document_title: List of countries by minimum driving age

question_text: what is the legal age to drive in pakistan

text: Africa[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Algeria
18[1]

 Cameroon
16[citation needed]

 Ethiopia
18[2]

 Egypt
18[3]

 Ghana
18[4]

 Kenya
16[5]

 Lesotho
18[6]

 Libya
18[citation needed]

 Mali
18[citation needed]

 Mauritania
18[citation needed]

 Mauritius
15 (autocycles), 17 (motorcycles), 18 (cars)[7]

 Mayotte
18[citation needed]

 Morocco
18[8][9]

 Mozambique
18[citation needed]

 Namibia
18[10]

 Niger
23[11]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Réunion (France)
18[citation needed]

 Senegal
18[citation needed]

 South Africa
17
The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg. 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license, to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year. Yet to obtain an actual drivers license, the age is 18 years old.[12]

 Swaziland
18[6]

 Tanzania
18[13]

 Tunisia
18[14]

 Zambia
16[15]

 Zimbabwe
16[16]

text: Americas[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Canada
16 (14 in Alberta)

See also: Driving licence in Canada

 Mexico
15 (with parental supervision), 16 (with parental agreement), 18[17]

 United States
14 – 16 (for permit)
14, 3 months – 16 (for license)
depending on state

See also: Driver's license in the United States

text: Central America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Costa Rica
18[citation needed]

 El Salvador
15[citation needed]

 Guatemala
16 (with parental agreement), 18[citation needed]

 Honduras
18[citation needed]

 Panama
18[18]

text: South America[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Argentina
17
21 is the minimum age to drive a truck, bus or emergency vehicle. 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped (without passengers)[19]

 Bolivia
18[20]

 Brazil
18[21]
Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat. 'B' for at least one year before applying for a professional license. 'C' category are usually for load trucks, 'D' for buses and trucks and 'E' for articulated vehicles.

 Chile
17 (with parental approval), 18,[22] 20 (professional license)[23]

 Colombia
16[24]

 Ecuador
18[25]

 French Guiana
18[citation needed]

 Guyana
17[26]

 Paraguay
18[citation needed]

 Peru
18[27]

 Suriname
18[citation needed]

 Uruguay
18[28]

 Venezuela
18[29]

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Anguilla
18[30]

 Bahamas
17[31]

 Cuba
18[32]

 Dominican Republic
16)[citation needed]

 Guadeloupe
18[citation needed]

 Jamaica
18[citation needed]

 Martinique
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands Antilles
18[33]

 Puerto Rico
16 (with learner's permit)[34]

 Saint Barthélemy
18[citation needed]

 Saint Martin
18[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago
17[citation needed]

 St. Kitts and Nevis
17(for permit)[35], 18 (for license)[36]

 US Virgin Islands
16 (with learner's permit), 18[37]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Bahrain
18[38]

 Iran
18[39]

 Iraq
16y (Motorcycles) /18y (Cars)[citation needed]

 Israel
16y (Motorcycles) /16y9months (Cars)[40]

 Jordan
18[41]

 Kuwait
18[42]

 Lebanon
18[citation needed]

 Oman
18[43]

 Palestine
18[44]

 Qatar
18[45]

 Saudi Arabia
18 (Cars) / 16 (Motorcycles) / 17 (Temporary Permit for cars)
Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017.[46]

 Syria
18[47]

 United Arab Emirates
18[citation needed]

 Yemen
18[48]

text: South Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Afghanistan
18[49]

 Bangladesh
18[50]

 India
16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc,18 for geared bikes, cars and commercial vehicles[51]

   Nepal
18[citation needed]

 Pakistan
18[52]

 Sri Lanka
18[53]

text: East Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 China
18[54]

 Hong Kong
18[55]
Special Administrative Region of China

 Japan
18[56] For those that are 16 years old, a district court order for special exemption is required, a common practice for U.S. diplomatic families.

See also: Driving licence in Japan

 Macau
18[57]
Special Administrative Region of China

 South Korea
18 for motorbikes over 125cc, 16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under125cc, 19 for commercial license

See also: Driving license in South Korea

 Taiwan
18[58]

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Brunei
18[59]

 Burma
18[citation needed]

 Cambodia
18[60]

 Indonesia
17[61][62]

 Laos
18[63]

 Malaysia
16 (Motorcycles/B2, B), 17 (Light Vehicles/D), 21 (Commercial Vehicles/E)[64]

 Philippines
17 (Student Permit); 18 (non-professional & professional driver’s license)[65]

 Singapore
18[66]

 Thailand
18[67][better source needed]
15 for motorcycles[citation needed]

 Vietnam
18[68]

text: Europe[edit]

text: European driving licence area[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Austria
18 (cars) 15 (mopeds)[69]
(17 with special training)

 Belgium
18[70]

See also: Driving licence in Belgium

 Bulgaria
18[citation needed]

 Croatia
18[71]

 Cyprus
18

See also: Driving licence in Cyprus

 Czech Republic
18[citation needed]

 Denmark
17 (cars)[72] 15 (mopeds)
The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18.

 Estonia
16[73]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.[73] Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Finland
18 (cars)
15 (mopeds and micro cars)[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Finland

 France
15[74]
Driving age for cars is 15[74] with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Germany
17
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.[75]

 Gibraltar
17[76]

 Greece
18[citation needed]

 Hungary
17[citation needed]

 Iceland
16[77][78]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 17.

 Ireland
17[79][80][81]
16 for work vehicles, tractors etc and mopeds <45 km/h

 Italy
17[82]
17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1/B1 licence.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Latvia
18[citation needed]

 Liechtenstein
18[citation needed]

 Lithuania
18[citation needed]

 Luxembourg
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Malta
18[83]

 Netherlands
17 (cars)
16 (mopeds & tractors)[84]

See also: Driving licence in the Netherlands
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Driving lessons available at 16½.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Norway
18 (cars)
16 (mopeds and light motorcycles)

See also: Driving licence in Norway

 Poland
18[citation needed]

 Portugal
18 (cars)
16 (motorcycles)[citation needed]

 Romania
18[citation needed]

 Slovakia
17[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Slovenia
16 (cars and motorcycles)[citation needed]
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Spain
18[citation needed]

 Sweden
16 (cars)
15 (mopeds & tractors)

See also: Driving licence in Sweden
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.

  Switzerland
18[85]

 United Kingdom
17 (cars)
16 (mopeds and tractors) [86]

text: Rest of Europe[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 Albania
18[citation needed]

 Andorra
18[87]

 Armenia
18[88]

 Azerbaijan
18[89]

 Belarus
18[90]
16 - mopeds (AM), <125cc/11 kW motorcycles (A1);
17 - <80 kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C);
18 - all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and <1m3 excavators (F);
21 - buses for more than 8 passengers(D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses(I).[91]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
18[92]

 Georgia
17[93]

 Guernsey
17[94]

 Isle of Man
16[95]

 Jersey
17[96]

 Kosovo
17[97]

 Macedonia
18 (16 with parental supervision)[98]

 Moldova
18[99]

 Monaco
18[100]

 Montenegro
18[101]

 Northern Cyprus
18

See also: Driving licence in Northern Cyprus

 Russia
18 (16 for motorcycles)[102]

 San Marino
18[103]

 Serbia
18 (17 with adult supervision)[104]

 Turkey
18 (cars)
16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)[105]

 Ukraine
18[106][107]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
State
Minimum driving age
Notes

 American Samoa
16[108]

 Australia
15y9months

See also: Driving licence in Australia
Learner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision, from 15 years and 9 months in the Australian Capital Territory and 16 years in all other states and the Northern Territory.

