document_title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

question_text: where was the 1968 planet of the apes filmed

text: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Astronauts Taylor (Charlton Heston), Landon (Robert Gunner), Dodge (Jeff Burton) and Stewart are in deep hibernation when their spaceship crashes in a lake on an unknown planet after a long near-light speed voyage, during which, due to time dilation, the crew ages only 18 months. As the ship sinks, Taylor finds Stewart dead and her body desiccated. They throw an inflatable raft from the ship and climb down into it; before departing the ship, Taylor notes that the date is November 25, 3978, approximately two millennia after their departure in 1972. Once ashore, Dodge performs a soil test and pronounces the soil incapable of sustaining life.

text: After abandoning their raft, the astronauts set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food and water before their provisions run out. Eventually, they encounter plant life. They find an oasis at the edge of the desert and go swimming, ignoring eerie scarecrow-like figures around the edge of the water. While they are swimming, their clothes are stolen. Pursuing the thieves, the astronauts find their clothes torn to shreds, their supplies pillaged and the perpetrators—a group of humans that are apparently so primitive that they cannot even talk and dressed in torn clothes—raiding a cornfield. Taylor is attracted to one of the humans, whom he later names Nova (Linda Harrison).

text: Suddenly, armed and uniformed gorillas on horseback charge through the cornfield, brandishing firearms, snares, and nets. They capture some humans and kill the rest. In the chaos, Dodge is shot in the back of the neck and killed, Landon is wounded and rendered unconscious, and Taylor is shot in the throat and taken prisoner. The gorillas take Taylor to Ape City, where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees: animal psychologist Zira (Kim Hunter) and surgeon Galen (Wright King). While his throat wound is healing, he is unable to speak. Taylor discovers that the various apes, who can talk and are in control, are in a strict caste system: gorillas are police officers, military, hunters and workers; orangutans are administrators, politicians, lawyers and priests; and chimpanzees are intellectuals and scientists. The apes have developed a primitive society based on the beginnings of the human Industrial Era. They ride horses and have carts, rifles, and even primitive photography. Humans, who are believed by the apes to be unable to talk, are considered vermin and are hunted, either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments.

text: Zira and her fiancé Cornelius (Roddy McDowall), an archaeologist, take an interest in Taylor, whom Zira calls "Bright Eyes". Taylor attempts to communicate by writing in the dirt, but Nova, who has been following him around, attempts to destroy his writing with her hands, not understanding what the words mean. The letters she doesn't destroy are then obliterated by Zira's and Cornelius's superior, an orangutan named Dr. Zaius (Maurice Evans). Back in his cage, Taylor steals Zira's pencil and notebook and uses them to write the message My name is Taylor. Zira and Cornelius become convinced that Taylor is intelligent, but upon learning of this, Dr. Zaius orders that Taylor be castrated. Before the castration can occur, Taylor escapes. During his desperate flight through Ape City, he passes through a museum, where he finds Dodge's stuffed and eyeless corpse on display. When Taylor is recaptured by gorillas, he overcomes his throat injury and roars: "Take your stinking paws off me, you damn dirty ape!"

text: A tribunal to determine Taylor's origins is convened by the president of the Assembly (James Whitmore), Dr. Zaius, and Maximus (Woodrow Parfrey). Dr. Honorious (James Daly) is the prosecutor. Taylor mentions his two comrades at this time. The court then produces Landon, who has been subjected to a lobotomy that has rendered him catatonic and unable to speak. After the tribunal, Dr. Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor if he does not tell the truth about where he came from. With help from Zira's socially rebellious nephew Lucius (Lou Wagner), Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City that has been ruled out of bounds for centuries by Ape Law. A year earlier, Cornelius led an expedition into the Forbidden Zone that found a cave containing artifacts of an earlier non-simian (and believed to be human) civilization. The group sets out for the cave to answer questions Taylor has about the evolution of the ape world and to prove he is not of that world.

text: Arriving at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Dr. Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off, threatening to shoot them if he has to. Zaius agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories and to avoid physical harm to Cornelius and Zira. Inside, Cornelius displays the remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve and, to the apes' astonishment, a talking children's doll. More soldiers appear and Lucius is overpowered, but Taylor again fends them off. Dr. Zaius is held hostage so Taylor can escape, but he admits to Taylor that he has always known that a human civilization existed long before apes ruled the planet and that "the Forbidden Zone was once a paradise, your breed made a desert of it… ages ago!" Taylor nonetheless thinks it best to search for answers, but Dr. Zaius warns him that he may not like what he finds. Once Taylor and Nova have ridden off, Dr. Zaius has the gorillas lay explosives to seal off the cave and destroy the remaining evidence of the human society. He then has Zira, Cornelius and Lucius charged with heresy.

text: Taylor and Nova, at last free, follow the shoreline and discover the remains of the Statue of Liberty, revealing that this "alien" planet is actually Earth long after a nuclear war. Realizing what Dr. Zaius meant earlier, Taylor falls to his knees in despair and anger and condemns humanity for destroying the world.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Charlton Heston as George Taylor
Roddy McDowall as Cornelius
Kim Hunter as Zira
Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius
James Whitmore as President of the Assembly
James Daly as Honorious
Linda Harrison as Nova
Robert Gunner as Landon
Lou Wagner as Lucius
Woodrow Parfrey as Maximus
Jeff Burton as Dodge
Buck Kartalian as Julius
Norman Burton as Hunt Leader
Wright King as Dr. Galen
Paul Lambert as Minister

text: Production[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Producer Arthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for the Pierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, but was passed over. After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing 1964's What a Way to Go! (1964) for 20th Century Fox and begun pre-production of another movie for the studio, Doctor Dolittle, he managed to convince Fox vice-president Richard D. Zanuck to greenlight Planet of the Apes.[9]

text: One script that came close to being made was written by The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling, though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensive sets, props, and special effects. The previously blacklisted screenwriter Michael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling's script and, as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner, the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several storyboards. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces.[9]

text: To convince the Fox Studio that a Planet of the Apes film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts), Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors, James Brolin and Linda Harrison, played Cornelius and Zira. This test footage is included on several DVD releases of the film, as well as the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes. Linda Harrison, at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard Zanuck, went on to play Nova in the 1968 film and its first sequel, and had a cameo in Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes more than 30 years later, which was also produced by Zanuck. Although Harrison often opined that the producers had always had her in mind for the role of Nova, they had, in fact, considered first Ursula Andress, then Raquel Welch, and Angelique Pettyjohn. When these three women proved unavailable or uninterested, Zanuck gave the part to Harrison. Dr. Zaius was originally to have been played by Robinson, but he backed out due to the heavy makeup and long sessions required to apply it.[10] Robinson later made his final film, Soylent Green (1973), opposite his one-time Ten Commandments (1956) co-star Heston.

text: Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society. According to associate producer Mort Abrahams an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like") which wasn't in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abraham some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "See no evil, speak no evil and hear no evil" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release.[11][page needed] During filming John Chambers, who designed prosthetic make up in the film,[6] held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on May 21, 1967, and ended on August 10, 1967. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Lake Powell,[11]:61 Glen Canyon[11]:61 and other locations near Page, Arizona[11]:59 Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch[11]:68 in Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the backlot of 20th Century Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter.[11]:79 The home movies of Roddy McDowall (on YouTube) show makeup, the Ape Village set and the beach site/set - a wooden ramp was built around the point from Westward Beach to Pirates Cove for access to the beach set. The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, between Zuma Beach and Point Dume in Malibu.[13] As noted in the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes,[9] the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a matte painting with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70-foot scaffold, angled over a 1/2-scale papier-mache model of the Statue. The actors in Planet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that, when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying.[14]

text: Taylor's spacecraft[edit]

text: The spacecraft onscreen is never actually named in the film. But for the 40th anniversary release of the Blu-ray edition of the film, in the short-film created for the release called A Public Service Announcement from ANSA, the ship is called "Liberty 1".[15] The ship had originally been called "Immigrant One" in an early draft of the script, and then called "Air Force One" in a test set of Topps Collectible cards, and dubbed "Icarus" by a fan; that name gained popularity among Ape fandom.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Planet of the Apes was well received by critics and is widely regarded as a classic film and one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world gone upside down.[17][18] As of April, 2012, the film held a 90% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 50 reviews.[19] In 2008, the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won an honorary Academy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding make-up achievement. The film was nominated for Best Costume Design (Morton Haack) and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical) (Jerry Goldsmith).[21] The score is known for its avant-garde compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusual percussion instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-note music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#59
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Colonel George Taylor—Nominated Hero[23]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Take your stinking paws off me, you damned dirty ape!"—#66

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—#18
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—Nominated[24]
AFI's 10 Top 10—Nominated Science Fiction Film[25]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Original series sequels[edit]

text: Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer Mort Abrahams and writer Paul Dehn, which became the basis for Beneath the Planet of the Apes.[11][page needed] The original film series had four sequels:

text:
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Planet of the Apes (1974)
Return to the Planet of the Apes (animated) (1975)

text: Remake[edit]

text: Planet of the Apes (2001): The film was a re-imagining of the original film, directed by Tim Burton.

text: Reboot series[edit]

text:
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011): A series reboot, directed by Rupert Wyatt, was released in August 5, 2011 to critical and commercial success. It is the first installment in the new series of films.[8]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014): The second entry in the Planet of the Apes reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released in July 11, 2014.[26][27]
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017): The third film in the reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released on July 14, 2017.[28][29][30]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Comic book adaptations of the films were published by Gold Key (1970) and Marvel Comics (b/w magazine 1974-77,[31] color comic book 1975-76[32]). Malibu Comics reprinted the Marvel adaptations when they had the license in the early 1980s. Dark Horse Comics published an adaptation for the 2001 Tim Burton film. Currently Boom! Studios has the licensing rights to Planet of the Apes. Their stories tell the tale of Ape City and its inhabitants before Taylor arrived. However, in July 2014, it was announced that Boom! Studios and IDW Publishing will do a crossover between Planet of the Apes and Star Trek the original series.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published in Mad Magazine. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in regular issue #157, March 1973.[33]

text: Numerous parodies and references have appeared in films and other media, including Spaceballs, The Simpsons, Futurama, Family Guy, South Park, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Mad Men, The Big Bang Theory and the Madagascar films.[citation needed]

text: The film is also alluded to in literature, most notably in Junot Díaz's Pulitzer-winning novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007).[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The crash of the astronauts' spacecraft was partially filmed in and around Lake Powell.

