document_title: Tim Pigott-Smith

question_text: who did tim pigott smith play in downton abbey

text: Tim Pigott-Smith

text: Early life[edit]

text: Pigott-Smith was born in Rugby, Warwickshire, the son of Margaret Muriel (née Goodman) and Harry Thomas Pigott-Smith, who was a journalist.[3] He was educated at Wyggeston Boys' School, Leicester, King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon and Bristol University. He trained as an actor at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

text: Career[edit]

text: Film and television[edit]

text: After a long career in smaller roles, Pigott-Smith's appearance as Arthur Llewellyn Davies in the BBC's The Lost Boys mini-series led to his gaining his big break with the leading role of Ronald Merrick in the 1984 television serial The Jewel in the Crown. Other appearances include the title role in the crime drama series The Chief (1990–1993), a recurring role in ITV drama The Vice as Ken Stott's nemesis, Vickers, and Bloody Sunday. He appeared in two adaptations of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South; in the 1975 version he played Frederick Hale and in 2004 he played Frederick's father Richard. In 1995, he starred in a serial of the series Ghosts. I Claudius as one of the guards on Masterpiece Theater.

text: He appeared twice in Doctor Who: in the stories The Claws of Axos (1971) and The Masque of Mandragora (1976).

text: He was a regular narrator of documentary television series. He narrated the Battlefield series, which examines pivotal battles of the Second World War from an operations point of view. Later, he narrated a series on the British Royal Family, entitled Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work. The series followed Queen Elizabeth II for more than a year, including the 2007 state visit to the United States.

text: He appeared in Lewis in 2015 as a taxidermist in the episode "One For Sorrow". He also appeared on the ITV series, Downton Abbey in the third series' (third season) fifth episode as obstetrician/gynaecologist Sir Philip Tapsell, who was present at the death of Lady Sybil Crawley Branson (Jessica Brown Findlay) from eclampsia after giving birth to her daughter.

text: His film career included the 2004 film Alexander, The Four Feathers, Clash of the Titans, Gangs of New York, Johnny English, The Remains of the Day and V for Vendetta. He also appeared as Major General Robert Ford in director Paul Greengrass's Bloody Sunday (2002), and as the Foreign Secretary in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace (2008). In February 2010 Piggott-Smith played Alan Keen in the television film On Expenses. He also had a cameo appearance as Sniggs in the BBC production of Evelyn Waugh's Decline and Fall in 2017. His final film role was that of Sir Henry Ponsonby, Queen Victoria's Private Secretary, in Victoria & Abdul (2017).[4]

text: Stage and radio[edit]

text: Pigott-Smith worked in the theatre in Shakespearean and Greek roles; for instance, he played Posthumus in John Barton's 1974 production of Cymbeline for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In early stage roles he is credited as "Tim Smith".

text: In 2011 he took the title role in King Lear at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds.[5]

text: Contemporary works included Enron, playing Ken Lay, for the Chichester Festival Theatre, and then London, in 2009 and Tobias in A Delicate Balance at the Almeida Theatre, London in 2011.[6][7] He returned to the Almeida in 2014 as a post-accession Charles, Prince of Wales in King Charles III,[8] for which he received a nomination for the Olivier Award for Best Actor, and his first Tony Award nomination for its production on Broadway in 2015. He also appeared as Charles in the 2017 film adaptation of the play.

text: He was also a radio actor, appearing in many productions on BBC Radio 4.

text: Novels[edit]

text: During the making of The Jewel in the Crown, Pigott-Smith wrote a diary on his impressions of India. This was published together with an anthology of poetry and prose under the title Out of India.[9]

text: He wrote two children's books in the series The Baker Street Mysteries, featuring the exploits of Sherlock Holmes' Baker Street Irregulars – The Dragon Tattoo (2008) and Shadow of Evil (2009). He played Holmes in a BBC Radio adaptation of The Valley of Fear.

text: Death[edit]

text: Pigott-Smith died suddenly on 7 April 2017, aged 70. He had been scheduled to appear in a touring production of Death of a Salesman, with opening night in Northampton only three days later.[1]  His wife Pamela Miles was also to appear in the play but she had withdrawn after breaking a bone and needing surgery.[10]  On 2 May 2017 Coroner for Northamptonshire Anne Pember confirmed she ruled that Mr Pigott-Smith died of natural causes and therefore she will not hold an inquest into his death.

text: Filmography and more[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Director(s)

Notes

1976

Aces High

Maj. Stoppard

Jack Gold

1977

Joseph Andrews

Cornet

Tony Richardson

1980

Sweet William

Gerald

Claude Whatham

Richard's Things

Peter

Anthony Harvey

1981

Clash of the Titans

Thallo

Desmond Davis

Escape to Victory

Maj. Rose – The English

John Huston

1986

A State of Emergency

Ft. Joe Ryan

Richard C. Bennett

1993

The Remains of the Day

Thomas Benn

James Ivory

2002

Safe Conduct

Fleming

Bertrand Tavernier

Bloody Sunday

Maj. Gen. Robert Ford

Paul Greengrass

The Four Feathers

Gen. Faversham

Shekhar Kapur

Gangs of New York

Calvinist Minister

Martin Scorsese

2003

Johnny English

Pegasus, Head of MI7

Peter Howitt

2004

Alexander

Omen Reader

Oliver Stone

2005

V for Vendetta

Peter Creedy

James McTeigue

2006

L'Entente Cordiale

S.I. Masterson

Vincent De Brus

Flyboys

Mr. Lowry

Tony Bill

2008

Quantum of Solace

Foreign Secretary

Marc Forster

2010

Alice in Wonderland

Lord Ascot

Tim Burton

2011

My Piece of the Pie

Mr. Brown

Cédric Klapisch

2013

RED 2

Director Philips

Dean Parisot

2015

Jupiter Ascending

Malidictes

The Wachowskis

2016

Whisky Galore!