 Fiji
17[109][110]

 Guam
16[111]

 Marshall Islands
18[112]

 New Zealand
16

See also: Driving licence in New Zealand
The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16. The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence, without any supervision or conditions, is 17½ years if a driver completes an advanced driving course.[113] Without an advanced driving course, the minimum age is 18, the same as a heavy vehicle licence.[114]

 Northern Mariana Islands
15y6months[115]

 Papua New Guinea
18[citation needed]

 Tonga
18[116]


document_title: Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)

question_text: when does who do you think you are come back on tv

root

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Network

First aired
Last aired

1
7
March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05)
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)
NBC

2
8
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)

3
12
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)

4
8
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
TLC

5
6
July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

6
8
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)

7
6
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
August 30, 2015 (2015 -08-30)

8
6
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

9
8[4]
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1
March 5, 2010
Sarah Jessica Parker
Cincinnati, Ohio; El Dorado County, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Danvers, Massachusetts

2
March 12, 2010
Emmitt Smith
Pensacola, Florida; Burnt Corn, Alabama; Claiborne, Alabama; Boydton, Virginia; Ouidah, Benin

3
March 19, 2010
Lisa Kudrow
Minsk, Belarus, Ilya, Belarus; Gdynia, Poland

4
March 26, 2010
Matthew Broderick
Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Forest of Argonne, France; Hartford, Connecticut; Atlanta, Georgia; Marietta National Cemetery, Cobb County, Georgia

5
April 2, 2010
Brooke Shields
Newark, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Rome, Italy; Augerolles, France; Paris, France

6
April 23, 2010
Susan Sarandon
Virginia; New York City, New York; Florence; Coreglia Antelminelli; Rockland County, New York

7
April 30, 2010
Spike Lee
Atlanta, Georgia; Twiggs County, Georgia; Arlington, Texas

text: Season 2 (2011)[edit]

text: NBC ordered a second season for the reality series on April 5, 2010.[5] The second season of the series began on February 4, 2011, and consisted of eight episodes. The first episode featured Vanessa Williams. Following episodes featured Tim McGraw, Rosie O'Donnell, Kim Cattrall, Lionel Richie, Steve Buscemi, Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd.[6][7] Cattrall's episode is an edited version of the original one that she made for the British series in 2009.

tag: p

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (8)
February 4, 2011
Vanessa L. Williams
Chappaqua, New York; Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York; Washington, D.C.; Johns Island, South Carolina; Baltimore, Maryland; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee

2 (9)
February 11, 2011
Tim McGraw
Kansas City, Missouri; Big Stone Gap, Virginia; Rye Cove, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Shenandoah Valley; Washington, D.C.; New York City, New York; Franklin, Tennessee

3 (10)
February 18, 2011
Rosie O'Donnell
Nyack, New York; Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York (Manhattan and Brooklyn); Secaucus, New Jersey; Montreal, Quebec; Dublin, Ireland; County Wicklow, Ireland; Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland; Birr, County Offaly, Ireland

4 (11)
February 25, 2011
Kim Cattrall
Liverpool, England; Derbyshire, England; Durham, County Durham, England; Tudhoe, County Durham, England; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

5 (12)
March 4, 2011
Lionel Richie
Los Angeles, California; Tuskegee, Alabama; Nashville, Tennessee; Chattanooga, Tennessee

6 (13)
March 25, 2011
Steve Buscemi
Brooklyn, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Camden, New Jersey

7 (14)
April 1, 2011
Gwyneth Paltrow
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Bridgetown, Barbados

8 (15)
April 8, 2011
Ashley Judd
Louisville, Kentucky; Frankfort, Kentucky; Saltville, Virginia; Boston, Massachusetts; York, England; Boston, Lincolnshire, England; Cambridge, England; Plymouth, Devon, England

text: Season 3 (2012)[edit]

text: The show was renewed for a third season by NBC on February 22, 2011, and aired during the 2011–2012 television season.[8] The 12 celebrities included in season 3 were Marisa Tomei, Rob Lowe, Paula Deen, Rashida Jones, Jerome Bettis, Reba McEntire, Helen Hunt, Edie Falco, Rita Wilson, Jason Sudeikis, Martin Sheen and Blair Underwood. The show returned on February 3, 2012.[9]

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (16)
February 3, 2012
Martin Sheen
Malibu, California; Dublin, Ireland; Madrid, Spain; Pamplona, Navarre, Spain; Tui, Galicia, Spain; La Coruña, Galicia, Spain; Parderrubias, Galicia, Spain

2 (17)
February 10, 2012
Marisa Tomei
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Livorno, Tuscany, Italy (Cecina, Rio nell'Elba, Portoferraio and Castiglioncello); Lucca, Tuscany, Italy;

3 (18)
February 24, 2012
Blair Underwood
Los Angeles, California; Petersburg, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Lynchburg, Virginia; Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon

4 (19)
March 2, 2012
Reba McEntire
Stringtown, Oklahoma; Aberdeen, Mississippi; Raleigh, North Carolina; Oxford, North Carolina; Tappahannock, Virginia; Cheshire, England

5 (20)
March 9, 2012
Jerome Bettis
Detroit, Michigan; Paducah, Kentucky; Calloway County, Kentucky

6 (21)
March 23, 2012
Helen Hunt
Los Angeles, California; Pasadena, California; San Francisco, California; Portland, Maine

7 (22)
March 30, 2012
Rita Wilson
Los Angeles, California; Oraio, Greece; Smolyan, Bulgaria; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Sofia, Bulgaria

8 (23)
April 6, 2012
Edie Falco
Long Island, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; England (Fulham; Penzance)

9 (24)
April 27, 2012
Rob Lowe
Santa Barbara, California; Washington, D.C.; Trenton, New Jersey; Newtown, Pennsylvania; Germany (Marburg; Hessisch Lichtenau)

10 (25)
May 4, 2012
Rashida Jones
Los Angeles, California; New York City, New York; Dublin, Ireland; Latvia (Riga; Aizpute; Rumbula)

11 (26)
May 11, 2012
Jason Sudeikis
New York City, New York; Overland Park, Kansas; Chicago, Illinois; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania;

12 (27)
May 18, 2012
Paula Deen
Savannah, Georgia; Albany, Georgia; Morrow, Georgia; Athens, Georgia; Atlanta, Georgia; Leesburg, Georgia;

text: Season 4 (2013)[edit]

text: After being cancelled by NBC, TLC picked up the series and the new season began on July 23, 2013. Celebrities taking part in the fourth season were Christina Applegate, Cindy Crawford, Zooey Deschanel, Chelsea Handler, Kelly Clarkson, Trisha Yearwood, Jim Parsons and Chris O'Donnell.[10]

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (28)
July 23, 2013
Kelly Clarkson[11]
Columbus, Ohio; Decatur, Georgia; Andersonville, Georgia; Marietta, Ohio; Coal Run, Ohio

2 (29)
July 30, 2013
Christina Applegate[11]
Trenton, New Jersey

3 (30)
August 6, 2013
Chelsea Handler[11]
Bochum, Germany; Herne, Germany; Berlin, Germany; Saint-Raphaël, France; Algona, Iowa

4 (31)
August 13, 2013
Zooey Deschanel[11][12]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Swarthmore, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Christiana, Pennsylvania[12][13]

5 (32)
August 20, 2013
Chris O'Donnell[14]
St. Louis, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Annapolis, Maryland; Baltimore, Maryland

6 (33)
August 27, 2013
Cindy Crawford
Boston, Massachusetts; Hartford, Connecticut; Taunton, England; London, England; Aachen, Germany

7 (34)
September 3, 2013
Trisha Yearwood
Nashville, Tennessee; Hampshire, England; Kew, England; Atlanta, Georgia

8 (35)
September 10, 2013
Jim Parsons
New Orleans, Louisiana; Paris, France; Versailles, France

text: Season 5 (2014)[edit]

text: TLC renewed the show on September 10, 2013. The season premiered on July 23, 2014 and featured Cynthia Nixon, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Rachel McAdams, Valerie Bertinelli, and Kelsey Grammer. Initially, an episode featuring Lauren Graham was planned but cancelled. Just like Kim Cattrall's episode, the network chose to air an edited version of an episode that Minnie Driver had made for the original BBC series in 2013.[15][16]

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (36)
July 23, 2014
Cynthia Nixon
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Washington, D.C; Jefferson City, Missouri; Leasburg, Missouri

2 (37)
July 30, 2014
Jesse Tyler Ferguson
Albuquerque, New Mexico; Annapolis, Maryland; Evanston, Illinois; Wrangell, Alaska

3 (38)
August 6, 2014
Rachel McAdams
Plymouth, Devon, England; Ottawa, Canada; St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada; Toronto, Canada

4 (39)
August 13, 2014
Valerie Bertinelli
Scranton, Pennsylvania; Lanzo, Torino, Italy; London, United Kingdom

5 (40)
August 20, 2014
Kelsey Grammer
Beverly Hills, California; San Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Portland, Oregon; Baker City, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Benton County, Oregon

6 (41)
August 27, 2014
Minnie Driver
United Kingdom

text: Season 6 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 6 premiered on March 8, 2015.

