document_title: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film)

question_text: who played lysander in midsummer night's dream

question_tokens: who played lysander in midsummer night 's dream

text: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 19th century Monte Athena, in the Kingdom of Italy, young lovers Lysander (Dominic West) and Hermia (Anna Friel) are forbidden to marry by her father Egeus (Bernard Hill), who has promised Hermia to Demetrius (Christian Bale). Lysander and Hermia make plans to flee to the forest to escape the arrangement. Demetrius follows them, having been made aware of the plan by Helena (Calista Flockhart), a young woman who is desperately in love with him. Once in the forest, they wander into the fairy world, ruled by Oberon (Rupert Everett) and Titania (Michelle Pfeiffer), King and Queen of the fairies. Oberon and his servant sprite Puck (Stanley Tucci) cause mayhem among the lovers with a magic potion that causes both Lysander and Demetrius to fall in love with Helena, leading to a rift between all four that culminates (famously in this adaptation) in a mud-wrestling scene. Oberon then bewitches Titania with the same potion.

text: Meanwhile, an acting troupe prepares a play for the entertainment of the Duke. The leader of the actors (Roger Rees) and the actors, including a weaver named Bottom (Kevin Kline), and Francis Flute (Sam Rockwell) take their rehearsal to the forest. The mischievous Puck magically enchants Bottom with the head of an ass and Bottom is then seen by the bewitched Titania. Titania woos Bottom in her bower, attended by fairies. Oberon tires of the sport and puts all to rights, pairing Lysander back with Hermia and Demetrius with Helena, and reconciling with his own queen, Titania.

text: In the final part, Bottom and his troupe of "rude Mechanicals" perform their amateur play, based on the tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe, before Duke Theseus (David Strathairn), his wife Hippolyta (Sophie Marceau), and the court, unintentionally producing a comedy that turns to be a tragedy.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Kline as Nick Bottom
Roger Rees as Peter Quince
Sam Rockwell as Francis Flute
Max Wright as Robin Starveling
Bill Irwin as Tom Snout
Gregory Jbara as Snug
Stanley Tucci as Robin Goodfellow/Puck
Rupert Everett as Oberon
Michelle Pfeiffer as Titania
Anna Friel as Hermia
Dominic West as Lysander
Calista Flockhart as Helena
Christian Bale as Demetrius
David Strathairn as Theseus
Sophie Marceau as Hippolyta
Bernard Hill as Egeus
John Sessions as Philostrate

text: Production[edit]

text: A Midsummer Night's Dream was filmed on location in Lazio and Tuscany, and at Cinecittà Studios, Rome, Italy. The action of the play was transported from Athens, Greece, to a fictional Monte Athena, located in the Tuscan region of Italy, although all textual mentions of Athens were retained.

text: The film made use of Felix Mendelssohn's incidental music for an 1843 stage production (including the famous Wedding March), alongside operatic works from Giuseppe Verdi, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Gioacchino Rossini and Pietro Mascagni.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: A Midsummer Night's Dream received mixed-to-positive reviews, and currently holds a rating of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes,[2] and a score of 61 on Metacritic,[3] indicating generally favorable reviews. Many critics singled out Kevin Kline and Stanley Tucci for particular praise.

text: In The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote:

text: Michael Hoffman's fussy production of A Midsummer Night's Dream is just such a parade of incongruities, with performances ranging from the sublime to the you-know-what ... Not even Michelle Pfeiffer's commanding loveliness as the fairy queen Titania, and her ability to speak of such things as 'my bower' with perfect ease, can offset the decision to have the actors grapple awkwardly with bicycles ... The hoodwinked characters of A Midsummer Night's Dream are meant to be mismatched much of the time. But not like this. The distraught Helena, played as a hand-waving, eye-rolling ditz by Calista Flockhart, hardly fits into the same film with David Strathairn's reserved Duke Theseus, or with Rupert Everett as a slinky Oberon. Everett, like the inspired Kevin Kline as the ham actor Bottom, is utterly at ease with this material in ways that many other cast members are not ... Though West and especially Ms. Friel approach their roles with gratifying ease, Bale is once again given the cheesecake treatment and little occasion to rise above it. This production tarts up the play any way it can ... The theatrical carryings-on of Bottom and company provide the film's best attempts at comedy. Staging a play about Pyramus and Thisbe with a troupe including Bill Irwin, Roger Rees and Sam Rockwell (as the beauteous heroine), Bottom's acting company delights its late-19th-century audience in ways Hoffman's film can only occasionally manage. In a completely unexpected turn, Rockwell moves the sceptical and bemused audience to tears as he performs Thisbe's scene reacting to the death of Pyramus, proving that he alone among the band of actors has any real talent for the craft.[4]

text: In the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert wrote:

text: Michael Hoffman's new film of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (who else's?) is updated to the 19th century, set in Italy and furnished with bicycles and operatic interludes. But it is founded on Shakespeare's language and is faithful, by and large, to the original play... It's wonderful to behold Pfeiffer's infatuation with the donkey-eared Bottom, who she winds in her arms as 'doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle gently twist'; her love is so real, we almost believe it. Kline's Bottom tactfully humors her mad infatuation, good-natured and accepting. And Tucci's Puck suggests sometimes that he has a darker side, but it not so much malicious as incompetent.[5]

text: In the San Francisco Chronicle, Peter Stack wrote:

text: Purists will quibble, but William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is a playful, sexy piece of work - just what the Bard might have conjured up for a movie adaptation of his beloved spring-fever comedy. The film is over the top - and willfully so ... As might be expected, Kevin Kline steals the show with his hearty gifts for comedy ... Kline, a Shakespearean veteran, has that flourish, that golden touch. In his glorious way of overdoing it - turning the very notion of acting into farce - he embodies a supreme comic madness that is audacious yet embracing ... Michelle Pfeiffer plays it regal, pouty and come-hither as Titania. Her seduction of Bottom, turned to an ass under the spell of Puck (Stanley Tucci with horns and impish grin), is riotous ... A real surprise is the sly comic depth of Calista Flockhart's bicycle-riding Helena, miles from Ally McBeal ... Rupert Everett is imperious as Oberon, the jealous fairy king, and Tucci's Puck is amusingly tweaky as he keeps messing up his missions to drop magic nectar into lovers' eyes.[6]

text: In Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston (critic) wrote:

text: A strangely uneven adaptation of the Bard's most famous comedy, Michael Hoffman's Dream is, if nothing else, admirable for its lack of a contrived gimmick. Yes, the story has been transplanted to Tuscany in the 1890s, and the cast is packed with big names, but Hoffman rightly treats the text as the real star of the show. The film soars when actors who remember that Shakespeare was primarily an entertainer carry the ball, but things get pretty turgid when the focus is on those who seem cowed by appearing in an adaptation of a Major Literary Classic.[7]

text: In The Washington Post, Jane Horwitz wrote:

text: Instead of Shakespeare's Athens, Hoffman dreams his Dream in a gorgeous Tuscan hill town at the turn of the century, with production designer Luciana Arrighi and costume designer Gabriella Pescucci creating a luscious milieu of dusty green shutters, olive groves and vineyards reminiscent of the 1986 Merchant-Ivory gem A Room With a View ... some in the cast negotiate Shakespeare's lines better than others. Kevin Kline's stage savvy serves him especially well as a movie-stealing Bottom.[8]

text: Also in the Washington Post, Desson Howe wrote:

text: After watching William Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream, Michael Hoffman's adaptation of the romantic comedy, I'm left with more admiration than fairy dust. But it was pleasurable all the same... Kline and Flockhart do most of the pedaling. When Kline gets goofy – as he did in A Fish Called Wanda and In & Out, he's an irresistible, madcap Errol Flynn, twisting his good looks into hilarious contortions. And Flockhart exudes a wonderful vulnerability and sense of comic timing, as she pursues Demetrius, suffering all manner of indignity and incredulity along the way.[9]

text: In Variety, Emanuel Levy described the film as a "whimsical, intermittently enjoyable but decidedly unmagical version of the playwright's wild romantic comedy ... There is not much chemistry between Pfeiffer and Everett, nor between Pfeiffer and Kline, particularly in their big love scene. Kline overacts physically and emotionally, Flockhart is entertaining in a broad manner, and Pfeiffer renders a strenuously theatrical performance. Overall, the Brits give more coherent and resonant performances, especially Friel and West as the romantic couple, a restrained Everett as Oberon, and Rees as the theatrical manager."[10]

text: Time Out wrote that "this Dream is middlebrow and unashamed of it. Injecting the film with fun and pathos, Kline makes a superb Bottom; it's his play and he acts it to the hilt."[11]


document_title: Nitromethane (data page)

question_text: what is the standard enthalpy of formation of nitromethane in kj/mol

question_tokens: what is the standard enthalpy of formation of nitromethane in kj / mol

root

text: Nitromethane (data page)

text: Material Safety Data Sheet[edit]

text: The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS is available from Mallinckrodt Baker.

tag: p

text: Structure and properties[edit]

text:
Structure and properties

Index of refraction, nD
1.3935 at 20°C

Abbe number
?