Woolsey

Gillies MacKinnon

2017

6 Days

William Whitelaw

Toa Fraser

Posthumous release

King Charles III

Charles III

Rupert Goold

Posthumous release

Victoria & Abdul

Sir Henry Ponsonby

Stephen Frears

Posthumous release

The Little Vampire 3D

Frederick

Richard Claus & Karsten Kiilerich

Posthumous release, Voice, (final film role)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Director(s)

Notes

1976

Doctor Who (The Masque of Mandragora)

Marco

Rodney Bennett

4 episodes

1979

Measure for Measure

Angelo

Desmond Davis

BBC Shakespeare series

1982

I Remember Nelson

Capt. Thomas Hardy

4 episodes

1984

The Jewel in the Crown

Ronald Merrick

Main Cast

2014

37 Days (TV series)

Herbert Henry Asquith

Justin Hardy

TV 3-part miniseries

text: Audiobook narration[edit]

text:
Year

Book title

Author

Notes

2000

Blue at the Mizzen

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2000

The Fortune of War

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2000

Desolation Island

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2000

The Far Side of the World

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: November 7

2000

The Ionian Mission

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2000

The Letter of Marque

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 4

2000

The Mauritius Command

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2001

The Nutmeg of Consolation

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: August 7

2000

The Reverse of the Medal

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2000

The Surgeon's Mate

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: July 5

2001

The Thirteen Gun Salute

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: June 5

2001

The Truelove

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: October 9

2002

The Wine-Dark Sea

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: January 22

2000

Treason's Harbour

Patrick O'Brian

Release Date: October 10

2000

Seven Years in Tibet

Heinrich Harrer

Release Date: July 5

1995 (?)

The Warlord Trilogy

Bernard Cornwell

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text:
Pigott-Smith won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in 1985, for his role in The Jewel in the Crown.[2]
In 2014–15, he was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award and the Tony Award for his lead role in the play King Charles III.[10] He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to drama.[11]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

1985
BAFTA TV Awards
Best Actor
The Jewel in the Crown
Won

2002
Fantasporto Award
Directors' Week Award for Best Actor
Bloody Sunday
Won


document_title: Paraprofessional educator

question_text: what does a paraprofessional do in a school

root

text: Paraprofessional educator

text: By country[edit]

text: Paraprofessionals are widely employed in schools in the United States and Canada, and in some European countries.

tag: p

text: In England and Wales, the term used for education paraprofessionals is Teaching Assistant (TA). In recent years, legislation has been introduced which enables teachers to delegate a range of tasks to their TAs. Teaching Assistants in England and Wales can apply for Higher Level Teaching Assistant (HLTA) status, which requires them to document the ways in which their work meets a set of specified criteria. Those with HLTA status can substitute for teachers and (where appropriate) supervise other TAs. Scotland uses the term "classroom assistant" rather than "teaching assistant" as teaching is strictly not part of an assistant's responsibilities there.

text: In Canada, they are widely known as Educational Assistants to emphasize their role in educating special needs students.

text: In Japan, foreign native speakers employed as paraprofessional language educators (primarily English) are known as Assistant Language Teachers. Similar institutions exist in Germany and France where they are known as Foreign Language Assistants.

text: Duties[edit]

text: Paraprofessional educators generally assist teachers in the classroom, supervise students outside of the classroom, or provide administrative support for teaching.[2] Job duties range from filling teaching positions to supplementing regular classroom curriculum with additional enrichment activities for students. Other positions include classroom aides, special education aides, school library technical assistants, and tutors.

text: Some paraprofessionals work directly with students, in which case they may listen to students practice reading aloud, help students understand and complete their assignments, or assist students with special needs.[2]

text: Many paraprofessionals are assigned to supervise groups of students who are eating, playing outside, or on field trips. They may be assigned to perform clerical work for a teacher, in which case they may grade assignments, type up records for attendance or grades, set up equipment, and help prepare materials for instruction, e.g., by making photocopies of worksheets.[2]

text: Many teacher assistants work primarily or exclusively with students who have special educational needs. Their duties vary according to the needs of the student, and may include physical care for students who are unable to care for themselves (such as feeding, lifting, moving, or cleaning), behavioral management, or academic assistance.[2]

text: Some paraprofessionals don't work with the school directly, rather the school district. Paraprofessionals can work in other programs that the school district provide, such as school aged childcare and recess/ lunch duties. This links the paraprofessional to the students, but not the teacher or schools itself.