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (42)
March 8, 2015
Julie Chen
Los Angeles, California; Singapore; Penglai, Shandong, China

2 (43)
March 15, 2015
Josh Groban
Los Angeles, California; Stuttgart, Germany

3 (44)
March 22, 2015
Angie Harmon
Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Harrodsburg, Kentucky

4 (45)
March 29, 2015
Sean Hayes
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Dublin, Ireland; Tarbert, Ireland

5 (46)
April 5, 2015
Tony Goldwyn
Los Angeles, California; Albany, New York; Nunda, New York; Portland, Oregon; The Dalles, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Hood River, Oregon

6 (47)
April 12, 2015
America Ferrera
New York City, New York; La Esperanza, Intibucá, Honduras; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; San Jerónimo, Copán, Honduras

7 (48)
April 19, 2015
Bill Paxton
Los Angeles, California; Washington, D.C.; Blacksburg, South Carolina; Richmond, Virginia; Warren County, Missouri

8 (49)
April 26, 2015
Melissa Etheridge
Los Angeles, California; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Chester, Illinois; Kaskaskia, Illinois; Ste. Genevieve, Missouri

text: Season 7 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 7 premiered on July 26, 2015. This season featured Ginnifer Goodwin, J. K. Rowling, Alfre Woodard, Bryan Cranston, and Tom Bergeron.[17] Rowling's episode was an edited version of her appearance on the original BBC series in 2011.

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (50)
July 26, 2015
Ginnifer Goodwin
Los Angeles, California; Batesville, Arkansas; Little Rock, Arkansas; Shreveport, Louisiana

2 (51)
August 2, 2015
J. K. Rowling
Edinburgh, Scotland; Paris, France; Brumath, Alsace, France

3 (52)
August 9, 2015
Alfre Woodard
Los Angeles, California; Perry, Georgia; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson Parish, Louisiana

4 (53)
August 16, 2015
Into the Archives
Some of the biggest emotional and shocking highlights from past seasons.

5 (54)
August 23, 2015
Bryan Cranston
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Springfield, Illinois; Montreal, Quebec; Dayton, Ohio

6 (55)
August 30, 2015
Tom Bergeron
Portsmouth, New Hampshire; La Rochelle, France; Quebec City, Quebec

text: Season 8 (2016)[edit]

text: Season 8 premiered on April 3, 2016. The list of celebrity participants included Aisha Tyler, Scott Foley, Lea Michele, Chris Noth, Katey Sagal, and Molly Ringwald.[18]

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (56)
April 3, 2016
Aisha Tyler
Oberlin, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio; Austin, Texas

2 (57)
April 10, 2016
Scott Foley
Washington, D.C.; Boston, Massachusetts; Salem, Massachusetts

3 (58)
April 17, 2016
Katey Sagal
New York, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

4 (59)
April 24, 2016
Molly Ringwald
Brooklyn, New York; Lund, Sweden; Höganäs, Sweden; Washington County, Nebraska; Arlington, Nebraska

5 (60)
May 1, 2016
Chris Noth
Chicago, Illinois; London, England; Elvas, Portugal; County Cavan, Ireland

6 (61)
May 1, 2016
Lea Michele
Bronx, New York; Ellis Island

text: Season 9 (2017)[edit]

text: On June 9, 2016, the series was renewed for a ninth season to consist of 8 episodes which premiered on March 5, 2017.[4] The list of celebrities that participated includes Jessica Biel, Julie Bowen, Courteney Cox, Jennifer Grey, Smokey Robinson, John Stamos, Liv Tyler and Noah Wyle.

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Featured celebrity
Locations visited

1 (62)
March 5, 2017
Courteney Cox
Los Angeles, California; Gloucestershire, England; London, England

2 (63)
March 12, 2017
Julie Bowen
Chicago, Illinois; Washington, Pennsylvania

3 (64)
March 19, 2017
Jennifer Grey
Brooklyn, New York

4 (65)
March 26, 2017
Noah Wyle
Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi)

5 (66)
April 2, 2017
Jessica Biel
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; St Louis, Missouri; Miller County, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Alton, Illinois

6 (67)
April 9, 2017
Smokey Robinson
Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; Washington, D.C.; Fayette County, Tennessee

7 (68)
April 16, 2017
John Stamos
Athens, Greece; Levidi, Greece; Nafplio, Greece; Kakouri, Greece

8 (69)
April 24, 2017
Liv Tyler
Plattsburg, New York; Washington D.C.; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Schuylerville, New York

text: Season 10 (2018)[edit]

text: The series has been renewed for its tenth season, airing in spring 2018.[19]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)

1
"Sarah Jessica Parker"
4.6[20]
8
1.6/6[21]
6.85
2
5

2
"Emmitt Smith"
4.5[22]
8
1.8/6[23]
7.15
2
4

3
"Lisa Kudrow"
4.7
9
1.7/7
7.14
2
3

4
"Matthew Broderick"
4.1
8
1.5/5
6.21
3
9

5
"Brooke Shields"
4.0
8
1.4/6
5.90
1
5

6
"Susan Sarandon"
4.2
8[24]
1.3/5
6.35
1
2[25]

7
"Spike Lee"
3.5
7[26]
1.2/5
5.21
2
7[27]

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)
Note

1
"Vanessa Williams"
4.5
8
1.3/4
7.31
3
6
[28]

2
"Tim McGraw"
4.2
7
1.4/5
6.59
2
4
[29]

3
"Rosie O'Donnell"
3.8
7
1.3/5
5.88
3
8
[30]

4
"Kim Cattrall"
4.1
7
1.2/4
6.18
3
9
[31]

5
"Lionel Richie"
3.9
7
1.2/4
6.11
2
5
[32]

6
"Steve Buscemi"
4.2
8
1.3/5
6.55
1
4
[33]

7
"Gwyneth Paltrow"
4.1
7
1.3/5
6.01
2
4
[34]

8
"Ashley Judd"
3.7
7
1.3/4
5.76
1
4
[35][36]

text: Season 7: 2015[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Ginnifer Goodwin"
0.34[37]
1.428[37]

2
"J.K. Rowling"
0.32[38]
1.527[38]

3
"Alfre Woodard"

4
"Into the Archives"

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Complete season
Release dates
DVD extras
and bonus features
Number
of discs

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season 1
March 15, 2011[39]
February 1, 2011[40]
August 12, 2010[41]
None
2