Dielectric constant, εr
35.87 ε0 at 30 °C

Bond strength
 ?

Bond length
 ?

Bond angle
 ?

Magnetic susceptibility
 ?

Surface tension[1]
39.8 dyn/cm at 0°C
36.8 dyn/cm at 20°C
26.1 dyn/cm at 100°C

Viscosity[2]
0.853 mPa·s at 0°C
0.620 mPa·s at 25°C

tag: table

text: Thermodynamic properties[edit]

text:
Phase behavior

Triple point
244.77 K (–23.38 °C), ? Pa

Critical point
588 K (315 °C), 5870 kPa

Std enthalpy change
of fusion, ΔfusHo
9.7 kJ/mol

Std entropy change
of fusion, ΔfusSo
39.6 J/(mol·K)

Std enthalpy change
of vaporization, ΔvapHo
38.3 kJ/mol

Std entropy change
of vaporization, ΔvapSo
128.36 J/(mol·K)

Solid properties

Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHosolid
 ? kJ/mol

Standard molar entropy,
Sosolid
 ? J/(mol K)

Heat capacity, cp
 ? J/(mol K)

Liquid properties

Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHoliquid
–113 kJ/mol

Standard molar entropy,
Soliquid
171.75 J/(mol K)

Enthalpy of combustion, ΔcHoliquid
–709 kJ/mol

Heat capacity, cp
105.98 J/(mol K)

Gas properties

Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHogas
–81 kJ/mol

Standard molar entropy,
Sogas
 ? J/(mol K)

Heat capacity, cp[3]
57.3 J/(mol K) at 25°C

text: Vapor pressure of liquid[edit]

text:
P in mm Hg
1
10
40
100
400
760

T in °C
–29.0
2.8
27.5
46.6
82.0
101.2

text: Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

text: Distillation data[edit]

text:
Vapor-liquid Equilibrium
for Nitromethane/Ethanol[4]
P = 730 mm Hg

BP
Temp.
°C
 % by mole ethanol

liquid
vapor

97.7
3.0
15.7

93.4
4.7
22.3

88.9
8.5
32.9

86.1
12.2
39.5

83.6
16.6
45.3

80.6
25.6
52.9

79.2
31.8
56.3

77.9
45.1
63.5

77.0
53.9
66.9

77.1
58.9
68.6

76.5
64.6
70.5

76.4
72.4
74.0

76.6
78.7
77.3

76.5
81.9
79.4

76.7
85.9
82.2

76.9
91.4
87.1

77.7
95.3
93.0

77.8
97.3
96.5

Vapor-liquid Equilibrium
for Nitromethane/Methanol[4]
P = 730 mm Hg

BP
Temp.
°C
 % by mole methanol

liquid
vapor

96.9
1.5
13.3

93.1
2.6
22.8

89.1
4.8
33.4

84.8
7.5
42.9

82.1
9.6
48.4

77.9
15.2
57.0

72.9
25.4
67.3

71.1
31.4
70.4

68.2
42.6
74.7

67.3
49.3
76.1

65.6
67.8
81.8

65.1
74.7
83.8

65.0
81.3
86.4

64.6
88.6
90.1

64.5
91.4
92.1

64.4
96.0
95.6

64.5
99.4
99.3

text: Spectral data[edit]

text:
UV-Vis

λmax
 ? nm

Extinction coefficient, ε
 ?

IR

Major absorption bands
 ? cm−1

NMR

Proton NMR

Carbon-13 NMR

Other NMR data

MS

Masses of
main fragments


document_title: Days of Our Lives characters (1960s)

question_text: who played david banning on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives characters (1960s)

text: Susan Martin[edit]

text:
Susan Martin

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Denise Alexander (1966–73)
Bennye Gatteys (1973–76)

Duration
1966–76

First appearance
April 14, 1966

Last appearance
October 1, 1976

Created by
Peggy Phillips

Introduced by
Ted Corday

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Susan Hunter (maiden name)

Occupation
Founded the David Martin Clinic

Residence
California

[show]Family

Parents
Richard Hunter
Diane Hunter

Spouse
David Martin (1966–67)
Greg Peters (1973–76)

Children
Dickie Martin
Annie Peters

text: Susan Martin was originated by Denise Alexander from April 14, 1966 to February 6, 1973, when the character was written out of the show temporarily when the Days casting office hit a snag renewing Alexander's contract and the contract lapsed. ABC Daytime rushed to offer her a then-unheard of salary/perks package to join General Hospital as Lesley Webber. When Susan finally returned to Days, a new actress, Bennye Gattleys played her from April 6, 1973 to October 1, 1976.

text: Susan was an old high school classmate of Julie Olson, her storyline involved the first major "Days" death when her son Dickie Martin accidentally died in May 1967, which culminated into the first "Days" murder Susan kills her husband, David Martin.

text: Sandy Horton[edit]

text:
Sandy Horton

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Astrid Warner (1967)
Heather North (1967–72)
Martha Smith (1982)
Pamela Roylance (1983–84)

Duration

1967–72
1982–84

First appearance
December 12, 1967

Last appearance
April 11, 1984

Created by
William J. Bell

Introduced by

Betty Corday (1967)
Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1982)

Classification
Former, regular

Profile

Occupation
Doctor

[show]Family

Family
Horton

Parents
Tommy Horton
Kitty Horton

Grandparents
Tom Horton
Alice Horton

Aunts and uncles
Addie Horton
Mickey Horton
Bill Horton
Marie Horton

First cousins
Julie Olson Williams
Steve Olson
Hope Brady
Melissa Horton (adoptive)
Sarah Horton (legal)
Mike Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Roberts
Jessica Blake

text: Dr. Sandy Horton is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives. She is the daughter of Kitty and Tommy Horton, Jr. and the granddaughter of original characters Alice and Tom Horton.

text: The role was originated by Astrid Warner who portrayed the role briefly for two episodes on December 12 and 13, 1967, it was around that time the role was recast with actress Heather North, the actress who played Sandy for the longest duration from December 20, 1967 to May 21, 1971 and from December 23, 1971 to June 16, 1972. North would later be commonly known being the second and most notable actress to provide the voice of Daphne Blake in all incarnations of Hanna-Barbera's Scooby-Doo Saturday morning cartoon series. In 1982, Sandy was reintroduced to the series with actress Martha Smith, who would play the role for four months from August 12 to December 8. Seven months later, the role was recast, this time with Pamela Roylance. Roylance would only last for about seven months, starting on July 18, 1983 and ultimately leaving on April 11, 1984.

text: Sandy is notable for being one of the few to survive an attack by the Salem Slasher.

text: David Banning[edit]

text:
David Banning

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Chad Barstad (1968–70)
Christian Mann (1968)
Jeffrey Williams (1970–73)
Steve Doubet (1975)
Richard Guthrie (1975–80)
Gregg Marx (1981–83)

Duration

1968–73
1975–83

First appearance
June 10, 1968 (1968-06-10)

Last appearance
November 22, 1983 (1983-11-22)

Created by
William J. Bell

Introduced by
Betty Corday

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names

David Martin, Jr. (birth name)
Bradley Banning (adopted)
David Smith

[show]Family

Family
Horton

Parents

David Martin
Julie Olson

Adoptive parents

Scott Banning
Janet Banning

Stepfather

Bob Anderson (1974–76)
Doug Williams (1976–79, 1981–86, 1994–2017)

Half-brothers
Dickie Martin

Wife

Trish Clayton (1977–81)
Renée DuMonde (1982–83)

Sons

Scotty Banning
Eli Grant

Grandparents

Ben Olson
Addie Horton
John Martin
Helen Martin

Uncles
Steven Olson

Aunts
Hope Williams

First cousins
Spencer Olson
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady

Other relatives
Tom Horton
Alice Horton

text: David Banning, most notably portrayed by Richard Guthrie (1975–1980) and Gregg Marx (1981–1983), is the son of Julie Olson (Susan Seaforth Hayes) and her late lover David Martin.

