document_title: Oz the Great and Powerful

question_text: oz the great and powerful glinda real name

text: Oz the Great and Powerful

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1905 Kansas, Oscar Diggs works as a magician in a traveling circus. As a storm approaches, the circus strongman learns Oscar has flirted with his wife and threatens him. Oscar escapes in a hot air balloon, but is sucked into a tornado that takes him to the Land of Oz. There he encounters the beautiful yet naïve witch Theodora, who believes him to be a wizard prophesied to become King of Oz by destroying the Wicked Witch who killed the previous king; the idea of being an immensely wealthy monarch makes Oscar immediately accept. En route to the Emerald City, Theodora falls in love with Oscar, though he does not reciprocate her feelings. They encounter the flying monkey Finley, who pledges a life debt to Oscar when he saves him from a lion. Oscar reveals his deception to Finley, forcing him to maintain the lie that he is a wizard.

text: At the Emerald City, Oscar meets Theodora's beautiful older sister, Evanora, who tells him that the Wicked Witch resides in the Dark Forest and can be killed by destroying her wand. Oscar and Finley are joined en route to the forest by China Girl, a young, living china doll whose village and family were destroyed by the Wicked Witch. The three reach the forest and, upon retrieving the wand, discover the "Wicked Witch" is Glinda the Good Witch, who identifies herself as the late king's daughter and Evanora as the true Wicked Witch. Evanora sees this with her crystal ball and tricks Theodora into thinking he is trying to court all three witches at once. She offers Theodora a magic apple she says will remove her heartache; Theodora bites it and turns into a hideous green-skinned witch.

text: Glinda brings Oscar's group to her domain to escape Evanora's army of Winkies and flying baboons. She confides in Oscar that she knows he is not a wizard, but still believes he can help stop Evanora. He reluctantly takes charge of an "army" of Quadlings, Tinkers, and Munchkins. Theodora enters Glinda's domain and angrily reveals her new, hideous appearance to Oscar before threatening to kill him and his allies with the Emerald City's well-prepared army. Oscar despairs at his chances of victory, but after telling China Girl about the exploits of his hero Thomas Edison, he conceives a plan that relies on trickery and makes preparations with Glinda and his group.

text: Glinda and her subjects mount a fake attack on the Emerald City using a pulley-rig army of scarecrow puppets hidden by thick fog. The witches are tricked into sending their flying baboons through a poppy field that puts them to sleep. However, two baboons manage to capture Glinda, who is brought to the city square and chained. Meanwhile, Oscar infiltrates the Emerald City with his allies, but appears to abandon them in a hot air balloon loaded with gold, which Theodora destroys with a fireball. As the wicked sisters prepare to execute Glinda, Oscar appears before his friends, having faked his betrayal and death. Using a hidden smoke machine and image projector, he presents a giant image of his face as his "true" form, and a fireworks display to intimidate the Wicked Witches. Evanora fearfully hides in her castle while Theodora flees on her broom, unable to hurt the "invincible" wizard; Oscar calls to Theodora, offering her to return should she overcome her wickedness, which is met with defiance from Theodora, who flies away to the West while cackling evilly, leaving Oscar saddened. China Girl frees Glinda, who engages Evanora in a magical duel. During the fight, Glinda destroys Evanora's emerald necklace, revealing she's actually an old hag, and banishes her. Evanora is carried off by the two remaining flying baboons as she vows revenge.

text: Oscar, now ruler of Oz, uses his projector to sustain the belief he is a powerful wizard. He also presents gifts to his friends: Master Tinker, who helped build his machines, receives Oscar's camping-tool jackknife; Knuck, the grumpy Munchkin herald, receives a mask with a smiley face; the long-suffering Finley receives Oscar's friendship along with his top hat; and China Girl accepts her friends as her new family. Finally, Oscar takes Glinda behind the curtains of his projector, thanking her for making him a better person, and they kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James Franco as Oscar Diggs, or "Oz", a philandering con artist, a stage magician, and a barnstormer[8] who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest. He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz, where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land, forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz. He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz.
Michelle Williams as Glinda, the daughter of the late king. She rules and protects a peaceful kingdom in Oz inhabited by kind Quadlings, tinkers, and Munchkins. Oscar originally believed her to be the Wicked Witch responsible for terrorizing the land. She guides Oscar to achieve his destiny of defeating Evanora, becoming his love interest in the process.

Michelle Williams also plays Annie, an old flame of Oscar's and the future mother of Dorothy Gale.[9]

Rachel Weisz as Evanora, the protector of the Emerald City. Being the Wicked Witch of the East, she has a hideous form which she hides by wearing a necklace that gives her the appearance of a young woman. She deceives Oscar by framing Glinda for the King's murder and telling Oscar that Glinda is the Wicked Witch rather than herself.
Mila Kunis as Theodora, a naïve good witch who has the Land of Oz's best interests at her heart. She believes that Oscar is the wizard prophesied to defeat the seemingly evil Glinda from the Dark Forest, developing an attraction to him in the process. Evanora gradually manipulates Theodora into thinking Oscar has betrayed her for Glinda, ushering her transformation into the Wicked Witch of the West.[10]
Zach Braff as the voice of Finley, a winged monkey who pledges an irrevocable life debt to Oscar, believing him to be the prophesied wizard, for saving him from the Cowardly Lion.[11] He quickly regrets his decision when Oscar reveals he is not a wizard, but nonetheless becomes his loyal ally.

Braff also plays Frank, Oscar's long-suffering yet loyal assistant in Kansas.

Bill Cobbs as the Master Tinker, the leader of the tinkers who are ruled by Glinda. He would later build the Tin Woodman.
Joey King as the voice of China Girl, a young, living china doll from China Town where everything, including its inhabitants, is made of china. Her home is destroyed by Evanora, leaving her its only survivor when she is found by Oscar, with whom she forms a strong friendship after he uses glue to fix her legs.

King also plays a girl in a wheelchair visiting Oscar's magic show in Kansas.

Tony Cox plays Knuck, the quick-tempered herald and fanfare player of Emerald City who is allied with Glinda.

text: Stephen R. Hart and Bruce Campbell play Winkie guards at the Emerald City.[12] Abigail Spencer plays May, Oscar's temporary magic assistant in Kansas and one of his several fleeting loves in the film.[12] Tim Holmes plays the strongman who attacks Oscar for trying to court his wife (played by Toni Wynne), prompting Oscar to take the hot air balloon that sends him to the Land of Oz.

text: Raimi, who often casts friends and actor-regulars in cameo roles, cast his brother Ted Raimi as a small-town skeptic at Oscar's magic show who yells "I see a wire!", two of his former teachers—Jim Moll and Jim Bird—as Emerald City townspeople, and the three actresses from his 1981 directorial debut The Evil Dead—Ellen Sandweiss, Betsy Baker and Theresa Tilly— as Quadling townspeople.[13]

text: Continuity[edit]

text: Oz the Great and Powerful features several artistic allusions, homages, and technical parallels to Baum's novels and the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film, The Wizard of Oz.

text: The film's opening sequence is presented in black and white. When Oscar is caught up in the tornado, the audio switches from monaural to stereo and eventually surround sound.[14] The film shifts to full color when Oscar arrives in Oz; additionally, the aspect ratio gradually widens from 4:3 Academy ratio to 2.35:1 widescreen.[15][16] As in the 1939 film, Glinda travels in giant bubbles, and the Emerald City is actually emerald; in the novel, characters wear tinted glasses to make it appear so. However, during the battle preparations sequence Oz can be seen wearing emerald goggles. The iconic green look of the Wicked Witch of the West is closer to her look in the classic film, as the Witch is a short, one-eyed crone in the novel. The Wicked Witches are portrayed as sisters, an idea which originated in the 1939 film. Also from the 1939 film is that several actors who play Oz characters make cameos in the Kansas segments, such as Frank (Zach Braff), Oscar's assistant whom he refers to as his "trained monkey" (Frank's "Oz" counterpart is the winged monkey Finley) and a young girl in a wheelchair (Joey King) who serves as the Kansas counterpart to China Girl (in Kansas, Oscar is unable to make the wheelchair-bound young girl walk, and gets a chance to do so when he repairs China Girl's broken legs). Annie (Michelle Williams), a woman wearing a gingham dress who inspires Oscar to be a good and great person, informs him that she has been proposed to by John Gale, presumably hinting at Dorothy Gale's parental lineage (Annie's "Oz" counterpart, Glinda, also inspires Oscar to be a better person).[17] Theodora (Mila Kunis), who became the Wicked Witch of the West after suffering from a "broken heart" caused by Oscar's "betrayal", has no Kansas counterpart. However, an unnamed woman who worked as Oscar's assistant at the time and suddenly left after suffering from a "broken heart", may be a possible reference to the existence of Theodora's unknown counterpart. The character of Miss Almira Gulch, who did not exist in Baum's novel, is the Kansas counterpart of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film.