Horseshoe Bend on the Colorado River, near Page, Arizona, was a part of the Forbidden Zone, through which Taylor, Zira, and Cornelius fled Ape City.

Malibu Creek State Park, part of which was formerly the 20th Century Fox Movie Ranch, was the location of the astronauts' initial encounter with primitive humans and superior apes, and of Cornelius, Zira and Taylor's escape from Ape City.

The final scene was filmed at Point Dume's Westward Beach on the Malibu coast.

The cliff face of Point Dume is obscured by the matte painting of the Statue of Liberty.


document_title: Grace Adler

question_text: who is graces baby daddy on will and grace

root

text: Grace Adler

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Grace was born on April 26, 1967, in Schenectady, New York.[citation needed] She has been particularly influenced by her mother, Bobbi (Debbie Reynolds), a flamboyant actor from whom she inherited her many neuroses.[6] Grace also constantly strives for the affection of her father Martin (Alan Arkin), competing with her two sisters (one younger, one older), who have more obvious problems than she (Joyce, played by Sara Rue, is a mentally slow compulsive overeater, while Janet, portrayed by Geena Davis, is rarely employed and promiscuous). Grace herself is decidedly selfish and neurotic, but this is usually played for laughs, like when her husband Leo asks, "You want me to be happy, right?" and she sweetly replies "Not if it affects me negatively in any way."[7] She is also somewhat vain, once declaring herself to be a "frickin' bombshell" and believing that she bears a strong resemblance to red-haired celebrities like Rita Hayworth (once even thinking a photo of Hayworth was one of herself) and Nicole Kidman. This, however, leads to her being taken down a peg, and she is usually the butt of numerous jokes by other characters. In one episode, while in Los Angeles, she is repeatedly mistaken for Kathy Griffin by tourists.[8] She is a Democrat[9] and a graduate of Columbia University and the Fashion Institute.

tag: p

text: Grace's quirks and physical abnormalities are often fodder for the show's antics. She has very large feet, even for her height, and she's often ridiculed for them. She comments on the fact "feet the size of canoes" were the only things her father ever gave her. When Will pulls out a pair of over-sized slippers out of a box of her childhood memorabilia, she remarks "Those are my ballet slippers from fourth grade! I went from a four to an eight in a month!"

text: There is a general running joke of her being slovenly and unladylike, which contrasts with Will's fastidiousness, usually for purposes of comedy. She is very cheap and often hoards on free things (such as pretending to have a drinking problem in order to get free food at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings) and even steals. She once mentions selling Will's college term papers for a profit, of which Will had no knowledge.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Grace's best friend since college is Will Truman, and their relationship is the focus of the show. They met at a college party at Columbia University. Through the third-season episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties," we see they began dating and Grace did not realize that Will was gay at the time, and Will had not come out of the closet yet. When Will met Jack McFarland at a party, Jack made him confront his homosexuality. Will "proposed" to Grace during Thanksgiving, in an effort to postpone actually having sex with her. When he finally came out to her hours later, Grace was so angry with him that she didn't speak to him for a year. They ran into each other at a grocery store a year later and made up, and became inseparable best friends. Grace moves into Will's apartment in season one when she breaks up with her fiance Danny.[10] She moves out in season 2 to declare her independence - albeit only to an apartment across the hall.[11] She moves back in the 3rd season.[12] She eventually moves to Brooklyn in season five when she marries Leo but moves back in with Will in season 7 when she gets divorced.

text: Her closeness to Will is a running joke throughout the series; many other characters refer to them as a married couple. They can finish each other's sentences, which helps them in their fast rounds in trivia and parlor games. They can also be quite dysfunctional and co-dependent, sometimes even requiring the other's approval of clothing and boyfriends. When Will begins dating his future husband Vince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale) in season 6, Will is nervous about Grace's opinion of him, noting that he has ended relationships because Grace disliked one detail about them (one example given is that all Grace had to say about one such boyfriend was "mock turtleneck," and the relationship was ruined).[13] Despite this, they are generally caring and supportive of each other.

text: Aside from Will, Grace also has a close relationship with her assistant, Karen Walker, a rich, alcoholic socialite who does virtually no work. Karen is nevertheless useful to Grace, as she pays for her employer's health insurance, gives Grace holiday bonuses, and occasionally uses her society connections to help Grace get work. Otherwise, Karen spends her "work" hours drinking and belittling Grace. Karen routinely criticizes Grace's choices in fashion (usually by disdainfully asking, "Honey, what's this all about?") and men. Nonetheless, Grace and Karen become close friends over the years. Grace eventually learns to look past Karen's faults, and Karen occasionally does stop ridiculing her to reveal a softer, more caring side. In one episode, Grace stands up to Milo (played by Andy García) who refuses to go on a second date with Karen, who was going through a divorce with her husband Stan and was very vulnerable at the time. In another instance, Karen turns down Grace's proposal for a business loan to protect Grace, who didn't really have a strong business plan.

text: Grace also has a close bond with Will's other best friend, Jack McFarland. Early in the series, Jack and Grace dislike each other, seeing each other as a rival for Will's affections. However, after they spend time together while Will is in the Cayman Islands between Seasons two and three, they develop a closer friendship. They still antagonize one another, however, often leading to Grace striking Jack in some manner.

text: Romantic relationships[edit]

text: Grace has a string of boyfriends throughout the series, many played by guest stars such as Woody Harrelson and Gregory Hines. Grace marries the Jewish doctor Leo Markus, played by Harry Connick, Jr., on November 21, 2002, but the marriage ends when he has a one-night stand with a doctor from the Red Cross while working in Cambodia with Doctors Without Borders. In season 8, the two reunite briefly during a flight to London when they coincidentally met on the plane. Their mile high tryst leads to Grace getting pregnant, but she doesn't tell Leo because he is engaged to another woman. However, in the series finale, she and Leo remarry and raise the baby, a girl named Laila, together. Laila is born in Rome, where Leo is working at a hospital as a researcher. After one year in Rome the family moves back to New York, to their apartment in Brooklyn. Laila goes on to attend college and there meets Will and Vince's son, Ben. Laila and Ben are living in dorm rooms opposite each other's while at college; the same scenario that Will and Grace found themselves in while they attended college. Ben and Laila marry soon afterward.[14]

text: When the series was revived in 2017, the events of the season finale - in which Grace gives birth to Leo's child and drifts apart from Will - are effectively retconned as one of Karen's alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Grace has recently got divorced from Leo, has never had children, and has moved back in with Will while she recovers from the divorce.[15] When Leo reappears sometime later, it is revealed that the marriage ended because of Grace's close friendship with Will as well as her inability to trust Leo not to cheat on her again. Despite the couple trying months of therapy and taking up golf together, they couldn't make it work and Grace, unable to forgive Leo, turned to Will for comfort.

text: Grace also has a reputation for "turning" men gay. Several of her boyfriends – such as Will himself, and her second-season boyfriend Josh – ended up gay or bisexual, and she has a recurring fear that this will happen again. (At one point she entered a room to find her boyfriend Nathan (played by Woody Harrelson) passed out on a bed with Jack and Will, and moans, "Oh, no, I turned another one.") In season 8, she takes this to a new level when she briefly marries James Hanson, Will's Canadian boyfriend in search of a green card. They annul the marriage a few days later because of James' callousness and manipulative behavior.[16]


document_title: Off-balance-sheet

question_text: off balance sheet items for credit risk assessment

text: Off-balance-sheet

text: Differences between on- and off-balance sheets[edit]

text: Traditionally, banks lend to borrowers under tight lending standards, keep loans on their balance sheets and retain credit risk—the risk that borrowers will default (be unable to repay interest and principal as specified in the loan contract). In contrast, securitization enables banks to remove loans from balance sheets and transfer the credit risk associated with those loans. Therefore, two types of items are of interest: on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet. The former is represented by traditional loans, since banks indicate loans on the asset side of their balance sheets. However, securitized loans are represented off the balance sheet, because securitization involves selling the loans to a third party (the loan originator and the borrower being the first two parties). Banks disclose details of securitized assets only in notes to their financial statements. [1]

text: The Banking Example[edit]

text: A bank may have substantial sums in off-balance sheet accounts, and the distinction between these accounts may not seem obvious. For example, when a bank has a customer who deposits $1 million in a regular bank deposit account, the bank has a $1 million liability. If the customer chooses to transfer the deposit to a money market mutual fund account sponsored by the same bank, the $1 million would not be a liability of the bank, but an amount held in trust for the client (formally as shares or units in a form of collective fund). If the funds are used to purchase stock, the stock is similarly not owned by the bank, and do not appear as an asset or liability of the bank. If the client subsequently sells the stock and deposits the proceeds in a regular bank account, these would now again appear as a liability of the bank.

