document_title: Tuition fees in the United Kingdom

question_text: when did university fees increase to £9000

question_tokens: when did university fees increase to £ 9000

text: Tuition fees in the United Kingdom

text: History[edit]

text: In May 1996, Gillian Shephard, Secretary of State for Education and Employment, commissioned an inquiry, led by the then Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, Sir Ron Dearing, into the funding of British higher education over the next 20 years.[3] This National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education reported to the new Labour Government, in the summer of 1997, stating additional billions of funding would be needed over the period, including £350 million in 1998-9 and £565 million in 1999-2000, in order to expand student enrolment, provide more support for part-time students and ensure an adequate infrastructure.[4][5] The committee, as part of its brief, had controversially investigated the possibility of students contributing to the cost of this expansion, either through loans, a graduate tax, deferred contributions or means testing state assistance, as their report notes[6]:

text: 20.40 We do not underestimate the strength of feeling on the issue of seeking a contribution towards tuition costs: nor do we dispute the logic of the arguments put forward. A detailed assessment of the issues has, however, convinced us that the arguments in favour of a contribution to tuition costs from graduates in work are strong, if not widely appreciated. They relate to equity between social groups, broadening participation, equity with part-time students in higher education and in further education, strengthening the student role in higher education, and identifying a new source of income that can be ring-fenced for higher education.

text: 20.41 We have, therefore, analysed the implications of a range of options against the criteria set out in paragraph 20.2. There is a wide array of options from which to choose, ranging from asking graduates to contribute only to their living costs through to asking all graduates to contribute to their tuition costs. We have chosen to examine four options in depth

text: In response to the findings, the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 was published on 26 November 1997, and enacted on 16 July 1998, part of which introduced tuition fees in all the countries of the United Kingdom.[7] The act introduced a means-tested method of payment for students based on the amount of money their families earned.[8] Starting with 1999-2000, maintenance grants for living expenses would also be replaced with loans and paid back at a rate of 9 percent of a graduate's income above £10,000.[7]

text: Following devolution in 1999, the newly devolved governments in Scotland and Wales brought in their own acts on tuition fees. The Scottish Parliament established, and later abolished a graduate endowment to replace the fees.[9] Wales introduced maintenance grants of up to £1,500 in 2002, a value which has since risen to over £5000.[10]

text: In England, tuition fee caps rose with the Higher Education Act 2004. Under the Act, universities in England could begin to charge variable fees of up to £3000 a year for students enrolling on courses as from the academic year of 2006-07 or later. This was also introduced in Northern Ireland in 2006-07 and introduced in Wales in 2007-08. In 2009-10 the cap rose to £3225 a year to take account of inflation.[11] Following the Browne Review in 2010, the cap was controversially raised to £9,000 a year, sparking large student protests in London. A judicidal review against the raised fees failed in 2012, and so the new fee system came into use that September.[12]

text: Students pay interest on loans. In 2012 this rate was set at the retail price index (RPI) plus 3%. Students who started university between 1998 and 2011 pay Bank of England base rate plus 1%. Students who started university before 1998 pay interest set at the RPI rate. As a consequence of the 2012 change, students who graduate in 2017 will pay 6.1% interest, despite the Bank of England base rate being 0.25%.[13]

text: Further adjustments were put forth in the 2015 budget, with a proposed fee increase in line with inflation from the 2017-18 academic year onwards, and the planned scrapping of maintenance grants from September 2016.[14] The changes were debated by the Third Delegated Legislation Committee in January 2016, rather than in the Commons. The lack of a vote on the matter has drawn criticism, as by circumventing the Commons the measures "automatically become law".[15] Tuition fees and perceptions about them are directly linked to satisfaction[16].

text: Current systems[edit]

text: England[edit]

text: In England, tuition fees are capped at £9,250 a year for UK and EU students, with around 76% of all institutions charging the full amount in 2015-16.[18] A loan of the same size is available for most universities, although students of private institutions are only eligible for £6,000 a year loans.