text: The role of the paraprofessional educator is constantly evolving. Today, more than ever, paraprofessionals are teaching lessons, working with small groups for remediation, leading extracurricular clubs/sports and are no longer simply the "teacher's aide" of the past.

text: Requirements[edit]

text: Requirements to become a paraprofessional vary widely, normally ranging from a high school diploma, G.E.D., two years of college education, or an associate degree. Some positions may require experience, particularly as an aide in an instructional role like in special education and in English as a Second Language instruction.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: In the United States, the No Child Left Behind federal legislation requires that educational paraprofessionals be "highly qualified".[3] The definition of highly qualified is left to the individual states, as are the means for measuring qualification. The United States Department of Education has issued guidelines regarding paraprofessionals whose positions are funded under Title I of the federal legislation. According to the Department of Education, "Paraprofessionals who provide instructional support", include those who:

text:
Provide one-on-one tutoring if such tutoring is scheduled at a time when a student would not otherwise receive instruction from a teacher,
Assist with classroom management, such as by organizing instructional materials,
Provide instructional assistance in a computer laboratory,
Conduct parental involvement activities,
Provide instructional support in a library or media center,
Act as a translator, or
Provide instructional support services under the direct supervision of a highly qualified teacher.[4]

tag: ol

text: Certification[edit]

text: Some jurisdictions offer or require certification for some paraprofessionals. Others may require a contracted paraprofessional to pass an examination. Some require none of the above

text: A paraprofessional certificate is typically a certificate that an educator has obtained by passing an exam enabling them to perform a task requiring extensive knowledge, but not requiring a college degree and teaching license. Subject areas could include any areas of education such as a GED Teacher, Alternate School Teacher, ISS Teacher, After School Tutor, Home School Teacher, Credit Recovery Teacher, Continuing Education Teacher, and any Special Education area which could be but is not limited to CML, tutoring, and providing any needs to an individual student.

text: Training[edit]

text: The training of paraprofessional educators varies widely by state and district. The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) in collaboration with the National Paraeducator Resource Center (NPRC) has validated some guidelines for use in training paraeducators to serve "individuals with exceptionalities" A link to these can be found here [link]. Professional development companies, such as 321insight.com and PD360 provide targeted training to enhance paraeducator competency.

text: Salaries[edit]

text: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' records of Occupational Employment Statistics, teacher assistants earn an average salary of $25,270. Teacher assistants in Elementary and Secondary Education make an average of $25,490, while teacher assistants working at Child Day Care services earn less and teacher assistants working in higher education earn more. [5]

text: Special education[edit]

text: Paraprofessional educators are frequently used to help support student/s in special education settings. Paraprofessional educators in these roles work with students with a variety of disabilities including learning disabilities, emotional disturbance, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia, developmental disabilities, and communication disorders. Paraprofessional educators may work in special classrooms, resource rooms or serve as inclusion assistants who accompany individual students throughout their day. Paraprofessional educators in these roles may require specialized training in behavior management, de-escalation, personal-professional boundaries, and sometimes physical restraint.[6]


document_title: Agriculture in Scotland

question_text: what kind of crops are grown in scotland

text: Agriculture in Scotland

text: Topography and climate[edit]

text: The defining factor in the geography of Scotland is the distinction between the Highlands and Islands in the north and west and the Lowlands in the south and east. The Highlands are further divided into the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mountains by the fault line of the Great Glen. The Lowlands are divided into the fertile belt of the Central Lowlands and the higher terrain of the Southern Uplands, which included the Cheviot hills, over which the border with England runs.[1] The Central Lowland belt averages about 50 miles in width,[2] and contains most of the good quality agricultural land.[3] Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland lochs, it has roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles. Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level.[4]

text: Scotland's soils are diverse for a relatively small country due to the variation in geology, topography, climate, altitude and land use history. There are very productive arable soils in the east of the country, including some of the most productive for wheat and barley of anywhere in the world. Scotland's soils differ from much of the rest of the UK and Europe and they provide valuable habitats for wildlife and flora. They are largely naturally acidic in nature with high concentrations of organic carbon. They are predominantly coarse textured and often exhibit poor drainage.[5]

text: The climate of Scotland is temperate and very changeable, but rarely extreme.[6] Scotland is warmed by the North Atlantic Drift and given the northerly location of the country, experiences much milder conditions than areas on similar latitudes. Average temperatures are lower than in the rest of Great Britain. Western coastal areas of Scotland are warmer than the east and inland areas, due to the influence of the Atlantic currents, and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea.[7] Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland—the western highlands of Scotland are one of the wettest places in the UK with annual rainfall up to 4,577 mm (180.2 in). In comparison, much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm (34.3 in) annually; lying in the rain shadow of the western uplands.[8] Annual average sunshine totals vary from as little as 711–1140 hours in the Highlands and the north-west up to 1471–1540 hours on the extreme eastern and south-western coasts.[9] Wind prevails from the south-west, bringing warm, wet and unstable air from the Atlantic.[6] The windiest areas of Scotland are in the north and west, with parts of the Outer Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland experiencing over 30 days with gales per year.[6] Vigorous Atlantic depressions, also known as European windstorms, are a common feature of the autumn and winter in Scotland.[10]