text: David Martin, Jr. is born in January 1968 to Julie Olson (Catherine Ferrar) and he is immediately put up for adoption.[1] The child is adopted by Scott Banning (Mike Farrell) and his terminally ill wife Janet (Joyce Easton) as Bradley Banning (Chad Barstad). Susan Martin (Denise Alexander) befriends the Bannings and often helps care for Janet and baby Brad.[2] As Susan comforts Scott after Janet's death in early 1969, Julie (Susan Seaforth Hayes) discovers that Brad is the child she gave up and seduces Scott away from Susan.[3] Though Julie and Scott marry in 1970, by 1971, she's fallen in love with Doug Williams (Bill Hayes) and plans to leave Scott but wants to make sure she can retain custody of David (Jeffrey Williams).[4] As Julie is set to divorce Scott in 1972, she plans to elope with Doug and honeymoon in Portofino and wants to bring David along. However, Doug is not interested in parenthood and he spontaneously marries Julie's mother Addile Olson (Patricia Barry).[5] After Scott's death in early 1973, Julie sends David off to military school.[6]

text: The 18 year old David (Richard Guthrie) returns in the summer of 1975 with his new girlfriend Brooke Hamilton (Adrienne LaRussa). Brooke is jealous of David's growing closeness with his mother Julie and to drive a wedge between them, Brooke spread rumors about Julie being unfaithful to his stepfather Bob Anderson (Mark Tapscott) and potentially being pregnant with Doug's child. David and Julie get into a fight and he runs off and gets into a car accident in which he is presumed dead. David survives and is taken in the Grants where he befriends the daughter Valerie Grant (Tina Andrews). Meanwhile, Brooke learns she is pregnant with David's baby but refuses to marry him because he is in love with Valerie.[7][8]

text: Mike Horton[edit]

text:
Mike Horton

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Kyle Puerner (1968–69)
Wade Holdsworth (1969)
Brian Andrews (1970)
Bobby Eilbacher (1970)
Eddie Rayden (1970)
Alan Decker (1970–71)
John Amour (1971–73)
Dick DeCoit (1973)
Stuart Lee (1973)
Wesley Eure (1974–81)
Paul Coufus (1981–82)
Michael T. Weiss (1985–90)
Roark Critchlow (1994–2010)

Duration

1968–82
1985–90
1994–99
2010

First appearance
November 13, 1968

Last appearance
June 28, 2010

Created by
William J. Bell

Introduced by

Betty Corday (1968)
Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1985)
Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1994)
Ken Corday and Gary Tomlin (2010)

Classification
Former, recurring

Profile

Other names
Michael William Horton II

Occupation
Doctor

Residence
Boston, Massachusetts

[show]Family

Parents

Bill Horton
Laura Horton

Stepfather
Mickey Horton (1968–74)

Sisters
Jennifer Horton

Half-brothers
Lucas Horton

Spouse
Margo Anderman (1978–80)

Sons
Jeremy Horton

Grandparents

Tom Horton
Alice Horton
James Spencer
Carrie Spencer

Aunts and uncles

Tommy Horton
Addie Horton
Mickey Horton
Marie Horton

Nieces and nephews

Abigail Deveraux
Will Horton
JJ Deveraux
Allie Horton

First cousins
Sandy Horton
Steven Olson
Julie Williams
Hope Williams Brady
Melissa Horton (adoptive)
Sarah Horton (legal)
Jessica Blake Fallon

text: Mike Horton was named after Mickey Horton, who was thought to be his father, and Bill Horton, his father. Mickey and Bill were brothers. Michael's mother was Mickey's wife Dr. Laura Spencer Horton.

text: Mike has the honor of being the most recast character in Days of our Lives history, having been played by sixteen different actors since his character's birth in 1968. He's also been the most constantly aged and deaged, with his age now somewhere in his 50s. His most well known (and longest lasting) portrayers were Wesley Eure from June 6, 1974 to January 16, 1981, Michael T. Weiss from August 8, 1985 to March 1, 1990, and Roark Critchlow from April 27, 1994 to November 19, 1999 and June 23 to 28, 2010.

text: Mike grew up knowing his father as town lawyer Mickey Horton and was as shocked as Mickey was to learn that his true father is the man he thought was his uncle Bill Horton, who drunkenly raped his mother, Dr. Laura Spencer, while she was married to Mickey. Although Mike has become a bit closer to Bill through the years, he still considers Mickey to be his father.

text: Mike was married for the first time very young to Margo Anderman and his wife died in the summer of 1980 of leukemia. He left town not long after that happened, but later returned and began a residency at Salem University, while looking after his teenage sister, Jennifer. During this time, he began a relationship with Dr. Robin Jacobs, which was made difficult by their different religions, Robin was devoutly Jewish and Mike was Catholic and she wouldn't allow herself to marry inter-faith. Although Mike wanted to convert in order to make the relationship work, he eventually realized that wouldn't be fair to either of them and Robin left town to live in Israel. Sometime later Mike learned that Robin had given birth to his son, Jeremy. Mike left Salem in 1990 to join Robin and Jeremy and try to make a family.

text: In 1994, Mike returned to Salem, it having not worked out between him and Robin. He was soon made Chief of Staff at Salem University Hospital. While there he began an affair with Carrie Brady Reed, who worked in Public Relations at the hospital. Eventually Carrie's husband Austin Reed found out, and the two divorced. Mike and Carrie got together officially and left Salem together to return to Israel, as Mike wanted to continue to have a relationship with his son. While off-screen, Mike and Carrie split up and his son Jeremy returned to Salem for a brief period.

text: Mike returned to Salem in June 2010 when he received news that his grandmother, Alice Horton was extremely ill. Mike returned along with many other family members. While on his way to Alice's, he was involved in a car accident and was injured. He was brought to University Hospital where he was treated. His goal was to get better quickly so he could visit his grandmother one last time. Several days later, he received news from Bill and Jennifer Horton that Alice had died. He reminisced about the wonderful times he shared with Alice. Before leaving Salem, he hung up a plaque in the hospital in honor of his late grandmother.


document_title: Jesse Stone: Night Passage

question_text: who is the voice of jen on jesse stone

question_tokens: who is the voice of jen on jesse stone

text: Jesse Stone: Night Passage

text: Plot[edit]

text: One moonlit night in Santa Monica, California, former LAPD homicide detective Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) looks out at the ocean, waiting to sober up before driving across the country with his dog Boomer to the small coastal town of Paradise, Massachusetts, where he has been offered the position of police chief. Forced to resign from the LAPD for drinking on duty, Jesse knows that the Paradise job is his last chance. From a motel in Missouri, he calls his ex-wife, actress Jenn Stone, with whom he still talks regularly despite their divorce. Jesse's drinking problem became serious after he discovered that she was having an affair with her producer.

text: Meanwhile, Hastings "Hasty" Hathaway (Saul Rubinek), a wealthy banker and corrupt town council chair in Paradise, orchestrates the 'retirement' and a secret $50,000 payoff of the previous police chief, Lou Carson (Mike Starr), who has known about Hathaway's money laundering operation. Carson accepts the payoff, planning to 'throw a fishing rod in the car' and drive off to who knows where. Hathaway offered Jesse the position thinking that he was a drunk and a loser, who could easily be manipulated.

text: Jesse arrives in Paradise and checks into the Paradise Motel. Following a night of drinking and another frustrating phone call with his ex-wife, Jesse shows up to his formal job interview intoxicated, but is still offered the job. Jesse is suspicious of why he is hired and why his predecessor retired. As the new police chief, Jesse takes over the Paradise Police Department, which consists of dispatcher Molly Crane (Viola Davis) and officers Luther "Suitcase" Simpson[N 1] (Kohl Sudduth) and Anthony D'Angelo (Vito Rezza). While responding to a domestic dispute, Jesse meets Joe Genest (Stephen Baldwin), a thug who assists Boston gangsters in a money laundering operation and also provides muscle for Hathaway. Mrs. Genest (Liisa Repo-Martell) has a restraining order against her husband, Joe. During the confrontation Joe Genest taunts Stone that the restraining order is worthless - his expensive lawyers can easily have it set aside in favour of a new one. Stone suddenly kicks him in the groin then, whilst Genest is laying face down on the floor in agony, calmly relates what more he will do to him if any harm comes to Mrs. Genest.

