document_title: E Street Band

question_text: when did the e street band break up

question_tokens: when did the e street band break up

text: E Street Band

text: History[edit]

text: Members[edit]

text: The E Street Band was founded in October 1972, but it was not formally named until September 1974.[1][2] Springsteen has put together other backing bands during his career, but the E Street Band has been together more or less continuously since its inception.

text: The original lineup included Garry Tallent (bass), Clarence Clemons (saxophone), Danny Federici (keyboards, accordion), Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez (drums) and David Sancious (keyboards). The band took its name from the street in Belmar, New Jersey, where Sancious' mother lived. She allowed the band to rehearse in her garage. ‘Bruce’ tourists to the area often mistakenly believe the house was on the corner of E Street and 10th Avenue, perhaps due to the song "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" about the band's beginnings. The Sancious house was at 1107 E Street with the garage squeezed between the house and the southside fence.[3]

text: Springsteen's debut Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. appeared in 1972, and the band's first national tour began in October 1972. Sancious, even though he played on the album, missed that first tour. It was not until June 1973 that he began appearing regularly on stage with the band.

text: In February 1974, Lopez was asked to resign, and was briefly replaced by Ernest "Boom" Carter. A few months later, in August 1974, Sancious and Carter left to form their own jazz fusion band called Tone. They were replaced in September 1974 by Roy Bittan (keyboards) and Max Weinberg (drums). Violinist Suki Lahav was briefly a member of the band before leaving in March 1975 to emigrate to Israel (where she would later find success as a songwriter and novelist). Steven Van Zandt (guitar, vocals), who had long been associated with Springsteen and had played in previous bands with him, officially joined the band in July 1975.

text: This lineup remained stable until the early 1980s when Van Zandt left to pursue his own career, a move that was announced in 1984. He would later rejoin the band in 1995. In June 1984 Nils Lofgren (guitar, vocals) was added to replace Van Zandt; Springsteen's future wife, Patti Scialfa (vocals, later guitar), was also added to the lineup.

text: By 2002, the band also included Soozie Tyrell (violin, vocals). Tyrell had earlier worked with Scialfa touring with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and sporadically with Springsteen dating back to the early 1990s. Whether Tyrell became as full-fledged a member as the others remains unclear. Some press releases refer to her as a "special guest",[4] the cover notes of Live in Barcelona list her as a "with" member, the liner notes of We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions refer to her as "violinist with the E Street Band," and some press releases don't mention her at all.[5] When asked about the lack of mention in a press release prior to the Magic Tour, Springsteen just said in response, "Soozie will be with us."[6]

text: On November 21, 2007, it was announced that Danny Federici would take a leave of absence from Springsteen and the E Street Band's ongoing Magic Tour to pursue treatment for melanoma, and was temporarily replaced by veteran musician Charles Giordano.[7] Springsteen stated at the time: "Danny is one of the pillars of our sound and has played beside me as a great friend for more than 40 years. We all eagerly await his healthy and speedy return."[7] Federici made his only return to the stage on March 20, 2008, when he appeared for portions of a Springsteen and E Street Band performance at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[8] Federici died on April 17, 2008 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City,[9] having suffered for three years with melanoma.[10] Springsteen's album, Working on a Dream, is dedicated to him. Giordano has since become an unofficial member of the band.

text: Clarence Clemons suffered a stroke on June 12, 2011. He underwent two surgeries after which he was declared in serious but stable condition.[11] According to Rolling Stone magazine, he had been showing signs of recovery.[12] However, Clemons died from complications caused by the stroke on June 18, 2011.[13][14][15] Clemons' nephew, Jake, has since filled his role on the saxophone as an unofficial member.

text: On occasions (e.g. their Super Bowl XLIII performance) the lineup has been augmented by a horn section, sometimes referred to as The Miami Horns. Its most prominent members include Richie Rosenberg (trombone) and Mark Pender (trumpet).

text: Origins in Asbury Park[edit]

text: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was a vibrant music scene in and around the City of Asbury Park on the Jersey Shore. Prominent in this scene were Bruce Springsteen and Southside Johnny as well as the early members of the E Street Band. Clemons, Federici, Lopez, Sancious, Tallent and Van Zandt honed their skills in numerous bands, both with and without Springsteen. These included Little Melvin & the Invaders, the Downtown Tangiers Band, the Jaywalkers, Moment of Truth, Glory Road, Child, Steel Mill, Dr. Zoom & the Sonic Boom, the Sundance Blues Band, and the Bruce Springsteen Band. In 1972, when Springsteen gained a recording contract with CBS, he picked the cherries among Jersey Shore musicians to record – and to tour in support of – his debut album, Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. By 1973, they had recorded a second album with Springsteen, The Wild, the Innocent and the E Street Shuffle.

text: Album credits[edit]

text: The E Street Band established its reputation among studio musicians in the 1970s and the 1980s with its significant contribution to the Springsteen albums Born to Run, Darkness on the Edge of Town, The River and Born in the U.S.A. However, unlike such backing bands as the Silver Bullet Band or the Heartbreakers, the E Street Band never received a full credit on a Springsteen studio album. Only individual band members were credited. Even though the band did all or nearly all of the playing on these albums, each was released solely under Springsteen's name. Indeed, the E Street Band is not even mentioned as such in any of the literature for these albums until an inside liner note for The River, and then a cover "Performed by" credit on Born in the U.S.A. Later albums such as Tunnel of Love and Greatest Hits did name the band and list the members.

text: Concerts were a different story. Live performances were almost always billed as Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, and Springsteen pointed the spotlight on the brand logostyle of the band onstage. In each concert, Springsteen typically would extend one song (between 1974 and 1984, almost always "Rosalita") to involve an elaborate introduction of each member of the band, introducing nicknames, characterizing each player ("Professor" Roy Bittan, "Miami" Steve Van Zandt, "Phantom" Dan Federici, "Mighty" Max Weinberg, and Garry "W." Tallent), whipping the song and the audience into a frenzy for the final, over-the-top introduction of the "Big Man", Clarence Clemons. More substantially, Springsteen split concert revenues equally with the band members, a practice almost unheard of for backing bands in the music industry.

text: Thus in 1979 when Springsteen and the band featured on the No Nukes album and No Nukes film, the live performance was credited to both. The band received their first full credit on a Springsteen album with the release of Live/1975–85, which was credited to Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band. All subsequent live recordings and concert DVDs have also been credited to both.

text: Southside Johnny, Ronnie Spector and Gary U.S. Bonds[edit]

text: Van Zandt also began to establish himself a reputation as a producer/songwriter. Apart from helping out with production on Springsteen albums, he worked with his "other band", Southside Johnny & the Asbury Jukes, as well as with Ronnie Spector and Gary U.S. Bonds, before he launched his own solo career as Little Steven. The E Street Band and Springsteen regularly helped out on all these projects. In 1977, they recorded a single with Ronnie Spector featuring a cover of the Billy Joel song, "Say Goodbye to Hollywood", and a Van Zandt original, "Baby Please Don't Go". This was the first time the band received a full credit. In 1978, Weinberg became an "honorary Juke" when he recorded Hearts of Stone with Southside Johnny.

text: In the early 1980s, the E Street Band helped relaunch the career of Gary U.S. Bonds, when it provided backup on two albums, Dedication and On the Line. Van Zandt produced both with Springsteen. Each album featured songs by Springsteen and Van Zandt, and a cover of the Cajun classic "Jole Blon". The moderate success of these albums earned Van Zandt a solo recording contract with EMI. Initially without a band of his own, he simply borrowed Clemons, Federici, Tallent, Weinberg, and an assortment of Jukes, including Rosenberg and Pender, to record his 1982 debut Men Without Women. This was released under the name of Little Steven & the Disciples of Soul.