Season 2
May 1, 2012[42]
February 20, 2012[43]
TBA
TBA
2

text: International distribution[edit]

text:
In Australia, season 1 began airing on the Nine Network on April 28, 2010.[44] Season 2 and reruns of season 1 will now air on sister channel, GEM. For a reason unexplained by Nine, the episodes featuring Spike Lee and Emmitt Smith were not aired in the initial Australian screenings.
In the Republic of Ireland, the first season of the US version began airing on RTÉ One on Thursday, May 27, 2010, at 22:25.[45] The second series premiered on RTÉ One on Monday, July 4, 2011, at 22:40.[46]
In the United Kingdom, the first season of the US version began airing on BBC One on Sunday, June 13, 2010, at 21:15, the show received the same voice-over as the UK original series.[47] The second series, premiered on Wednesday, November 16, 2011, at 22:45. The first episode shown was that following Steve Buscemi. The fourth series premiered on BBC1 at midnight on Tuesday, January 14, 2014. The order of celebrity is changed in the opening credits to Applegate, Clarkson, O'Donnell, Deschanel, Crawford and Parsons. Handler and Yearwood are not featured as they have little profile in the UK.
In Sweden, the first season of the US version began airing with Swedish subtitles on SVT on Tuesday, September 14, 2010, at 13:20.
In Greece, the first season of the US version began airing with Greek subtitles on Fox Life on Thursday, October 14, 2010, at 21:55.
In Finland, the first season of the US version began airing with Finnish subtitles on MTV3 on Thursday December 30, 2010, at 20:00, called Sukujuuria etsimässä, "Looking for family roots".
In Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Former Yugoslav republics, the US version airs on Universal Channel, the British version airs on Viasat History.
In The Netherlands, the US versions of season 1 & 2 aired on August 8, 2013.
In Italy, the show began airing on Studio Universal on February 4, 2013. Reruns of season 2 and season 1 began airing on LaEFFE since May, 2013.
In Germany, it began airing on RTL Living on November 25, 2011. The network also aired the British version of the series on January 6, 2012.

tag: ul

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Presenter
Award
Result

2012
64th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Reality Program
Nominated

2014
66th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Structured Reality Program
Nominated

2017
69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Structured Reality Program
Nominated


document_title: 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship

question_text: who won the national championship in college football last year

text: Background[edit]

text: Competing bids were placed to host the championship game by Tampa, Jacksonville, Minneapolis, San Antonio, San Francisco, and South Florida. Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, was announced as the host site for the third College Football Playoff (CFP) National Championship game on December 17, 2013. It became the first CFP championship game to not be held at the site of one of the "New Year's Six" bowls.[4] This championship game is part of the third annual CFP, constituted by four teams playing to decide the national champion of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The four teams were originally selected by a 13 member-committee.[5]

text: Teams[edit]

text: The championship game was a rematch of the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship, where Alabama defeated Clemson, 45–40.[6][7] Overall, the championship game marked the 17th meeting between the two schools; however, prior to the previous championship game, the programs had only met once in the regular season since 1975.[8]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: Alabama was led by head coach Nick Saban. The Crimson Tide were undefeated in the regular season and played the Washington Huskies in the 2016 Peach Bowl, winning 24–7.

text: Alabama's defense was ranked first in the nation in points allowed (11.8) and yards per game (248). The defense was led by defensive back Minkah Fitzpatrick, who had six interceptions and 62 total tackles.[9]

text: Jalen Hurts attempted to become the first true freshman quarterback since 1985 and only the second ever to win the National Championship.[10]

text: Alabama had four AP First-Team All-Americans on its roster and entered the game as a 6.5-point favorite over Clemson.[11]

text: Clemson[edit]

text: Clemson was led by head coach Dabo Swinney. The Tigers entered the game with a 13-1 record, with their only loss being to Pittsburgh. Clemson played the Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2016 Fiesta Bowl and won, 31–0.

text: On offense, the Tigers were led by quarterback Deshaun Watson, who threw for 4,173 yards, 38 touchdowns and 17 interceptions on the season. Watson was also Clemson's second-leading rusher, rushing for 586 yards and 8 touchdowns.[9]

text: Clemson had two Associated Press Second-Team All-Americans and three AP Third-Team All-Americans.[12] Clemson's cornerback Cordrea Tankersley and defensive end Christian Wilkins were First-team All-Americans with USA Today and the Football Writers Association (FWAA), respectively.[13]

text: 2017 College Football Playoff[edit]

text:
Semifinals

2017 Championship Game

December 31 – Fiesta Bowl

  2
  Clemson
31

  3
  Ohio State
0

January 9 – National Championship

  2
  Clemson
35

  1
  Alabama
31

December 31 – Peach Bowl

  1
  Alabama
24

  4
  Washington
7

text:
view
talk
edit

text: Game summary[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

#2 Clemson
0
7
7
21
35

#1 Alabama
7
7
10
7
31

text: Alabama opened the game with a three-and-out, and Clemson failed to capitalize, turning the ball over on downs after failing to convert a 4th & 1. On Alabama's ensuing drive, Bo Scarbrough opened the game's scoring with a 25-yard rushing touchdown. The first quarter ended with Alabama leading Clemson, 7–0.[14] Scarbrough scored again in the second quarter, on a 37-yard rush to increase Alabama's lead to 14–0.[14] Clemson quarterback Deshaun Watson scored the Tigers' first touchdown of the game on an eight–yard run with six minutes left in the second quarter. The game went to halftime with Alabama leading, 14–7.

text: The Tigers turned the ball over on their first drive in the second half; their fumble was recovered by Ryan Anderson and returned to Clemson's 16 yard line – the Tide increased their lead to 10 after converting a 27-yard field goal. Clemson cut the lead to three with seven minutes left in the third quarter after Watson found Hunter Renfrow over the middle for a 24-yard touchdown pass.[15] After an injury to Scarbrough, the Tide came out and scored on a 68-yard pass from Jalen Hurts to O. J. Howard on the next play; this put Alabama back up by ten points with 1:53 left in the third quarter, which ended with Alabama leading Clemson, 24–14. Clemson scored just three plays into the final quarter as Watson threw a touchdown pass to Mike Williams; this cut the lead down to 24–21.[16] With 4:38 to go in the game, Clemson took their first lead in the game after Wayne Gallman scored on a one-yard touchdown rush; Alabama got the ball back on their own 32 yard line with 4:38 remaining in the game.[17] The drive came to a 3rd & 16, on which Jalen Hurts found ArDarius Stewart for a 15-yard pass to set up a 4th & 1, which the Tide converted via a Damien Harris 5-yard rush. Hurts found the end zone on a 30-yard rush just a few plays later to give Alabama the lead back, 31–28.[18]

text: Clemson took possession of the ball with 2:01 on the clock and the ball on their own 36 yard line. After another long catch by Mike Williams, the drive came to a 3rd & 3 on the Alabama 32 yard line, which was converted on a pass to Renfrow to the Alabama 26 yard line with 0:19 left. The next play saw Watson find Jordan Leggett on a pass down to the Tide 9 yard line with 0:14 left. Watson threw to the end zone on 1st & goal; the pass was overthrown and the clock stopped with 0:09. On 2nd & goal, Watson targeted Mike Williams, who was tripped in the end zone. The resulting pass interference call gave the Tigers 1st & goal with the ball placed on the 2-yard line with 0:06 left. On the next play, Watson threw a touchdown pass to Renfrow with 0:01 left; putting Clemson back in the lead, 35–31.[19] After Clemson recovered an onside kick attempting to run out the clock, the game ended with a kneel-down and Clemson won the National Championship Game.[20]

text: Watson, who went 36-for-56 (7001640000000000000♠64%) on pass attempts for 420 yards with three passing touchdowns, and ran for 43 yards and one rushing touchdown, was named the game's Offensive Most Valuable Player. Ben Boulware, who recorded six tackles, including one for loss of yards, was named the Defensive Most Valuable Player.[21]

text: Scoring summary[edit]

text:
[hide]Scoring summary

Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score

Plays
Yards
TOP
Clemson
Alabama

1
9:23
3
59
0:58
Alabama
Bo Scarbrough 25-yard touchdown run, Adam Griffith kick good
0
7

2
10:42
5
74
1:24
Alabama
Bo Scarbrough 37-yard touchdown run, Adam Griffith kick good
0
14

2
6:09
7
87
1:33
Clemson
Deshaun Watson 8-yard touchdown run, Greg Huegel kick good
7
14

