document_title: List of association football stadiums by capacity

question_text: top 10 football stadium in the world 2018

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text: The following is a list of football stadiums. They are ordered by their seating capacity, that is the maximum number of spectators that the stadium can accommodate in seated areas. All stadiums that are the home of a club or national team with a capacity of 40,000 or more are included. That is the minimum capacity required for a stadium to host FIFA World Cup finals matches.

text:
The list contains both stadiums used solely for football, and those used for other sports as well as football. Some stadiums are only used by a team for certain high attendance matches, like
local derbies or cup games.

text:
bold

Denotes that the stadium was once the largest association football stadium in the world.

★

Denotes the largest association football stadium in the world.

♦

Denotes the largest association football stadium in the country or area.

text:
List of association football (soccer) stadiums by capacity

Stadium
Seating capacity
City
Country or area
Home team(s) & events hosted

Rungrado 1st of May Stadium ★ ♦
114,000[1]
Pyongyang
 North Korea
Korea DPR national football team

Melbourne Cricket Ground
100,024
Melbourne
 Australia
Australia national soccer team

Camp Nou ♦
99,354[2]
Barcelona
 Spain
FC Barcelona, 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1999 UEFA Champions League Final

FNB Stadium ♦
94,736[3]
Johannesburg
 South Africa
South Africa national football team, Kaizer Chiefs, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Rose Bowl Stadium
90,888[4]
Pasadena, California
 United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup, Copa América Centenario, 1994 FIFA World Cup, 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2026 FIFA World Cup

Wembley Stadium ♦
90,000[5]
London
 England
England national football team, Tottenham Hotspur F.C., FA Cup semi-finals and finals, EFL Cup and English Football League play-offs finals, 2011 and 2013 UEFA Champions League Finals, UEFA Euro 2020

Bukit Jalil National Stadium ♦
87,411
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
Malaysia national football team,[6] 1998 Commonwealth Games, 2007 AFC Asian Cup

Estadio Azteca ♦
87,523[7]
Mexico City
 Mexico
Club América, Mexico national football team, 1968 Summer Olympics, 1970 and 1986 FIFA World Cups

Borg El Arab Stadium ♦
86,000[8]
Alexandria
 Egypt
Egypt national football team, 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup

Salt Lake Stadium ♦
85,000[9][10]
Kolkata
 India
India national football team, ATK, Mohun Bagan, East Bengal, Mohammedan, 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup

ANZ Stadium
84,000
Sydney
 Australia
Western Sydney Wanderers, 2000 Summer Olympics

MetLife Stadium
82,500
East Rutherford, New Jersey
 United States
Copa América Centenario, 2026 FIFA World Cup

Croke Park
82,300[11]
Dublin
 Ireland
Gaelic Athletic Association

Signal Iduna Park ♦
81,360
Dortmund
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund, 2001 UEFA Cup Final, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Stade de France ♦
81,338[12]
Saint-Denis
 France
France national football team, 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2000 and 2006 UEFA Champions League Finals, UEFA Euro 2016

Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
81,044[13]
Madrid
 Spain
Real Madrid C.F., UEFA Euro 1964, 1982 FIFA World Cup, 2010 UEFA Champions League Final

Luzhniki Stadium ♦
81,004[14]
Moscow
 Russia
1980 Summer Olympics, 2008 UEFA Champions League Final, 2018 FIFA World Cup

Shah Alam Stadium
80,372
Shah Alam
 Malaysia
Selangor FA, 2007 AFC Asian Cup

Estadio Monumental "U" ♦
80,093
Lima
 Peru
Club Universitario de Deportes

Stadio Giuseppe Meazza(San Siro) ♦
80,018
Milan
 Italy
A.C. Milan, Inter Milan, 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cups, UEFA Euro 1980, 2001 and 2016 UEFA Champions League Finals

Guangdong Olympic Stadium ♦
80,012
Guangzhou
 China
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C.

FedExField
80,000
Landover, Maryland
 United States
2026 FIFA World Cup

AT&T Stadium
80,000
Arlington, Texas
 United States
2009, 2011, and 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cups, 2026 FIFA World Cup

Stade des Martyrs ♦
80,000
Kinshasa
 DR Congo
Vita Club, Congo DR national football team

Beijing National Stadium
80,000
Beijing
 China
2008 Summer Olympics

Maracanã Stadium ♦
78,838[15][16][17]
Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, CR Flamengo, Fluminense FC, Botafogo FR, CR Vasco da Gama, 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups

Azadi Stadium ♦
78,116[18][19]
Tehran
 Iran
Iran national football team, Esteghlal FC, Persepolis FC, 1974 Asian Games

Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium ♦
76,127[20]
Jakarta
 Indonesia
Indonesia national football team, Persija Jakarta, 1962 Asian Games, 2007 AFC Asian Cup, 2018 Asian Games

Atatürk Olympic Stadium ♦
76,092[21]
Istanbul
 Turkey
2005 UEFA Champions League Final

Old Trafford
75,731
Manchester
 England
Manchester United F.C., 2003 UEFA Champions League Final

Allianz Arena
75,024[22]
Munich
 Germany
FC Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 Munich, 2006 FIFA World Cup, 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
75,000[23]
Kochi
 India
Kerala Blasters

Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium
75,000
Isfahan
 Iran
Sepahan F.C.

Millennium Stadium ♦
74,500
Cardiff
 Wales
Wales national football team, 2017 UEFA Champions League Final

Cairo International Stadium
74,100
Cairo
 Egypt
Egypt national football team, Al-Ahly S.C., Zamalek SC

Olympiastadion
74,064
Berlin
 Germany
Hertha BSC, 1936 Summer Olympics, 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, 2015 UEFA Champions League Final

Stadio Olimpico
72,698
Rome
 Italy
A.S. Roma, S.S. Lazio, 1960 Summer Olympics, 1990 FIFA World Cup, 1996 and 2009 UEFA Champions League Finals

International Stadium Yokohama ♦
72,327[24]
Yokohama
 Japan
Yokohama F. Marinos, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Mercedes-Benz Stadium
72,000[25]
Atlanta, Georgia
 United States
Atlanta United FC

NRG Stadium
71,054
Houston, Texas
 United States
United States men's national soccer team, and Houston Dynamo prime matches, 2026 FIFA World Cup

Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex ♦
70,050[26]
Kiev
 Ukraine
Ukraine national football team, FC Dynamo Kyiv, UEFA Euro 2012, 2018 UEFA Champions League Final

July 5 Stadium ♦
70,000[27]
Algiers
 Algeria
Algeria national football team

Seoul Olympic Stadium
69,950
Seoul
 South Korea
Korea Republic national football team, Seoul E-Land FC, 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics

Baku Olympic Stadium ♦
69,870
Baku
 Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan national football team, 2015 European Games

Olympic Stadium Athens Spiros Louis ♦
69,618
Athens
 Greece
Greece national football team, AEK Athens, Panathinaikos F.C., 1994 and 2007 UEFA Champions League Finals, 2004 Summer Olympics

Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha
69,349
Brasília
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, Brasília FC, Legião FC, 2014 FIFA World Cup, 2016 Summer Olympics

Olympiastadion München
69,250
Munich
 Germany
1972 Summer Olympics, 1974 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1988, 1993 and 1997 UEFA Champions League Finals, 2012 UEFA Women's Champions League Final

CenturyLink Field
69,000
Seattle, Washington
 United States
Seattle Sounders FC

Estadio Olímpico Universitario
68,954
Mexico City
 Mexico
UNAM Pumas, 1968 Summer Olympics

Gillette Stadium
68,756
Foxborough, Massachusetts
 United States
New England Revolution

King Abdullah Sports City ♦
68,560
Jeddah
 Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia national football team Al-Ahli Saudi FC

Krestovsky Stadium
68,134
Saint Petersburg
 Russia
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, 2018 FIFA World Cup

Wanda Metropolitano
67,703
Madrid
 Spain
Atlético Madrid, 2019 UEFA Champions League Final

Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ♦
67,432
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
Argentina national football team, River Plate, 1978 FIFA World Cup

Stade Vélodrome
67,394
Marseille
 France
Olympique de Marseille, 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, 1960, 1984, and 2016 UEFA European Championships

Palaran Stadium
67,075
Samarinda
 Indonesia
2008 Pekan Olahraga Nasional, Borneo F.C.

Estádio do Morumbi
67,052
São Paulo
 Brazil
São Paulo FC

Stade Mohamed V ♦
67,000[28]
Casablanca
 Morocco
Wydad Casablanca, Raja Casablanca

Sahand Stadium
66,833
Tabriz
 Iran
Tractor Sazi F.C.

Seoul World Cup Stadium
66,704
Seoul
 South Korea
Korea Republic national football team, FC Seoul, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Daegu Stadium
66,422
Daegu
 South Korea
Daegu FC, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Workers' Stadium
66,161
Beijing
 China
Beijing Guoan F.C., China national football team, 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2004 AFC Asian Cup, 2008 Summer Olympics.

London Stadium
66,000
London
 England
West Ham United F.C.

Olympic Stadium ♦
65,255
Montreal
 Canada
some Montreal Impact matches, 1976 Summer Olympics, 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

Basra Sports City ♦
65,227
Basra
 Iraq
Iraq national football team

Camping World Stadium
65,000
Orlando, Florida
 United States
1994 FIFA World Cup, 1996 Summer Olympics, 1998 MLS All-Star Game

Estádio da Luz ♦
64,642
Lisbon
 Portugal
S.L. Benfica, UEFA Euro 2004, 2014 UEFA Champions League Final

Castelão
63,903
Fortaleza
 Brazil
Ceará SC, Fortaleza EC, 2014 FIFA World Cup

Saitama Stadium 2002
63,700[29]
Saitama
 Japan
Urawa Red Diamonds, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Ellis Park Stadium
62,567
Johannesburg
 South Africa
Orlando Pirates FC, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Veltins-Arena
62,271
Gelsenkirchen
 Germany
FC Schalke 04, 2004 UEFA Champions League Final

Yizhong Sports Center
62,000
Qingdao
 China
Qingdao Jonoon F.C.

King Fahd International Stadium
61,781
Riyadh
 Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia national football team Al-Hilal, Al-Nassr, Al-Shabab

Estadio Benito Villamarín
60,720
Seville
 Spain
Real Betis, 1982 FIFA World Cup

Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
61,443
Nanjing
 China
Jiangsu Guoxin-Sainty

Abuja Stadium ♦
60,491
Abuja
 Nigeria
Nigeria national football team

Mercedes-Benz Arena
60,469
Stuttgart
 Germany
VfB Stuttgart, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Celtic Park ♦
60,411[30]
Glasgow
 Scotland
Celtic F.C.

Emirates Stadium
60,338[31]
London
 England
Arsenal F.C.

Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre
60,334
Shenzhen
 China
Shenzhen Fengpeng F.C.

Stadio San Paolo
60,240
Naples
 Italy
Napoli, 1990 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Centenario ♦
60,235
Montevideo
 Uruguay
Uruguay national football team, 1930 FIFA World Cup

Estádio do Arruda
60,044
Recife
 Brazil
Santa Cruz FC

Stade 7 November ♦
60,000
Radès
 Tunisia
Tunisia national football team, 2001 Mediterranean Games, 2004 African Cup of Nations

Mogadishu Stadium
60,000
Mogadishu
 Somalia
Somalia national football team

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
60,000[32]
New Delhi
 India
some I-League matches, Delhi Dynamos

Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Hafei
 China
Anhui Jiufang

Estádio Fonte Nova
60,000
Salvador
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, EC Bahia, EC Vitória, Galícia EC

National Heroes Stadium ♦
60,000
Lusaka
 Zambia
Zambian national football team

Jaber Al-Ahmad International Stadium ♦
60,000
Kuwait City
 Kuwait
Kuwait national football team

Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium ♦
60,000
Dar es Salaam
 Tanzania
Tanzania national football team, Young Africans

Stade Léopold Sédar Senghor ♦
60,000
Dakar
 Senegal
Senegal national football team, ASC Jeanne d'Arc

Moi International Sports Centre ♦
60,000
Nairobi
 Kenya
Kenya national football team

Jatidiri Stadium
60,000[33]
Semarang
 Indonesia
PSIS Semarang

National Sports Stadium ♦
60,000
Harare
 Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe national football team

Odi Stadium
60,000
Mabopane
 South Africa
Garankuwa United F.C.

Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Shenyang
 China
Changsha Ginde F.C., 2008 Olympic men's and women's football tournaments

Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo ♦
59,283[34]
Guayaquil
 Ecuador
Barcelona Sporting Club

Groupama Stadium
59,186
Décines-Charpieu
 France
Olympique Lyonnais, UEFA Euro 2016, 2018 UEFA Europa League Final

Chongqing Olympic Sports Center
58,680
Chongqing
 China
Chongqing Lifan F.C.

PGE Narodowy ♦
58,500
Warsaw
 Poland
Poland national football team, 2015 UEFA Europa League Final

Tianhe Stadium
58,500
Guangzhou
 China
some Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C. matches

Stadio San Nicola
58,270
Bari
 Italy
A.S. Bari, 1991 European Cup Final

Mineirão
58,170
Belo Horizonte
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, CA Mineiro, Cruzeiro EC, 2014 FIFA World Cup

Estadio de La Cartuja
57,619
Seville
 Spain
Spain national football team, 2003 UEFA Cup Final

Volksparkstadion
57,030
Hamburg
 Germany
Hamburger SV, 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, UEFA Euro 1988, 2010 UEFA Europa League Final

Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes
57,000
Córdoba
 Argentina
Talleres de Córdoba, some Belgrano de Córdoba matches.

May 19 Stadium
56,000
Annaba
 Algeria
USM Annaba

Shanghai Stadium
56,842
Shanghai
 China
Shanghai SIPG F.C., 2008 Olympic men's football tournament

Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium
56,808
Jinan
 China
Shandong Luneng Taishan

Estadio Jalisco
56,713[35]
Guadalajara
 Mexico
Atlas

Commonwealth Stadium
56,302
Edmonton
 Canada
Canadian men's and women's national teams, 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, FC Edmonton (cup matches only)

Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
55,926
Barcelona
 Spain
1992 Summer Olympics

Dalian People's Stadium
55,843
Dalian
 China
Dalian Shide F.C.

Arena do Grêmio
55,662
Porto Alegre
 Brazil
Grêmio FBPA

Arena Națională ♦
55,634
Bucharest
 Romania
Romania national football team, 2012 UEFA Europa League Final

Rajko Mitić Stadium ♦
55,538
Belgrade
 Serbia
Red Star Belgrade, Serbia national football team

Stadion Śląski
55,211
Chorzów
 Poland
Poland national football team, Ruch Chorzów

Etihad Stadium
55,097
Manchester
 England
Manchester City F.C., 2002 Commonwealth Games, 2008 UEFA Cup Final

Estadio Mestalla
55,000
Valencia
 Spain
Valencia CF, 1982 FIFA World Cup

New Singapore National Stadium ♦
55,000
Singapore
 Singapore
Singapore national football team

Kaohsiung National Stadium ♦
55,000
Kaohsiung
 Taiwan
Chinese Taipei national football team ,2009 World Games

Helong Stadium
55,000
Changsha
 China
Changsha Ginde F.C.

Cape Town Stadium
55,000
Cape Town
 South Africa
Ajax Cape Town FC, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium
55,000
Surabaya
 Indonesia
Persebaya Surabaya

Plovdiv Stadium ♦
55,000
Plovdiv
 Bulgaria
none

Vicente Calderón Stadium
54,907
Madrid
 Spain
Atlético Madrid, 1982 FIFA World Cup

Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium
54,696
Tianjin
 China
Tianjin Teda

Esprit Arena
54,600
Düsseldorf
 Germany
Fortuna Düsseldorf

Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena ♦
54,549
Tbilisi
 Georgia
Georgia national football team, FC Dinamo Tbilisi

Wuhan Sports Center Stadium
54,357
Wuhan
 China
some Wuhan Optics Valley F.C. matches

BC Place Stadium
54,320
Vancouver
 Canada
Vancouver Whitecaps FC

Hrazdan Stadium ♦
54,208
Yerevan
 Armenia
FC Ararat Yerevan, Ulisses F.C.

Anfield

54,167[36]

Liverpool

 England

Liverpool F.C.

Estádio Serra Dourada
54,084
Goiânia
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, Goiás EC, Vila Nova FC, Atlético CG, Goiânia EC

Borussia-Park
54,057
Mönchengladbach
 Germany
Borussia Mönchengladbach

Moses Mabhida Stadium
54,000
Durban
 South Africa
AmaZulu FC, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Busan Asiad Main Stadium
53,864
Busan
 South Korea
Busan IPark, 2002 FIFA World Cup, 2002 Asian Games

Johan Cruijff Arena ♦
53,748[37]
Amsterdam
 Netherlands
AFC Ajax, 1998 UEFA Champions League Final, 2013 UEFA Europa League Final

Adelaide Oval
53,500
Adelaide
 Australia
some Adelaide United matches

Docklands Stadium
53,359
Melbourne
 Australia
Australia national soccer team, Melbourne Victory

Estádio Parque do Sabiá
53,350
Uberlândia
 Brazil
Uberlânia EC

San Mamés Stadium
53,332
Bilbao
 Spain
Athletic Bilbao, UEFA Euro 2020

Aleppo International Stadium ♦
53,200
Aleppo
 Syria
Al-Ittihad

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata
53,000
La Plata
 Argentina
Estudiantes de La Plata, Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

Semple Stadium
53,000
Thurles
 Ireland
Tipperary Galic Association

Kozhikode Municipal Stadium
53,000
Kozhikode
 India
India national football team, Viva Kerala FC, Gokulam Kerala FC

Huanglong Stadium
52,672
Hangzhou
 China
Hangzhou Nabel Greentown F.C.

Türk Telekom Arena
52,652
Istanbul
 Turkey
Galatasaray S.K.

Suncorp Stadium
52,500
Brisbane
 Australia
Brisbane Roar FC

St James' Park
52,405
Newcastle upon Tyne
 England
Newcastle United FC

Estadio de Palmaseca ♦
52,000
Cali
 Colombia
Deportivo Cali

Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium
52,000
Rabat
 Morocco
Morocco national football team, FAR Rabat

Kings Park Stadium
52,000
Durban
 South Africa
Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C., 1996 African Cup of Nations

Newlands Stadium
51,900
Cape Town
 South Africa
none

Hampden Park
51,866[38]
Glasgow
 Scotland
Scotland national football team, Queen's Park F.C., 2002 UEFA Champions League Final, 2007 UEFA Cup Final

Estadio Monumental de Maturín ♦
51,796
Maturín
 Venezuela
Monagas Sport Club

Loftus Versfeld Stadium
51,762
Pretoria
 South Africa
some Supersport United F.C. matches, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Aviva Stadium ♦
51,700
Dublin
 Ireland
Republic of Ireland national football team, 2011 UEFA Europa League Final

Guiyang Olympic Sports Center
51,638
Guiyang
 China
Guizhou Hengfeng Zhicheng F.C.

Hohhot City Stadium
51,632
Hohhot
 China
local football matches

Donbass Arena
51,504
Donetsk
 Ukraine
originally FC Shakhtar Donetsk, before relocated due to War in Donbass.

Commerzbank-Arena
51,500
Frankfurt
 Germany
Eintracht Frankfurt

Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón
51,389
Avellaneda
 Argentina
Racing Club de Avellaneda

Estádio Beira-Rio
51,300
Porto Alegre
 Brazil
SC Internacional

İzmir Atatürk Stadium
51,295
İzmir
 Turkey
some Altay S.K. and Göztepe A.Ş. matches

Stadion Feijenoord
51,117
Rotterdam
 Netherlands
Feyenoord Rotterdam, 1972 European Cup Final, 2002 UEFA Cup Final

Estadio BBVA Bancomer
51,000[39]
Monterrey
 Mexico
C.F. Monterrey

Ghadir Stadium
51,000
Ahvaz
 Iran
Foolad F.C.

Ibrox Stadium
50,817[40]
Glasgow
 Scotland
Rangers F.C.

Shizuoka Stadium
50,889[41]
Fukuroi
 Japan
some Júbilo Iwata and Shimizu S-Pulse matches, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Ernst-Happel-Stadion ♦
50,865
Vienna
 Austria
Austria national football team, some FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien matches, 1995 UEFA Champions League Final, UEFA Euro 2008

Estadio Cuauhtémoc
50,754
Puebla
 Mexico
Puebla F.C.

Friends Arena ♦
50,653
Solna
 Sweden
Sweden national football team, AIK Fotboll, 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium
50,509
Istanbul
 Turkey
Fenerbahçe S.K., 2009 UEFA Cup Final

Stanford Stadium
50,424
Palo Alto, California
 United States
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, 1994 FIFA World Cup, Exhibition matches of professional teams, and large capacity San Jose Earthquakes matches

Stade Pierre-Mauroy
50,186
Villeneuve-d'Ascq
 France
Lille OSC, UEFA Euro 2016

King Baudouin Stadium ♦
50,122
Brussels
 Belgium
Belgium national football team

Shaanxi Province Stadium
50,100
Xi'an
 China
Shaanxi Zhongjian Chanba F.C.

Ajinomoto Stadium
50,100
Chofu
 Japan
F.C. Tokyo, Tokyo Verdy

Estádio José Alvalade
50,095
Lisbon
 Portugal
Sporting CP, 2005 UEFA Cup Final

Estádio Serra Dourada
50,049
Goiânia
 Brazil
some Goiás Esporte Clube, Vila Nova, and Atlético Goianiense matches

Estádio do Dragão
50,033
Porto
 Portugal
F.C. Porto

Al-Shaab Stadium
50,000
Baghdad
 Iraq
Iraq national football team

RheinEnergieStadion
50,000
Cologne
 Germany
1. FC Köln, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Harbin Sports City Center Stadium
50,000
Harbin
 China
Harbin Yiteng

Greenfield Stadium
50,000[42]
Trivandrum
 India
2015 SAFF Championship

Eden Park ♦
50,000
Auckland
 New Zealand
local football matches

Estádio 11 de Novembro ♦
50,000
Luanda
 Angola
Angola national football team, Primeiro de Agosto, Petro Luanda

Henan Provincial Stadium
50,000
Zhengzhou
 China
local football matches

Jiangxi Olympic Sports Center
50,000
Nanchang
 China
local football matches

Max-Morlock-Stadion
50,000
Nuremberg
 Germany
1. FC Nürnberg, 2006 FIFA World Cup

June 11 Stadium ♦
50,000
Tripoli
 Libya
Libya, Al-Ahly Tripoli, Al-Ittihad Tripoli, Almadina S.C.

Xinjiang Sports Centre
50,000
Urumqi
 China
some regional team matches

Kim Il-sung Stadium
50,000
Pyongyang
 North Korea
Pyongyang City Sports Club

Hiroshima Big Arch
50,000
Hiroshima
 Japan
Sanfrecce Hiroshima

Pars Shiraz Stadium
50,000
Shiraz
 Iran
Fajr Sepasi Shiraz F.C.

Jilin People's Stadium
50,000
Jilin City
 China
some regional team matches

Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium ♦
50,000
Phnom Penh
 Cambodia
Cambodia national football team , Khemara Keila FC, Boeung Ket Angkor FC

Stade du 26 Mars ♦
50,000
Bamako
 Mali
Stade Malien

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium
50,000
Kuala Terengganu
 Malaysia
some Terengganu FA matches

Estadio Omnilife
49,850
Guadalajara
 Mexico
C.D. Guadalajara

Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
49,800
Lusaka
 Zambia
Zesco United

Fritz-Walter-Stadion
49,780
Kaiserslautern
 Germany
1. FC Kaiserslautern, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Rajamangala National Stadium ♦
49,722
Bangkok
 Thailand
Thailand national football team, 2007 AFC Asian Cup

Estadio José Amalfitani
49,540
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA Vélez Sársfield

Arena Corinthians
49,205
São Paulo
 Brazil
Corinthians, 2014 FIFA World Cup

Miyagi Stadium
49,133
Rifu
 Japan
some Vegalta Sendai matches, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Incheon Munhak Stadium
49,084
Incheon
 South Korea
2002 FIFA World Cup, 2014 Asian Games

Estadio Alberto J. Armando (La Bombonera)
49,000
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA Boca Juniors

HDI-Arena
49,000
Hanover
 Germany
Hannover 96, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Parc des Princes
48,712
Paris
 France
Paris Saint-Germain F.C., 1998 FIFA World Cup, 1960, 1984, and 2016 UEFA European Championships

Stadium of Light
48,707
Sunderland
 England
Sunderland A.F.C.