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements in Scotland around 8500 BCE.[12] These were highly mobile boat-using people making tools from bone, stone and antlers.[13] In the Neolithic period, around 6,000 years ago, there is evidence of permanent settlements and farming.[14] Archaeological evidence indicates that the two main sources of food were grain and cow's milk.[15] From the beginning of the Bronze Age, about 2000 BCE, arable land spread at the expense of forest.[16] From the Iron Age, beginning in the seventh century BCE, there is evidence of hill forts in southern Scotland that are associated with cultivation ridges and terraces.[17] Souterrains, small underground constructions, may have been for storing perishable agricultural products.[18] Aerial photography reveals extensive prehistoric field systems that underlie existing boundaries in some Lowland areas, suggesting that the fertile plains were already densely exploited for agriculture.[17] During the period of Roman occupation there was re-growth of birch, oak and hazel for five centuries, suggesting a decline of population and agriculture.[16]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration resulting in more land becoming unproductive.[19] Most farms had to produce a self-sufficient diet of meat, dairy products and cereals, supplemented by hunter-gathering. Farming was based around a single homestead or a small cluster of three or four homes, each probably containing a nuclear family.[20] The climate meant that more oats and barley were grown than corn[21] and cattle were the most important domesticated animal.[22] In the period c. 1150 to 1300, warm dry summers and less severe winters allowed cultivation at much greater heights above sea level and made land more productive.[23] Arable farming grew significantly, but was still more common in low-lying areas than in high-lying areas such as the Highlands, Galloway and the Southern Uplands.[24] The system of infield and outfield agriculture, a variation of open field farming widely used across Europe, may have been introduced with feudalism from the twelfth century[17] and would continue until the eighteenth century.[25] Crops were bere (a form of barley), oats and sometimes wheat, rye and legumes. The more extensive outfield was used for oats.[17] By the late Medieval period, most farming was based on the Lowland fermtoun or Highland baile, settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams, allocated in run rigs to tenant farmers, known as husbandmen.[26] Runrigs usually ran downhill so that they included both wet and dry land. Most ploughing was done with a heavy wooden plough with an iron coulter, pulled by oxen, which were more effective and cheaper to feed than horses.[26] Key crops included kale, hemp and flax. Sheep and goats were probably the main sources of milk, while cattle were raised for meat.[27] The rural economy appears to have boomed in the thirteenth century and in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death was still buoyant, but by the 1360s there was a severe falling off in incomes to be followed by a slow recovery in the fifteenth century.[28]

text: Early modern era[edit]

text: As feudal distinctions declined in the early modern era, the barons and tenants-in-chief merged to form a new identifiable group, the lairds.[29] With the substantial landholders of the yeomen,[30] these heritors were the major landholding orders.[31] Those with property rights included husbandmen, lesser landholders and free tenants.[32] Many young people, both male and female, left home to become domestic and agricultural servants.[33] The early modern era also saw the impact of the Little Ice Age, of colder and wetter weather, which peaked towards the end of the seventeenth century.[34] Almost half the years in the second half of the sixteenth century saw local or national scarcity, necessitating the shipping of large quantities of grain from the Baltic.[35] In the early seventeenth century famine was relatively common, with four periods of famine prices between 1620 and 1625. The English invasions of the 1640s had a profound impact on the Scottish economy.[36] Under the Commonwealth, the country was relatively highly taxed, but gained access to English markets.[37] After the Restoration the formal frontier with England was re-established, along with its customs duties. Economic conditions were generally favourable from 1660 to 1688, as land owners promoted better tillage and cattle-raising.[38] The closing decade of the seventeenth century there was a slump in trade with the Baltic and France and changes in the Scottish cattle trade, followed by four years of failed harvests (1695, 1696 and 1698-9), known as the "seven ill years".[39] The shortages of the 1690s would be the last of their kind.[40]

text: Agricultural revolution[edit]

text: Increasing contacts with England after the Union of 1707 led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility.[41] Haymaking was introduced along with the English plough and foreign grasses, the sowing of rye grass and clover. Turnips and cabbages were introduced, lands enclosed and marshes drained, lime was put down to combat soil acidity, roads built and woods planted. Drilling and sowing and crop rotation were introduced. The introduction of the potato to Scotland in 1739 greatly improved the diet of the peasantry. Enclosures began to displace the run rig system and free pasture.[41] The result of these changes were the Lowland Clearances, by which hundreds of thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from central and southern Scotland were forcibly moved from the farms and small holdings their families had occupied for hundreds of years.[41] The Highland Clearances saw the forced displacement much of the population of the Highland as lands were enclosed, principally so that they could be used for sheep farming. The clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout the UK, but were particularly notorious as a result of the late timing, the lack of legal protection for year-by-year tenants under Scots law, the abruptness of the change from the traditional clan system, and the brutality of many evictions.[42] Of those that remained many were now crofters, living on very small rented farms with indefinite tenure used to raise various crops and animals. For these families kelping, fishing, spinning of linen and military service became important sources of additional revenue.[43] In the 1840 and 1850s Scotland suffered its last major subsistence crisis,[44] when the potato blight that caused the Irish potato famine reached the Highlands in 1846.[45]