text: As an example UBS has CHF 60.31 billion Undrawn irrevocable credit facilities off its balance sheet in 2008 (USD 60.37 billion.)[2]

text: Citibank has USD $960 billion in off-balance sheet assets in 2010, which amounts to 6% of the GDP of the United States.[3]


document_title: The Shack (2017 film)

question_text: who played papa in the movie the shack

question_tokens: who played papa in the movie the shack

text: The Shack (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mackenzie "Mack" Phillips suffered physical and emotional abuse as a child at the hands of his drunken father. He witnessed similar abuse of his mother as well. There is the implication that as a 13-year-old boy he attempted to poison his father with strychnine. Whether he succeeded in killing the man is not entirely clear, although subsequent events suggest that he did. But as an adult he has a bountiful life with his wife, Nan, and their three children: Kate, Josh and Missy.

text: Mack's life is shattered, however, when their youngest child Missy disappears during a camping trip while he is saving Kate and Josh during a canoeing accident. The police determine Missy is the victim of a serial killer after finding her torn dress and blood in a vacant cabin. Kate blames herself for Missy's death because of her own reckless behavior in causing the canoe accident in the first place. The tragedy derails Mack's faith and life until the onset of winter when he receives an unstamped, typewritten note in his mailbox. The surrounding snow is devoid of any incriminating tracks. The message is signed "Papa" (which was Nan's nickname for God) and invites him to meet at the cabin.

text: Thinking this may possibly be an opportunity for meeting and capturing or killing the serial killer, Mack drives himself there and, finding the ruined cabin cold and desolate and empty, is overcome with frustration, rage and an almost irresistible impulse to turn his handgun on himself. But he suddenly encounters a mysterious trio of strangers who invite him to stay at their well-furnished, cozy little house that is situated just down the path and, oddly, in the midst of a beautiful, sunshiny, summertime wilderness.

text: The trio of strangers gradually reveal their identities. The purpose of their invitation is to first help him to better understand his life as seen from a much broader context or higher perspective. This realization helps free him from an inclination to pass judgment upon himself as well as upon everyone else who crosses his path. It is from that new starting point that he may then continue his long, slow journey into healing for himself and his family and forgiveness for himself as well as for those who have grievously harmed him and his loved ones.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sam Worthington[5] as Mackenzie "Mack" Phillips

Carson Reaume as Young Mack

Octavia Spencer as Papa[6][7]
Graham Greene as Male Papa[8]
Radha Mitchell as Nan Phillips[8]
Aviv Alush as Jesus[8]
Sumire Matsubara as Sarayu[9]
Tim McGraw[10] as Willie
Alice Braga[10] as Sophia
Megan Charpentier as Kate Phillips[10]
Gage Munroe as Josh Phillips[10]
Amélie Eve as Missy Phillips[10]
Ryan Robbins as Emil Ducette[10]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)

tag: table

text: Forest Whitaker was once attached to direct and star in the film.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on June 8, 2015, in Vancouver, Canada.[12][13]

text: The camping scenes were filmed at Sunnyside campground in Cultus Lake, British Columbia, while the waterfall was filmed at Multnomah Falls, the Oregon site referenced in the source novel.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Shack: Music From and Inspired By the Original Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24)

Genre
CCM, Christian hip hop, Christian rock

Length
52:24

Label
Atlantic

Producer
Kevin Weaver, Pete Ganbarg, Anastasia Brown

text: The accompanying soundtrack for the film features contributions from popular artists primarily in the genres of country music and contemporary Christian music.[15][16] It was released February 24, 2017 through Atlantic Records.[17]

text: A new duet between Tim McGraw and Faith Hill was written and recorded for the film titled "Keep Your Eyes On Me" which is featured in the trailer.[16] It was released digitally on January 27, 2017 as the soundtrack's first promotional single.[18] This release was followed by Dan + Shay's promotional track, "When I Pray for You", on February 3, 2017.[19] Christian rock band Skillet released an acoustic version of "Stars" from their album, Unleashed, in a music video for the film.[20]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"When I Pray for You"
Dan + Shay
3:29

2.
"Keep Your Eyes on Me"
Tim McGraw and Faith Hill
4:11

3.
"Lay Our Flowers Down"
Lady Antebellum
3:12

4.
"Heaven Knows"
Hillsong UNITED
4:44

5.
"Where Were You"
Francesca Battistelli
3:07

6.
"Love Goes On"
Kelly Clarkson and Aloe Blacc
3:54

7.
"River of Jordan"
Lecrae featuring Breyan Isaac
3:45

8.
"Hard Love"
NEEDTOBREATHE featuring Lauren Daigle
3:37

9.
"Days of Dark"
Dierks Bentley
4:13

10.
"Phone Call to God"
Brett Eldredge
3:57

11.
"Honest to God"
Devin Dawson
3:14

12.
"Stars (The Shack version)"
Skillet
3:45

13.
"I'll Think About You"
We Are Messengers
3:56

14.
"Amazing Grace"
for KING & COUNTRY
3:22

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

US Billboard 200[21]
40

US Christian Albums (Billboard)[22]
1

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[22]
6

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Shack grossed $57.4 million in the United States and Canada and $39.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $96.9 million.[3]

text: In North America, The Shack opened on March 3, 2017, alongside Before I Fall and Logan, and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,888 theaters in its opening weekend.[23] It made $850,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.5 million on its first day. It went on to open to $16.1 million, finishing above expectations and third at the box office behind Logan and Get Out.[24] It dropped 38% in its second weekend, grossing $10 million and finishing 4th.[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Shack's undeniably worthy message is ill-served by a script that confuses spiritual uplift with melodramatic clichés and heavy-handed sermonizing."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 85% overall positive score and a 70% "definite recommend".[24]

text: Peter Sobczynski of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, saying it is "both too innocuous and too off-putting for its own good".[28] Adam Graham of The Detroit News said it "feels like an overly long church sermon".[29] The AV Club said, "Most of its running time is taken with mollifying conversations between Mack and the movie's New Age-meets-Bible Belt oversimplifications of the Holy Trinity. It fits right into a long tradition of quasi-mystical pseudo-parables."[30]

text: Kathy Schiffer with the National Catholic Register writes: "I watched The Shack not once, but twice. It was inspiring, beautifully portrayed, and thought-provoking. The love and humor and the sheer joy of the Trinity, bantering over the dinner table in the Shack, was heartwarming, and it made fresh my awareness of God's love for me."[31] Julie Roy's response: "2 Peter 3:9, which says God doesn't wish any 'to perish, but everyone to come to repentance.' That is God's heart towards us. And The Shack masterfully reveals that heart. I think that's why so many have been profoundly impacted by the movie. And I fear that in our zeal for theological correctness, we may be trampling on something beautiful."[32] Other critics, such as Beliefnet's Wesley Baines, felt the film was successful because it resonated with the desires of its modern audience.[33]

text: Owen Glieberman from Variety sums it up: "'The Shack' has a real chance to connect commercially, because even though its drama is mushy, at heart it's a bit of a theme-park ride: the movie in which you get to know what it’s like to hang out with God and make friends with Jesus. In life, religion isn’t nearly so reassuring. It’s daunting, and our culture is starved for films that portray religious feeling in a way that's both reverent and truthful. 'The Shack' isn’t one of them; it reduces faith to a kind of spiritual comfort food. But thanks, in part, to movies like this one, maybe that's what faith is on its way to becoming."[34]

text: Reaction of theologians and religious leaders[edit]

text: The film attracted the same sort of controversy for unorthodox theology that the book did.[35] Theologian Albert Mohler said the film's depiction of God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit is "profoundly unbiblical".[35] John Mulderig of Catholic News Service said the film was "an intriguing endeavor" but had many problematic elements.[36] Catholic Bishop Robert Barron said about the book "There's a lot of sweet stuff – but you do have to spit out a few seeds."[37] New Testament scholar James B. DeYoung said the film promotes universalism, which he characterized as heresy.[38]


document_title: History of the west coast of North America

question_text: who explored the west coast of north america

question_tokens: who explored the west coast of north america

text: History of the west coast of North America

text: Geography[edit]

text: As used in this article, the  term "west coast of North America" means a contiguous region of that continent bordering the Pacific Ocean: all or parts of the U.S. states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California; all or parts of British Columbia and the Yukon in Canada; all or part of the Mexican states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas; and the Central American countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.  The eastern islands of the Pacific Ocean off the west coast, such as the coastal islands of the Californias, are also important.