text: Other referenced characters include the Scarecrow, who is built by the townspeople as a scare tactic, and the Tin Woodman, whose creator is the Master Tinker that can build "anything".[11] Similarly, various other races of Oz are depicted besides the Munchkins; the Quadlings, the china doll inhabitants of Dainty China Country, and the Winkies (who went unnamed in the classic film). Similarly, Glinda is referred to by her title in the novel (the Good Witch of the South), unlike the 1939 film, where her character's title is "Good Witch of the North" (due to her character being merged with the Good Witch of the North). Glinda is also the daughter of the late King of Oz, though in the novels, Ozma is the King's daughter. Theodora's tears leave streaks of scars on her face, reflecting her weakness to water in the original novel/film. Also, Oz is presented as a real place as it is in the novel, and not as a possible dream as the 1939 film implies.[18] Finally, the lion that attacks Finley but was warded off by Oz is a reference to the Cowardly Lion in the original novel/film.

text: Production[edit]

text: Disney's history with Oz[edit]

text: After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937, Walt Disney planned to produce an animated film based on the first of L. Frank Baum's Oz books. Roy O. Disney, chairman of the Walt Disney Productions, was informed by Baum's estate that they had sold the film rights to the first book to Samuel Goldwyn, who re-sold it to Louis B. Mayer in 1938.[19] The film was ironically approved due to the success of Snow White.[20] The project was developed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer into the well-known musical adaptation released the following year.

text: In 1954, when the film rights to Baum's remaining thirteen Oz books were made available, Walt Disney Productions acquired them[21] for use in Walt Disney's television series Disneyland which lead to the live-action film Rainbow Road to Oz, which was abandoned and never completed.[22] Disney's history with the Oz series continued with the 1985 film Return to Oz, which performed poorly, both critically and commercially,[23][24][25] but has developed a cult following since its release.[26][27] After Return to Oz, Disney lost the film rights to the Oz books and they were subsequently reverted to the public domain.[28]

text: Development[edit]

text: Screenwriter Mitchell Kapner was intrigued by the prospect of exploring the origins of the Wizard of Oz character which he discussed in many meetings. After Wicked came out, Kapner felt he missed his window of opportunity.[29] In 2009, Kapner met with Joe Roth, who turned down his current pitches, request any other ideas he had. The discussion turned to what Kapner was reading which he indicated he was reading the Oz series to his kids. Roth was interested as he only knew about the first book. Kapner went through the plot of the novels, when Roth stopped him on the sixth novel in the series, The Emerald City of Oz, which had some of back story of the Wizard.[30] Producer Joe Roth became involved for nearly the same reason as Kapner, stating that "... during the years that I spent running Walt Disney Studios -- I learned about how hard it was to find a fairy tale with a good strong male protagonist. You've got your Sleeping Beauties, your Cinderellas and your Alices. But a fairy tale with a male protagonist is very hard to come by. But with the origin story of the Wizard of Oz, here was a fairy tale story with a natural male protagonist. Which is why I knew that this was an idea for a movie that was genuinely worth pursuing."[30] Kapner and co-writer Palak Patel presented the idea to Sony Pictures but were turned down.[29] In 2009, the project was set up at Walt Disney Pictures when the studio's president of production, Sean Bailey commissioned Oz the Great and Powerful under the working title Brick during the tenure of then Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook, who was succeeded by Rich Ross and later Alan Horn, a succession in management that a major studio release is rare to survive.[29] David Lindsay-Abaire was later hired to do a re-write.[28]

text: Roth initially sought out Robert Downey Jr. for the titular role of the Wizard in April 2010.[31] By summer of that year, Sam Raimi was hired to direct the film from a shortlist that reportedly included directors Sam Mendes and Adam Shankman.[31] In January 2011, Raimi met with Downey, but did not secure his casting.[29] With Downey's disinterest acknowledged, Johnny Depp was then approached due to his previous collaboration with the studio in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and Alice in Wonderland.[32] Depp liked the role but declined involvement, citing his commitment to another Disney tentpole film, The Lone Ranger.[29] The film was without a lead until February when James Franco entered final negotiations to star in the film (including a $7 million salary), five months before filming was scheduled to begin.[29] Franco and Raimi had previously worked together on the Spider-Man trilogy.[33] Franco received training with magician Lance Burton to prepare for the role.[29]

text: Screenwriter Kapner adopted information about the Wizard from L. Frank Baum's novels to conceptualize an original story. Raimi made sure that the film would also "nod lovingly" to the 1939 film and inserted several references and homages to that film.[34] Disney wanted to reduce the film's production budget to be approximately $200 million.[33] Casting calls were put out for local actors in Michigan.[35]

text: In June 2011, composer Danny Elfman was chosen to score Oz the Great and Powerful, despite Elfman and Raimi having had a falling-out over Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Elfman declaring that they would never again work together.[36]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Oz the Great and Powerful began July 25, 2011, at Raleigh Michigan Studios in Pontiac, Michigan, employing 3D cameras.[37]

text: Raimi opted to use practical sets in conjunction with computer-generated imagery during filming.[38] Physical sets were constructed so the actors could have a visual reference, as opposed to using green screen technology for every scene. Chroma key compositing was only used for background pieces.[37] Zach Braff and Joey King were on set, recording their dialogue simultaneously with the other actors, whenever their CG characters were present in a scene. Puppetry was employed for a physical version of the China Girl to serve as a visual key-point for actors to manipulate.[39] Braff wore a blue motion capture suit to create Finley's movements and had a camera close to his face for the flying sequences to obtain facial movements.

text: Art director Robert Stromberg, who worked on Avatar and Alice in Wonderland, drew inspiration from the films of Frank Capra and James Wong Howe to achieve the Art Deco design he envisioned for the Emerald City. Stromberg contrasted the colorful tonal qualities of Oz with the restrained appearance of Alice, affirming that although both films explore similar fantasy worlds, the overall atmosphere and landscape of each "are completely different."[40] In 2011, Stromberg and his team visited the Walt Disney archives during the pre-production phase to reference production art from Disney's animated films such as Pinocchio, Bambi, Fantasia, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Alice in Wonderland, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, drawing from designs and textures, in order to give certain settings in the film an affectionate nod to the classic Disney style.[41] Costume designer Gary Jones focused on authenticity with his wardrobe designs: "We started by doing a lot of research and having ideas of the ways (costumes) should look in order to be (historically accurate) but as we went on, we really began creating a whole new world."[42]

text:
My first instinct was, there are such iconic images in the Wizard of Oz movie, it would be wrong for us to re-create the Yellow Brick Road or the Emerald City in a different way. We had to go 180 degrees in the other direction. We're just going to have to make our own Oz.

Sam Raimi on recreating the Land of Oz under legalities.[29]

text: The film was technically a prequel to the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film, The Wizard of Oz, but it was not allowed to be considered as such. The filmmakers had to toe a fine line between calling the film to mind but not infringing upon it. To that end, they had a copyright expert on set to ensure no infringement occurred. The production team worked under the constraint of abiding by the stipulations set forth by Warner Bros., the legal owner of the rights to iconic elements of the 1939 film (via its Turner Entertainment subsidiary which purchased the MGM film library in 1986), including the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland. Therefore, Disney was unable to use them nor any character likenesses from that particular film.[43] This extended to the green of the Wicked Witch's skin, for which Disney used what its legal department considered a sufficiently different shade dubbed "Theostein" (a portmanteau of "Theodora" and "Frankenstein").[44] Additionally, the studio could not use the signature chin mole of Margaret Hamilton's portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West, nor could they employ the yellow brick road's swirl design for Munchkinland.[39] The expert also ensured that the Emerald City was not too close in appearance to the Emerald City in the 1939 film.[citation needed]

text: While WB and Disney did not engage in copyright battle, they did file rival trademarks. Disney filed a trademark on "Oz the Great and Powerful." One week later, WB filed its own trademarks for "The Great and Powerful Oz." The US Patent and Trademark Office suspended WB's attempt at a trademark because Disney had filed basically the same one a week earlier.[citation needed]