3
12:25
4
7
1:29
Alabama
27-yard field goal by Adam Griffith
7
17

3
7:10
4
42
1:03
Clemson
Hunter Renfrow 24-yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson, Greg Huegel kick good
14
17

3
1:53
4
79
1:01
Alabama
O. J. Howard 68-yard touchdown reception from Jalen Hurts, Adam Griffith kick good
14
24

4
14:00
9
72
2:47
Clemson
Mike Williams 4-yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson, Greg Huegel kick good
21
24

4
4:38
6
88
1:55
Clemson
Wayne Gallman 1-yard touchdown run, Greg Huegel kick good
28
24

4
2:07
6
68
2:31
Alabama
Jalen Hurts 30-yard touchdown run, Adam Griffith kick good
28
31

4
0:01
9
68
2:00
Clemson
Hunter Renfrow 2-yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson, Greg Huegel kick good
35
31

"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
35
31

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Statistics
Clemson
Alabama

First Downs
31
16

Plays-yards
99–511
66–376

Third down efficiency
7–18
2–15

Rushes-yards
42–91
34–221

Passing yards
420
155

Passing, Comp-Att-Int
36–57–0
14–32–0

Time of Possession
34:44
25:16

Source: [1]

text:
Team
Category
Player
Statistics

Clemson

Passing
Deshaun Watson
36/56, 420 yds, 3 TD

Rushing
Wayne Gallman
18 car, 46 yds, 1 TD

Receiving
Hunter Renfrow
10 rec, 92 yds, 2 TD

Alabama

Passing
Jalen Hurts
13/31, 131 yds, 1 TD

Rushing
Bo Scarbrough
16 car, 93 yds, 2 TD

Receiving
O. J. Howard
4 rec, 106 yds, 1 TD

Source: [2]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN, ESPN Deportes (Spanish), and ESPN Radio. As in past years, ESPN provided Megacast coverage of the game, which supplemented coverage with analysis and additional perspectives of the game on different ESPN channels and platforms.[24] A 30-second commercial cost up to $1 million to air.[12]

text: The game had a total of 26.03 million viewers,[25] and earned a 15.3 overnight Nielsen rating, a 4% increase from the 2016 championship game. ESPN reported that the game set records in online streaming with a 710,000 average audience, 2.41 million unique viewers, and 182.5 million overall minutes watched. However, according to USA Today "the combined overnight rating fell well short of the record for a College Football Playoff title." This became the third-highest watched game by streaming on ESPN, after two games from the FIFA World Cup.[26]


document_title: List of richest Americans in history

question_text: who was the richest man in the world in 1970

text: List of richest Americans in history

text: Fortune's Wealthiest Americans (1957)[edit]

text: In 1957, Fortune magazine developed a list of the seventy-six wealthiest Americans, which was republished in many American newspapers.

text: Getty, when asked his reaction and whether he was really worth a billion dollars, said "You know, if you can count your money, you don't have a billion dollars" and then famously added, "But remember, a billion dollars isn't worth what it used to be."[2]

text: The person with the greatest impact on the list was arguably Andrew W. Mellon, who had been dead for 20 years: the second category, covering the second to eighth richest individuals, included his son, daughter, niece and nephew. The list also included seven members of the Rockefeller family, five members of the Ford family, four members of the Du Pont family (and a non-family DuPont executive), and four General Motors executives.

text: Five separate categories divided the list based on the amount of the fortune. Fortunes smaller than $75,000,000 were not considered worthy of inclusion in the list. For comparison, equivalent amounts in 2005 US dollars are given below each subheading; the presumed source of the wealth is enclosed in parentheses.

text: $700,000,000 to $1,000,000,000

text: (worth $6,099,289,100 to $8,713,270,142 today)

text: Jean Paul Getty, Oil; business headquarters is in Los Angeles, California.

text: $400,000,000 to $700,000,000

text: (worth $3,485,308,057 to $6,099,289,100 today)

text:
Mrs Mellon Bruce, the former Ailsa Mellon, New York, New York. Inherited wealth: Mellon Bank, Gulf Oil Company, Alcoa.
Arthur Vining Davis, Miami, Florida; Alcoa, Florida real estate.,
H. L. Hunt, Dallas, Texas; independent oil operator.
Paul Mellon, Upperville, Virginia; inherited wealth.
Richard King Mellon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; inherited wealth: Alcoa, Gulf Oil, Mellon Bank, etc.
John D. Rockefeller Jr., New York inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust.
Mrs. Alan M. Scaife, the former Sarah Mellon, Pittsburgh. Inherited wealth.

text: $200,000,000 to $400,000,000

text: (worth $1,742,654,028 to $3,485,308,057 today)

text:
Irénée du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware and Cuba; inherited wealth: E. I du Pont de Nemours & Co.
William du Pont, Jr., Wilmington; inherited wealth: E. I du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Mrs. Frederick Guest, the former Amy Phipps, Palm Beach, Florida. Inherited wealth.
Howard Hughes, Los Angeles; inherited wealth: Hughes Tool Company.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Boston, Massachusetts-New York; real estate.
Daniel K. Ludwig, New York; National Bulk Carriers.
Sid Richardson, Fort Worth, Texas; independent Oil operator.
Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., New York; General Motors Corporation.

text: $100,000,000 to $200,000,000

text: (worth $871,327,014 to $1,742,654,028 today)

text:
James Abercrombie, Houston, Texas; independent oil operator.
Vincent Astor, New York; inherited wealth: real estate.
Stephen Bechtel, San Francisco; construction, Bechtel Corporation.
William Blakley, Dallas; Braniff Airways, real estate.
Jacob Blaustein, Baltimore, Maryland; American Oil Company.
Lammot du Pont Copeland, Wilmington; E. I du Pont de Nemours & Co..
Clarence Dillon, New York; Dillon, Read & Co.
Doris Duke, New York. New Jersey. Inherited wealth: tobacco
Mrs. Alfred I. du Pont, Jacksonville, Florida-Wilmington; inherited wealth: St. Joe Paper Company, E. I du Pont de Nemours & Co..
Mrs. Edsel Ford, Detroit, Michigan. Inherited wealth: Ford Motor Company
Amory Houghton, Ambassador to France; inherited wealth: Corning Glass.
Arthur A. Houghton Jr., New York; Corning Glass.
Roy Arthur Hunt, Pittsburgh; Alcoa.
William Keck, Los Angeles; Superior Oil.
Charles F. Kettering, Dayton, Ohio; General Motors Corporation.
Mrs. Jean Mauzé, the former Abby Rockefeller, New York. Inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust
Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, the former Marion Deering, Chicago, Illinois. Inherited wealth
William L. McKnight, St. Paul, Minnesota; Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
John Mecom, Houston; independent oil operator.
Clint Murchison, Dallas; independent oil operator.
Mrs. Charles Payson, the former Joan Whitney, New York. Inherited wealth.
John L. Pratt, Fredericksburg, Virginia; General Motors Corporation.
David Rockefeller, New I York; Chase Manhattan Bank and inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust.
John D, Rockefeller 3d, New York. inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust.
Laurance Rockefeller, New York; venture capital: Eastern Air Lines, Reaction Motors, International Nickel and inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust.
Nelson Rockefeller, New York; Rockefeller Center,-, Inc., International Basic Economy Corporation and inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust.
Winthrop Rockefeller, Arkansas; ranching, Ibec Housing and inherited wealth: Standard Oil Trust.
R. E. Smith, Houston; independent oil operator.
John Hay Whitney, New York, Ambassador to Britain; venture capital and inherited wealth.