text: Twentieth century[edit]

text: In the twentieth century Scottish agriculture became susceptible to the ups and downs of world markets. There were dramatic price rises in the First World War, but a slump in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by more rises in World War II. In 1947 annual price reviews were introduced in an attempt to stabilise the market. After World War II there was a drive in UK agriculture to greater production until the late 1970s, resulting in intensive farming. More areas of marginal land were brought into production.[46] There was increasing mechanisation of Scottish agriculture and farming became less labour-intensive.[46] The UK membership of the European Economic Community (later the European Union) in 1972 began a change in orientation for Scottish farming. Some sectors, particularly hill sheep farming, became viable only with subsidies. A series of reforms to the CAP from the 1990s attempted to control over-production, limit incentives for intensive farming and mitigate environmental damage.[47] A dual farm structure emerged, with agriculture divided between large commercial farms and small pluralised and diversified holdings.[48]

text: Modern agriculture[edit]

text: Land use[edit]

text: At the time of the June 2013 agricultural census the total area of agricultural holdings in Scotland was 5.6 million hectares, equal to 73 per cent of Scotland’s total land area. Just over half of this was rough grazing, with about a quarter taken up by grass, and about ten per cent used for crops or left fallow. The remainder was made up of woodland, ponds, yards or other uses. There was a further 580,000 hectares of common grazing, which if included made the total area 6.2 million hectares, or 79 per cent of Scotland’s total land area.[49] Because of the persistence of feudalism and the land enclosures of the nineteenth century, the ownership of most land is concentrated in relatively few hands (some 350 people own about half the land). As a result, in 2003 the Scottish Parliament passed a Land Reform Act that empowered tenant farmers and communities to purchase land even if the landlord did not want to sell.[50]

text: In June 2013, of crops grown in Scotland (excluding grass), cereals accounted for 78 per cent of the land area, with nearly three-quarters of that being barley (340,000 hectares). Wheat was also significant (87,000 hectares), along with oilseed rape (34,000 hectares), oats (32,000 hectares) and potatoes (29,000 hectares). Amongst fruit and vegetables, a total of 911 hectares of strawberries were grown, mainly under cover, which was the largest source of income amongst horticulture crops.[49] The major areas of cereal production were Grampian, Tayside, Borders, Lothian and Fife.[51]

text: Livestock numbers have been falling in recent years. The trend began at the turn of the millennium in the case of pigs and sheep and dates to the mid-1970s in the case of cattle. In June 2013 there were 6.6 million sheep, 1.8 million cattle and 308,000 pigs, the lowest numbers since the 1940 and 1950s. Poultry numbers have tended to fluctuate over the last 25 years, but were down to 14.2 million in 2013.[49]

text: About 13,340 km² of land in Scotland is forested[52] representing around 15 per cent of the total land area of Scotland. The majority of forests are in public ownership, with forestry policy being controlled by the Forestry Commission. The biggest plantations and timber resources are to be found in Dumfries and Galloway, Tayside, Argyll and the area governed by Highland Council. The economic activities generated by forestry in Scotland include planting and harvesting as well as sawmilling, the production of pulp and paper and the manufacture of higher value goods. Forests, especially those surrounding populated areas in Central Scotland also provide a recreation resource.[49]

text: Income and employment[edit]

text: Total income from farming (TIFF) has been rising since the turn of the millennium. It was estimated at £700 million in 2012, being made up of £2.9 billion in outputs and £570 million in support payments, offset by £2.8 billion in costs. The initial estimate of TIFF for 2013 was £830 million, an increase largely linked to the improved weather. TIFF per annual work unit increased to £31,000, similar to the value in 2011.[49]

text: Aquaculture production is focused on the West and North of the country. The total output of aquaculture was estimated in 2011 at around £434 million per year, including around £412 million for farmed Atlantic salmon, £14.34 million for rainbow trout and £7.7 million for shellfish. Brown trout, sea trout, halibut and Arctic charr are also farmed in Scotland.[53]

text: Some farm businesses rely on sources of income other than from farming, including contracting work, hosting mobile phone masts, tourism and recreation and financial support from grants and subsidies. Analysis of the Farm Accounts Survey suggests that, excluding support from grants and subsidies, the average farm made a loss of £16,000 in 2012. However, calculations from TIFF suggest that, excluding support, the sector still made a small profit.[49]

text: Government figures indicate that in 2013 Scottish agriculture employed around 1.5 per cent of the workforce and contributes around 1 per cent of the Scottish economy.[49] Other studies suggest the employment rate to be around 8 per cent of the total rural population, and in terms of numbers the estimates indicate that around 68,000 people are directly employed or self-employed in agriculture, while around 200,000 people are related to a variety of activities related to agriculture. In the Highlands and Islands, around 10 per cent of the workforce are engaged in agriculture and livestock products contribute around 70 per cent of the output.[54]

text: Education[edit]

text: The West of Scotland Agricultural College formed in 1899, the East of Scotland Agricultural College in 1901, and the North of Scotland Agricultural College in 1904; these colleges amalgamated to form the Scottish Agricultural College in 1990.[55]

text: Environmental protection[edit]

