise Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. In Pakistan, inhabitants also include both Muslims and Hindus.[16]

text: About 40% of the total population of Rajasthan live in the Thar Desert.[17] The main occupation of the people is agriculture and animal husbandry. A colourful culture rich in tradition prevails in this desert. The people have a great passion for folk music and folk poetry.

text: Jodhpur, the largest city in the region, lies in the scrub forest zone. Bikaner and Jaisalmer are located in the desert proper. A large irrigation and power project has reclaimed areas of the northern and western desert for agriculture. The small population is mostly pastoral, and hide and wool industries are prominent.

text: The desert's part in Pakistan also has a rich multifaceted culture, heritage, traditions, folk tales, dances and music due to its inhabitants who belong to different religions, sects and castes.

text: In the years 1965 and 1971, population exchanges took place in the Thar between India and Pakistan. 3,500 Muslim families shifted from the Indian section of the Thar to Pakistani Thar whilst thousands of Hindus also migrated from Pakistani Thar to the Indian section of the Thar.[18][19][20]

text: Thar in ancient literature[edit]

text: The Indian epics describe this region as Lavanasagara (salt ocean). The Ramayana mentions Lavanasagara when Rama goes to attack Lanka with the army of vanaras. Rama uses his agneyashtra-amogha to dry up the sea named drumakulya situated north of Lavanasagara. A fresh water source named Pushkar surrounded by Marukantara was created.[17]

text: According to Jain cosmology, Jambūdvīpa is at the centre of Madhyaloka, or the middle part of the universe, where the humans reside. Jambūdvīpaprajñapti or the treatise on the island of roseapple tree contains a description of Jambūdvīpa and life biographies of Ṛṣabha and King Bharata. Jambūdvīpa continent is surrounded by the ocean Lavanoda (salt ocean).

text: The Sarasvati River is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu texts. The Nadistuti hymn in the Rigveda mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later Vedic texts like Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas as well as the Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert.

text: Most scholars agree that at least some of the references to the Sarasvati in the Rigveda refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River, while the Helmand River is often quoted as the locus of the early Rigvedic river. Whether such a transfer of the name has taken place, either from the Helmand to the Ghaggar-Hakra, or conversely from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Helmand, is a matter of dispute.

text: There is also a small present-day Sarasvati River (Sarsuti) that joins the Ghaggar.

text: The epic Mahabharata mentions the Kamyaka Forest situated on the western boundary of the Kuru Kingdom (Kuru Proper and Kurujangala), on the banks of the Sarasvati River to the west of the Kurukshetra plain, which contained a lake known as Kamyaka. The Kamyaka forest is mentioned as being situated at the head of the Thar desert,[17] near Lake Trinavindu. The Pandavas, on their way to exile in the woods, left Pramanakoti on the banks of the Ganges and went towards Kurukshetra, travelling in a western direction and crossing the Yamuna and Drishadvati rivers. They finally reached the banks of the Sarasvati River where they saw the forest of Kamyaka, the favourite haunt of ascetics, situated on a level and wild plain on the banks of the Sarasvati abounding in birds and deer. There the Pandavas lived in an ascetic asylum. It took three days for Pandavas to reach the Kamyaka forest, setting out from Hastinapura, on their chariots.

text: In the Rigveda there is also mention of a river named Aśvanvatī along with the river Drishadvati.[21] Some scholars consider both the Sarasvati and Aśvanvatī to be the same river.[17]

text: Human habitations on the banks of Sarasvati and Drishadvati had shifted to the east and south directions prior to the Mahabharata period. At that time the present day Bikaner and Jodhpur areas were known as Kurujangala and Madrajangala provinces.[17]

text: The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer district has a collection of animal fossils and plants 180 million years old.

text: Desert eco-system[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: The Thar is one of the most heavily populated desert areas in the world with the main occupations of its inhabitants agriculture and animal husbandry. Agriculture is not a dependable proposition in this area because after the rainy season, at least one third of crops fail. Animal husbandry, trees and grasses, intercropped with vegetables or fruit trees, is the most viable model for arid, drought-prone regions. The region faces frequent droughts. Overgrazing due to high animal populations, wind and water erosion, mining and other industries have resulted in serious land degradation.

text: Agricultural production is mainly from kharif crops, which are grown in the summer season and seeded in June and July. These are then harvested in September and October and include bajra, pulses such as guar, jowar (Sorghum vulgare), maize (zea mays), sesame and groundnuts. Over the past few decades[when?] the development of irrigation features including canals and tube wells have changed the crop pattern with desert districts in Rajasthan now producing rabi crops including wheat, mustard and cumin seed along with cash crops.[17]

text: The Thar region of Rajasthan is a major opium production and consumption area.[citation needed] The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan while the Government of India has started a centrally sponsored Desert Development Program based on watershed management with the objective of preventing the spread of desert and improving the living conditions of people in the desert.[17]

text: Livestock[edit]

text: In the last 15–20 years, the Rajasthan desert has seen many changes, including a manifold increase of both the human and animal population. Animal husbandry has become popular due to the difficult farming conditions. At present, there are ten times more animals per person in Rajasthan than the national average, and overgrazing is also a factor affecting climatic and drought conditions.

text: A large number of farmers in Thar desert depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood. Cows, buffalos, sheep, goats, camels, and oxen consists of major cattle population. Barmer district has the highest cattle population out of which sheep and goats are in majority. Some of the best breeds of bullocks such as Kankrej (Sanchori) and Nagauri are from desert region.

text: Thar region of Rajasthan is the biggest wool-producing area in India. Chokla, Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Magra, Malpuri, Sonadi, Nali and Pungal breeds of sheep are found in the region. Of the total wool production in India, 40-50% comes from Rajasthan. The sheep-wool from Rajasthan is considered best for carpet making industry in the world. The wool of Chokla breed of sheep is considered of superior quality. The breeding centres have been developed for Karakul and Merino sheep at Suratgarh, Jaitsar and Bikaner. Some important mills for making Woolen thread established in desert area are: Jodhpur Woolen Mill, Jodhpur; Rajasthan Woolen Mill, Bikaner and India Woolen Mill, Bikaner. Bikaner is the biggest mandi (market place) of wool in Asia.[17]

text: The live stock depends for grazing on common lands in villages. During famine years in the desert the nomadic rebari people move with large herds of sheep and camel to the forested areas of south Rajasthan or nearby states like Madhya Pradesh for grazing the cattle.

text: The importance of animal husbandry can be understood from the organization of large number of cattle fairs in the region. Cattle fairs are normally named after the folk-deities. Some of major cattle fairs held are Ramdevji cattle fair at Manasar in Nagaur district, Tejaji cattle fair at Parbatsar in Nagaur district, Baldeo cattle fair at Merta city in Nagaur district, Mallinath cattle fair at Tilwara in barmer district. Live stock is very important to the Thar desert people.

text: Agroforestry[edit]

text: Forestry has an important part to play in the amelioration of the conditions in semi-arid and arid lands. If properly planned, forestry can make an important contribution to the general welfare of the people living in desert areas. The living standard of the people in the desert is low. They can not afford other fuels like gas, kerosene etc. Fire wood is their main fuel, of the total consumption of wood about 75 percent is firewood. The forest cover in desert is low. Rajasthan has a forest area of 31150 km2. which is about 9% of the geographical area. The forest area is mainly in southern districts of Rajasthan like Udaipur and Chittorgarh. The minimum forest area is in Churu district only 80 km2. Thus the forest is insufficient to fulfill the needs of firewood and grazing in desert districts. This diverts the much needed cattledung from the field to the hearth. This in turn results into the decrease in agricultural production. Agroforestry model is best suited to the people of desert. Some Institutes have done good work in Agroforestry.