Estadio Nacional de Chile ♦
48,665
Santiago
 Chile
Chile national football team, CF Universidad de Chile

Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
48,459
Port Elizabeth
 South Africa
Chippa United F.C., 2010 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó
48,314
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA Huracán

Jinnah Sports Stadium ♦
48,200
Islamabad
 Pakistan
some Pakistan national football team matches

Estadio Libertadores de América
48,069
Avellaneda
 Argentina
Club Atlético Independiente

Free State Stadium
48,000
Bloemfontein
 South Africa
Bloemfontein Celtic, 2010 FIFA World Cup

Nagai Stadium
47,816
Osaka
 Japan
Cerezo Osaka, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium ♦
47,799
Beirut
 Lebanon
Lebanon national football team

Rogers Centre
47,568
Toronto
 Canada
some Toronto FC matches

Estadio Monumental David Arellano
47,347
Santiago
 Chile
Colo-Colo

Stadio Artemio Franchi
47,282
Florence
 Italy
ACF Fiorentina

Estadio Ciudad de Lanús – Néstor Díaz Pérez
47,027
Lanús
 Argentina
CA Lanús

Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez
46,788
Barranquilla
 Colombia
Colombia national football team, Atlético Junior

Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
46,931
Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
Botafogo FR, 2016 Summer Olympics

Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex
45,739
Medellín
 Colombia
Atlético Nacional, Independiente Medellín

Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
45,596
Washington, D.C.
 United States
D.C. United, USA international matches

Estadio Nacional de Lima
45,574
Lima
 Peru
Peru national football team

Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán
45,500
Seville
 Spain
Sevilla FC, 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 European Cup Final

Sydney Football Stadium
45,500
Sydney
 Australia
Sydney FC

Stade Adrar
45,480
Agadir
 Morocco
Hassania Agadir

Otkrytiye Arena
45,360
Moscow
 Russia
Spartak Moscow, 2018 FIFA World Cup

Stade de Marrakesh
45,240
Marrakesh
 Morocco
Kawkab Marrakech

Mandela National Stadium ♦
45,202
Kampala
 Uganda
Uganda national football team

Kazan Arena
45,105
Kazan
 Russia
Rubin Kazan, 2018 FIFA World Cup

Estádio Olímpico do Pará
45,007
Belém
 Brazil
Brazil national football team, Paysandu SC, Clube do Remo, Tuna Luso Brasileira, SC Belem

February 24 Stadium
45,000
Sidi Bel Abbès
 Algeria
USM Bel-Abbès

Latakia Sports City Stadium
45,000
Latakia
 Syria
1987 Mediterranean Games

Zibo Sports Center Stadium
45,000
Zibo
 China
2010 AFC U-19 Championship

Weifang Sports Center Stadium
45,000
Weifang
 China
2009 National Games of China

Yantai Sports Park Stadium
45,000
Yantai
 China
local football matches

Grand Stade de Tanger
45,000
Tangier
 Morocco
IR Tanger

Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium
45,000
Seremban
 Malaysia
ATM FA, Negeri Sembilan

Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium
45,000[43]
Kobe
 Japan
some Vissel Kobe matches

Estádio da Machava ♦
45,000
Maputo
 Mozambique
Mozambique national football team

Fes Stadium
45,000
Fes
 Morocco
Wydad de Fès, Maghreb de Fès

Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium
45,000
Isfahan
 Iran
Sepahan F.C.

Harapan Bangsa Stadium
45,000
Banda Aceh
 Indonesia
Aceh United

Stade El Menzah
45,000
Tunis
 Tunisia
ES Tunis, Club Africain

Tinsulanon Stadium
45,000
Songkhla
 Thailand
some Songkhla United matches

Toyota Stadium
45,000
Toyota City
 Japan
some Nagoya Grampus Eight matches

Lagos National Stadium
45,000
Lagos
 Nigeria
some Nigeria national football team matches

Mubarak International Stadium
45,000
Suez
 Egypt
Egypt national football team

Red Bull Arena
44,345
Leipzig
 Germany
RB Leipzig, 2006 FIFA World Cup

Itaipava Arena Pernambuco
44,300
Recife
 Brazil
Náutico, 2014 FIFA World Cup

Estádio Governador Alberto Tavares Silva (Albertão)
44,200
Teresina
 Brazil
River AC, EC Flamengo, Piauí EC, SE Tiradentes, Auto EC

Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium
44,102
Ulsan
 South Korea
Ulsan Hyundai, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Suwon World Cup Stadium
43,959
Suwon
 South Korea
Suwon Samsung Bluewings, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Riau Main Stadium
43,923
Pekanbaru
 Indonesia
2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional

Shandong Provincial Stadium
43,700
Jinan
 China
Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C.

Sheikh Zayed Stadium ♦
43,620
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
UAE President's Cup Finals, 2019 AFC Asian Cup

Stadion Energa Gdańsk
43,615
Gdańsk
 Poland
Lechia Gdańsk

Allianz Parque
43,600
São Paulo
 Brazil
SE Palmeiras

Estadio Pedro Bidegain
43,494
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
CA San Lorenzo de Almagro

INEA Stadion
43,269
Poznań
 Poland
Lech Poznań, Warta Poznań

Vasil Levski National Stadium
43,230
Sofia
 Bulgaria
Bulgaria national football team

Stade de Gerland
43,051
Lyon
 France
UEFA Euro 1984, 1998 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Universidad San Marcos
43,000
Lima
 Peru
Deportivo Universidad San Marcos

Nya Ullevi Stadium
43,000
Gothenburg
 Sweden
Sweden women's national football team, UEFA Euro 1992, 2004 UEFA Cup Final, Gothenburg derbies

Estadio General Santander
42,901
Cúcuta
 Colombia
Cúcuta Deportivo

Stadion Wrocław
42,771
Wrocław
 Poland
Śląsk Wrocław

Villa Park
42,682
Birmingham
 England
Aston Villa F.C.

Perak Stadium
42,500
Perak
 Malaysia
Perak FA

Jeonju World Cup Stadium
42,477
Jeonju
 South Korea
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Kanjuruhan Stadium
42,449
Malang
 Indonesia
Arema F.C.

Weserstadion
42,358
Bremen
 Germany
SV Werder Bremen

Denka Big Swan Stadium
42,300
Niigata
 Japan
Albirex Niigata, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Metropolitano de Mérida
42,200
Mérida
 Venezuela
Estudiantes de Mérida

Daejeon World Cup Stadium
42,176
Daejeon
 South Korea
Daejeon Citizen, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Matmut Atlantique
42,115
Bordeaux
 France
FC Girondins de Bordeaux, UEFA Euro 2016

Helsinki Olympic Stadium ♦
42,062
Helsinki
 Finland
Finland national football team

Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
42,056
Cusco
 Peru
CS Cienciano

Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium
42,056
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
Al-Jazira Club

Estadio Modelo Alberto Spencer
42,000
Guayaquil
 Ecuador
Club Sport Patria, Club Deportivo Everest, Panamá Sporting Club, Rocafuerte Fútbol Club

Estádio do Zimpeto
42,000
Maputo
 Mozambique
Mozambique national football team

Chengdu Sports Centre
42,000
Chengdu
 China
Chengdu Blades F.C.

Royal Bafokeng Stadium
42,000
Phokeng
 South Africa
Platinum Stars F.C., 2010 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Universitario
42,000
San Nicolás de los Garza
 Mexico
Tigres de la UANL

Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao López
42,000
Santa Fe
 Argentina
Club Atlético Colón

Estadio Marcelo Bielsa
42,000
Rosario
 Argentina
Newell's Old Boys

Stade Geoffroy-Guichard
41,965
Saint-Étienne
 France
AS Saint-Étienne, 1984, and 2016 UEFA European Championships, 1998 FIFA World Cup

Vodafone Arena
41,903
Istanbul
 Turkey
Beşiktaş J.K.

Peter Mokaba Stadium
41,733
Polokwane
 South Africa
Polokwane City F.C., 2010 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Gigante de Arroyito
41,654
Rosario
 Argentina
Rosario Central

Polideportivo Cachamay
41,600
Ciudad Guayana
 Venezuela
Atlético Club Mineros de Guayana, AC Minervén FC

Estadio de Liga Deportiva Universitaria
41,596
Quito
 Ecuador
LDU

Ramat Gan Stadium ♦
41,583
Ramat Gan
 Israel
Israel national football team

Allianz Stadium
41,507
Torino
 Italy
Juventus F.C., 2014 UEFA Europa League Final

Sapporo Dome
41,484
Sapporo
 Japan
some Consadole Sapporo matches, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Stamford Bridge
41,663

London
 England
Chelsea F.C.

Goyang Stadium
41,311
Goyang
 South Korea
Goyang Zaicro FC

Estadio Hernando Siles ♦
41,143
La Paz
 Bolivia
La Paz F.C., Club Bolívar, The Strongest

Arena Pantanal
41,112
Cuiabá
 Brazil
Cuiabá, Mixto EC

Arena da Amazônia
41,000
Manaus
 Brazil
Nacional FC

Mbombela Stadium
40,929
Nelspruit
 South Africa
2010 FIFA World Cup

Estadio José Pachencho Romero
40,800
Maracaibo
 Venezuela
Unión Atlético Maracaibo

Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
40,800
Ndola
 Zambia
ZESCO United

Kashima Soccer Stadium
40,728
Kashima
 Japan
Kashima Antlers, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Baba Yara Stadium ♦
40,528
Kumasi
 Ghana
Asante Kotoko F.C., King Faisal Babes

Estadi Cornellà-El Prat
40,500
Barcelona
 Spain
RCD Espanyol

Estadio Metropolitano de Fútbol de Lara
40,312
Barquisimeto
 Venezuela
Unión Lara

Estadio Malvinas Argentinas
40,268
Mendoza
 Argentina
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba

Gwangju World Cup Stadium
40,245
Gwangju
 South Korea
Gwangju FC, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Estadio Virgen de Chapi
40,217
Arequipa
 Peru
FBC Melgar, Club IDUNSA

Pacaembu Stadium
40,199
São Paulo
 Brazil
1950 FIFA World Cup

Mỹ Đình National Stadium ♦
40,192
Hanoi
 Vietnam
Vietnam national football team, 2007 AFC Asian Cup

Goodison Park

40,157

Liverpool

 England

Everton FC

Castelão
40,100
São Luís
 Brazil
Sampaio Corrêa FC, Moto Club SL, Maranhão AC

Estadio Campeón del Siglo
40,005
Montevideo
 Uruguay
Club Atlético Peñarol

Metalist Oblast Sports Complex
40,003
Kharkiv
 Ukraine
FC Metalist Kharkiv

Jalak Harupat Soreang Stadium
40,000
Bandung
 Indonesia
Persib Bandung

Ahmed Zabana Stadium
40,000
Oran
 Algeria
MC Oran, Algeria national rugby team

Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium
40,000
Constantine
 Algeria
CS Constantine

Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium
40,000[44]
Gianyar
 Indonesia
Bali United F.C.