text: Courtesy of the E Street Band[edit]

text: Other artists had also begun to recognize their talents and the band members were never out of work. Producer/songwriter Jim Steinman used Bittan and Weinberg on Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell and Dead Ringer; on his own Bad for Good project; Bonnie Tyler's Faster Than the Speed of Night and Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire albums; and Greatest Hits from Air Supply, on the cut, "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" which featured an extra expansive Wall of Sound effect from Bittan & Weinberg. Also, Tallent, Bittan, and Weinberg, along with Mick Ronson, recorded an album with Ian Hunter titled You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic. Bittan and Federici also provided keyboards for Garland Jeffreys on his Escape Artist, while the former would make notable contributions to albums by David Bowie, Dire Straits, Bob Seger and Stevie Nicks. Several of these albums acknowledged their contributions with a credit such as "courtesy of the E Street Band".

text: Throughout the 1980s, members of the band were involved with various other projects. In 1985, Bittan and Van Zandt recorded sessions with Bob Dylan for his Empire Burlesque album. Although not used at the time, the recordings later surfaced on Dylan's The Bootleg Series. In 1985, Van Zandt spearheaded Artists United Against Apartheid. An album and single featured Springsteen and Clemons, among others. Tallent also produced a single with Jersey Artists For Mankind which featured Springsteen, Lofgren, Clemons and Weinberg as well as Carter and Rosenberg. Clemons teamed up with Sancious both on his solo album Hero and on albums with Zucchero Fornaciari. Clemons and Lofgren also went on tour with Ringo Starr and his All-Starr Band in 1989.

text: Breakup[edit]

text: In 1989, Springsteen informed the E Street Band members that he would not be using their services for the foreseeable future. He had already recorded one completely solo album, Nebraska. The last full band activity had been autumn 1988's Human Rights Now! Tour. Band members started to go their separate ways and onto separate projects – Tallent to Nashville to work on record production, Federici to California, Clemons to Florida, Lofgren to Maryland to resume his long-time solo activities. Weinberg, besides an abortive try at law school, was putting together the band Killer Joe and recording an album. Scene of the Crime included a guest appearance from Little Steven, playing guitar on the Springsteen written instrumental "Summer On Signal Hill". In 1993, Weinberg became the band leader on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and remained such for its entire run. When O'Brien moved to The Tonight Show in 2009, Weinberg reprised his role as bandleader, and the show's house band – formerly called the Max Weinberg 7 – was redubbed Max Weinberg and the Tonight Show Band.

text: In 1992, the E Street Band and the Miami Horns backed Darlene Love on the single "All Alone on Christmas" written by Little Steven and featured on the soundtrack for Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.

text: Springsteen made guest appearances on solo albums by both Nils Lofgren and Clarence Clemons and he joined Max Weinberg, Garry Tallent and Little Steven when they reprised their role as "honorary Jukes" on Southside Johnny's Better Days in 1992.

text: Springsteen also continued to use assorted members of the band on his forthcoming albums and projects. Roy Bittan would be retained for both Human Touch and Lucky Town. The former included a guest appearance from David Sancious while the latter introduced Soozie Tyrell. Patti Scialfa also provided backing vocals on both. Little Steven produced and played guitar on a remix of the single "57 Channels". However, the majority of musicians used on these albums were session musicians. The E Street Band was not used on the subsequent Springsteen tour either, although Bittan was again retained and Scialfa occasionally added backing vocals; both were consequently featured on In Concert/MTV Plugged. The Ghost of Tom Joad saw Danny Federici, Garry Tallent, Tyrell and Scialfa provide backing on some tracks while Federici, Tyrell and Scialfa all turn up sporadically on Devils & Dust.

text: Although individual members of the band played on Human Touch, Lucky Town, In Concert/MTV Plugged, The Ghost of Tom Joad and Devils & Dust, none of these albums are regarded as E Street Band albums. Tunnel of Love falls into a grey area and its status is open to debate.

text: Reunion era, Hall of Fame induction, future with Springsteen[edit]

text: In 1995, Springsteen released Greatest Hits and the E Street Band was temporarily reunited to record four new songs. In 1998, he released Tracks, a box set collection of unreleased recordings dating back to 1972, many of which featured the band.

text: Finally in 1999, Springsteen and the E Street Band reunited on a more substantial basis, ten years after he had dismissed them. They staged an extremely successful Reunion Tour, culminating in an HBO special and collection Live in New York City. With the exception of Weinberg and Van Zandt, the band members had not found any career paths that could match the E Street Band for fortune and fame. Nevertheless, there seemed to be no long-term animosity from the split.[citation needed]

text: In 2002, the reunion was continued with the release of new studio album The Rising and the long, successful Rising Tour. Another important release from this era was The Essential Bruce Springsteen, another greatest hits package combined with more archival material.

text: The October 2004, the Vote for Change tour was the last E Street Band effort for a while. The 2005 Devils & Dust album used scatterings of Federici, Scialfa, and Tyrell, while the 2006 Sessions Band Tour used Scialfa and Tyrell among the largely numbered backing musicians. During the latter, Springsteen mentioned he did plan to work with the E Street Band again in the future, but was vague about details.

text: Finally, in early 2007, E Street Band members separately traveled to Atlanta to contribute to Springsteen's Magic. Concurrent with the album's release in October 2007, the Magic Tour began. However, after the conclusion of the tour's first leg on November 19, 2007, Danny Federici took a leave of absence from the tour to pursue treatment for melanoma; he was replaced by Sessions Band member Charles Giordano.[7] Federici made his only return to the stage on March 20, 2008, when he appeared for portions of a Springsteen and E Street Band performance in Indianapolis.[16] He died on April 17, 2008.[17]

text: Springsteen had always given elaborate band introductions during shows, often incorporating humorous characterizations of band members or stories of how they had joined and always building up to an over-the-top introduction of "Master of the Universe" stage foil Clarence Clemons. Springsteen used the ending of the Reunion Tour's band intro song, "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out", to introduce a more specially branded sequence to emphasize his view of the E Street Band's greatness. This practice continued on "Mary's Place" on The Rising Tour and at the end of the Magic Tour shows with "American Land". The exact wording varied, but generally was some form of the following:

text: On the Magic Tour, the video screens around the stage added cartoon-like graphics to illustrate the final E! Street! Band! exclamation.

text: In the wake of the passing of Federici and then Clemons, Springsteen amended the introduction to "testifying, death-defying, legendary E Street Band!"

text: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band were the stars of the Super Bowl XLIII Halftime Show in Tampa, Florida on February 1, 2009. Springsteen's "heart-stopping ..." rap was included in the promotional material aired on NBC in the two months leading up to the performance. The sequence then got its biggest audience immediately prior to Springsteen and the band taking the stage at halftime, when a prerecorded series of football players from the game saying each phrase in turn was aired by way of introducing the performance.

text: Prior to the game, on Thursday, January 29, Springsteen gave a rare press conference, where he promised a "twelve minute party".[18] When asked if he would be nervous performing before such a large audience, Springsteen alluded to his recent January 18, 2009 appearance at the "We Are One" concert at the Lincoln Memorial, a celebration of Barack Obama's Presidential inauguration: “You'll have a lot of crazy football fans, but you won’t have Lincoln staring over your shoulder. That takes some of the pressure off.”[18] The Super Bowl performance coincided with the release of a new album entitled Working on a Dream, released on January 27, 2009.[18][19] The band's set, which ran a little over the allotted 12 minutes, included the songs "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out", "Born to Run", "Working on a Dream" and "Glory Days". The Miami Horns and a large choir, the Joyce Garrett Singers, joined the band onstage.[20]

text: Nineteen-year-old Jay Weinberg filled in at drums for his father, Max, during portions of shows, or for some full shows, during the 2009 Working on a Dream Tour. This was due to the elder Weinberg's obligations for the debuting The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien.[21]

text: On June 12, 2011, Clarence Clemons suffered a stroke and died six days later from resulting complications, on June 18 at age 69. Steve Van Zandt wrote on his web site "We will continue to make music and perform. Let's face it, that's all we really know how to do. But it will be very different without him." On February 11, 2012, Springsteen announced that Jake Clemons, the nephew of Clarence Clemons, would tour with the E Street Band as the group's new saxophonist, splitting time with Eddie Manion.[22] Augmented by a full horn section, an additional percussionist in Everett Bradley, and an additional singer and rapper in Michelle Moore, the E Street Band that undertook the 2012–2013 Wrecking Ball Tour was the largest yet. Guitarist Tom Morello, best known for his work with Rage Against the Machine, filled in for Van Zandt on some of the dates.