text: The scientists of Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), have successfully developed and improved dozens of traditional and non-traditional crops/fruits, such as Ber trees (like plums) that produce much larger fruits than before (lemon-size) and can thrive with minimal rainfall. These trees have become a profitable option for farmers. One example from a case study of horticulture showed that in situation of budding in 35 plants of Ber and Guar (Gola, Seb & Mundia variety developed in CAZRI), using only one hectare of land, yielded 10,000 kg. of Ber and 250 kg. of Guar, which translates into double or even triple profit.[22]

text: Arid Forest Research Institute, (AFRI) situated at Jodhpur is another national level institute in the region. It is one of the institutes of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education ( ICFRE ) working under the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. The Objective of the Institute is to carry out scientific research in forestry in order to provide technologies to increase the vegetative cover and to conserve the biodiversity in the hot arid and semi arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Dadara & Nagar Haveli union territory.

text: The most important tree species in terms of providing a livelihood in Thar desert communities is Prosopis cineraria.

text: Prosopis cineraria provides wood of construction class. It is used for house-building, chiefly as rafters, posts scantlings, doors and windows, and for well construction water pipes, upright posts of Persian wheels, agricultural implements and shafts, spokes, fellows and yoke of carts. It can also be used for small turning work and tool-handles. Container manufacturing is another important wood-based industry, which depends heavily on desert-grown trees.

text: Prosopis cineraria is much valued as a fodder tree. The trees are heavily lopped particularly during winter months when no other green fodder is available in the dry tracts. There is a popular saying that death will not visit a man, even at the time of a famine, if he has a Prosopis cineraria, a goat and a camel, since the three together are some what said to sustain a man even under the most trying condition. The forage yield per tree varies a great deal. On an average, the yield of green forage from a full grown tree is expected to be about 60 kg with complete lopping having only the central leading shoot, 30 kg when the lower two third crown is lopped and 20 kg when the lower one third crown is lopped. The leaves are of high nutritive value. Feeding of the leaves during winter when no other green fodder is generally available in rain-fed areas is thus profitable. The pods have a sweetish pulp and are also used as fodder for livestock.

text: Prosopis cineraria is most important top feed species providing nutritious and highly palatable green as well as dry fodder, which is readily eaten by camels, cattle, sheep and goats, constituting a major feed requirement of desert livestock. Locally it is called Loong. Pods are locally called sangar or sangri. The dried pods locally called Kho-Kha are eaten. Dried pods also form rich animal feed, which is liked by all livestock. Green pods also form rich animal feed, which is liked by drying the young boiled pods. They are also used as famine food and known even to prehistoric man. Even the bark, having an astringent bitter taste, was reportedly eaten during the severe famine of 1899 and 1939. Pod yield is nearly 1.4 quintals of pods/ha with a variation of 10.7% in dry locations.

text: Prosopis cineraria wood is reported to contain high calorific value and provide high quality fuel wood. The lopped branches are good as fencing material. Its roots also encourage nitrogen fixation, which produces higher crop yields.

text: Tecomella undulata is one more tree species, locally known as Rohida, which is found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and western India. It is another important medium-sized tree of great use in Agroforestry, that produces quality timber and is the main source of timber amongst the indigenous tree species of desert regions. The trade name of the tree species is Desert teak or Marwar teak.

text: Tecomella undulata is mainly used as a source of timber. Its wood is strong, tough and durable. It takes a fine finish. Heartwood contains quinoid. The wood is excellent for firewood and charcoal. Cattle and goats eat leaves of the tree. Camels, goats and sheep consume flowers and pods.

text: Tecomella undulata plays an important role in the ecology. It acts as a soil-binding tree by spreading a network of lateral roots on the top surface of the soil. It also acts as a windbreak and helps in stabilizing shifting sand dunes. It is considered as the home of birds and provides shelter for other desert wildlife. Shade of tree crown is shelter for the cattle, goats and sheep during summer days.

text: Tecomella undulata has medicinal properties as well. The bark obtained from the stem is used as a remedy for syphilis. It is also used in curing urinary disorders, enlargement of spleen, gonorrhoea, leucoderma and liver diseases. Seeds are used against abscess.

text: Ecotourism[edit]

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text: Desert safaris on camels have become increasingly popular around Jaisalmer. Domestic and international tourists frequent the desert seeking adventure on camels for anything from a day to several days. This ecotourism industry ranges from cheaper backpacker treks to plush Arabian night style campsites replete with banquets and cultural performances. During the treks tourists are able to view the fragile and beautiful ecosystem of the Thar desert. This form of tourism provides income to many operators and camel owners in Jaisalmer as well as employment for many camel trekkers in the desert villages nearby. People from various parts of the world come to see the Pushkar ka Mela (Pushkar Fair) and oases.

text: Industry[edit]

text: Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built with white marble mined from Makrana in Nagaur district. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings, residential buildings, and such. This stone is termed "chittar patthar". Jodhpur has also got mines of red stone locally known as ghatu patthar used in construction. Sandstone is found in Jodhpur and Naguar districts. Jalore is biggest centre of granite processing units.[17]

text: Lignite coal deposits are there at places Giral, Kapuradi, Jalipa, Bhadka in Barmer district; Plana, Gudha, Bithnok, Barsinghpur, Mandla Charan, Raneri Hadla in Bikaner district and Kasnau, Merta, Lunsar etc., in Nagaur district. Lignite based Thermal power plant has been established at Giral in Barmer district. Jindal group is working on 1080 Megawatt power project in private sector at village Bhadaresh in Barmer district. "Neyeli Lignite Barsinghpur Project" is in progress to establish two thermal power units of capacity 125 megawatts each at Barsinghpur in Bikaner district. Reliance Energy is working on establishing power generation through underground gasification technique in Barmer district with an outlay of about 30 billion rupees.[17]

text: There is large storage of good quality petroleum in Jaisalmer and Barmer districts. The main places with deposits of petroleum are Baghewal, Kalrewal, and Tawariwal in Jaisalmer district and Gudha Malani area in Barmer district. Barmer district has started petroleum production on commercial scale.[17] Barmer district is in the news due to its large oil basin. The British exploration company Cairn Energy started production of oil on a large scale. Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya are the major oil fields in the district. This is India's biggest oil discovery in 22 years. This promises to transform the local economy, which has long suffered from the harshness of the desert.

text: The Government of India initiated departmental exploration for oil in 1955-56 in the Jaisalmer area,[23] Oil India Limited's discovered natural gas in 1988 in the Jaisalmer basin.[24] Also known for their fine leather messenger bags made from wild camels native to the area.