text: First people[edit]

text: The west coast of North America likely saw the first sustained arrival of people to the continent.  Although there are other theories, most scientists believe that the first significant groups of people came from Asia, through today's Bering Strait area, then through modern Alaska, and from there spread throughout North America and to South America.

text: Although the cultures on the west coast of today's Canada and United States are not known to have developed substantial urban centers and sophisticated writing or scientific systems, it is likely that, before European contact, the population density was significantly higher than in the rest of the northern part of the continent.  For example, it has been estimated that in 1492, one-third of all Native Americans in the United States were living in California.[3]

text: In the western half of Mesoamerica (that is, western portions of today's Mexico and northern Central America), the oldest known settlements date to approximately 2000 BCE.[4] A succession of cultures started with the very early Capacha culture, which appeared on the Pacific coast of modern Mexico about 1450 BC and spread into the interior.[5]  The following cultures developed into "high civilizations" in Mesoamerica, with extensive urban areas, writing, astronomy and fine arts:

text:
Olmec (beginning about 1150 BC)
Mixtec (beginning perhaps 1000 BC)
Maya (settled villages along the Pacific coast appear from 1800 BC, and ceremonial architecture by approximately 1000 BC) and
Aztec (from the 14th century AD)

text: Farther south, Panama was home to some of the earliest pottery-making, such as the Monagrillo culture dating to about 2500–1700 BC; this culture evolved into significant populations best known for spectacular burial sites (dating to c. 500–900 AD) and polychrome pottery of the Coclé style.

text: Each of these cultures rose, flourished, and was then conquered by a more militarily developed culture.  While not all of these civilizations had large settlements along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, their influence extended to the Pacific coast.

text: Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica—and especially along the west coast—have been the subject of considerable research. There is evidence of trade routes starting as far north as the Mexico Central Plateau, and going down to the Pacific coast. These trade routes and cultural contacts then went on as far as Central America. These networks operated along the west coast with various interruptions from pre-Olmec times and up to the Late Classical Period (600–900 CE).

text: European arrival (1513–1750)[edit]

text: In 1513, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America, on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus.  From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships, the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world.  The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing.  These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century—some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America.

text: Spanish explorers and conquistadors[edit]

text: Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus.  Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope (contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza. These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere (excluding eastern Brazil), including all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513.  In an act of enduring historical importance, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as all adjoining land and islands. This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America.

text: The commonly held belief at the time was that the west coast of North America was in modest sailing distance of Asia to the west, or the two might actually physically connect.  To the north was imagined a narrow Northwest Passage, known as the Strait of Anián, which some believed reached the Pacific Ocean at 42° north latitude (the latitude of today's border between Oregon and California) and connected to the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence.  Confirmation of the land connection, and discovery of this Strait of Anián, were key elements in Spain's efforts to establish direct trade routes with China and other countries in Asia. See Early knowledge of the Pacific Northwest.

text: The Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America was not especially conducive to economic development during this era. The northern Mexican coast (including the Baja California Peninsula) was generally too dry for substantial agriculture or ranching that would support settlements. South of the deserts, the jungles of the Pacific Coast in Mexico and Central America, and the tropical diseases found there,  were major obstacles to large-scale development.

text: Notable exceptions were the development of important Spanish ports at Puerto de Navidad and Acapulco in today's Mexico. While Navidad faded in importance, Acapulco became the primary port of the Spanish Empire on the west coast of North America, and was used as a base for exploratory expeditions north and trade routes with the Far East.[6]

text: From 1533–1535, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés personally sponsored and financed exploratory sailing voyages north from Acapulco, in a search for legendary riches reported to be in the site of today's California.  In the third of these voyages, Cortés accompanied the voyage, and likely reached the site of today's La Paz on the Baja California peninsula.[7]

text: In 1539, another voyage financed and sponsored by Cortés, and led by Francisco de Ulloa, embarked on an expedition in three small vessels, sailing north from Acapulco to explore the Pacific Coast, and to seek the Strait of Anián.  The expedition sailed northwards along the west coast of the Mexican mainland, and reached the Gulf of California six weeks later. Ulloa named the Gulf the "Sea of Cortés" in honor of his patron. When one of his ships was lost in a storm, Ulloa paused to repair the other two ships, and then resumed his voyage, eventually reaching the northern end of the Gulf.  Unable to find the Strait of Anián, Ulloa turned south and sailed along the eastern coast of the Baja California peninsula, landing at the Bay of La Paz. After taking on supplies of wood and water, Ulloa rounded the tip of the peninsula with great difficulty and sailed northward along the western shore of the peninsula, in the Pacific Ocean. The progress of his small ships was hampered by the fierce winds and high seas he encountered, eventually forcing him to turn back to Acapulco. The voyage eventually reached 28° north latitude (near the Isla de Cedros).

text: Voyages in 1540 and 1541 to Baja California were sponsored by Cortés's rival, the Viceroy of New Spain.  These voyages were led by Hernando de Alarcón (1540) and by Francisco de Bolaños (1541).  The voyage by Alarcón was meant to be coordinated with Francisco Vásquez de Coronado's overland expedition; Alarcón penetrated the lower Colorado River, perhaps as far as the modern California-Arizona boundary (but did not meet up with Coronado's expedition). The voyage of Bolaños provided little new information not already known in New Spain.  Application of the name California to this part of the west coast of North America is attributed by some to Bolaños,[8][9] however other insist that the name first appears in work written by Alarcón.[10]

text: The governor of Guatemala also determined to build a Pacific fleet on the west coast of Guatemala, for use in an attempt to cross the Pacific to Asia.  Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, had shown in 1521 that the Pacific Ocean could be crossed from South America.  Hence, beginning in 1536, using hardware from Spain (such as anchors) hauled across the isthmus of Central America, and local hardwoods, a flotilla of some thirteen ships was built over the next four years.  After much difficulty, the larger number of these ships (under the command of Ruy López de Villalobos) was ordered to make the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean from North America to the Philippines.  A smaller number was placed under the command of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator sailing for the Spanish Crown.  Cabrillo was ordered north along the west coast of North America to explore the expected coastal route to reach the Asian mainland, as well as attempt to find the Strait of Anián.[6][11]

text: In 1542, Cabrillo became the first European to explore the west coast of today's United States, leading the expedition that landed at San Diego Bay, and continued north along the coast up to Punta del Año Nuevo, 37° 10' north of Monterrey. But Cabrillo died on January 3, 1543, and the remainder of the exploration was led by Bartolomé Ferrer, who sailed perhaps as far north as the Rogue River in today's western coast of Oregon.[12][13]

text: Importantly beginning in 1565, Acapulco was a home of the vital Manila Galleons.  The Manila Galleons crossed the Pacific Ocean to the Spanish possession of the Philippines, laden with silver and gemstones from Mexico.  There, the wealth was used to purchase Asian trade goods such as spices, silk, and porcelain.  These goods were then carried across the Pacific by the Manila Galleons to Acapulco; from there, the goods were transshipped across Mexico, for delivery to the Spanish treasure fleet, for shipment to Spain.  The income provided to Spain by the Manila Galleons was essential to the Spanish Crown and to the Spanish economy of the era.[14][15]

text: When Miguel López de Legazpi completed the conquest of the Philippines in 1565, he sent his flagship, the San Pedro, back to New Spain, with orders to survey and chart a practicable route for ships returning from the Islands. The San Pedro sailed from Cebu, headed roughly northeast, followed the Kuroshio Current (also known as the Japan Current), and made landfall on the coast of California about the latitude of Cape Mendocino. A sail of two thousand five hundred miles down the coasts of California and New Spain brought the voyagers to the port of Acapulco. This route was charted by the Basque navigator and friar Andrés de Urdaneta,[16] on board the San Pedro, and for nearly three centuries was the one followed by the galleons of Spain sailing from Manila to Acapulco. This return voyage across the Pacific could take up to seven months. A harbor on the coast of California where ships could find shelter and repair damage was greatly desired. A survey of the unknown northern Pacific coast of North America was ordered, and it was also suggested that the explorations be extended north of 42° north latitude.[15][17][18]

text: In 1585, Captain Francisco de Gali, on the return voyage from the Philippines, via Macao,[19] was directed to sail as far north as the weather would permit, and then east, and upon reaching the coast of California to make maps on his journey south. However, Gali accomplished only limited chart-making. He reached the California coast at latitude 37° 30' (Pillar Point—just south of today's San Francisco), and noted that the land was high and fair; that the mountains were without snow, and that there were many indications of rivers, bays, and havens along the coast.[6][17]

text: In 1594, Captain Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho, a Portuguese sailor in the service of Spain, sailed from the Philippines in the San Agustin with orders similar to those of Gali. In this attempt, he reached land between Point St. George and Trinidad Head on November 4, 1595. Following the line of the coast southwards, Cermeñon's ship became wrecked and was beached in Drake's Bay, north of San Francisco. Using salvaged and local materials, the crew constructed an open boat, and the ship's company of more than seventy persons continued the homeward voyage. This open vessel reached Acapulco in early 1596—a  remarkable voyage of nearly twenty-five hundred miles in an open boat. With the loss of the San Agustin, exploration of the California coast by ships loaded with cargo from the Philippines came to an end.[15][17]