text: Site-specific nature conservations began in the UK with the creation of the Nature Conservancy in 1948, which later became the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). It moved from a research-based advisory group to become a campaigning body. The 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act excluded Scotland, but introduced the concept of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which were to become a key part of managing nature conservation.[56] A Countryside Commission Scotland (CSS) was established under the Countryside Scotland Act, 1967.[57] The SSSI were strengthened by the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act, which for the first time introduced the concept of payments to farmers for inactivity in relation to specific sites and shifted the burden of proof from conservationist having to prove harm, to landholders having to prove that harm was not taking place. The NCC was broken up in 1991 and in Scotland was merged with CSS to produce Scottish National Heritage (SNH), under a UK-wide Joint Nature Conservation Committee. SNH has a remit for both land and nature conservation and a responsibility towards sustainability and to the consideration of the needs of the Scottish people.[56]

text: Rights of way[edit]

text: In Scotland, a right of way is a route over which the public has been able to pass unhindered for at least 20 years.[58] The route must link two "public places", such as villages, churches or roads. Unlike in England and Wales there is no obligation on Scottish local authorities to signpost or mark a right of way. However, the charity Scotways, formed in 1845 to protect rights of way, records and signs the routes.[59] The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 gives everyone statutory access rights to most land and inland water in Scotland, to non-motorized traffic, making the existence of rights of way less important in terms of access to land in Scotland. Certain categories of land are excluded from this presumption of open access, such as railway land, airfields and private gardens.[60]


document_title: The Block (season 6)

question_text: who won the bathroom on block all stars

question_tokens: who won the bathroom on block all stars

text: The Block (season 6)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: This season seen the return of four former teams from past seasons of The Block retroactively named The "All-stars".

text:
House
Couple[3]
Relationship
Season

1
Phil Rankine and Amity Dry
Married
1

2
Mark Bowyer and Duncan Miller[4]
Best mates
3

3
Josh and Jenna Densten
Newlyweds
4

4
Dan and Dani Reilly
Boyfriend and Girlfriend
5

tag: table

text: Score History[edit]

text:
Teams' progress through the competition

Scores:
Teams

Josh & Jenna
Mark & Duncan
Phil & Amity
Dan & Dani

Rooms
Scores

1st Bedroom
22½
21½
19
14

2nd Bedroom
21½
24
23
20

Bathroom
25
24
22
24

Hallway, Lounge & Linen Closet
18½
18
26
25

Kitchen/Laundry
29½
23
28½
25

Living Room
21
20
23½
26½

Exteriors
34
35½
35½
30

Auction Order
1st
2nd
4th
3rd

Auction Result
2nd
4th
1st
3rd

text: Results[edit]

text: Room Reveals[edit]

text:
Week
Room
Winning Couple
2nd Couple
3rd Couple
Chumps

1
1st Bedroom
Josh and Jenna
Mark and Duncan
Phil and Amity
Dan and Dani

2
2nd Bedroom
Mark and Duncan
Phil and Amity
Josh and Jenna
Dan and Dani

3
Bathroom
Josh and Jenna
Dan and Dani/Mark and Duncan
Phil and Amity

4
Hallway, Formal Lounge and Linen Closet
Phil and Amity
Dan and Dani
Josh and Jenna
Mark and Duncan

5
Kitchen and Laundry
Josh and Jenna
Phil and Amity
Dan and Dani
Dale and Duncan

6
Living Room
Dan and Dani
Phil and Amity
Josh and Jenna
Dale and Duncan

7
Front and Back Yards
Phil and Amity/Mark and Duncan
Josh and Jenna
Dan and Dani

text: Judges' Scores[edit]

text:
Summary of judges' scores

Week
Area(s)
Scores
Phil &
Amity
Mark &
Duncan
Josh &
Jenna
Dan &
Dani

1
1st Bedroom
Darren
7
7
7½
6

Shaynna
6
7
7
4

Neale
6
7½
8
4

Total
19
21½
22½
14

2
2nd Bedroom
Darren
8
8
7½
7

Shaynna
7½
8
7
6½

Neale
7½
8
7
6½

Total
23
24
21½
20

3
Bathroom
Darren
7½
8
8½
8½

Shaynna
7
8
7½
7½

Neale
7½
8
9
8

Total
22
24
25
24

4
Hallway, Lounge & Linen Closet
Darren
8
6½
6½
8

Shaynna
9
6
6
9

Neale
9
5½
6
8

Total
26
18
18½
25

5
Kitchen & Laundry
Darren
9½
7½
9½
8

Shaynna
10
7½
10
8

Neale
10 (-1)
8
10
9

Total
28½
23
29½
25

6
Living Room
Darren
8
7
7
8½

Shaynna
7½
7
7
9

Neale
8
6
7
9

Total
23½
20
21
26½

7
Exteriors
Darren
9
9
9
8

Shaynna
9½
9
9
7½

Neale
9
9
8
7½

John
8
8½
8
7

Total
35½
35½
34
30

text: Auction[edit]

text:
Rank
Couple[5]
Reserve
Auction Result
Profit
Total Winnings
Auction Order

1
Phil and Amity
$1.375m
$1.670m
$295,000
$395,000
4th

2
Josh and Jenna
$1.375m
$1.650m
$275,000
$275,000
1st

3
Dani and Dan
$1.355m
$1.575m
$220,000
$220,000
3rd

4
Mark and Duncan
$1.345m
$1.370m
$25,000
$25,000
2nd

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
The Block: All Stars metropolitan viewership and nightly position