text: The next day, Jesse receives a visit from the attractive town attorney, Abby Taylor (Polly Shannon), who sits on the board of selectmen or town council. She chastises him for assaulting Genest, but is unable to convince him that his actions were inappropriate. Jesse asks her to dinner and she accepts. In the coming days they develop a physical relationship, albeit one involving genuine affection. She is aware that Jesse is still tied emotionally to his ex-wife and is sensitive to his drinking problem.

text: Meanwhile, Genest, concerned that Carson will talk about the money laundering operation, follows the former police chief in a truck and bulldozes his car off a cliff, killing him. Later Genest tells Hathaway about the killing and demands half of the money laundering profits. Now an accomplice to murder, Hathaway has to agree. Genest also begins a campaign of harassment against Jesse, vandalizing his police car and following him around town. Jesse receives a visit from state homicide inspector Captain Healy (Stephen McHattie) who informs him of Carson's death. The men share a background in homicide, baseball and drinking. Healy believes it was an accident - Carson had traces of alcohol in his blood - but Jesse tells him he suspects otherwise.

text: Jesse rents a small house on the ocean from realtor Cissy Hathaway (Stephanie March) who is Hasty's wife. A few days later, Jesse and Abby attend a fundraiser at the yacht club hosted by the Hathaways. Cissy makes overt passes at Jesse in front of her husband. The next day, at a charity festival, Jesse and Abby see Genest flirting with Cissy Hathaway, leading Jesse to speculate they are having an affair. When Jesse asks Genest if he's heard about Carson's death, he says he has an alibi, even without knowing the time or details of the death. Later Jesse confirms with Luther that Genest is having an affair with Cissy (Luther eventually admitting to being her previous suitor). Sometime later, Jesse and Molly follow Genest to Hathaway's home and observe him delivering what appears to be a large sports bag filled with money. When Molly reveals that Hathaway forced Carson to resign, Jesse tells her he believes Genest killed Carson to silence him about the money laundering operation. Healy later confirms that investigations show Carson's car was pushed off the cliff. Jesse shares his suspicions about Genest, whom Healy reveals works as a bagman for a Boston mobster, and is also suspected of involvement in a number of Mob murders. He warns Jesse to 'be careful.'

text: After observing that his dog Boomer has not been eating, Jesse takes him to the vet who confirms the aging animal is seriously ill and should be put down. A few days later, knowing there is little hope for the dog who has been his companion since he was a pup, Jesse asks the local pediatrician, Doctor Perkins (John Beale), to perform the task. That night, after several drinks, Jesse watches as Boomer is euthanised.

text: Knowing Carson's murder happened on his watch and that he must do something, Jesse sets in motion a plan to capture the killer. He tells Hasty that Healy's investigation found that Carson was murdered and that the chief suspect is Genest. Jesse also reveals that Genest is having an affair with his wife Cissy, knowing it would trigger his jealousy. Later, Hasty rings Jesse to arrange to meet him privately after dark at a remote dock, ostensibly to discuss these revelations. However, he has arranged for Genest to take his place, and to kill Jesse. That night, Jesse arrives and is soon approached by Genest who pulls a gun and prepares to shoot him. Suddenly, Genest is shot dead by Hasty who steps out from the shadows saying, "That's one way of keeping him away from my wife." Hasty then picks up Genest's gun and prepares to shoot Jesse, but is stopped by Luther who has him covered from above. Hasty realises he is in a hopeless situation, puts down the gun and surrenders.[N 2]

text: Later that night after informing Mrs. Genest and her daughter about Joe's death, Mrs. Genest tells him, "You should've done something to stop it." Jesse returns to another dock alone and leans back reflectively against a door frame whilst a ship passes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Selleck as Jesse Stone
Saul Rubinek as Hastings "Hasty" Hathaway
Viola Davis as Molly Crane
Kohl Sudduth as Luther "Suitcase" Simpson
Polly Shannon as Abby Taylor
Mike Starr as Lou Carson
Britt Robertson as Michelle Genest
Liisa Repo-Martell as Carole Genest
Stephen McHattie as Captain Healy
John Beale as Dr. Perkins
Vito Rezza as Anthony D'Angelo
Stephanie March as Cissy Hathaway
Stephen Baldwin as Joe Genest
Maria Brooks as Sandy
McKenzi Scott as Tammy
Brian Jamieson as Truck Driver
Christie MacFadyen as Veterinarian
Gil Anderson as Jenn (voice)
Bill Meuse as Native Man #1
Agumeuay Nakanakis as Native Man #2
Mike Turner as Cop[3]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text:
Blue Rocks, Nova Scotia, Canada
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada[2]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: This second film in the series differs from the novel in several ways. In the film, Hasty is a money launderer portrayed as an unwilling accomplice in the other crimes; in the novel, he is a hard-nosed extremist who orchestrates the murder. In the film, the characters of Lou Burke and Tom Carson are combined into the single character Lou Carson. In the film, Genest murders Carson on his own in an attempt to extort more money from Hathaway; in the novel, Hathaway orders Carson's killing. In the film, Genest uses a van to push Carson's car off the cliff; in the novel, Genest throws him off the cliff. In the film, Luther is given the nickname "Suitcase" or "Suit" by Jesse; in the novel the nickname is given by his high school coach. In the film, Jesse is shown drinking Johnnie Walker Red Label; in the novel he drinks Black Label.

text: In the film, black police officer Molly is an important member of Jesse's force; in the novel, it is noted several times that there are no black people in Paradise. In the film, the character of Tammy Portugal and the Freedom’s Horsemen are omitted completely; in the novel, they play important roles. In the film, Jenn's role is relegated to a few short phone calls; in the novel, her role is more prominent and she comes to Paradise in the end.

text: The film pays homage to The Magnificent Seven and Yul Brynner when he stops in New Mexico. When asked where he is from, he points behind himself. When asked where he is going, he points forward. This is exactly like the scene from The Magnificent Seven.

text: In the film, Jesse is not drunk at his job interview. He notes several times that he had too much to drink the night before, and made the mistake of having one scotch in the morning to "steady himself". In the novel, the initial interview takes place in Chicago, well before Jesse travels to Paradise, and Jesse is extremely intoxicated. In the film, Jesse has an old dog named Boomer that he must put down; in the novel (or any of the Jesse Stone novels), he does not own a dog. In the film, Jesse recruits the local pediatrician as medical examiner; in the novel, the police department already employs a medical examiner. Finally, in the film, Jesse buys an old house on the water; in the novel, he lives in a condo on the beach.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In his review on DVD Verdict, Appellate Judge James A. Stewart wrote, "Everything about the crime drama plot plays out predictably."[4] Stewart applauded Selleck's performance as the reason for the film's success:

text: The best thing about Jesse Stone: Night Passage is Tom Selleck's performance. He builds on his Magnum persona and the goodwill that comes with it to make you root for Jesse Stone. Standard character moments, such as when Stone tells jokes to his dog but only points when asked questions at a pit stop or when he has a pay phone conversation with his ex, manage to be believable, likable, and touching. It doesn't hurt that the older Selleck looks like a seedy wreck as well. He makes the movie easy to watch, even when the dramatic tension's lacking, which is pretty much most of the time.[4]

text: Stewart also noted, "There is one other area in which Night Passage delivers: scenery. While there's some standard camera work in here at times, the production takes the time to pan some stunning vistas. How often does a murder scene just look beautiful?"[4]

text: In his review on DVD Talk, Paul Mavis was "more than pleasantly surprised by this solid, no-frills made-for-TV movie."[5] Mavis wrote:

text: Jesse Stone: Night Passage surprised me with its cool, laid-back, laconic construction and direction. Directed by pro Robert Harmon, who ... keeps Jesse Stone: Night Passage in a deliberate, methodical, and meditative groove, ticking off his dramatic scenes like a well-measured metronome. There's a real feeling of a professional "B" flick at work here - but not in the demeaning way in which that term is misunderstood today. Jesse Stone: Night Passage is the opposite of schlock; this is a "B" programmer in the manner of films like He Walked by Night or The Narrow Margin: professional, tightly organized with little if any narrative fat, and a cold, clean approach in the direction and the acting that's refreshing in this world of 100 million dollar special effects spent on 98 cent stories.[5]

text: Mavis went on to note that although the film "isn't necessarily surprising in its actual mystery; the killer is revealed early, and the denouement is familiar," what works well is "the sustained atmosphere that Harmon and screenwriter Tom Epperson ... manage, a downbeat, hard-boiled, yet surprisingly compassionate take on the stereotypical hard-assed alcoholic detective character."[5] Mavis also applauded Selleck's performance, writing:

text: Selleck, who I've always found to be a better actor than he's generally given credit for, is letter-perfect for this kind of role. The extreme handsomeness of his youth has given way to ... still more handsomeness, but now it's an older, craggy, Clark Gable look, and with it comes an authority, an assurance and confidence that perfectly suits the Jesse Stone character. His acting here is pared down to the absolute basics, but his choices are always correct. It's a marvelous performance, and without it, Jesse Stone: Night Passage would drift away into pointless genre work.[5]

text: Finally, Mavis praised David Gribble's cinematography which "rivals anything I've seen on the big screen this year," Jeff Beal's "hypnotic score", and Chris Peppe's "tight, sharp editing".[5]

text: On the review aggregator web site Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 69% positive audience rating based on 455 user ratings.[6]


document_title: Troy Shondell

question_text: who sang this time we're really breaking up

question_tokens: who sang this time we 're really breaking up

text: Troy Shondell

text:
Troy Shondell

Shondell in 1962

Background information

Birth name
Gary Wayne Schelton

Born
(1939-05-14)May 14, 1939
Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.

Died
January 7, 2016(2016-01-07) (aged 76)
Picayune, Mississippi, U.S.

Genres
Rock and roll, swamp rock

Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter

Instruments
Vocals

Years active
1957–2010s

Labels
Liberty Records (US)
London Records (UK)

text: Gary Wayne Schelton[1] (May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016), known by his stage name Troy Shondell, was an American vocalist, who achieved a modicum of fame and recognition in the early 1960s. He became a transatlantic one-hit wonder, by releasing a single that made the record charts in both the US and the UK.[2][3] The song, "This Time" (or sometimes billed as "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)" ) sold over one million records, earning gold disc status.[4] In a single year, sales were over three million copies.[1]

text: Biography[edit]

text: Shondell was born in 1939, raised in Fort Wayne, Indiana,[5] and educated at Valparaiso and Indiana universities. He wrote his first song at age 14, which was recorded by Little Anthony & the Imperials. Shondell also learned to play five musical instruments.[4] His professional music career started as a teenager. Mercury Records released his first single, "My Hero", from The Chocolate Soldier, which he recorded in 1958 under the name Gary Shelton, which was close to his real name, Gary Schelton.[1]

text: He followed the next year with "Kissin' at the Drive-In", a rockabilly song that went on to become a drive-in theater standard. Still performing as Gary Shelton, he seemed to be on his way, at least in the Midwest. Chicago's Brass Rail, a major nightclub that usually hosted jazz and blues acts, brought him in for its first foray into rock and roll. The successful gig stretched to 16 weeks.[1] In 1959, Mark Records released "The Trance" and "Goodbye Little Darlin'". These sold well in the Midwest and a few other areas, but neither made it into the Hot 100's Top 40. The singer cited his father as a major influence, among others. A song he wrote about his father's death in 1960 from a heart attack, "Still Loving You", became a country hit when it was recorded by Bob Luman. His father's demise caused his career to falter, and he briefly returned to help run the family business.[1]

text: Around this time, he began using a new stage name, Troy Shondell, partly because of the popularity of actor Troy Donahue. In April 1961, he recorded "This Time", a song written by Chips Moman and first recorded by Thomas Wayne.[6] The record was released during the last week in June on the tiny Gaye label and picked up by the small Los Angeles Goldcrest label, selling ten thousand copies during the first week. Six weeks after being released and played in Chicago, Shondell flew to Los Angeles and signed with Liberty Records. "This Time" finally hit the Billboard charts the third week of September and landed in the Top 10 five weeks later at its number six peak, and it stayed in the charts for a total of thirteen weeks.[1][2] The track reached no. 22 in the UK Singles Chart at the end of that year.[3] The song was covered by Shakin' Stevens on the 1981 Epic album Shaky (album).

text: "Tears From An Angel" was his follow-up recording, released in March 1962. No further chart action was forthcoming, and Shondell quietly slipped away from the music industry the following year, despite his third single "Na-Ne-No", being produced by Phil Spector. However, in 1963, Tommy Jackson changed the name of his high school band from "Tom and the Tornados" to "The Shondells" in honor of Shondell (one of his musical idols).[1] Jackson became "Tommy James" and international fame followed for the act. Chicago band the Ides of March originally named themselves the Shon-dells, also in tribute to Troy. Shortly before their debut single, "You Wouldn't Listen", was released, the label found out that James had been using the name first, so they were forced to change it. In 1968, Shondell became a songwriter for Acuff-Rose Music in Nashville, Tennessee, and the first recording artist for TRX Records, a branch of Hickory Records, for whom Shondell recorded some gramophone record discs until 1969, when he went into the music publishing field. In October 1969, Shondell was appointed as Assistant Regional Director for ASCAP's Southern Regional Office in Nashville.[4]

text: In 2001, Shondell still performed at shows and other events. Along with Jimmy Clanton, Ronnie Dove, and Ray Peterson, Shondell was a member of the Masters of Rock 'n' Roll.[1] On October 2, 2007, Shondell traveled to Collins, Mississippi, to deliver a musical tribute to his fallen rock and roll colleague Dale Houston, who, with musical partner Grace Broussard, had reached no. 1 in 1963 with "I'm Leaving It Up to You" as the musical duo Dale & Grace. Shondell died from complications of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease on January 7, 2016.[7]


document_title: Jack Tripper

question_text: who does jack end up with in three's company

question_tokens: who does jack end up with in three 's company

text: Jack Tripper

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Jack E. Tripper is a San Diego native who served in the United States Navy, in which he was a member of the boxing team. He was discovered in Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow's shower in Santa Monica on the morning after a party they threw, explaining, "I came with a friend who knew one of the gate-crashers." He previously lived at the YMCA and needed a place to stay, and the girls needed a new roommate to replace Eleanor, who had moved out. Janet reasoned with the landlord, Stanley Roper, who lived downstairs, and he agreed that Jack could stay because Janet told Mr. Roper that Jack was gay, without Jack's knowledge. Jack was, however, actually straight (the comedy stemming from having to "play gay" provided much of the story for the sitcom). He has an older brother named Lee who once came to visit the apartment (episode: "Lee Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother") and Jack displayed his feelings of inferiority when compared to Lee (Jack felt perpetually in his shadow when they were children). Jack & Lee's father, Jack Tripper Sr. (played by comedian Dick Shawn) appeared in the episode "Like father, like son". In the Season 7 episode "Extra, Extra", Jack's mother was played by actress Georgann Johnson.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Jack is known for being a klutz. Much of the character's humor is derived from slapstick comedy. He is extremely clumsy and accident-prone, and is well known for his comic pratfalls. Jack is something of a ladies' man, but is also kind-hearted, loyal and protective of the girls. Despite having been a boxer in the navy, he often cowered and allowed other men to bully him.  Jack has his own bedroom while the two girls share a second bedroom.  Jack has a poster of The Beatles, as they appeared late in their career, hanging on the wall above his bed.

text: Jobs[edit]

text: Jack attended a local technical college on the G.I. Bill for a degree in culinary arts and held down odd jobs in his spare time. After completion of his schooling, he found full-time work as a chef working for a popular restaurateur named Frank Angelino (Jordan Charney). Later, with Angelino's help and financial support from Ralph Furley, he eventually opened his own restaurant, Jack's Bistro.

text: After Three's Company[edit]

text: When one of his roommates (Janet Wood) gets married to Phillip Dawson in the Three's Company series finale, Jack proposes to flight attendant Vicky Bradford. Even though she loves him, Vicky turns him down since she doesn't want to get married and wants them to live together instead. Jack refuses at first but then changes his mind and they move into the apartment above his bistro. Three's Company then ends and the spinoff series Three's a Crowd begins, with Vicky and Jack living above the bistro and Vicky's father having purchased the restaurant from Mr. Angelino.


document_title: Declarations of war during World War II

question_text: what year did germany declare war on russia

text: Declarations of war during World War II

text: This is a timeline of formal declarations of War during World War II.

text: A declaration of war is a formal act by which one nation goes to war against another. The declaration is usually an act of delivering a performative speech (not to be confused with a mere speech) or the presentation of a signed document by an authorized party of a national government in order to create a state of war between two or more sovereign states. The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in The Hague Peace Conference of 1907 (or Hague II).[1] For the diplomatic maneuvering behind these events, which led to hostilities between nations during World War II, see the article entitled Diplomatic history of World War II.