text: On December 17, 2013, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced that the E Street Band would be inducted in 2014 under The Award for Musical Excellence induction category.[23] The band was inducted by Springsteen on April 10, 2014. Bittan, Clemons, Federici, Lofgren, Lopez, Scialfa, Sancious, Tallent, Weinberg, and Van Zandt were all inducted and each given time to speak, with the family/widows of Federici and Clemons representing their husbands. Following the induction, Springsteen and the E Street Band – with Lopez, Sancious and The E Street Horns – performed "The E Street Shuffle", "The River" and "Kitty's Back".[24] "They should have figured it out before the band started passing away," grumbled Lofgren. "Clarence and especially Danny both took our exclusion hard, and neither is with us any more. So it was a bittersweet night."[25]

text: The High Hopes Tour kicked off in January 2014 and concluded in May 2014. The band was again joined by the horn section and by Tom Morello for the entire tour. Van Zandt missed most of the North American leg due to filming his television series, Lilyhammer. The tour supported Springsteen's 2014 album, High Hopes. Jake Clemons role in the band had been expanded and his interactions on stage with Springsteen were like those of his uncle. In 2015, Springsteen announced plans for The River Tour 2016. He had originally planned a solo tour, but felt that it would delay his next tour with the E Street Band for a few years. Envisaged as a short tour, it expanded to an eight-month outing from January 2016 to September 2016. The tour did not include Morello or the horn section, with the exception of Clemons. The band's second show in Philadelphia on September 9, 2016 was amongst the longest shows of Springsteen's career, clocking in at 4 hours and 4 minutes, two minutes shy of his longest show ever in 2012. An 11-date tour of Australia and New Zealand called Summer '17 took place in January and February 2017.

text: Springsteen followed up the Summer 17 tour by announcing a solo concert residency on Broadway without the E Street Band. Springsteen on Broadway will run from October 3, 2017 to June 30, 2018 however is likely to extend beyond those dates. On January 18, 2018, Nils Lofgren was asked on Twitter if the E Street Band will ever tour with Bruce again. Lofgren responded saying "I sure hope so" however Gary Tallent responded saying that it was "looking unlikely though" fueling rumors of the end of the E Street Band.[26][27]The following day, Tallent responded to his original comment saying "just to be clear, I know as much as you. I like Nils' answer better".[28]On February 2, 2018, Max Weinberg commented on the future of the E Street Band performing with Springsteen saying "Don’t worry, we ain’t done yet. The E Street Band will be back out on the road.” [29]

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Born to Run tours, 1974–1977
Darkness Tour, 1978–1979
The River Tour, 1980–1981
Born in the U.S.A. Tour, 1984–1985
Tunnel of Love Express Tour, 1988
Amnesty International Human Rights Now! Tour, 1988
Reunion Tour, 1999–2000
The Rising Tour, 2002–2003
Vote for Change Tour, 2004
Magic Tour, 2007–2008
Working On a Dream Tour, 2009
Wrecking Ball Tour, 2012–2013
High Hopes Tour, 2014
The River Tour 2016, 2016
Summer '17, 2017

tag: ul

text: Band members[edit]

text:
1972–1974

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, piano, harmonica
Clarence Clemons – tenor, baritone and soprano saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, backing vocals
Vini Lopez – drums, backing vocals
David Sancious – piano, organ, keyboards
Garry Tallent – bass, tuba, backing vocals

1974

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica
Ernest Carter – drums
Clarence Clemons – tenor, baritone and soprano saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, glockenspiel, backing vocals
David Sancious – piano, organ
Garry Tallent – bass, tuba

1974–1975

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica
Roy Bittan – piano, electric piano, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor, baritone and soprano saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, glockenspiel, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, tuba
Max Weinberg – drums

and

Suki Lahav – violin, backing vocals

1975

Bruce Springsteen – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor, baritone and soprano saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, piano, accordion, glockenspiel, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, backing vocals, percussion
Max Weinberg – drums, backing vocals

1975–1983

Bruce Springsteen – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor, baritone and soprano saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, piano, accordion, glockenspiel, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, backing vocals, percussion
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Max Weinberg – drums, backing vocals

1983–84

Bruce Springsteen – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor, baritone and soprano saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, piano, accordion, glockenspiel, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, backing vocals, percussion
Max Weinberg – drums, backing vocals

1984–1989

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica
Roy Bittan – piano, synthesizer
Clarence Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophones, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, synthesizer, backing vocals
Nils Lofgren – guitar, backing vocals
Patti Scialfa – vocals, synthesizer
Garry Tallent – bass
Max Weinberg – drums, backing vocals

1995–2001

Bruce Springsteen – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, synthesizer, glockenspiel
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophones, pennywhistle, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, keyboards, backing vocals
Nils Lofgren – guitar, pedal steel guitar, slide guitar, Dobro, banjo, backing vocals
Patti Scialfa – vocals, acoustic guitar
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, backing vocals
Max Weinberg – drums, backing vocals

2002–2008

Bruce Springsteen – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, synthesizer, glockenspiel
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophones, pennywhistle, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, keyboards, backing vocals
Nils Lofgren – guitar, pedal steel guitar, slide guitar, Dobro, banjo, backing vocals
Patti Scialfa – vocals, acoustic guitar
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, backing vocals
Max Weinberg – drums, backing vocals

and

Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar

2008

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, synthesizer, glockenspiel
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, accordion, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophones, pennywhistle, backing vocals, percussion
Danny Federici – organ, accordion, keyboards, backing vocals (one show only)
Nils Lofgren – guitar, slide guitar, accordion, backing vocals
Patti Scialfa – vocals, acoustic guitar
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass
Max Weinberg – drums

and

Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar
Charles Giordano – organ, accordion, synthesizer

2009–2011

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, synthesizer, glockenspiel
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, accordion, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophones, pennywhistle, backing vocals, percussion
Nils Lofgren – guitar, slide guitar, accordion, backing vocals
Patti Scialfa – vocals, acoustic guitar
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass
Max Weinberg – drums

and

Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar
Charles Giordano – organ, accordion, synthesizer

with

Cindy Mizelle – vocals, percussion
Curtis King – vocals, percussion
Jay Weinberg – drums (substitute for his father during part of 2009 tour)
Curt Ramm – trumpet (during final shows of 2009 tour)

2012–2014

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, synthesizer, glockenspiel
Patti Scialfa – vocals, acoustic guitar
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, accordion, backing vocals
Nils Lofgren – guitar, slide guitar, accordion, backing vocals
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass
Max Weinberg – drums

and

Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar
Charles Giordano – organ, accordion, synthesizer

with

Cindy Mizelle – vocals, percussion
Curtis King – vocals, percussion
Michelle Moore – vocals
Everett Bradley – percussion, vocals
Ed Manion – tenor and baritone saxophone, percussion
Jake Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophone, percussion
Curt Ramm – trumpet
Clark Gayton – trombone
Barry Danielian – trumpet
Tom Morello – guitar, vocals (filling in for Steve Van Zandt during the 2013 Australian leg, appeared on entire 2014 High Hopes Tour)

2015–present

Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, synthesizer, glockenspiel
Patti Scialfa – vocals, acoustic guitar
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards, accordion, backing vocals
Nils Lofgren – guitar, slide guitar, accordion, backing vocals
Steven Van Zandt – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Garry Tallent – bass, backing vocals
Max Weinberg – drums

and

Jake Clemons – tenor and baritone saxophone, percussion, backing vocals
Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar
Charles Giordano – organ, accordion, synthesizer

tag: table

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Touring members:

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums and singles featuring the E Street Band[edit]

text:
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band

Live/1975–85 (1986)
Live in New York City (2001)
Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2006)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Greatest Hits (2009)
Live from the Carousel (2011)
Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014)
The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015)
Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015)
Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015)
Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015)
LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015)
Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015)
Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015)
HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016)
Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017)
Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017)
Wachovia Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA 10/20/09 (2017)

Bruce Springsteen

Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973)
The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)
Born to Run (1975)
Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
The River (1980)
Born in the U.S.A. (1984)
The Born in the U.S.A. 12" Single Collection (1985)
Tunnel of Love (1987)
Chimes of Freedom (1988)
Greatest Hits (1995)
Blood Brothers (1996)
Tracks (1998)
18 Tracks (1999)
The Rising (2002)
The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005)
Magic (2007)
Working on a Dream (2009)
The Collection 1973–1984 (2010)
The Promise (2010)
The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010)
Wrecking Ball (2012)
Collection: 1973–2012 (2013)
The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014)
High Hopes (2014)
American Beauty (2014)
The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015)
Chapter and Verse (2016)

Ronnie Spector & the E Street Band

"Say Goodbye To Hollywood" / "Baby Please Don't Go" (1977)

Gary U.S. Bonds

Dedication (1981)
On the Line (1982)

Other albums/singles

Musicians United for Safe Energy: No Nukes (1979)
Various artists: In Harmony 2 (1981)
Various artists: A Very Special Christmas (1987)
Various artists: Folkways - A Vision Shared (1988)
Darlene Love: "All Alone On Christmas" (1992)
Various artists: The Concert for the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (1996)
Various artists: Enjoy Every Sandwich – The Songs Of Warren Zevon

text: Albums and singles featuring two or more individual band members only[edit]

text: Bruce Springsteen – Part 2

text: These albums are notable for not using the E Street Band; however, a few members of the band appeared on each of them, including singer Patti Scialfa who appeared on all of them.

text:
Human Touch (1992) (Bittan, Scialfa, former-member Sancious)
Lucky Town (1992) (Bittan, Scialfa, member-to-be Tyrell)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992) (Bittan, Scialfa)
The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) (Federici, Tallent, Scialfa, member-to-be Tyrell)
Devils & Dust (2005) (Federici, Scialfa, and Tyrell)
We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) (Scialfa, Tyrell, member-to-be Giordano)
Wrecking Ball (2012) (Clemons, Scialfa, Van Zandt, Weinberg, and Tyrell and Giordano)

Meat Loaf

Bat Out of Hell (1977)
Dead Ringer (1981)

Southside Johnny & The Asbury Jukes

Hearts of Stone (1978)
Better Days (1991)

Bonnie Tyler

Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983)
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire (1986)

Patti Scialfa

Rumble Doll (1993)
23rd Street Lullaby (2004)

Other artists

Ian Hunter: You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic (1979)
Garland Jeffreys: Escape Artist (1980)
Jim Steinman: Bad for Good (1981)
Little Steven & The Disciples of Soul: Men Without Women (1982)
Clarence Clemons: Hero (1985)
Artists United Against Apartheid: Sun City (1985)
John Eddie: John Eddie (1986)
Jersey Artists For Mankind: "We Got the Love" / "Save Love, Save Life" (1986)
Ringo Starr: Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band (1990)
Nils Lofgren: Silver Lining (1990)
Steven Roque: The Hoarse Whisperer (1990)
Killer Joe: Scene of the Crime (1991)
Bob Dylan: The Bootleg Series Vol. III (1991)
Soozie Tyrell: White Lines (2003)


document_title: Crust (geology)

question_text: whats the composition of the earth's crust

question_tokens: whats the composition of the earth 's crust

root

text: Crust (geology)

text: Earth's crust

text: The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.[1]

tag: p

text: The crust of the Earth is of two distinctive types: oceanic and continental. The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick[2] and is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust.

text: Both the continental and oceanic crust "float" on the mantle. Because the continental crust is thicker, it extends both to greater elevations and greater depth than the oceanic crust. The slightly lower density of felsic continental rock compared to basaltic oceanic rock contributes to the higher relative elevation of the top of the continental crust. As the top of the continental crust reaches elevations higher than that of the oceanic, water runs off the continents and collects above the oceanic crust. Because of the change in velocity of seismic waves it is believed that beneath continents at a certain depth continental crust (sial) becomes close in its physical properties to oceanic crust (sima), and the transition zone is referred to as the Conrad discontinuity.

text: The temperature of the crust increases with depth,[3] reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C (392 °F) to 400 °C (752 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere. Because of convection in the underlying plastic (although non-molten) upper mantle and asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust, but the geothermal gradient is smaller in deeper crust.[4]

text: Partly by analogy to what is known about the Moon, Earth is considered to have differentiated from an aggregate of planetesimals into its core, mantle and crust within about 100 million years of the formation of the planet, 4.6 billion years ago. During the Hadean, the primordial crust was very thin and was probably destroyed by much more vigorous plate tectonics, volcanic activity and significant asteroid impacts,[5] which were much more common in the early stages of the solar system.

text: Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust, but the age of the oldest oceanic crust today is only about 200  million years. In contrast, the bulk of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28  billion years [6][7] and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield. Some zircon with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane.

text: The average age of the current Earth's continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years.[8] Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons. Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction. Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts, and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle.

text: Composition

text: The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of andesite.[9] The most abundant minerals in Earth's continental crust are feldspars, which make up about 41% of the crust by weight, followed by quartz at 12%, and pyroxenes at 11%.[10] Continental crust is enriched in incompatible elements compared to the basaltic ocean crust and much enriched compared to the underlying mantle. Although the continental crust comprises only about 0.6 weight percent of the silicate on Earth, it contains 20% to 70% of the incompatible elements.

text:
Most Abundant Elements of Earth's Crust
Approximate % by weight

O
46.6

Si
27.7

Al
8.1

Fe
5.0

Ca
3.6

Na
2.8

K
2.6

Mg
1.5

text:
Oxide
Percent

SiO2
60.6

Al2O3
15.9

CaO
6.4

MgO
4.7

Na2O
3.1

Fe as FeO
6.7

K2O
1.8

TiO2
0.7

P2O5
0.1

text: All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1%. Estimates of average density for the upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g/cm3 and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g/cm3.[11]

text: Moon's crust

text: A theoretical protoplanet named "Theia" is thought to have collided with the forming Earth, and part of the material ejected into space by the collision accreted to form the Moon. As the Moon formed, the outer part of it is thought to have been molten, a “lunar magma ocean.” Plagioclase feldspar crystallized in large amounts from this magma ocean and floated toward the surface. The cumulate rocks form much of the crust. The upper part of the crust probably averages about 88% plagioclase (near the lower limit of 90% defined for anorthosite): the lower part of the crust may contain a higher percentage of ferromagnesian minerals such as the pyroxenes and olivine, but even that lower part probably averages about 78% plagioclase.[12] The underlying mantle is denser and olivine-rich.

text: The thickness of the crust ranges between about 20 and 120 km. Crust on the far side of the Moon averages about 12 km thicker than that on the near side. Estimates of average thickness fall in the range from about 50 to 60 km. Most of this plagioclase-rich crust formed shortly after formation of the moon, between about 4.5 and 4.3 billion years ago. Perhaps 10% or less of the crust consists of igneous rock added after the formation of the initial plagioclase-rich material. The best-characterized and most voluminous of these later additions are the mare basalts formed between about 3.9 and 3.2 billion years ago. Minor volcanism continued after 3.2 billion years, perhaps as recently as 1 billion years ago. There is no evidence of plate tectonics.

text: Study of the Moon has established that a crust can form on a rocky planetary body significantly smaller than Earth. Although the radius of the Moon is only about a quarter that of Earth, the lunar crust has a significantly greater average thickness. This thick crust formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon. Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago, but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust.[13]


document_title: Big Brother 1 (U.S.)