text: In addition to the legal issues, the film was also faced with delays when several cast members went on hiatus due to unrelated commitments and circumstances. Rachel Weisz left halfway through the shoot to film her entire role in The Bourne Legacy, Michelle Williams was required to promote the release of My Week with Marilyn, and Franco's father died during production. Roth compared the task of managing overlapping schedules to "being an air-traffic controller."[29] Mila Kunis's makeup and prosthetics were supervised by Greg Nicotero and demanded four hours to apply and another hour to remove, with Kunis taking nearly two months to fully recover from the subsequent removal of the makeup from her skin.[29][45] Raimi had to edit the frightening nature of several scenes to secure Disney's desired PG rating from the MPAA.[29] Sony Pictures Imageworks was contracted to create the film's visual effects.[46]

text: Music[edit]

text: Composer Danny Elfman noted that the film's score was accessibly quick to produce, with a majority of the music being written in six weeks.[47] Regarding the tonal quality of the score, Elfman stated, "We're going to take an approach that's old school but not self-consciously old-fashioned. Let the melodrama be melodrama, let everything be what it is. I also think there's the advantage that I'm able to write narratively, and when I'm able to write narratively I can also move quicker because that's my natural instincts, I can tell a story in the music."[48]

text: American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey recorded a promotional Pop single called "Almost Home" written by Carey, Simone Porter, Justin Gray, Lindsey Ray, Tor Erik Hermansen, and Mikkel Eriksen (a.k.a. Stargate) for the soundtrack of the film. The single was released on February 19, 2013 by Island Records.[49]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original soundtrack to Oz the Great and Powerful was released digitally and physically by Walt Disney Records on March 5, 2013.[50] The physical CD release was in association with Intrada Records.[51]

text:
Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Danny Elfman

Released
March 5, 2013 (2013-03-05)

Recorded
2012

Studio
Sony Scoring Stage

Genre
Film score

Length
1:06:19

Label
Walt Disney

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Titles"
2:57

2.
"A Serious Talk"
2:23

3.
"Oz Revealed"
1:58

4.
"A Strange World"
1:48

5.
"Where Am I?/Schmooze-A-Witch"
2:05

6.
"Fireside Dance"
1:19

7.
"Meeting Finley"
1:57

8.
"The Emerald Palace"
0:47

9.
"Amanece, Amanece / Dios de Pactos"
2:56

10.
"China Town"
3:07

11.
"A Con Job"
1:47

12.
"Glinda Revealed"
1:43

13.
"The Munchkin Welcome Song"
0:41

14.
"Bad Witch"
4:32

15.
"The Bubble Voyage"
2:48

16.
"Great Expectations/The Apple"
4:58

17.
"Meeting the Troops"
1:18

18.
"What Army"
0:29

19.
"Theodora's Entrance/Puppet Waltz"
1:51

20.
"A Threat"
2:07

21.
"Bedtime/The Preparation Montage"
7:00

22.
"Call to Arms"
2:13

23.
"Destruction"
2:38

24.
"Oz the Great and Powerful"
1:25

25.
"Fireworks/Witch Fight"
1:39

26.
"Time for Gifts"
5:54

27.
"End Credits from Oz"
1:59

Total length:
1:06:19

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2011 before filming began, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures gave Oz the Great and Powerful a March 8, 2013 North American theatrical release date.[52] The film had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theater in Hollywood on February 14, 2013.[12] Disney opened the film in wide release in 3,912 theaters.[53]

text: To promote the film, Disney partnered with the IMAX Corporation and HSN to coordinate a hot air balloon campaign across the United States beginning in California at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank, stopping at four locations; the El Capitan Theater during the world premiere, the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, the Daytona International Speedway in Florida and Central Park in New York City.[54] Disney also promoted the film through its theme parks; Epcot's International Flower and Garden Festival featured a multi-purpose garden and play area themed to the film and Disney California Adventure hosted sample viewings inside the Muppet*Vision 3D theatre.[55][56] The estimated marketing campaign cost upwards of $100 million.[29]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Oz the Great and Powerful was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, DVD and digital download on June 11, 2013.[57] The film is Disney's first home media release to exclude a physical digital copy disc and instead provides only a digital code for the download.[58] Oz the Great and Powerful debuted at number one in its first week of home media release in overall disc sales with 46% of its first week sales from Blu-ray disc.[59] The film has earned $52 million in sales.[60]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Oz the Great and Powerful earned $234.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $258.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $493.3 million.[3] Worldwide, it was the thirteenth highest-grossing film of 2013.[61] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $36.4 million.[62] It topped the box office on its worldwide opening weekend with $149 million.[63] Before its theatrical release, several media outlets reported that Oz the Great and Powerful was expected to duplicate the box office performance of 2010's Alice in Wonderland.[64][65][66] However, Oz accumulated less than half of Alice's worldwide gross.[67]

text: Preliminary reports had the film tracking for an $80–$100 million debut in North America.[68] The movie earned $2 million from 9 p.m. showings on Thursday night.[69] For its opening day, Oz the Great and Powerful grossed $24.1 million, the fourth-highest March opening day.[70] During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $79.1 million, the third-highest March opening weekend.[71] Despite the film's solid debut, which was larger than nearly all comparable titles, it clearly lagged behind Alice in Wonderland's opening ($116.1 million). The film's 3-D share of the opening weekend was 53%. Females made up 52% of the audience. Surprisingly, though, families only represented 41% of attendance, while couples accounted for 43%.[71] The film retained first place at the box office during its second weekend with $41.3 million.[72]

text: Outside North America, the film earned $69.9 million on its opening weekend from 46 territories. Among all markets, its highest-grossing debuts were achieved in Russia and the CIS ($14.7 million), China ($9.06 million)[73] and France and the Maghreb region ($5.77 million).[74] The film's openings trailed Alice in Wonderland in all major markets except Russia and the CIS.[75] It retained first place at the box office outside North America for a second weekend.[76] In total grosses, Oz's largest countries are Russia and the CIS ($27.4 million), China ($25.9 million) and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($23.4 million).[74]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Oz the Great and Powerful received an approval rating of 59% based on 247 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It suffers from some tonal inconsistency and a deflated sense of wonder, but Oz the Great and Powerful still packs enough visual dazzle and clever wit to be entertaining in its own right."[77] On Metacritic the film holds a score of 44 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed to average reviews".[78] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[79]

text: Kim Newman, writing for Empire, gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "If there are post-Harry Potter children who don't know or care about The Wizard Of Oz, they might be at sea with this story about a not-very-nice grownup in a magic land, but long-term Oz watchers will be enchanted and enthralled ... Mila Kunis gets a gold star for excellence in bewitchery and Sam Raimi can settle securely behind the curtain as a mature master of illusion."[80] Critic Alonso Duralde also admired the movie: "That Oz the Great and Powerful is so thoroughly effective both on its own terms and as a prequel to one of the most beloved movies ever made indicates that this team has magic to match any witch or wizard."[81] Leonard Maltin on IndieWire claimed that "No movie ever can, or will, replace 1939's The Wizard Of Oz, but taken on its own terms, this eye-filling fantasy is an entertaining riff on how the Wizard of that immortal film found his way to Oz."[82] IGN rated the film 7.8 and said, "The film is expansive and larger-than-life in scope and so are the performances, overall. Franco in particular hams it up and is often playing to the balcony ... The 3D is utilized just as it should be in a children's fantasy epic such as this – overtly, but with skill. Snowflakes, music boxes and mysterious animals all leap through the screen towards the audience as the story unfolds."[83]

text: Justin Chang of Variety had a mixed reaction, writing that the film "gets some mileage out of its game performances, luscious production design and the unfettered enthusiasm director Sam Raimi brings to a thin, simplistic origin story."[84] He also compared the film's scale with the Star Wars prequel trilogy adding, "In a real sense, Oz the Great and Powerful has a certain kinship with George Lucas' Star Wars prequels, in the way it presents a beautiful but borderline-sterile digital update of a world that was richer, purer and a lot more fun in lower-tech form. Here, too, the actors often look artificially superimposed against their CG backdrops, though the intensity of the fakery generates its own visual fascination."[84] /Film rated the film 7 out of 10, saying it had "many charms" while considering it to be "basically Army of Darkness: (Normal guy lands in magical land, is forced to go on quest to save that land.) But just when you see Raimi's kinetic, signature style starting to unleash, the story forces the film back into its Disney shell to play to the masses. We're left with a film that's entertaining, a little scarier than you'd expect, but extremely inconsistent."[85]