text: In 1602, the Basque captain Sebastián Vizcaíno, sailing for Spain, explored the coastline from Mexico as far north as Monterey Bay in today's California, where he went ashore. He ventured inland south along the coast, and recorded a visit to what is likely Carmel Bay. His major contributions were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement, as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters (which were used for nearly 200 years); however no settlements in today's California were established for the next 150 years.[20]

text: In the late 17th century, Spain sent the first missionaries into today's Baja California, founding the first mission there in 1683 at San Bruno on the east coast of the Baja peninsula (San Bruno was abandoned as unsuccessful after two years).  In 1697, the first "permanent" mission was established at Loreto, about 20 miles (32 km) away from San Bruno, also on the east coast of the peninsula.  During this period (until 1750), some 16 missions were established on the peninsula—mostly on the east coast of the peninsula, with a handful on the Pacific coast, in the northwestern part of the peninsula.[21]

text: English interest[edit]

text: Although it wasn't until 1579 that the west coast of North America was visited by an English explorer, the privateer Sir Francis Drake who landed north of today's San Francisco and claimed the area for England, calling it "New Albion" or New England, the English claim to this territory  dates back to John Cabot's landing on the Americas. The officially-accepted location for Drake's landing is at Drake's Estero (also known as "Drakes Bay," just north of San Francisco, in Marin County).[22][23]  Despite the facts that no permanent settlements were ever established by Drake, and that the next official visit by the British would be some two hundred years later, Drake's action and Cabot's original claim in 1497 were the foundations of British claims to portions of the west coast of North America in the late 18th century. One of the most important consequences of these claims is that charters for the British colonies on the Atlantic coast went from sea to sea, and this was the foundation of the United States claim to its current territory.

text: Settlements and conflicts (1750–1846)[edit]

text: While the Spanish had dominated development on the west coast of North America for over 200 years since the early 16th century, beginning in the mid-18th century, this period saw the advent of British and Russian rivals, and the establishment of the California missions, followed by the independence of Mexico and the Central American countries.  Much later in this period, the United States started on its path to become the dominant power on the west coast of North America.

text: Spanish settlements in coastal New Spain[edit]

text: In the 1760s, a decision was made to create a harbor at San Blas (in today's Mexican state of Nayarit), for the purpose of building ships, supplying them, and being the expeditionary base for voyages north along the west coast of North America, from Baja California to Alaska.  Today it remains unclear exactly why the Viceroy of New Spain decided to create an entirely new shipbuilding port along the west coast of Mexico, when the port at Acapulco already existed.  It has been speculated that the reasons San Blas was chosen included that it was a week's sailing closer than Acapulco to the intended destination sites in California, that it was not far from the capital of New Spain, and perhaps more importantly, it had ready access to tropical hardwoods that would be needed to build the ships for the strenuous voyages as far north as today's Alaska.  San Blas built the ships and was the home port for these exploration and supply voyages beginning in 1769 and continuing to 1820.[24]

text: Spanish missions[edit]

text: It was not until 1769 that the first missions were established in today's California (then called Las Californias), including the first mission, at San Diego in 1769, the mission at Monterey in 1770, and the mission at San Francisco in 1776.  These missions eventually stretched from the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula to Sonoma, California, north of San Francisco.  The purpose of the missions, which typically had an accompanying pueblo (town) and presidio (military outpost), was to solidify the 250-year-old Spanish claim to the region.  This need became more urgent as the Russians and British were encroaching on the far northern part of the west coast of North America.  In addition, there continued the long-standing interest in creating a safe anchorage for seaworn Manila Galleons on their return to Acapulco.

text: Russian settlements[edit]

text: Explorers and fur trappers from the Russian Empire (beginning with Semyon Dezhnev expedition of 1630) arrived on the Pacific coast of today's Alaska, and after establishing settlements there (beginning in 1784), expanded hunting and trading down the west coast of North America. In the early 19th century, fur trappers of the Russian Empire explored the west coast of North America, hunting for sea otter pelts as far south as San Diego. In 1812, the Russian-American Company set up a fortified trading post at Fort Ross, located north of present-day Bodega Bay some sixty miles north of San Francisco, with the never-materialized hope of using that area to develop a source of agricultural products needed for their settlements in Alaska.

text: Spanish exploration[edit]

text: In the late 18th century, Spain reacted to the expanding Russian and British presence in the Pacific Northwest by sending exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774 Juan José Pérez Hernández was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60° N, but only made it as far as 55°30´ N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida, and on the homeward journey, the Nuu-chah-nulth.[25] In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today's Washington—the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian settlements in the north.  The two ships sailed together as far north as Point Grenville, named Punta de los Martires (or "Point of the Martyrs") by Heceta in response to an attack by the local Quinault Indians. He was the first European to sight the mouth of the Columbia River.

text: By design, the two vessels separated with one continuing to what is today the border between Washington state and Canada. The other (now with second officer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra at the helm) moved up the coast according to its orders, ultimately reaching a position at 59° north latitude on August 15, 1775, entering Sitka Sound near the present-day town of Sitka, Alaska. It is there that the Spaniards performed numerous "acts of sovereignty," naming and claiming Puerto de Bucareli (Bucareli Sound), Puerto de los Remedios, and Mount San Jacinto (renamed Mount Edgecumbe by British explorer James Cook three years later).

text: In 1790, Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo led an expedition that included visits to the sites of today's Cordova, Alaska and Valdez, Alaska, where acts of sovereignty were performed.  Fidalgo went as far as today's Kodiak Island, visiting the small Russian settlement there.  Fidalgo then went to the Russian settlement at Alexandrovsk (today's English Bay or Nanwalek, Alaska), southwest of today's Anchorage on the Kenai Peninsula, where again, Fidalgo re-asserted the Spanish claim to the area by conducting a formal ceremony of sovereignty.

text: In 1791, the Malaspina Expedition undertook a search for the Northwest Passage, surveying the Alaska coast from Yakutat Bay to Prince William Sound. At Yakutat Bay, the expedition made contact with the Tlingit. The expedition's scientists made a study of the tribe, recording information on social mores, language, economy, warfare methods, and burial practices. Artists with the expedition, Tomas de Suria and José Cardero, produced portraits of tribal members and scenes of Tlingit daily life. A glacier between Yakutat Bay and Icy Bay was subsequently named after Malaspina. The botanist Luis Née also accompanied the expedition, during which he collected and described numerous new plants.

text: During the return to Mexico, Malaspina's expedition spent a month at the Spanish outpost in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island (see below). The expedition made a study of the Nootka. The two ships then sailed south to Mexico, stopping at the Spanish settlement and mission at Monterey, California on the way. Simultaneously an expedition under Francisco de Eliza, exploring the Strait of Juan de Fuca, discovered an entrance to the Strait of Georgia, which prompted further investigation. In Acapulco, Malaspina took over two schooners, the Sutil and Mexicana, placed them under the command of one of his officers, Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, and had them sail north to explore the Strait of Georgia. Galiano's expedition took place in 1792 at the same time as that of George Vancouver. The two expeditions met in the Strait of Georgia and worked together to map the waters and establish the insularity of Vancouver Island.[26]

text: Today, Spain's legacy endures as dozens of Spanish place names.  In Alaska these include the Malaspina Glacier and Cordova Glacier, the towns of Valdez, Cordova and Port Gravina, as well as Orca Bay, Cordova Peak, and Revillagigedo Island.[27]  In British Columbia some of the better-known Spanish names (of many) include Quadra Island, Galiano Island, Gabriola Island, and Haro Strait.

text: British North America[edit]

text: In 1778, the British seafaring Captain James Cook, midway through his third and final voyage of exploration, sailed along the west coast of North America, mapping the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait.  The northern stretch of the west coast of North America was claimed by the British, but the region was not occupied by any British subject until 1788, when John Meares first small trading post in Nootka Sound in today's British Columbia. His post was torn down at the end of 1788 although he claimed otherwise.

text: Conflict between Spain and Great Britain[edit]

text: Spain established its own competing fortified trading post at Nootka Sound (Santa Cruz de Nutka, maintained between 1789 and 1795[28]) on Vancouver Island, in today's British Columbia, and sought forcibly to remove British traders by seizing ships, triggering the Nootka Crisis.

text: War between Spain and Great Britain over control of the Pacific Northwest was averted by the three Nootka Conventions, signed in 1790, 1793, and 1794. Spain gave up its claim that it alone could establish settlements in the Pacific Northwest (a claim that dated back to the 1493 papal bull and Balboa's actions in 1513), and conceded the British right to establish settlements in any area nominally claimed by Spain but never occupied. This agreement effectively allowed a greatly expanded British presence in the Pacific Northwest, including today's British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington.

text: The primary beneficiary of this agreement was the Hudson's Bay Company, which, in 1825, established a major trading post at Fort Vancouver across the Columbia River just north of today's Portland, Oregon.  From this headquarters, British-employed fur trappers spread throughout the Pacific Northwest, extending as far east as the Rocky Mountains and, by using the Siskiyou Trail, as far south as California's Central Valley.