text: From 2017-18 onwards, the £9,000 fee cap will rise with inflation. Maintenance grants are also available to current students in England, although these are scheduled to cease with the 2016-17 academic year.[15] Maintenance loans are available for living costs, and these are means tested. These loans are scheduled to increase in size for 2016-17, when the maintenance grant system is phased out.[19] There will be a vote in the autumn to consider a further increase effective with the 2017-18 year. Several universities have already advertised fees of £9,250 for the year in anticipation of such a vote passing.[20]

text: In the 2015 spending review, the government also proposed a freeze in the repayment threshold for tuition fee loans at £21,000; a figure which was previously set to rise with average earnings. The changes, if passed, will affect all Plan 2 tuition fee loans, backdated to cover loans taken out from 2012.[21][22]

text: Many commentators suggested that the 2012 rise in tuition fees in England would put poorer students off applying to university.[23] However, the gap between rich and poor students has slightly narrowed (from 30.5% in 2010 to 29.8% in 2013) since the introduction of the higher fees.[24] This may be because universities have used tuition fees to invest in bursaries and outreach schemes.[25] In 2016, The Guardian noted that the number of disadvantaged students applying to university had increased by 72% from 2006 to 2015, a bigger rise than in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.[26] It wrote that most of the gap between richer and poorer students tends to open up between Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 4 (i.e. at secondary school), rather than when applying for university, and so the money raised from tuition fees should be spent there instead.[26]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: Tuition fees are currently capped at £3,805 in Northern Ireland, with loans of the same size available from Student Finance NI.[27] Loan repayments are made when income rises above £17,335 a year, with graduates paying back a percentage of their earnings above this threshold.[28]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Tuition is handled by the Student Awards Agency Scotland (SAAS), which does not charge fees to what it defines as "Young Students". Young Students are defined as those under 25, without children, marriage, civil partnership or cohabiting partner, who have not been outside of full-time education for more than three years. Fees exist for those outside the young student definition, typically from £1,200 to £1,800 for undergraduate courses, dependent on year of application and type of qualification. Postgraduate fees can be up to £3,400.[29]

text: The system has been in place since 2007 when graduate endowments were abolished.[30] Labour's education spokesperson Rhona Brankin criticised the Scottish system for failing to address student poverty.[31] Scotland has fewer disadvantaged students than England, Wales or Northern Ireland and disadvantaged students receive around £560 a year less in financial support than their counterparts in England do.[25]

text: Wales[edit]

text: Like their English counterparts, Welsh universities are able to charge up to £9,000 a year in tuition fees. However, Welsh students can apply for fee grants of up to £5,190, in addition to a £3,810 loan to cover these costs.[32] This system also applies to Welsh students who study elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

text: Possible alternatives[edit]

text: There have been two main proposed alternative ways of funding university studies: from general taxation or by a graduate tax.

text: Funding from general taxation[edit]

text: Tuition is paid for by general taxation in Germany, although only 27% of young people gain higher education qualification there, whereas in the UK the comparable figure is 48%.[33] Fully or partly funding universities from general taxation has been criticised by the Liberal Democrat party as a 'tax cut for the rich and a tax rise for the poor' because people would be taxed to pay for something that many would not derive a benefit from, while graduates generally earn more due to their qualifications and only have to pay them back.[34]

text: Jeremy Corbyn, current Labour leader, has stated that he would remove tuition fees and instead fund higher education by increasing National Insurance and Corporation Tax.[35] In the long term this would cost the government about £8 billion a year.[36]

text: In July 2017 Lord Adonis, former Number 10 Policy Unit staffer and education minister largely responsible for introducing tuition fees, said that the system had become a "Frankenstein's monster" putting many students over £50,000 in debt. He argued the system should either be scrapped or fees reverted to between £1,000 and £3,000 per the initial scheme.[37][38]

text: Graduate tax[edit]

text: During the 2015 Labour leadership election, Andy Burnham said that he would introduce a graduate tax to replace fees. He was ultimately unsuccessful in his bid for leadership. A graduate tax has been criticised because there would be no way to recover the money from students who move to a different country, or foreign students who return home.[39]


document_title: Karnataka Police

question_text: how many working police commissionerates are there in karnataka

root

text: Karnataka Police

text: Organization[edit]

text: The district police administration is headed by a Superintendent of Police. A group of districts comprise a range, led by an Inspector General of Police. Police administration in Bengaluru is headed by a commissioner of police with the rank of Additional DGP. Mysuru, Mangaluru and Hubballi-Dharwad city are headed by an Inspector General of Police(IGP) while Belagavi is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG).

tag: p

text: The Director General and Inspector General of Police (DG&IGP) is the head of the state's police department, and under him are Additional Directors Generals of Police. Each Additional Director General of Police is in charge of a particular function: law and order, crime and technical services, administration, intelligence, the Karnataka State Reserve Police, recruitment and training.

text: There are five Commissionarates. The Commissioner of Police, Bangalore City has the rank of Additional Director General of Police, and the commissioners in Hubballi-Dharwad,  Mysuru and Mangaluru have the rank of Inspector General of Police while the Belagavi commissioner has the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police. Six Inspectors General of Police are in charge of ranges, with several Inspectors General of Police in charge of specific functions. Each Range comprises three to six districts, and each district is headed by a Superintendent of Police.