Fisht Olympic Stadium
40,000
Sochi
 Russia
2014 Winter Olympics, 2018 FIFA World Cup

Rentschler Field
40,000
East Hartford, Connecticut
 United States
USA National men's and women's teams, International matches

Nippert Stadium
40,000
Cincinnati, Ohio
 United States
FC Cincinnati

March 28 Stadium
40,000
Benghazi
 Libya
Al-Ahly Benghazi S.C., Al-Nasr Benghazi, Attahaddy Benghazi S.C., some Libya national football team matches

Estádio José Américo de Almeida Filho (Almeidão)
40,000
João Pessoa
 Brazil
Botafogo FC, Auto Esporte Clube

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
40,000
Chennai
 India
Chennaiyin FC, Indian Bank FC

Hang Jebat Stadium
40,000
Malacca
 Malaysia
Melaka United, some Syria national football team matches because of Syrian Civil War

Hong Kong Stadium ♦
40,000
So Kon Po
 Hong Kong
South China AA

Negeri Pulau Pinang Stadium
40,000
Batu Kawan
 Malaysia
some Penang FA matches

Accra Sports Stadium
40,000
Accra
 Ghana
Accra Hearts of Oak SC, Great Olympics

Sarawak Stadium
40,000
Kuching
 Malaysia
Sarawak FA

Bogyoke Aung San Stadium ♦
40,000
Yangon
 Myanmar
some Yangon United FC matches

Ōita Bank Dome
40,000
Ōita
 Japan
Ōita Trinita, 2002 FIFA World Cup

Darul Makmur Stadium
40,000
Kuantan
 Malaysia
Pahang FA

Khalifa International Stadium ♦
40,000
Doha
 Qatar
Qatar national football team

Stade d'Angondjé ♦
40,000
Libreville
 Gabon
Gabon national football team

Peoples Football Stadium
40,000
Karachi
 Pakistan
Pakistan national football team, HBL FC

JRD Tata Sports Complex
40,000
Jamshedpur
 India
Jamshedpur FC, Tata Football Academy

Bao'an Stadium
40,000
Shenzhen
 China
Shenzhen Ruby

Kunming Tuodong Sports Center
40,000
Kunming
 China
China national football team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification

Taizhou Sports Center
40,000
Taizhou
 China
local football matches

Wuhu Olympic Stadium
40,000
Wuhu
 China
local football matches

Huizhou Olympic Stadium
40,000
Huizhou
 China
2015 Guangdong–Hong Kong Cup

Dasarath Rangasala Stadium

40,000

Kathmandu

   Nepal

Nepal national football team

Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium
40,000[45]
Palembang
 Indonesia
Sriwijaya F.C.

Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium
40,000[46]
Bandung
 Indonesia
Persib Bandung

Aji Imbut Stadium
40,000[47]
Tenggarong
 Indonesia
Mitra Kukar

Maguwoharjo Stadium
40,000[48]
Sleman
 Indonesia
PSS Sleman

Sultan Agung Stadium
40,000[49]
Bantul
 Indonesia
Persiba Bantul, PS TIRA, some PSIS Semarang and Persija Jakarta matches at the 2018 Liga 1, some PSIM Yogyakarta matches at the 2018 Liga 2

Mandala Krida Stadium
40,000[50]
Yogyakarta
 Indonesia
PSIM Yogyakarta

Batakan Stadium
40,000
Balikpapan
 Indonesia
Persiba Balikpapan


document_title: Carpal bones

question_text: the proximal row of carpal bones consists of what bones

root

text: Carpal bones

text: Structure[edit]

text: In human anatomy, there are 8 carpal bones which can be classified as either belonging to two transverse rows, or three longitudinal columns.

tag: p

text: The pair of rows together form an arch which is convex proximally and concave distally. On the palmar side, the carpus is concave, forming the carpal tunnel which is covered by the flexor retinaculum. [2] Because the proximal row is simultaneously related to the articular surfaces of the radius and the distal row, it adapts constantly to these mobile surfaces. The bones of this row - scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum - have their individual movements. The scaphoid contributes to the stability of the midcarpus as it articulates distally with the trapezium and the trapezoid. The distal row is more rigid as its transverse arch moves with the metacarpals. [3]

text: Biomechanically and clinically, the carpal bones are better understood as arranged in three longitudinal columns:[4]

text:
A radial scaphoid column consisting of the scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid
A lunate column consisting of the lunate and capitate
An ulnar triquetral column consisting of the triquetrum and hamate.

tag: ol

text: In this context the pisiform is regarded as a sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.[4] The ulnar column leaves a gap between the ulna and the triquetrum, and therefore, only the radial or scaphoid and central or capitate columns articulate with the radius. The wrist is more stable in flexion than in extension more because of the strength of various capsules and ligaments than the interlocking parts of the skeleton. [3]

text: Almost all carpals (except the pisiform) have six surfaces. Of these the palmar or anterior and the dorsal or posterior surfaces are rough, for ligamentous attachment; the dorsal surfaces being the broader, except in the lunate.

text: The superior or proximal, and inferior or distal surfaces are articular, the superior generally convex, the inferior concave; the medial and lateral surfaces are also articular where they are in contact with contiguous bones, otherwise they are rough and tuberculated.

text: The structure in all is similar: cancellous tissue enclosed in a layer of compact bone.

text: Bones[edit]

text:
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
DIP
PIP
MCP
CMC
Wrist
Metacarpus
I
II
III
IV
V
Carpus
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetral
Lunate
Scaphoid
Radius
Ulna

Carpal bones and its articulations. Carpal bones are shown in violet. Human left hand, anterior (palmar) view.

tag: table

text:
Articulations of individual carpal bones[5]

Name
Proximal/radial
articulations
Lateral/medial
articulations
Distal/metacarpal
articulations

Proximal row

Scaphoid
radius
capitate, lunate
trapezium, trapezoid

Lunate
radius, articular disk
scaphoid, triquetral
capitate, hamate (sometimes)

Triquetrum
articular disk
lunate, pisiform
hamate

Pisiform

triquetral

Distal row

Trapezium
scaphoid
trapezoid
first and second metacarpal

Trapezoid
scaphoid
trapezium, capitate
second metacarpal

Capitate
scaphoid, lunate
trapezoid, hamate
third, partly second
and fourth metacarpal

Hamate
triquetral, lunate
capitate
fourth and fifth

text: Accessory bones[edit]

text: Occasionally accessory bones are found in the carpus, but of more than 20 such described bones, only four (the central, styloid, secondary trapezoid, and secondary pisiform bones) are considered to be proven accessory bones. Sometimes the scaphoid, triquetrum, and pisiform bones are divided into two. [2]

text: Development[edit]

text:
Appearance of ossification centers of carpal bones[6][7]

Bone
Average
Variation[6]
Variation[7]

Capitate
2.5 months
1–6 months
1–5 months

Hamate
4-5.5 months
1–7 months
1–12 months

Triquetrum
2 years
5 months to 3 years
9 months to 4 years and 2 months

Lunate
5 years
2-5.5 years
18 months to 4 years and 3 months

Trapezium
6 years
4–8 years

Trapezoid
6 years
4–8 years

Scaphoid
6 years
4–7 years

Pisiform
12 years
8–12 years

text: The carpal bones are ossified endochondrally (from within the cartilage) and the ossific centers appear only after birth. [5] The formation of these centers roughly follows a chronological spiral pattern starting in the capitate and hamate during the first year of life. The ulnar bones are then ossified before the radial bones, while the sesamoid pisiform arises in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris after more than ten years. [6] The commencement of ossification for each bone occurs over period like other bones. This is useful in forensic age estimation.[7]

text: Function[edit]

text: Ligaments[edit]

text: There are four groups of ligaments in the region of the wrist:[8]

text:
The ligaments of the wrist proper which unite the ulna and radius with the carpus: the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments; the palmar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments; and the palmar ulnocarpal ligament. (Shown in blue in the figure.)
The ligaments of the intercarpal articulations which unite the carpal bones with one another: the radiate carpal ligament; the dorsal, palmar, and interosseous intercarpal ligaments; and the pisohamate ligament. (Shown in red in the figure.)
The ligaments of the carpometacarpal articulations which unite the carpal bones with the metacarpal bones: the pisometacarpal ligament and the palmar and dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments. (Shown in green in the figure.)
The ligaments of the intermetacarpal articulations which unite the metacarpal bones: the dorsal, interosseous, and palmar metacarpal ligaments. (Shown in yellow in the figure.)

text: Movements[edit]

text: The hand is said to be in straight position when the third finger runs over the capitate bone and is in a straight line with the forearm. This should not be confused with the midposition of the hand which corresponds to an ulnar deviation of 12 degrees. From the straight position two pairs of movements of the hand are possible: abduction (movement towards the radius, so called radial deviation or abduction) of 15 degrees and adduction (movement towards the ulna, so called ulnar deviation or adduction) of 40 degrees when the arm is in strict supination and slightly greater in strict pronation. [9] Flexion (tilting towards the palm, so called palmar flexion) and extension (tilting towards the back of the hand, so called dorsiflexion) is possible with a total range of 170 degrees. [10]

text: Radial abduction/ulnar adduction[edit]

text: During radial abduction the scaphoid is tilted towards the palmar side which allows the trapezium and trapezoid to approach the radius. Because the trapezoid is rigidly attached to the second metacarpal bone to which also the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis are attached, radial abduction effectively pulls this combined structure towards the radius. During radial abduction the pisiform traverses the greatest path of all carpal bones. [9] Radial abduction is produced by (in order of importance) extensor carpi radialis longus, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis, and flexor pollicis longus. [11]

text: Ulnar adduction causes a tilting or dorsal shifting of the proximal row of carpal bones.[9] It is produced by extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, and extensor digiti minimi.[11]

text: Both radial abduction and ulnar adduction occurs around a dorsopalmar axis running through the head of the capitate bone. [9]

text: Palmar flexion/dorsiflexion[edit]

text: During palmar flexion the proximal carpal bones are displaced towards the dorsal side and towards the palmar side during dorsiflexion. While flexion and extension consist of movements around a pair of transverse axes — passing through the lunate bone for the proximal row and through the capitate bone for the distal row — palmar flexion occurs mainly in the radiocarpal joint and dorsiflexion in the midcarpal joint. [10]

text: Dorsiflexion is produced by (in order of importance) extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor indicis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor digiti minimi. Palmar flexion is produced by (in order of importance) flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis, and abductor pollicis longus. [11]

text: Combined movements[edit]

text: Combined with movements in both the elbow and shoulder joints, intermediate or combined movements in the wrist approximate those of a ball-and-socket joint with some necessary restrictions, such as maximum palmar flexion blocking abduction.[10]

text: Accessory movements[edit]

text: Anteroposterior gliding movements between adjacent carpal bones or along the midcarpal joint can be achieved by stabilizing individual bones while moving another (i.e. gripping the bone between the thumb and index finger). [12]

text: In other animals[edit]

text: The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetal bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals. Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal.

text: However, the vast majority of later vertebrates, including modern amphibians, have undergone varying degrees of loss and fusion of these primitive bones, resulting in a smaller number of carpals. Almost all mammals and reptiles, for example, have lost the fifth distal carpal, and have only a single centrale - and even this is missing in humans. The pisiform bone is somewhat unusual, in that it first appears in primitive reptiles, and is never found in amphibians.

text: Because many tetrapods have less than five digits on the forelimb, even greater degrees of fusion are common, and a huge array of different possible combinations are found. The wing of a modern bird, for example, has only two remaining carpals; the radiale (the scaphoid of mammals) and a bone formed from the fusion of four of the distal carpals.[13]

text: In some macropods, the scaphoid and lunar bones are fused into the scapholunar bone.[14]

text: In crustaceans, "carpus" is the scientific term for the claws or "pincers" present on some legs. (See Decapod anatomy)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The Latin word "carpus" is derived from Greek καρπὁς meaning "wrist". The root "carp-" translates to "pluck", an action performed by the wrist.[15]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Position of carpal bones (shown in red). Animation.

Carpal bones of the left wrist. Eight different colors represent eight different carpal bones respectively.

Carpal bones of the left wrist. Close up.

Carpal bones.