question_text: who was the first person evicted from big brother season 1

text: Big Brother 1 (U.S.)

text: Development[edit]

text: The series first launched in Netherlands, with editions in countries such as Germany proving to be hits with the public.[3][4] Following the international success of the series, a bidding war for the rights to series engaged between CBS, ABC, and a cable network,[5] with the series initially set to last 100 days.[6] Mark Itkin, the senior vice president of William Morris, was quoted as saying, "I had no idea the bidding would be so hot. But the show has so many elements, from being on 100 days in a row to an Internet component that is especially attractive to networks."[7] Ultimately, it was confirmed that the show had been picked up by CBS for an estimated $20 million.[8][9] It was later reported that production costs added to an estimated $200,000 per episode.[10] Paul Romer, co-creator of the original series, served as the Executive Producer for the series.[11] On the concept, Romer stated "The show is all about human interactions. It's people who are, loving each other, hating each other. They fight, they cry, they laugh -- all emotions, we'll see in the house."[12] In a later interview, Romer added "The first thing people think of when they hear the Big Brother idea are the sexual things, the nudity, the sexual activity in the house [...] That's not what the show is about."[13] The series was one of the first reality shows to air, and required a crew of over 150 people.[14]

text: The first season of Big Brother featured two hosts, Julie Chen as the main host and Ian O'Malley as a co-host.[15] On earning the job, O'Malley stated "I didn’t really know what it was. This is the ground floor of reality television. [But] SAG went on strike [and it was] a very lengthy and very painful strike for many folks."[16] O'Malley was later released from his contract after only one month on the series;[17] he was bought out of his contract, which he later cited as a "relief".[18] Chen, who hoped to be a part of 60 Minutes in the future, initially turned down the offer to host the series as she did not want to be in the entertainment division of the network.[19] Upon declining the offer, CBS News president Andrew Heyward told Chen that refusal to do the series could be seen as "insubordination".[20] Chen clarified "They said they needed someone who knows how to ask questions on live TV and I asked ‘Am I forever sealing the door on 60 Minutes?’ and [Heyward] said ‘yes,’”.[21][22] Dr. Drew Pinsky and AOL Online Advisor Regina Lewis appeared once per week on the series to discuss the events in the house.[23] The cast for the series was revealed during the premiere. HouseGuest William was revealed to be a member of the Black Panther Party,[24] while Jamie was crowned Miss Washington USA the year prior to her participation on the show.[25] HouseGuests Curtis and Josh had done modeling prior to entering the house.[26] Jean Jordan had been an exotic dancer before entering the house,[27] while Karen and George were married and had children.[28] Cassandra and William were both African-American.[29] Series creator John de Mol later stated "The 10 people in our house, you can relate to them. It's the girl next door, it's the guy in the grocery store [...] It's ordinary people, and I think that Big Brother proves ordinary people can be interesting."[30]

text: The first season of Big Brother premiered on July 5, 2000.[31] The premiere was filmed on July 4, 2000.[32] The series initially aired five nights per week,[33] though a sixth episode was later added into the schedule.[34][35] The addition of a sixth episode per week caused the live banishment episode to move to Wednesday instead of Thursday.[36] Four of these episodes were half-hour daily recap episodes, while one episode was an hourly-long weekly recap; the sixth episode was the live banishment.[37] During the live banishment, the HouseGuest who exits the house was subject to an interview with host Julie Chen.[38] The first season had a total of 70 episodes, the most for any season to date.[39] This season lasted for a total of 88 days.[40] The theme song for the series, known as "Live", was performed by Jonathan Clarke. It was played during the closing credits of each episode, and segments of the theme were played throughout the show. Viewers of the series could also watch the live feeds in the house, which were available for free on the official website.[37] The feed was edited for music copyrights and to protect the privacy of some contestants.[41][42] The feeds also featured a disclaimer for users under the age of 21, due to unedited aspect to the feeds.[43]

text: House[edit]

text: The house used for the first season was a one story house with two bedrooms, a kitchen and dining room, and one bathroom.[44] The house was an estimated 1,800 square feet, and was located at the CBS Studio Center in Hollywood, California.[45] Throughout the house, there are a total of 28 cameras making all areas of the house visible to the cameras, and 60 microphones.[46][47] During their stay in the house, the HouseGuests were required to wear microphones at all times, ensuring everything they said in the house was heard.[46] Throughout the house the walls are lined with two way mirrors, with a production team filming behind them.[48] The bedrooms featured infrared imaging cameras, allowing the cameras to continue filming while the rooms were dark. The design of the house included bad feng shui, clashing colors and positioning.[49] The house featured bright colors as part of its theme, with the kitchen being a bright blue and the living room yellow.[32] The two bedrooms in the house were identical, with both featuring a bunk bed and three single beds. The bathroom featured one toilet, one shower, a washboard and a washtub.[49] The Red Room was where HouseGuests were required to share their thoughts on the events in the house, and were often given tasks.[50][51] The backyard of the house featured a patio area where the HouseGuests could sit outside. The backyard also featured a chicken coop, and the HouseGuests were able to use the eggs from the chickens as food.[52]

text: Format[edit]

text: Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants, referred to as HouseGuests, lived in a custom built "house", constantly under video surveillance.[53] While in the house, the contestants were completely isolated from the outside world, meaning no phone, television, internet, magazines, newspaper, or contact with those not in the house.[54] This rule could be broken, however, in the event of a family emergency or passing.[55] During their time in the house, the HouseGuests were required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential banishment, and the two with the most votes would be nominated.[56] Should multiple HouseGuests receive the most nominations, then all of the HouseGuests were marked for banishment.[23] This process was mandatory for all HouseGuests, and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house.[57] The public, through a vote conducted by phone, would vote to banish one of the nominated HouseGuests from the house, and the HouseGuest with the most votes from the viewers would be banished from the house.[58] When only three HouseGuests remained, the viewers would vote for which of them should win the series, and the HouseGuest with the most votes would become the winner. The HouseGuests were competing for a $500,000 cash prize,[32][59] though the Runner-Up of the series would receive $100,000 and the second Runner-Up would receive $50,000.[23]

text: During their time in the house, HouseGuests were given weekly tasks to perform.[5] The HouseGuests would wager a portion of their weekly shopping budget on the task, and would either win double their wagered fund or lose the wagered fund depending on their performance in the task.[23] The HouseGuests were required to work as a group to complete the task, with the format of the tasks varying based on the amount of remaining HouseGuests. Should the HouseGuests run out of the food provided for them, an emergency ration was available to them. HouseGuests were also required to make visits to the Red Room during their stay in the house, where they were able to share their thoughts and feelings on their fellow HouseGuests and the game.[60] The format of the series was mainly seen as a social experiment, and required HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals, beliefs, and prejudices.[61][62] While a competition, the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests.[63] Nina Tassler, president of entertainment at CBS, stated "You're talking about people from very disparate walks of life and confining them in a house for a finite period of time [...] you have to recognize yes, this is that show. It is a social experiment."[64] Though locked in the house, the HouseGuests were free to quit the game, though would not be allowed entry back into the house.[65] Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game, they could be expelled from the house, and unable to return.[66][67]

text: HouseGuests[edit]

text: The first season of Big Brother featured ten HouseGuests, each of which were complete strangers. All of the HouseGuests were from different states except for Eddie and Curtis, both of whom were from New York. Eddie was the youngest HouseGuests, at 21, while Karen was the oldest, at 43. The viewers were introduced to Beth, a potential eleventh HouseGuest, though she ultimately did not enter. Big Brother 1 is the only season to feature ten HouseGuests, with subsequent seasons featuring twelve or more.