text:
Ranges and districts

Range
Districts

Southern Range, Mysuru
Mysuru, Kodagu, Mandya, Hassan and Chamarajanagara

Western Range, Mangaluru
Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Chickmaglur, and Udupi

Eastern Range, Davangere
Chitradurga, Shivamogga, Haveri and Davangere

Central Range, Bengaluru
Tumkuru, Kolar, Bengaluru, Kolar Gold Fields, Chikkaballapura and Ramanagara

Northern Range, Belagavi
Belagavi, Vijapur, Dharwad, Bagalkot and Gadag

North Eastern Range, Kalburgi
Kalburgi, Bidar and Yadgiri

Ballari Range, Ballari
Ballari, Raichur, Koppal

tag: table

text: The police stations are the lowest units of the police department. There are 906 police stations, 230 circle offices, 91 SDPOs and 31 DPOs (including railway police). Police stations are headed by inspectors in towns and cities. There are two to four sub-inspectors in addition to assistant sub-inspectors, head constables and constables. Rural police stations are headed by a sub-inspector or two sub-inspectors covering law and order and crime, depending on the station's importance. They are grouped into circles, comprising a sub-division. Sub-divisions are headed by Deputy Superintendents of Police and circles by Police Inspectors.

text: Law and Order[edit]

text: This wing is headed by an officer with the rank of Additional Director General of Police, Law and Order.

text: State Intelligence Department[edit]

text: The Intelligence Department is headed by an Additional Director General of Police, assisted by two Inspectors General of Police, one Deputy Inspector General of Police and four Superintendents of Police at headquarters. The five Superintendents of Police in the Intelligence Divisions are in Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Gulbarga and Belgaum,Bellary

text: Crime and Technical Services Wing[edit]

text: This wing is headed by the Additional Director General of Police, Crime and Technical Services. It includes the Fingerprint Bureau, Forensic Scientific Laboratory, Police Computer Wing and State Crime Record Bureau.

text: Reserve police[edit]

text: In the state, the police trace their origins to the former Mysore State Imperial Service. They consist of:

text:
A District Armed Reserve (DAR) for each district
A City Armed Reserve (CAR) in Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore and Hubli-Dharwad
A Special Task Force (STF)
The Karnataka Armed Reserve Mounted Police, headquartered in Mysore
Coastal Security Police (CSP)
Government Railway Police (GRP)

tag: ul

text: The reserve police (KSRP) is headed by an Additional Director General of Police, assisted by an Inspector General and two Deputy Inspectors General of Police at headquarters. The Karnataka State Reserve Police consists of 12 battalions: four in Bangalore and one each in Mysore, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Mangalore, Shimoga , Shiggoan,Hasan and Tumakur

text: Mounted police[edit]

text: In 1951 the horses in the maharaja's bodyguard were used for the Karnataka Armed Reserve Mounted Police, headquartered in Mysuru. The stables, fields and office buildings date to the maharajas' time. Mounted police are used for traffic duty, night patrol, officer training and the Mysuru Dasara. The force is made up of 90 horses and 150 officers and men.

text: Mounted-police riders still practice tent pegging, and are also known for games, ceremonial parades and showmanship. Its riders have won a number of prizes in national and international equestrian competitions. The mounted police is headed by S. G. Mariba Shetti, who has won gold medals at the 1995 World Police Games in Australia (1995) and in 2001 in Indianapolis(2001) and has commanded the Dasara procession since 1977.

text: Coastal Security Police[edit]

text: The Coastal Security Police, established in 1999, is headed by an Inspector General of Police followed by a Superintendent of Police and other staff. The CSP has jurisdiction over Karnataka's coastal waters from Talapady in Dakshina Kannada to Sadashivgad in Uttara Kannada, about 320 kilometres (200 mi).

text: Forest Cell[edit]

text: The Forest Cell assists the Karnataka Forest Department with their operations.

text: Training[edit]

text: This wing is headed by the Director General of Police, Training, assisted by an Inspector General of Police (Training) and Deputy Inspector General of Police (Training). Karnataka has ten training institutions:

text:
Karnataka Police Academy (Mysore)
Karnataka State Police Training School (Channapatna)
Police Dr(Bangalore)
Traffic Training Institute (Bangalore)
Karnataka State Police Training Centre (Gulbarga)
Special Branch Training Institute (Bangalore)
Wireless Training Institute (Bangalore)

text: Special units[edit]

text: State-level units perform specialised police functions and assist civil-police units:

text:
Criminal Investigation Department (CID), Economic Offenses and Special Units: Headed by a Director General of Police, the unit oversees the Corps of Detectives, the Forest Cell, the Economic Offenses Unit and the Cyber Police Station.
Directorate of Civil-Rights Enforcement: Headed by an Additional Director General of Police, Civil Rights Enforcement, and assisted by an Inspector General of Police, a Deputy Inspector General of Police and a Superintendent of Police at headquarters. the wing has six field units (each headed by a Superintendent of Police) at the police ranges in Bangalore, Mangalore, Davangere, Belgaum, Gulbarga and Mysore. The directorate monitors and investigates cases registered under the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and the Prevention of Atrocities Act, and is the watchdog of rights and benefits extended to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Communication, Logistic and Modernisation Wing: Headed by an Additional Director General of Police, the wing consists of a Police Wireless Unit and a Motor Transport Organisation (both headed by a Superintendent of Police).
Planning & Modernisation: Headed by an Inspector General of police, Planning and Modernisation, the wing receives consolidation proposals for the police department and submits them to the government for approval.
Police Housing & Welfare: Headed by an Inspector General of Police, Grievance Cell and Human Rights


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office

question_text: who is the longest serving prime minister in australia

text: Rank by time in office[edit]

text:
Australian Labor Party   Liberal Party of Australia   Australian Country Party   Nationalist Party of Australia
  United Australia Party   Commonwealth Liberal Party   National Labor Party   Free Trade Party   Protectionist Party

text:
Rank:
No:
Prime Minister:
Portrait:
Party:
District:
Assumed
Office:
Left
Office:
TERM
Time in Office:
TOTAL
Time in Office:
Election
Wins:

1.
12th
Sir Robert Menzies
(1894–1978)

United Australia
Kooyong, VIC
(1934–1966)
26 April 1939
29 August 1941
7002856000000000000♠2 years, 125 days
18 years, 163 days
1940 1949 1951
1954 1955 1958
1961 1963

Liberal
19 December 1949
26 January 1966
7003588200000000000♠16 years, 38 days

2.
25th
John Howard
(born 1939)

Liberal
Bennelong, NSW
(1974–2007)
11 March 1996
3 December 2007
7003428400000000000♠11 years, 267 days
1996 1998 2001
2004

3.
23rd
Bob Hawke
(born 1929)

Labor
Wills, VIC
(1980–1992)
11 March 1983
20 December 1991
7003320600000000000♠8 years, 284 days
1983 1984 1987
1990

4.
22nd
Malcolm Fraser
(1930–2015)

Liberal
Wannon, VIC
(1955–1983)
11 November 1975
11 March 1983
7003267700000000000♠7 years, 120 days
1975 1977 1980

5.
7th
Billy Hughes
(1862–1952)

Labor
West Sydney, NSW
(1901–1917)
Bendigo, VIC
(1917–1922)
North Sydney, NSW
(1922–1949)
27 October 1915
9 February 1923
7003266200000000000♠7 years, 105 days
1917 1919 1922

National Labor

Nationalist

6.
10th
Joseph Lyons
(1879–1939)

United Australia
Wilmot, TAS
(1929–1939)
6 January 1932
7 April 1939
7003264800000000000♠7 years, 91 days
1931 1934 1937

7.
8th
Stanley Bruce
(1883–1967)

Nationalist
Flinders, VIC
(1918–1929)
9 February 1923
22 October 1929
7003244700000000000♠6 years, 255 days
1925 1928

8.
2nd
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)

Protectionist
Ballaarat, VIC
(1901–1913)
24 September 1903
27 April 1904
7002216000000000000♠216 days
4 years, 313 days
1903 1906

5 July 1905
13 November 1908
7003122700000000000♠3 years, 131 days

Commonwealth Liberal
2 June 1909
29 April 1910
7002331000000000000♠331 days

9.
5th
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)

Labor
Wide Bay, QLD
(1901–1915)
13 November 1908
2 June 1909
7002201000000000000♠201 days
4 years, 297 days
1910 1914

29 April 1910
24 June 1913
7003115200000000000♠3 years, 56 days

17 September 1914
27 October 1915
7002405000000000000♠1 year, 40 days

10.
16th
Ben Chifley
(1885–1951)

Labor
Macquarie, NSW
(1940–1951)
13 July 1945
19 December 1949
7003162000000000000♠4 years, 159 days
1946

11.
24th
Paul Keating
(born 1944)

Labor
Blaxland, NSW
(1969–1996)
20 December 1991
11 March 1996
7003154300000000000♠4 years, 82 days
1993

12.
14th
John Curtin
(1885–1945)