text: The Thar desert seems an ideal place for generation of electricity from wind power. According to an estimate Rajasthan state has got a potential of 5500 Megawatt wind power generation as such it is in the priority of the state govt. Rajasthan State Power Corporation has established its first wind power-based power plant at Amarsagar in Jaisalmer district. Some leading companies in the field are working on establishing wind mills in Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts. Solar energy also has a great potential in this region as most of the days during a year are cloud free. Solar energy based plant has been established at Bhaleri in Churu district to convert hard water into drinking water.[17]

text: Salt water lakes[edit]

text: There are a number of salt water lakes in Thar desert. These are Sambhar, Pachpadra, Tal Chhapar, Falaudi and Lunkaransar where Sodium chloride salt is produced from salt water. The Didwana lake produces Sodium Sulphate salt. Ancient Archaeological evidences of habitations have been recovered from Sambhar and Didwana lakes which shows their antiquity and historical importance.[17]

text: Water and housing in the desert[edit]

text: Water scarcity plays an important role in shaping life in all parts of Thar. Natural (tobas) or man-made (johads), both types of small, intermittent ponds, are often the only source of water for animals and humans in the true desert areas. The lack of a constant water supply causes much of the local population to live as nomads.[citation needed] Most human settlements are found near the two seasonal streams of the Karon-Jhar hills. Potable groundwater is also rare in the Thar desert. Supplies are often sour due to dissolved minerals, and are only available deep underground. Wells that successfully bear sweet water attract nearby settlement, but are difficult to dig, possibly claiming the lives of the well-diggers.[citation needed]

text: According to 1980 housing census in Pakistan, there were 241,326 housing units of one or two very small rooms. The degree of crowding was six persons per housing unit and three persons per room. For most of the housing units (approximately 76 per cent), the main construction material of outer walls is unbaked bricks whereas wood is used in 10 per cent and baked bricks or stones with mud bonding in 8 per cent housing units. A large number of families still live in jhugis or huts which are housing units formed with straws and thin wood-sticks. These jhugis are susceptible to damage from the occasional high winds. But the poverty leaves no other option to these jhugiwalas (people living in jhugis).[citation needed]

text: The river Luni is the only natural water source that drains inside a lake in the desert. It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer and ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, after travelling a distance of 530 km. The Luni flows through part of Ajmer, Barmer, Jalor, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, and Sirohi districts and Mithavirana Vav Radhanpur region of Banaskantha North Gujarat. Its major tributaries are the Sukri, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi from the left, and the Jojari River from the right.

text: The Ghaggar is another intermittent river in India, flowing during the monsoon rains. It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa, Haryana and by the side of talwara jheel in Rajasthan, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan. It terminates in Hanumangarh district.[17]

text: The Rajasthan Canal system is the major irrigation scheme of the Thar Desert and is conceived to reclaim it and also to check spreading of the desert to fertile areas. It is world's largest irrigation which is being extended in an attempt to make the desert arable.[25] It runs south-southwest in Punjab and Haryana but mainly in Rajasthan for a total of 650 kilometers and ends near Jaisalmer, in Rajasthan. After the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal, irrigation facilities were available over an area of 6770 km² in Jaisalmer district and 37 km² in Barmer district. Irrigation had already been provided in an area of 3670 km² in Jaisalmer district. The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into rich and lush fields. Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now flourish in this semi-arid western region replacing the sand there previously.

text: Besides providing water for agriculture, the canal will supply drinking water to hundreds of people in far-flung areas. As the second stage of work on the canal progresses rapidly, there is hope that it will enhance the living standards of the people of the state.

text: Recreation[edit]

text: Thar Desert provides the recreational value in terms of desert festivals organized every year. Rajasthan desert festivals are celebrated with great zest and zeal. This festival is held once a year during winters. Dressed in brilliantly hued costumes, the people of the desert dance and sing haunting ballads of valor, romance and tragedy. The fair has snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels, of course, play a stellar role in this festival, where the rich and colorful folk culture of Rajasthan can be seen.

text: Camels are an integral part of the desert life and the camel events during the Desert Festival confirm this fact. Special efforts go into dressing the animal for entering the spectacular competition of the best-dressed camel. Other interesting competitions on the fringes are the moustache and turban tying competitions, which not only demonstrate a glorious tradition but also inspire its preservation. Both the turban and the moustache have been centuries old symbols of honor in Rajasthan.

text: Evenings are meant for the main shows of music and dance. Continuing till late into the night, the number of spectators swells up each night and the grand finale, on the full moon night, takes place by silvery sand dunes.


document_title: In the Heat of the Night (Ray Charles song)

question_text: who sang the theme song for the heat of the night

root

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: "In the Heat of the Night" is a 1967 song performed by Ray Charles, composed by Quincy Jones, and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman for the film In the Heat of the Night. As Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic states, the song "opens the film and accompanying soundtrack with a slice of real, rural backwoods gospel. Lyrically, one of the key lines is 'In the heat of the night/I'm feeling motherless somehow,' which clearly illustrates the main character's dilemma of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The main melody is guided by Charles' funky piano work and is buttressed by then-session ace Billy Preston's powerful, soulful organ trills. The underlying sense of drama that is so much a part of the film is reflected perfectly in this song, and the Ray Charles Singers add to this with a stately grace. It's perfect listening for a midsummer night when the temperature is just a bit too hot for comfort."[1]

tag: p

text: Released as a single by ABC Records, Charles' version of the song reached #33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #21 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. The song was also released on the soundtrack album on United Artists in 1967.

text: For the 1988–95 television series of the same name, the song was recorded by Bill Champlin.


document_title: Net realizable value

question_text: under ifrs what is the company’s year-end inventory balance

question_tokens: under ifrs what is the company 's year-end inventory balance

text: Net realizable value

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Net realizable value (NRV) is a method of evaluating a fixed or current[1] asset's worth when held in inventory, in the field of accounting. NRV is part of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that apply to valuing inventory, so as to not overstate or understate the value of inventory goods. Net realizable value is generally equal to the selling price of the inventory goods less the selling costs (completion and disposal). Therefore, it is expected sales price less selling costs (e.g. repair and disposal costs). NRV prevents overstating or understating of an assets value.[1] NRV is the price cap when using the Lower of Cost or Market Rule.[2]

text: Under IFRS, companies need to record the cost of their Ending Inventory at the lower of cost and NRV, to ensure that their inventory and income statement are not overstated (under ASPE, companies record the lower of cost and market value). For example, under IFRS, at a company's year end, if an unfinished good that already cost $25 is expected to sell for $100 to a customer, but it will take an additional $20 to complete and $10 to advertise to the customer, its NRV will be $100-$20-$10=$70. In this year's income statement, since the cost of the good ($25) is less than its NRV ($70), the cost of the good will get recorded as the cost of inventory. In next year's income statement after the good was sold, this company will record a revenue of $100, Cost of Goods Sold of $25, and Cost of Completion and Disposal of $20+$10=$30. This leads to a profit of $100-$25-$30=$45 on this transaction.

text:
IFRS

Expected Selling Price
100

Initial Cost
25

Selling Expenses (completion expenses and advertising expenses)
30

NRV (Selling Price - Selling Expenses)
70

Profit (Selling Price - Initial Cost - Selling Expenses)
45

text: Suppose we changed the example so that it costs $60 to advertise to the customer. Now the good's NRV will be $100-$20-$60=$20. In this year's income statement, since the NRV ($20) is less than the cost of the good ($25), the NRV will get recorded as the Cost of Ending Inventory. To do so, an inventory write down of $25-$20=$5 is done, and hence a decrease of $5 in this year's income statement. In the next year's income statement after the good was sold, this company will record a revenue of $100, Cost of Goods Sold of $20, and Cost of Completion and Disposal of $20+$60=$80. This leads to the company breaking even on this transaction ($100-$20-$80=$0).

text:
IFRS

Expected Selling Price
100

Initial Cost
25

Selling Expenses (completion expenses and advertising expenses)
80

NRV (Selling Price - Selling Expenses)
20

Profit (Selling Price - Initial Cost - Selling Expenses)
0

text: Inventory can be valued at either its historical cost or its market value. Because the market value of an inventory is not always available, NRV is sometimes used as a substitute for this value.