text: Richard Roeper, writing for Roger Ebert, noted the film's omnipresent visual effects but was largely disappointed by the performance of some cast members; "... to see Williams so bland and sugary as Glinda, and Kunis so flat and ineffectual as the heartsick Theodora ..."[86] Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post was unimpressed, writing, "Oh, it's exciting enough for a six-year-old; anyone older, however, will already have been exposed to so much on TV, at the movies and on the Internet that this will seem like so much visual cotton-candy. Even a sophisticated grade-schooler will find these doings weak and overblown."[87] Similarly, Todd McCarthy criticized the characterization, writing that the film's supporting cast "can't begin to compare with their equivalents in the original ... so the burden rests entirely upon Franco and Williams, whose dialogue exchanges are repetitive and feel tentative."[88] Entertainment Weekly agreed, giving the film a C+ and saying that the "miscast" Franco "lacks the humor, charm, and gee-whiz wonder we're meant to feel as he trades wisecracks with a flying monkey ... and soars above a field of poppies in a giant soap bubble. If he's not enchanted, how are we supposed to be?" and complaining that "while Raimi's Oz is like retinal crack, he never seduces our hearts and minds."[8] Alisha Coelho of in.com gave the movie 2.5 stars, saying "Oz The Great and Powerful doesn't leave a lasting impression, but is an a-ok watch."[89]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient and nominees
Result

Costume Designers Guild[90]
February 22, 2014
Excellence in Fantasy Film
Gary Jones and Michael Kutsche
Nominated

Golden Trailer Awards[91]
May 5, 2013
Best Animation/Family
"Witches"
Nominated

Best Animation/Family TV Spot
"Super Hybrid"
Nominated

"Music Box"
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards[92]
March 29, 2014
Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Movie Actress
Mila Kunis
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards[93]
April 13, 2014
Best Villain
Mila Kunis
Won

People's Choice Awards[94]
January 8, 2014
Best Family Film

Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society
December 17, 2013
Best Live Action Family Film

Won

Best Production Design
Robert Stromberg
Nominated

Satellite Awards[95]
February 24, 2014
Best Visual Effects
James Schwalm, Scott Stokdyk, Troy Saliba
Nominated

Best Art Direction and Production Design
Nancy Haigh, Robert Stromberg
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Gary Jones
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 2014
Best Fantasy Film

Nominated

Best Music
Danny Elfman
Nominated

Best Production Design
Robert Stromberg
Nominated

Best Costume
Gary Jones
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
August 11, 2013
Choice Movie – Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Nominated

Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy
James Franco
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Mila Kunis
Nominated

Michelle Williams
Nominated

Visual Effects Society
February 12, 2014
Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Troy Saliba, In-Ah Roediger, Carolyn Vale, Kevin Souls for "China Girl"
Nominated

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On March 7, 2013, Variety confirmed that Disney has already approved plans for a sequel, with Mitchell Kapner and Joe Roth returning as screenwriter and producer respectively.[96] Mila Kunis said during an interview with E! News, "We're all signed on for sequels."[97] On March 8, 2013, Sam Raimi told Bleeding Cool that he has no plans to direct the sequel, saying, "I did leave some loose ends for another director if they want to make the picture," and that "I was attracted to this story but I don't think the second one would have the thing I would need to get me interested."[98] On March 11, 2013, Kapner and Roth have said to the Los Angeles Times that the sequel will "absolutely not" involve Dorothy Gale, with Kapner pointing out that there are twenty years between the events of the first film and Dorothy's arrival, and "a lot can happen in that time."[99]


document_title: State of Emergency in India

question_text: when was the first national emergency declared in india

root

text: State of Emergency in India

text: National emergency under article 352[edit]

text: National emergency can be declared on the basis of external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (China war), 1971 (Pakistan war), and 1975 (declared by Indira Gandhi). The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be laid before both houses of Parliament, and the state of emergency expires after one month unless approved within that time by both houses sitting and voting separately. However, if the Lok Sabha (the lower house) is not in session when the state of emergency is declared, and the Rajya Sabha approves of the state of emergency, the deadline for the Lok Sabha is extended until thirty days after that house convenes. According to Article 352(6),[1] approval by each house requires a special majority: those in favour of the motion must be two thirds of those present and voting, and amount to a majority of the entire membership of that house. A Parliamentary resolution extends the state of emergency for up to six months, and it can be extended indefinitely by further resolutions in six-monthly increments.

tag: p

text: During a national emergency, many Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. By contrast, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution. In January 1977, during the emergency declared controversially by Indira Gandhi, the government decided to suspend even the Right to Life and Personal Liberty by dispensing with Habeas corpus. Justice Hans Raj Khanna defended the Right to Life and asked: "Life is also mentioned in Article 21 and would Government argument extend to it also?". The Attorney General observed: "Even if life was taken away illegally, courts are helpless".[2]

text: A national emergency modifies the federal system of government to a unitary one by granting Parliament the power to make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all state money bills are referred to the Parliament for its approval.

text: During an emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha can be successively extended by intervals of up to one year, but not beyond six months after the state of emergency has been revoked.

text: State Emergency Under Article 356[edit]

text: A state emergency is declared on failure of constitutional machinery in a state. Every state in India except two states, Chhattisgarh and Telangana has been under a state of emergency at some point of time or the other. The state of emergency is commonly known as 'President's Rule'.[citation needed]

text: If the President is satisfied, based on the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources, that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, he may declare an emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of two months.

text: It is imposed for an initial period of six months and can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. The 42nd amendment act of 1976 extended the initial time duration of state emergency from 6 months to 1 year. Subsequently, 44th CAA 1978 restored the 1-year period back to 6 months. Originally, the maximum period of operation of state emergency was 3 years. This 3-year period was divided into 1 year of ordinary period and 2 years of extra ordinary period for which certain conditions are to be fulfilled. Therefore, from now on after every 1 year Parliament needs to approve the same. If the emergency has to be extended for more than three years, it can only be done by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.

text: During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. the Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list (see National emergency for explanation). All money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval. In this occasion ministers of state legislature do not perform actions in state.

text: Financial Emergency Under Article 360[edit]

text: If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he or she can declare financial emergency. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. Such a situation had arisen but was avoided by putting the gold assets of India as collateral for foreign credit.

text: In case of a financial emergency, the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters; but fundamental rights cannot be suspended.


document_title: Hundred Years' War

question_text: who inspired victory in the hundred years' war

question_tokens: who inspired victory in the hundred years ' war

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Origin of the conflict[edit]

text: The root causes of the conflict can be found in the demographic, economic and political crises of 14th century Europe. The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England about Gascony, Flanders and Scotland. The dynastic question, which arose due to an interruption of the direct male line of the Capetians, was the official pretext.

text: Dynastic turmoil in France: 1314–1328[edit]

text: The question of female succession to the French throne was raised after the death of Louis X in 1316. Louis X left only a daughter, and his posthumous son John I lived only a few days. Philip, Count of Poitiers, brother of Louis X, asserted that women were ineligible to succeed to the French throne. Through his political sagacity he won over his adversaries and succeeded to the French throne as Philip V. By the same law that he procured, his daughters were denied the succession, which passed to his younger brother, Charles IV, in 1322.[8]

text:
Philip III
 King of France
r. 1270–1285

Philip IV
 King of France
 King of Navarre
r. 1285–1314

Charles of France
Count of Valois
d. 1325

Louis of France
 Count of Evreux
(1276–1319)

Louis X
 King of France
 King of Navarre
 r. 1314–1316

Philip V
 King of France
 King of Navarre
 r. 1316–1322

Charles IV
 King of France
 King of Navarre
 r. 1322–1328

Isabella

Edward II
 King of England

Philip VI
 King of France
r. 1328–1350

Philip of Evreux
 King of Navarre as Philip III
r. 1328 – 1343

Joan II
 Queen of Navarre
b. 1312

Joan III of Burgundy
b. 1308

Edward III
 King of England
b. 1312

Charles of Évreux
 King of Navarre as Charles II
b. 1332

Philip of Burgundy
b. 1323

tag: table

text: Charles IV died in 1328, leaving a daughter and a pregnant wife. If the unborn child was male, he would become king; if not, Charles left the choice of his successor to the nobles. A girl ended up being born, therefore rendering the main male line of the House of Capet extinct.

