document_title: Last surviving United States war veterans

question_text: who was the last surviving spanish american war veteran

root

text: Pre U.S. independence[edit]

text:
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes

French and Indian War (1754–1763)

Jonathan Benjamin
1738–1841
Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[1]

tag: table

text: Post U.S. independence[edit]

text: The book The Last Men of the Revolution was compiled by Rev. E. B. Hillard and published by N. A. & R. A. Moore in the year 1864, the book claimed to include photos and biographies of six of the last surviving Revolutionary War veterans. None of the men interviewed in the book would become the last surviving Revolutionary War veteran but the photos published in the book are some of the few surviving photos of American Revolutionary War veterans.[2]

tag: p

text:
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)

Ralph Farnham [Farnum]
1756-1860
Massachusetts. Biography:"Biographical Sketch of Ralph Farnham" by C.W. Clarence 1860

Barnabas Cochran
1758–1864
Pennsylvania Militia. Longest living verified veteran.[3]

Adam Link
1761-1864
Pennsylvania Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

Rev. Daniel Waldo
1762-1864
Connecticut Militia. Served as Chaplain of the US House of Representatives. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

James Barham
1764-1865
Virginia State Militia. Was to have had a Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution; but was not located by author Hillard. Photograph/biography listed on Find a Grave website.[4]

Alexander Millener
1770?-1865
Enlisted under stepfathers surname as "Alexander Maroney". Claimed to have been born in 1760 and to have served in Washington's life Guard {not verified} although he did serve in New York line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

William Hutchings
1764-1866
Massachusetts Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

Lemuel Cook
1769-1866
2nd Continental Light Dragoons. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

Samuel Downing
1761-1867
Served in New Hampshire Line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

John Gray
1764–1868
Virginia Militia. 6 months Service period was too short to qualify for pension.[5]Granted a pension in 1867.

William Taylor
1757-1868
New Jersey Militia. See story at Find a Grave memorial[6]

Daniel Frederick Bakeman
1759–1869
Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.[7]

Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)

David Whitney
1767–1867
Massachusetts State Militia.[8]

Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)

Michael Edwards
1767?–1876
Pennsylvania State Militia.

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

Hiram Cronk
1800–1905
U.S. Army.[9]

Black Hawk War (1832)

Henry L. Riggs
1812–1911
Illinois State Militia.[10]

Toledo War (1835–1836)

Riley Crooks Crawford
1817–1910
Michigan State Militia.[11][12]

Texas Revolution (1835–1836)

William P. Zuber
1820–1913
Texas Volunteers.[13][14]

Bear Flag Revolt (1846)

John Grider
1826–1924
Californian Rebel.[15][16]

Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

Owen Thomas Edgar
1831–1929
U.S. Navy.[17]

Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)

Luke F. Parsons
1833–1926
Last survivor of the Battle of Osawatomie.[18][19]

George Roe
1834–1927
Last of John Brown's forces at the Battle of Black Jack[20]

John Brown
1844-1940
Last of Quantrill's Raiders at the Lawrence Massacre. Also served in the John S. Marmaduke Cavalry Division

American Civil War (1861–1865)

James Albert Hard
1843–1953
Last verified combat veteran. Fought for the Union.[21]

Albert Henry Woolson
1850–1956
Last Union veteran.[22]

Pleasant Riggs Crump
1847–1951
Last verified Confederate veteran. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

Thomas Edwin Ross
1850–1952
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

Richard William Cumpston
1841?–1952
No evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Murphy Loudermilk[23]
1847?–1952
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[24]
1846?–1952
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[24]
1846–1953
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Albert Kinney
1846?–1953
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Allen Uncle Bill Lundy[24]
1859–1957
Debunked.[25] See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

American Indian Wars (1622–1924}

Noah Johnson
1698–1798
New England colonists. Last survivor of Lovewell's War[26][27]

Samuel Murphy
1758–1851
Virginia colonists. Last participant of Lord Dunmore's War[28]

John Winchell Cullen
1838–1939
U.S. Army. Last survivor of the Yakima War.[29][30]

Dewey Beard
1857–1955
Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[31] He also fought at Wounded Knee.[32]

John Daw
1870–1965
U.S. Army. Last surviving Indian Scout.[33][34]

Frederick Fraske
1872–1973
U.S. Army.[35]

Boxer Rebellion (1897–1901)

Nathan E. Cook
1885–1992
U.S. Navy.[36]

Spanish–American War (1898)

Jones Morgan
1882–1993
U.S. Army.

Philippine–American War (1899–1902)

Nathan E. Cook
1885–1992
U.S. Navy.[36]

Border War (1910–1919)

Samuel Goldberg
1900–2006
U.S. Army.[37]

World War I (1914–1918)

Frank Woodruff Buckles
1901–2011
U.S. Army.[38]

Pancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)

Mark Matthews
1894?–2005
U.S. Army.[39]

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

American and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War

Harold Gunnes
1899–2003
Served in a naval brigade attached to the 339th Infantry Regiment as part of American Expeditionary Force North Russia.[40]

Warren V. Hileman
1901–2005
Served in the 27th Infantry Regiment as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia.[41]

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Delmer Berg
1915–2016[42]
Volunteered in 1938. Served in anti-aircraft in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Lived in Columbia, California.[43]


document_title: Sugar Bowl

question_text: when was the last time georgia played in the sugar bowl

text: Sugar Bowl

text: History[edit]

text: In 1890, Pasadena, California held its first Tournament of Roses Parade to showcase the city's mild weather compared to the harsh winters in northern cities. As one of the organizers said: "In New York, people are buried in snow. Here, our flowers are blooming and our oranges are about to bear [fruit]. Let's hold a festival to tell the world about our paradise." In 1902, the annual festival was enhanced by adding a football game.[6]

text: In 1926, leaders in Miami, Florida decided to do the same with a "Fiesta of the American Tropics" that was centered around a New Year's Day football game. Although a second "Fiesta" was never held, Miami leaders later revived the idea with the "Palm Festival" (with the slogan "Have a Green Christmas in Miami"). The football game and associated festivities of the Palm Festival were soon named the "Orange Bowl."[7]

text: In New Orleans, Louisiana, the idea of a New Year's Day football game was first presented in 1927 by Colonel James M. Thomson, publisher of the New Orleans Item, and Sports Editor Fred Digby. Every year thereafter, Digby repeated calls for action, and even came up with the name "Sugar Bowl" for his proposed football game.[8]

text: By 1935, enough support had been garnered for the first Sugar Bowl. The game was played in Tulane Stadium, which had been built in 1926 on Tulane University's campus (before 1871, Tulane's campus was Paul Foucher's plantation, where Foucher's father-in-law, Etienne de Bore, had first granulated sugar from cane syrup). Warren V. Miller, the first president of the New Orleans Mid-Winter Sports Association, guided the Sugar Bowl through its difficult formative years of 1934 and 1935. An unusual 2-0 score marked the 1942 Sugar Bowl, in which the sole scoring play was a safety.

text: Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl, when Pitt Panthers who were playing with Bobby Grier, an African-American, met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race, and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgia's Governor Marvin Griffin's opposition to racial integration.[9][10][11]

text: In November 1967, Army's success on the field made them a strong candidate to be selected for the 1968 Sugar Bowl. However, Pentagon officials, in the midst of the Vietnam War, refused to allow the team to play what would have been the academy's first bowl game ever—citing the "heavy demands on the players' time" as well as an emphasis on football being "not consistent with the academy's basic mission: to produce career Army officers."[12]

text: Tulane Stadium hosted the game from 1935 through 1974. It has been played in the Louisiana Superdome since 1975. The Sugar Bowl's corporate title sponsor was USF&G Financial Services from 1987 to 1995 and Nokia cellular telephones of Finland from 1995 to 2006. In March 2006 Allstate Insurance was announced as the new title sponsor. ABC Sports televised the game from 1969 through 2006. Fox Sports televised the game from 2007 to 2009 as part of its contract with the BCS. ESPN started airing the game with the 2010–11 season, after outbidding Fox for the broadcasting rights.[13]

text: The 2006 Sugar Bowl game was played at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia because of the extensive damage the Superdome suffered as a result of Hurricane Katrina. The Sugar Bowl has since returned to the refurbished Superdome.

text: Prior to the BCS, the game traditionally hosted the Southeastern Conference (SEC) champion against a top-tier at-large opponent. This was formalized in 1975, when the SEC champion was granted an automatic bid to the Sugar Bowl starting with the end of the 1976 season. This continued throughout the time of the Bowl Coalition, a precursor to the BCS. However, the Sugar Bowl agreed to release the SEC champion if necessary to force a national championship game. Under this format, the Sugar Bowl hosted the first Bowl Coalition national championship game, when SEC champion Alabama upended Miami at the end of the 1992 season. When the Bowl Coalition became the Bowl Alliance at the start of the 1995 season, the Sugar Bowl would still release the SEC champion to go to the national championship game if they were ranked in the top two in the nation.

text: Under the now-defunct BCS format, the Sugar Bowl continued to host the SEC champion against a top-tier at-large opponent, unless the SEC champion went to the BCS National Championship Game.[14] When this happened, the Sugar Bowl usually selected the highest-ranked SEC team still available in the BCS pool. The SEC champion played for the national championship in every one of the eight final editions of the BCS (2006 to 2013).

text: The Sugar Bowl maintains an archive of past programs, images, newsreels, and other materials. The archive, originally housed in the Superdome, survived Hurricane Katrina, but a more secure home was needed. During the summer of 2007, the Sugar Bowl donated its materials to The Historic New Orleans Collection, designating it the permanent home of its archive.

text: 2011 Sugar Bowl winner Ohio State vacated its Sugar Bowl victory over Arkansas in response to National Collegiate Athletic Association allegations over a memorabilia-for-cash scandal.[15]

text: The 2012 game, pitting the Michigan Wolverines against the Virginia Tech Hokies, was the first Sugar Bowl since 2000—and only the sixth since World War II—without an SEC team. Both of the SEC's BCS participants, Alabama and LSU, played in the National Championship Game, and under BCS rules only two teams per conference were eligible for BCS bowls.

text: In May 2012, the Big 12 and SEC announced plans to create a new bowl game, the Champions Bowl, that would play host to the champions of those two conferences.[16] However, by November 2012, it was decided instead that the Sugar Bowl will play host to the champions of the Big 12 and SEC, beginning in January 2015.[4] If one of those teams takes part in the national semifinal, a team from the same conference will take their place. Also, it will become one of the bowls that will rotate as a spot for a national semifinal game. On January 1, 2015, the Sugar Bowl matched Big 10 champion, Ohio State against SEC champion Alabama in one of two semi-final games for the college football playoff championship in its inaugural year.

text: Game results[edit]

text: Italics denote a tie game

text:
Date Played
Winning Team
Losing Team
Attendance[17]
Notes

January 1, 1935
Tulane
20
Temple
14
22,026
notes

January 1, 1936
TCU
3
LSU
2
35,000
notes

January 1, 1937
Santa Clara
21
LSU
14
41,000
notes

January 1, 1938
Santa Clara
6
LSU
0
45,000
notes

January 2, 1939
#1 TCU
15
#6 Carnegie Tech
7
50,000
notes

January 1, 1940
#1 Texas A&M
14
#5 Tulane
13
73,000
notes

January 1, 1941
#4 Boston College
19
#6 Tennessee
13
73,181
notes

January 1, 1942
#6 Fordham
2
#7 Missouri
0
72,000
notes

January 1, 1943
#7 Tennessee
14
#4 Tulsa
7
70,000
notes

January 1, 1944
Georgia Tech
20
Tulsa
18
69,000
notes

January 1, 1945
#11 Duke
29
Alabama
26
72,000
notes

January 1, 1946
#5 Oklahoma State
33
#7 Saint Mary's (CA)
13
75,000
notes

January 1, 1947
#3 Georgia
20
#9 North Carolina
10
73,300
notes

January 1, 1948
#5 Texas
27
#6 Alabama
7
72,000
notes

January 1, 1949
#5 Oklahoma
14
#3 North Carolina
6
82,000
notes

January 2, 1950
#2 Oklahoma
35
#9 LSU
0
82,470
notes

January 1, 1951
#7 Kentucky
13
#1 Oklahoma
7
82,000
notes

January 1, 1952
#3 Maryland
28
#1 Tennessee
13
82,000
notes

January 1, 1953
#2 Georgia Tech
24
#7 Ole Miss
7
82,000
notes

January 1, 1954
#8 Georgia Tech
42
#10 West Virginia
19
76,000
notes

January 1, 1955
#5 Navy
21
#6 Ole Miss
0
82,000
notes

January 2, 1956
#7 Georgia Tech
7
#11 Pittsburgh
0
80,175
notes

January 1, 1957
#11 Baylor
13
#2 Tennessee
7
81,000
notes

January 1, 1958
#7 Ole Miss
39
#11 Texas
7
82,000
notes

January 1, 1959
#1 LSU
7
#12 Clemson
0
82,000
notes

January 1, 1960
#2 Ole Miss
21
#3 LSU
0
83,000
notes

January 2, 1961
#2 Ole Miss
14
Rice
6
82,851
notes

January 1, 1962
#1 Alabama
10
#9 Arkansas
3
82,910
notes

January 1, 1963
#3 Ole Miss
17
#6 Arkansas
13
82,900
notes

January 1, 1964
#8 Alabama
12
#7 Ole Miss
7
80,785
notes

January 1, 1965
#7 LSU
13
Syracuse
10
65,000
notes

January 1, 1966
#6 Missouri
20
Florida
18
67,421
notes

January 2, 1967
#6 Alabama
34
#3 Nebraska
7
82,000
notes

January 1, 1968
LSU
20
#5 Wyoming
13
78,963
notes

January 1, 1969
#9 Arkansas
16
#4 Georgia
2
82,113
notes

January 1, 1970
#13 Ole Miss
27
#3 Arkansas
22
82,500
notes

January 1, 1971
#4 Tennessee
34
#11 Air Force
13
78,655
notes

January 1, 1972
#3 Oklahoma
40
#5 Auburn
22
84,031
notes

December 31, 1972
#2 Oklahoma
14
#5 Penn State
0
80,123
notes

December 31, 1973
#3 Notre Dame
24
#1 Alabama
23
85,161
notes

December 31, 1974
#8 Nebraska
13
#18 Florida
10
67,890
notes

December 31, 1975
#3 Alabama
13
#7 Penn State
6
75,212
notes

January 1, 1977
#1 Pittsburgh
27
#4 Georgia
3
76,117
notes

January 2, 1978
#3 Alabama
35
#9 Ohio State
6
76,811
notes

January 1, 1979
#2 Alabama
14
#1 Penn State
7
76,824
notes

January 1, 1980
#2 Alabama
24
#6 Arkansas
9
77,486
notes

January 1, 1981
#1 Georgia
17
#7 Notre Dame
10
77,895
notes

January 1, 1982
#10 Pittsburgh
24
#2 Georgia
20
77,224
notes

January 1, 1983
#2 Penn State
27
#1 Georgia
23
78,124
notes

January 2, 1984
#3 Auburn
9
#8 Michigan
7
77,893
notes

January 1, 1985
#5 Nebraska
28
#11 LSU
10
75,608
notes

January 1, 1986
#8 Tennessee
35
#2 Miami
7
77,432
notes

January 1, 1987
#6 Nebraska
30
#5 LSU
15
76,234
notes

January 1, 1988
#4 Syracuse
16
#6 Auburn
16
75,495
notes

January 2, 1989
#4 Florida State
13
#7 Auburn
7
61,934
notes

January 1, 1990
#2 Miami
33
#7 Alabama
25
77,452
notes

January 1, 1991
#6 Tennessee
23
Virginia
22
75,132
notes

January 1, 1992
#18 Notre Dame
39
#3 Florida
28
76,447
notes

January 1, 1993[b]
#2 Alabama
34
#1 Miami
13
76,789
notes

January 1, 1994
#8 Florida
41
#3 West Virginia
7
75,437
notes

January 2, 1995
#7 Florida State
23
#5 Florida
17
76,224
notes

December 31, 1995
#13 Virginia Tech
28
#9 Texas
10
70,283
notes

January 2, 1997[c]
#3 Florida
52
#1 Florida State
20
78,344
notes

January 1, 1998
#4 Florida State
31
#9 Ohio State
14
67,289
notes

January 1, 1999
#3 Ohio State
24
#8 Texas A&M
14
76,503
notes

January 4, 2000[d]
#1 Florida State
46
#2 Virginia Tech
29
79,280
notes

January 2, 2001
#2 Miami
37
#7 Florida
20
64,407
notes

January 1, 2002
#12 LSU
47
#7 Illinois
34
77,688
notes

January 1, 2003
#4 Georgia
26
#16 Florida State
13
74,269
notes

January 4, 2004[d]
#2 LSU
21
#3 Oklahoma
14
79,342
notes

January 3, 2005
#3 Auburn
16
#9 Virginia Tech
13
77,349
notes

January 2, 2006[a]
#11 West Virginia
38
#8 Georgia
35
74,458
notes

January 3, 2007
#4 LSU
41
#11 Notre Dame
14
77,781
notes

January 1, 2008
#4 Georgia
41
#10 Hawaiʻi
10
74,383
notes

January 2, 2009
#7 Utah
31
#4 Alabama
17
71,872
notes

January 1, 2010
#5 Florida
51
#4 Cincinnati
24
65,207
notes

January 4, 2011
#6 Ohio State
31[e]
#8 Arkansas
26
73,879
notes

January 3, 2012
#13 Michigan
23
#17 Virginia Tech
20
64,512
notes

January 2, 2013
#22 Louisville
33
#4 Florida
23
54,178
notes

January 2, 2014
#10 Oklahoma
45
#3 Alabama
31
70,473
notes

January 1, 2015[f]
#4 Ohio State
42
#1 Alabama
35
74,682
notes

January 1, 2016
#12 Ole Miss
48
#16 Oklahoma State
20
72,117
notes

January 2, 2017
#7 Oklahoma
35
#14 Auburn
19
54,077
notes

January 1, 2018[f]
#4 Alabama
24
#1 Clemson
6
72,360
notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Temporarily relocated because of the damage from Hurricane Katrina.
Jump up ^ Denotes Bowl Coalition Championship game
Jump up ^ Denotes Bowl Alliance Championship game
^ Jump up to: a b Denotes BCS National Championship Game
Jump up ^ Ohio State vacated its 31-26 victory over Arkansas due to NCAA sanctions
^ Jump up to: a b Denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game

tag: ol

text: Most Outstanding Players (Miller-Digby Award)[edit]

text: The Miller-Digby Award is presented to the Most Outstanding Player (MOP) in the Sugar Bowl, as voted by sports journalists covering the game. The award was initially established in 1948 following the death of Warren V. Miller, the first president of the Bowl; it was renamed the Miller-Digby Memorial Trophy in 1959, in honor of Fred J. Digby, the first general manager and fellow founding member of the Bowl.[18]

text:
Year
MOP
Team
Position

1948
Bobby Layne
Texas
QB

1949
Jack Mitchell
Oklahoma
QB

1950
Leon Heath
Oklahoma
FB

1951
Walt Yowarsky
Kentucky
T

1952
Ed Modzelewski
Maryland
FB

1953
Leon Hardeman
Georgia Tech
HB

1954
Pepper Rodgers
Georgia Tech
QB

1955
Joe Gattuso
Navy
FB

1956
Franklin Brooks
Georgia Tech
G

1957
Del Shofner
Baylor
HB

1958
Raymond Brown
Mississippi
QB

1959
Billy Cannon
LSU
HB

1960
Bobby Franklin
Mississippi
QB

1961
Jake Gibbs
Mississippi
QB

1962
Mike Fracchia
Alabama
FB

1963
Glynn Griffin
Mississippi
QB

1964
Tim Davis
Alabama
K

1965
Doug Moreau
LSU
FL

1966
Steve Spurrier
Florida
QB

1967
Ken Stabler
Alabama
QB

1968
Glenn Smith
LSU
HB

1969
Chuck Dicus
Arkansas
FL

1970
Archie Manning
Mississippi
QB

1971
Bobby Scott
Tennessee
QB

1972
Jack Mildren
Oklahoma
QB

1973
Tinker Owens
Oklahoma
FL

1974
Tom Clements
Notre Dame
QB

1975
Tony Davis
Nebraska
FB

1976
Richard Todd
Alabama
QB

1977
Matt Cavanaugh
Pittsburgh
QB

1978
Jeff Rutledge
Alabama
QB

1979
Barry Krauss
Alabama
LB

1980
Major Ogilvie
Alabama
RB

1981
Herschel Walker
Georgia
RB

1982
Dan Marino
Pittsburgh
QB

1983
Todd Blackledge
Penn State
QB

1984
Bo Jackson
Auburn
RB

1985
Craig Sundberg
Nebraska
QB

1986
Daryl Dickey
Tennessee
QB

1987
Steve Taylor
Nebraska
QB

1988
Don McPherson
Syracuse
QB

1989
Sammie Smith
Florida State
RB

1990
Craig Erickson
Miami (Fla.)
QB

1991
Andy Kelly
Tennessee
QB

1992
Jerome Bettis
Notre Dame
FB

1993
Derrick Lassic
Alabama
RB

1994
Errict Rhett
Florida
RB

1995
Warrick Dunn
Florida State
RB

1996
Bryan Still
Virginia Tech
WR

1997
Danny Wuerffel
Florida
QB

1998
E. G. Green
Florida State
WR

1999
David Boston
Ohio State
WR

2000
Peter Warrick
Florida State
WR

2001
Ken Dorsey
Miami (Fla.)
QB

2002
Rohan Davey
LSU
QB

2003
Musa Smith
Georgia
TB

2004
Justin Vincent
LSU
RB

2005
Jason Campbell
Auburn
QB

2006
Steve Slaton
West Virginia
RB

2007
JaMarcus Russell
LSU
QB

2008
Marcus Howard
Georgia
DE

2009
Brian Johnson
Utah
QB

2010
Tim Tebow
Florida
QB

2011
Terrelle Pryor†
Ohio State
QB

2012
Junior Hemingway
Michigan
WR

2013
Teddy Bridgewater
Louisville
QB

2014
Trevor Knight
Oklahoma
QB

2015
Ezekiel Elliott
Ohio State
RB

Darron Lee
Ohio State
LB

2016
Chad Kelly
Mississippi
QB

2017
Baker Mayfield
Oklahoma
QB

text: † Terrelle Pryor (QB, Ohio State) was ruled ineligible afterwards and his entire record was vacated from the 2010 season.

text: Appearances by team[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Appearances
Record

1
Alabama
16
9–7

2
LSU
13
6–7

3
Ole Miss
9
6–3

3
Florida
9
3–6

3
Georgia
9
4–5

6
Oklahoma
8
6–2

7
Tennessee
7
4–3

8
Florida State
6
4–2

8
Auburn
6
2–3–1

8
Arkansas
6
1–5

11
Ohio State
5
3–2

12
Georgia Tech
4
4–0

12
Nebraska
4
3–1

12
Miami
4
2–2

12
Notre Dame
4
2–2

12
Penn State
4
1–3

12
Virginia Tech
4
1–3

18
Pittsburgh
3
2–1

18
Texas
3
1–2

18
West Virginia
3
1–2

21
Santa Clara
2
2–0

21
TCU
2
2–0

21
Oklahoma State
2
1–1

21
Michigan
2
1–1

21
Missouri
2
1–1

21
Texas A&M
2
1–1

21
Tulane
2
1–1

21
Syracuse
2
0–1–1

21
Clemson
2
0–2

21
North Carolina
2
0–2

21
Tulsa
2
0–2

31
Baylor
1
1–0

31
Boston College
1
1–0

31
Duke
1
1–0

31
Fordham
1
1–0

31
Kentucky
1
1–0

31
Louisville
1
1–0

31
Maryland
1
1–0

31
Navy
1
1–0

31
Utah
1
1–0

31
Air Force
1
0–1

31
Carnegie Tech
1
0–1

31
Cincinnati
1
0–1

31
Hawai'i
1
0–1

31
Illinois
1
0–1

31
Rice
1
0–1

31
Saint Mary's (CA)
1
0–1

31
Temple
1
0–1

31
Virginia
1
0–1

31
Wyoming
1
0–1

text: Mississippi State, South Carolina and Vanderbilt are the only current SEC members to have never appeared in the Sugar Bowl. Former members Georgia Tech and Tulane also appeared in the Sugar Bowl while in the SEC, though former member Sewanee did not. Iowa State, Kansas, Kansas State and Texas Tech are the only current or former Big 8 or Big 12 members to have never appeared in the Sugar Bowl. Texas Tech, Houston and SMU are the only former Southwest Conference members to have never played in the Sugar Bowl

text: Record by conference[edit]

text:
Conference
Games
Wins
Losses
Ties

SEC
76
40
36
1

Independent
26
12
13
1

SWC
13
6
7
0

Big 8
11
8
3
0

ACC
9
3
6
0

Big East
8
4
4
0

Big Ten
8
4
4
0

Big 12
5
2
3
0

So-Con
4
2
2
0

Miz Valley
3
1
2
0

WAC
2
1
1
0

Mtn West
1
1
0
0

text: The PCC or Pac-12 has never appeared in the Sugar Bowl.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: In recent years, television broadcast rights to the Sugar Bowl have been part of the BCS contract. From 1999–2006, the game aired on ABC as part of its BCS package, where it had also been televised from 1969 through 1998. The Sugar Bowl was the only Bowl Alliance game to stick with ABC following the 1995, 1996 and 1997 seasons; the Fiesta and Orange Bowls were televised by CBS. Prior to that, NBC aired the game for several years. From 2006 to 2010, Fox broadcast the game, while ESPN picked up the Sugar Bowl after picking up the rest of the BCS beginning in the 2009–10 season.[13] For 2013, ESPN Deportes introduced a Spanish language telecast of the game.[19]

text: In November 2012, ESPN announced that it had reached a deal to maintain broadcast rights to the Sugar Bowl through 2026. ESPN pays $55 million yearly to broadcast the game beginning in the 2014–15 season under the new contract, which took effect upon the establishment of the College Football Playoff. ESPN made a similar deal to maintain broadcast rights to the Orange Bowl following the discontinuation of the BCS as well.[20]


document_title: List of The Cosby Show characters

question_text: who was vanessa huxtable's fast talking friend

question_tokens: who was vanessa huxtable 's fast talking friend

text: List of The Cosby Show characters

text: Main characters

text: Cliff Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Bill Cosby
All
202 (all)

text: Dr. Heathcliff "Cliff" Huxtable[1] is known for his comical antics, playful admonishments, and relentless teasing humor. He lives in Brooklyn Heights, New York. Cliff had a brother, James Theodore Huxtable, who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7. In his high school and college years, he was an athlete who wrestled, played football, and ran track. He later served in the Navy before going to medical school. He is an OB/GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home. In the show, most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as "Dr. Huxtable", and he is well-respected in the community.[2][3][4][5][6]

text: Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable. Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional Hillman College. Together, they have five children: Sondra, Denise, Theodore (Theo), Vanessa, and Rudith (Rudy). Cliff enjoys live jazz, has an extensive collection of albums, and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it.[7]

text: Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him, especially his family, however he is very kind-hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor. Although he and his wife fostered a tight-knit, loving family, a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house.[8]

text: Very playful, Cliff enjoys competition, often making bets with Clair over various things, such as the date a certain jazz song was released, or having a "Smooth Contest" to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town, as judged by the children. He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends, which sometimes gets very passionate. Unfortunately, Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games, as, for example, he has never beaten his father-in-law at chess. However, Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster (played by Roscoe Lee Browne), an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair's literary professor at Hillman College.

text: In the pilot episode, Cosby's character's full name is Clifford, as shown on a sign on the exterior of the house. His full name was subsequently changed to Heathcliff, even though in one episode Clair called him "Heathclifford", and he is commonly called "Cliff" throughout the series.

text: Originally, Cliff was to have worked as a chauffeur, with most of the humor coming from his interactions with customers. However, the show was changed before airing to have Cliff be a medical doctor, and the humor to come from his interactions with his family.

text: Cliff also appears in three episodes of A Different World: the pilot (with Rudy), "Rudy and the Snow Queen" (also with Rudy) and "If Chosen, I May Not Run".

text: He is the only character to appear in every episode.

text: Clair Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Phylicia Rashād
All
193

text: Clair Olivia Huxtable (née Hanks) is the elegantly tough, eloquent, and engaging wife of Cliff, who is known for her relaxed confidence and striking emphasis as shown.[4][1] Aside from her deep and decorated self-expression, Clair can also be playful and silly. She is an intelligent, classy, and successful businesswoman. A great debater, Clair rarely if ever loses an argument on the show, a testament to her career as lawyer. She is also highly skilled in areas of recall about facts and dates, which she uses during discussions and debates: in one episode she is shown quoting a passage and even the page number of a book during an appearance at a television roundtable. Clair is bilingual but is only shown speaking Spanish on a couple of occasions. Several episodes also showcased her singing talent. Despite her elegant brand of toughness and strictness, Clair is a very loving mother and wife. The character is loosely based upon Cosby's wife, Camille Olivia Hanks-Cosby.

text: Her age is directly stated only once during the series, and two separate episodes provide contradictory information on the age difference between herself and Cliff. He celebrates his 50th birthday during season three ("Cliff's 50th Birthday"), while she celebrates her 46th during season five ("Birthday Blues," two years later), indicating that she is six years younger. However, in the season four episode "The Locker Room," it is stated that Clair is four years younger.

text: Her character was originally supposed to be a housewife, but when the show finally aired, she became a lawyer. During the series, she becomes a partner in her law firm. As an attorney she helps her family with legal issues, and she successfully represents her eldest daughter, Sondra, in a case over dishonest car repairs. When it came to the Huxtable household, she was in charge, even though she let Cliff think he was in charge (although Cliff was known to lay down the law when he had to). She was the chief disciplinarian of the children, as shown in an episode where Vanessa and her friends sneak off to Baltimore to see a rock concert and Clair delivers a memorable and scathing diatribe to her. Another memorable moment came when the normally composed Clair lost her temper when Sondra announced she wasn't going to law school after paying her tuition to attend Princeton.

text: Clair also appears in four episodes of A Different World: "Clair's Last Stand", "Risky Business" (with Theo and Vanessa), "Forever Hold Your Peace" (with Martin and Olivia) and "Success, Lies and Videotapes".

text: Clair Huxtable has been ranked highly in several lists of the top television mothers. She was voted as television's "Favorite TV Mom" in a poll conducted by the Opinion Research Company in 2004.[9] In 2009, she was included in the Top 5 Classic TV Moms by Film.com.[10] In May 2012, Clair was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of "Mommy Dearest: The TV Moms You Love".[11] AOL named her the ninth Most Memorable Female TV Character.[12]

text: Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Sabrina LeBeauf
2–8;
recurring in 1
53
"Bonjour Sondra"

text: Sondra Tibideaux (née Huxtable), the eldest daughter of Cliff and Clair, did not appear on screen until mid-way through season one. She did not exist in the pilot episode (Clair: "Why do we have four children?" Cliff: "Because we did not want five.") In her first appearance, she is a sophomore in college, and Cliff notes her to be 20 years old (episode 10), making her birth year 1964. She earned a degree from Princeton University and had intentions of pursuing a career as a lawyer, like her mother. She married her boyfriend, Elvin Tibideaux, in season four, and later gave birth to twins—a boy and a girl—named after Nelson and Winnie Mandela. More serious, earnest and responsible than the other children, Sondra fits many of the characteristics of the first born from a large family. Though she had her moments of bizarre thinking (e.g. dropping out of law school to open up a wilderness store with Elvin), she'd usually snap out of them relatively quickly. Because of her intelligence level and overachieving nature, she is looked upon by her parents proudly, but also is held to a higher standard than the rest of the children. Sondra appeared sporadically in early seasons of the series due to the character being off at college at the time.

text: Sondra was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child (e.g. a college graduate). Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable. Sabrina LeBeauf almost missed out on the role because she is only 10 years younger (b. 1958) than Phylicia Rashad (b. 1948).

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's eldest daughter, Erika, who was approximately the same age as Sondra.

text: Denise Huxtable Kendall

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
Final appearance

Lisa Bonet
1–3, 6–7;
recurring in 4&5
119
"Cliff and Jake"

text: Denise Kendall (née Huxtable) is the second daughter of Cliff and Clair Huxtable.[13] At the beginning of the series, she is sixteen years old, putting her year of birth in 1968. She loves fashion and music, but did not want to attend school to pursue either interest. She is noted as being an individual who usually wishes to march to the beat of her own drum, and often learns lessons up front for herself rather than based off the experiences of others. A two-year stint at Hillman College ends with Denise wishing to see what she can accomplish on her own, which leads her to Africa as a photographer's assistant. While there, she meets and marries Navy Lt. Martin Kendall, and also becomes stepmother to Martin's three-year-old daughter Olivia, his child from a previous marriage. Denise eventually decides to become a special education teacher and makes arrangements to attend Medgar Evers College to this effect, but that idea does not work out as Denise eventually leaves New York again when Martin is posted to Singapore on a long-term assignment. It is revealed in the series finale that she is pregnant.

text: During the first two seasons, Denise was portrayed as a very popular high-schooler, with many friends, who seemingly had a different boyfriend every episode. Along with her constantly fluctuating love life, were her various hairstyles and choices of clothing, which were occasionally made fun of by Cliff. In later seasons, however, she exhibited a more flighty nature, often expressing ideas that left Cliff and Clair greatly puzzled.

text: In season three, Denise left home to attend Hillman College, a fictional, historically African-American college, of which her mother, father and grandfather were all alumni. The Cosby Show's producers created a spin-off series, entitled A Different World, which initially dealt with the life of Denise at college. Denise was written out of the series following its inaugural season (which aired concurrently with season four of The Cosby Show), after actress Lisa Bonet became pregnant. Shortly after the start of season five, Denise traveled to Africa for a year, and there she fell in love with and married Martin. In the season six premiere, she returned home, shocking her parents with the news of her surprise marriage to a divorced single father. However, Cliff and Clair accepted the couple when they met Olivia, who immediately won their hearts and was welcomed into the family. She appears regularly during the first three seasons, and is in only four episodes each of seasons four and five (a picture of her can be seen in the opening credits of season four), she appears regularly in season six, but only appears in a handful of episodes during season seven.

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's daughter, Erinn, who was approximately the same age as Denise. Additionally, Denise attended Hillman College, whereas Erinn attended Spelman College, the university that Hillman is believed to be modeled after.

text: Theo Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Malcolm-Jamal Warner
All
176

text: Theodore Aloysius "Theo" Huxtable is the middle child and only son of Cliff and Clair Huxtable, and is athletic and obsessed with impressing girls, and obtaining a sports car or motorcycle. He is fourteen years old when the series begins, making his birth year 1970. In the pilot episode, he is lectured by his father for not applying himself at school ("I brought you in this world, and I'll take you out"). Also in the early seasons, he was somewhat of a troublemaker, as illustrated through incidents both alluded to and explicitly portrayed in the series, such as letting his best friend's younger sister pierce his ear, resulting in an infected earlobe, but his behavior had improved by the time he left high school.

text: A running theme of the early seasons revolved around Theo's academic struggles, especially in his sophomore-year geometry class, taught by Mrs. Westlake (Sonia Braga). As the seasons progressed, Theo gradually evolved from being an under-achiever to a successful high school—and college—student (in interviews, Cosby noted a similar change in his real-life son, Ennis). While Theo was a student at NYU, it was revealed that he suffered from dyslexia, a learning disability that inspired him to work harder, and as a result overcame it. By the final season, Theo was a student teacher, helping other children with dyslexia at a local education center. In the show's final episode, he graduated from NYU with a degree in psychology.

text: In the pilot, and once more in season one (the episode "Bad Dreams"), he is referred to by Vanessa as "Teddy", instead of "Theo."

text: Theo has a long-running, but on-and-off relationship with a girl named Justine, who is mentioned many times throughout the series, but appears in only nine episodes. During his high school years, Theo's best friend was Walter Bradley (Carl Anthony Payne II), better known as "Cockroach", who was more of a scholastic underachiever than Theo. The two of them would occasionally compose rap songs for various school assignments. When Theo got tickets to "Dance Mania" (a "Soul Train"-like television dance show), and only one of them was allowed into the studio, Theo let Cockroach have the spot, but did not feel good about it when he saw Cockroach on TV, and as the center of their friends' attention the next day at school. This episode marked the final appearance of the character, and Cockroach was rarely mentioned in subsequent episodes. Theo appears in the series the most out of the Huxtable children.

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's only son Ennis, who was approximately the same age as Theo (and was also dyslexic).

text: Theo also appears in two episodes of A Different World: "My Dinner With Theo" (with Rudy) and "Risky Business" (with Clair and Vanessa).

text: Vanessa Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Tempestt Bledsoe
All
157

text: Vanessa Huxtable is the fourth child and third daughter of Cliff and Clair. In season one, she is eleven years old, making her birth year 1973. As Vanessa grew up, she faced typical teenage problems and heartbreaks, such as wearing make-up before her 15th birthday in violation of her parents' rules and spending a lot of time talking on the phone with her friends. Unlike her older brother, she was an excellent student and seemed to enjoy school; at the beginning of season seven, she went off to college one year early. She became engaged in the final season to Dabnis Brickey, a man in his late twenties. Dabnis was the head of maintenance at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, where Vanessa was enrolled. However, Vanessa realized that she was not ready to get married, and they broke off the engagement. They maintained they were "just friends" by the end of the season.

text: In the early seasons, Vanessa is usually considered to be nosy, as she usually—sneakily—tries to find out what goes on in the Huxtable house, especially when it involves someone (usually Theo) in trouble with their parents. But, in a later episode, the tables are turned, as Theo catches Vanessa's friends smoking cigarettes in her room, although Vanessa herself did not take part, and even tried to dissuade her friends from doing so.

text: She often fought with her younger sister, Rudy, over typical childish issues. At one point, their fighting caused damage to both their bedrooms and the kitchen ceiling, driving Cliff to declare their rooms off limits because of "World War Five" and exile them to the basement until repairs were finished. But, on one occasion, Vanessa got into a physical tussle with Denise over a sweater that Vanessa stole from Denise's closet after Denise did not allow her to borrow it.

text: One of Vanessa's best friends in high school was a girl named Kara (played by Elizabeth Narvaez), who could ramble on about nothing in particular at high speed. Whenever Cliff—who once referred to Kara as "Turbo Tongue"—was on the receiving end of her babbling, he would always reply with a bewildered "Thank you." Vanessa appeared sporadically in the final two seasons of the series due to the character being away at college.

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's daughter, Ensa, who was approximately the same age as Vanessa.

text: Vanessa also appears in the A Different World episode "Risky Business" (with Clair and Theo).

text: Rudy Huxtable

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes

Keshia Knight Pulliam
All
177[14]

text: Rudith Lillian "Rudy" Huxtable is the youngest of the Huxtable children.[15] She is only five years old at the beginning of the series, making her birth year 1979. She comes of age during the course of the show.[16]

text: A number of Rudy's friends appear in episodes as the series progresses. Among the best known are the taciturn Peter Chiara who repeatedly ran out the Huxtables' front door when frightened; and the chauvinist, blues-loving Kenny, whom she nicknames "Bud", and who always gets advice from his (unseen) older brother about basically everything. This unfortunately gives him the wrong conception about certain things and gets him in trouble, although he seemed to grow out of it as the series reached its end.

text: Keshia Knight Pulliam was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in season two, becoming the youngest nominee ever.[17] One of her fellow nominees that year was Phylicia Rashad. Neither won.

text: The Huxtable family was originally going to be two boys and two girls. The youngest child, Rudy, was initially supposed to be a boy, but the character was re-written for a girl (Keshia Knight Pulliam) when no boys auditioned. Jaleel White, later known for his role as Steve Urkel on Family Matters, revealed in a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair that he had auditioned for the role of Rudy.[18]

text: The character is loosely based upon Cosby's youngest daughter, Evin, who was approximately the same age as Rudy.[19]

text: Rudy also appears in three episodes of A Different World: the pilot (with Cliff), "Rudy and the Snow Queen" (also with Cliff) and "My Dinner with Theo" (with Theo).

text: Elvin Tibideaux

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Geoffrey Owens
4–8;
recurring in 2&3
44
"Cliff in Love"

text: Elvin Tibideaux is Sondra's boyfriend, and later, husband. They met at Princeton, where they both earned degrees. The two constantly bickered during early episodes, until his interactions with the Huxtables, particularly Clair, challenged him to confront his "male-chauvinist" attitudes.

text: When they return from their honeymoon, they shock Cliff and Clair by announcing their intentions to forego medical school and law school, and start a wilderness supply store in Brooklyn. When his children are born, Elvin then announces that he will re-apply to medical school. This decision later convinces Sondra to resume her studies at law school.

text: Elvin was a wrestler in high school and for one year at Princeton, but had to quit after injuring his hip. During season three, he helped Theo with some strategy and moves.

text: Martin Kendall

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Joseph C. Phillips
6 and 7,
recurring in 8
21
"Denise: The Saga Continues"

text: Lt. Martin Kendall is a Navy officer, husband of Denise Huxtable, and father of Olivia. Phillips' role as Martin Kendall came about when Denise unexpectedly married him in Africa, unbeknownst to her parents and family. When the newlyweds arrive back home, Martin learns that Denise's family not only does not know about their marriage, they do not know about him at all, so he wants to introduce himself to the Huxtables now that he has married into their family and to show his intentions of marrying his daughter were honorable. This does not go over smoothly at first, as Clair and Cliff are uneasy with the whirlwind marriage of Martin, however in due time they become accustomed to this blended family. Kendall also had an ex-wife, named Paula (played by Victoria Rowell of The Young and the Restless). In the finale, it is revealed that he and Denise are expecting a baby together.

text: Joseph C. Phillips played Sondra's date in a season two episode, before coming back as a new character, and playing the husband of Denise. Martin appears frequently in the sixth season but is only seen in a handful episodes of the seventh season, Joseph C. Phillips's final season as a regular. Martin makes his final appearance in an episode of season eight, "Olivia Comes Out of the Closet."

text: Martin also appears in the Different World episode "Forever Hold Your Peace" (with Clair and Olivia).

text: Olivia Kendall

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Raven-Symoné
6–8
63
"Denise: The Saga Continues"

text: Olivia Kendall is Denise Huxtable's precocious stepdaughter, who is three years old when she first appears in the series. Olivia is the only child of Martin and Paula Kendall. After a few years of marriage, her parents divorced, and her mother, Paula, gave Martin full custody, as she felt overwhelmed by marriage and motherhood. Olivia was then raised by her grandparents and father.

text: When Olivia was almost four years old, her father Martin married Denise Huxtable, whom he met in Africa. The new family moved in with Denise's parents, Clair and Cliff Huxtable, who are now Olivia's step-grandparents. Martin, as a Naval officer, is required to travel a lot, so for a while, Olivia was unable to spend time with him. During his absences, her stepmother, Denise, raised her. Olivia continued to live with her step-grandparents while her parents were in Singapore during the final season.

text: The character was named after Bill Cosby's wife, Camille Olivia Hanks-Cosby.

text: Olivia also appears in the Different World episode "Forever Hold Your Peace" (with Clair and Martin).

text: Pam Tucker

text:
Portrayed by
Seasons
No. of episodes
First appearance

Erika Alexander[20]
7–8
21
"Period of Adjustment"

text: Pam Tucker is Clair Huxtable's distant cousin.[21] The daughter of a single mother, Pam comes to live with the Huxtables after her mother moved to California to take care of Pam's grandmother.[22] Upon moving in, Pam is a high school junior—younger than Vanessa, but older than Rudy. At first, she is not used to the Huxtables' upper-middle-class lifestyle or close-knit family relationships.[23] Eventually, she fits in, and becomes just another one of the Huxtable clan. Pam makes her first appearance in the fourth episode, "A Period of Adjustment," Tin season seven.

text: Frequently, Pam is shown interacting with her best friend, Charmaine Brown (Karen Malina White), and Charmaine's boyfriend, Lance Rodman (Allen Payne).

text: The character had a mixed reception.[24][25][26]

text: Recurring characters

text:
Russell and Anna Huxtable (Earle Hyman and Clarice Taylor): Cliff's parents (seasons 1–8)
Kenny, aka "Bud" (Deon Richmond): Rudy's longtime friend (32 episodes)
Charmaine Brown (Karen Malina White): Pam's best friend (13 episodes) (later became a regular on the final season of A Different World)
Winnie Tibideaux (Domonique & Monique Reynolds, Jalese & Jenelle Grays, Jessica Ann Vaughn) daughter of Sondra and Elvin (18 episodes)
Peter Chiara (Peter Costa) Rudy's friend (13 episodes)
Walter Bradley, aka "Cockroach" (Carl Anthony Payne II) Theo's best friend in high school (12 episodes)
Nelson Tibideaux (Christopher & Clayton Griggs, Darrian & Donovan Bryant, Gary LeRoi Gray) son of Sondra and Elvin (7 episodes)
Denny (Troy Winbush) Theo's high school, college friend (11 episodes)
Lance Rodman (Allen Payne) Charmaine's boyfriend (11 episodes)
Janet Meiser (Pam Potillo) Vanessa's friend (10 episodes)
Howard (Reno Wilson Theo's college friend (10 episodes)
Justine Phillips (Michelle Thomas) Theo's longtime girlfriend (8 episodes)
Kara (Elizabeth Narvaez) Vanessa's friend (8 episodes)
Stanley (Merlin Santana) Rudy's boyfriend (7 episodes)
Kim Ogawa (Naoka Nakagawa) Rudy's friend (7 episodes)
Carrie Hanks (Ethel Ayler) Clair's mother (6 episodes)
Robert Foreman (Dondre T. Whitfield) Vanessa's boyfriend (6 episodes)
Lou Hernandez (Alex Ruiz) Theo's college friend (6 episodes)
Dabnis Brickey (William Thomas Jr.) Vanessa's fiance (6 episodes)
Jeffry Engels (Wallace Shawn) the Huxtables' neighbor (5 episodes)
Smitty (Adam Sandler) Theo's high school friend (4 episodes)
Arthur Bartell a.k.a. "Slide" (Mushond Lee) Pam's ex-boyfriend (4 episodes)
Al Hanks (Joe Williams) Clair's father (4 episodes)
Aaron Dexter (Seth Gilliam) Pam's boyfriend (3 episodes)
Mrs. McGee (Elaine Stritch) Rudy's teacher (3 episodes)
Jade (Vanessa A. Williams) Theo's friend (2 episodes, season 5)
Cheryl (Vanessa A. Williams) Theo's friend (2 episodes, season 7)
Eunice Chantilly (unseen character) Cliff's former girlfriend (She is mentioned in several episodes as a foil device but never seen)

tag: ul

text: Notable guest stars

text:
Debbie Allen as Emma ("If the Dress Fits, Wear It", season 5)
John Amos as Dr. Herbert ("The Physical", season 5)
Tichina Arnold as Delores ("Theo's Women", season 5)
Angela Bassett as Mrs. Mitchell ("Mr. Quiet", season 1), and Paula ("Bookworm", season 4)
Norman Beaton as Carleton ("There's Still No Joy in Mudville" season 7)
U.S. Senator Bill Bradley as Cliff's teammate #1 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Sônia Braga as Anna Maria Westlake ("Mrs. Westlake" and "An Early Spring", season 2)
Valerie Brisco-Hooks as herself ("Off to the Races", season 2)
Roscoe Lee Browne as Dr. Foster ("Shakespeare", season 4)
Red Buttons as Jake, owner of Jake's Appliances ("Cliff and Jake", season 7)
Naomi Campbell as Julia ("The Birth" and "Cyranoise de Bergington", season 5)
Betty Carter as Amanda Woods ("How Do You Get to Carnegie Hall", season 5)
Robert Culp as Scott Kelly ("Bald and Beautiful", season 3)
Sammy Davis, Jr. as Ray Palomino ("No Way, Baby", season 5)
Dave DeBusschere as Cliff's teammate #2 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Plácido Domingo as Alberto Santiago ("Birthday Blues", season 5)
Teresa Edwards as Opponent #2 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Yvonne Irvin as Clair's Sister ("Clair's Sister", season 2)
Al Freeman, Jr. as Ernie Scott ("Back to the Track, Jack", season 1)
Minnie Gentry as Gramtee ("The Storyteller", season 6)
Dizzy Gillespie as Mr. Hampton ("Play It Again Vanessa", season 1)
Erica Gimpel as Jennifer ("Waterworks", season 4)
Robin Givens as Susanne ("Theo and the Older Woman", season 2)
Pam Grier as Samantha ("Planning Parenthood", season 3)
Moses Gunn as Joe Kendall ("Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables", season 6)
Walt Hazzard as Cliff's teammate #3 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Lena Horne as herself ("Cliff's Birthday", season 1)
Iman as Mrs. Montgomery ("Theo and the Joint", season 1)
Danny Kaye as Dr. Burns ("The Dentist", season 2), in one of his last TV appearances
Alicia Keys as Maria ("Slumber Party", season 1)
B.B. King as Riley Jackson ("Not Everybody Loves the Blues", season 6)
LaChanze as Sylvia ("The Prom", season 4)
Audrey Landers as Cookie Bennett ("Cliff and Jake", season 7)
Sheldon Leonard as Dr. Wexler ("Physician of the Year," season 1)
Nancy Lieberman as Opponent #1 ("The Boys of Winter", season 5)
Miriam Makeba as herself ("Olivia Comes Out of the Closet", season 8)
S. Epatha Merkerson as Book Club Member 5 ("Bookworm", season 4)
Melba Moore as Patricia Abbott ("Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star", season 4)
Rita Moreno as Mrs. Granger ("You Only Hurt the One You Love", season 3)
Lou Myers as Mr. Davis ("You Only Hurt the One You Love", & "Andalusian Flu", season 3)
Tony Orlando as Tony Castillo ("Mr. Quiet", season 1)
Tito Puente as timbal player ("Play It Again, Russell", season 2)
Christopher Plummer as Professor Jonathan Lawrence ("Shakespeare", season 4)
Patricia Richardson as Mrs. Schrader ("Calling Doctor Huxtable", season 3)
John Ritter as Ray Evans ("Total Control", season 7)
Frank Robinson as Frank Potter ("There's Still No Joy in Mudville", season 7)
Victoria Rowell as Paula Kendall ("Cliff's Wet Adventure", season 6)
Howard "Sandman" Sims as himself ("Mr. Sandman", season 6)
Special Ed as J.T. Freeze ("Warning: A Double-Lit Candle Can Cause a Meltdown", season 8)
Bern Nadette Stanis as Carolyn Thompson ("Adventures in Babysitting", season 7)
Leslie Uggams as Kris Temple ("The Return of the Clairettes", season 7)
Blair Underwood as Denise's boyfriend (uncredited) ("Jitterbug Break", season 1), and Mark ("Theo and the Older Woman", season 2)
Mario Van Peebles as Garvin ("Clair's Sister", season 2)
Jim Valvano as John Velarde ("The Getaway", season 8)
Dick Vitale as Dan Vicente ("The Getaway", season 8)
Malinda Williams as Althea Logan ("Calling Doctor Huxtable", season 3) and Shana ("Denise Kendall: Singles Counselor", season 6)
Nancy Wilson as Lorraine Kendall ("Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables", season 6)
Stevie Wonder as himself ("A Touch of Wonder", season 2)
Amy Yasbeck as Alicia Evans ("Total Control", season 7)


document_title: Tommy Boy

question_text: what is richard's last name in tommy boy

question_tokens: what is richard 's last name in tommy boy

text: Tommy Boy

text: Plot[edit]

text: After seven years at college, Thomas R. "Tommy" Callahan III (Chris Farley) barely graduates from Marquette University and returns to his hometown of Sandusky, Ohio. His father, industrialist and widower Thomas R. "Big Tom" Callahan, Jr. (Brian Dennehy), gives him an executive job at the family's auto parts plant, Callahan Auto. In addition to the new job and office, Big Tom reveals that he plans to marry Beverly Barrish-Burns (Bo Derek), a woman he had met at a fat farm, and that her son Paul (Rob Lowe) will become Tommy's new stepbrother. At the wedding, Big Tom suddenly dies of a heart attack. After the funeral, doubting the future of the company without Big Tom, the bank reneges on promises of a loan for a new brake pad division and seeks immediate payment of Callahan Auto's debts. Ray Zalinsky (Dan Aykroyd), owner and operator of rival automotive parts company Zalinsky Auto Parts in Chicago, offers to buy them out while the company's shares are high, but Tommy suggests a deal: he will let the bank hold his inherited shares and house in exchange for helping to sell the new brake pads. The bank agrees, but they also want the company to prove it still has viability by selling 500,000 brake pads. If they fail, the bank will foreclose, but if they succeed, the bank will underwrite Big Tom's brake pad venture. Tommy volunteers to go on a cross-country sales trip with his father's sycophantic assistant, Richard Hayden (David Spade), a childhood acquaintance who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Tommy.

text: Meanwhile, Beverly and Paul are shown kissing romantically, revealing that they are not mother and son, but rather married con artists with criminal records. Paul thinks Big Tom's death is ideal, since their original plan was to eventually divorce Big Tom and take half of his estate, but Beverly thinks they are in trouble, as Big Tom only left her a controlling interest in Callahan Auto, which may evaporate. She authorizes the quick sale to Zalinsky to make a fast buck.

text: On the road, Tommy's social anxiety and hyperactivity alienate numerous potential buyers. The lack of any progress leads to tension between Tommy and Richard. Additionally, the duo encounters a variety of incidents that lead to the near destruction of Richard's car. When all seems lost, Tommy persuades a surly waitress to serve him chicken wings after the kitchen closes. Richard realizes that Tommy has the ability to read people, just like his father, and suggests this is how he should sell. The two mend their friendship and start to sell effectively to numerous automotive plants, eventually putting them over the half million mark.

text: However, Paul sabotages the company's computers, causing sales posted by sales manager Michelle Brock (Julie Warner) to either be lost or rerouted. With half of the sales now canceled, the bank forecloses. Beverly and Paul approve the sale of Callahan Auto to Zalinsky. Hoping that they can persuade Zalinsky to reconsider, Tommy and Richard travel to Chicago, boarding a plane as flight attendants. In Chicago, they get a brief meeting with Zalinsky, but he informs them he only wants Callahan for the brand name, not the employees, and that after the sale he will dissolve the company, leaving the Sandusky workers destitute.

text: Tommy and Richard are denied entry to the Zalinsky boardroom since Tommy does not have any standing (his shares having been repossessed due to the apparent failure). After briefly wallowing on the curb in self-pity, Michelle arrives with Paul and Beverly's police records. Tommy devises 'a plan': dressed as a suicide bomber by using road flares, he gains the attention of a live television news crew and then, with Michelle and Richard, forces his way into the boardroom. Back in Sandusky, Callahan workers watch the drama on a television. In a final move of pure persuasion, Tommy quotes Zalinsky's own advertising slogan, that he is on the side of the "American working man." As the TV audience watches, Zalinsky signs Tommy's purchase order for 500,000 brake pads. Although Zalinsky says that the purchase order is meaningless since he will soon own Callahan Auto, Michelle reveals the police records, which include Paul's outstanding warrants for fraud. Since Paul is the true husband of Beverly, her marriage to Big Tom was bigamous and therefore illegitimate. Therefore, Beverly's inheritance is voided and Tommy is the next of kin, and thus the rightful heir of Big Tom. Since Tommy refuses to sell the shares, the deal with Zalinsky is off, and since Tommy still holds Zalinsky's purchase order, the company is saved. Paul attempts to escape but is arrested. Zalinsky admits that Tommy outplayed him and honors the large sales order. Later, Tommy assumes the presidency of Callahan Auto Parts, giving a speech to the employees that the door is always open to them. The film ends with Tommy drifting in his dinghy on a lake, telling his father's spirit he will continue his legacy at Callahan and says he must go ashore to have dinner with Michelle's family.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Farley as Thomas "Tommy" Callahan III
David Spade as Richard Hayden
Rob Lowe as Paul Barish (uncredited)
Bo Derek as Beverly Barish
Dan Aykroyd as Ray Zalinsky
Julie Warner as Michelle Brock
Brian Dennehy as Thomas "Big Tom" Callahan Jr.
William Patterson Dunlop as R.T.
Sean McCann as Frank Rittenhauer
Zach Grenier as Ted Reilly
James Blendick as Ron Gilmore
David Hemblen as Archer
Clinton Turnbull as Young Tommy
Ryder Britton as Young Richard
Maria Vacratsis as Helen
Colin Fox as Ted Nelson
Jonathan Wilson as Marty
David Huband as Gas Attendant
Lorri Bagley as Woman in Pool

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Tommy Boy opened on March 31, 1995 and grossed $8 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office.[6] The film had a total box office gross of $32.7 million.[6]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Tommy Boy received mixed reviews from critics upon its release. Rotten Tomatoes rates the film at 44%, based on 41 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Though it benefits from the comic charms of its two leads, Tommy Boy too often feels like a familiar sketch stretched thin."[3]

text: Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Daily News gave the film a positive review, calling it "sweet natured..." and a "good belly laugh of a movie".[3][7] Brian Webster of the Online Film Critics Society also received the film positively, saying that the film would please Farley fans.[3] Dan Marcucci and Nancy Serougi of Broomfield Enterprise said the film was "Farley at his best",[3] and Scott Weinberg of DVDTalk.com said that it was "pretty damn funny".[3]

text: Among the negative reviews, Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert wrote: "Tommy Boy is one of those movies that plays like an explosion down at the screenplay factory. You can almost picture a bewildered office boy, his face smudged with soot, wandering through the ruins and rescuing pages at random. Too bad they didn't mail them to the insurance company instead of filming them."[8] The film is on Ebert's "Most Hated" list.[9] Caryn James of The New York Times wrote that the film was "the very poor cousin of a dopey Jim Carrey movie".[10] Owen Gleiberman graded the film a "C" on an A+ to F scale, and Ken Hanke of Mountain Xpress said that it was "nothing great."[3] Bo Derek was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"I Love It Loud (Injected Mix)" – written by Gene Simmons & Vincent Cusano, performed by Phunk Junkeez
Graduation – David Spade
"Silver Naked Ladies" – Paul Westerberg
Lalaluukee – Chris Farley
"Call On Me" – Primal Scream
How Do I Look? – David Spade
"Wait For The Blackout" – written by The Damned (Scabies/Sensible/Gray/Vanian/Billy Karloff), performed by The Goo Goo Dolls
Bong Resin – David Spade
"My Hallucination" – Tommy Shaw & Jack Blades
"Air" – written by Pamela Laws & Nancy Hess, performed by Seven Day Diary
Fat Guy In Little Coat – Chris Farley
"Superstar" – written by Leon Russell, Delaney Bramlett, & Bonnie Bramlett, performed by The Carpenters
Jerk Motel – David Spade
"Is Chicago, Is Not Chicago" – Soul Coughing
My Pretty Little Pet – Chris Farley
"Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners
"It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" – R.E.M.
"Eres Tú" – written by Juan Carlos Calderón, performed by Mocedades
Housekeeping – David Spade
"My Lucky Day" – Smoking Popes

text:
"What'd I Say" – written by Ray Charles, performed by Chris Farley and Brian Dennehy
"Maniac" – written by Michael Sembello and Dennis Matkosky
"Ain't Too Proud To Beg" – written by Eddie Holland & Norman Whitfield, performed by Louis Price
"Amazing Grace" – performed by The Pipes and Drums and Military of The King's Own Scottish Borderers
"Crazy" – written by Willie Nelson, performed by Patsy Cline
"I'm Sorry" – written by Ronnie Self & Dub Allbritten, performed by Brenda Lee
"Ooh Wow" – written by Sidney Cooper, performed by Buckwheat Zydeco
"The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades" – written by Pat MacDonald, performed by Timbuk 3
"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" – Cliff Friend & Dave Franklin

text: Incidentally, the soundtrack album was not released by Tommy Boy Records (a Warner subsidiary at one time).


document_title: Push-up

question_text: who did the most pushups in the world

question_tokens: who did the most pushups in the world

text: Push-up

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The American English term push-up was first used between 1905 and 1910,[2] while the British press-up was first recorded between 1945 and 1950.[3][4]

text: Body mass supported during push-ups[edit]

text: According to the study published in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, the test subjects supported with their hands, on average, 69.16% of their body mass in the up position, and 75.04% in the down position during the traditional push-ups. In modified push-ups, where knees are used as the pivot point, subjects supported 53.56% and 61.80% of their body mass in up and down positions, respectively.[5]

text: Muscles worked[edit]

text: While the push-up primarily targets the muscles of the chest, arms, and shoulders, support required from other muscles results in a wider range of muscles integrated into the exercise.[6]

text: Abdominals[edit]

text: The rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis contract continually while performing push-ups to hold the body off the floor and keep the legs and torso aligned. The rectus abdominis spans the front of the abdomen and is the most prominent of the abdominal muscles. The transversus abdominis lies deep within the abdomen, wrapping around the entire abdominal area. Both muscles compress the abdomen, and the rectus abdominis also flexes the spine forward, although it does not execute this function when performing push-ups.

text: Deltoid[edit]

text: The anterior portion of the deltoid muscle is one of the major shoulder-joint horizontal adductors, moving the upper arms toward the chest during the upward phase of a push-up. It also helps control the speed of movement during the downward phase. The deltoid attaches to parts of the clavicle and scapula, just above the shoulder joint on one end, and to the outside of the humerus bone on the other. Along with horizontal adduction, the anterior deltoid assists with flexion and internal rotation of the humerus within the shoulder socket.

text: Chest muscles[edit]

text: The push up requires the work of many muscle groups, with one of the primary muscle groups being the chest muscles, the pectoralis major and the minor.[7] These are the two large chest muscles and the main pushing muscle group of the upper body. When pushing and lowering the body during a push up, the pectoralis major is doing most of the work. As a result, these muscles become very strong and can become defined lean muscle after doing push-ups regularly.

text: Stabilizers: back body[edit]

text: The push-up depends on stabilizer muscles as you push and lower the body. The erector spinae is the main stabilizer muscle in the back. Made up of 3 muscles including the spinalis, longissmus and iliocostalis. spinalis runs adjacent to the spine, the longissimus runs adjacent to the spinalis and the iliocostalis runs adjacent to the longissimus and over the ribs. 2 muscles called the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus stabilize the upper leg. The medius and minimus sit under the largest butt muscle, the gluteus maximus.

text: Triceps brachii[edit]

text: While the anterior deltoids and pectoralis major muscles work to horizontally adduct the upper arms during the upward phase of a push-up, the triceps brachii muscles, or triceps for short, are also hard at work extending the elbow joints so the arms can be fully extended. The triceps also control the speed of elbow-joint flexion during the downward phase of the exercise. The closer together the hands are placed during a push-up, the harder the triceps work. The muscle is divided into three heads — the lateral head, long head and medial head. The lateral and medial heads attach to the back of the humerus bone, and the long head attaches just behind the shoulder socket on one end; all three heads combine and attach to the back of the elbow on the other.[8] There is a special sub-set of the diamond push-up (so named for the diamond shaped space between the hands when the thumb and forefinger of the left hand is placed on the floor up against the thumb and forefinger of the right hand.) The special version of this push-up is when the diamond is placed directly below the nose instead of the solar plexus. The nose must almost touch the floor in the center of the diamond. This special diamond push-up is done by the United States Marine Corps. The lips must come within 1 inch of the floor while keeping the neck in line with the straight spine to qualify as a valid push-up. This can be verified by placing a 1 inch foam disposable earplug on the floor in the center of the diamond and picking it up with the lips.

text: Forearms[edit]

text: Stabilizers include wrist and forearm muscles, the knee extensors, and the hip/spine flexors, which all work isometrically to maintain a proper plank position in the standard prone push-up.

text: Biceps[edit]

text: During the push-up exercise, the short head of the biceps brachii muscle acts as a dynamic stabilizer. This means the muscle activates at both ends—the elbow and the shoulder—to help stabilize the joints.

text: Joints and tendons[edit]

text: Inner muscles that support the operation of the fingers, wrists, forearms and elbows are also worked isometrically. Some push-up modifications that require to have the arms at different heights effectively engage the rotator cuff.[9]

text: Variations[edit]

text: In the "full push-up", the back and legs are straight and off the floor. There are several variations besides the common push-up. These include bringing the thumbs and index fingers of both hands together (a "diamond push-up") as well as having the elbows pointed towards the knees. These variations are intended to put greater emphasis on the triceps or shoulders, rather than the chest muscles. When both hands are unbalanced or on uneven surfaces, this exercise works the body core. Raising the feet or hands onto elevated surfaces during the exercise emphasizes the upper (minor) or lower (major) pectorals, respectively. Raising the hands with the aid of push-up bars or a dumbbell allows for greater ROM (range of motion), providing further stress for the muscles.

text: Planche push-ups[edit]

text: An extremely difficult variation is to perform a push-up using only hands, without resting the feet on the floor, i.e., starting from and returning to the planche position. These are known as "planche push-ups". To do this variation, the body's center of gravity must be kept over the hands while performing the push-up by leaning forward while the legs are elevated in the air, which requires great strength and a high level of balance. The entire body weight is lifted in this variation.

text: Knuckle push-ups[edit]

text: Another variation is to perform push-ups on the knuckles of the fist, rather than with palms of the hands on the floor. This method is also commonly used in martial arts, such as Karate and Tae Kwon Do, and may be used in boxing training while wearing boxing gloves.

text: The intent, in addition to building strength and conditioning, is to toughen the knuckles, wrist, and forearm in the punching position. This variation also reduces the amount of strain in the wrist, compared to the typical "palms on floor" approach, and so it is sometimes used by those with wrist injuries. Such practitioners will usually perform their knuckle push-ups on a padded floor or a rolled-up towel, unlike martial artists, who may do bare-knuckle push-ups on hard floors.

text: The most knuckle push-ups in one minute is 91 by Ron Cooper (Massachusetts, USA) on 15 December 2016.[10]

text: Maltese push-up[edit]

text: The Maltese push-up is a gymnastic variation of the push-up, in which the hands are positioned further down towards the hips (as opposed to roughly alongside the pectorals), but with a wide distance between them.

text: Hindu push-up[edit]

text: The Hindu push-up starts from the "downward dog" yoga position and transitions to a "cobra pose" position. It is also known as a Hanuman, judo, or dive bomber push-up. It is common in Indian and Pakistani physical culture and Indian martial arts, particularly Pehlwani.

text: Guillotine push-up[edit]

text: The guillotine push-up is a form of push-up exercise done from an elevated position (either hands on elevated platforms or traditionally medicine balls) where in the practitioner lowers the chest, head, and neck (thus the name) past the plane of the hands. The goal is to stretch the shoulders and put extra emphasis on the muscles there.

text: Backhanded push-up[edit]

text: The backhanded push-up is a form of push-ups performed using the back of the hands, rather than the palms. Currently the record holder of the backhanded push-ups is Bill Kathan who broke the world record in 2010, by performing 2,396 on Valentine's Day.[11]

text: One arm versions[edit]

text: Many of the push-up variations can be done using one arm instead of two. This will further increase the resistance put upon the trainee. The world record for the most one handed push ups in an hour was 1,868 and was set by Paddy Doyle from the United Kingdom. It was recorded in Munster Arms Hotel, Sparkbrook, United Kingdom on the 27 November 1993.[12]

text: Single-leg push-up[edit]

text: Lift one leg up off the ground and do a set. Switch legs on the next set.

text: Narrow-grip push-up[edit]

text: Do a normal push-up with your hands just a few inches apart from each other underneath the chest.

text: Clap push-up[edit]

text: At the peak of the push-up, push yourself up off the ground and quickly clap in midair. The fast jolting force of clap push-ups will help develop explosive power while also bulking up the pectoral muscles for a more defined chest.

text: Spiderman push-up[edit]

text: Do a normal push-up but raise one knee toward the elbow of the same side as you rise. Switch knees with each rep. Also add more stress to your abs with 2 second hold.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: There are some less difficult versions, which reduce the effort by supporting some of the body weight in some way. One can move on to the standard push-up after progress is made.

text: "Wall" push-ups are performed by standing close to a wall and pushing away from the wall with the arms; one can increase the difficulty by moving one's feet farther from the wall.

text: "Table" or "chair" push-ups are performed by pushing away from a table, chair, or other object. The lower the object, the more difficult the push-up. One should be sure that the object is securely stationary before attempting to push up from it.

text: "Modified" or "knee" push-ups are performed by supporting the lower body on the knees instead of the toes, which reduces the difficulty. This is useful for warm ups/downs, pyramids/drop sets, endurance training and rehab. It can also be used to train in a more explosive plyometric manner (like clapping push-ups) when one can't perform them with the feet. It can also be used with the 1-arm variations as a transition.

text: "Three phase" push-ups involve simply breaking a standard push up into three components and doing each one slowly and deliberately. Participants usually start face down on the floor with hands outstretched either perpendicular or parallel to the body. The first phase involves the arms being brought palms down on a 90 degree angle at the elbows. The second phase involves the body being pushed into the up position. The third phase is returning to the starting position. This technique is commonly used after a large block of regular push ups, as it poses less stress and requires less effort.

text: "Diamond" or "Triceps" push-ups are done by placing both palms on the ground and touching together both thumbs and pointer fingers. This technique requires stronger triceps muscles than regular push-ups due to the fact that, at the bottom of the stroke, the forearm is nearly parallel to the ground and the elbow is almost completely flexed, resulting in much higher mechanical load on the triceps.

text: "Hollow-Body" push-ups are performed in the position gymnasts call the "hollow body". In the plank version of the hollow body, the shoulders are protracted into a pronounced curve in the upper back while the abdominal muscles are tightened and the legs are locked and squeezed together. This variation requires full-body tension to execute and results in greater integration of the hips, shoulders, and core.

text: Plyometrics[edit]

text: Two platforms are placed beside the trainee, one on either side. The exercise begins with the hands on either platform supporting the body, then the subject drops to the ground and explosively rebounds with a push-up, extending the torso and arms completely off the ground and returning the hands to the platforms.

text: Another is simply an explosive push-up where a person attempts to push quickly and with enough force to raise his or her hands several centimeters off the ground, with the body completely suspended on the feet for a moment, a variation of the drop push. This is necessary for performing 'clap push ups' - i.e. clapping the hands while in the air.

text: Aztec push-ups

text: The Aztec push-up is one of the most difficult plyometric push-ups. A person performs an Aztec push-up by beginning in the normal push-up starting position and exploding upward with both the hands and feet, driving the entire body into the air. While in the air, the body is bent at the waist and the hands quickly touch the toes. The body is then quickly straightened and the hands and feet break the fall, returning the body to the normal push-up position for another repetition.[13]

text: 360 push ups

text: The 360 push-up is a variation of the superman push-up where one rotates 360 degrees while in the air.[14]

text:
Falling and explosive rebound push ups
Here one falls to the ground from standing position and then using an explosive push-up gets back to standing position.[15]

text: With push-ups, many possibilities for customization and increased intensity are possible. Some examples are: One hand can be set on a higher platform than the other or be farther away from the other to give more weight to the opposite arm/side of the body and also exercise many diverse muscles. One can perform push-ups by using only the tips of the fingers and thumb. For increased difficulty, push-ups can be performed on one arm or using weights.

text: Push-ups between chairs form an integral part of the "Dynamic Tension" Course devised by Charles Atlas, and similar systems.

text: Non-training[edit]

text: They are also commonly used as a fitness test or as a mild physical punishment on the spot (while benefiting the punished), to show off physically or as demonstration of submission.

text: In a competitive or disciplinary context especially, it is not rare to use more difficult or unpleasant variations, e.g., in mud, gravel, snow or dirt, hot ground, divested, and/or to make it physically harder, as by putting one's foot or a weight on the performer's back (possibly with sanctions if equilibrium is lost, such as spilling a glass) or to do the exercise resting on the knuckles or not use all fingers (not counting the thumb).

text: Record breakers and attempts[edit]

text:
The first record for push-ups was documented by Guinness World Records: 6,006 non-stop push-ups by Charles Linster in 1965, October 5.[16]
The record for the most push-ups non-stop was 10,507, set by Minoru Yoshida of Japan in October 1980.[17] Yoshida's record was the last for non-stop push-ups to be published by Guinness World Records. A new category, "Most Push-ups in 24 Hours," has since been introduced.
The current world record for most push-ups in 24 hours is by Charles Servizio (USA) who achieved 46,001 push-ups in just 21 hours, 6 minutes on 1993, April 24 to 25.[18]
The most push ups in one hour is 3,877 and was achieved by Bijender singh (India) on 20 sept 1988.[19] The Guinness world record for most push ups in one hour is 2,298 by David Escojido (USA) on 2 April 2016.[20]
Doug Pruden (Canada) performed 1,025 one-arm push-ups on the back of the hand on 8 November 2008.[21]
The flying push up record was set by Ahmed Valentino Kerigo on March 22, 2013, who reached a height of 1.36 meters.[22][23]
Paul Lynch (UK) performed 124 consecutive one finger push-ups on 21 April 1992.[24]
The most knuckle push ups in one hour is 2,175 and was achieved by Syed Taj Muhammad (Pakistan) on March 2016.[25]
The most knuckle push ups in one hour by a woman is 1,206 by Eva Clarke (Australia) on 31 January 2014.[26]
The most consecutive headstand push ups on one arm is 7 by Yury Tikhonovich (Russia) on 1 April 2010.[27][28][29] In recordholders the record is 12 by the same person[30][31][32]

text: Most push ups in one minute :

text:
using back of hands : 132 and was achieved by Abdul Latif Mahmoud Saadiq (Qatar) on November 2009.[33]
with the finger tips (10 fingers) : 105 by Graham Maly (UK) on May 2009.[34]
with claps : 90 by Stephen Buttler (UK) on November 2011.[35]
knuckle : 84 by Roy Berger (Canada) on June 2016.[36]
one arm using the back of the hand : 59 by Doug Pruden (Canada) on March 2007.[37]
two finger push ups (two arms) : 52 by Aryan Grover (India) on August 2015.[38]
Aztec push ups : 50 and was achieved by Jason Shen (USA) on January 2014.[39]
two finger push ups (one arm): 46 by Mohammed Mohammed Ali Zeinhom (Egypt) on March 2010 (it was in 49 seconds).[40]
with a 100 lb pack : 34 by Paddy Doyle (UK) on June 2011.[41]
one arm carrying a 40 lb pack : 33 by Hiroyuki Gondou (Japan) on May 2014.[42]

text: In the animal kingdom[edit]

text: There are zoology observations that certain animals emulate a push up action. Most notably various taxa of the fence lizard exhibit this display,[43] primarily involving the male engaging in postures to attract females. The western fence lizard is a particular species that also engages in this behavior.[44] (It may be noted that in Mexican Spanish push-ups are called "lagartijas", which means "lizards".)