text:
Name

Age on entry

Occupation

Hometown

Brittany Petros

25

Actress

Robbinsdale, Minnesota

Cassandra Waldon

37

UN communications director

Havre de Grace, Maryland

Curtis Kin

28

Lawyer

New York City, New York

Eddie McGee

21

Entertainer

Commack, New York

George Boswell

41

Roofer

Rockford, Illinois

Jamie Kern

22

Model

Seattle, Washington

Jean Jordan

26

Exotic dancer

Roanoke, Virginia

Josh Souza

23

Civil engineering student

San Jose, California

Karen Fowler

43

Mother

Columbus, Indiana

William Collins

27

Politician

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: George Boswell returned for Big Brother: All-Stars, he finished in 5th. He also returned for Big Brother 10 to host a food competition along with other Big Brother alumnus. George is the only HouseGuest from Big Brother 1 to appear on a future season of the show.

text: Summary[edit]

text: On Day 1, Brittany, Cassandra, Curtis, Eddie, Karen, George, Jamie, Jordan, Josh, and William entered the house.[68][69] On Day 2, they were given their first task to complete. They were required to solve a word puzzle, which would inform them of the location to find money for groceries. They were successful and earned $100 as a group.[68] On Day 3, HouseGuests were given the task of building a clock out of potatoes in the house.[70] Should they fail this task, they would not know the time in the house; they passed the task.[71] On Day 4, HouseGuests were given the task of making plaster masks of themselves.[68] On Day 5, one of the chickens in the backyard was injured. It was removed from the house and brought back later to be nursed back to health.[72] On Day 7, HouseGuests were given their first weekly task. They were given the names of dozens of celebrities and had to state whether they were dead or alive.[68] They were given days to attempt to recall the correct answers and would be quizzed about it at a later date. They wagered 20% of their weekly budget on this task, which they ultimately failed.[23] William intentionally failed his portion of the challenge, upsetting many HouseGuests.[73] On Day 9, the HouseGuests participated in their first round of nominations. William and Jordan were announced as the nominees this week, with William receiving six nominations and Jordan receiving five.[74] Josh, Jamie, George, and Cassandra all received no nominations this week.[23] HouseGuests were later given their new task, which required them to ride a stationary exercise bike to achieve a total distance of 1,000 miles.[68] They wagered 50% of their weekly budget on this task, which they passed.[23] HouseGuests were later given another task, in which they were required to imitate another HouseGuest in the Red Room.[23] On Day 16, William became the first HouseGuest to be banished from the house when he received 73% of the public vote.[75][76]

text: On Day 20, HouseGuests are given their new weekly challenge, in which they had days to practice making a set of dominoes fall down in a single session. They had to set up 12,100 dominoes to form the series logo and then make them all fall by knocking only one domino over.[68] The group passed this task, which they wagered 20% on.[23] The HouseGuests later held a fake trial dealing with the issue of flag burning, with Karen as the judge, Jordan being on trial, Brittany being a witness, Curtis and Cassandra as lawyers, and the other HouseGuests as members of the jury.[68] On Day 22, HouseGuests participated in the second round of nominations. Curtis and Jordan became the second set of nominated HouseGuests this season, with Curtis receiving six nominations and Jordan receiving five nominations.[77] Josh, Jamie, Cassandra, and Brittany received no nominations this week, making it the second time in a row that Josh, Jamie, and Cassandra had received no nominations from their fellow HouseGuests. HouseGuests were later given their new weekly task, which required them to ride a stationary bike for a total of one thousand miles. They wagered 50% of their shopping budget on the task, which they passed.[23] The HouseGuests were later given another task, which required them to split into three teams and attempt to toss water balloons to their teammates from across the pool.[23] The team of Eddie, Cassandra, and George won, though there was no reward. On Day 28, the HouseGuests held a roast for Curtis and Jordan as they were marked for banishment. On Day 29, Jordan became the second HouseGuest to be banished from the house when she received 78% of the public vote.[78][79]

text: HouseGuests were given their new weekly task, which required them to write a poem pertaining to the game. They would then have to jump rope together while the rope holders recited the poem. They had one chance to correctly complete the poem, and failure to do so would result in the group failing the task. They wagered 30% of their shopping budget on the task, which they failed.[68] HouseGuests were later given the task of hosting their own daytime talk show.[23] On Day 36, HouseGuests participated in a live challenge in which they had to vote for one HouseGuest to receive a phone call from home; they voted for George.[23] That night, it was revealed that Cassandra, Josh, and Karen had been marked for banishment due to a tie in the voting process.[80] George was the only HouseGuest to receive no nominations this week. That same night, the HouseGuests were given their new weekly task, which required them to take care of a pug named Chiquita.[81] In the days following her nomination, Karen began to ask the viewers to banish her from the house as she missed her children.[82] HouseGuests were later given their new weekly task, in which they were required to make eight raspberry and eight blueberry pies, and split into teams named after the various pies. The first team to eat all eight of their pies would choose how the weekly allowance was spent.[23] On Day 43, HouseGuests participated in a live challenge in which they were tempted with a reward in exchange for watching the nominations process. They ultimately chose not to watch the nominations, thus were not given a prize.[23] That night, Karen became the third HouseGuest to be banished from the house as she had received 76% of the public vote.[28]

text: HouseGuests were given their new weekly task, which required them to memorize all of the major highways in the country. They would then be required to state what highways would get them from one city to another. The group wagered 20% of their shopping budget on this task, which they passed.[23] The group was later given a new task in which they were required to paint each other like animals.[23] In another task for the week, HouseGuests competed in a sumo wrestling competition in an attempt to win a luxury massage. Eddie was the winner, with former HouseGuest William secretly giving him a bad massage.[83] For their next weekly task, the HouseGuests were required to have two HouseGuests dancing at all times. When cued, all HouseGuests would be required to dance at the same time. They passed this task, which they wagered 20% of their weekly budget on.[23] On Day 50, the HouseGuests participated in their fourth round of nominations. Due to a tie in the voting, Brittany, Cassandra, Curtis, Eddie, George, and Josh were all marked for banishment.[84] For the first time, all of the HouseGuests received at least one nomination from their fellow HouseGuests. That same night, Jamie won a two-minute conversation with a casting director due to winning a task earlier in the week.[23] HouseGuests were later given a task in which they had to name a "Mr. and Miss Big Brother 2000", with Eddie, Brittany, and Cassandra being given the title; they won a dinner with the meal of their choice.[23] On Day 57, Jamie was given a live task in which she was able to co-host the episode with Julie Chen, including announce who had been banished from the house.[23] That night, it was revealed that Brittany had become the fourth HouseGuest to be banished from the house when she received 34% of the public vote.[85][86]

text: HouseGuests were given their new weekly task, which required them to build a puzzle that featured 4,928 pieces by the end of the week. The group wagered 50% of their weekly shopping budget on this task, which they failed.[23] The HouseGuests were later given the task of discussing whether or not they would be willing to split the total prize money.[23] On Day 64, it was revealed that Cassandra, Curtis, and Eddie had been marked for banishment.[87] Much like the previous round of nominations, all of the HouseGuests received at least one nomination from their fellow HouseGuests. Following this, the six remaining HouseGuests were offered $20,000 to walk from the game, with this offer later rising to $50,000.[88] Should one of the HouseGuests accept the offer, a new HouseGuest named Beth was set to enter the house and the nominations would be voided.[89][90] Ultimately, none of the HouseGuests took the offer, thus Beth did not enter the game.[91] That same night, Brittany was able to talk to Josh as part of a task.[92] HouseGuests were later given a new task in which they had to estimate the price of a luxury item requested by another HouseGuest. If they came within one dollar of the correct price, they would earn that luxury.[23] For their new weekly task, the HouseGuests had to train Chiquita to go through an obstacle course. The group passed this task, which they wagered 20% of their weekly budget on.[23] During a luxury competition, Curtis won the reward of going to the 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards.[93] On Day 71, HouseGuests were given the live task of writing a message to be flown on a banner plane above the house.[23] That same night, Cassandra became the fifth HouseGuest to be banished from the house as she had received 46% of the public vote.[94][95]

text: HouseGuests were given their new weekly task, which required at least one HouseGuest to be juggling at all times. They were not permitted to drop more than two balls, or they would fail the task. The group wagered 50% on the task, which they ultimately failed.[23] On Day 74, the HouseGuests were given another live task in which they had five minutes to make a phone call to a loved one. The timer did not stop while the HouseGuests were dialing.[23] That same night, the group made their nominations live for the first time. It was revealed that Curtis, Eddie, George, and Jamie were marked for banishment.[96] Josh received no nominations this week, and was the only HouseGuest not to be marked for banishment.[23] HouseGuests were later given a new task in which they had to write lyrics for the show's theme song, and were later required to record their song in the Red Room.[23] In another task for the week, the HouseGuests attempted to find Chiquita in the house, with the winner being able to present the weather from inside the house; Josh was the winner.[23] On Day 78, the five remaining HouseGuests were asked to select one of the previously banished HouseGuests to return to the house in a matter of days; they chose Cassandra.[23] That night, George became the sixth HouseGuest to be banished from the house as he had received 51% of the public vote.[97]

text: HouseGuests were given their new weekly task, in which they were required to determine whether or not specific news articles had actually appeared in the news or not. The group wagered 50% of their weekly shopping budget on the task, which they passed.[23] The group was later given another task in which they played the Big Brother board game.[23] On Day 81, the HouseGuests participated in their second round of live nominations. Due to a tie in the voting, all four of the remaining HouseGuests were marked for banishment.[98] This was the final round of nominations for the season. Former HouseGuest Cassandra entered the house as a guest that same night, as the HouseGuests had selected her to return days prior.[23] Due to a new task, Josh was selected to become a saboteur in the house, and performed tasks such as setting time back on the potato clock. If one of the other three HouseGuests correctly guessed that Josh was the saboteur, they would win a new flat screen television; Curtis won this prize.[23] On Day 85, Jamie became the seventh HouseGuest to be banished from the house as she had received 31% of the public vote.[99] Chiquita also exited the house that night, and was adopted by a couple upon her exit.[100] On Day 88, it was revealed that Curtis had come in third place, receiving 14% of the public vote to win.[101] Minutes later, it was revealed that Josh had come in second place with 27% of the public vote, meaning Eddie had been crowned the winner with a total of 59% of the public vote.[102][103][104]

text: Nominations table[edit]

text:
Week 2

Week 4

Week 6

Week 8

Week 10

Week 11

Week 12

Nominations received

Day 81

Finale

Eddie

Jordan,William

Curtis,Jordan

Curtis,Jamie

Curtis,Jamie

Cassandra,Curtis

George,Jamie

Curtis,Jamie

Winner(Day 88)

17

Josh

Brittany,Curtis

Curtis,George

Curtis,Karen

Cassandra,Curtis

Cassandra,Curtis

Curtis,George

Curtis,Jamie

Runner-up(Day 88)

10

Curtis

Karen,William

Eddie,Karen

Eddie,Josh

Eddie,Josh

Eddie,George

Eddie,George

Eddie,Josh

Third Place(Day 88)

18

Jamie

Jordan,William

Curtis,Eddie

Josh,Karen

Eddie,George

Cassandra,Eddie

Eddie,George

Eddie,Josh

Banished(Day 85)

7

George

Jordan,William

Curtis,Jordan

Cassandra,Josh

Brittany,Josh

Curtis,Josh

Curtis,Jamie

Banished(Day 78)

9

Cassandra

Brittany,Eddie

Eddie,Jordan

Brittany,Karen

Brittany,George

Eddie,Jamie

Banished(Day 71)

8

Brittany

Jordan,William

Curtis,Jordan

Cassandra,Josh

Cassandra,George

Banished(Day 57)

6

Karen

Jordan,William

Curtis,Jordan

Cassandra,Josh

Banished(Day 43)

7

Jordan

Eddie,Karen

Eddie,Karen

Banished(Day 29)

10

William

Brittany,Eddie

Banished(Day 16)

6

Notes

none

1

2, 3

4

5

3, 6

7

Marked forBanishment

Jordan,William

Curtis,Jordan

Cassandra,Josh,Karen

Brittany,Cassandra,Curtis,Eddie,George,Josh

Cassandra,Curtis,Eddie

Curtis,Eddie,George,Jamie

Curtis,Eddie,Jamie,Josh

Curtis,Eddie,Josh

Banished

William73%to banish

Jordan78%to banish

Karen76%to banish

Brittany34%to banish

Cassandra46%to banish

George51%to banish

Jamie31%to banish

Curtis14%to win

Josh27%to win

Eddie59%to win

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^Note 1 : Cassandra and Karen had three nominations each, Josh had five. Due to the tie, three HouseGuests were "Marked for Banishment".
^Note 2 : There was a five way tie between Brittany, Cassandra, Curtis, Eddie, and Josh each receiving two nomination vote each. George received three nomination votes. Due to the five way tie, six HouseGuests were "Marked for Banishment."
^Note 3 : The percentage results were not revealed during the live show.
^Note 4 : There was a three way tie between Cassandra, Eddie, and Curtis. As a result, they were "Marked for Banishment."
^Note 5 : Curtis, Eddie, and Jamie received two nomination votes each. As a result, they were "Marked for Banishment" along with George.
^Note 6 : On Day 81, Cassandra visited the remaining HouseGuests for a discussion. There was a tie between all four HouseGuests so all were "Marked for Banishment."
^Note 7 : The viewers voted for who to win, not to banish.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Big Brother 1 premiered on July 5, 2000 in the US, with the season premiere having over 22 million viewers.[105] Despite the high premiere, ratings for the series quickly began to decline, and the series quickly dropped out of the Top 10 slot in terms of viewers.[105][106] Ratings began to decline even more following the banishments of Will "Mega" and Jordan, who were both seen as colorful characters in the game.[68] Big Brother 1 was noted as having its highest ratings on Wednesdays, when it aired after the hugely successful Survivor: Borneo.[107] The Saturday, July 8 episode was beaten out by an episode of the reality series Cops.[105] This episode saw ratings lower from the previous episode.[108] Ratings continued to drop, with at one point the series had fallen behind re-runs of shows such as Friends.[109] The Monday, September 4 episode only achieved 5.5.[110] Cassandra's banishment episode did see an increase in ratings, however, receiving 12.5 million viewers.[111] The finale garnered 11.13 million viewers, beating out the Olympics.[112] Despite the decline in ratings, the series' official website did receive a large amount of traffic, due to the live feed being available there.[113] It was also noted that as the ratings decreased, traffic onto the main site increased.[113] The online aspect of the series "changed both the dynamic in the house and the TV show’s content" according to the LA Daily News.[114] It was also reported that the official website for the series was one of the most popular new websites for the month of July.[115]

text: Public reaction[edit]

text: Big Brother 1 has typically been cited as "boring" by critics and fans of the series. John Carman of The San Francisco Chronicle stated "Wondering 'Will Karen run out of Kleenex?' is about the most interesting thing about Big Brother."[116] Comedian Kathy Griffin (who has since become a fan of the series, making guest appearances in Big Brother 16 and Big Brother 17) mocked the series, stating "Do you guys [watch] those 'tards on Big Brother?"[117] Joyce Millman of Salon.com felt that ratings for the series dropped due to the "boring" cast.[118] The New York Times later reported that CBS was disappointed with the series.[119] Les Moonves, CBS chief, stated that the "casting sucked" for the series, leading to its disappointing run.[120] He later stated "there were more provocative storylines that could have been followed that were dropped."[120] John de Mol, the creator of the series and owner of Endemol, blamed not only the casting but the changes made to the show and format to suit American audiences.[121] Executive producer Paul Romer felt that the group of HouseGuests were "too aware of the cameras" and were concerned with "how they'd look on TV."[122] Former co-host Ian O'Malley claimed he predicted the series would be panned, stating "I knew the critics were probably going to go bananas because of the voyeuristic aspect."[18]