text: Mexican independence[edit]

text: After the Spanish possession now known as Mexico (first known as "América Septentrional" or "Northern America") won its War of Independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico initially retained Spain's missions and settlements along the Pacific coast, and continued Spain's claims to territory as far north as today's border between California and Oregon.  In the 1830s, Mexico ended Church control of the missions in California and opened the land to secular development, particularly ranching.  By the 1840s, there were small Mexican settlements at San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the territorial capital at Monterey.  These settlements primarily traded cattle hides and tallow with American and European merchant vessels.  This period is vividly portrayed in Bostonian Richard Henry Dana, Jr.'s famous seafaring memoir, Two Years Before the Mast and the culture of the great Mexican landowners of this period is often harked back to as exemplifying the height of California's romantic pastoral era. Mexican control of the territory ended after only 25 years, when attempts by local Mexican officials to expropriate the property of American ranchers  and drive them out of California in the winter lead to the successful uprising known as the Bear Flag Revolt.

text: Central American independence[edit]

text: During the 1820s, the Central American possessions of Spain gained their independence, and the boundaries of the young nations shifted in alliances and configurations. For example, what was to become the nation of Panama was simply a province of Colombia, and Guatemala was variously part of a confederation with Mexico, and part of the United Provinces of Central America, before becoming a separate nation in 1838.  Almost all of these Central American nations saw continuing political strife throughout this period (and into the 20th century), as struggles continued between indigenous peoples and elites, and among factions of the elites.

text: French interest[edit]

text: In 1786, Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse led a group of French scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by Louis XVI and were welcomed in Monterey, California. They compiled an account of the California mission system, the land and the people.

text: The leader of a further French scientific expedition to California, Eugène Duflot de Mofras, wrote in 1840 "...it is evident that California will belong to whatever nation chooses to send there a man-of-war and two hundred men."[29] In 1841, the Mexican military commander in Northern California, General Mariano Vallejo, wrote "there is no doubt that France is intriguing to become mistress of California."

text: U.S. expansion[edit]

text: In 1805, the first official party of Americans to arrive on the west coast of North America, the fabled expedition of Lewis and Clark, came down the Columbia River to the river's mouth on the border between today's Oregon and Washington.  In 1819, the United States acquired the Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest (as negotiated in the Nootka Convention) in the Adams-Onís Treaty. The United States argued that it acquired the Spanish rights to exclusive ownership of the Pacific Northwest as far north as Alaska, even though Spain had in fact relinquished any claim to exclusive rights as a result of the Nootka Conventions.  This position led to a dispute with Britain known as the Oregon boundary dispute, remembered for the slogan "54-40 or fight!"  The two countries agreed to defer resolution of the dispute, and to allow settlement by both British and American immigrants in what became known in the United States as the Oregon Country (today's Oregon, Washington, and Idaho; much of today's British Columbia; and parts of Montana and Wyoming).

text: In 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition visited the west coast of North America by ship, and sent an overland party down the Siskiyou Trail, from the site of today's Portland, Oregon, to San Francisco.

text: Americans continued arriving on the west coast of North America in significant numbers in the mid-1830s.  They first came overland along the Oregon Trail, settling primarily in the rich Willamette Valley south of today's Portland.  By 1841, the first overland party of American settlers reached California along what became the California Trail, and by the mid-1840s significant numbers of Americans were arriving in California.

text: In addition, the long-standing dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the Oregon Country was resolved in 1846, with the signing of the Oregon Treaty; the Oregon Treaty divided the disputed territory along what later became the current international boundary between Canada and the United States.

text: Rapid growth (1846–1945)[edit]

text: In this era, much of the west coast of North America transformed from an area still largely populated by indigenous peoples to widespread population of non-natives.  In particular, the west coast of the United States showed the most dramatic change, beginning with the California Gold Rush and the subsequent opening of the transcontinental railroads, through the development of Hollywood in Southern California, and increased industry and agriculture in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.  Canadian and Mexican development also proceeded during this time, but at a slower pace.[30]

text: United States[edit]

text: Americans in California rebelled against Mexico, and in 1846 established the short-lived California Republic. However, the Mexican–American War had already been declared, and the American military quickly took control of California. At the end of the war, Mexico ceded control of California to the United States. Things began to change dramatically in 1848 with the California Gold Rush which brought an influx of immigrants from around the world. While few found much gold, many stayed, founding communities and turning to farming and other practices. Despite these increases in population the west coast was still on the periphery. The American Civil War had little effect. This began to change as the first transcontinental railroads (completed in 1869) stretched across the United States. For the first time, it was relatively cheap and easy to move to the west coast.

text: In 1867, the United States acquired Alaska from the Russian Empire, capping American westward expansion on the North American continent.

text: The next 75 years saw monumental change on the west coast of the United States. Successive booms of agriculture, oil, entertainment, and industry greatly increased California's population. Logging, fishing, and industry drove the economies of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, and Oregon and Washington.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The gold rush fever spread progressively north; in 1858, the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush began in British Columbia, and at the end of the century, the Klondike Gold Rush saw the Yukon hit by masses of prospectors.

text: The formal delineation of the international border had not completely allayed Britain's fears of losing its Pacific territories, especially as it continued to lag behind the western United States in population and development.  As a condition of British Columbia's joining Canadian Confederation in 1871, the Canadian government promised British Columbia a railway, though due to the Pacific Scandal and controversies over the location of the Pacific port and railhead and the use of importing Chinese rather than British labour, the Canadian Pacific Railway was not completed until 1885.  The new line became an important link in what was known as the All Red Route around the world, linking global travel through territories exclusively British.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: While the Pacific Coast of Mexico remained relatively undeveloped economically, exceptions were tobacco cultivation in the coastal territory of Nayarit, tourism at Acapulco, and local-scale fishing all along the coast.

text: Central America[edit]

text: The countries of Central America continued to struggle politically during this time (with perhaps the notable exception of Costa Rica), and began to expand agriculture, particularly in coffee and bananas with investment and substantial control by the United States.  The establishment in 1903 of the newly independent nation of Panama (under pressure from the United States) led to the creation of the Canal Zone and opening of the Panama Canal in 1914.  The opening of the Canal benefited the region economically as trade with the Eastern United States and Europe became far easier.

text: Immigration[edit]

text: Both the gold rushes and the building of the railroads required vast amounts of labor.  One available source that was used on both sides of the border were immigrants from East Asia, largely from China and Japan.  These immigrants were willing to work for very little and played a crucial role in building the infrastructure of the west coast.  However, they faced constant discrimination.  Asians were deprived of their civil rights in both the United States and Canada. There was also pressure to restrict Asian immigration, opinions that were acted on with quotas, head taxes, and finally a complete ban in both nations in the 1920s. Because of discrimination, and also a desire to remain a community, Chinatowns developed in all the major cities along the west coast.

text: Increased trade and World War II[edit]

text: The rise of the Japanese economy also benefited the region as the ability to trade across the Pacific continued to show its great potential.

text: However, only a few decades later, Japan would become a major threat.   During World War II, there were few attacks against North America, but the occasional Japanese submarine lurked off the shores. Japan tried to damage the region by sending over thousands of Fu-Go balloon bombs in an attempt to light forest fires.  These were generally ineffective; a few landed in either Canada or the United States but they caused no great destruction.  More destructive was the internment of ethnic Japanese, who were expropriated and sent into internal exile merely for their descent.

text: Post-war period (1945–present)[edit]

text: The post-war years would be ones of great prosperity and growth on the west coast of North America.  The quick reemergence of Japan and its stunning growth over the next decades meant great wealth for the west coast ports.  Japan became the second largest trading partner of both Canada and the United States, and this trade was almost entirely based in the west coast (the United States and Canada are each other's largest trading partners).  Later the other Asian economies would add to this trade.  Throughout the northwest the primary extractive activities of logging, mining, and fishing remained the central industries. California became a centre of entertainment, aerospace engineering, and electronics.

text: Unlike other areas of the United States, the western economies were not based upon manufacturing and the great deindustrialization of the 1970s and 1980s did little to hurt the region—creating an imbalance between rapid growth in the west and stagnation or decline in the east.

text: During this period, the west coast departed from positions held in the FDR years and moved toward the direction of conservatism with the population favoring lower taxes.  In the United States, this manifested itself in support for the Republican Party, especially for the two Republican California-based presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan.  In British Columbia, the right wing Social Credit Party governed for over thirty years.  Nonetheless, the great port cities of San Francisco and Vancouver both fostered alternative views, acting as centres for environmentalism, unions, feminism, and gay rights.

text: The general economic revival of North America in the late 1990s brought growth in Northern California due to the high-tech industry.  The region was hurt, however, by the decade-long economic slump of Japan beginning at the same time.  This was made up for by the rapid growth of Southeast Asia, South Korea, and especially China.  The entire region shifted quite dramatically politically, however.  Westerners diverged from conservatism over social issues such as gay rights, abortion, and the legalization of soft drugs.  In 1991, British Columbia threw out Social Credit electing the social democratic British Columbia New Democratic Party.  California, Washington, and Oregon were pivotal in Bill Clinton's two victories and Al Gore and John Kerry's near wins in 2000 and 2004.  This change was mainly in the urban coastal areas.  Inland, rural regions of California remained staunchly Republican, and although once full of labour strongholds, the Interior of British Columbia has voted solidly for the Reform Party and its successors.