document_title: Van Helsing (TV series)

question_text: when does van helsing season 2 episode 8 air

text: Van Helsing (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Vanessa, a descendant of Abraham Van Helsing, awakens from a three-year coma after her supposed death to find herself in a post-apocalyptic world. She has been protected by a Marine ordered to keep her—and the doctor who saved her—safe, so she can lead a resistance against the vampires that plague the world's survivors.[8]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kelly Overton as Vanessa Van Helsing,[9] humanity's last hope to lead an offensive to take back what has been lost in a post-Rising world, as her unique blood composition gives her the ability to turn vampires human.
Jonathan Scarfe as Axel, a career Marine with unwavering devotion and loyalty to both duty and his wards, despite years of isolation and endless vampire attacks.
Christopher Heyerdahl as Sam, a survivor of the Rising who relies on his strength and observational skills to stay alive.
David Cubitt as John, a survivor of the Rising whose actions are fueled by anger, prejudice, suspicion and fear. He is also the late husband of Wendy. (season 1)
Vincent Gale as Flesh, a vampire who was originally a human named Phil. He became one of the first vampires turned by Julius during the Rising. After the Rising, he served as one of Julius' top lieutenants, and was sent to bite "the dead woman", Vanessa. As a result, he was cured and regained his humanity.
Rukiya Bernard as Doc, a medical examiner and scientist.
Trezzo Mahoro as Mohamad, a happy guy, despite all of the evilness in the world.
Tim Guinee as Ted,[a] a Marine and a friend of Axel Miller. (season 1)
Laura Mennell as Rebecca, an ancient high-ranking vampire who sees very little use in human life.
Paul Johansson as Dimitri, a vampire turned long before the Rising. He is now the patient and calculating leader of the vampires.
Aleks Paunovic as Julius, a mysterious and powerful bloodsucker that existed as a vampire for some time before The Rising, though he was far from the high-ranking vampire authority that he is now. (main, season 1; recurring, season 2)
Hilary Jardine as Susan, Vanessa's neighbor and best friend up until The Rising, during which time she became a vampire, though she was later cured, after she and Vanessa reunited. (season 1; guest, season 2)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Hannah Cheramy as Dylan, daughter of Vanessa.
Jennifer Copping as Quaid, a member of the Portland Human Resistance. (season 1)
Ben Cotton as Campbell, a member of the Portland Human Resistance. (season 1)
Gia Crovatin as Atanasia, an ancient vampire like her brother Dmitri.
John DeSantis as Gustov, a vampire from Julius' Brood. (season 1)
Sarah Desjardins as Catherine, a member of a group of survivors from Idaho, who were lucky enough to be rescued by Vanessa as they passed through Seattle. (season 1)
Christina Jastrzembska as Mama, a mother of Julius, as well as a member of his Brood.
Macie Juiles as Callie, a member of a group of survivors from Idaho, who after being saved Vanessa, forged a bond with her.
Avery Konrad as Cynthia, an average teenage girl that somehow managed to survive The Rising for as long as she did. (season 1)
Duncan Ollerenshaw as Dr. Sholomenko, a human doctor, who was forced into working for Julius and Rebecca in order to create day walking vampires with components from Vanessa's blood.
Rowland Pidlubny as Scab, a vampire servant from Julius' brood.
Ryan Robbins as Taka, a leader of the Portland Human Resistance.
Naika Toussaint as Sheema, a sister of Mohamad and is a member of the Portland Human Resistance.
Alison Wandzura as Nicole, a survivors held up in the Seattle Valley General Hospital until it was over run with vampires. (season 1)
Gwynyth Walsh as Magdalene, an ex-wife of Micah, and is in allegiance with Julius. (season 1)
Andrea Ware as Lucky, a member of the Portland Human Resistance. (season 2)
Missy Peregrym as Scarlett Harker, Vanessa's sister.[10] (season 2, credited as "Special Guest Star")

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Syfy acquired Van Helsing from Nomadic Pictures in November 2015, with a 13-episode order beginning production in January 2016, and the series premiere scheduled for Fall 2016.[11] On October 14, 2016, Syfy renewed Van Helsing for a 13-episode second season[12] which premiered on October 5, 2017.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title [13][14]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [13][14]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Help Me"
Michael Nankin
Neil LaBute
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)[b]
1.24[16]

2
"Seen You"
Michael Nankin
Simon Barry
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
0.83[17]

3
"Stay Inside"
Michael Nankin
Jackie May
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
0.66[18]

4
"Coming Back"
David J. Frazee
Jonathan Walker
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)
0.62[19]

5
"Fear Her"
David J. Frazee
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
0.61[20]

6
"Nothing Matters"
Amanda Tapping
Neil LaBute
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
0.64[21]

7
"For Me"
Amanda Tapping
Simon Barry
October 28, 2016 (2016-10-28)
0.53[22]

8
"Little Thing"
Jason Priestley
Neil LaBute
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
0.61[23]

9
"Help Out"
Jason Priestley
Jackie May
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
0.68[24]

10
"Stay Away"
Simon Barry
Jonathan Walker
November 18, 2016 (2016-11-18)
0.60[25]

11
"Last Time"
Simon Barry
Simon Barry
November 25, 2016 (2016-11-25)
0.65[26]

12
"He's Coming"
Amanda Tapping
Shevon Singh, Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
December 2, 2016 (2016-12-02)
0.50[27]

13
"It Begins"
Amanda Tapping
Neil LaBute
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
0.56[28]

text:
Jump up ^ Guinee was only credited as main cast in episodes 1x01 and 1x02.
Jump up ^ The pilot episode of Van Helsing, "Help Me", was aired as a special commercial-free "preview" on July 31, 2016, almost two months before its formal television premiere on September 23, 2016.[15]

tag: ol

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title [13][14][29]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [13][14][29]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Began Again"
Michael Nankin
Neil LaBute
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
0.46[30]

2
"In Redemption"
Michael Nankin
Jonathan Lloyd Walker
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
0.45[31]

3
"Love Bites"
Michael Nankin
Jackie May
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
0.49[32]

4
"A Home"
Jason Stone
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
0.46[33]

5
"Save Yourself"
Jason Stone
Neil LaBute
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
0.37[34]

6
"Veritas Vincit"
Kaare Andrews
Jonathan Lloyd Walker
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
0.30[35]

7
"Everything Changes"
Kaare Andrews
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
0.35[36]

8
"Big Mama"
David Winning
Neil LaBute
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
0.34[37]

9
"Wakey, Wakey"
David Winning
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
0.49[38]

10
"Base Pair"
Paul Johansson
Jackie May & Michael C. Natchoff
Teleplay by : Jackie May
December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
0.36[39]

11
"Be True"
TBA
TBA
December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)
TBD

12
"Crooked Falls"
TBA
TBA
December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
TBD

13
"Black Days"
TBA
TBA
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
TBD

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Syfy aired a commercial-free preview of the pilot on July 31, 2016;[15] this was followed by the series premiere on September 23, 2016.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series' pilot episode received 4.5 stars from Den of Geek.[41] In his review of Van Helsing, Keith Uhlich of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "It's pretty good... or is at least, to quote that old critic's saw, 'better than it has any right to be'."[42]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2017
Leo Awards
Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
Simon Barry for "Last Time"
Nominated
[43]

Best Screenwriting in a Dramatic Series
Simon Barry for "Last Time"
Nominated

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
John Gajdecki, Ryan Epp, Steve Desroches, Brae Norwiss, Shawn Duddridge for "Seen You"
Nominated

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Jayne Dancose for "Stay Inside"
Nominated

Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series
Kimani Ray Smith for "It Begins"
Nominated

Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Hillary Jardine for "Last Time"
Nominated

Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series
Jonathan Scarfe for "Help Me"
Won

Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series
Christopher Heyerdahl for "Last Time"
Nominated

Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Rukiya Bernard for "Seen You"
Nominated


document_title: BBC African Footballer of the Year

question_text: who won the bbc african footballer of the year 2017

text: BBC African Footballer of the Year

text: History[edit]

text: Initially a sports award, the inaugural winner was Ghana's Abedi Pele in 1992. The only non-footballers to win the award was track and field athlete Frankie Fredericks in 1993, and long-distance track and road running athlete Haile Gebrselassie in 1998. The Zambia national football team were posthumous winners of the award in 1994, following the plane crash in the Atlantic Ocean a year previous. The award became centred around football from 2001 onwards, Cameroon's Patrick M'Boma was the last person to win it as a sports award.

text: Nigeria's Nwankwo Kanu and Jay-Jay Okocha, as well as the Ivory Coast's Yaya Touré, are the only players to win the award more than once, with two wins.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Club(s)
Reference

1992
 Abedi Pele
 Marseille
[1]

1993
 Frankie Fredericks
N/A
[1]

1994
 Zambia national football team
N/A
[1]

1995
 George Weah
 Milan
[1]

1996
 Emmanuel Amuneke
 Sporting CP
 Barcelona
[1]

1997
 Nwankwo Kanu
 Internazionale
[1]

1998
 Haile Gebrselassie
N/A
[1]

1999
 Nwankwo Kanu
 Arsenal
[1]

2000
 Patrick M'Boma
 Cagliari
 Parma
[2]

2001
 Samuel Kuffour
 Bayern Munich
[3]

2002
 El Hadji Diouf
 Lens
 Liverpool
[4]

2003
 Jay-Jay Okocha
 Bolton Wanderers
[5]

2004
 Jay-Jay Okocha
 Bolton Wanderers
[6]

2005
 Mohamed Barakat
 Al Ahly
[1]

2006
 Michael Essien
 Chelsea
[7]

2007
 Emmanuel Adebayor
 Arsenal
[8]

2008
 Mohamed Aboutrika
 Al Ahly
[9]

2009
 Didier Drogba
 Chelsea
[10]

2010
 Asamoah Gyan
 Sunderland
[11]

2011
 André Ayew
 Marseille
[12]

2012
 Christopher Katongo
 Henan Construction
[13]

2013
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
[14]

2014
 Yacine Brahimi
 Granada
 Porto
[15]

2015
 Yaya Touré
 Manchester City
[16]

2016
 Riyad Mahrez
 Leicester City
[17]

2017
 Mohamed Salah
 Roma
 Liverpool
[18]


document_title: Love It or List It

question_text: who won more love it or list it

question_tokens: who won more love it or list it

text: Love It or List It

text: Format[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.

text: Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.

text: At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.

text: Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.

text: After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.

text: After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.

text: Host and crew[edit]

text: Hosts

text:
Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto, Ontario.  She has lived in Australia, England, California, and New York City. Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to "stage" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties.[3]
David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited.  He has been practicing since 1987.[4]

text: Assistant Designer

text: Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House. She soon became the Design Stylist for the show.[5]

text: Contractors

text:
Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's "Love It or List It" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its "Brother vs. Brother" reality show.
Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business.  Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman.
Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago.

text: Behind the Scenes

text:
Architect: Simon West
Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone
Construction Coordinator: David Violante
Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George
Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season

Start date

End date

Episodes

Hilary wins

David wins

1

September 8, 2008

January 5, 2009

12

9

3

2

April 6, 2009

December 7, 2009

18

10

8

3

May 3, 2010

November 8, 2010

21

9

12

4

March 14, 2011

November 11, 2011

19

12

7

5

February 20, 2012

November 19, 2012

18

10

8

6

January 19, 2013

July 1, 2013

14

8

6

7

January 8, 2014

April 9, 2014

14

11

3

8

September 8, 2014

January 19, 2015

16

8

8

9

March 9, 2015

December 7, 2015

22

13

9

Total

154

90

64

text: Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home.

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]

text: International syndication[edit]

text:
Country / Region

Name

Television Network

Dubbing / Subtitles

Australia

Love It or List It

Lifestyle Home

N/A

Canada

Love It or List It

W Network

N/A

USA

Love It or List It

HGTV[11]

N/A

Spain

Tu casa a juicio

Divinity

Spanish

Brazil

Ame-a ou Deixe-a

Discovery Home & Health

Portuguese

Norway

Bolighjelpen

TV 2 (Norway)

Norwegian

Bulgaria

Podnovi ili proday

Fox Life (Bulgaria)

Bulgarian

Italy

Prendere o lasciare

Cielo

dubbed in Italian

text: Reception[edit]

text: On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]

text: In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show "very calming"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]

text: In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]

text: According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they "do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations."[25]

text: The suit was settled in April 2017.[26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement.[27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed.[28]


document_title: Touchback

question_text: where does the ball go after a touchback

text: Touchback

text: American football[edit]

text: In standard outdoor American football, the team awarded the touchback receives possession of the ball at its own 25-yard line in college football, and the 25 yard-line for professional football, on kickoffs and free kicks after a safety as of the 2012 season. In arena football, and other indoor football games, a touchback results in the team awarded the touchback receiving the football at its own 3-yard line. This can result from any of the above events except for punting, which is not a part of arena football. (In arena football, a kicked ball usually bounces back into play off of the rebound nets, but the above can still occur when the ball lands in the slack nets behind the goalposts after a kickoff, passes under the rebound nets and out of play, or in the event of fumbles and interceptions.)

text: On March 23, 2016, the NFL announced that it would award a touchback line at the 25-yard line instead of the previous 20-yard line and much discussion and analysis on the impact of this change has emerged.[2] This new rule will be re-evaluated after the 2016 NFL season.[3]

text: If a defensive player gains possession of the ball during a play between his own five-yard line and goal line and the player's original momentum carries him into the end zone, there is no touchback. Instead, the ball is dead at the point where possession changed. In the National Football League, this rule applies regardless of whether possession is gained inside the five-yard line.

text: In July 2016, the NCAA announced that it had approved the Ivy League to test an experimental kickoff rule in conference play in the 2016 season. Under this rule, kickoffs will be taken from the 40-yard line instead of the 35, and touchbacks will be marked at the 20-yard line instead of the 25. The rule will be re-evaluated in February 2017.[4]

text: Canadian football[edit]

text: In Canadian football the term touchback is not used. The failure to advance a kicked ball out of the goal area results in a single point being scored by the kickers, as well as possession by the receivers at their 35-yard line or at the point the ball was kicked from. A turn-over by fumble or interception in the defense's goal area that is not advanced back into the field of play, or a kickoff untouched out of bounds in the end zone, or a kick that touches the goal posts, crossbar, or goal assembly results in a scrimmage on the 25-yard line with no points awarded. If a player's momentum causes the ball to be in the end zone, the ball is treated as if it was recovered in the end zone.

text: Six- and eight-man football[edit]

text: For high schools which play six-man football and eight-man football on an 30-yard long field, a touchback is brought out to the 15-yard line.

text: Differences[edit]

text: A special rule applies in college football and the NFL with regard to field goal attempts. If a missed field goal occurs in these leagues, where the other team receives possession of the ball depends on the spot from which the ball has been kicked. In NCAA football, the ball will be placed either on the twenty or the line of scrimmage of the play in which the attempt was made; in the NFL, either the twenty or the place from which the ball was kicked. (In either case, the ball goes to the spot which is further from the goal line.) The purpose of this rule is to discourage low-percentage, long-range field goal attempts and to deemphasize the advantage which can accrue when only one team has a kicker who has a reasonable possibility of success from a great distance. In American high school football (except in Massachusetts and Texas, which use college football rules), the missed field goal, regardless of where attempted on the field, results in a touchback as long as the attempt breaks the plane of the goal line, and in arena football, the field goal is treated as if it were a punt.