Week
Episode
Original airdate
Viewers
(millions)[a]
Nightly rank[a]
Source
Week Avg

1
1
"Move Into The Block"
4 February 2013
0.959
#9
[6]
0.923

2
"Charity Makeover Challenge"
5 February 2013
0.952
#9
[7]

3
"The Safe Opens"
7 February 2013
0.858
#9
[8]

2
4
"Bathroom 1 Reveal"
10 February 2013
N/A
N/A
[9]
0.725

5
"Bathroom 2 Renovations Begins"
11 February 2013
1.137
#6
[10]

6
"Bathroom 2 Renovations Continue"
12 February 2013
0.926
#9
[11]

7
"Restoration Nation Challenge"
13 February 2013
0.842
#9
[12]

8
"Scott and Shelley Walk Around The Block"
14 February 2013
0.842
#7
[13]

9
"The Block Unlocked"
15 February 2013
0.722
#9
[14]

3
10
"Bathroom 2 Reveal"
17 February 2013
1.119
#7
[15]
1.037

11
"Bathroom Renovations Begin"
18 February 2013
1.080
#7
[16]

12
"The Block Olympian Challenge"
19 February 2013
1.095
#5
[17]

13
"The Belle Bathroom Challenge"
20 February 2013
1.041
#5
[18]

14
"Hell Week Continues"
21 February 2013
0.980
#4
[19]

15
"Dani Takes Charge"
22 February 2013
0.908
#4
[20]

16
"The Block Unlocked"
22 February 2013
N/A
N/A
[21]

4
17
"Bathroom Reveal"
24 February 2013
1.399
#1
[22]
1.129

18
"Triple Room Week Begins"
25 February 2013
1.194
#6
[23]

19
"Triple Room Week Continues"
26 February 2013
1.173
#5
[24]

20
"Go-Karting Challenge"
27 February 2013
1.030
#5
[25]

21
"The 2nd Safe Opens"
28 February 2013
1.040
#5
[26]

22
"Brad and Lara Return"
N/A
N/A
[27]

23
"The Block Unlocked"
1 March 2013
0.939
#5
[28]

5
24
"Triple Room Reveal"
3 March 2013
1.444
#1
[29]
1.265

25
"Someone Leaves The block"
4 March 2013
1.531
#2
[30]

26
"Kitchen Renovations Continues"
5 March 2013
1.372
#3
[31]

27
"New Arrival On The Block"
6 March 2013
1.294
#2
[32]

28
"Dan Unchained"
7 March 2013
1.234
#2
[33]

29
"The Block Unlocked"
8 March 2013
0.716
#10
[34]

6
30
"Kitchen Reveal"
10 March 2013
1.489
#1
[35]
1.254

31
"War On The Block"
11 March 2013
1.471
#2
[36]

32
"Dan Strips For Charity"
12 March 2013
1.357
#3
[37]

33
"Bondi Sculpture Challenge"
13 March 2013
1.226
#2
[38]

34
"Phil's Revenge"
14 March 2013
1.304
#2
[39]

35
"The Block Unlocked"
15 March 2013
0.677
#8
[40]

7
36
"Living Room Reveal"
17 March 2013
1.572
#1
[41]
1.712

37
"Exterior Renovations Continue"
18 March 2013
1.397
#2
[42]

38
"Exterior Reveal "
19 March 2013
1.526
#2
[43]

39
"Grand Final"
20 March 2013
1.646
#3
[44]

"Auctions"
2.011
#2

"Winner Announced"
2.119
#1

text: a Ratings data is from OzTAM and represents the live and same day average viewership from the 5 largest Australian metropolitan centres (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide).

tag: ul


document_title: Partition of Bengal (1905)

question_text: who led the agitation against the partition of bengal

text: Partition of Bengal (1905)

text: Background[edit]

text: The provincial state of Bengal had an area of 189,000 mi2 and a population of nearly 78.5 million. It comprised to West Bengal with a Hindu majority and East Bengal and Assam with a Muslim majority. It included the Hindi-speaking regions of Bihar, the Odia-speaking regions of Odisha as well as the Assamese-speaking region of Assam, making it a huge administrative entity. Moreover, the capital, Calcutta, was also the capital of the entire British India. With the growing efforts of the Indian National Congress to secure the independence of India, Lord Curzon decided to address both these problems by partitioning Bengal into two entities, which would result in a Muslim-majority in the eastern half, and a Hindu-majority in the western half. This he hoped would reduce the administrative pressures and divide the population on religious grounds, quelling the Indian Independence Movement.

text: Partition[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The government announced the idea for partition in January 1904. The idea was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton, Chief Commissioner of Assam (1896–1902).

text: The partition was made on 16 October, by Viceroy Curzon. The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces "Bengal" (comprising western Bengal as well as the province of Bihar and Orissa) and Eastern Bengal and Assam with Dacca as the capital of the latter.[3] Partition was promoted for administrative reasons since Bengal was geographically as large as France and had a significantly larger population. Curzon stated the eastern region was neglected and under-governed. By splitting the province, an improved administration could be established in the east, where subsequently, the population would benefit from new schools and employment opportunities.