Carpal bones detailed.

tag: ul


document_title: Ellen's Game of Games

question_text: on game of games how far do they drop

question_tokens: on game of games how far do they drop

text: Ellen's Game of Games

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions)

1
8
December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
N/A
N/A

2
13
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Format[edit]

text: Each episode is a self-contained mini-tournament with contestants being selected to play in one of four preliminary games. The winner of each game advances to the semi-final round to play "Know or Go." The last remaining player will play the "Hot Hands" game for a chance to win $100,000.

text: Preliminary games[edit]

text:
Aw Snap - Contestants are joined by a bungee cord. The first contestant to move five apples into a basket, using only their teeth, advances.
Blindfolded Musical Chairs - Five contestants are blindfolded. In each of four heats, the contestants dance on a dance floor until the music stops; Ellen then presses buttons that cause stools to rise up from the floor. The first contestant to sit on each chair advances; the last contestant in each heat is eliminated. At the end of the fourth round, the winning contestant advances.
Danger Word - Two teams of two compete. One member of each team stands by Ellen, and acts as a clue-giver; the other member of the team sits behind three cannons. For each round, there is a "winning word" and a related "danger word" (e.g., winning word "lettuce," danger word "salad"). The two teams then alternate giving clues, Password-style. If a guesser gives the winning word, the opposing team gets a strike (and the opposing guesser gets sprayed with something from one of the cannons); if a guesser gives the danger word, his or her team gets a strike, and he or she gets sprayed. The first team to get 3 strikes is eliminated, and the winning team chooses one contestant to play Know or Go.
Dizzy Dash - Ellen reads a trivia question. Before contestants can answer, they are spun around to disorient them; to answer the question, the contestants must run to a nearby podium and grab the ball on top of it. The first contestant to answer three questions correctly advances.
Don't Leave Me Hanging - Three contestants are suspended from harnesses. The contestants take turns coming up with answers that fit a given category, such as "States that end in 'A'." A category ends when one contestant gives an incorrect answer, repeats a previous answer, or takes too long to respond; that contestant gets a strike. A contestant who gets 3 strikes is eliminated, and is launched to the top of the studio.
In Your Face, Honey - Two couples compete against each other: one member from each couple attempting to throw a ball as close to the target as possible. Whichever couple accumulates the most points after two attempts decides who will advance to Know or Go.
Make It Rain - Two contestants answer trivia questions asked by Ellen for turns at pulling down one of several umbrellas; one of which contains a cash prize of $10,000 in addition to a chance at playing for Know or Go, the rest filled with water.
Master Blaster - Three contestants compete to solve a jigsaw-style puzzle. The contestants are attached to bungee cords; the losing contestants are "blasted" into the air.
One-Eyed Monster - One at a time, contestants enter the monster. They must answer a question whose answer is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. For each number the contestant is off, he or she must pull one of the monster's teeth (e.g., if the correct answer is 3, saying either 2 or 4 results in pulling one tooth). However if the contestant gets the answer exactly right, he or she will not have to pull out any teeth and is safe. Pulling the wrong tooth causes the monster's jaws to snap shut, eliminating the contestant.
Say Whaaaat? - Eight contestants form two teams of four. One member of the team must relay a message to the other member, who is wearing headphones and therefore must use lip reading. The team that collects the most points wins, and chooses one member to compete in Know or Go. if there is a tie the teams must do it again.
Scary Go Round - Contestants must try to move three large balls across a series of rotating platforms within 3 minutes. The second contestant can fire balls from a "ball blaster" to impede the first contestant's progress. The contestant who completes the task in the faster time wins. if there is a tie, both players must do it again.
Tuba Toothpaste - Contestants are seated before a row of buttons shaped like valves on a tuba. Ellen then poses ridiculously hard trivia questions to each contestant in turn. When a contestant misses a question, Ellen spins a wheel to determine how many valves (one, two, or three) the contestant must press. but if a contestant somehow gets it right, he or she is safe. One of the valves causes the tuba to eject toothpaste at the contestant; when that happens, the other contestant advances.
You Bet Your Wife - Two teams of spouses or fiancés compete. Two husbands/fiancés bid auction-style on how many answers their wives/fiancés can give in a given category (e.g., "national brands of toothpaste") within 30 seconds. When one husband challenges, the other team's wife must give the required number of responses (there is no penalty for incorrect answers). Giving the required number of responses earns 1 point; the opposing teams earns a point if the challenged team fails, with Ellen sending the wife/fiancé falling. The first team to earn 3 points wins, and then chooses one member of the pair to play Know or Go.

text: Know or Go[edit]

text: The 4 winning contestants of each preliminary game stand on a platform 30 feet in the air. One by one they are given a category, and each contestant is asked a question in turn from left to right. When a contestant misses a question or answers it incorrectly, the contestant is eliminated, and falls through a chute beneath his or her feet. The last contestant remaining wins and advances to Hot Hands.

text: Hot Hands[edit]

text: The contestant has 30 seconds to identify the faces of ten celebrities that fit a category ("80s Stars" in the premiere). After identifying a celebrity, the contestant must press a button to move on to the next face. Contestants may pass if they are unsure; after three seconds, the next face automatically appears. Contestants earn an escalating amount of money based on the number of faces they correctly identify, as shown in the table below; correctly identifying ten celebrities earns the grand prize of $100,000.

text:
Correct answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Money won
$100
$1,000
$2,500
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$75,000
$100,000

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Game of Games"
December 18, 2017
1.7/6
7.23[5]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2
"I'll Have What She's Playing"
January 2, 2018
2.2/8
8.84[6]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Say Hello to My Little Friends"
January 2, 2018
2.4/8
8.88[6]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

4
"Hasta la Vista, Honey!"
January 9, 2018
2.1/8
7.87[7]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5
"Just Keep Spinning"
January 16, 2018
2.2/8
8.78[8]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"You Can't Handle the Toothpaste"
January 23, 2018
1.8/7
7.57[9]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7
"Ellen, We Have a Problem"
January 30, 2018
1.8/7
7.58[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"I See Dizzy People"
February 6, 2018
1.9/7
7.70[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

question_text: who is the top followed person on twitter

text: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

text: This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of October 30, 2017, the most followed account is Katy Perry, with over 105 million followers. Her account was also the first to exceed 100 million followers.[2]

text: Top accounts[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.

text:
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country

1.
@katyperry[3]
Katy Perry
106
Musician
 USA

2.
@justinbieber[4]
Justin Bieber
103
 Canada

3.
@BarackObama[5]
Barack Obama
96
Former U.S. President
 USA

4.
@taylorswift13[6]
Taylor Swift
86
Musician

5.
@rihanna[7]
Rihanna
81
 Barbados

6.
@TheEllenShow[8]
Ellen DeGeneres
75
Comedian
 USA

7.
@ladygaga[9]
Lady Gaga
73
Musician

8.
@YouTube[10]
YouTube
70
Social media platform

9.
@jtimberlake[11]
Justin Timberlake
63
Musician and actor

10.
@Cristiano[12]
Cristiano Ronaldo
63
Footballer
 Portugal

11.
@twitter[13]
Twitter
62
Social media platform
 USA

12.
@KimKardashian[14]
Kim Kardashian West
57
Reality TV personality

13.
@britneyspears[15]
Britney Spears
56
Musician

14.
@ArianaGrande[16]
Ariana Grande
55

15.
@selenagomez[17]
Selena Gomez
54
Musician and actress

16.
@cnnbrk[18]
CNN Breaking News
53
News

17.
@ddlovato[19]
Demi Lovato
51
Musician and actress

18.
@jimmyfallon[20]
Jimmy Fallon
49
Comedian

19.
@shakira[21]
Shakira
49
Musician
 Colombia

20.
@JLo[22]
Jennifer Lopez
44
Musician and actress
 USA

21.
@realDonaldTrump[23]
Donald Trump
41
U.S. President and Reality TV personality

22.
@BillGates[24]
Bill Gates
40
Businessman

23.
@nytimes[25]
The New York Times
40
Newspaper

24.
@Oprah[26]
Oprah Winfrey
39
Businesswoman

25.
@instagram[27]
Instagram
39
Social media platform

26.
@KingJames[28]
LeBron James
39
Basketball player

27.
@CNN[29]
CNN
38
Television channel

28.
@MileyCyrus[30]
Miley Cyrus
37
Musician and actress

29.
@BrunoMars[31]
Bruno Mars
36
Musician

30.
@Drake[32]
Drake
36
Rapper
 Canada

31.
@narendramodi[33]
Narendra Modi
36
Prime Minister of India
 India

32.
@NiallOfficial[34]
Niall Horan
36
Musician
 Ireland

33.
@BBCBreaking[35]
BBC Breaking News
35
News
 UK

34.
@KevinHart4real[36]
Kevin Hart
35
Comedian
 USA

35.
@SportsCenter[37]
SportsCenter
35
Television channel

36.
@neymarjr[38]
Neymar
34
Footballer
 Brazil

37.
@espn[39]
ESPN
34
Television channel
 USA

38.
@wizkhalifa[40]
Wiz Khalifa
32
Rapper

39.
@onedirection[41]
One Direction
32
Band
 UK /  Ireland

40.
@LilTunechi[42]
Lil Wayne
32
Rapper
 USA

41.
@Harry_Styles[43]
Harry Styles
31
Musician
 UK

42.
@Pink[44]
P!nk
31
 USA

43.
@SrBachchan[45]
Amitabh Bachchan
31
Actor
 India

44.
@iamsrk[46]
Shah Rukh Khan
30

45.
@Louis_Tomlinson[47]
Louis Tomlinson
30
Musician
 UK

46.
@LiamPayne[48]
Liam Payne
29

47.
@aliciakeys[49]
Alicia Keys
29
 USA

48.
@Adele[50]
Adele
29
 UK

49.
@KAKA[51]
Kaká
29
Footballer
 Brazil

50.
@ActuallyNPH[52]
Neil Patrick Harris
28
Actor
 USA

As of October 30, 2017


document_title: Spiral model

question_text: who invented the spiral model of communication select one

text: Spiral model

text: History[edit]

text: This model was first described by Barry Boehm in his 1986 paper "A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement".[2] In 1988 Boehm published a similar paper[3] to a wider audience. These papers introduce a diagram that has been reproduced in many subsequent publications discussing the spiral model.

text: These early papers use the term "process model" to refer to the spiral model as well as to incremental, waterfall, prototyping, and other approaches. However, the spiral model's characteristic risk-driven blending of other process models' features is already present:

text: [R]isk-driven subsetting of the spiral model steps allows the model to accommodate any appropriate mixture of a specification-oriented, prototype-oriented, simulation-oriented, automatic transformation-oriented, or other approach to software development.[3]

text: In later publications,[1] Boehm describes the spiral model as a "process model generator", where choices based on a project's risks generate an appropriate process model for the project. Thus, the incremental, waterfall, prototyping, and other process models are special cases of the spiral model that fit the risk patterns of certain projects.

text: Boehm also identifies a number of misconceptions arising from oversimplifications in the original spiral model diagram. He says the most dangerous of these misconceptions are:

text:
that the spiral is simply a sequence of waterfall increments;
that all project activities follow a single spiral sequence; and
that every activity in the diagram must be performed, and in the order shown.

text: While these misconceptions may fit the risk patterns of a few projects, they are not true for most projects.

text: In a National Research Council report[4] this model was extended to include risks related to human users.

text: To better distinguish them from "hazardous spiral look-alikes", Boehm lists six characteristics common to all authentic applications of the spiral model.[citation needed]

text: The six invariants[edit]

text: Authentic applications of the spiral model are driven by cycles that always display six characteristics. Boehm illustrates each with an example of a "hazardous spiral look-alike" that violates the invariant.[1]

text: Define artifacts concurrently[edit]

text: Sequentially defining the key artifacts for a project often lowers the possibility of developing a system that meets stakeholder "win conditions" (objectives and constraints).

text: This invariant excludes “hazardous spiral look-alike” processes that use a sequence of incremental waterfall passes in settings where the underlying assumptions of the waterfall model do not apply. Boehm lists these assumptions as follows:

text:
The requirements are known in advance of implementation.
The requirements have no unresolved, high-risk implications, such as risks due to cost, schedule, performance, safety, security, user interfaces, organizational impacts, etc.
The nature of the requirements will not change very much during development or evolution.
The requirements are compatible with all the key system stakeholders’ expectations, including users, customer, developers, maintainers, and investors.
The right architecture for implementing the requirements is well understood.
There is enough calendar time to proceed sequentially.

text: In situations where these assumptions do apply, it is a project risk not to specify the requirements and proceed sequentially. The waterfall model thus becomes a risk-driven special case of the spiral model.

text: Perform four basic activities in every cycle[edit]

text: This invariant identifies the four activities that must occur in each cycle of the spiral model:

text:
Consider the win conditions of all success-critical stakeholders.
Identify and evaluate alternative approaches for satisfying the win conditions.
Identify and resolve risks that stem from the selected approach(es).
Obtain approval from all success-critical stakeholders, plus commitment to pursue the next cycle.

text: Project cycles that omit or shortchange any of these activities risk wasting effort by pursuing options that are unacceptable to key stakeholders, or are too risky.

text: Some "hazardous spiral look-alike" processes violate this invariant by excluding key stakeholders from certain sequential phases or cycles. For example, system maintainers and administrators might not be invited to participate in definition and development of the system. As a result, the system is at risk of failing to satisfy their win conditions.

text: Risk determines level of effort[edit]

text: For any project activity (e.g., requirements analysis, design, prototyping, testing), the project team must decide how much effort is enough. In authentic spiral process cycles, these decisions are made by minimizing overall risk.

text: For example, investing additional time testing a software product often reduces the risk due to the marketplace rejecting a shoddy product. However, additional testing time might increase the risk due to a competitor's early market entry. From a spiral model perspective, testing should be performed until the total risk is minimized, and no further.[citation needed]

text: "Hazardous spiral look-alikes" that violate this invariant include evolutionary processes that ignore risk due to scalability issues, and incremental processes that invest heavily in a technical architecture that must be redesigned or replaced to accommodate future increments of the product.

text: Risk determines degree of details[edit]

text: For any project artifact (e.g., requirements specification, design document, test plan), the project team must decide how much detail is enough. In authentic spiral process cycles, these decisions are made by minimizing overall risk.

text: Considering requirements specification as an example, the project should precisely specify those features where risk is reduced through precise specification (e.g., interfaces between hardware and software, interfaces between prime and sub contractors). Conversely, the project should not precisely specify those features where precise specification increases risk (e.g., graphical screen layouts, behavior of off-the-shelf components).

text: Use anchor point milestones[edit]

text: Boehm's original description of the spiral model did not include any process milestones. In later refinements, he introduces three anchor point milestones that serve as progress indicators and points of commitment. These anchor point milestones can be characterized by key questions.

text:
Life Cycle Objectives. Is there a sufficient definition of a technical and management approach to satisfying everyone's win conditions? If the stakeholders agree that the answer is "Yes", then the project has cleared this LCO milestone. Otherwise, the project can be abandoned, or the stakeholders can commit to another cycle to try to get to "Yes."
Life Cycle Architecture. Is there a sufficient definition of the preferred approach to satisfying everyone's win conditions, and are all significant risks eliminated or mitigated? If the stakeholders agree that the answer is "Yes", then the project has cleared this LCA milestone. Otherwise, the project can be abandoned, or the stakeholders can commit to another cycle to try to get to "Yes."
Initial Operational Capability. Is there sufficient preparation of the software, site, users, operators, and maintainers to satisfy everyone's win conditions by launching the system? If the stakeholders agree that the answer is "Yes", then the project has cleared the IOC milestone and is launched. Otherwise, the project can be abandoned, or the stakeholders can commit to another cycle to try to get to "Yes."

text: "Hazardous spiral look-alikes" that violate this invariant include evolutionary and incremental processes that commit significant resources to implementing a solution with a poorly defined architecture.[clarification needed]

text: The three anchor point milestones fit easily into the Rational Unified Process (RUP), with LCO marking the boundary between RUP's Inception and Elaboration phases, LCA marking the boundary between Elaboration and Construction phases, and IOC marking the boundary between Construction and Transition phases.

text: Focus on the system and its life cycle[edit]

text: This invariant highlights the importance of the overall system and the long-term concerns spanning its entire life cycle. It excludes "hazardous spiral look-alikes" that focus too much on initial development of software code. These processes can result from following published approaches to object-oriented or structured software analysis and design, while neglecting other aspects of the project's process needs.


document_title: 2017 Manchester Arena bombing

question_text: where did the bomb go off at manchester arena

text: 2017 Manchester Arena bombing

text: Attack[edit]

text: On 22 May 2017 at 22:31 BST (UTC+01:00),[3] a suicide bomber detonated an improvised explosive device, packed with nuts and bolts to act as shrapnel, in the foyer area of the Manchester Arena. The attack took place after an Ariana Grande concert that was part of her 2017 Dangerous Woman Tour.[4][5] 14,200 people attended the concert.[6] Many exiting concert-goers and waiting parents were in the foyer at the time of the explosion. According to evidence presented at the coroner's inquest, the detonation of the bomb killed people who were up to 20 metres away.[7]

text: Greater Manchester Police declared the incident a terrorist attack and suicide bombing. It was the deadliest attack in the United Kingdom since the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[8]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: About three hours after the bombing, police conducted a controlled explosion on a suspicious item of clothing in Cathedral Gardens. This was later confirmed to have been abandoned clothing and not dangerous.[9][10]

text: Residents and taxi companies in Manchester offered free transport or accommodation via Twitter to those left stranded at the concert.[11] Parents of children attending the concert were separated in the aftermath of the explosion. A nearby hotel served as a shelter for children displaced by the bombing, with officials directing their parents there.[12] Manchester's Sikh temples (gurdwaras) along with local homeowners, hotels and venues offered shelter to victims of the attack.[13]

text: Manchester Victoria railway station, which is partly underneath the arena, was evacuated and closed, and services were cancelled.[4][14] The explosion caused structural damage to the station, which remained closed until the damage had been assessed and repaired, resulting in significant disruption to train and tram services.[15] The station reopened to traffic on 30 May 2017, following the completion of police investigation work and repairs to the fabric of the building.[16]

text: After a COBRA meeting with Greater Manchester's Chief Constable, Ian Hopkins, on 23 May, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK's terror threat level[17] was raised to "critical", its highest level.[18] The threat level remained critical until 27 May, when it was reduced to its previous level of severe.[19] In the aftermath of the attack Operation Temperer was activated for the first time, allowing up to 5,000 soldiers to reinforce armed police in protecting parts of the country.[20][21][22] Tours of the Houses of Parliament and the Changing of the Guard ceremony at Buckingham Palace were cancelled on 24 May, and troops were deployed to guard government buildings in London.[23]

text: On 23 May, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, via the Nashir Telegram channel, claimed the attack was carried out by "a soldier of the Khilafah". The message called the attack "an endeavor to terrorize the mushrikin, and in response to their transgressions against the lands of the Muslims."[24][25][26] Abedi's sister speculated that he was motivated by revenge for Muslim children killed by American airstrikes in Syria.[27][28]

text: On 14 June, it was confirmed that the arena would remain closed until September, with scheduled concerts either cancelled or moved to other venues.[29] On 16 August 2017, it was announced that Manchester Arena would reopen on 9 September, with a benefit concert featuring Noel Gallagher and other acts associated with the North West.[30]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: The blast killed the attacker, and 22 concert-goers and parents who were in the entrance waiting to pick up their children following the show; 119 people were initially reported as injured.[31][32] This number was revised by police to 250 on 22 June 2017, with the addition of severe psychological trauma and minor injuries.[1] The dead included ten people aged under 20; the youngest victim was an eight-year-old girl and the oldest was a 51-year-old woman.[32] Of the 22 people who died, twenty were Britons and two were British-based Polish nationals.[33]

text: North West Ambulance Service reported that 60 of its ambulances attended the scene, carried 59 people to local hospitals, and treated a number of walking wounded on site.[34] Of those hospitalised, 12 were children under the age of 16.[31]

text: The first doctor thought to have been on scene was an off-duty Consultant Anesthetist, Dr Michael Daley.[35] In recognition of his bravery for the role he played in the immediate medical response to the incident, Daley's name was entered into the British Medical Association Book of Valour in June 2017.[36]

text: Attacker[edit]

text: The bomber, Salman Ramadan Abedi, was a 22-year-old British Sunni Muslim of Libyan ancestry.[37][38] He was born in Manchester on 31 December 1994 to a Salafi[39] family of Libyan-born refugees who had settled in south Manchester after fleeing to the UK to escape the government of Muammar Gaddafi. He had two brothers and a sister.[40][41] He grew up in the Whalley Range area and lived in Fallowfield.[42] According to The Times, Abedi had been among a group of students who had accused a teacher of Islamophobia for criticising suicide bombing.[43][44] Some neighbours described the Abedi family as very traditional and "super religious".[45] However, according to an acquaintance, Abedi was "outgoing" and consumed alcohol until 2012,[46] while another said that Abedi was a "regular kid who went out and drank" until about 2016.[47] Abedi was also known to have taken drugs, particularly cannabis.[40][46] Abedi, his elder brother,[48] and, prior to 2011, his father attended Didsbury Mosque.[42][49][50] An imam at the mosque recalled that Abedi looked at him "with hate" after he preached against ISIS and Ansar al-Sharia in 2015.[51]

text: Abedi's parents, both born in Tripoli, returned to Libya in 2011 following the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi,[42] while Abedi stayed in the United Kingdom. Abedi attended Burnage Academy for Boys in Manchester between 2009 and 2011, before going to The Manchester College until 2013 and then in 2014 enrolled at the University of Salford, where he studied business management. Abedi later dropped out to work in a bakery.[40] Manchester police believe Abedi used student loans to finance the plot, including travel overseas to learn bomb-making.[52] The Guardian reported he may have received loan funding as recently as April.[53]

text: He was known to British security services and police but was not regarded as a high risk, having been linked to petty crime but never flagged up for radical views.[49][54] A community worker told the BBC he had called a hotline five years before the bombing to warn police about Abedi's views and members of Britain’s Libyan diaspora said they had "warned authorities for years" about Manchester's Islamist radicalisation.[55][56] Abedi was allegedly reported to authorities for his extremism by as many as five community leaders and family members and had been banned from a mosque;[57][58][59] the Chief Constable of Greater Manchester, though, said Abedi was not known to the "Prevent" anti-radicalisation programme.[60] On 29 May, MI5 launched an internal inquiry into its handling of the warnings it had received about Abedi and a second, "more in depth" inquiry, into how it missed the danger.[61][62][63]

text: According to a retired European intelligence officer, Abedi was in contact with members of the ISIS Battar brigade in Sabratha, Libya.[64] Greater Manchester police said that Abedi made "core purchases" for the construction of the bomb in the four days between his return from Libya and the attack, apparently constructing the bomb by himself.[65]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: The property in Fallowfield where Abedi lived was raided on 23 May. Armed police breached the house with a controlled explosion and searched it. Abedi's 23-year-old brother was arrested in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in south Manchester in relation to the attack.[66][67] Police carried out raids in two other areas of south Manchester and another address in the Whalley Range area.[67] Three other men were arrested, and police initially spoke of a network supporting the bomber,[55] although police later announced that Abedi had sourced all the bomb components himself, and they now believed he had largely acted alone.[68] On 6 July, police said that they believed others had been aware of Abedi's plans.[69]

text: According to German police sources, Abedi transited through Düsseldorf airport on his way home to Manchester from Istanbul four days before the bombing.[70] French interior minister Gérard Collomb said in an interview with BFM TV that Abedi may have been to Syria, and had "proven" links with ISIS.[71] Abedi's younger brother and father were arrested by Libyan security forces on 23 and 24 May respectively.[72] The brother was suspected of planning an attack in Libya, and was said to be in regular touch with Salman, and aware of the plan to bomb the Manchester Arena,[73] but not the date.[74] According to a Libyan official, the brothers spoke on the phone about 15 minutes before the attack was carried out.[75]

text: Photographs of the remains of the IED published by The New York Times indicated that it had comprised an explosive charge inside a lightweight metal container which was carried within a black vest or a blue Karrimor backpack. Most of the fatalities occurred in a ring around the bomber. His torso was propelled by the blast through the doors to the arena, possibly indicating that the explosive charge was held in the backpack and blew him forward on detonation. A small device thought to have possibly been a hand-held detonator was also found.[76] US Congressman Michael McCaul, chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, indicated that the bomb contained the explosive TATP, which has been used in previous bombings.[77] According to Manchester police, the explosive device used by Abedi was the design of a skilled bomb-maker and had a back-up means of detonation.[78] Police also said Salman Abedi "bought most of Manchester bomb components himself" and that he was alone during much of the time before the carrying out the Manchester bombing.[79]

text: On 28 May, police released images showing Abedi on the night of the bombing, taken from CCTV footage.[80] Further images showed Abedi walking around Manchester with a blue suitcase.[81]

text: According to US intelligence sources, Abedi was identified by the bank card that he had with him and the identification confirmed using facial recognition technology.[82]

text: Twenty-two people were arrested in connection with the attack, all of whom had been released without charge by 11 June.[83]

text: News leaks[edit]

text: Within hours of the attack, Abedi's name and other information given confidentially to security services in the United States and France were leaked to the news media, leading to condemnation from Home Secretary Amber Rudd.[84][85] Following the publication of crime scene photographs of the backpack bomb used in the attack in the 24 May edition of The New York Times, UK counterterrorism police chiefs said the release of the material was detrimental to the investigation.[86]

text: On 25 May, Greater Manchester Police said it had stopped sharing information on the attack with the US intelligence services. The Prime Minister, Theresa May, said she would make clear to President Trump that "intelligence that has been shared must be made secure."[87] Trump described the leaks to the news media as "deeply troubling", and pledged to carry out a full investigation.[88] British officials blamed the leaks on "the breakdown of normal discipline at the White House and in the US security services".[89] New York Times editor Dean Baquet declined to apologise for publishing the backpack bomb photographs, saying "We live in different press worlds" and that the material was not classified at the highest level.[90]

text: On 26 May, U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the United States government accepted full responsibility for the leaks.[91]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Prime Minister, Theresa May, condemned the bombing,[92] and in a later statement following the June 2017 London attack, she stated that these attacks along with the 2017 Westminster attack were "bound together by the single evil ideology of Islamist extremism" and said this extremism was "a perversion of Islam".[2] Queen Elizabeth II expressed her sympathy to the families of the victims.[93] Campaigning for the general election was suspended by all political parties for two days after the attack.[94][95] The Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham, called the attack "evil"[96] and announced a vigil in Albert Square the following evening,[97] which thousands attended.[98][99] The Muslim Council of Britain also condemned the attack.[100]

text: On 25 May 2017, a national minute's silence was observed to remember the victims.[101]

text: Police reported a 500% increase in anti-Muslim hate crimes in the Greater Manchester area in the month following the attack.[102]

text: International[edit]

text: Condolences were expressed by the leaders and governments of dozens of countries,[103] United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres,[104] Commonwealth Secretary-General Patricia Scotland,[105] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[106] Pope Francis,[107] and Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Yousef Al-Othaimeen.[108]

text: Ariana Grande posted on her official Twitter account: "broken. from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words. [sic]"[109] The tweet briefly became the most-liked tweet in history.[110] Grande subsequently suspended her tour and flew back to her mother's home in Florida.[111][112]

text: On 9 July 2017, a performance to benefit the Manchester bombing victims was held in New York City's The Cutting Room, called "Break Free: United for Manchester", with Broadway theatre and television performers interpreting Ariana Grande songs.[113]

text: One Love Manchester[edit]

text: On 4 June, Ariana Grande hosted a benefit concert in Manchester, entitled "One Love Manchester" at Old Trafford Cricket Ground that was broadcast live on television, radio and social media. At the concert, Grande performed along with several other high profile artists. Free tickets were offered to those who had attended the show on 22 May.[114] The benefit concert and associated Red Cross fund, raised £10 million for victims of the attack.[115][116]


document_title: List of rivers by length

question_text: what is the longest river in the worls

question_tokens: what is the longest river in the worls

text: List of rivers by length

text: Definition of length

text: There are many factors, such as the source, the identification or the definition of the mouth, and the scale of measurement[1] of the river length between source and mouth, that determine the precise meaning of "river length". As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only approximations (see also coastline paradox). In particular, there has long been disagreement as to whether the Nile or the Amazon is the world's longest river. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in recent years some Brazilian and Peruvian studies have suggested that the Amazon is longer by measuring the river plus the adjacent Pará estuary and the longest connecting tidal canal.[2][3][4][5]

text: Even when detailed maps are available, the length measurement is not always clear. A river may have multiple channels, or anabranches. The length may depend on whether the center or the edge of the river is measured. It may not be clear how to measure the length through a lake. Seasonal and annual changes may alter both rivers and lakes. Other factors that can change the length of a river include cycles of erosion and flooding, dams, levees, and channelization. In addition, the length of meanders can change significantly over time due to natural or artificial cutoffs, when a new channel cuts across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend. For example, due to 18 cutoffs created between 1766 and 1885 the length of the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, to New Orleans, Louisiana, was reduced by 218 miles (351 km).[6]

text: These points make it difficult, if not impossible, to get an accurate measurement of the length of a river. The varying accuracy and precision also makes it difficult to make length comparisons between different rivers without a degree of uncertainty.

text: List of rivers longer than 1000 km

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: One should take the aforementioned discussion into account when using the data in the following table. For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. The information in different sources is between parentheses.

text:
Continent color key

Africa
Asia
Australia
Europe
North America
South America

text:
River
Length (km)
Length (miles)
Drainage area
(km²)
[citation needed]
Average discharge
(m³/s)
[citation needed]
Outflow
Countries in the drainage basin[citation needed]

1.
Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–Ene–Apurímac[n 1]
6,992
(6,400)
4,345
(3,976)
7,050,000
209,000
Atlantic Ocean
Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana

2.
Nile–Kagera[n 1]
6,853
(6,650)
4,258
(4,132)
3,254,555
2,800
Mediterranean
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan

3.
Yangtze
(Chang Jiang; Long River)
6,300
(6,418)
3,917
(3,988)
1,800,000
31,900
East China Sea
China

4.
Mississippi–Missouri–Jefferson
6,275
3,902
2,980,000
16,200
Gulf of Mexico
United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%)

5.
Yenisei–Angara–Selenge
5,539
3,445
2,580,000
19,600
Kara Sea
Russia (97%), Mongolia (2.9%)

6.
Yellow River
(Huang He)
5,464
3,395
745,000
2,110
Bohai Sea
China

7.
Ob–Irtysh
5,410
3,364
2,990,000
12,800
Gulf of Ob
Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia

8.
Paraná–Río de la Plata[8]
4,880
3,030
2,582,672
18,000
Río de la Plata
Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Uruguay (3.8%)

9.
Congo–Chambeshi
(Zaïre)
4,700
2,922
3,680,000
41,800
Atlantic Ocean
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda

10.
Amur–Argun
(Heilong Jiang)
4,444
2,763
1,855,000
11,400
Sea of Okhotsk
Russia, China, Mongolia

11.
Lena
4,400
2,736
2,490,000
17,100
Laptev Sea
Russia

12.
Mekong
(Lancang Jiang)
4,350
2,705
810,000
16,000
South China Sea
China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam

13.
Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Finlay
4,241
2,637
1,790,000
10,300
Beaufort Sea
Canada

14.
Niger
4,200
2,611
2,090,000
9,570
Gulf of Guinea
Nigeria (26.6%), Mali (25.6%), Niger (23.6%), Algeria (7.6%), Guinea (4.5%), Cameroon (4.2%), Burkina Faso (3.9%), Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Chad

15.
Brahmaputra–Tsangpo
3,848
2,391
712,035
19,800[9][10]
Ganges
India (58.0%), China (19.7%), Nepal (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%)

16.
Murray–Darling
3,672[11]
2,282
1,061,000
767
Southern Ocean
Australia

17.
Tocantins–Araguaia
3,650
2,270
950,000
13,598
Atlantic Ocean, Amazon
Brazil

18.
Volga
3,645
2,266
1,380,000
8,080
Caspian Sea
Russia

19.
Indus–Sênggê Zangbo
3,610
2,250
960,000
7,160
Arabian Sea
Pakistan (93%), India, China, Kashmir (Disputed region between Pakistan, India and China)

20.
Shatt al-Arab–Euphrates
3,596
2,236
884,000
856
Persian Gulf
Iraq (60.5%), Turkey (24.8%), Syria (14.7%)

21.
Madeira–Mamoré–Grande–Caine–Rocha
3,380
2,100
1,485,200
31,200
Amazon
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru

22.
Purús
3,211
1,995
63,166
8,400
Amazon
Brazil, Peru

23.
Yukon
3,185
1,980[6]
850,000
6,210
Bering Sea
United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)

24.
São Francisco
3,180*
(2,900)
1,976*
(1,802)
610,000
3,300
Atlantic Ocean
Brazil

25.
Syr Darya–Naryn
3,078
1,913
219,000
703
Aral Sea
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

26.
Salween
(Nu Jiang)
3,060
1,901
324,000
3,153[12]
Andaman Sea
China (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%)

27.
Saint Lawrence–Great Lakes
3,058
1,900[6]
1,030,000
10,100
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Canada (52.1%), United States (47.9%)

28.
Rio Grande
3,057
1,900[6]
570,000
82
Gulf of Mexico
United States (52.1%), Mexico (47.9%)

29.
Lower Tunguska
2,989
1,857
473,000
3,600
Yenisei
Russia

30.
Danube–Breg (Donau, Dunăre, Duna, Dunav, Dunaj)
2,888*
1,795*
817,000
7,130
Black Sea
Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Croatia (4.5%),

31.
Zambezi
(Zambesi)
2,693*
1,673*
1,330,000
4,880
Mozambique Channel
Zambia (41.6%), Angola (18.4%), Zimbabwe (15.6%), Mozambique (11.8%), Malawi (8.0%), Tanzania (2.0%), Namibia, Botswana

32.
Vilyuy
2,650
1,647
454,000
1,480
Lena
Russia

33.
Araguaia
2,627
1,632
358,125
5,510
Tocantins
Brazil

34.
Ganges–Hooghly–Padma (Ganga)
2,620[13]
1,628
907,000
12,037[14]
Bay of Bengal
India, Bangladesh, Nepal, China

35.
Amu Darya–Panj
2,620
1,628
534,739
1,400
Aral Sea
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan

36.
Japurá (Rio Yapurá)
2,615*
1,625*
242,259
6,000
Amazon
Brazil, Colombia

37.
Nelson–Saskatchewan
2,570
1,597
1,093,000
2,575
Hudson Bay
Canada, United States

38.
Paraguay (Rio Paraguay)
2,549
1,584
900,000
4,300
Paraná
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina

39.
Kolyma
2,513
1,562
644,000
3,800
East Siberian Sea
Russia

40.
Pilcomayo
2,500
1,553
270,000

Paraguay
Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia

41.
Upper Ob–Katun
2,490
1,547

Ob
Russia

42.
Ishim
2,450
1,522
177,000
56
Irtysh
Kazakhstan, Russia

43.
Juruá
2,410
1,498
200,000
6,000
Amazon
Peru, Brazil

44.
Ural
2,428
1,509
237,000
475
Caspian Sea
Russia, Kazakhstan

45.
Arkansas
2,348
1,459
505,000
(435,122)
1,066
Mississippi
United States

46.
Colorado (western U.S.)
2,333
1,450
390,000
1,200
Gulf of California
United States, Mexico

47.
Olenyok
2,292
1,424
219,000
1,210
Laptev Sea
Russia

48.
Dnieper
2,287
1,421
516,300
1,670
Black Sea
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine

49.
Aldan
2,273
1,412
729,000
5,060
Lena
Russia

50.
Ubangi–Uele[15]
2,270
1,410
772,800
4,000
Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo

51.
Negro
2,250
1,398
720,114
26,700
Amazon
Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia

52.
Columbia
2,250 (1,953)
1,398 (1,214)
415,211
7,500
Pacific Ocean
United States, Canada

53.
Pearl–Zhu Jiang
2,200
1,376
437,000
13,600
South China Sea
China (98.5%), Vietnam (1.5%)

54.
Red (USA)
2,188
1,360
78,592
875
Mississippi
United States

55.
Ayeyarwady
(Irrawaddy)
2,170
1,348
411,000
13,000
Andaman Sea
Myanmar, China

56.
Kasai
2,153
1,338
880,200
10,000
Congo
Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo

57.
Ohio–Allegheny
2,102
1,306
490,603
7,957
Mississippi
United States

58.
Orinoco
2,101
1,306
1,380,000
33,000
Atlantic Ocean
Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana

59.
Tarim
2,100
1,305
557,000

Lop Nur
P. R. China

60.
Xingu
2,100
1,305

Amazon
Brazil

61.
Orange
2,092
1,300

Atlantic Ocean
South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho

62.
Northern Salado
2,010
1,249

Paraná
Argentina

63.
Vitim
1,978
1,229

Lena
Russia

64.
Tigris
1,950
1,212

Shatt al-Arab
Turkey, Iraq, Syria

65.
Songhua
1,927
1,197

Amur
P. R. China

66.
Tapajós
1,900
1,181

Amazon
Brazil

67.
Don
1,870
1,162
425,600
935
Sea of Azov
Russia, Ukraine

68.
Stony Tunguska
1,865
1,159
240,000

Yenisei
Russia

69.
Pechora
1,809
1,124
322,000
4,100
Barents Sea
Russia

70.
Kama
1,805
1,122
507,000
4,100
Volga
Russia

71.
Limpopo
1,800
1,118
413,000

Indian Ocean
Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana

72.
Chulym
1,799
1,118
134,000

Ob
Russia

73.
Guaporé (Itenez)
1,749
1,087

Mamoré
Brazil, Bolivia

74.
Indigirka
1,726
1,072
360,400
1,810
East Siberian Sea
Russia

75.
Snake
1,670
1,038
279,719
1,611
Columbia
United States

76.
Senegal
1,641
1,020
419,659

Atlantic Ocean
Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania

77.
Uruguay
1,610
1,000
370,000

Atlantic Ocean
Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil

78.
Blue Nile
1,600
994
326,400

Nile
Ethiopia, Sudan

78.
Churchill
1,600
994

Hudson Bay
Canada

78.
Khatanga
1,600
994

Laptev Sea
Russia

78.
Okavango
1,600
994

Okavango Delta
Namibia, Angola, Botswana

78.
Volta
1,600
994

Gulf of Guinea
Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin

83.
Beni
1,599
994
283,350
8,900
Madeira
Bolivia

84.
Platte
1,594
990

Missouri
United States

85.
Tobol
1,591
989

Irtysh
Kazakhstan, Russia

86.
Jubba–Shebelle
1,580*
982*

Indian Ocean
Ethiopia, Somalia

87.
Içá (Putumayo)
1,575
979

Amazon
Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador

88.
Magdalena
1,550
963
263,858
9,000
Caribbean
Colombia

89.
Han
1,532
952

Yangtze
P. R. China

89.
Kura/Mt'k'vari
1,515
941
188,400
575
Caspian Sea
Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan

91.
Oka
1,500
932
245,000
1,258
Volga
Russia

92.
Guaviare
1,497
930

Orinoco
Colombia

93.
Pecos
1,490
926

Rio Grande
United States

94.
Murrumbidgee River
1,485 [16]
923
84,917
120
Murray River
Australia

95.
Upper Yenisei–Little Yenisei (Kaa-Hem)
1,480
920

Yenisei
Russia, Mongolia

96.
Godavari
1,465
910
312,812
3,061
Bay of Bengal
India

97.
Colorado (Texas)
1,438
894

Gulf of Mexico
United States

97.
Río Grande (Guapay)
1,438
894
102,600
264
Ichilo
Bolivia

99.
Belaya
1,420
882
142,000
858
Kama
Russia

99.
Cooper–Barcoo
1,420
880

Lake Eyre
Australia

101.
Marañón
1,415
879

Amazon
Peru

102.
Dniester
1,411 (1,352)
877 (840)
72,100
310
Black Sea
Ukraine, Moldova

103.
Benue
1,400
870

Niger
Cameroon, Nigeria

103.
Ili (Yili)
1,400
870

Lake Balkhash
P. R. China, Kazakhstan

103.
Warburton–Georgina
1,400
870
365,000

Lake Eyre
Australia

106.
Sutlej
1,372
852

Chenab
China, India, Pakistan

107.
Yamuna
1,370
851
366,223
2,950
Ganges
India

107.
Vyatka
1,370
851
129,000
890
Kama
Russia

109.
Fraser
1,368
850
220,000
3,475
Pacific Ocean
Canada

110.
Grande
1,360
845

Paraná
Brazil

111.
Brazos
1,352
840

Gulf of Mexico
United States

112.
Liao
1,345
836

Bohai Sea
P. R. China

113.
Lachlan River
1,338 [16]
831
84,700
49
Murrumbidgee River
Australia

114.
Yalong
1,323
822

Yangtze
P. R. China

115.
Iguaçu
1,320
820

Paraná
Brazil, Argentina

116.
Olyokma
1,320
820

Lena
Russia

117.
Northern Dvina–Sukhona
1,302
809
357,052
3,332
White Sea
Russia

118.
Krishna
1,300
808

Bay of Bengal
India

118.
Iriri
1,300
808

Xingu
Brazil

120.
Narmada
1,289
801

Arabian Sea
India

121.
Lomami[17]
1,280
795

Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

122.
Ottawa
1,271
790
146,300
1,950
Saint Lawrence
Canada

123.
Lerma–Rio Grande de Santiago
1,270
789
119,543

Pacific Ocean
Mexico

124.
Elbe–Vltava
1,252
778
148,268
711
North Sea
Germany, Czech Republic

125.
Zeya
1,242
772

Amur
Russia

126.
Juruena
1,240
771

Tapajós
Brazil

127.
Upper Mississippi
1,236
768

Mississippi
United States

128.
Rhine
1,233
768
185,000 [18]
2,330
North Sea
Germany (57.3%), Switzerland (15.1%), Netherlands (12.3%), France (12.2%), Luxembourg (1.4%), Austria (1.3%), Belgium (0.4%), Liechtenstein (0.1%), Italy (0.03%)

129.
Athabasca
1,231
765
95,300

Mackenzie
Canada

130.
Canadian
1,223
760

Arkansas
United States

131.
North Saskatchewan
1,220
758

Saskatchewan
Canada

132.
Vistula-Bug
1,213
754
194,424
1,080
Baltic Sea
Poland, Belarus, Ukraine

133.
Vaal
1,210
752

Orange
South Africa

134.
Shire
1,200
746

Zambezi
Mozambique, Malawi

135.
Nen
(Nonni)
1,190
739

Songhua
P. R. China

136.
Kızıl River
1,182
734
115,000
400
Black Sea
Turkey

137.
Green
1,175
730

Colorado (western U.S.)
United States

138.
Milk
1,173
729

Missouri
United States, Canada

139.
Chindwin
1,158
720

Ayeyarwady
Myanmar

140.
Sankuru
1,150
715

Kasai
Democratic Republic of the Congo

141.
Wu
1,150
715
80,300
1,108
Yangtze
China

142.
Red (Asia)
1,149
714
143,700
2,640
Gulf of Tonkin
China, Vietnam

143.
James (Dakotas)
1,143
710

Missouri
United States

144.
Kapuas
1,143
710

South China Sea
Indonesia

145.
Desna
1,130
702
88,900
360
Dnieper
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine

146.
Helmand
1,130
702

Hamun-i-Helmand
Afghanistan, Iran

147.
Madre de Dios
1,130
702
125,000
4,915
Beni
Peru, Bolivia

148.
Tietê
1,130
702

Paraná
Brazil

149.
Vychegda
1,130
702
121,000
1160
Northern Dvina
Russia

150.
Sepik
1,126
700
77,700

Pacific Ocean
Papua New Guinea, Indonesia

151.
Cimarron
1,123
698

Arkansas
United States

152.
Anadyr
1,120
696

Gulf of Anadyr
Russia

152.
Paraíba do Sul
1,120
696

Atlantic Ocean
Brazil

154.
Jialing River
1,119
695

Yangtze
P. R. China

155.
Liard
1,115
693

Mackenzie
Canada

156.
Cumberland
1,105
687
46,830
862
Mississippi
United States

157.
White
1,102
685

Mississippi
United States

158.
Huallaga
1,100
684

Marañón
Peru

158.
Kwango
1,100
684
263,500
2,700
Kasai
Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo

158.
Draa
1,100
684

Atlantic Ocean
Morocco

161.
Gambia
1,094
680

Atlantic Ocean
The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea

162.
Chenab
1,086
675

Indus
India, Pakistan

163.
Yellowstone
1,080
671
114,260

Missouri
United States

163.
Ghaghara
1,080
671
127,950
2,990
Ganges
India, Nepal, China

165.
Huai River
1,078
670
270,000
1,110
Yangtze
China

166.
Aras
1,072
665
102,000
285
Kura
Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran

167.
Chu River
1,067
663
62,500

none
Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan

168.
Seversky Donets
1,078 (1,053)
670 (654)
98,900
159
Don
Russia, Ukraine

169.
Bermejo
1,050
652

Paraguay
Argentina, Bolivia

169.
Fly
1,050
652

Gulf of Papua
Papua New Guinea, Indonesia

169.
Kuskokwim
1,050
652

Bering Sea
United States

172.
Tennessee
1,049
652

Ohio
United States

173.
Oder–Warta
1,045
649
118,861
550
Baltic Sea
Poland, Germany, Czech Republic

174.
Aruwimi[17]
1,030
640

Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

175.
Daugava
1,020
634
87,900
678
Gulf of Riga
Latvia, Belarus, Russia

176.
Gila
1,015
631

Colorado (western U.S.)
United States

177.
Loire
1,012
629
115,271
840
Atlantic Ocean
France

178.
Essequibo
1,010
628

Atlantic Ocean
Guyana

178.
Khoper
1,010
628
61,100
150
Don
Russia

180.
Tagus
(Tajo/Tejo)
1,006
625
80,100
444
Atlantic Ocean
Spain, Portugal

181.
Flinders River
1,004 [16]
624
109,000
122
Gulf of Carpentaria
Australia

text: Notes

text:
When the length of a river is followed by an asterisk, it is an average of multiple information sources. If the difference in lengths between given information sources is significant, all lengths are listed. But if the lengths from secondary information sources are similar, they are averaged and that figure has an asterisk.
Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether or not it is valid to take a course south of the Ilha de Marajó at the Amazon's mouth. New evidence, (dated 16 June 2007) obtained from a high-altitude scientific venture in the Andes, claims that "the Amazon is longer than the Nile by 100km, with its longest headwater being the Carhuasanta stream originating in the south of Peru on the Nevado Mismi mountain's northern slopes and flowing into the Río Apurímac".[19] However, the origin of the river at Nevado Mismi had already been known more than one decade earlier (see Jacek Palkiewicz), and satellite based measuring from this origin to the Amazon mouth has resulted in not more than 6,400 km.
Generally, the most commonly used/anglicised name of the river is used. The name in a native language or alternate spelling may be shown.

text:
The Mississippi River just north of St. Louis.

Saint Lawrence River along the New York-Quebec border.

text: River systems that may have existed in the past

text: Amazon-Congo

text: The Amazon basin formerly drained westwards into the Pacific Ocean, until the Andes rose and reversed the drainage.[20]

text: The Congo basin is completely surrounded by high land, except for its long narrow exit valley past Kinshasa, including waterfalls around Manyanga. That gives the impression that most of the Congo basin was formerly on a much higher land level and that it was rejuvenated by much of its lower course being removed. Before Gondwanaland broke up due to continental drift, the Congo would likely have flowed into the Amazon.[citation needed]

text: West Siberian Glacial Lake drainage

text: This river would have been about 10,000 km (6,200 mi) long, in the last Ice Age. Its longest headwater was the Selenga river of Mongolia: it drained through ice-dammed lakes and the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea.

text: Lobourg

text: During the last glacial maximum, much of what is now the southern part of the North Sea was land, known to archaeologists as Doggerland. At this time, the Thames, the Meuse, the Scheldt, and the Rhine probably joined before flowing into the sea, in a system known by palaeogeographers as the Loubourg or Lobourg River System.[21] There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now the English Channel, or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modern Yorkshire. If the latter hypothesis is true, the Rhine would have attained a length of close to 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi). The former hypothesis would have produced a shorter river, some 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length. Current scientific research favours the former opinion, with the Thames and Rhine meeting in a large lake, the outflow of which was close to the present-day Straits of Dover.[22]