document_title: List of Twenty20 International records

question_text: highest runs in t20 international in an innings

text: List of Twenty20 International records

text: Listing notation[edit]

text: Team notation

text:
(100/3) indicates that a team scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(100) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(75) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5/40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(19.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing T20Is (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by .

text: Team records[edit]

text: Overall results[edit]

text:
Team
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %

 Afghanistan
63
41
22
0
0
0
65.07

 Australia
100
53
44
0
2
1
54.54

 Bangladesh
71
22
49
0
0
2
30.98

 Bermuda
3
0
3
0
0
0
0.00

 Canada
19
4
14
0
1
0
23.68

 England
100
47
48
1
0
4
49.47

 Hong Kong
24
10
14
0
0
0
41.66

 India
99
61
35
1
0
2
63.40

 Ireland
61
26
29
0
0
6
47.27

 Kenya
29
10
19
0
0
0
34.48

   Nepal
11
3
8
0
0
0
27.27

 Netherlands
45
24
19
0
0
2
55.81

 New Zealand
111
54
49
2
3
3
52.51

 Oman
17
5
11
0
0
1
31.25

 Pakistan
123
74
46
1
2
0
61.38

 Papua New Guinea
9
3
6
0
0
0
33.33

 Scotland
44
18
23
0
0
3
43.90

 South Africa
103
60
42
0
0
1
58.82

 Sri Lanka
106
54
50
1
0
1
51.90

 United Arab Emirates
26
9
17
0
0
0
34.61

 West Indies
94
45
42
2
1
4
51.66

World XI
3
1
2
0
0
0
33.33

 Zimbabwe
56
13
42
1
0
0
25.00

The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.
Last updated: 21 February 2018[2]

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

263/3 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

260/5 (20.0 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

260/6 (20.0 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

248/6 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)
 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 16 February 2018[3]

text: Highest successful chases[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)
 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

236/6 (19.2 overs)
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

230/8 (19.4 overs)
 England
 South Africa
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

215/5 (19.4 overs)
 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
10 March 2018
Scorecard

211/4 (19.2 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Mohali
12 December 2009
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2018[4]

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

39 (10.3 overs)
 Netherlands
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

53 (14.3 overs)
   Nepal
 Ireland
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

56 (18.4 overs)
 Kenya
 Afghanistan
Sharjah
30 September 2013
Scorecard

57 (19.3 overs)
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

60 (13.4 overs)
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

Qualification: Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included.
Updated: 12 March 2017 [5]

If the qualification is removed, there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands. Six of those innings were 0/0 (0 overs), of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results.[6]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29/1 by Zimbabwe. Batting second, Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka. After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe's innings, rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29/1. With no further play possible, the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs.[7]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36/1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe. Batting second, New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed, rain prevented any further play from occurring. The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs.[8]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada. Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets.[9]

text: Highest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

172 runs
 Sri Lanka (260/6) beat  Kenya (88)
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

143 runs
 Pakistan (203/5) beat  West Indies (60)
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

130 runs
 South Africa (211/5) beat  Scotland (81)
London (Oval)
7 June 2009
Scorecard

119 runs
 New Zealand (243/5) beat  West Indies (124)
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

116 runs
 England (196/5) beat  Afghanistan (80)
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

109 runs
 Zimbabwe (184/5) beat  Canada (75)
King City
13 October 2008
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018 [10]

text: Highest margin of victory (by balls remaining)[edit]

text:
Balls Rem
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

90 balls
 Sri Lanka (40/1) beat  Netherlands (39)
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

76 balls
 Ireland (72/0) beat  Kenya (71)
Dubai (DSC)
14 March 2012
Scorecard

74 balls
 New Zealand (74/1) beat  Kenya (73)
Durban
12 September 2007
Scorecard

73 balls
 Afghanistan (75/0) beat  Ireland (71)
Dubai
20 January 2017
Scorecard

72 balls
 Ireland (54/2) beat    Nepal (53)
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017 [11]

text: Highest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (171/0) beat  Pakistan (168/7)
Hamilton
17 January 2016

Scorecard

10 wickets
 England (143/0) beat  New Zealand (139/8)
Wellington
15 February 2013
Scorecard

10 wickets
 South Africa (132/0) beat  Pakistan (129/8)
Johannesburg
2 February 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets
 England (128/0) beat  West Indies (125)
London (Oval)
23 September 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (127/0) beat  Zimbabwe (123/8)
Harare
15 October 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets
 Kenya (126/0) beat  Scotland (123)
Nairobi (Gym)
4 February 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017[12]

text: Smallest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 run
 West Indies (245/6) beat  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 India (146/7) beat  Bangladesh (145/9)
Bengaluru
23 March 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 Australia (150/7) beat  New Zealand (149/5)
Sydney
15 February 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (128/7) beat  New Zealand (127/5)
Lord's
9 June 2009
Scorecard

1 run [a]
 England (202/6) beat  South Africa (127/3)
Johannesburg
13 November 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 New Zealand (133/7) beat  Pakistan (132/7)
Bridgetown
8 May 2010
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (120/7) beat  West Indies (119/7)
North Sound
20 May 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 27 August 2016 [13]

^[a] Rain interrupted play in South Africa's innings with South Africa having scored 127/3 after 13 overs. The par score at this point was 128. Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run.

text: Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 wicket
 England (158/9) beat  Australia (157/4)
Adelaide
12 January 2011
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Netherlands (131/9) beat  Kenya (128)
The Hague
26 July 2012
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Pakistan (174/9) beat  Sri Lanka (172/7)
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 3 April 2016 [14]

text: Tied matches[edit]

text:
Teams
Tie Break
Venue
Date
Scorecard

 West Indies (126/8) tied  New Zealand (126/7)
New Zealand won bowl-out
Auckland
16 February 2006
Scorecard

 India (141/9) tied  Pakistan (141/7)
India won bowl-out
Durban
14 September 2007
Scorecard

 Canada (135/7) tied  Zimbabwe (135/9)
Zimbabwe won bowl-out
King City
11 October 2008
Scorecard

 West Indies (155/8) tied  New Zealand (155/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Auckland
26 December 2008
Scorecard

 Australia (214/4) tied  New Zealand (214/6)
New Zealand won Super Over
Christchurch
28 February 2010
Scorecard

 Australia (151/4) tied  Pakistan (151/8)
Pakistan won Super Over
Dubai (DSC)
7 September 2012
Scorecard

 Sri Lanka (174/6) tied  New Zealand (174/7)
Sri Lanka won Super Over
Pallekele
27 September 2012
Scorecard

 West Indies (139) tied  New Zealand (139/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Pallekele
1 October 2012
Scorecard

 England (154/8) tied  Pakistan (154/7)
England won Super Over
Sharjah
30 November 2015
Scorecard

Even though tie-breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches, for statistical purposes, these matches are considered as ties.
Updated: 3 April 2016 [15]

text: Most consecutive wins by a team[edit]

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

11
 Afghanistan
 West Indies at Nagpur, 27 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Greater Noida, 12 March 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 England
 Pakistan at Bridgetown, 6 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Adelaide, 12 January 2011 (Scorecard)

8
 Ireland
 Kenya at Mombasa, 22 February 2012 (Scorecard)
 Afghanistan at Dubai (DSC), 24 March 2012 (Scorecard)

7
 South Africa
 Australia at Johannesburg, 27 March 2009 (Scorecard)
 India at Nottingham, 16 June 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 Pakistan
 New Zealand at London (Oval), 13 June 2009 (Scorecard)
 New Zealand at Dubai (DSC), 13 November 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Pakistan at Ahmedabad, 28 December 2012 (Scorecard)
 South Africa at Dhaka, 4 April 2014 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Sri Lanka at Ranchi, 12 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 6 March 2016 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
Updated: 2 June 2017[16]

text: Most consecutive defeats[edit]

text:
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat

16
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Providence, 3 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 West Indies at North Sound, 3 March 2013 (Scorecard)

12
 Netherlands
 South Africa at Cape Town, 15 September 2007 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Bridgetown, 5 May 2010 (Scorecard)

9
 United Arab Emirates
 Sri Lanka at Dhaka, 25 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Dubai, 18 January 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 Zimbabwe
 Pakistan at Kolkata, 16 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Sri Lanka at Colombo, 4 April 2017 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
* indicates that the sequence is ongoing
Updated: 12 April 2017[17]

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text: Updated: 16 February 2018[18]

text:
Sixes
Batting Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

21
 West Indies
 India
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

19
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

18
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

30
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

29
 Sri Lanka
 India
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

26
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

25
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

24
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 6 September 2016[19]

text: Most sixes in a match[edit]

text:
Sixes
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

32
 West Indies (21) v  India (11)
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
 New Zealand (18) v  Australia (14)
Eden Park
16 February 2018
Scorecard

31
 India (21) v  Sri Lanka (10)
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

30
 Ireland (11) v  Netherlands (19)
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

28
 Afghanistan (16) v  Ireland (12)
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[20]

text: Highest aggregate runs in a single match[edit]

text:
Runs
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

489
 West Indies (245/6) v  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

488
 New Zealand (243/6) v  Australia (245/5)[18.5]
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

467
 South Africa (231/7) v  West Indies (236/6) [19.2]
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

459
 South Africa (229/4) v  England (230/8)
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

457
 Australia (248/6) v  England (209/6)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 7 September 2016[21]

text: Most fours in a match[edit]

text:
Fours
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

47
 India (18) v  Sri Lanka (29)
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

44
 South Africa (18) v  West Indies (26)
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

43
 South Africa (24) v  West Indies (19)
London
13 June 2009
Scorecard

43
 Bangladesh (22) v  Pakistan (21)
Kandy
25 September 2012
Scorecard

43
 England (24) v  Australia (19)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

43
 Australia (24) v  India (19)
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[22]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

2,271
73
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–Present

2,140
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

1,983
53
Virat Kohli ‡
 India
2010–present

1,889
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

1,858
87
Shoaib Malik ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated: 1 April 2018[23]

text: Most runs in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
Year

641
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2016

520
15
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2016

497
18
Rohit Sharma
 India
2016

472
13
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2012

471
12
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2009

471
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2012

Updated: 21 February 2018[24]

text: Most 50+ Scores[edit]

text:
50+ (100+50)
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

18 (0+18)
53
Virat Kohli
 India
2010–present

16 (2+14)
73
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

15 (2+13)
51
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

15 (2+13)
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

16 (2+14)
65
Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

Updated: 21 February 2018[25]

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

165.68
647
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
2012–present

163.59
717
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
2012–present

154.96
468
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
2016–present

151.69
795
Aaron Finch
 Australia
2011–present

150.75
932
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Qualification: 250 balls.
Updated: 21 February 2018[26]

text: Highest career average[edit]

text:
Average
Innings
Runs
Batsman
T20I career span

50.84
53
1,983
 Virat Kohli ‡
2010–present

40.20
36
1,206
 Aaron Finch ‡
2011–present

37.93
36
1,176
 Kevin Pietersen
2005–2013

37.68
77
1,432
 MS Dhoni ‡
2006–present

37.59
69
1,767
 JP Duminy ‡
2007–present

Qualification: 1,000 runs
Last updated: 21 February 2018[27]

text: Most career ducks[edit]

text:
Ducks
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

10
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

9
45
Luke Wright
 England
2007–2014

8
52
Kevin O'Brien‡
 Ireland
2008–present

8
77
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–16

8
90
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Last updated: 12 March 2017[28]

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text: Updated:21 February 2018[30]

text:
Sixes
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

103[29]
1095
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

103
1709
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

91
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

83
1006
Shane Watson
 Australia
2006–2016

79
1279
David Warner
 Australia
2009–present

text: Most career fours[edit]

text:
Fours
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

223
1567
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

210
1444
Virat Kohli‡
 India
2010–present

204
1333
Mohammad Shahzad ‡
 Afghanistan
2010–present

199
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

178
1403
Mohammad Hafeez ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated:21 February 2018[31]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

156
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

145*
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

125*
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 India
Kingston
9 July 2017
Scorecard

124*
Shane Watson
 Australia
 India
Sydney
31 January 2016
Scorecard

123
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

Updated: 9 July 2017[32]

text: Highest individual score (by batting position)[edit]

text:
Runs
Position
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

145*
Position 1
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

156
Position 2
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

123
Position 3
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

110*
Position 4
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

101*
Position 5
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

85*
Position 6
Cameron White
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

89
Position 7
Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

52*
Position 8
Ragheb Aga
 Kenya
 Scotland
ICCA Dubai
19 November 2013
Scorecard

46
Position 9
Anwar Ali
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

40
Position 10
Sompal Kami
   Nepal
 Hong Kong
Colombo (PSS)
24 November 2014
Scorecard

18
Position 11
Paul van Meekeren
 Netherlands
 Hong Kong
Dubai
18 January 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 29 October 2017[33]

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

12
Yuvaraj Singh
 India
 England
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

14
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Auckland
10 January 2016
Scorecard

17
Paul Stirling
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Dubai (DSC)
24 March 2012
Scorecard

17
Stephan Myburgh
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

17
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Cape Town
9 January 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 29 August 2016[34]

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text: Updated: 22 December 2017[35]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

35
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

35
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

45
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

46
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

46
Francois du Plessis
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (63)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

13 (51)
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

11 (48)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 England
Mumbai
16 March 2016
Scorecard

10 (41)
Corey Anderson
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Mount Maunganui
8 January 2017
Scorecard

10 (43)
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

10 (53)
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

10 (57)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (55)
Herschelle Gibbs
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

14 (52)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 India
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

14 (65)
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

13 (53)
Ricky Ponting
 Australia
 India
Mumbai
20 October 2007
Scorecard

13 (30)
Aaron Redmond
 New Zealand
 Ireland
Nottingham
11 June 2009
Scorecard

Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings.
Updated: 6 September 2016[36]

text: Most runs off an over[edit]

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Batting team
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard

36
6–6–6–6–6–6
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 Stuart Broad
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

32
6–6–w–6–6–6–1
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 Stuart Binny
Lauderhill, Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
6–6–2–nb–(nb+4)–4–6–2
Jos Buttler
 England
 Wayne Parnell
Edgbaston
12 September 2012
Scorecard

32
4–wk–(nb+6)–(nb+1)–6–6–6–1[a]
Jonny Bairstow
Luke Wright
 England
 Izatullah Dawlatzai
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

31
6–6–6–6–6–1
David Miller
 South Africa
 Mohammad Saifuddin
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

Key:

nb – No-ball

(nb+X) – A no-ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat
Ynb – A no-ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no-ball and Y-1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes (however, all Y runs will be scored as no-balls on the scorecard)[37]

w – Wide
wk – Wicket

Updated: 29 October 2017[38]
^[a] The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike. Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over. Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries.[39]

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most wickets in a career[edit]

text:
Wickets
Innings
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

97
96
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

90
68
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
2006–2017

85
60
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–2016

85
63
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

73
60
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Updated: 01 November 2017[40]

text: Most wickets in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Wickets
Matches
Bowler
Team
Year