text: By proximity of blood, the nearest male relative of Charles IV was his nephew Edward III of England. Edward was the son of Isabella, the sister of the dead Charles IV, but the question arose whether she should be able to transmit a right to inherit that she did not herself possess. The French nobility, moreover, balked at the prospect of being ruled by Isabelle and her lover Roger Mortimer, who were widely suspected of having murdered the previous English king, Edward II. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI. In 1340 the Avignon papacy confirmed that under Salic law males should not be able to inherit through their mothers.[8][9]

text: Eventually, Edward III reluctantly recognized Philip VI and paid him homage for his French fiefs. He made concessions in Guyenne, but reserved the right to reclaim territories arbitrarily confiscated. After that, he expected to be left undisturbed while he made war on Scotland.

text: The dispute over Guyenne: a problem of sovereignty[edit]

text: The Anglo-Norman dynasty that had ruled England since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when Henry, the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda and great-grandson of William the Conqueror, became the first of the Angevin kings of England in 1154 as Henry II.[10] The Angevin kings directly ruled over more French territory than the kings of France. However, they still owed homage for these territories to the French king. From the 11th century onward, the Angevins had autonomy within their French domains, effectively neutralising the issue.[11]

text: John I of England inherited the Angevin domains from his brother Richard I. However, Philip II of France acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John, both legally and militarily, and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions. Following John's reign, the Battle of Bouvines (1214), the Saintonge War (1242), and finally the War of Saint-Sardos (1324), the English king's holdings on the continent, as Duke of Aquitaine (Guyenne), were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony.[12]

text: The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the war. Guyenne posed a significant problem to the kings of France and England: Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI of France because of his French possessions and was required to recognize the suzerainty of the King of France over them. In practical terms, a judgment in Guyenne might be subject to an appeal to the French royal court. The King of France had the power to revoke all legal decisions made by the King of England in Aquitaine, which was unacceptable to the English. Therefore, sovereignty over Guyenne was a latent conflict between the two monarchies for several generations.

text: During the War of Saint-Sardos, Charles of Valois, father of Philip VI, invaded Aquitaine on behalf of Charles IV and conquered the duchy after a local insurrection, which the French believed had been incited by Edward II of England. Charles IV grudgingly agreed to return this territory in 1325. To recover his duchy, Edward II had to compromise: he sent his son, the future Edward III, to pay homage.

text: The King of France agreed to restore Guyenne, minus Agen. But the French delayed the return of the lands, which helped Philip VI. On 6 June 1329, Edward III finally paid homage to the King of France. However, at the ceremony, Philip VI had it recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV (especially Agen). For Edward, the homage did not imply the renunciation of his claim to the extorted lands.

text: Gascony under the King of England[edit]

text: In the 11th century, Gascony in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine (also known as Guyenne or Guienne) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony (French: Guyenne-et-Gascogne). The Angevin kings of England became Dukes of Aquitaine after Henry II married the former Queen of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, in 1152, from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown. By the 13th century the terms Aquitaine, Guyenne and Gascony were virtually synonymous.[13][14] At the beginning of Edward III's reign on 1 February 1327, the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony. The term Gascony came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin (Plantagenet) Kings of England in southwest France, although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine.[14][15]

text: For the first 10 years of Edward III's reign, Gascony had been a major point of friction. The English argued that, as Charles IV had not acted in a proper way towards his tenant, Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of any French suzerainty. This argument was rejected by the French so in 1329 the 17-year-old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI. Tradition demanded that vassals approach their liege unarmed with heads bare. Edward protested by attending the ceremony wearing his crown and sword.[16] Even after this pledge of homage the French continued to pressure the English administration.[17]

text: Gascony was not the only sore point. One of Edward's influential advisers was Robert III of Artois. Robert was an exile from the French court, having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim. He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court.[18]

text: Franco-Scot alliance[edit]

text: France was an ally of the Kingdom of Scotland as English kings had for some time tried to subjugate the area. In 1295, a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair. Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326, promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country. Similarly, France would have Scotland's support if its own kingdom was attacked. Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if the Scots could count on French support.[19]

text: Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land. However, the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish Navy, moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336, threatening England.[18] To deal with this crisis, Edward proposed that the English raise two armies, one to deal with the Scots "at a suitable time", the other to proceed at once to Gascony. At the same time, ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king.[20]

text: Beginning of the war: 1337–1360[edit]

text:
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Hundred Years' War
Edwardian phase (1337–60)

Cadsand
Arnemuiden
English Channel
Sluys
Saint-Omer
Tournai
Bergerac
Auberoche
Caen
Blanchetaque
Crécy
Calais
Neville's Cross
Calais
Lunalonge
Les Espagnols sur Mer (Winchelsea)
Saintes
Ardres
Poitiers
Jacquerie
Chartres

text: End of homage[edit]

text: At the end of April 1337, Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused. The arrière-ban, literally a call to arms, was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337. Philip then met with his Great Council in Paris. On 24 May 1337, it was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into the king's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king's 'mortal enemy' Robert d'Artois.[21] Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip's right to the French throne. When Charles IV died, Edward had made a claim for the succession of the French throne, through the right of his mother Isabella (Charles IV's sister), daughter of Philip IV. Any claim was considered invalidated by Edward's homage to Philip VI in 1329. Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the title 'King of France and the French Royal Arms'.[22]

text: On 26 January 1340, Edward III formally received homage from Guy, half-brother of the Count of Flanders. The civic authorities of Ghent, Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France. Edward's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the Low Countries. His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the "true" King of France and were not rebels against Philip. In February 1340, Edward returned to England to try to raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties.[23]

text: Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade, since Flanders' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed. Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade.[24] At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone.[25] The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to mainland Europe. Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it.[24] France's sea power led to economic disruptions for England, shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony.[26][27]

text: Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany[edit]

text: On 22 June 1340, Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the Zwin estuary in the next day. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluis. The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing. When the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys. England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French invasions.[23] At this point, Edward's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois, nephew of Philip VI.[28]

text: In 1341, conflict over the succession to the Duchy of Brittany began the War of the Breton Succession, in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois. Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany. The city of Vannes changed hands several times, while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides.[28]

text: Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais[edit]

text: In July 1346, Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel, landing in Normandy's Cotentin, at St. Vaast. The English army captured the completely unguarded Caen in just one day, surprising the French. Philip mustered a large army to oppose Edward, who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went. He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed. He moved further and further south, worryingly close to Paris, until he found the crossing at Poissy. This had only been partially destroyed, so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it. He then continued on his way to Flanders until he reached the river Somme. The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque, leaving Philip's army stranded. Edward, assisted by this head start, continued on his way to Flanders once more, until, finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle and Philip's army attacked.

text: The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French, largely credited to the longbowmen and the French king, who allowed his army to attack before it was ready.[29] Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England. King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England, but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross, on 17 October 1346. This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.[28][30] In France, Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel, capturing it in 1347. This became an important strategic asset for the English, allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France.[29] Calais would remain under English control, even after the end of the Hundred Years' War, until the successful French siege in 1558.[31]

text: Battle of Poitiers[edit]

text: In 1348, the Black Death, which had just arrived in Paris, began to ravage Europe.[32] In 1355, after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially,[citation needed] King Edward's son and namesake, the Prince of Wales, later known as the Black Prince, led a Chevauchée from Gascony into France, during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary, sacked Carcassonne, and plundered Narbonne. The next year during another Chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry but failed to take Bourges. He offered terms of peace to King John II of France (known as John the Good), who had outflanked him near Poitiers, but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance. This led to the Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356) where his army routed the French.[33] During the battle, the Gascon noble Jean de Grailly, captal de Buch led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest. The French advance was contained, at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen cutting off the French retreat and succeeding in capturing King John and many of his nobles.[34][35] With John held hostage, his son the Dauphin (later to become Charles V) assumed the powers of the king as regent.[36]

text: After the Battle of Poitiers, many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged, and chaos ruled. A contemporary report recounted:

text:
... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone. Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land. The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men. They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages. In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies; rather did they trample it underfoot, robbing and pillaging the peasants' goods ...
From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette[37]

text: Reims Campaign and Black Monday[edit]

text: Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne. The Dauphin's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field. However, Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of Reims for his coronation (Reims was the traditional coronation city).[38] However, the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city's defences before Edward and his army arrived.[39] Edward besieged the city for five weeks, but the defences held and there was no coronation.[38] Edward moved on to Paris, but retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs. Next was the town of Chartres. Disaster struck in a freak hailstorm on the encamped army, causing over 1,000 English deaths – the so-called Black Monday on Easter 1360. This devastated Edward's army and forced him to negotiate when approached by the French.[40] A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the Treaty of Brétigny (8 May 1360).[41] The treaty was ratified at Calais in October. In return for increased lands in Aquitaine, Edward renounced Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine and consented to reduce King John's ransom by a million crowns. Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France.[34][36][42]

text: First peace: 1360–1369[edit]

text: The French king, John II, had been held captive in England. The Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John. The hostages included two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France. While these hostages were held, John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom. In 1362 John's son Louis of Anjou, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped captivity. So, with his stand-in hostage gone, John felt honor-bound to return to captivity in England.[36][42]

text: The French crown had been at odds with Navarre (near southern Gascony) since 1354, and in 1363 the Navarrese used the captivity of John II in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power.[43] Although there was no formal treaty, Edward III supported the Navarrese moves, particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence. With this in mind, Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations.[44] In 1364, John II died in London, while still in honourable captivity.[45] Charles V succeeded him as king of France.[36][46] On 7 May 1364, one month after the dauphin's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V, the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Cocherel.[47]

text: French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369–1389[edit]

text:
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Hundred Years' War
Caroline phase· (1369–89)

Cocherel
Limoges
Pontvallain
La Rochelle
Chiset
Roosebeke

text: Aquitaine and Castile[edit]

text: In 1366 there was a civil war of succession in Castile (part of modern Spain). The forces of the ruler Peter of Castile were pitched against those of his half-brother Henry of Trastámara. The English crown supported Peter and the French, Henry. French forces were led by Bertrand du Guesclin, a Breton, who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France's war leaders. Charles V provided a force of 12,000, with du Guesclin at their head, to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile.[48]

text: Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine's Black Prince for help, but none was forthcoming, forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine. The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine, rather than England. He then led an Anglo-Gascon army into Castille. Peter was restored to power after Trastámara's army was defeated at the Battle of Nájera.[49]

text: Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince, they failed to do so. The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine. To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign, the prince instituted a hearth tax. Arnaud-Amanieu VIII, Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince's side during the war. Albret, who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine, refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief. He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax. Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his High Court in Paris. The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him. War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France.[50] Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited, and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt.[50][51]

text: With the Black Prince gone from Castile, Henry de Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter's death at the Battle of Montiel in March 1369. The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England.[49]

text: 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt[edit]

text: In August 1373, John of Gaunt, accompanied by John de Montfort, Duke of Brittany led a force of 9,000 men out from Calais on a major chevauchée. While initially successful as French forces were insufficiently concentrated to oppose them, the English began to meet further resistance as they moved south. French forces began to concentrate around the English force but, under specific orders from King Charles V, the French avoided a set battle. Instead, they fell on forces detached from the main body to raid or forage. The French shadowed the English and in October, the English found themselves being trapped against the River Allier by four separate French forces. With some difficulty, the English crossed at the bridge at Moulins but lost all their baggage and loot. The English carried on south across the Limousin plateau but the weather was turning severe. Men and horses died in great numbers and many soldiers, forced to march on foot, discarded their armour. At the beginning of December, the army finally entered friendly territory in Gascony. By the end of December they were in Bordeaux, starving, ill-equipped and having lost over half of the 30,000 horses with which they had left Calais. Although the march across France had been a remarkable feat, it was a military failure.[52]

text: English turmoil[edit]

text: With his health continuing to deteriorate, the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371, where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health. The prince's illness was debilitating, and he died on 8 June 1376.[53] Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377;[54] he was succeeded by the Black Prince's second son Richard II (the first son had died some time earlier), who was still a child.[55] The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France; however, a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and, by the time of Charles V's death in 1380, the English only held Calais and a few other coastal cities.[56]

text: It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch, but no regent was appointed for Richard II, who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377.[55] However, between 1377 and 1380, actual power was in the hands of a series of councils. The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king's uncle, John of Gaunt, although Gaunt remained highly influential.[55]

text: Richard faced many challenges during his reign, including the Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381 and an Anglo-Scottish war in 1384–1385. His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular.[55]

text: 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham[edit]

text: In July 1380, the Earl of Buckingham commanded an expedition to France to aid England's ally, the Duke of Brittany. The French refused battle before the walls of Troyes on 25 August, so Buckingham's forces continued their chevauchée and in November laid siege to Nantes.[57] However, expected support from the Duke of Brittany did not appear and, in the face of heavy losses in both men and horses, was forced to abandon the siege in January 1381.[58] In February 1381, now reconciled to the regime of the new French king Charles VI, Brittany paid 50,000 francs to Buckingham for him to abandon the siege and the campaign.[59]

text: French turmoil[edit]

text: After the deaths of Charles V and du Guesclin in 1380, France lost its main leadership and overall momentum in the war. Charles VI succeeded his father as king of France at the age of 11, and he was thus put under a regency led by his uncles, who managed to maintain an effective grip on government affairs well after Charles had achieved royal majority. Their rule was largely ineffective; the crown resources which had been built up by Charles V were squandered on their own personal interests.

text: With France facing widespread destruction, plague, and economic recession, high taxation put a heavy burden on the French peasantry and urban communities. The war effort against England largely depended on royal taxation, but the population was increasingly unwilling to pay for it, as would be demonstrated at the Harelle and Maillotin revolts in 1382. Charles V had abolished many of these taxes on his deathbed, but subsequent attempts to reinstate them stirred up hostility between the French government and populace.

text: Difficulties in raising taxes and revenue hampered the ability of the French to fight the English. At this point, the war's pace had largely slowed down, and both nations found themselves fighting mainly through proxy wars, such as during the 1383-1385 Portuguese interregnum. The independence party in the Kingdom of Portugal, which was supported by the English, won against the supporters of the King of Castile's claim to the Portuguese throne, who in turn was backed by the French.

text: Charles VI assumed personal rule in about 1388. He dismissed his uncles and replaced them with his father's former advisors, which helped to significantly improve economic conditions in the kingdom. Charles then procceeded to discuss peace with the English.

text: Second peace: 1389–1415[edit]

text:
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Owain Glyndŵr's Revolt

Mynydd Hyddgen
Tuthill
Bryn Glas
Shrewsbury
Stalling Down
Grosmont
Pwll Melyn

text: The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it. These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants' revolt.[60] Richard's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles. This group, known as Lords Appellant, managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament. The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried, unsuccessfully, to reignite the war in France. Although the will was there, the funds to pay the troops was lacking, so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown, beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three-year truce at Leulinghen.[60][61]

text: In 1389, Richard's uncle and supporter, John of Gaunt, returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397, when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, Richard II disinherited Gaunt's son, the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke. Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV.[55][61][62]

text: In Scotland, the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Homildon Hill.[63] A dispute over the spoils between Henry and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England, resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408.[64][65]

text: In Wales, Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400. He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282–1283. The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years.[66]

text: In 1392, Charles VI suddenly descended into madness, forcing France into a regency dominated by his uncles and his brother. An open conflict for control over the regency began between his uncle Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his brother, Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans. After Philip's death, his son and heir John the Fearless continued the struggle against Louis, but with the disadvantage of having no close personal relation to the king. Finding himself outmaneuvered politically, John ordered the assassination of Louis in retaliation. His involvement in the murder was quickly revealed, and the Armagnac family took political power in opposition to John. By 1410, both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war.[62] In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who were unable to stop the massacre of Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers by a Parisian mob.[67]

text: Throughout this period, England confronted repeated raids by pirates that heavily damaged trade and the navy. There is some evidence that Henry IV used state-legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel. He used such privateering campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war.[68] The French responded in kind and French pirates, under Scottish protection, raided many English coastal towns.[69]

text: The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade.[69]

text: Henry IV of England died in 1413 and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V. The mental illness of Charles VI of France allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France. Henry V was well aware of these divisions and hoped to exploit them. In 1414 while he held court at Leicester, he received ambassadors from Burgundy.[70] Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI's youngest daughter Catherine of Valois. The French rejected his demands, leading Henry to prepare for war.[70]

text: Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415–1429[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Hundred Years' War
Lancastrian phase (1415–53)

Harfleur
Agincourt
Valmont
Rouen
2nd La Rochelle
Baugé
Meaux
Cravant
La Brossinière
Verneuil
St. James
Orléans
Herrings
Loire
Jargeau
Meung-sur-Loire
Beaugency
Patay
Reims
Paris
La Charité
Compiègne
Gerberoy
Calais
Tartas
Formigny
Castillon

text: Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris[edit]

text: Battle of Agincourt (1415)[edit]

text: In August 1415, Henry V sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to Harfleur. The city resisted for longer than expected, but finally surrendered on 22 September 1415. Because of the unexpected delay, most of the campaign season was gone. Rather than march on Paris directly, Henry elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of Crécy, he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt, north of the Somme. Despite the problems and having a smaller force, his victory was near-total; the French defeat was catastrophic, costing the lives of many of the Armagnac leaders. About 40% of the French nobility was killed.[71] Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk (there were more French prisoners than there were soldiers in the entire English army) and he ordered their deaths.[70]

text: Treaty of Troyes (1420)[edit]

text: Henry retook much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417, and Rouen on 19 January 1419, turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. A formal alliance was made with the Duchy of Burgundy, which had taken Paris after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in 1419. In 1420, Henry met with King Charles VI. They signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry finally married Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, Charles VII, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates-General.[70]

text: Death of Clarence (1421)[edit]

text: On 22 March 1421 Henry V's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reverse. Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir Thomas, Duke of Clarence in charge while he returned to England. Clarence engaged a Franco-Scottish force of 5000 men, led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette and John Stewart, Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé. Clarence, against the advice of his lieutenants, before his army had been fully assembled, attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men-at-arms. He then, during the course of the battle, led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco-Scottish army, who quickly enveloped the English. In the ensuing melée, the Scot, John Carmichael of Douglasdale, broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. Once on the ground, the duke was slain by Alexander Buchanan.[70][72] The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, who conducted the English retreat.[73]

text: English success[edit]

text: Henry V returned to France and went to Paris, then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris. From there, he decided to attack the Dauphin-held town of Meaux. It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought. The siege began about 6 October 1421, and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422.[70]

text: At the end of May, Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court, they went to rest at Senlis. While there, it became apparent that he was ill (possibly dysentery), and when he set out to the Upper Loire, he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes, near Paris, where he died on 31 August 1422.[70] The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later on 21 October 1422. Henry left an only child, his nine-month-old son, Henry, later to become Henry VI.[74]

text: On his deathbed, Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France (as Henry VI was only an infant). The war in France continued under Bedford's generalship and several battles were won. The English won an emphatic victory at the Battle of Verneuil (17 August 1424). At the Battle of Baugé, Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers. At Verneuil, the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco-Scottish army. The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war.[74][75]

text: French victory: 1429–1453[edit]

text: Joan of Arc and French revival[edit]

text: The appearance of Joan of Arc at the siege of Orléans sparked a revival of French spirit, and the tide began to turn against the English.[74] The English laid siege to Orléans in 1428, but their force was insufficient to fully invest the city. In 1429 Joan convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the troops, and they attacked the English redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strongholds on the Loire.[76]

text: The English retreated from the Loire Valley, pursued by a French army. Near the village of Patay, French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road, then swept through the retreating English army. The English lost 2,200 men, and the commander, John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, was taken prisoner. This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to Reims for his coronation as Charles VII, on 16 July 1429.[76][77]

text: After the coronation, Charles VII's army fared less well. An attempted French siege of Paris was defeated on 8 September 1429, and Charles VII withdrew to the Loire Valley.[78]

text: Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy[edit]

text: Henry VI was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre-Dame, in Paris, on 16 December 1431.[74]

text: Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiègne on 23 May 1430. The Burgundians transferred her to the English, who organised a trial headed by Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais and member of the English Council at Rouen. Joan was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431.[76] (She was rehabilitated 25 years later by Pope Callixtus III.)

text: After the death of Joan of Arc, the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English.[79] Most of Henry's royal advisers were against making peace. Among the factions, the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy, the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais, whereas Cardinal Beaufort was inclined to peace. Negotiations stalled. It seems that at the congress of Arras, in the summer of 1435, where the duke of Beaufort was mediator, the English were unrealistic in their demands. A few days after the congress ended in September, Philip III, duke of Burgundy, deserted to Charles VII, signing the Treaty of Arras that returned Paris to the King of France. This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France.[74] The Duke of Bedford died on 14 September 1435 and was later replaced by Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York.[79]

text: French resurgence[edit]

text: The allegiance of Burgundy remained fickle, but the English focus on expanding their domains in the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in the rest of France.[80] The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government, replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use. A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment. The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world.[79]

text: By 1449, the French had retaken Rouen. In 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future Arthur III, Duke of Brittany), caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the Battle of Formigny. Richemont's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army.[81]

text: Fall of Gascony[edit]

text: After Charles VII's successful Normandy campaign in 1450, he concentrated his efforts on Gascony, the last province held by the English. Bordeaux, Gascony's capital, was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451. Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people, this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452. However, the English were decisively defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453. Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux. During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp. The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire, from their positions in the camp, the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son.[82]

text: End of the war[edit]

text: Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War,[82] England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years, but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home. Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a major cause of the Wars of the Roses, that started in 1455.[79][83]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Burgundian Wars (1474–77)

Neuss
Héricourt
Planta
Grandson
Morat
Nancy

Guinegate

text: The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke Charles of Burgundy, counting on English support, took up arms against Louis XI. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in an agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny (1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to claim the title until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King Louis XVIII, who was living in England after the French Revolution.[84]

text: Charles the Bold, the last duke of Burgundy, was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477,[85] leaving a daughter, Mary, who lost the provinces of Artois, Flanders, Picardy and Burgundy to Louis XI's armies.[85]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Historical significance[edit]

text: The French victory marked the end of a long period of instability that had started with the Norman Conquest (1066), when William the Conqueror added "King of England" to his titles, becoming both the vassal to (as Duke of Normandy) and the equal of (as king of England) the king of France.[86]

text: When the war ended, England was bereft of its Continental possessions, leaving it with only Calais on the continent. The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French, but the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest, left many vestiges in English vocabulary. English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385.[87]

text: National feeling that emerged from the war unified both France and England further. Despite the devastation on its soil, the Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state.[88] In England the political and financial troubles which emerged from the defeat was one major cause of the War of the Roses (1455–1487).[89]

text: Lowe (1997) argued that opposition to the war helped to shape England's early modern political culture. Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time, they had a long-term impact. England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed not in the national interest, yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens. In comparing this English cost-benefit analysis with French attitudes, given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers, Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland. Furthermore, French kings found alternative ways to finance the war – sales taxes, debasing the coinage – and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures. English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French.[90]

text: Bubonic plague and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period. France lost half its population during the Hundred Years' War.[71] Normandy lost three-quarters of its population, and Paris two-thirds.[91] The population of England was reduced by 20 to 33 percent due to plague in the same period.[92]

text: Military significance[edit]

text: In 1445 the first regular standing army in Western Europe since Roman times was organised in France partly as a solution to marauding free companies. The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as compagnies d'ordonnance on a permanent basis, or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused. France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men, which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own. The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional approach to warfare than its predecessors.[93]

text: The Hundred Years' War was a time of rapid military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure and the social meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the war's costs, partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that warfare taught. The feudal system was slowly disintegrating throughout the hundred years war.

text: By the war's end, although the heavy cavalry was still considered the most powerful unit in an army, the heavily armored horse had to deal with several tactics developed to deny or mitigate its effective use on a battlefield.[94] The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops, known as hobelars. Hobelars tactics had been developed against the Scots, in the Anglo-Scottish wars of the 14th century. Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses, enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle. Rather than fight while seated on the horse, they would dismount to engage the enemy.[93][95][96]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Battles[edit]

text: Important figures[edit]

text: France[edit]

text:
Arms
Historical Figure
Life
Notes

King Philip VI
1293–1350, reigned 1328–1350
Charles of Valois' son

King John II
1319–1364, reigned 1350–1364
Philip VI's son

King Charles V
1338–1380, reigned 1364–1380
John II's son

Bertrand du Guesclin
1320–1380
Commander

Louis I, Duke of Anjou
1339–1384, regent 1380–1382
John II's son

King Charles VI
1368–1422, reigned 1380–1422
Charles V's son

King Charles VII
1403–1461, reigned 1422–1461
Charles VI's son

Joan of Arc
1412–1431
Religious visionary

La Hire
1390–1443
Commander

Jean Poton de Xaintrailles
1390–1461
Commander

Jean II, Duke of Alençon
1409–1476
Commander

Jean de Dunois
1402–1468
Commander

Jean Bureau
1390–1463
Master Gunner

Gilles de Rais
1405–1440
Commander

text: England[edit]

text:
Arms
Historical Figure
Life
Notes

Isabella of France
1295–1358
Queen consort of England, wife of Edward II, mother of Edward III, regent of England, sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France

King Edward III
1312–1377, reigned 1327–1377
Philip IV's grandson

Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
1310–1361
Commander

Edward, the Black Prince
1330–1376
Edward III's son

John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
1340–1399
Edward III's son

King Richard II
1367–1400, reigned 1377–1399
Son of the Black Prince, Edward III's grandson

King Henry IV
1367–1413, reigned 1399–1413
John of Gaunt's son, Edward III's grandson

King Henry V
1387–1422, reigned 1413–1422
Henry IV's son

Catherine of Valois
1401–1437
Queen consort of England, daughter of Charles VI of France, mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII

John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
1389–1435, regent 1422–1435
Henry IV's son

Sir John Fastolf[77]
1380–1459
Commander

John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
1387–1453
Commander

King Henry VI
1421–1471, reigned 1422–1461 (also 1422–1453 as king Henry II of France)
Henry V's son

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
1411–1460
Commander

text: Burgundy[edit]

text:
Arms
Historical Figure
Life
Notes

Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
1342–1404, duke 1363–1404
Son of John II of France

John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
1371–1419, duke 1404–1419
Son of Philip the Bold

Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy
1396–1467, duke 1419–1467
Son of John the Fearless


document_title: List of most-liked YouTube videos

question_text: what is the most liked video on youtube 2017

text: List of most-liked YouTube videos

text: Top videos[edit]

text: General videos[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 40 most liked videos on YouTube, with each total rounded to the nearest ten thousand likes, as well as the creator, like percentage and date of publication to YouTube.[A]

text:
Rank
Video name
Uploader / artist
Likes (millions)
Like percentage
Upload date
Notes

1.
"Despacito"[6]
Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee
25.61
90.03%
January 12, 2017
[B]

2.
"See You Again"[8]
Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
18.63
96.79%
April 6, 2015
[C]

3.
"Shape of You"[9]
Ed Sheeran
14.84
94.74%
January 30, 2017
[D]

4.
"Gangnam Style"[10]
Psy
13.93
87.57%
July 15, 2012
[E]

5.
"Hello"[13]
Adele
12.78
94.78%
October 22, 2015

6.
"Uptown Funk"[14]
Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
10.12
94.12%
November 19, 2014

7.
"Sorry"[15]
Justin Bieber
9.81
88.42%
October 22, 2015

8.
"Faded"[16]
Alan Walker
9.81
97.44%
December 3, 2015

9.
"Lean On"[17]
Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
8.57
95.40%
March 22, 2015

10.
"Mi Gente"[18]
J Balvin and Willy William
8.37
93.87%
June 29, 2017

11.
"Baby"[19]
Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris
8.12
48.46%
February 19, 2010
[F]

12.
"Sugar"[23]
Maroon 5
8.01
95.46%
January 14, 2015

13.
"Thinking Out Loud"[24]
Ed Sheeran
7.89
95.84%
October 7, 2014

14.
"Blank Space"[25]
Taylor Swift
7.70
92.69%
November 10, 2014

15.
"Closer (Lyric video)"[26]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
7.55
94.93%
July 29, 2016

16.
"Roar"[27]
Katy Perry
7.47
92.27%
September 5, 2013

17.
"Stressed Out"[28]
Twenty One Pilots
7.40
96.44%
April 27, 2015

18.
"Look What You Made Me Do"[29]
Taylor Swift
7.11
86.00%
August 27, 2017

19.
"Shake It Off"[30]
7.03
89.56%
August 18, 2014

20.
"Counting Stars"[31]
OneRepublic
6.90
96.34%
May 31, 2013

21.
"Dark Horse"[32]
Katy Perry featuring Juicy J
6.66
88.58%
February 20, 2014

22.
"Love Me like You Do"[33]
Ellie Goulding
6.65
95.67%
January 22, 2015

23.
"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)"[34]
Silentó
6.61
89.07%
June 25, 2015

24.
"What Do You Mean?"[35]
Justin Bieber
6.56
88.07%
August 30, 2015

25.
"Chandelier"[36]
Sia
6.56
93.87%
May 6, 2014

26.
"Chantaje"[37]
Shakira featuring Maluma
6.55
91.45%
November 18, 2016

27.
"Rap God"[38]
Eminem
6.53
96.32%
November 27, 2013

28.
"That's What I Like"[39]
Bruno Mars
6.51
94.84%
March 1, 2017

29.
"Rockabye"[40]
Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
6.49
94.79%
October 21, 2016

30.
"Heathens"[41]
Twenty One Pilots
6.44
97.13%
June 21, 2016

31.
"Let Her Go"[42]
Passenger
6.43
96.69%
July 25, 2012

32.
"This Is What You Came For"[43]
Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna
6.32
93.92%
June 16, 2016

33.
"All About That Bass"[44]
Meghan Trainor
6.27
89.37%
June 11, 2014

34.
"Work from Home"[45]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign
6.27
93.08%
February 26, 2016

35.
"Side to Side"[46]
Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj
6.10
93.70%
August 29, 2016

36.
"We Don't Talk Anymore"[47]
Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez
6.08
96.25%
August 2, 2016

37.
"All of Me"[48]
John Legend
5.94
96.84%
October 2, 2013

38.
"Hotline Bling"[49]
Drake
5.89
91.66%
October 26, 2015

39.
"Worth It"[50]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
5.87
94.51%
March 28, 2015

40.
"Stitches"[51]
Shawn Mendes
5.87
96.69%
June 24, 2015

As of January 20, 2018

text: Non-music videos[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 10 most liked videos on YouTube that are not music videos, lyric videos and the like, with each total rounded to the nearest ten thousand likes, as well as the creator, like percentage and date of publication to YouTube.[G]

text:
Rank
Video name
Uploader
Likes (millions)
Like percentage
Upload date
Notes

NMV
GEN

1.
85.
"Can this video hit 1 million likes?"[52]
PewDiePie
3.95
97.68%
December 10, 2016
[H]

2.
90.
"Criança de Rico e Criança de Pobre"[53]
whinderssonnunes
3.93
99.09%
June 9, 2016

3.
103.
"Imitando Funkeiros"[54]
3.58
98.38%
April 20, 2017

4.
120.
"The Ruby Playbutton / YouTube 50 Mil Sub Reward Unbox"[55]
PewDiePie
3.49
97.13%
December 18, 2016
[I]

5.
126.
"YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017"[56]
YouTube Spotlight
3.49
65.49%
December 6, 2017

6.
129.
"YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"[57]
3.39
86.64%
December 7, 2016

7.
145.
"Paródia - Rap Lord"[58]
whinderssonnunes
3.35
98.94%
October 22, 2017

8.
149.
"Ping Pong Trick Shots 3"[59]
Dude Perfect
3.26
97.93%
April 3, 2017

9.
153.
"Na Sua Cara"[60]
whinderssonnunes
3.22
98.29%
August 2, 2017

10.
161.
"Final de Ano de Rico e de Pobre"[61]
3.04
99.09%
December 2, 2016

As of January 16, 2018

text: Historical most liked videos[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 7 videos to become YouTube's most liked video, from the implementation of the like button in March 2010 to the present.

text:
Video name
Uploader
Likes*
Upload date
Date achieved
Days held
Ref(s)
Notes

"Despacito"[6]
LuisFonsiVEVO
16,010,000
January 12, 2017
July 25, 2017
181
[62]
[J]

"See You Again"[8]
Wiz Khalifa
11,210,000
April 6, 2015
August 27, 2016
332
[63]

"Gangnam Style"[10]
officialpsy
1,570,000
July 15, 2012
September 13, 2012
1,444
[64]
[K]

"Party Rock Anthem"[67]
LMFAOVEVO
1,390,000
March 8, 2011
April 4, 2012
162
[68]

"KONY 2012"[69]
Invisible Children
1,350,000
March 5, 2012
March 17, 2012
18
[70]
[L]

"Party Rock Anthem"[67]
LMFAOVEVO
950,000
March 8, 2011
November 3, 2011
135
[71]
[M]

"Baby"[19]
JustinBieberVEVO
760,000
February 19, 2010
July 6, 2011
120
[75]

"Evolution of Dance"[76]
Judson Laipply
620,000
April 6, 2006
March 31, 2010
462
[77]
[N]

As of January 22, 2018

text: *The approximate number of likes each video had when it became YouTube's most liked video.

text: Timeline of Most Liked Videos (Mar 2010 - Jan 2018)

text: № 1 Most Liked Video (Mar 2010 - Sep 2012)

text: № 1 Most Liked Video (Jan 2012 - Jan 2018)