text: List of war declarations[edit]

text: Below is a table showing the Outbreaks of Wars between Nations which occurred during World War II. Indicated are the dates (during the immediate build-up to, or during the course of, World War II), from which a de facto state of war existed between nations. The table shows both the "Initiator Nation(s)" and the nation at which the aggression was aimed, or "Targeted Nation(s)". Events listed include those in which there were simple diplomatic breaking of relations that did not involve any physical attack, as well as those involving overt declarations or acts of aggression.[2]

text:
Date
Initiator Nation(s)
Targeted Nation(s)
Declaration of War: Type
Notes/Comments
Document/Event

1939-09-01
 Nazi Germany
 Poland
A[3][4]
German attack began at 4:44 am[3][5]
Invasion

1939-09-01
 Slovak Republic
 Poland
A

Invasion

1939-09-03
 United Kingdom
 France
 Nazi Germany
U[3][4]
At 11 O'clock (am) British PM, Neville Chamberlain publicly delivered his Ultimatum Speech.[4][6][7]
Document
Declaration

1939-09-03
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Nazi Germany
W[3][4]

Australia
New Zealand

1939-09-04
 Nepal
 Nazi Germany
W

Declaration

1939-09-06
 South Africa
 Nazi Germany
W[3][4]

Declaration

1939-09-10
 Bahrain
 Canada
 Oman
 Nazi Germany
W[3][4]

Declaration
Declaration
Declaration

1939-09-17
 Soviet Union
 Poland
A[3][4]

Invasion

1939-11-30
 Soviet Union
 Finland
A[3][4]
First war between these nations.
Invasion

1940-04-09
 Nazi Germany
 Denmark
 Norway
A[3]

Invasion of Denmark
Invasion of Norway

1940-04-12
 United Kingdom
Faroe Islands
A[4]

Invasion

1940-05-10
 Nazi Germany
 Belgium
 Netherlands
A/W[3][4]
Date of the German offensive in the West, W from Belgium and the Netherlands.[8]

Belgium
Netherlands

1940-05-10
 Nazi Germany
 Luxembourg
A[4]

Luxembourg

1940-05-10
 United Kingdom
 Iceland
A

Invasion

1940-06-10
 Italy
 France
 United Kingdom
W[3][4]

France and the UK

1940-06-10
 Canada
 Italy
W[3]

Declaration

1940-06-11
 South Africa
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Italy
W[3]

South Africa
Australia
New Zealand

1940-06-11
 France
 Italy
[3]

Declaration

1940-06-16
 Soviet Union
 Lithuania
A

Occupation

1940-06-17
 Soviet Union
 Estonia
 Latvia
A

Occupation

1940-06-25
 United Kingdom
 Vichy France
A
Vichy France cuts off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 July 1940.
Attack

1940-09-09
 Italy
 Egypt
A
Egypt maintained neutrality until 1945.
Invasion

1940-09-22
 Japan
 Vichy France
A

Invasion

1940-09-23
 Free France
 Australia
 Vichy France
A

Invasion

1940-10-??
 Thailand
 Vichy France
A

Franco-Thai War

1940-10-28
 Italy
 Greece
U[4]
Italy invades Greece
Invasion

1941-02-05
 Free France
 Italy
A

Invasion

1941-04-06
 Nazi Germany
 Greece
W[3][4]

Invasion

1941-04-06
 Nazi Germany
 Bulgaria
 Yugoslavia
A[3][4]

Invasion

1941-04-06
 Italy
 Hungary
 Yugoslavia
A[4]

Invasion

1941-04-14
 Nazi Germany
 Egypt
A
Egypt maintained neutrality until 1945.
Invasion

1941-05-02
 United Kingdom
 Iraq
A

Invasion

1941-06-08
 Free France
 Nazi Germany
A

Invasion

1941-06-22
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Romania
 Soviet Union
A[3][4]
A timed-declaration of war was given by Germany at the time of the attack[9]
Invasion

1941-06-22

Tuva
 Nazi Germany
W
Tuva was a client state of the Soviet Union. Part of the USSR from 1944.

1941-06-25
 Finland
 Soviet Union
W
Finland recognized a state of war with the Soviet Union; second war between these nations.
Continuation War

1941-06-27
 Hungary
 Soviet Union
W[4]

Invasion

1941-08-25
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Iran
A

Invasion

1941-12-06
 United Kingdom
 Finland
U[4]

Declaration

1941-12-07
 United Kingdom
 Romania
 Hungary
U[4]

Declaration

1941-12-07
 Japan
 United States
 United Kingdom
A[3]
W (Japanese point of view); A The "Western" (Attack on Pearl Harbor);

Declaration
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Invasion of Malaya
Attack on Singapore
Invasion of Hong Kong

1941-12-07
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Japan
 Finland
 Romania
 Hungary
W[4]

Canada
Australia
New Zealand

1941-12-07
 United Kingdom
 Romania
 Finland
 Hungary
W[4]

Declaration

1941-12-07
 Panama
 Japan
W[4]

Declaration

1941-12-08
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Philippines
 Costa Rica
 Dominican Republic
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Haiti
 Honduras
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Nicaragua
 Japan
 Nazi Germany
W[4]

American declaration
British declaration
Australian declaration
Cost Rican declaration
Dominican Republic's declaration
Salvadorian declaration
Haitian declaration
Honduran declaration
Dutch declaration
New Zealand's declaration
Nicaraguan declaration
Philippine declaration

1941-12-08
 South Africa
 Japan
W[4]

South African declaration

1941-12-08
 China
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Japan
W[4]
China and Japan had been at war since 1937
Second Sino-Japanese war
Declaration

1941-12-08
 Mongolia
 Nazi Germany
W[citation needed]

Mongolian declaration

1941-12-09
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Japan
W[4]

Australian declaration
New Zealand's declaration

1941-12-11
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 United States
W[3][4]

German declaration
Italian declaration

1941-12-11
 United States
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
W[3]

Germany
Italy

1941-12-11
 Poland (in-exile)
 Japan
W[3]
Japan rejected declaration of War. Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō's answer was following: "We don't accept the Polish declaration of war. The Poles, fighting for their freedom, declared war under the British pressure".

1941-12-12
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 United States
 United Kingdom
W[4]

Romanian declaration
Bulgarian declaration

1941-12-12
 Australia
 Netherlands
 Portugal
A
Portugal maintained neutrality throughout World War II.

Invasion

1941-12-13
 United Kingdom
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Bulgaria
W[4]

British declaration
New Zealand's declaration
South African declaration

1941-12-13
 Hungary
 United States
W[4]

Declaration

1941-12-14
 Independent State of Croatia
 United States
 United Kingdom
W[4]

Declaration

1941-12-16
 Czechoslovakia (In-exile)
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Finland
 Romania
 Hungary
 Japan
 Bulgaria
 Independent State of Croatia[10]
W

Declaration

1941-12-17
 Albania
 United States
W

Declaration

1941-12-19
 Nicaragua
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Romania
W

Declaration

1941-12-20
 Belgium
 Japan
W

Declaration

1942-01-01
United Nations
Axis Powers
W
Declared during Arcadia Conference
Declaration

1942-01-06
 Australia
 Bulgaria
W

Declaration

1942-01-16
 Iraq
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Japan
W

Declaration

1942-01-25
 United Kingdom
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Thailand
W

British declaration
New Zealand's declaration
South African declaration

1942-01-19
 Japan
 Portugal
A
Portugal maintained neutrality throughout World War II.
Invasion

1942-05-05
 South Africa
 Netherlands (in-exile)
 Poland
 Vichy France
A

Invasion

1942-05-05
 United Kingdom
 Northern Rhodesia
 Southern Rhodesia
 South Africa
 Tanganyika
 Belgian Congo
 Vichy France
 Japan
A

Invasion

1942-05-22
 Mexico
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Japan
W[4]

Declaration

1942-08-22
 Brazil
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
W

Declaration

1942-11-08
 United States
 Canada
 Vichy France
A

Invasion

1942-11-10
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Vichy France
A

Invasion

1942-12-14
 Ethiopia
 Nazi Germany
 Italy
 Japan
W
On 3 October 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia without a formal declaration of war. In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy. Most of Ethiopia was occupied by Italy in 1936, however parts of Ethiopia remained under the control of the Ethiopian Patriots Movement, which begun its guerrilla war against the occupying Italian forces the day Addis Ababa fell in May 1936. In May 1941, Addis Ababa was liberated by the Gideon Force, restoring sovereignty to Ethiopia.
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Declaration