Labor
Fremantle, WA
(1934–1945)
7 October 1941
5 July 1945
7003136700000000000♠3 years, 271 days
1943

13.
19th
John Gorton
(1911–2002)

Liberal
22.2.1950 – 1.2.1968: Senate (Vic)
2.2.1968 – 23.2.1968: Not in Parliament
24.2.1968 – 11.11.1975: Higgins, VIC
(1968–1975)
10 January 1968
10 March 1971
7003115500000000000♠3 years, 59 days
1969

14.
27th
Julia Gillard
(born 1961)

Labor
Lalor, VIC
(1998–2013)
24 June 2010
27 June 2013
7003109900000000000♠3 years, 3 days
2010

15.
21st
Gough Whitlam
(1916–2014)

Labor
Werriwa, NSW
(1952–1978)
5 December 1972
11 November 1975
7003107100000000000♠2 years, 341 days
1972 1974

16.
26th
Kevin Rudd
(born 1957)

Labor
Griffith, QLD
(1998–2013)
3 December 2007
24 June 2010
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 203 days
2 years, 286 days
2007

27 June 2013
18 September 2013
7001830000000000000♠83 days

17.
1st
Sir Edmund Barton
(1849–1920)

Protectionist
Hunter, NSW
(1901–1903)
1 January 1901
24 September 1903
7002996000000000000♠2 years, 266 days
1901

18.
29th
Malcolm Turnbull
(born 1954)

Liberal
Wentworth, NSW
(2004–present)
15 September 2015
Incumbent
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 203 days
2016

19.
9th
James Scullin
(1876–1953)

Labor
Yarra, VIC
(1922–1949)
22 October 1929
6 January 1932
7002806000000000000♠2 years, 76 days
1929

20.
28th
Tony Abbott
(born 1957)

Liberal
Warringah, NSW
(1994–present)
18 September 2013
15 September 2015
7002727000000000000♠1 year, 362 days
2013

21.
17th
Harold Holt
(1908–1967)

Liberal
Higgins, VIC
(1949–1967)
26 January 1966
19 December 1967
7002692000000000000♠1 year, 327 days
1966

22.
20th
William McMahon
(1908–1988)

Liberal
Lowe, NSW
(1949–1982)
10 March 1971
5 December 1972
7002636000000000000♠1 year, 270 days

23.
6th
Joseph Cook
(1860–1947)

Commonwealth Liberal
Parramatta, NSW
(1901–1921)
24 June 1913
17 September 1914
7002450000000000000♠1 year, 85 days
1913

24.
4th
George Reid
(1845–1918)

Free Trade
East Sydney, NSW
(1901–1910)
18 August 1904
5 July 1905
7002321000000000000♠321 days

25.
3rd
Chris Watson
(1867–1941)

Labor
Bland, NSW
(1901–1906)
27 April 1904
18 August 1904
7002113000000000000♠113 days

26.
13th
Arthur Fadden
(1894–1973)

Country
Darling Downs, QLD
(1936–1949)
29 August 1941
7 October 1941
7001390000000000000♠39 days

27.
18th
John McEwen
(1900–1980)

Country
Murray, VIC
(1949–1971)
19 December 1967
10 January 1968
7001220000000000000♠22 days

28.
11th
Sir Earle Page
(1880–1961)

Country
Cowper, NSW
(1919–1961)
7 April 1939
26 April 1939
7001190000000000000♠19 days

29.
15th
Frank Forde
(1890–1983)

Labor
Capricornia, QLD
(1922–1946)
6 July 1945
13 July 1945
7000700000000000000♠7 days

text: Prime Ministers' parties by time in office[edit]

text:
Liberal Party of Australia – 16994 days as of 6 April 2018.
Australian Labor Party – 13798 days
Nationalist Party – 5142 days
United Australia Party – 3505 days
Protectionist Party – 2442 days
Commonwealth Liberal Party – 783 days
Free Trade Party – 322 days
Country Party – 84 days


document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: who plays marty mcfly's daughter in back to the future 2

question_tokens: who plays marty mcfly 's daughter in back to the future 2

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #20.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family.  Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself.  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school.  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave.  She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985.  In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly.  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm.  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather).  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty Jr. was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory.  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955.  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley.  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen.  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud with. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future.  In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty.  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School.  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards.  Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: Yamaha YZ450F

question_text: when did yamaha start fuel injection on dirt bikes

text: Yamaha YZ450F

text: Introduction[edit]

text: For many years, the motocross world almost exclusively used two-stroke engines. AMA racing classes had two classes: 125 cc and 250 cc two-strokes, with no provision for four strokes. Most riders considered four-stroke engine technology to be largely utilitarian and uncompetitive, relegated solely for trail riding.[4]

text: In 1996, the AMA changed racing rules to allow 450 cc four strokes to compete in the same racing class as 250 cc two-strokes.[5] Yamaha engineer Yoshiharu Nakayama first came up with the idea of creating the first competitive four-stroke race motocross bike.[6] The Yamaha YZ400F was developed to fit into this category. It solved the power dilemma by borrowing superbike technology and giving the YZ a five-valve head, liquid cooling and a 12.5-1 compression ratio.