text: $75,000,000 to 100,000,000

text: (worth $653,495,261 to $871,327,014 today)

text:
Michael Late Benedum, Pittsburgh-West Virginia; Benedum-Trees Oil Company, Hiawatha Oil and Gas, etc.
Donaldson Brown, Port Deposit, Maryland., E. I du Pont de Nemours & Co..
George R. Brown, Houston; Brown & Root, Inc.
Herman Brown, Houston; Brown & Root, Inc.
John Nicholas Brown I, Newport, Rhode Island; inherited wealth: real estate..
Godfrey L. Cabot, Boston; Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc., etc.
James A. Chapman, Tulsa, Oklahoma; inherited oil wealth.
Leo Corrigan, Dallas; real estate.
Mrs. Horace Dodge, Jr.,, Palm Beach-Detroit. Inherited wealth: automobiles.
John T. Dorrance, Jr., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; inherited wealth: Campbell Soup Company.
Benson Ford, Detroit; inherited wealth: Ford Motor Company.
Henry Ford 2d, Detroit; inherited wealth: Ford Motor Company.
William C. Ford, Detroit, inherited wealth: Ford Motor Company.
Erle P. Halliburton, Duncan, Oklahoma; Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company (died in Los Angeles Oct. 13, 1957).
Averell Harriman, Albany¬New York; Governor of New York. Inherited wealth: Investment banking.
Henry J. Kaiser, Oakland, California; Kaiser Industries, etc.
John W., Kieckhefer, Milwaukee, Wisconsin – Prescott, Arizona; Kieckhefer Container, Eddy Paper (absorbed by Weyerhaeuser).
Robert Kleberg Jr., King Ranch, Texas.; inherited wealth: cattle, oil, land.
John E. Mabee, Tulsa; independent oil operator.
John D. MacArthur, Chicago; Bankers Life and Casualty Company.
A. H. Meadows; Dallas; General American Oil.
Charles S. Mott, Flint, Michigan; General Motors Corporation.
John M. Olin, Alton, Illinois; inherited wealth: Olin Mathieson Chemical.
Spencer T. Olin, Alton, Ill.; inherited wealth: Olin Mathieson Chemical.
J. Howard Pew, Philadelphia; inherited wealth: Sun Oil Company.
Joseph Pew, Philadelphia; inherited wealth: Sun Oil.
Mrs. M. Merriweather Post, Washington, DC; inherited wealth: General Foods.
James Sottile Jr., Miami; Pan American Bank.
George W. Strake, Houston; inherited wealth: independent oil operator.
Louis Wolfson, Miami Beach, Florida; Merritt-Chapman & Scott, New York Shipbuilding, etc.
Robert Woodruff, Atlanta, Georgia; The Coca-Cola Company.

text: Klepper & Gunther (1996)[edit]

text: In the 1996 book The Wealthy 100, authors Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther placed John D. Rockefeller atop the list of the richest Americans in history, followed by Cornelius Vanderbilt and John Jacob Astor.[3] Bill Gates was the top living person, coming in fifth.

text: American Heritage (1998)[edit]

text: American Heritage magazine published the following list of 40 richest Americans ever in 1998.[4]

text:
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John Jacob Astor
Bill Gates
Stephen Girard
Alexander Turney Stewart
Frederick Weyerhaeuser
Jay Gould
Marshall Field
Sam Walton
Henry Ford
Warren Buffett
Andrew W. Mellon
Richard B. Mellon
James Graham Fair
William Weightman
Moses Taylor
Russell Sage
John Insley Blair
Cyrus H. K. Curtis
Paul Allen
J. P. Morgan
E. H. Harriman
Henry Huddleston Rogers
Oliver Hazard Payne
Henry Clay Frick
Collis Potter Huntington
Peter Arrell Browne Widener
Nicholas Longworth
Philip Danforth Armour
James Clair Flood
Mark Hopkins Jr.
Edward Cabot Clark
Leland Stanford
Hetty Green
James J. Hill
William Rockefeller
Elias Hasket Derby
Claus Spreckels

tag: ol

text: Bernstein & Swan (2008)[edit]

text: Bernstein and Swan in All the Money in the World (2008) mention the 15 richest Americans of all time.[5]

text:
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John Jacob Astor
Stephen Girard
Richard B. Mellon
A. T. Stewart
Frederick Weyerhäuser
Marshall Field
Sam Walton
Jay Gould
Henry Ford
Bill Gates
Andrew W. Mellon
Warren Buffett

text: Business Insider (2011)[edit]

text: Business Insider agreed on Rockefeller in first, but placed Andrew Carnegie second, followed by Vanderbilt, and Gates.[6]

text:
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Bill Gates
John Jacob Astor
Stephen Girard
A. T. Stewart
Frederick Weyerhäuser
Jay Gould
Stephen Van Rensselaer
Marshall Field
Sam Walton
Warren Buffett

text: CNN Money (2014)[edit]

text: The following is a list compiled by CNN Money in 2014.[7]

text:
John D. Rockefeller
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John Jacob Astor
Stephen Girard
Richard Mellon
Andrew Carnegie
Stephen Van Rensselaer
A. T. Stewart
Frederick Weyerhäuser
Jay Gould
Marshall Field
Bill Gates
Henry Ford
Warren Buffett
J. P. Morgan
Sam Walton
Moses Taylor
Russell Sage
James G. Fair
William Weightman

text: By half decade[edit]

text: This list names the richest American by half decade starting in 1770.[8]

text:
Year
Name
Picture

1770
Peter Manigault[9]

1775
Robert Morris[10]

1780
William Bingham[11]

1785
Benjamin Franklin[12]

1790
John Hancock[13]

1795
Elias Hasket Derby[14]

1800
Thomas Willing[15]

1805
Stephen Girard[16]

1810

1815

1820

1825

1830

1835
Stephen Van Rensselaer[17]

1840
John Jacob Astor

1845

1850
Cornelius Vanderbilt[18][19]

1855

1860

1865

1870

1875

1880
William Henry Vanderbilt

1885

1890
John D. Rockefeller[20][21]

1895

1900
Andrew Carnegie

1905

1910
John D. Rockefeller

1915

1920
Henry Ford

1925

1930
Andrew Mellon

1935

1940
Henry Ford[22]

1945

1950
H. L. Hunt[23]

1955
J. Paul Getty

1960
Howard Hughes

1965

1970

1975

1980
Daniel Ludwig

1985
Sam Walton

1990
John Kluge[24]

1995
Bill Gates[25]

2000

2005

2010

2015


document_title: Entamoeba histolytica

question_text: where does excystation of mature entamoeba histolytica cysts occur

text: Entamoeba histolytica

text: Transmission[edit]

text: The active (trophozoite) stage exists only in the host and in fresh loose feces; cysts survive outside the host in water, in soils, and on foods, especially under moist conditions on the latter. The infection can occur when a person puts anything into their mouth that has touched the feces of a person who is infected with E. histolytica,swallows something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica, or swallows E. histolytica cysts (eggs) picked up from contaminated surfaces or fingers.[3] The cysts are readily killed by heat and by freezing temperatures, and survive for only a few months outside of the host.[4] When cysts are swallowed they cause infections by excysting (releasing the trophozoite stage) in the digestive tract. The pathogenic nature of E. histolytica was first reported by Lösch in 1875, but it was not given its Latin name until Fritz Schaudinn described it in 1903. E. histolytica, as its name suggests (histo–lytic = tissue destroying), is pathogenic; infection can be asymptomatic or can lead to amoebic dysentery or amoebic liver abscess.[1][5] Symptoms can include fulminating dysentery, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, and amoeboma. The amoeba can actually 'bore' into the intestinal wall, causing lesions and intestinal symptoms, and it may reach the blood stream. From there, it can reach different vital organs of the human body, usually the liver, but sometimes the lungs, brain, spleen, etc. A common outcome of this invasion of tissues is a liver abscess, which can be fatal if untreated. Ingested red blood cells are sometimes seen in the amoeba cell cytoplasm.

text: High-risk individuals[edit]

text: It is more common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions, male homosexuals, travelers and recent immigrants, and institutionalized populations.[6]

text: Genome[edit]

text: The E. histolytica genome was sequenced, assembled, and automatically annotated in 2005.[7] The genome was reassembled and reannotated in 2010.[8] The 20 million basepair genome assembly contains 8,160 predicted genes; known and novel transposable elements have been mapped and characterized, functional assignments have been revised and updated, and additional information has been incorporated, including metabolic pathways, Gene Ontology assignments, curation of transporters, and generation of gene families.[9] The major group of transposable elements in E. histolytica are non-LTR retrotransposons. These have been divided in three families called EhLINEs and EhSINEs (EhLINE1,2,3 and EhSINE1,2,3).[10] EhLINE1 encode an endonuclease (EN) protein (in addition to reverse transcriptase and nucleotide-binding ORF1), which have similarity with bacterial restriction endonuclease. This similarity with bacterial protein indicates that transposable elements have been acquired from prokaryotes by horizontal gene transfer in this protozoan parasite.[11]

text: Pathology[edit]

text: In the vast majority of cases, infection is asymptomatic and the carrier is unaware they are infected. However, in an estimated 10% of cases E. histolytica causes disease. Once the trophozoites are excysted they colonize the large bowel, remaining on the surface of the mucus layer and feeding on bacteria and food particles. Occasionally, and in response to unknown stimuli, trophozoites move through the mucus layer where they come in contact with the epithelial cell layer and start the pathological process. E. histolytica has a lectin that binds to galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine sugars on the surface of the epithelial cells, The lectin normally is used to bind bacteria for ingestion. The parasite has several enzymes such as pore forming proteins, lipases, and cysteine proteases, which are normally used to digest bacteria in food vacuoles but which can cause lysis of the epithelial cells by inducing cellular necrosis and apoptosis when the trophozoite comes in contact with them and binds via the lectin. Enzymes released allow penetration into intestinal wall and blood vessels, sometimes on to liver and other organs.[12] The trophozoites will then ingest these dead cells. This damage to the epithelial cell layer attracts human immune cells and these in turn can be lysed by the trophozoite, which releases the immune cell's own lytic enzymes into the surrounding tissue, creating a type of chain reaction and leading to tissue destruction. This destruction manifests itself in the form of an 'ulcer' in the tissue, typically described as flask-shaped because of its appearance in transverse section. This tissue destruction can also involve blood vessels leading to bloody diarrhea, amebic dysentery. Occasionally, trophozoites enter the bloodstream where they are transported typically to the liver via the portal system. In the liver a similar pathological sequence ensues, leading to amebic liver abscesses. The trophozoites can also end up in other organs, sometimes via the bloodstream, sometimes via liver abscess rupture or fistulas. In all locations, similar pathology can occur.

text: Pathogen interaction[edit]

text: E. histolytica may modulate the virulence of certain human viruses and is itself a host for its own viruses.

text: For example, AIDS accentuates the damage and pathogenicity of E. histolytica.[13] On the other hand, cells infected with HIV are often consumed by E. histolytica. Infective HIV remains viable within the amoeba, although fortunately there has been no proof of human reinfection from amoeba carrying this virus.[14]

text: A burst of research on viruses of E. histolytica stems from a series of papers published by Diamond et al. from 1972 to 1979. In 1972, they hypothesized two separate polyhedral and filamentous viral strains within E. histolytica that caused cell lysis. Perhaps the most novel observation was that two kinds of viral strains existed, and that within one type of amoeba (strain HB-301) the polyhedral strain had no detrimental effect but led to cell lysis in another (strain HK-9). Although Mattern et al. attempted to explore the possibility that these protozoal viruses could function like bacteriophages, they found no significant changes in Entamoeba histolytica virulence when infected by viruses. However, no newer published research has been conducted on this species since.[15]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: Diagnosis is confirmed by microscopic examination for trophozoites or cysts in fresh or suitably preserved faecal specimens, smears of aspirates or scrapings obtained by proctoscopy, and aspirates of abscesses or other tissue specimen. A blood test is also available but is only recommended when your healthcare provider thinks that your infection may have spread beyond the intestine (gut) to some other organ of your body, such as the liver. However, this blood test may not be helpful in diagnosing your current illness because the test can be positive if you had amebiasis in the past, even if you are not infected now.[16]

text:
Amoebic intestinal ulcer caused by E. histolytica

Trophozoites of E. histolytica with ingested erythrocytes

E. histolytica cyst

Immature E. histolytica cyst (mature cysts have 4 nuclei)

Multiplication by binary fission

E. hystolytica drawing

text: Treatment[edit]

text: There are a number of effective medications. Generally several antibiotics are available to treat entamoeba histolytica. The infected individual will be treated with only one antibiotic if the E. histolytica infection has not made the person sick and most likely be prescribed with two antibiotics if the person has been feeling sick.[17] Otherwise, below are other options for treatments.

text: Intestinal infection: Usually nitroimidazole derivatives are used because they are highly effective against the trophozoite form of the amoeba. Since they have little effect on amoeba cysts, usually this treatment is followed by an agent (such as paromomycin or diloxanide furoate) that acts on the organism in the lumen.

text: Liver abscess: In addition to targeting organisms in solid tissue, primarily with drugs like metronidazole and chloroquine, treatment of liver abscess must include agents that act in the lumen of the intestine (as in the preceding paragraph) to avoid re-invasion. Surgical drainage is usually not necessary except when rupture is imminent.[18]

text: People without symptoms: For people without symptoms (otherwise known as carriers, with no symptoms), non endemic areas should be treated by paromomycin, and other treatments include diloxanide furoate and iodoquinol.[citation needed] There have been problems with the use of iodoquinol and iodochlorhydroxyquin, so their use is not recommended. Diloxanide furoate can also be used by mildly symptomatic persons who are just passing cysts.

text:
Genus and species
Entamoeba histolytica

Etiologic agent of:
Amoebiasis; amoebic dysentery; extraintestinal amoebiasis, usually amoebic liver abscess; "anchovy sauce"); amoeba cutis; amoebic lung abscess ("liver-colored sputum")

Infective stage
Tetranucleated cyst (having 4 nuclei)

Definitive host
Human

Portal of entry
Mouth

Mode of transmission
Ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water

Habitat
Colon and cecum

Pathogenic stage
Trophozoite

Locomotive apparatus
Pseudopodia ("false foot”")

Motility
Active, progressive and directional

Nucleus
'Ring and dot' appearance: peripheral chromatin and central karyosome

Mode of reproduction
Binary fission

Pathogenesis
Lytic necrosis (it looks like “flask-shaped” holes in Gastrointestinal tract sections (GIT)

Type of encystment
Protective and Reproductive

Lab diagnosis
Most common is direct fecal smear (DFS) and staining (but does not allow identification to species level); enzyme immunoassay (EIA); indirect hemagglutination (IHA); Antigen detection – monoclonal antibody; PCR for species identification. Sometimes only the use of a fixative (formalin) is effective in detecting cysts. Culture: From faecal samples - Robinson's medium, Jones' medium

Treatment
Metronidazole for the invasive trophozoites PLUS a lumenal amoebicide for those still in the intestine. Paromomycin (Humatin) is the luminal drug of choice, since Diloxanide furoate (Furamide) is not commercially available in the USA or Canada (being available only from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). A direct comparison of efficacy showed that Paromomycin had a higher cure rate.[19] Paromomycin (Humatin) should be used with caution in patients with colitis, as it is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Absorption through the damaged wall of the intestinal tract can result in permanent hearing loss and kidney damage. Recommended dosage: Metronidazole 750 mg three times a day orally, for 5 to 10 days FOLLOWED BY Paromomycin 30 mg/kg/day orally in 3 equal doses for 5 to 10 days or Diloxanide furoate 500 mg 3 times a day orally for 10 days, to eradicate lumenal amoebae and prevent relapse.[20][21]

Trophozoite stage

Pathognomonic/diagnostic feature
Ingested RBC; distinctive nucleus

Cyst Stage

Chromatoidal body
'Cigar' shaped bodies (made up of crystalline ribosomes)

Number of nuclei
1 in early stages, 4 when mature

Pathognomonic/diagnostic feature
'Ring and dot' nucleus and chromatoid bodies

text: Meiosis[edit]

text: In sexually reproducing eukaryotes, homologous recombination (HR) ordinarily occurs during meiosis. The meiosis-specific recombinase, Dmc1, is required for efficient meiotic HR, and Dmc1 is expressed in E. histolytica.[22] The purified Dmc1 from E. histolytica forms presynaptic filaments and catalyzes ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and DNA strand exchange over at least several thousand base pairs.[22] The DNA pairing and strand exchange reactions are enhanced by the eukaryotic meiosis-specific recombination accessory factor (heterodimer) Hop2-Mnd1.[22] These processes are central to meiotic recombination, suggesting that E. histolytica undergoes meiosis.[22]

text: Several other genes involved in both mitotic and meiotic HR are also present in E. histolytica.[23] HR is enhanced under stressful growth conditions (serum starvation) concomitant with the up-regulation of HR-related genes.[24] Also, UV irradiation induces DNA damage in E. histolytica trophozoites and activates the recombinational DNA repair pathway.[23] In particular, expression of the Rad51 recombinase is increased about 15-fold by UV treatment.


document_title: You're the Best Thing About Me

question_text: who is on the cover of u2 you're the best thing about me

question_tokens: who is on the cover of u2 you 're the best thing about me

text: You're the Best Thing About Me

text: Writing and recording[edit]

text: Guitarist the Edge said that "You're the Best Thing About Me" originated from an attempt to write a song in the spirit of Motown, combining rhythmic music with a joyful mood, although he said there was nothing "obviously Motown" about the end result.[1] Lead vocalist Bono referred to the song as "defiant joy", something that he and the Edge said was more important than ever in the "difficult times" in which they were living.[2] The song first emerged in August 2016 as an electronic dance remix by Norwegian DJ Kygo, which he played during his performance at the Cloud 9 Festival.[3][4] The song was mentioned in an April 2017 issue of Mojo as a potential contender for Songs of Experience, albeit with a slightly different title.[5]

text: According to the Edge, the song was one of several from the album for which Bono wrote lyrics to his friends and family after having a "major scare where he really wasn't sure he would be around very much in the future". Bono composed the lyrics after having a dream that he "had destroyed something that's most important to [him] – [his] relationship" with his wife Ali.[6] The Edge described "You're the Best Thing About Me" as a love song but with another layer, as it raises the "cosmic question... why when everything is perfect do we have a tendency to mess it up?"[7] Anticipating a reaction to the song, Bono joked, "You're putting out a song about your girlfriend when the world is on fire?"[8] The song title was inspired by a comment that Irish media personality Eamon Dunphy made to Bono in a Dublin bar, telling him the best thing about him was Ali.[9]

text: "You're the Best Thing About Me" was completed one week prior to its release as a single.[10] The Edge said the prior version of the song had a more elaborate, complicated arrangement with a "mellow", "low-key" beginning.[7][11] When U2 began discussing how to arrange the song for live performances, the guitarist found an early demo of it when they were first testing out various arrangement ideas.[12] After listening to it, the group decided to revert to the song's original, simpler guitar-driven arrangement, using what the Edge called "the primary colors of U2" of guitar, drums, and bass. He said that as a result of the musical change, the lyrics "came to life" and the song had a counterbalance, as he believed the prior version was lyrically too reflective when it was mellower.[1][7][11] The Edge said the band worked "furiously" on the new version of the song for two days to meet their deadline for submitting it.[12]

text: Release and promotion[edit]

text: In a 15 May 2017 article in The Irish Times, Bono first mentioned that the band's next single would be "You're the Best Thing About Me".[9] On 29 August 2017, the song was confirmed to be the first single from Songs of Experience,[13] and it was released on 6 September.[14] The cover photograph, taken by the band's photographer Anton Corbijn, depicts the Edge's daughter, Sian, wearing a military helmet. The image evokes the cover art of the group's 1998 compilation album The Best of 1980–1990, which showed the younger brother of Guggi, a friend of Bono, wearing a similar helmet.[15] On 7 September, the band performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[16] before debuting it live three days later at a concert in Indianapolis on the Joshua Tree Tour 2017.[17] The song was the band's 42nd track to enter the Alternative Songs chart in the US, further extending their record for the chart. It was also the group's 27th entry on the Adult Alternative Songs chart, the second-most all time;[18] the track eventually reached number one on Adult Alternative Songs, making it U2's record-breaking 13th track to top the chart.[19]

text: On 15 September, a remix of the song by Kygo was released.[20] The remix was the same collaboration with U2 that he debuted the year prior at the Cloud 9 Festival.[3]

text: On 29 September, an acoustic version of the song was released.[21]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The song's official music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and premiered on 27 September 2017. It was filmed earlier that month while U2 were in New York City. The footage depicts the band members sightseeing in the city, making a visit to Ray's Pizza and a bar, touring Times Square on a double-decker bus, taking photographs with fans, and performing in front of the city's skyline. The band said the video is "a visual tapestry of tribute to New York and a serenade to the city's iconic symbols of American compassion and liberty".[22][23]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from Tidal.[24]

text:
Bono – composer, lyricist, vocals
The Edge – composer, lyricist, guitar, vocals
Adam Clayton – composer, lyricist, bass guitar
Larry Mullen Jr. – composer, lyricist, drums, percussion
Jacknife Lee – producer, keyboards, programming
Steve Lillywhite – producer, mixer
Ryan Tedder – producer, programming
Brent Kutzle – programming
Davide Rossi – strings
Rich Rich – engineer
Jacknife Lee – engineer
Tyler Spry – engineer
Matty Green – engineer

Matt Bishop – engineer
Duncan Stewart – recording engineer
Richard Rainey – recording engineer
Greg Clooney – recording engineer
Christopher Henry – recording engineer
Alan Kelly – recording engineer
Gosha Usov – recording engineer
Barry McCready – assistant recording engineer
Kelana Halim – mixer
Tom Elmhirst – mixer
Brandon Bost – assistant mixer
Scott Sedillo – mastering

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[25]
4

Australia (ARIA)[26]
83

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[27]
29

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[28]
45

Finland Download (Latauslista)[29]
25

France (SNEP)[30]
24

Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[31]
30

Hungary (Single Top 40)[32]
13

Ireland (IRMA)[33]
93

Italy (FIMI)[34]
78

Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[35]
3

New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)[36]
5

Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[37]
27

Portugal (AFP)[38]
63

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[39]
29

Slovenia (SloTop50)[40]
40

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[41]
8

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[42]
94

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[43]
48

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[44]
92

Uruguay (Monitor Latino)[45]
9

US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[46]
17

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[47]
5

US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[48]
19

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.

Various
6 September 2017
Digital download
Island
[14]

Italy
8 September 2017
Contemporary hit radio
Universal
[49]

United States
11 September 2017
Adult album alternative radio
Interscope
[50]

12 September 2017
Alternative radio
[51]

25 September 2017
Hot adult contemporary radio
[52]

text: Kygo remix[edit]

text:
"You're the Best Thing About Me (Kygo Remix)"

Remix by U2 vs. Kygo

from the EP Stargazing

Released
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)

Format
Digital download

Genre

Dance-pop[53][54]
tropical house[55]

Length
4:18

Label

Ultra
Sony

Songwriter(s)

Bono
The Edge
Adam Clayton
Larry Mullen Jr.

Producer(s)

Jacknife Lee
Steve Lillywhite
Ryan Tedder
Kygo

Stargazing track listing

"This Town"
(4)
"You're the Best Thing About Me (Kygo Remix)"
(5)

text: Norwegian DJ and record producer Kygo released a remix of "You're the Best Thing About Me" on 15 September 2017 by Ultra Music.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Digital download

No.
Title
Length

1.
"You're the Best Thing About Me" (U2 vs. Kygo)
4:18