1943-09-01
 China Regime of Wang Jingwei
Allied Powers
W

Declaration

1943-04-02
 Bolivia
Axis Powers
W

Declaration

1943-09-09
 Iran
 Nazi Germany
W

Declaration

1943-10-13
 Italy
 Nazi Germany
W[3]
Italy had changed side after the fall of Mussolini. The Declaration of War was given by Pietro Badoglio to the German ambassador in Madrid.[3]
Declaration

1943-11-26
 Colombia
 Nazi Germany
W

Declaration

1944-01-17
 Free France
 Italian Social Republic
A

Invasion

1944-01-27
 Liberia
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Declaration

1944-06-06

 France
 Nazi Germany
A

Invasion

1944-06-25

 France
 Japan
A

Invasion

1944-08-25
 Romania
 Nazi Germany
 Hungary
W
Romania switched sides
Declaration

1944-09-05
 Soviet Union
 Bulgaria
W

Declaration

1944-09-08
 Bulgaria
 Nazi Germany
W
Bulgaria switched sides
Declaration

1944-09-15
 Nazi Germany
 Finland
A

Lapland War

1944-12-31
 Hungary
 Nazi Germany
W[11]
Hungary switched sides
Declaration

1945-02-02
 Ecuador
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Ecuadorian declaration

1945-02-07
 Argentina
 Paraguay
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Argentinean declaration
Paraguayan declaration

1945-02-12
 Peru
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-02-15
 Venezuela
 Uruguay
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Venezuelan declaration
Uruguayan declaration

1945-02-21
 San Marino
 Nazi Germany
W

Declaration

1945-02-23
 Turkey
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-02-24
 Egypt
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-02-26
 Syria
 Lebanon
 Nazi Germany
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-04-01
 Saudi Arabia
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-04-03
 Finland
 Nazi Germany
W
Finland switched sides
Lapland War

1945-04-11
 Chile
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-07-06
 Brazil
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-07-14
 Italy
 Japan
W

Declaration

1945-08-08
 Soviet Union
 Japan
W[3]
Last outbreak of war during the entire Second World War.
Declaration

1945-08-10
 Mongolia
 Japan
W[12]
W (de jure) A (de facto 1945-08-09) War declared 24 hours after crossing the border with Soviet troops

Soviet Invasion of Manchuria Mongolia in World War II

text:
Common parade of German Wehrmacht and Soviet Red Army on September 23, 1939 in Brest, Eastern Poland at the end of the Poland Campaign. In the center is Major General Heinz Guderian; and on the right is Brigadier General Semyon Krivoshein.

German paratroopers taking the Greek island of Crete, May 1941.

Photograph from a Japanese plane of Battleship Row at the beginning of the surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on the USS Oklahoma. Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over the USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard.

text: Literature about the War[edit]

text:
Harman, Nicholas (1990). Dunkirk: the Necessary Myth. Jove. ISBN 978-0340517857.
German White Book. All World Wars.
Hitler, Adolph (2012). The Great Tragedy: Germany's Declaration of War against the United States of America. ISBN 978-1300127703.
Torrie, Julia S. (2010). "For Their Own Good": Civilian Evacuations in Germany and France, 1939-1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845457259.


document_title: Health effects of pesticides

question_text: acute health effects of exposure to pesticides include

text: Health effects of pesticides

text: Acute effects[edit]

text: Acute health problems may occur in workers that handle pesticides, such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems.[7] In China, an estimated half million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, 500 of whom die.[8] Pyrethrins, insecticides commonly used in common bug killers, can cause a potentially deadly condition if breathed in.[9]

text: Long-term effects[edit]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Many studies have examined the effects of pesticide exposure on the risk of cancer. Associations have been found with: leukemia, lymphoma, brain, kidney, breast, prostate, pancreas, liver, lung, and skin cancers.[6] This increased risk occurs with both residential and occupational exposures.[6] Increased rates of cancer have been found among farm workers who apply these chemicals.[10] A mother's occupational exposure to pesticides during pregnancy is associated with an increases in her child's risk of leukemia, Wilms' tumor, and brain cancer.[6][11] Exposure to insecticides within the home and herbicides outside is associated with blood cancers in children.[12]

text: Neurological[edit]

text: Evidence links pesticide exposure to worsened neurological outcomes.[3]

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency finished a 10-year review of the organophosphate pesticides following the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, but did little to account for developmental neurotoxic effects, drawing strong criticism from within the agency and from outside researchers.[13][14] Comparable studies have not been done with newer pesticides that are replacing organophosphates.[15]

text: Reproductive effects[edit]

text: Strong evidence links pesticide exposure to birth defects, fetal death and altered fetal growth.[3] Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, has been associated with bad health and genetic effects in Malaya and Vietnam.[16][17] It was also found that offspring that were at some point exposed to pesticides had a low birth weight and had developmental defects.[18]

text: Fertility[edit]

text: A number of pesticides including dibromochlorophane and 2,4-D has been associated with impaired fertility in males.[19] Pesticide exposure resulted in reduced fertility in males, genetic alterations in sperm, a reduced number of sperm, damage to germinal epithelium and altered hormone function.[20]

text: Other[edit]

text: Some studies have found increased risks of dermatitis in those exposed.[3]

text: Additionally, studies have indicated that pesticide exposure is associated with long-term respiratory problems.[21] Summaries of peer-reviewed research have examined the link between pesticide exposure and neurologic outcomes and cancer, perhaps the two most significant things resulting in organophosphate-exposed workers.[22][23]

text: According to researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), licensed pesticide applicators who used chlorinated pesticides on more than 100 days in their lifetime were at greater risk of diabetes. One study found that associations between specific pesticides and incident diabetes ranged from a 20 percent to a 200 percent increase in risk. New cases of diabetes were reported by 3.4 percent of those in the lowest pesticide use category compared with 4.6 percent of those in the highest category. Risks were greater when users of specific pesticides were compared with applicators who never applied that chemical.[24][25]

text: Route of exposure[edit]

text: People can be exposed to pesticides by a number of different routes including: occupation, in the home, at school and in their food.

text: There are concerns that pesticides used to control pests on food crops are dangerous to people who consume those foods. These concerns are one reason for the organic food movement. Many food crops, including fruits and vegetables, contain pesticide residues after being washed or peeled. Chemicals that are no longer used but that are resistant to breakdown for long periods may remain in soil and water and thus in food.[26]

text: The United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission has recommended international standards for maximum residue limits (MRLs), for individual pesticides in food.[27]

text: In the EU, MRLs are set by DG-SANCO.

text: In the United States, levels of residues that remain on foods are limited to tolerance levels that are established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and are considered safe.[28] The EPA sets the tolerances based on the toxicity of the pesticide and its breakdown products, the amount and frequency of pesticide application, and how much of the pesticide (i.e., the residue) remains in or on food by the time it is marketed and prepared.[29] Tolerance levels are obtained using scientific risk assessments that pesticide manufacturers are required to produce by conducting toxicological studies, exposure modeling and residue studies before a particular pesticide can be registered, however, the effects are tested for single pesticides, and there is little information on possible synergistic effects of exposure to multiple pesticide traces in the air, food and water.[30]

text: Strawberries and tomatoes are the two crops with the most intensive use of soil fumigants. They are particularly vulnerable to several type of diseases, insects, mites, and parasitic worms. In 2003, in California alone, 3.7 million pounds (1,700 metric tons) of metham sodium were used on tomatoes. In recent years other farmers have demonstrated that it is possible to produce strawberries and tomatoes without the use of harmful chemicals and in a cost-effective way.[31]

text: Exposure routes other than consuming food that contains residues, in particular pesticide drift, are potentially significant to the general public.[32]

text: Some pesticides can remain in the environment for prolonged periods of time. For example, most people in the United States still have detectable levels of DDT in their bodies even though it was banned in the US in 1972.[6]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Pesticides exposure cannot be studied in placebo controlled trials as this would be unethical.[3] A definitive cause effect relationship therefore cannot be established.[3] Consistent evidence can and has been gathered through other study designs.[3] The precautionary principle is thus frequently used in environmental law such that absolute proof is not required before efforts to decrease exposure to potential toxins are enacted.[33]

text: The American Medical Association recommend limiting exposure to pesticides.[34] They came to this conclusion due to the fact that surveillance systems currently in place are inadequate to determine problems related to exposure.[34] The utility of applicator certification and public notification programs are also of unknown value in their ability to prevent adverse outcomes.[34]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die.[35] According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly.[36] Detectable levels of 50 different pesticides were found in the blood of a representative sample of the U.S. population.[6]