document_title: Long Ago and Far Away (James Taylor song)

question_text: james taylor long ago and far away backing vocals

text: Lyrics and music[edit]

text: Taylor wrote "Long Ago and Far Away" in 1970, about a year before it was recorded for Mud Slide Slim.[1] Joni Mitchell sings background vocals and Carole King plays piano.[2][3]  It is a sad song that Taylor biographer Timothy White calls "among the most wistful of Taylor's vast catalogue of secular hymns."[3]  The theme of the song is how things don't turn out as planned, how dreams don't usually match the ultimate reality and how expectations don't last.[4]  The lyrics evoke a motif common in Taylor's songs, that of the sea and sailing away for one reason or another.[3]  Other images in the lyrics include "tender dreams" and "broken glass."[3]  Towards the end of the song the singer asks why his song is so sad.[3]  The phrase "long ago and far away" never appears in the lyrics.[4]  Rather, Taylor sings that "Long ago a young man sits and plays his waiting game."[4]   In 1998 Taylor noted that the lyrics in the second verse "Love is just a word I've heard when things are being said" was the "most coherent" part of the song for him at that time, stating that "it is a musing on the nature of expectations, and how they don't last.[5]

text: Critic Al Rudis notes a resemblance between some of the melody of "Long Ago and Far Away" and that of "Sunny Skies," a song from Taylor's prior album Sweet Baby James.[6]  Journalist Peggy Mulloy Glad regards it as an example of how Taylor can use his vocal and guitar playing to "communicate the pain, melancholy and desires that most people experience but few can express."[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Author Dave Thompson described the song as "slight."[1]  But Rudis considers it a "nice dreamy number."[6]  Author Ian Halperin regards it as the most daring song on Mud Slide Slim.[4]  Thirteen years after its initial release, critic Doug Robinson called it a "lesser known gem."[8] Rolling Stone Album Guide critic Mark Coleman considered it the one song on Mud Slide Slim that wasn't sappy or flaccid.[2]  Taylor himself considers it "a sentimental song, but good."[3]

text: "Long Ago and Far Away" reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number 4 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.[9]  It reached number 12 in Canada, as well as number 9 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart.[10][11]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: "Long Ago and Far Away" was included on the compilation albums The Best of James Taylor and The Essential James Taylor.[12][13]  A live recording opens the album James Taylor Live in Rio.[14]

text: New York Voices covered "Long Ago and Far Away" on the 2001 album Sketches of James: Selection from the James Taylor Songbook.[15] Johnny Mathis covered the song on his 1971 album You've Got a Friend.[16][17]  Mathis also released his version as a single.[18] Billboard Magazine described Mathis' version, produced by Richard Perry, as a "ballad beauty" delivered "in top form."[19]


document_title: List of Governors of Arizona

question_text: does arizona have a republican or democratic governor

text: List of Governors of Arizona

text: Governors[edit]

text: Confederate Arizona[edit]

text: In Tucson between April 2 and April 5, 1860, a convention of settlers from the southern half of the New Mexico Territory drafted a constitution for a provisional Arizona Territory, three years before the United States would create such a territory. This proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33° 40' N. On April 2,[4] they elected a governor, Lewis Owings. The provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U.S. Congress at the time.[5]

text: On March 16, 1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, a convention in Mesilla voted that the provisional territory should secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America.[6] Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor.

text: The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1, 1861, when forces led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory, and Baylor proclaimed himself governor.[7] The territory was organized on February 14, 1862.[8] On March 20, 1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery.[7] When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29, 1862, to justify his decision, and after this was received, Davis relieved Baylor of his post and commission, calling his letter an "avowal of an infamous crime."[9] By that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862;[10] no new governor was appointed.

text: Governors of the Territory of Arizona[edit]

text: Arizona Territory was formed on February 24, 1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years.[11] On January 18, 1867, the northwestern corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada.[12]

text:
#
Governor
Term in office[a]
Appointing President

—

John A. Gurley
—[b]
Abraham Lincoln

1

John Noble Goodwin
December 29, 1863[13][14]
–
March 4, 1865[c]

2

Richard C. McCormick
July 9, 1866[15]
–
March 4, 1869[c]
Andrew Johnson

3

Anson P. K. Safford
July 9, 1869[16]
–
April 5, 1877
Ulysses S. Grant

4

John P. Hoyt
May 30. 1877[17]
–
June 12, 1878
Rutherford B. Hayes

5

John C. Frémont
October 6, 1878[18][d]
–
October 11, 1881[19][e]

6

Frederick Augustus Tritle
March 8, 1882[19][20]
–
October 7, 1885[21][f]
Chester A. Arthur

7

C. Meyer Zulick
November 2, 1885[22]
–
March 28, 1889
Grover Cleveland

8

Lewis Wolfley
April 8, 1889[23]
–
August 20, 1890[24][g]
Benjamin Harrison

9

John N. Irwin
January 21, 1891[26]
–
April 20, 1892[27][h]

10

Nathan Oakes Murphy
May 11, 1892[29][30]
–
April 5, 1893

11

L. C. Hughes
April 12, 1893[31]
–
April 1, 1896[32][i]
Grover Cleveland

12

Benjamin Joseph Franklin
April 18, 1896[34]
–
July 29, 1897[35]

13

Myron H. McCord
July 29, 1897[36][37]
–
August 1, 1898[38][j]
William McKinley

14

Nathan Oakes Murphy
August 1, 1898[40][41]
–
June 30, 1902[42][k]

15

Alexander O. Brodie
July 1, 1902[44][45]
–
February 14, 1905[46][l]
Theodore Roosevelt

16

Joseph H. Kibbey
March 7, 1905[46][47]
–
May 1, 1909

17

Richard Elihu Sloan
May 1, 1909[48][49]
–
February 14, 1912
William Howard Taft

text: Governors of the State of Arizona[edit]

text: The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912, the last of the contiguous states to be admitted.

text: The state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years.[50] The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment.[51][52] The constitution originally included no term limit,[53] but an amendment passed in 1992 allows governors to succeed themselves only once;[50] before this, four governors were elected more than twice in a row. Gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election.[50] Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office.

text: Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor; instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office. If the secretary of state was appointed, rather than elected, or is otherwise ineligible to hold the office of governor, the first elected and eligible person in the line of succession assumes the office. The state constitution specifies the line of succession to be the Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction, in that order. If the governor is out of the state or impeached, the next elected officer in the line of succession becomes acting governor until the governor returns or is cleared.[54] The line of succession has gone beyond secretary of state once, when Bruce Babbitt, as attorney general, became governor upon the death of Wesley Bolin; the secretary of state at the time, Rose Mofford, was an appointee to replace Bolin,[55] who himself had succeeded to the office due to the resignation of his predecessor, Raul Hector Castro. Mofford would later succeed Evan Mecham as acting governor when he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and as governor when he was convicted by the Senate.

text:
#
Governor[m]
Term in office
Election
Party

1

George W. P. Hunt
November 1, 1859 – December 24, 1934
(Aged 75)
February 14, 1912
–
January 1, 1917
1911
Democratic

1914

2

Thomas Edward Campbell
January 18, 1878 – March 1, 1944
(Aged 66)
January 1, 1917
–
December 25, 1917
1916
[n]
Republican

1

George W. P. Hunt
November 1, 1859 – December 24, 1934
(Aged 75)
December 25, 1917
–
January 1, 1919
Democratic

2

Thomas Edward Campbell
January 18, 1878 – March 1, 1944
(Aged 66)
January 1, 1919
–
January 1, 1923
1918
Republican

1920

1

George W. P. Hunt
November 1, 1859 – December 24, 1934
(Aged 75)
January 1, 1923
–
January 7, 1929
1922
Democratic

1924

1926

3

John Calhoun Phillips
November 13, 1870 – June 25, 1943
(Aged 72)
January 7, 1929
–
January 5, 1931
1928
Republican

1

George W. P. Hunt
November 1, 1859 – December 24, 1934
(Aged 75)
January 5, 1931
–
January 2, 1933
1930
Democratic

4

Benjamin Baker Moeur
December 22, 1869 – March 16, 1937
(Aged 67)
January 2, 1933
–
January 4, 1937
1932
Democratic

1934

5

Rawghlie Clement Stanford
August 2, 1879 – December 15, 1963
(Aged 84)
January 4, 1937
–
January 2, 1939
1936
Democratic

6

Robert Taylor Jones
February 8, 1884 – June 11, 1958
(Aged 74)
January 2, 1939
–
January 6, 1941
1938
Democratic

7

Sidney Preston Osborn
May 17, 1884 – May 25, 1948
(Aged 64)
January 6, 1941
–
May 25, 1948
1940
Democratic

1942

1944

1946
[o]

8

Dan Edward Garvey
June 19, 1886 – February 5, 1974
(Aged 87)
May 25, 1948
–
January 1, 1951
Democratic

1948

9

John Howard Pyle
March 25, 1906 – November 29, 1987
(Aged 81)
January 1, 1951
–
January 3, 1955
1950
Republican

1952

10

Ernest McFarland
October 9, 1894 – June 8, 1984
(Aged 89)
January 3, 1955
–
January 5, 1959
1954
Democratic

1956

11

Paul Fannin
January 29, 1907 – January 13, 2002
(Aged 94)
January 5, 1959
–
January 4, 1965
1958
Republican

1960

1962

12

Samuel Pearson Goddard, Jr.
August 8, 1919 – February 1, 2006
(Aged 86)
January 4, 1965
–
January 2, 1967
1964
Democratic

13

Jack Richard Williams
October 29, 1909 – August 24, 1998
(Aged 88)
January 2, 1967
–
January 6, 1975
1966
Republican

1968

1970
[p]

14

Raul Hector Castro
June 12, 1916 – April 10, 2015
(Aged 98)
January 6, 1975
–
October 20, 1977
1974
[q]
Democratic

15

Wesley Bolin
July 1, 1909 – March 4, 1978
(Aged 68)
October 20, 1977
–
March 4, 1978
Democratic

16

Bruce Babbitt
(1938-06-27) June 27, 1938 (age 79)
March 4, 1978
–
January 5, 1987
Democratic

1978

1982

17

Evan Mecham
May 12, 1924 – February 21, 2008
(Aged 83)
January 5, 1987
–
April 4, 1988
1986
[r]
Republican

18

Rose Mofford
June 10, 1922 – September 15, 2016
(Aged 94)
April 4, 1988
–
March 6, 1991
Democratic

19

Fife Symington
(1945-08-12) August 12, 1945 (age 72)
March 6, 1991
–
September 5, 1997
1990
[s]
Republican

1994
[t]

20

Jane Dee Hull
(1935-08-08) August 8, 1935 (age 82)
September 5, 1997
–
January 6, 2003
Republican

1998

21

Janet Napolitano
(1957-11-29) November 29, 1957 (age 59)
January 6, 2003
–
January 21, 2009
2002
Democratic

2006
[u]

22

Jan Brewer
(1944-09-26) September 26, 1944 (age 72)
January 21, 2009
–
January 5, 2015
Republican

2010

23

Doug Ducey
(1964-04-09) April 9, 1964 (age 53)
January 5, 2015
–
Present
2014
[v]
Republican

text: Living former governors[edit]

text: There are five living former governors of Arizona, the oldest being Jane Dee Hull (served 1997–2003, born 1935). The most recent death of a former governor of Arizona was that of Rose Mofford (served 1988–1991, born 1922), who died on September 15, 2016.

text:
Bruce Babbitt
(1978–1987)
(1938-06-27) June 27, 1938 (age 79)

Fife Symington
(1991–1997)
(1945-08-12) August 12, 1945 (age 72)

Jane Dee Hull
(1997–2003)
(1935-08-08) August 8, 1935 (age 82)

Janet Napolitano
(2003-2009)
(1957-11-29) November 29, 1957 (age 59)

Jan Brewer
(2009-2015)
(1944-09-26) September 26, 1944 (age 72)


document_title: Monohybrid cross

question_text: the first generation in a series of monohybrid crosses is referred to as the ___ generation

question_tokens: the first generation in a series of monohybrid crosses is referred to as the -- -- -- generation

text: Monohybrid cross

text: Usage[edit]

text: Generally, the monohybrid cross is used to determine the dominance relationship between two alleles. The cross begins with the parental (P) generation. One parent is homozygous for one allele, and the other parent is homozygous for the other allele. The offspring make up the first filial (F1) generation. Every member of the F1 generation is heterozygous and the phenotype of the F1 generation expresses the dominant trait.[3] Crossing two members of the F1 generation produces the second filial (F2) generation. Probability theory predicts that three quarters of the F2 generation will have the dominant allele's phenotype. And the remaining quarter of the F2s will have the recessive allele's phenotype. This predicted 3:1 phenotypic ratio assumes Mendelian inheritance.

text: This cross was originally used by biologist Gregor Mendel, who crossed two pea plants to obtain a hybrid variety and discovered the dominance relationships between alleles of several genes.

text: Mendel's experiment[edit]

text: Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was an Austrian monk who theorized basic rules of inheritance.[4] From 1858 to 1866, he bred garden peas Pisum sativum in his monastery garden and analyzed the offspring of these matings. The garden pea was chosen as an experimental organism because many varieties were available that bred true for qualitative traits and their pollination could be manipulated. The seven variable characteristics Mendel investigated in pea plants were [5]

text:
seed texture (round vs wrinkled)
seed color (yellow vs green)
flower color (white vs purple)
growth habit (tall vs dwarf)
pod shape (pinched or inflated)
pod color (green vs yellow)
flower position (axial or terminal)

text: .[6] Peas are normally self-pollinated because the stamens and carpels are enclosed within the petals. By removing the stamens from unripe flowers, Mendel could brush pollen from another variety on the carpels when they ripened.[7]

text: First cross[edit]

text: All the peas produced in the second or hybrid generation were round.

text: All the peas of this F1 generation have an Rr genotype. All the haploid sperm and eggs produced by meiosis received one chromosome 7. All the zygotes received one R allele (from the round seed parent) and one r allele (from the wrinkled seed parent). Because the R allele is dominant to the r allele, the phenotype of all the seeds was round. The phenotypic ratio in this case of Monohybrid cross is 1:1:1:1.

text:
P gametes
(round parent)

R
R

P gametes
(wrinkled parent)

r
Rr
Rr

r
Rr
Rr

text: Second cross[edit]

text: Mendel then he allowed his hybrid peas to self-pollinate. The wrinkled trait—which did not appear in his hybrid generation—reappeared in 25% of the new crop of peas.

text: Random union of equal numbers of R and r gametes produced an F2 generation with 25% RR and 50% Rr—both with the round phenotype—and 25% rr with the wrinkled phenotype.

text:
F1 gametes

R
r

F1 gametes
R
RR
Rr

r
Rr
rr

text: Third cross[edit]

text: Mendel then allowed some of each phenotype in the F2 generation to self-pollinate. His results:

text:
All the wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation produced only wrinkled seeds in the F3.
One-third (193/565) of the round F1 seeds produced only round seeds in the F3 generation, but two-thirds (372/565) of them produced both types of seeds in the F3 and—once again—in a 3:1 ratio.

text: One-third of the round seeds and all of the wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation were homozygous and produced only seeds of the same phenotype.

text: But two thirds of the round seeds in the F2 were heterozygous and their self-pollination produced both phenotypes in the ratio of a typical F1 cross.

text: Phenotype ratios are approximate.[8] The union of sperm and eggs is random. As the size of the sample gets larger, however, chance deviations become minimized and the ratios approach the theoretical predictions more closely. The table shows the actual seed production by ten of Mendel's F1 plants. While his individual plants deviated widely from the expected 3:1 ratio, the group as a whole approached it quite closely.

text:
Round
Wrinkled

45
12

27
8

24
7

19
16

32
11

26
6

88
24

22
10

28
6

25
7

Total: 336
Total: 107

text: Mendel's hypothesis[edit]

text: To explain his results, Mendel formulated a hypothesis that included the following: In the organism there is a pair of factors that controls the appearance of a given characteristic. (They are called genes.) The organism inherits these factors from its parents, one from each. A factor is transmitted from generation to generation as a discrete, unchanging unit. (The r factor in the F2 generation passed through the round-seeded F1 generation. In spite of this, the rr seeds in the F2 generation were no less wrinkled than those in the P generation.) When the gametes are formed, the factors separate and are distributed as units to each gamete. This statement is often called Mendel's rule of segregation. If an organism has two unlike factors (called alleles) for a characteristic, one may be expressed to the total exclusion of the other (dominant vs recessive).

text: Test of the hypothesis[edit]

text: A good hypothesis meets several standards.

text:
It should provide an adequate explanation of the observed facts. If two or more hypotheses meet this standard, the simpler one is preferred.
It should be able to predict new facts. So if a generalization is valid, then certain specific consequences can be deduced from it.

text: In order to test his hypothesis, Mendel predicted the outcome of a breeding experiment that he had not carried out yet. He crossed heterozygous round peas (Rr) with wrinkled (homozygous, rr) ones. He predicted that in this case one-half of the seeds produced would be round (Rr) and one-half wrinkled (rr).

text:
F1 gametes

R
r

P gametes
r
Rr
rr

r
Rr
rr

text: To a casual observer in the monastery garden, the cross appeared no different from the P cross described above: round-seeded peas being crossed with wrinkled-seeded ones. But Mendel predicted that this time he would produce both round and wrinkled seeds and in a 50:50 ratio. He performed the cross and harvested 106 round peas and 101 wrinkled peas.

text: Mendel tested his hypothesis with a type of backcross called a testcross. An organism has an unknown genotype which is one of two genotypes (like RR and Rr) that produce the same phenotype. The result of the test identifies the unknown genotype.

text: Mendel did not stop there. He went on to cross pea varieties that differed in six other qualitative traits. In every case, the results supported his hypothesis. He crossed peas that differed in two traits. He found that the inheritance of one trait was independent of that of the other and so framed his second rule: the rule of independent assortment. Today, it is known that this rule does not apply to some genes, due to genetic linkage.[9]