text: Upon its announcement, the series has come under fire for both controversy and criticism. After the premiere of the first season, Chicago attorney Marvin Rosenblum filed a lawsuit against CBS, then corporate parent Viacom, and the production company Orwell Productions for alleged copyright infringement. Rosenblum, a producer of the film 1984, owns the film and TV rights to the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and claimed the show "illegally borrows from it."[123] Rosenblum accused the network of illegally using the Big Brother moniker from the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and "deceiving the public into thinking the author's classic novel was the origin of the show." CBS, Viacom, and Orwell Productions filed a motion to dismiss the $20 million lawsuit.[124] The dismissal was denied on January 4, 2001. In 2001 Rosenblum, CBS and Viacom settled the lawsuit under undisclosed terms.[125] The decision to select Chen as the host of the series caused much debate, mainly due to her role on the talk show The Early Show.[126] Andy Rooney of 60 Minutes said Chen's participation in the series was "a further deterioration of news standards", and further controversy arose when it was revealed some of Chen's lines had been scripted.[127]

text: Numerous events occurred during the game that sparked controversy as well. The show's security was breached early in the series when two publicity-seeking screenwriters threw a tennis ball stuffed with fake news stories - including one in which then President of the United States, Bill Clinton, purportedly called Big Brother a "national disgrace" - into the house's garden after finding it was unguarded. The HouseGuests were also communicated with by a plane towing a banner reading: "Big Brother is worse than you think. Get out now."[23] The show also came under criticism after HouseGuest George Boswell's wife and family began campaigning for viewers to vote out some of the more popular HouseGuests to keep George in the game. Recently evicted HouseGuest Brittany, who was permitted to talk to Josh for a certain amount of time, informed Josh of this news. Various "anti-George" banners were flown over the house, leading Josh to inform them of the news.[128] Various other points in the game led to the HouseGuests feeling they were being portrayed poorly, and they would often be required to do acts they didn't necessarily feel like doing.[129] George then decided he would walk from the game, and attempted to convince the other HouseGuests to walk with him as well during a live episode.[53] Ultimately, none of the HouseGuests chose to leave the game. There was speculation that CBS had hired for the banners to be flown over the house, though this was never confirmed.[130]

text: Renewal[edit]

text: Despite the lack of strong ratings and numerous controversies surrounding the series, Big Brother did help earn CBS a 17% increase for its time slot, and was ultimately renewed in September 2000 for a second season.[131] It was then confirmed, however, that there would be numerous changes to the format of the series.[132]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ While the opening credits and the logo simply identify this season as Big Brother the official website at the time identified the title as Big Brother 2000. The title of this season was retconned to Big Brother 1 during the seventh season of the show.[1][2]

tag: ol


document_title: Westfield Group

question_text: where was the first westfield shopping centre built

text: Westfield Group

text: History[edit]

text: The Westfield Group had origins in the western suburbs of Sydney. The first development was named "Westfield Place", and opened in July 1959 in Blacktown.[4] The name Westfield is derived from "west" related to the West Sydney location, and "field" due to having located on subdivided farmland. The centre was opened by John Saunders and Frank Lowy.[4]

text: The company was floated on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1960 and built another five centres in New South Wales before expanding into Victoria and Queensland in 1966-67.[5]  For the first half of 1971, Westfield reported earnings of $886,382.[6]

text: The expansion into the United States began with the purchase of the Trumbull Shopping Park in Connecticut in 1977, and was followed by three centres in California, Michigan and Connecticut in 1980 and three centres in California, New Jersey and Long Island, New York in 1986.[5] In 1994 Westfield joined with General Growth and Whitehall Real Estate to purchase 19 centres for US$1 billion. Westfield seems to form clusters of centres on particular cities or within a small number of states. They built considerable holdings on the East Coast and in California before expanding into the Midwest. By 2005, the company owned centres in 15 US states.[5]

text: In the 1990s, Westfield began a major expansion to New Zealand, where they mostly bought existing shopping centres of the Fletchers company, progressively rebranding them. Only in 2007, with Westfield Albany, has the company opened a fully new centre in the country.[7]

text: In April 2012 it was announced that the Westfield Group would sell seven 'non-core' property assets to Starwood Capital Group for A$1 billion and one other property to an undisclosed buyer for A$147 million. The funds would be used to repay debt and invest in businesses offering higher return. The sales were expected to be completed by mid–2012.[8]

text: Operations[edit]

text: Despite the Westfield Group's asset dimensions, the Westfield Group was strongly controlled by the Lowy Family Group, including non-executive chairman, Frank Lowy, one of its founders.[9] Lowy's two younger sons, Steven and Peter, were joint managing directors.

text: Australia[edit]

text: Having been established in Australia, with their original premises being at Blacktown, the Westfield Group continued to operate a large number of shopping centres in Australia.

text: A feature of "ticketless parking" at Westfield Miranda, Hurstville, Bondi Junction and Doncaster was that SMS alerts were provided for when the shopper's 3 free hours of parking were about to expire and when the shopper left the centres.  This feature was removed in 2016 due to concerns that the system could be used "to track the movements of others" by giving the wrong car numberplate on registration of the phone number.[10]

text: United States[edit]

text: Westfield entered the United States market in 1977. In September 2003 the company received $17.3 million as a party in the insurance claim following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.[11] On 18 February 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that Westfield had agreed to acquire 15 stores from Federated Department Stores, all but three in southern California.[12] As of 2018, Westfield owned 33 malls in the United States.[13]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Westfield entered the New Zealand market in 1997 and acquired an interest in the St. Lukes Group portfolio in 1998. Westfield Malls were by far the most numerous chain in New Zealand, with 6 of its 11 centres in Auckland including their largest development located in Albany. Westfield had NZ$2.8 billion in assets under management in New Zealand[14]  In mid-2012 Westfield sold its 50% share of Westfield Shore City in Takapuna on Auckland's North Shore,[14] now known as Shore City Shopping Centre. The group reportedly also had three of its smaller malls; Pakuranga, Glenfield, and Chartwell in Hamilton up for sale.[14]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: As of 2014, before Westfield Corporation was created, Westfield had an interest in two shopping centres in England and Northern Ireland.

text: By far its most significant asset was Westfield's 50% partnership[15] in the £1.6b[16] Westfield London  development in Shepherd's Bush, west London. The development included the construction of a new railway station for the London Overground and Southern services, and a new entrance for the London Underground station.

text: Westfield owned the Westfield Stratford City and also controlled the Stratford City redevelopment project next to 2012 Olympic park in Stratford in east London, having acquired the 75% of the project that it did not already own.[17]

text: Westfield was the developer behind the troubled Broadway shopping development in Bradford after acquiring Stannifer in 2004.[18]

text: On 9 October 2007 Westfield opened the £340m extension and refurbishment of Derby's Eagle Centre, which saw the shopping centre rebranded "Westfield Derby".[19] The centre was subsequently sold to Intu in 2014.[20]

text: Westfield were reviewing plans with the Whitgift Foundation to rebuild the Whitgift Centre in Croydon in south London.[21]

text: Relationship with tenants[edit]

text: The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission investigated several disputes between the Westfield Group and its tenants. In 2004 the Commission found Westfield was abusing its market and commercial power in settling disputes with tenants, and forced Westfield to formally undertake to not engage in "Unconscionable conduct and intimidation" of tenants.[22]

text: Also in Australia, Westfield fee structures and policies were criticised by retailers who operated in centres that had been taken over by the company. Retailers suggested that when centres were acquired there should be more cooperation between the new operators and existing tenants in bringing shops up to the corporate standards of the Westfield Group, and increases in rent (required to operate a shopping centre with high standards of fittings and services) should be staged with the required improvements in fittings.[23]

text: Relationship with competition[edit]

text: In Liverpool, Australia in 2002, a competing shopping centre was lodged to Liverpool Council and subsequently built. The centre would be about 3 kilometres from Westfield Liverpool.