text: The partition was generally supported by the Muslims of East Bengal by both their poor economic conditions in East Bengal and the perceived dominance of the Hindu businessmen and landlords in West Bengal over the governance of Bengal. Most of the factories and mills in Bengal were established in and around Calcutta, while many sources of raw materials for these factories were in East Bengal. Furthermore, most of the educational institutions of the Province were in Calcutta, including the lone university in Bengal.

text: The scars resulting from the partition of Bengal have never completely healed and can still be seen today.

text: Given below is the proclamation of partition:

text: "The Governor-General is pleased to constitute the territories at present under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam to be for the purposes of the Indian Councils Act 1861... a province to which the provisions of that Act touching the making of laws and regulations for the peace and good order of the presidencies of Fort St. George and Bombay shall be applicable and to direct that the said province shall be called and known as the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam.... The Governor-General in Council is pleased to specify the sixteenth day of October, 1905 as the period at which the said provisions shall take effect and 15th as the number of councilors whom the Lieutenant-Governor may nominate for his assistance in making laws and regulations. The Governor-General in Council is further pleased to declare and appoint that upon the constitution of the said province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, the districts of Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Backergunge, Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Rajashahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, and Malda which now form part of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William shall cease to be subject to or included within the limits of that Division, and shall thenceforth be subject to and included within the limits of the Lieutenant-Governorship of the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam."

text: The reason behind the partition that was officially announced was that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single governor and so it would be partitioned on administrative purpose. The real reason behind the partition was political and not administrative. East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus. Partition was yet another part of the divide and rule policy. The following excerpts from Curzon's letter of 2 February 1905 to St. John Brodrick, Secretary of State for India, give an idea of his aims in partitioning Bengal:

text: "Calcutta is the centre from which the Congress Party is manipulated throughout the whole of Bengal, and indeed the whole of India. Its best wire pullers and its most frothy orators all reside here. The perfection of their machinery, and the tyranny which it enables them to exercise are truly remarkable. They dominate public opinion in Calcutta; they affect the High Court; they frighten the local Government, and they are sometimes not without serious influence on the Government of India. The whole of their activity is directed to creating an agency so powerful that they may one day be able to force a weak government to give them what they desire. Any measure in consequence that would divide the Bengali-speaking population; that would permit independent centres of activity and influence to grow up; that would dethrone Calcutta from its place as the center of successful intrigue, or that would weaken the influence of the lawyer class, who have the entire organisation in their hands, is intensely and hotly resented by them. The outcry will be loud and very fierce, but as a native gentleman said to me – 'my countrymen always howl until a thing is settled; then they accept it'."

text: Political crisis[edit]

text: Partition sparked an extremely major political crisis along religious lines. Hindu resistance exploded as the Indian National Congress began the Swadeshi movement that included boycotting British goods and public institutions, meetings and processions, forming committees, propaganda through press, and diplomatic pressure. Hitherto untouched sections of Indian society participated in these movements, providing base for later movements. Richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature. Masses were educated for a bolder form of politics and colonial hegemony was undermined. The Muslims in East Bengal hoped that a separate region would give them more control over education and employment, hence, they opposed those movements.[4] Rabindranath Tagore wrote Banglar Mati Banglar Jol as a rallying cry for proponents of annulment of Partition.[5]

text: Opposition to the partition was supported by Sir Henry John Stedman Cotton who had been Chief Commissioner of Assam, but Curzon was not to be moved. Later, Cotton, now Liberal MP for Nottingham East coordinated the successful campaign to oust the first lieutenant- governor of East Bengal, Sir Bampfylde Fuller.

text: Re-unification[edit]

text: Due to these political protests, the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911. A new partition which divided the province on linguistic, rather than religious grounds followed, with the Hindi, Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east. The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: In 1909, separate elections were established for Muslims and Hindus. Before this, many members of both communities had advocated national solidarity of all Bengalis. With separate electorates, distinctive political communities developed, with their own political agendas. Muslims, too, dominated the Legislature, due to their overall numerical strength of roughly twenty two to twenty eight million. Nationally, Hindus and Muslims began to demand the creation of two independent states, one to be formed in majority Hindu and one in majority Muslim areas.[6]

text: In 1947, Bengal was partitioned for the second time, solely on religious grounds, as part of the Partition of India following the formation of the nations India and Pakistan.[7] In 1955, East Bengal became East Pakistan, and in 1971 became the independent state of Bangladesh after a successful war of independence with West Pakistan.[8]

text: Significance[edit]

text: The partition left a significant impact on the people of Bengal as well as the political scene of the Indian subcontinent. This event also created a sense of political awareness among the Muslims of East Bengal. To mollify the people of East Bengal, Lord Curzon declared that a university as a center of excellence would be established in Dacca (which would later be named as University of Dhaka) and formed a committee in this regard consisting Khwaja Salimullah, A. K. Fazlul Huq and others. The decision was severely criticised by some Hindu leaders in West Bengal. The most significant impact of this event was greater communal dissonance between the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal.