document_title: Astronomical spectroscopy

question_text: which astronomical bodies emit light in the visible spectrum

text: Astronomical spectroscopy

text: Background[edit]

text: Astronomical spectroscopy is used to measure three major bands of radiation: visible spectrum, radio, and X-ray. While all spectroscopy looks at specific areas of the spectrum, different methods are required to acquire the signal depending on the frequency. Ozone (O3) and molecular oxygen (O2) absorb light with wavelengths under 300 nm, meaning that X-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopy require the use of a satellite telescope or rocket mounted detectors.[1]:27 Radio signals have much longer wavelengths than optical signals, and require the use of antennas or radio dishes. Infrared light is absorbed by atmospheric water and carbon dioxide, so while the equipment is similar to that used in optical spectroscopy, satellites are required to record much of the infrared spectrum.[2]

text: Optical spectroscopy[edit]

text: Physicists have been looking at the solar spectrum since Isaac Newton first used a simple prism to observe the refractive properties of light.[3] In the early 1800s Joseph von Fraunhofer used his skills as a glass maker to create very pure prisms, which allowed him to observe 574 dark lines in a seemingly continuous spectrum.[4] Soon after he combined telescope and prism to observe the spectrum of Venus, the Moon, Mars, and various stars such as Betelgeuse; his company continued to manufacture and sell high-quality refracting telescopes based on his original designs until its closure in 1884.[5]:28–29

text: The resolution of a prism is limited by its size; a larger prism will provide a more detailed spectrum, but the increase in mass makes it unsuitable for highly detailed work.[6] This issue was resolved in the early 1900s with the development of high-quality reflection gratings by J.S. Plaskett at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Canada.[5]:11 Light striking a mirror will reflect at the same angle, however a small portion of the light will be refracted at a different angle; this is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the materials and the wavelength of the light.[7] By creating a "blazed" grating which utilizes a large number of parallel mirrors, the small portion of light can be focused and visualized. These new spectroscopes were more detailed than a prism, required less light, and could be focused on a specific region of the spectrum by tilting the grating.[6]

text: The limitation to a blazed grating is the width of the mirrors, which can only be ground a finite amount before focus is lost; the maximum is around 1000 lines/mm. In order to overcome this limitation holographic gratings were developed. Volume phase holographic gratings use a thin film of dichromated gelatin on a glass surface, which is subsequently exposed to a wave pattern created by an interferometer. This wave pattern sets up a reflection pattern similar to the blazed gratings but utilizing Bragg diffraction, a process where the angle of reflection is dependent on the arrangement of the atoms in the gelatin. The holographic gratings can have up to 6000 lines/mm and can be up to twice as efficient in collecting light as blazed gratings. Because they are sealed between two sheets of glass, the holographic gratings are very versatile, potentially lasting decades before needing replacement.[8]

text: Light dispersed by the grating or prism in a spectrograph can be recorded by a detector. Historically, photographic plates were widely used to record spectra until electronic detectors were developed, and today optical spectrographs most often employ charge-coupled devices (CCDs). The wavelength scale of a spectrum can be calibrated by observing the spectrum of emission lines of known wavelength from a gas-discharge lamp. The flux scale of a spectrum can be calibrated as a function of wavelength by comparison with an observation of a standard star with corrections for atmospheric absorption of light; this is known as spectrophotometry.[9]

text: Radio spectroscopy[edit]

text: Radio astronomy was founded with the work of Karl Jansky in the early 1930s, while working for Bell Labs. He built a radio antenna to look at potential sources of interference for transatlantic radio transmissions. One of the sources of noise discovered came not from Earth, but from the center of the Milky Way, in the constellation Sagittarius.[10] In 1942, JS Hey captured the sun's radio frequency using military radar receivers.[1]:26 Radio spectroscopy started with the discovery of the 21-centimeter H I line in 1951.

text: Radio interferometry was pioneered in 1946, when Joseph Lade Pawsey, Ruby Payne-Scott and Lindsay McCready used a single antenna atop a sea cliff to observe 200 MHz solar radiation. Two incident beams, one directly from the sun and the other reflected from the sea surface, generated the necessary interference.[11] The first multi-receiver interferometer was built in the same year by Martin Ryle and Vonberg.[12][13] In 1960, Ryle and Antony Hewish published the technique of aperture synthesis to analyze interferometer data.[14] The aperture synthesis process, which involves autocorrelating and discrete Fourier transforming the incoming signal, recovers both the spatial and frequency variation in flux.[15] The result is a 3D image whose third axis is frequency. For this work, Ryle and Hewish were jointly awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics.[16]

text: X-ray spectroscopy[edit]

text: Stars and their properties[edit]

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text: Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin. In the 1850s, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen described the phenomena behind these dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths, and hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses.[5]:42–44[17] By comparing the absorption lines of the sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be determined.

text: The major Fraunhofer lines, and the elements with which they are associated, appear in the following table. Designations from the early Balmer Series are shown in parentheses.

text:
Designation
Element
Wavelength (nm)

y
O2
898.765

Z
O2
822.696

A
O2
759.370

B
O2
686.719

C (Hα)
H
656.281

a
O2
627.661

D1
Na
589.592

D2
Na
588.995

D3 or d
He
587.5618

e
Hg
546.073

E2
Fe
527.039

b1
Mg
518.362

b2
Mg
517.270

b3
Fe
516.891

b4
Mg
516.733

Designation
Element
Wavelength (nm)

c
Fe
495.761

F (Hβ)
H
486.134

d
Fe
466.814

e
Fe
438.355

G' (Hγ)
H
434.047

G
Fe
430.790

G
Ca
430.774

h (Hδ)
H
410.175

H
Ca+
396.847

K
Ca+
393.368

L
Fe
382.044

N
Fe
358.121

P
Ti+
336.112

T
Fe
302.108

t
Ni
299.444

text: Not all of the elements in the sun were immediately identified. Two examples are listed below.

text:
In 1868 Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen independently observed a line next to the sodium doublet (D1 and D2) which Lockyer determined to be a new element. He named it Helium, but it wasn't until 1895 the element was found on Earth.[5]:84–85
In 1869 the astronomers Charles Augustus Young and William Harkness independently observed a novel green emission line in the Sun's corona during an eclipse. This "new" element was incorrectly named coronium, as it was only found in the corona. It was not until the 1930s that Walter Grotrian and Bengt Edlén discovered that the spectral line at 530.3 nm was due to highly ionized iron (Fe13+).[18] Other unusual lines in the coronal spectrum are also caused by highly charged ions, such as nickel and calcium, the high ionization being due to the extreme temperature of the solar corona.[1]:87,297

text: To date more than 20 000 absorption lines have been listed for the Sun between 293.5 and 877.0 nm, yet only approximately 75% of these lines have been linked to elemental absorption.[1]:69

text: By analyzing the width of each spectral line in an emission spectrum, both the elements present in a star and their relative abundances can be determined.[7] Using this information stars can be categorized into stellar populations; Population I stars are the youngest stars and have the highest metal content (our Sun is a Pop I star), while Population III stars are the oldest stars with a very low metal content.[19][20]

text: Temperature and size[edit]

text: In 1860 Gustav Kirchhoff proposed the idea of a black body, a material that emits electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths.[21][22] In 1894 Wilhelm Wien derived an expression relating the temperature (T) of a black body to its peak emission wavelength (λmax).[23]

text: b is a constant of proportionality called Wien's displacement constant, equal to 6997289777290000000♠2.8977729(17)×10−3 m⋅K.[24] This equation is called Wien's Law. By measuring the peak wavelength of a star, the surface temperature can be determined.[17] For example, if the peak wavelength of a star is 502 nm the corresponding temperature will be 5778 kelvins.

text: The luminosity of a star is a measure of the electromagnetic energy output in a given amount of time.[25] Luminosity (L) can be related to the temperature (T) of a star by

text: where R is the radius of the star and σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, with a value of 6992567036700000000♠5.670367(13)×10−8 W⋅m−2⋅K−4.[26] Thus, when both luminosity and temperature are known (via direct measurement and calculation) the radius of a star can be determined.

text: Galaxies[edit]

text: The spectra of galaxies look similar to stellar spectra, as they consist of the combined light of millions of stars.

text: Doppler shift studies of galaxy clusters by Fritz Zwicky in 1937 found that most galaxies were moving much faster than seemed to be possible from what was known about the mass of the cluster. Zwicky hypothesized that there must be a great deal of non-luminous matter in the galaxy clusters, which became known as dark matter.[27] Since his discovery, astronomers have determined that a large portion of galaxies (and most of the universe) is made up of dark matter. In 2003, however, four galaxies (NGC 821, NGC 3379, NGC 4494, and NGC 4697) were found to have little to no dark matter influencing the motion of the stars contained within them; the reason behind the lack of dark matter is unknown.[28]

text: In the 1950s, strong radio sources were found to be associated with very dim, very red objects. When the first spectrum of one of these objects was taken there were absorption lines at wavelengths where none were expected. It was soon realised that what was observed was a normal galactic spectrum, but highly red shifted.[29][30] These were named quasi-stellar radio sources, or quasars, by Hong-Yee Chiu in 1964.[31] Quasars are now thought to be galaxies formed in the early years of our universe, with their extreme energy output powered by super-massive black holes.[30]

text: The properties of a galaxy can also be determined by analyzing the stars found within them. NGC 4550, a galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, has a large portion of its stars rotating in the opposite direction as the other portion. It is believed that the galaxy is the combination of two smaller galaxies that were rotating in opposite directions to each other.[32] Bright stars in galaxies can also help determine the distance to a galaxy, which may be a more accurate method than parallax or standard candles.[33]

text: Interstellar medium[edit]

text: The interstellar medium is matter that occupies the space between star systems in a galaxy. 99% of this matter is gaseous - hydrogen, helium, and smaller quantities of other ionized elements such as oxygen. The other 1% is dust particles, thought to be mainly graphite, silicates, and ices.[34] Clouds of the dust and gas are referred to as nebulae.

text: There are three main types of nebula: absorption, reflection, and emission nebulae. Absorption (or dark) nebulae are made of dust and gas in such quantities that they obscure the starlight behind them, making photometry difficult. Reflection nebulae, as their name suggest, reflect the light of nearby stars. Their spectra are the same as the stars surrounding them, though the light is bluer; shorter wavelengths scatter better than longer wavelengths. Emission nebulae emit light at specific wavelengths depending on their chemical composition.[34]

text: Gaseous emission nebulae[edit]

text: In the early years of astronomical spectroscopy, scientists were puzzled by the spectrum of gaseous nebulae. In 1864 William Huggins noticed that many nebulae showed only emission lines rather than a full spectrum like stars. From the work of Kirchhoff, he concluded that nebulae must contain "enormous masses of luminous gas or vapour."[35] However, there were several emission lines that could not be linked to any terrestrial element, brightest among them lines at 495.9 nm and 500.7 nm.[36] These lines were attributed to a new element, nebulium, until Ira Bowen determined in 1927 that the emission lines were from highly ionised oxygen (O+2).[37][38] These emission lines could not be replicated in a laboratory because they are forbidden lines; the low density of a nebula (one atom per cubic centimetre)[34] allows for metastable ions to decay via forbidden line emission rather than collisions with other atoms.[36]

text: Not all emission nebulae are found around or near stars where solar heating causes ionisation. The majority of gaseous emission nebulae are formed of neutral hydrogen. In the ground state neutral hydrogen has two possible spin states: the electron has either the same spin or the opposite spin of the proton. When the atom transitions between these two states, it releases an emission or absorption line of 21 cm.[34] This line is within the radio range and allows for very precise measurements:[36]

text:
Velocity of the cloud can be measured via Doppler shift
The intensity of the 21 cm line gives the density and number of atoms in the cloud
The temperature of the cloud can be calculated

text: Using this information the shape of the Milky Way has been determined to be a spiral galaxy, though the exact number and position of the spiral arms is the subject of ongoing research.[39]

text: Complex molecules[edit]

text: Dust and molecules in the interstellar medium not only obscures photometry, but also causes absorption lines in spectroscopy. Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component electrons between different energy levels, or by rotational or vibrational spectra. Detection usually occurs in radio, microwave, or infrared portions of the spectrum.[40] The chemical reactions that form these molecules can happen in cold, diffuse clouds[41] or in the hot ejecta around a white dwarf star from a nova or supernova.[42] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as acetylene (C2H2) generally group together to form graphites or other sooty material,[43] but other organic molecules such as acetone ((CH3)2CO)[44] and buckminsterfullerenes (C60 and C70) have been discovered.[42]

text: Motion in the universe[edit]

text: Stars and interstellar gas are bound by gravity to form galaxies, and groups of galaxies can be bound by gravity in galaxy clusters.[45] With the exception of stars in the Milky Way and the galaxies in the Local Group, almost all galaxies are moving away from us due to the expansion of the universe.[18]

text: Doppler effect and redshift[edit]

text: The motion of stellar objects can be determined by looking at their spectrum. Because of the Doppler effect, objects moving towards us are blueshifted, and objects moving away are redshifted. The wavelength of redshifted light is longer, appearing redder than the source. Conversely, the wavelength of blueshifted light is shorter, appearing bluer than the source light:

text:
where

λ

0

{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}}

 is the emitted wavelength,

v

0

{\displaystyle v_{0}}

 is the velocity of the object, and

λ

{\displaystyle \lambda }

 is the observed wavelength. Note that v<0 corresponds to λ<λ0, a blueshifted wavelength. A redshifted absorption or emission line will appear more towards the red end of the spectrum than a stationary line. In 1913 Vesto Slipher determined the Andromeda Galaxy was blueshifted, meaning it was moving towards the Milky Way. He recorded the spectra of 20 other galaxies — all but 4 of which were redshifted — and was able to calculate their velocities relative to the Earth. Edwin Hubble would later use this information, as well as his own observations, to define Hubble's law: The further a galaxy is from the Earth, the faster it is moving away from us.[18][46] Hubble's law can be generalised to

text:
where

v

{\displaystyle v}

 is the velocity (or Hubble Flow),

H

0

{\displaystyle H_{0}}

 is the Hubble Constant, and

d

{\displaystyle d}

 is the distance from Earth.

text: Redshift (z) can be expressed by the following equations:[47]

text:
Calculation of redshift,

z

{\displaystyle z}

Based on wavelength
Based on frequency

z
=

λ

o
b
s
v

−

λ

e
m
i
t

λ

e
m
i
t

{\displaystyle z={\frac {\lambda _{\mathrm {obsv} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {emit} }}{\lambda _{\mathrm {emit} }}}}

z
=

f

e
m
i
t

−

f

o
b
s
v

f

o
b
s
v

{\displaystyle z={\frac {f_{\mathrm {emit} }-f_{\mathrm {obsv} }}{f_{\mathrm {obsv} }}}}

1
+
z
=

λ

o
b
s
v

λ

e
m
i
t

{\displaystyle 1+z={\frac {\lambda _{\mathrm {obsv} }}{\lambda _{\mathrm {emit} }}}}

1
+
z
=

f

e
m
i
t

f

o
b
s
v

{\displaystyle 1+z={\frac {f_{\mathrm {emit} }}{f_{\mathrm {obsv} }}}}

text:
In these equations, frequency is denoted by

f

{\displaystyle f}

 and wavelength by

λ

{\displaystyle \lambda }

. The larger the value of z, the more redshifted the light and the farther away the object is from the Earth. As of January 2013, the largest galaxy redshift of z~12 was found using the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, corresponding to an age of over 13 billion years (the universe is approximately 13.82 billion years old).[48][49][50]

text:
The Doppler effect and Hubble's law can be combined to form the equation

z
=

v

H
u
b
b
l
e

c

{\displaystyle z={\frac {v_{Hubble}}{c}}}

, where c is the speed of light.

text: Peculiar motion[edit]

text: Objects that are gravitationally bound will rotate around a common center of mass. For stellar bodies, this motion is known as peculiar velocity, and can alter the Hubble Flow. Thus, an extra term for the peculiar motion needs to be added to Hubble's law:[51]

text: This motion can cause confusion when looking at a solar or galactic spectrum, because the expected redshift based on the simple Hubble law will be obscured by the peculiar motion. For example, the shape and size of the Virgo Cluster has been a matter of great scientific scrutiny due to the very large peculiar velocities of the galaxies in the cluster.[52]

text: Binary stars[edit]

text: Just as planets can be gravitationally bound to stars, pairs of stars can orbit each other. Some binary stars are visual binaries, meaning they can be observed orbiting each other through a telescope. Some binary stars, however, are too close together to be resolved.[53] These two stars, when viewed through a spectrometer, will show a composite spectrum: the spectrum of each star will be added together. This composite spectrum becomes easier to detect when the stars are of similar luminosity and of different spectral class.[54]

text: Spectroscopic binaries can be also detected due to their radial velocity; as they orbit around each other one star may be moving towards the Earth whilst the other moves away, causing a Doppler shift in the composite spectrum. The orbital plane of the system determines the magnitude of the observed shift: if the observer is looking perpendicular to the orbital plane there will be no observed radial velocity.[53][54] For example, if you look at a carousel from the side, you will see the animals moving toward and away from you, whereas if you look from directly above they will only be moving in the horizontal plane.

text: Planets, asteroids, and comets[edit]

text: Planets, asteroids, and comets all reflect light from their parent stars and emit their own light. For cooler objects, including solar-system planets and asteroids, most of the emission is at infrared wavelengths we cannot see, but that are routinely measured with spectrometers. For objects surrounded by gas, such as comets and planets with atmospheres, further emission and absorption happens at specific wavelengths in the gas, imprinting the spectrum of the gas on that of the solid object. In the case of worlds with thick atmospheres or complete cloud cover (such as the gas giants, Venus, and Saturn's satellite Titan (moon)), the spectrum is mostly or completely due to the atmosphere alone.[55]

text: Planets[edit]

text: The reflected light of a planet contains absorption bands due to minerals in the rocks present for rocky bodies, or due to the elements and molecules present in the atmosphere. To date over 3,500 exoplanets have been discovered. These include so-called Hot Jupiters, as well as Earth-like planets. Using spectroscopy, compounds such as alkali metals, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane have all been discovered.[56]

text: Asteroids[edit]

text: Asteroids can be classified into three major types according to their spectra. The original categories were created by Clark R. Chapman, David Morrison, and Ben Zellner in 1975, and further expanded by David J. Tholen in 1984. In what is now known as the Tholen classification, the C-types are made of carbonaceous material, S-types consist mainly of silicates, and X-types are 'metallic'. There are other classifications for unusual asteroids. C- and S-type asteroids are the most common asteroids. In 2002 the Tholen classification was further "evolved" into the SMASS classification, expanding the number of categories from 14 to 26 to account for more precise spectroscopic analysis of the asteroids.[57][58]

text: Comets[edit]

text: The spectra of comets consist of a reflected solar spectrum from the dusty clouds surrounding the comet, as well as emission lines from gaseous atoms and molecules excited to fluorescence by sunlight and/or chemical reactions. For example, the chemical composition of Comet ISON[59] was determined by spectroscopy due to the prominent emission lines of cyanogen (CN), as well as two- and three-carbon atoms (C2 and C3).[60] Nearby comets can even be seen in X-ray as solar wind ions flying to the coma are neutralized. The cometary X-ray spectra therefore reflect the state of the solar wind rather than that of the comet.[61]


document_title: The Jeffersons

question_text: who sings movin on up on the jeffersons

question_tokens: who sings movin on up on the jeffersons

root

text: The Jeffersons

text: Show[edit]

text: The show focuses on George and Louise Jefferson, a prosperous African-American couple who have been able to move from Queens to Manhattan owing to the success of George's dry-cleaner chain. The show was launched as the second spin-off of All in the Family, on which the Jeffersons had been the neighbors of Archie and Edith Bunker.[5][6] The show was the creation of Norman Lear.[5][7] The Jeffersons eventually evolved into more of a traditional sitcom but did reference such issues as alcoholism, racism, suicide, gun control, being transgender, and adult illiteracy. The epithets "nigger" and "honky" were used occasionally, especially during the earlier seasons.[2][4]

tag: p

text: The Jeffersons had one spin-off, titled Checking In. The series was centered on the Jeffersons' housekeeper, Florence.[8] Checking In only lasted four episodes, after which Florence returned to The Jeffersons.[9] The Jeffersons also shared continuity with the show E/R, which featured Lynne Moody, who made a guest appearance in one episode of The Jeffersons.[10] Sherman Hemsley guest-starred as George in two episodes of the series, which lasted for one season.[11]

text: The Jeffersons ended in controversy after CBS abruptly canceled the series without allowing for a proper series finale. The cast was not informed until after the July 2, 1985, episode "Red Robins", and actor Sherman Hemsley said he found out that the show was canceled by reading it in the newspaper.[12] Sanford, who heard about the cancellation through her cousin who read about it in the tabloids, has publicly stated that she found the cancellation with no proper finale to be disrespectful on the network's part.[13]

text: The cast reunited in a stage play based on the sitcom.[14] In the 1996 series finale of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the Jeffersons made a guest appearance and bought the house from the Banks family.[1] In an episode of Tyler Perry's House of Payne in 2011, Sherman Hemsley and Marla Gibbs reprised their roles of George Jefferson and Florence Johnston.[15]

text: In 1985, Hemsley and Sanford made a special joint guest appearance in the Canale 5 comedy show Grand Hotel, starring Italian actors Paolo Villaggio, Franco & Ciccio comic duo and Carmen Russo. They were guests in the fictional hotel, and appeared just twice during the show, for a total of five minutes. Their voices were dubbed by Italian actors Enzo Garinei (George) and Isa di Marzio (Louise), who also dubbed their characters for the full series.[citation needed]

text: Series development[edit]

text: Louise Jefferson, played by Isabel Sanford, first appeared in the All in the Family episode "Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood", which was broadcast on March 2, 1971. The episode, the eighth of the series, centers on Louise, her son Lionel, and her husband George's moving next door to Archie and Edith Bunker in the working-class section of Queens.[2] Lionel, played by Mike Evans, first appeared in "Meet the Bunkers", the premiere episode of All in the Family.[2]

text: Norman Lear created the character of George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley. Lear originally intended for George to appear in the first season of the series; however, Hemsley was starring in the Broadway musical Purlie at the time, and Lear decided to postpone introduction of the character until Hemsley was available. Lear created the character of Henry Jefferson, George's younger brother, and replaced George with Henry in the series's scripts until Purlie finished its run. Mel Stewart was cast as Henry.[2][3] George was introduced in the episode "Henry's Farewell", and Hemsley and Stewart share their only scene together in its final minutes. The episode marked the final appearance of Henry.

text: George, Louise, and Lionel continued to appear on All in the Family until 1975, when the spin-off The Jeffersons, also created by Lear, premiered.[8] The characters of Lionel's biracial fiancée, Jenny, and her family, all of whom first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family episode "Lionel's Engagement", were also written into the new series.[16] However, the roles were all recast, with Berlinda Tolbert taking over the role of Jenny, veteran actor Franklin Cover playing her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed from Louis, as it was in their first AITF appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: During the January 11, 1975 episode of All in the Family, titled "The Jeffersons Move Up", Edith Bunker gave a tearful good-bye to her neighbor Louise Jefferson, as her husband George, their son Lionel, and she moved from a working-class section of Queens, New York into a luxury apartment in Manhattan.[17] The Jeffersons premiered the following week, on January 18, 1975.[8]

text: George's career as a dry-cleaner began in the first season of All in the Family, in the third episode, "Oh, My Aching Back" (though the character himself did not appear on-camera). After his car was rear-ended by a bus, he filed a civil action and won $3200, enough to open his first store in Queens.[3] At the beginning of The Jeffersons, he was operating five stores throughout New York City, with another two opening during the following seasons.

text: Louise made friends with Tom and Helen Willis, an interracial couple with two adult children of their own[8] (whom George insultingly called "zebras"):[1][18] son Allan (played by Andrew Rubin in the first-season finale, and by Jay Hammer throughout season 5), a white-passing college drop-out; and daughter Jenny, an aspiring fashion designer. Jenny and Lionel became a couple, were married on December 24, 1976, and later became the parents of a daughter, Jessica (played in later seasons by Ebonie Smith).[8][19] Lionel and Jenny experienced marital issues, and filed for divorce in 1985.[8]

text: Marla Gibbs portrayed the role of Florence Johnston, the Jeffersons' back-talking, wisecracking, and devoutly religious housekeeper. Florence often teased George, mostly about his short stature and receding hairline.[20] Paul Benedict arrived as Harry Bentley, a loyal, kind, friendly yet somewhat dimwitted British next-door neighbor,[8] who worked as an interpreter at the United Nations.[21]

text: A common sight-gag of the show was George slamming the door in Bentley's face mid-conversation.[21] Bentley also had a bad back, and frequently needed George to walk on his back.[22][23] He also became known for addressing the Jeffersons as "Mr. J" and "Mrs. J".[23] Zara Cully played George's mother, Olivia "Mother" Jefferson, who constantly disparaged her daughter-in-law.[6][18][19] Cully, who had first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family episode, "Lionel's Engagement", reprised her role.[24] She appeared regularly in the first two seasons, but made sporadic appearances over the next two years and was written out in the fifth season (Cully died in 1978, from lung cancer; no episode was centered on Mother Jefferson's death, but it was mentioned that she had died in season 5). Ned Wertimer played the doorman, Ralph Hart, throughout the series,[25] along with Danny Wells who played Charlie the bartender.[26]

text: Cast changes[edit]

text: Mike Evans ("Lionel") left the show after the first season; his replacement was Damon Evans (no relation),[6] who took over the role until halfway through the fourth season.[8] Damon Evans's last episode was "Lionel Gets the Business".

text: Mike Evans and Tolbert returned in the 1979–1980 season, with Tolbert's character, Jenny, pregnant with a daughter named Jessica. However, Mike Evans appeared for only one more season, along with Tolbert.[8] The Jeffersons' sixth season peaked at #8 in the summer of 1980. The characters of Lionel and Jenny were written out by stating that they had marital problems, the result of which became a two-part episode storyline as the series' eighth-season premiere. The series' eighth season was the first African-American sitcom in years (since Sanford and Son) to peak in the top 5 (the series' eighth season debuted at #3).

text: Evans and Tolbert appeared in the two-part episode together; Evans also appeared in one episode during the series' ninth season in 1982, and made his final appearance in two episodes during the series' eleventh and final season. Tolbert became a regular guest star throughout the rest of the series. In the spring of 1981, Paul Benedict left the show for a season and a half, returning in the final two seasons of the series.[8] However, the ratings sank below the top 30, and The Jeffersons aired its last episode, "Red Robins", on July 2, 1985.[27]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Isabel Sanford
Louise Jefferson
Main

Sherman Hemsley
George Jefferson
Main

Mike Evans
Lionel Jefferson
Main

Main
Recurring

Guest

Damon Evans

Main

Roxie Roker
Helen Willis
Main

Franklin Cover
Thomas "Tom" Willis
Main

Zara Cully
Olivia "Mother" Jefferson
Main

Berlinda Tolbert
Jenny Willis Jefferson
Main
Recurring

Paul Benedict
Harry Bentley
Main

Main

Marla Gibbs
Florence Johnston
Recurring
Main

Jay Hammer
Allan Willis

Main

Ned Wertimer
Ralph Hart
Recurring

Danny Wells
Charlie the bartender
Recurring

Ebonie Smith
Jessica Jefferson

Recurring

tag: table

text: Notable guest appearances[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Frances Bay
Johnny Brown
Barbara Cason
Charo
Gary Coleman[1]
Andrae Crouch
Sammy Davis, Jr.[9]
Frank De Vol
Phyllis Diller (as herself)
David Dukes
Famous Amos
Bernard Fox
Joe Frazier
Susie Garrett
Louis Gossett, Jr.
Rosie Grier
Robert Guillaume[9]
Moses Gunn
Kene Holliday
Reggie Jackson
Victor Kilian
Lincoln Kilpatrick
Mabel King
Gladys Knight
Peter Lawford (voice)
Larry Linville
Carl Lumbly
Helen Martin
Edie McClurg
Garrett Morris
Greg Morris[9]
Josephine Premice[28]
Sheryl Lee Ralph
Thalmus Rasulala
Susan Ruttan
Sister Sledge[29]
Michael Spinks
Amzie Strickland
Ernest Lee Thomas
Liz Torres
Donald Trump
Vernee Watson
Jaleel White
Billy Dee Williams[9]
Hal Williams

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The Jeffersons had many two-part episodes, either over two consecutive weeks, or aired as an hour-long episode.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: Ja'net Dubois (from Good Times) and Jeff Barry co-wrote The Jeffersons theme song, "Movin' on Up", which was sung by Dubois with a gospel choir.[31] The song was covered by Sammy Davis, Jr., in 1978.[citation needed]

text: Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The Jeffersons changed time slots at least 15 different times during its 11-year run, unusual for a popular long running series.[32] The most common time slot was on Sunday night.[7]

text: In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at number four, surpassed by its parent series All in the Family (which landed at number one for the fifth year in a row).[33] The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Top 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), it fell out of the top 30.[19]

text: It returned to the Top 10 in 1979–80, and at the end of the 1981–82 season, The Jeffersons finished third overall, only surpassed by fellow CBS series Dallas and 60 Minutes. As a result, the series remained among the Top 20 for the next two seasons.[19]

text:
Season
Time slot (ET)
Rank
Rating

1974–1975
Saturday at 8:30 pm
4
27.6

1975–1976
Saturday at 8:00 pm
21
21.5

1976–1977
Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–6)
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 7–14)
Monday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 15–24)
24
24.2

1977–1978
Saturday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3–22, 25–26)
Saturday at 9:30 pm (Episode 2)
Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episode 23)
Saturday at 8:30 pm (Episode 24)
Not in the Top 30

1978–1979
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–6, 8–24)
Saturday at 8:00 pm (Episode 7)

1979–1980
Sunday at 9:30 pm
8
24.3

1980–1981
Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1–2, 5–18, 20)
Sunday at 10:00 pm (Episode 3)
Sunday at 10:30 pm (Episode 4)
Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episode 19)
6
23.5

1981–1982
Sunday at 9:30 pm
3
23.4

1982–1983
Sunday at 9:00 pm
12
20.0 (Tied with Knots Landing)

1983–1984
Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3–22)
Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episode 2)
19
18.6

1984–1985
Sunday at 9:00 pm (1984)
Tuesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 9–17, 23–24)
Tuesday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 18–22)
Not in the Top 30

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Jeffersons received 14 Emmy Award nominations during its time on the air.[34] Marla Gibbs was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series each year from 1981-85. Sherman Hemsley was nominated for Best Actor in 1984. Larry M. Harris won the Emmy for Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series in 1983.[34]

text: Isabel Sanford was nominated for seven consecutive Best Actress Emmys, from 1979 until 1985.[34] Her victory in 1981 made her the first African-American actress to win an Emmy for Best Actress in a Comedy Series,[1][19][35] and the second to win any Emmy Award; Gail Fisher, who played Peggy on the TV show Mannix, preceded her in 1970. Sanford was also the recipient of five of the eight Golden Globe Awards nominations the program received.[36]

text: DVD and Internet releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first six seasons of The Jeffersons on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007.[37] These releases have been discontinued and are now out of print.

text: On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including The Jeffersons.[38] They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on May 20, 2014.[39]

text: On August 8, 2014, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series; they subsequently released the complete series on DVD in a 33-disc collection on December 9, 2014.[40][41]

text: On April 28, 2015, Shout! released season 7 on DVD in Region 1.[42] Season 8 was released on August 11, 2015.[43]

text: As of 2016, all eleven seasons of The Jeffersons are available for online streaming on the STARZ network.[44][45]

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date

The Complete First Season
13
August 6, 2002
May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Second Season
24
May 13, 2003
May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Third Season
24
April 12, 2005

The Complete Fourth Season
26
October 11, 2005

The Complete Fifth Season
24
August 15, 2006

The Complete Sixth Season
24
March 27, 2007

The Complete Seventh Season
20
April 28, 2015

The Complete Eighth Season
25
August 11, 2015

The Complete Series
253
December 9, 2014


document_title: Bharat Ratna

question_text: who got the bharat ratna award before becoming president

text: Bharat Ratna

text: History[edit]

text: On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]

text: There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

text: The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14][15] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][16]

text: Regulations[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][17]

text: Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[19]

text: As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 3⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

text: A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2 5⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 1 7⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][20] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][21] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[22]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][23][24][25][26]

text: On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[23] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[27][28]

text: To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[27]

text: On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[27][29]

text: In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[16]

text: Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[24] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[25] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand."[26][c]

text: On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[30] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[31]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[32][33] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[34] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[35] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please Dalits.[36][32]

text: The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43]

text: A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K. R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

text: Popular demands[edit]

text: Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54]

text: Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59]

text: A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]

text: List of recipients[edit]

text:
Key

   + Naturalized citizen recipient

   * Non-citizen recipient

   # Posthumous recipient

text:
List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10]

Year
Laureates
Notes

1954

C. Rajagopalachari
An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[62]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice-President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67).[63][64] Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[65]

C. V. Raman
Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[66]

1955
 –
Bhagwan Das
Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[67]

M. Visvesvaraya
Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[68]

Jawaharlal Nehru
Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).[49][69]

1957

Govind Ballabh Pant
Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.[70]

1958

Dhondo Keshav Karve
Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][71]

1961
 –
Bidhan Chandra Roy
A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of Modern West Bengal".[72] He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in India.[51]

 –
Purushottam Das Tandon
Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73]

1962

Rajendra Prasad
Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74] Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[63]

1963
 –
Zakir Husain
Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he was elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[63][64]

Pandurang Vaman Kane
Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[78]

1966

Lal Bahadur Shastri[i]#
Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79] Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[49][80]

1971

Indira Gandhi
Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[82]

1975

V. V. Giri
While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. He was elected as the first President of All India Trade Union Congress in 1926. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).[63][83][84]

1976

K. Kamaraj[ii]#
Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[85][86]

1980

Mother Teresa +
"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[87]

1983

Vinoba Bhave[iii]#
Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift Movement".[88] He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[89]

1987

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan*
Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[90]

1988

M. G. Ramachandran[iv][d]#
Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, 1985–87.[85]

1990

B. R. Ambedkar[v]#
Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ("Untouchables"),[92] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[93] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system.[94] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.[95]

Nelson Mandela*
Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99).[96] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa",[97] Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[98] In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[99]

1991

Rajiv Gandhi[vi]#
Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.[49]

Vallabhbhai Patel[vii]#
Widely known as the "Iron Man of India",[100] Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50). Post independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union.[101][102]

Morarji Desai[e]
Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1977–79).[49] He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[104]

1992

Abul Kalam Azad[viii][f]#
Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He was widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India.[107]

J. R. D. Tata
Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.[108]

Satyajit Ray
Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[109] film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[110] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

1997

Gulzarilal Nanda
Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[49][112]

 –
Aruna Asaf Ali[ix]#
Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[113]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[114] Later, he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007.[63]

1998

M. S. Subbulakshmi
Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi, often hailed as "Queen of songs", is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award.[115]

Chidambaram Subramaniam
Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.[116]

1999
 –
Jayaprakash Narayan[x]#
Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is better known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government".[117]

Amartya Sen
Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998),[118] Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.[119]

Gopinath Bordoloi[xi]#
Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam (1946–50).[120] His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.[121]

Ravi Shankar
Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.[122]

2001

Lata Mangeshkar
Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[123] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[124] In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

Bismillah Khan
Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[125]

2008

Bhimsen Joshi
Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".[126][127]

2014

C. N. R. Rao
The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books.[128]

Sachin Tendulkar
Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.[129][130]

2015

Madan Mohan Malaviya[xii]#
Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[131]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004.[49] He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.[132]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[18]
Jump up ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department.
Jump up ^ In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[91]
Jump up ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicized".[103]
Jump up ^ Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[35][105][106]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966, at the age of 61.
Jump up ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975, at the age of 72.
Jump up ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982, at the age of 87.
Jump up ^ M. G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987, at the age of 70.
Jump up ^ B. R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, at the age of 65.
Jump up ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991, at the age of 46.
Jump up ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950, at the age of 75.
Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958, at the age of 69.
Jump up ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996, at the age of 87.
Jump up ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979, at the age of 76.
Jump up ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950, at the age of 60.
Jump up ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946, at the age of 84.


document_title: List of Ole Miss Rebels head football coaches

question_text: who is the head coach of ole miss football

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to symbols in coaches list

General
Overall
Conference
Postseason[A 1]

No.
Order of coaches[A 2]
GC
Games coached
CW
Conference wins
PW
Postseason wins

DC
Division championships
OW
Overall wins
CL
Conference losses
PL
Postseason losses

CC
Conference championships
OL
Overall losses
CT
Conference ties
PT
Postseason ties

NC
National championships
OT
Overall ties[A 3]
C%
Conference winning percentage

Elected to the College Football Hall of Fame
O%
Overall winning percentage[A 4]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
List of head football coaches showing season(s) coached, overall records, conference records, postseason records, championships and selected awards[A 5]

No.
Name
Term
[A 6]
GC
OW
OL
OT
O%
CW
CL
CT
C%
PW
PL
PT
DC
[A 7]
CC
NC
Awards

1
Bondurant, Alexander H.Alexander H. Bondurant
1893
7000500000000000000♠5
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
6999800000000000000♠.800
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

2
Clark, C.D.C.D. Clark
1894
7000700000000000000♠7
7000600000000000000♠6
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
6999857000000000000♠.857
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

3
Fairbanks, H. L.H. L. Fairbanks
1895
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
6999667000000000000♠.667
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

4
Hollister, John W.John W. Hollister
1896
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
6999333000000000000♠.333
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

5
Scarbrough, T. G.T. G. Scarbrough
1898
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
6999500000000000000♠.500
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

6
Lyon, W. H.W. H. Lyon
1899
7000700000000000000♠7
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
6999429000000000000♠.429
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
6999333000000000000♠.333
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

7
Estes, Z. N.Z. N. Estes
1900
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠.000
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠.000
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

8
Shibley, WilliamWilliam Shibley
1901
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
6999333000000000000♠.333
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠.000
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

9
Martin, Daniel S.Daniel S. Martin
1902
7000700000000000000♠7
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
6999570999999900000♠.571
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
6999500000000000000♠.500
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

10
Harvey, M. S.M. S. Harvey
1903–1904
7001110000000000000♠11
7000600000000000000♠6
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
6999591000000000000♠.591
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
6999438000000000000♠.438
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

11
Hammond, Thomas S.Thomas S. Hammond
1906
7000600000000000000♠6
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
6999667000000000000♠.667
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
6999600000000000000♠.600
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

12
A. Mason, FrankFrank A. Mason
1907
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠.000
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠.000
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

13
Kyle, FrankFrank Kyle
1908
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
6999375000000000000♠.375
7000100000000000000♠1
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
6999200000000000000♠.200
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

14
Stauffer, NathanNathan Stauffer
1909–1911
7001260000000000000♠26
7001170000000000000♠17
7000700000000000000♠7
7000200000000000000♠2
6999692009999900000♠.692
7000700000000000000♠7
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
6999500000000000000♠.500
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

15
DeTray, LeoLeo DeTray
1912
7000800000000000000♠8
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
6999625000000000000♠.625
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
6999500000000000000♠.500
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

16
Driver, William L.William L. Driver
1913–1914
7001200000000000000♠20
7001110000000000000♠11
7000700000000000000♠7
7000200000000000000♠2
6999600000000000000♠.600
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
6999750000000000000♠.750
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

17
Robbins, FredFred Robbins
1915–1916
7001170000000000000♠17
7000500000000000000♠5
7001120000000000000♠12
5000000000000000000♠0
6999294000000000000♠.294
7000100000000000000♠1
7001100000000000000♠10
5000000000000000000♠0
6998910000000000000♠.091
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

18
Noble, DudyDudy Noble
1917–1918
7001100000000000000♠10
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
6999250000000000000♠.250
7000100000000000000♠1
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
6999142990000000000♠.143
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

19
Sullivan, R. L.R. L. Sullivan
1919–1921
7001240000000000000♠24
7001110000000000000♠11
7001130000000000000♠13
5000000000000000000♠0
6999458000000000000♠.458
7000200000000000000♠2
7001100000000000000♠10
5000000000000000000♠0
6999167000000000000♠.167
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

20
Cowell, RolandRoland Cowell
1922–1923
7001200000000000000♠20
7000800000000000000♠8
7001110000000000000♠11
7000100000000000000♠1
6999425000000000000♠.425
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
6999222000000000000♠.222
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

21
Barnard, Chester S.Chester S. Barnard
1924
7000900000000000000♠9
7000400000000000000♠4
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
6999444000000000000♠.444
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠.000
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

22
Hazel, HomerHomer Hazel
1925–1929
7001460000000000000♠46
7001210000000000000♠21
7001220000000000000♠22
7000300000000000000♠3
6999489000000000000♠.489
7000800000000000000♠8
7001150000000000000♠15
7000200000000000000♠2
6999360000000000000♠.360
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

23
Walker, EdEd Walker
1930–1937
7001840000000000000♠84
7001380000000000000♠38
7001380000000000000♠38
7000800000000000000♠8
6999500000000000000♠.500
7001110000000000000♠11
7001260000000000000♠26
7000300000000000000♠3
6999313000000000000♠.313
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

24
Mehre, HarryHarry Mehre
1938–1942,
1944–1945
7001660000000000000♠66
7001390000000000000♠39
7001260000000000000♠26
7000100000000000000♠1
6999598000000000000♠.598
7001150000000000000♠15
7001170000000000000♠17
7000100000000000000♠1
6999470000000000000♠.470
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

25
Drew, HaroldHarold Drew
1946
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
6999222000000000000♠.222
7000100000000000000♠1
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
6999142990000000000♠.143
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

26
Vaught, JohnnyJohnny Vaught
[A 8]
1947–1970
1973
7002263000000000000♠263
7002190000000000000♠190
7001610000000000000♠61
7001120000000000000♠12
6999745000000000000♠.745
7002106000000000000♠106
7001390000000000000♠39
7001100000000000000♠10
6999716000000000000♠.716
7001110000000000000♠11
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠
7000600000000000000♠6
7000300000000000000♠ - 1959, 1960, 1962

27
Kinard, BillyBilly Kinard
[A 8]
1971–1973
7001250000000000000♠25
7001160000000000000♠16
7000900000000000000♠9
5000000000000000000♠0
6999640000000000000♠.640
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
6999462000000000000♠.462
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

28
Cooper, KenKen Cooper
1974–1977
7001440000000000000♠44
7001210000000000000♠21
7001230000000000000♠23
5000000000000000000♠0
6999477000000000000♠.477
7001120000000000000♠12
7001140000000000000♠14
5000000000000000000♠0
6999462000000000000♠.462
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

29
Sloan, SteveSteve Sloan
1978–1982
7001550000000000000♠55
7001200000000000000♠20
7001340000000000000♠34
7000100000000000000♠1
6999373000000000000♠.373
7000800000000000000♠8
7001230000000000000♠23
7000100000000000000♠1
6999266000000000000♠.266
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

30
Brewer, BillyBilly Brewer
1983–1993
7002126000000000000♠126
7001680000000000000♠68
7001550000000000000♠55
7000300000000000000♠3
6999552000000000000♠.552
7001330000000000000♠33
7001410000000000000♠41
5000000000000000000♠0
6999456000000000000♠.456
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

31
Dunn, Joe LeeJoe Lee Dunn
1994
7001110000000000000♠11
7000400000000000000♠4
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
6999364000000000000♠.364
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
6999250000000000000♠.250
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

32
Tuberville, TommyTommy Tuberville
[A 9]
1995–1998
7001450000000000000♠45
7001250000000000000♠25
7001200000000000000♠20
5000000000000000000♠0
6999556000000000000♠.556
7001120000000000000♠12
7001200000000000000♠20
5000000000000000000♠0
6999375000000000000♠.375
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

33
Cutcliffe, DavidDavid Cutcliffe
[A 9]
1998–2004
7001730000000000000♠73
7001440000000000000♠44
7001290000000000000♠29
2999900000000000000♠—
6999603000000000000♠.603
7001250000000000000♠25
7001230000000000000♠23
2999900000000000000♠—
6999521000000000000♠.521
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

34
Orgeron, EdEd Orgeron
2005–2007
7001350000000000000♠35
7001100000000000000♠10
7001250000000000000♠25
2999900000000000000♠—
6999285990000000000♠.286
7000300000000000000♠3
7001210000000000000♠21
2999900000000000000♠—
6999125000000000000♠.125
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

35
Nutt, HoustonHouston Nutt
2008–2011
7001500000000000000♠50
7001240000000000000♠24
7001260000000000000♠26
2999900000000000000♠—
6999480000000000000♠.480
7001100000000000000♠10
7001220000000000000♠22
2999900000000000000♠—
6999313000000000000♠.313
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0

36
Freeze, HughHugh Freeze
2012–2016
7001540000000000000♠54
7001350000000000000♠35
7001190000000000000♠19
2999900000000000000♠—
6999648000000000000♠.648
7001170000000000000♠17
7001150000000000000♠15
2999900000000000000♠—
6999531000000000000♠.531
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

37
Luke, MattMatt Luke
[A 10]
2017–present
7001120000000000000♠12
7000600000000000000♠6
7000600000000000000♠6
2999900000000000000♠—
6999500000000000000♠.500
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
2999900000000000000♠—
6999375000000000000♠.375
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
2999900000000000000♠—

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Although the first Rose Bowl Game was played in 1902, it has been continuously played since the 1916 game, and is recognized as the oldest bowl game by the NCAA. "—" indicates any season prior to 1916 when postseason games were not played.[6]
Jump up ^ A running total of the number of head coaches, with coaches who served separate tenures being counted only once. Interim head coaches are represented with "Int" and are not counted in the running total. "—" indicates the team played but either without a coach or no coach is on record. "X" indicates an interim year without play.
Jump up ^ Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996, making ties impossible in the period since.[7]
Jump up ^ When computing the win–loss percentage, a tie counts as half a win and half a loss.[8]
Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of the end of the 2012 college football season.
Jump up ^ Ole Miss did not field teams for the 1897 season due to a yellow fever epidemic, and for the 1943 season due to World War II. Ole Miss did not have a head coach for the 1905 season.[3]
Jump up ^ Divisional champions have advanced to the SEC Championship Game since the institution of divisional play beginning in the 1992 season. Since that time, Ole Miss has competed as a member of the SEC West.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b Johnny Vaught retired following the 1970 season due to a mild heart attack. He returned to coach the Rebels for the final eight games of the 1973 after the firing of Billy Kinard. Kinard finished the season with one win and two losses and Vaught finished with five wins and three losses.[10]
^ Jump up to: a b Tommy Tuberville resigned following the 1998 regular season to take the head coaching position at Auburn. David Cutcliffe was then hired and coached the Rebels to a victory in the 1998 Independence Bowl.[11]
Jump up ^ Luke served as interim head coach during the 2017 season following the resignation of Hugh Freeze. The interim tag was removed following the 2017 season.[12]


document_title: The Cleveland Show

question_text: who does the voice of rallo on cleveland show

text: The Cleveland Show

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad![2][3]

text: The Cleveland Show first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators.[4] On May 5, 2008, MacFarlane and 20th Century Fox Television inked a deal.[5] The pilot was named The Cleveland Show in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule.[6] Shortly after a report that King of the Hill just ended, leaving air time for The Cleveland Show, the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered.[7] In May 2009, The Cleveland Show appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm[8] On June 15, 2009, it was announced that The Cleveland Show would premiere on September 27, 2009.[9]

text: MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute pilot to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009, but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009. Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season. After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production. On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season.[10] A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded.

text: Executive producers[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel served as executive producers on the series since the first season.[11]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs. The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent.[12] For the voice of Rallo, Henry has stated that he had originally created the voice over twenty years ago, when he had made a series of prank calls.

text: Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr., and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs. In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge."[13] Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze. In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs. Predator, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys.

text: Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland. Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta, and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time."[13] Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes. According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager.[14]

text: Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad, portrays Cleveland, Jr., as well as Cleveland's next door neighbor Lester Krinklesac. In portraying Cleveland, Jr., Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet. For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time," and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester.[13]

text: Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with a short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable. Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular.

text: Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [...] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression". Jess Harnell voices Tim from season 3 episode 11 onwards.

text: Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a.k.a. "Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender.

text:
Main cast members

Mike Henry
Sanaa Lathan
Reagan Gomez-Preston
Kevin Michael Richardson
Jason Sudeikis
Seth MacFarlane

Cleveland Brown, Rallo Tubbs
Donna Tubbs
Roberta Tubbs
Cleveland Brown, Jr. and Lester Krinklesac
Holt Richter
and Terry Kimple
Tim the Bear

text: Characters[edit]

text: Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan);[15] Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (also voiced by Mike Henry).[16][17] Cleveland, Jr. underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(millions)

1
21
September 27, 2009 (2009-09-27)
May 23, 2010 (2010-05-23)
No. 72[18]
6.38[18]

2
22
September 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
No. 90[19]
6.12[19]

3
22
September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
No. 144[20]
4.03[20]

4
23
October 7, 2012 (2012-10-07)
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
No. 129[21]
3.05[21]

text: Crossovers with other animated sitcoms[edit]

text: The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs. Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy and American Dad!

text: There are also many brief cameos of characters from other Fox animated series, The Simpsons, and King of the Hill.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and Adult Swim.[22] The series first aired in syndication on Adult Swim on Cartoon Network in the United States on September 29, 2012. In Canada, MuchMusic ran previews of the show on September 2, 2013, followed by its official debut on the next day.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been cancelled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time.[23][24] However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed its cancellation.[1] Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland and the Brown/Tubbs family would be moving back to Quahog to rejoin the Family Guy cast.[25]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text:
Country
Network
Premiere date

Canada
Global
MuchMusic
September 27, 2009 – May 19, 2013
September 3, 2013–August 31, 2017

Latin America
Canal Fox
Canal TBS
October 6, 2009 - present

Spain
TeleCinco
Canal Fox
November 7, 2009 - present

Brazil
Rede Globo
Canale Fox
Canale TBS
RBTV
November 7, 2009 - present

Australia
Network Ten
Eleven
FOX8
December 2, 2009 – January 12, 2011
January 12, 2011 – 2014
March 13, 2011 – present

Germany
Comedy Central
August 7, 2016 – present

Lithuania
TV6
August 7, 2006– present (Klyvlando Šou)

Ireland
3e
September 27, 2009

Italy
Italia 2
Italia 1
Fox

2010-2012[26]
2012-2014
2010 - present[27]

United Kingdom
E4
Fox
ITV2
February 1, 2010 – Autumn 2015[28]
January 6, 2011 – ?
2016–Present [28]

United States
Fox
Adult Swim
TBS
September 27, 2009 – May 19, 2013
September 29, 2012 – present
September 16, 2013 – December 1, 2017

Hungary
Comedy Central
Humor+

July 6, 2010 – October 30, 2016
October 30, 2016 – present

Middle East
FX
Unknown

New Zealand
C4
Four
Comedy Central
2010
February 10, 2011 – present
2011–present

Pakistan
FX
Unknown

Portugal
Fox
Fox Comedy

June 5, 2010
Unknown

Philippines
Jack TV
Fox Philippines
October 2010 - Present (Rerun)
March 2013 - Present (Rerun)

South Africa
Vuzu
November 29, 2010

Singapore
Fox
April 2, 2012 (Season 2)
(Mondays to Wednesdays 11:40 pm (UTC+8))

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Cleveland Show has received mixed reviews from critics and negative reviews from fans. Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100.[29] Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures".[30] Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation".[31] John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface". He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort."[32] Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character".[33] However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likeable character than Peter Griffin. Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation."[34]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2010
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Animated Show
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite New TV Comedy
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

2011
Annie Awards
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Animated Program
"Murray Christmas"
Nominated

NAMIC Vision Awards
Animation
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Animated Show
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

2012
Artios Award
Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Animation
Robert McGee and Ruth Lambert
Nominated

2013
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards
Top Television Series
The Cleveland Show
Won

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cartoon Show
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Title
# of Disc(s)
Year
# of Episodes
DVD release

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season One
4
2009 & 2010
21
September 28, 2010[35]
October 11, 2010[36]
June 29, 2011[37]

Season Two
4
2010 & 2011
22
September 27, 2011[38]
January 30, 2012[39]
November 2, 2011[40]

Season Three
3
2011 & 2012
22
March 1, 2013[41]
(manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R)
N/A
N/A

Season Four
3
2012 & 2013
23
December 17, 2013[42]
(manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R)
N/A
N/A

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