text: Research conflicts of interest[edit]

text: Concerns regarding conflict of interests regarding the research base have been raised. After his death Richard Doll of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in England was found to have undisclosed ties to industry funding.[37][38]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: A number of pesticides including the neonicotinoids clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid are toxic to bees.[39] Exposure to pesticides may be one of the contributory factors to colony collapse disorder.[40] A study in North Carolina indicated that more than 30 percent of the quail tested were made sick by one aerial insecticide application. Once sick, wild birds may neglect their young, abandon their nests, and become more susceptible to predators or disease.[41]


document_title: List of extreme points of India

question_text: name the state at the easternmost part of india

text: List of extreme points of India

text: Extreme points[edit]

text: The northernmost point that India claims lies in the territory now administered by China as part of Xinjiang but once claimed by Hunza and therefore claimed by India as part of the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. The northernmost point administered by India lies in Jammu & Kashmir. India's claim to the whole of Kashmir is disputed by Pakistan and China, with the territory currently partitioned into Pakistan's state of Gilgit-Baltistan, the Chinese region of Aksai Chin and the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir.[1] This list provides the northernmost point as claimed by India; the northern-most disputed point that is administered by India; and the northern-most undisputed point in India. This case also applies to the highest elevated regions.

text: India's eastern-most state is Arunachal Pradesh. Part of the state is claimed by China as "South Tibet", though administered by India, The easternmost of Indian-administered territory is located in this disputed region.[2] Consequently, this list mentions both the disputed and undisputed eastern-most points in India.

text:
Heading
Location
Administrative entity
Bordering entity
Coordinates[nb 1]
Ref

North
(disputed, administered)
Near Indira Col, Siachen Glacier
Jammu and Kashmir
Xinjiang, China
35°40′28″N 76°50′43″E / 35.674520°N 76.845245°E / 35.674520; 76.845245 (Near Indira Col (Northernmost — disputed, administered))
[3]

North
(disputed, claimed)
Next to Kilik Pass in the Karakorum Mountains on Xinjiang-Gilgit-Baltistan border
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Xinjiang, China
37°05′09″N 74°42′10″E / 37.08586°N 74.70291°E / 37.08586; 74.70291 (Xinjian-Gilgit-Baltistan border)
[4]

North
(undisputed)
Next to Kang La pass at the head of Miyar Valley, Lahaul and Spiti district
Himachal Pradesh
Indian-administered Kashmir
33°15′22″N 76°47′56″E / 33.25615°N 76.79877°E / 33.25615; 76.79877 (Near Kangla (Northernmost — undisputed))
[5]

South
Indira Point in the Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Indian Ocean
6°44′48″N 93°50′33″E / 6.74678°N 93.84260°E / 6.74678; 93.84260 (Indira Point (Southernmost))
[6][7]

South (mainland)
Cape Comorin near Kanyakumari
Tamil Nadu
Indian Ocean
8°04′08″N 77°33′08″E / 8.06890°N 77.55230°E / 8.06890; 77.55230 (Cape Comorin (Southernmost — mainland)
[6][8]

East
(disputed, administered)
Near Kibithu in Anjaw district
Arunachal Pradesh
Kachin State, Myanmar
28°00′42″N 97°23′44″E / 28.01168°N 97.39564°E / 28.01168; 97.39564 (near Kibithu (Easternmost — disputed, administered))
[6][9]

East (undisputed)
Near Vijaynagar, in the Changlang district
Arunachal Pradesh
Kachin State, Myanmar
27°08′10″N 97°09′57″E / 27.13611°N 97.16575°E / 27.13611; 97.16575 (Near Vijaynagar (Easternmost — undisputed))
[10]

West
Sir Creek in Kutch, near the Guhar Moti
Gujarat
Indus River Delta
23°42′47″N 68°01′56″E / 23.71307°N 68.03215°E / 23.71307; 68.03215 (Ghuar Mota (Westernmost))
[11]

text: Altitudes[edit]

text:
Extremity
Name
Altitude
Location
State
Coordinates
Ref

Highest (undisputed)
Kangchenjunga
8,586 m (28,169 ft)
North Sikkim on the India-Nepal border
Sikkim
27°42′09″N 88°08′54″E / 27.70250°N 88.14833°E / 27.70250; 88.14833 (West Sikkim (Highest — undisputed))
[6]

Highest (disputed)
K2
8,611 m (28,251 ft)
Border between Gilgit-Baltistan (administered by Pakistan) and Xinjiang (administered by China)
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
35°52′57″N 76°30′48″E / 35.88250°N 76.51333°E / 35.88250; 76.51333 (Border between Kashmir and Xinjiang (Highest — disputed))
[6]

Highest
(undisputed and entirely within India)
Nanda Devi
7,816 m (25,643 ft)cb
Garhwal Himalaya
Uttarakhand
30°22′36″N 79°58′15″E / 30.37667°N 79.97083°E / 30.37667; 79.97083 (Uttarakhand (Highest completely within India))
[6]

Lowest
Kuttanad
−2.2 m (−7.2 ft)
Alappuzha district
Kerala
9°09′13″N 76°28′23″E / 9.15360°N 76.47300°E / 9.15360; 76.47300 (Kuttanad (Lowest))
[12]


document_title: Lava Butte

question_text: when was the last time lava butte erupted

text: Lava Butte

text: Volcanic history[edit]

text: Like the other cinder cones in the area, Lava Butte only experienced a single eruption, dated by geologists in 1977 to 6,150 carbon-14 years, equivalent to about 7,000 years ago. The eruption began with a fissure spewing hot cinders to form the cone. In the next phase, a river of hot basalt flowed from the base of the small volcano to cover a large area to the west with a lava flow which remains largely free of vegetation. The lava flows reached the Deschutes River about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the west of the cone, burying its former channel under over 100 feet (30 m) of lava and damming the river to form a lake, known as Lake Benham. The river eventually overflowed the lava dam and eroded down into it, draining the lake and forming Benham Falls. Geologists estimate that 90% of the magma erupted as lava flows, 9% as scoria which forms the cone, and 1% as volcanic ash which forms a thin layer extending to the north.

text: Human history[edit]

text: The early history of Lava Butte is not known, but it is assumed that Native Americans observed the eruptions and later ascended the prominent new landmark. White settlers arriving in the 1800s also noted the landmark. In 1903, I.C. Russell was the first geologist to study the butte and speculated that it erupted as recently as 150 years ago.[3] Dr. Howel Williams estimated it to be much older, but incorrectly at 1,000 years old.[3] In September 1914, Lava Butte "erupted" when the Bend Chamber of Commerce simulated an eruption to surprise a visiting Portland group. In 1925, USGS geologist Harold Stearns studied the Newberry area and recognized the fissure system which extends from Lava Butte to East Lake within Newberry Caldera.

text: Sometime after 1901, the Great Northern Railway was extended south through the area. The construction crew built the rail line directly through the ʻAʻā lava flow of Lava Butte.[3]

text: The cinder cone was also exploited to some extent for its economic value. In June 1926, a quarry was developed in the fault scarp east of Lava Butte as a source for paving material for the first The Dalles-California Highway (later U.S. Route 97). In November 1929, cinders from Lava Butte were shipped to Longview, Washington, to be used in construction of Longview Bridge across Columbia River.

text: A United States Forest Service fire lookout tower was built on the summit in 1931, and in early 1933 a steep, single-lane road was constructed spiraling up to the summit. In February of that year, the local Skyliners ski club proposed a ski jump on Lava Butte, but it was never built. In June 1946, widening of the road up Lava Butte to two lanes was completed, along with constructing two small parking lots at the summit. The road was later paved in July 1950. The original lookout was replaced with a larger one in 1957, which was subsequently enlarged in 1962 to accommodate a small visitor center and museum on the first floor. In 1998 this was replaced with a new lookout built in the original L-4 style of 1931. In July 1966, twenty-two astronauts trained in Central Oregon for the upcoming Moon landings, at sites including Lava Butte, Lava River Cave, and Newberry Crater. In May 1967 the U.S. Forest Service created the 8,983 acres (3,635 ha) Lava Butte Geological Area to protect the cinder cone, with plans for recreational and interpretive development. Construction of the Lava Lands Visitor Center located just south of the cone began in April 1969 and it was finally dedicated in September 1975. In November 1990, Newberry National Volcanic Monument was created encompassing Newberry Crater, Lava Cast Forest Geological Area, Lava River Cave, and the Lava Butte Geological Area.