text: In 1997, Yamaha rocked the motocross world with the introduction of the YZ400M prototype, a concept motorcycle which borrowed much technology from road racing. The YZM was far ahead of all competition among four-stroke motocross bikes. Doug Henry piloted the YZ400M to its first victory in 1997 at the Las Vegas Supercross. This was the first time any four-stroke had won an AMA event.[7] The YZ400M was the predecessor of the production YZ400F, which was released the next year.

text:
First Generation YZ400F

Production
1998-2000

Predecessor
YZ250 2-stroke

Successor
YZ426F

Engine
Five-valve, 400 cc, compression ratio 12.5:1

Transmission
5-speed

Weight
250 lb (110 kg) (dry)

text: First generation: YZ400F 1998–2000[edit]

text: Yamaha introduced the YZ400F in production in 1998 after a successful AMA season in 1997. It was "the first modern production four-stroke motocrosser that was directly competitive against two-strokes."[1] Initially, Yamaha targeted a dry weight of 233 pounds (106 kg) (on par with the 250 two-strokes of the time), but by production, the bike weighed 250 pounds. The bike had an 11,600 rpm redline[8][better source needed] power and torque close to its 250 cc two-stroke rivals.[1] It benefited from engine compression braking, which allowed the engine to slow the bike down during deceleration, giving the brakes a rest.[1] The 1998 YZ400F was the first bike to come stock with a Keihin FCR carburetor.

text: In 1998, Doug Henry won the AMA National Motocross Championship aboard the YZF, becoming the first rider to win a championship on a four-stroke motorcycle. This victory is considered by some to be the major turning point in the motocross world—for the first time, four strokes were considered a competitive racing machine.[7]

text:
Second generation YZ426F

Production
2000-2003

Predecessor
YZ400F

Successor
YZ450F

Engine
Titanium five-valve, 426 cc, 95mm x 60.1mm stroke, compression ratio 12.5:1

Transmission
5-speed

Suspension
Kayaba

Brakes
Disks

Wheelbase
58.7 in

Fuel capacity
2.1 gallons (7.95 L)

text: Second generation: YZ426F 2001–2002[edit]

text: In 2000, Yamaha updated the YZ400F, increasing the displacement to 426 cc for greater power and throttle response. In addition, the carburetor and jets were updated to ease the YZ400F's starting woes.

text: The next year, in 2001, Yamaha replaced the previous steel valves with titanium ones. The new valves were more than forty percent lighter than the previous valves, allowing for lighter and softer valve springs, in turn allowing a quicker revving engine, improved throttle response, higher rev ceilings, and more power.[4] The crankshaft was also reshaped and the whole assembly was redesigned for quicker throttle response and, Yamaha claimed, "less high-end horsepower loss." In addition to motor modifications, a few changes were made to the transmission to help contain the power and ensure longevity. The suspension also received a bit of an overhaul with the goal being reduced weight and smoother action throughout the stroke.[9] Yamaha also designed a new exhaust pipe design so that exhaust header removal would no longer be required when replacing the oil filter. Carburetor tuning was modified to deal with starting and off-idle take off difficulties.

text: Also in 2001 the subframe was changed from a steel to a blue painted aluminum style. In 2002 the blue painting was stopped and left to a bare aluminum look.[10] Motorcycle.com says that "The gas tank is reasonably thin and allows good forward and backward movement while providing something nicely shaped to hold onto with your knees. In fact, the entire ergonomic package on this YZF is well thought out. The handlebars have a nice bend to them and are well-placed for good rider control and legroom. The footpegs are well-made units with a wide platform and sit in a position that keeps them from dragging in ruts without cramping a rider's legs."