28
21
Jasprit Bumrah
 India
2016

27
14
Dirk Nannes
 Australia
2010

25
16
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2012

23
11
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
2017

23
15
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2016

Updated: 24 December 2017[41]

text: Most four-wickets-in-an-innings(and over) in a career[edit]

text:
4+ (4+5)
Matches
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

6 (4+2)
60
Umar Gul ‡
 Pakistan
2007–present

5 (3+2)
39
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

4 (4+0)
64
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

Updated: 3 April 2016[42]

text: Best career economy rate[edit]

text:
Economy rate
Overs bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

5.70
131.1
Daniel Vettori
 New Zealand
2007–2014

5.86
110.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

5.98
169.0
Samuel Badree
 West Indies
2012–present

6.02
171.4
Sunil Narine
 West Indies
2012–present

6.07
90.0
Imad Wasim
 Pakistan
2015–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018[43]

text: Best career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Wickets
Overs Bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.0
44
95.5
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

13.4
66
147.3
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

13.9
57
132.5
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

14.0
47
110.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.1
85
200.3
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[44]

text: Best career averages[edit]

text:
Average
Wickets
Runs conceded
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.72
47
645
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.42
66
952
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

15.85
57
904
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

16.59
44
730
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

16.84
51
859
Graeme Swann
 England
2005–2012

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[45]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text:
Figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

6/8 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
Hambantota
18 September 2012
Scorecard

6/16 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
Pallekele
8 August 2011
Scorecard

6/25 (4.0 overs)
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 England
Bangalore
1 February 2017
Scorecard

5/3 (3.3 overs)
Rangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 New Zealand
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

5/3 (2.0 overs)
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
10 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2017[46]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings[edit]

text:
Runs
Bowling figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

69
4–0–69–0
Barry McCarthy
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Greater Noida
12 March 2017

Scorecard

68
4–0–68–1
Kyle Abbott
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

64
3.1–0–64–0
Ben Wheeler
 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–1
James Anderson
 England
 Australia
Sydney
9 January 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan
Johannesburg
17 September 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 South Africa
Centurion
21 February 2018
Scorecard

Bowling figures given above are in the form of "Overs-Maidens-Runs-Wickets".
Updated: 21 February 2018[47]

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match

(b)
Bowled

(c)
Caught

(c b)
Caught and bowled

(lbw)
Leg before wicket

(st)
Stumped

Wicket-keeper

text:
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Wickets
Venue
Date
Ref.

1
Brett Lee
 Australia
 Bangladesh

Shakib Al Hasan (c Gilchrist)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Alok Kapali (lbw)

Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
16 September 2007
[48]

2
Jacob Oram
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka

Angelo Mathews (c and b)
Malinga Bandara (c McCullum)
Nuwan Kulasekara (c Broom)

Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2 September 2009
[49]

3
Tim Southee
 New Zealand
 Pakistan

Younis Khan (c Brownlie)
Mohammad Hafeez (c McGlashan)
Umar Akmal (lbw)

Eden Park, Auckland
26 December 2010
[50]

4
Thisara Perera
 Sri Lanka
 India

Hardik Pandya (c Senanayake)
Suresh Raina (c Chameera)
Yuvraj Singh (c Gunathilaka)

JSCA International Stadium Complex, Ranchi
12 February 2016
[51]

5
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh

Mushfiqur Rahim (b)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Mehedi Hasan (lbw)

R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
6 April 2017
[52]

6
Faheem Ashraf
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka

Isuru Udana (c Hasan Ali)
Mahela Udawatte (c Babar Azam)
Dasun Shanaka (lbw)

Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
27 October 2017
[53]

Source: ESPNcricinfo. Last Updated: 27 October 2017

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in T20I career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Fielder
Team
T20I career span

44
73
Ross Taylor ‡
 New Zealand
2006–present

44
52
AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa
2006–present

41
70
Dwayne Bravo ‡
 Australia
2009–present

39
74
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–present

38
62
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–16

The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper
Updated: 21 February 2018[54]

text: Individual records (Wicket-Keeper)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Catches
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

78
49
29
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

60
28
32
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

52
25
27
59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

51
32
19
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–2016

47
22
25
58
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 21 February 2018[55]

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

49
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

32
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present

28
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

30
31
Quinton de Kock
 South Africa
2012–present

26
34
Wesley Barresi
 Netherlands
2012–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 21 February 2018[56]

text: Most stumpings in career[edit]

text:
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

32
54
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

29
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

27
59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

25
57
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

20
56
Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
2006–2014

Updated: 21 February 2018[57]

text: Individual records (others)[edit]

text: Most matches played in career[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

98
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

92
Shoaib Malik
 Pakistan
2006–present

89
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

82
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–2016

81
Mohammad Hafeez
 Pakistan
2006–present

Ross Taylor
 New Zealand
2006–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[58]

text: Most matches as a captain[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

72
MS Dhoni
 India
2007–2016

56
William Porterfield
 Ireland
2008–present

47
Darren Sammy
 West Indies
2011–2016

43
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2009–2016

38
Asghar Stanikzai
 Afghanistan
2015–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[59]

text: Most matches as an umpire[edit]

text:
Matches
Umpire
Country
T20I Career Span

42
Aleem Dar
 Pakistan
2009–present

37
Ian Gould
 England
2006–2016

35
Rod Tucker
 Australia
2009–2016

34
Simon Taufel
 Australia
2006–2012

33
Shaun George
 South Africa
2010–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[60]

text: Most matches as a match referee[edit]

text:
Matches
Referee
Country
T20I Career Span

85
Ranjan Madugalle
 Sri Lanka
2006–present

71
Chris Broad
 England
2005–present

77
Jeff Crowe
 New Zealand
2005–present

61
Javagal Srinath
 India
2006–present

53
David Jukes
 England
2010–present

Updated: 10 March 2017[61]

text: Most Player-of-the Match Awards[edit]

text:
No. of Awards
Player
Team
Matches
T20I Career Span

11
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
98
2006–2016

10
Virat Kohli
 India
57
2010–present

9
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
55
2006–present

Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Shane Watson
 Australia
58
2006–2016

Last updated: 17 March 2018[62]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest overall partnership runs by a pair[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Players
Batting team
Highest
Average
100/50
T20I career span

1154
37
David Warner & Shane Watson
 Australia
133
31.18
3/6
2009–2016

1151
24
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
171*
50.04
3/8
2012–Present

1043
38
William Porterfield & Paul Stirling
 Ireland
109*
29.80
1/6
2009–Present

831
22
Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
127*
41.55
2/4
2009–2015

822
22
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
166
41.10
2/3
2007–2014

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 18 February 2018[63]

text: Highest partnerships (any wicket)[edit]

text:
Runs
Partnership
Players
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

171*
1st wicket
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

170
1st wicket
Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman
 South Africa
 England
Centurion
15 November 2009
Scorecard

166
2nd wicket
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

165
1st wicket
Rohit Sharma & K. L. Rahul
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

161
4th wicket
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 3 April 2016[64]

text: Highest partnerships (by wicket)[edit]

text:
Partnership
Runs
Batsmen
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1st wicket
171*
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

2nd wicket
166
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

3rd wicket
152
Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan
 England
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
27 March 2014
Scorecard

4th wicket
161
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

5th wicket
119*
Shoaib Malik & Misbah-ul-Haq
 Pakistan
 Australia
Johannesburg
18 September 2007
Scorecard

6th wicket
101*
Cameron White & Michael Hussey
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

7th wicket
91
Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy
 England
 West Indies
London
28 June 2007
Scorecard

8th wicket
80
Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif
 Scotland
 Netherlands
Edinburgh
11 July 2015
Scorecard

9th wicket
66
Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Dubai (DSC)
23 September 2016
Scorecard

10th wicket
31*
Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar
 Pakistan
 New Zealand
Auckland
26 December 2010
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 24 September 2016[65]