text: In 2002 Yamaha remapped the digital CD ignition system which delivers a more precise spark and optimal timing for faster, stronger response during hard acceleration, and less kickback during starting. Also an all-new swingarm which is lighter and stronger for reduced weight, greater rigidity and more compliant rear suspension action. While an anodized finish gives the bike a tricked out look. The 426 also includes a larger pivot shift for increased durability. A larger rear brake disc was also added which means greater stopping power.[11]

text:
Third Generation YZ450F

Production
2003-2005

Predecessor
YZ426F

Engine
Titanium five-valve, 449 cc, 95.0 x 63.4mm, compression ratio 12.3:1

Transmission
2003-2004: 4-speed 2005: 5-speed

Frame type
Steel

Related
YZ250F, WR450F

text: Third generation YZ450F 2003–2005[edit]

text: For 2003, the YZF received the biggest update in its history. First, the engine displacement was increased to 449 cc, producing over 52 horsepower, in compliance to the new AMA Motocross maximum displacement rule. Next, the frame and plastic were all updated for a new, sleeker look. Additionally, the YZ's weight was engineered from its original 250 pounds down to 233 pounds. The new YZF also had a gearing change, going from a traditional 5-speed to a 4-speed transmission.[12] The bike made tremendous power; however, many thought that the bike had too much power for a motocross track.[13]

text: The 2005 YZ450F was the first YZ450F to feature KYB twin chamber cartridge forks.

text: Fourth generation YZ450F 2006–2009[edit]

text:
Fourth Generation YZ450F

Production
2006-2009

Predecessor
YZ456F

Engine
Titanium five-valve, 449 cc, 95.0 x 63.4mm, compression ratio 12.3:1

Transmission
5-speed

Frame type
Aluminum

Related
YZ250F, WR450F

text: The YZ450F received a major update in 2006, with over 300 parts changed and improved. The power was smoothed out, and the bike was made easier to ride, putting to rest the complaint that the YZ had too much power.[14] The transmission was returned to a more traditional five-speed. An all-new aluminum single backbone frame shaved another 10 pounds off the weight.

text: The 2006 saw KYB SSS forks.

text: 2007 saw camshaft and exhaust changes, moving power from low-RPMs to mid-RPMs. 2008-2009 furthered pushed the powerband to mid-RPMs.

text: Fifth generation YZ450F 2010-2013[edit]

text:
Fifth Generation YZ450F

Production
2010-Present

Engine
Rear slant, titanium four-valve, 449 cc, 97.0mm x 60.8mm stroke, compression ratio 12.5:1

Transmission
5-speed

Related
WR450F, YZ450FX

text: September 8, 2009, Yamaha introduced its all-new YZ450F with fuel injection. The engine cylinder is rearward slanted, the crank rod angle has been changed to provide a more complete combustion, the 5-valve head is now a 4-valve head, the gas tank is located under the seat, the exhaust pipe exits the rear of the cylinder, and the air intake is now in the front of the bike. They have a new bi-lateral frame which allows for new improved steering and the new engine components. The entire package comes together to create a bike that is mass-centralized. The bike was introduced by Yamaha Factory Motocross rider James Stewart.The top speed has been recorded at 80 mph stock.


document_title: Sara Tancredi

question_text: when does sarah come back in prison break

text: Sara Tancredi

text: Background[edit]

text: Raised in Chicago, Sara Tancredi's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young. While at Northwestern University, where she was a Phi Beta Kappa, she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian, which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary.[1] Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction, culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over, because she was high, which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season, "Brother's Keeper". At 29 years old, Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River. Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father. Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois, Frank Tancredi (portrayed by John Heard). Due to her father's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs, she did not have a close relationship with him. In episode "Buried", it was revealed that her mother has already died.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In the first season, Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield, while in the second season, Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi, Paul Kellerman or by herself. She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1, 2 and 4 except for second season episodes, "Otis" and "John Doe".Her death was faked early in the third season, apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan, and her "head" was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows. In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode. In the first and second episode, their interactions are cordial but formal. However, Sara's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her, and after she checks his academic record, she is surprised that he had graduated with a master's degree. In "Allen", she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes. However, she dismisses it after his test apparently passed (but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar). Michael's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point, as it represents a major step in his plan. Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode "Cell Test", and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one. Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits, initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her. However, after Michael rescues Sara from inmates' intent to rape and kill her in "Riots, Drills, and the Devil", she begins to grow more comfortable around him. This is not without duality, though, as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment. However, she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners, and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him, such as when she is required to conduct a medical check-up on Michael's brother Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell), and questions him on Michael's background. She also visits Michael's former psychiatrist in "Tweener". As Sara’s character searches for clues about Michael, and though she knows that something is very suspicious, she can't stop herself from being attracted to him.

text: In later episodes, though, Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael. After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode "And Then There Were 7", she announces that they will now be doctor-patient only. In the following episodes, her tone with Michael is more distant, though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship. After meeting with Lincoln Burrows' lawyers on his execution day in episode "The Rat", Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln's case after Michael pleads with her. Her father denies the appeal, but additional information emerges to postpone the execution. Sara's character plays a critical role in the episode "The Key", where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door. He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys, but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it. Instead, he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys. His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael’s wife has stolen the keys from her, and becomes very cold towards him. At the end of the episode, she has the locks to the infirmary door changed, thwarting his efforts. Michael is then forced to come clean in "Tonight" and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison. Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not. Eventually, Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door. Horribly distressed at what she has done, Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary. Suspected for being an accessory to the escape, police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose. The character's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After recovering from her drug overdose in "Manhunt", Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln's murder setup. Posing as Lance, a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, Agent Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield. Learning that six other convicts joined Michael's escape, Sara feels betrayed by him, and the two characters initially have a strained relationship. After her father alerts her of Kellerman's suspicious identity and her father's subsequent death in episode "Buried", Sara becomes part of the show's conspiracy plot as she holds the key (left by her father) to information that may exonerate Lincoln. Following this, several attempts on Sara's life are made by The Company, which force her to find Michael via his coded messages. She meets with Michael in the episode "Rendezvous" at Gila, New Mexico but their reunion is short-lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone (William Fichtner) find out about their rendezvous point. At first, Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after. Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode "Bolshoi Booze", in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her. Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away.

text: Two episodes later, Sara returns in "The Message". She reunites with Michael in Evansville, Indiana in "Chicago". Together with the brothers, Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln's innocence. On the train to Chicago, Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him, and they kiss. Later in the episode, Michael admits he has fallen in love with her. Michael, Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it’s not legally valid as evidence. They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead. When this fails, Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country. When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI, she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape. Sara is then faced with a 12-year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty, Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf. His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in "Sona", and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news. However, when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael, Sara shoots Kim in the chest. With nowhere to run, Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara's surprise, Michael confesses to Kim's killing instead of her. She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In this season, standbys are used to portray the character, including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode "Call Waiting". She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company, and is said in "Good Fences" to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt. She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box. Michael swears to avenge her death.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In Season 4, Sara’s death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes. After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara's death was faked, Michael contacts Bruce Bennett, the former aide of Governor Tancredi (Sara's father) and asks him for help tracking down Sara. The two are reunited later in the episode. Much of Sara's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael. After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt, Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with, they must get their hands on Scylla, The Company’s little black book. Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards, such as in "Breaking and Entering" where she slips, most notably in "Eagles and Angels" where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar. She manages not to drink, and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her. In the next episode, she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him. In "Five the Hard Way" Sara's character takes part in holding the general's daughter, Lisa, hostage. The team is then betrayed by Self, who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer. Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self (Self murdered Trishanne, faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it). Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago, although they decided to stay and help. In the next episode, Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla. Sara urges him to get medical attention, but he resists despite her insistence, and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired. She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections. However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance, and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention. Nevertheless, Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self. Despite their best efforts, they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla, and Michael, who is captured by The Company at the end of "Just Business".

text: In the last third of the season, Sara becomes Michael's only remaining ally, as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael's surgery. Michael refuses to accept this deal, and escapes from The Company's clutches after the surgery with Sara's help. The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla. Sara's character gives critical help to Michael, such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky, a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company. Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother, Christina Rose Scofield, is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla. In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael's child. In "Cowboys and Indians", Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina. Meanwhile, Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom. In this and the next episode "Rate of Exchange", Sara shares screen-time with T-Bag for the first time. She is almost raped by him, but is rescued by Michael at the last minute. In the series finale, they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated. Their happiness is short-lived when it is revealed that Michael’s tumor is back. In the epilogue of the series set four years later, Sara is shown living in Panama with her son, Michael Scofield Jr. (presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break). She then appears at Michael's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series' principal characters - Lincoln, Mahone and Sucre. She lays flowers on Michael's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect. Given this fact, she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible. In the episode "The Rat", Sara's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows, to which she replies, "It's my job to advocate for [my patients]."[2] Sarah Wayne Callies, who portrays Sara Tancredi, remarks that the character "feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys. Partly because who her father is... she's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family."[3]

text: In the second season, Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln's escape, and her father's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln's case. She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in "Buried". Sara later confides in Michael in episode "Chicago" that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father's death. The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as "gutsy",[4] while TV Guide's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is "one tough cookie".[5] Regarding her character's change in the second season, Callies says, "She's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm. She's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now, and I certainly don't think she'll be the same person after this."[4]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot. The background story of the character, revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season, was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series. Callies commented in an interview that it was the "very first inkling" that she had about the character's past. Also in the same interview, the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot, she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that "it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic".[6]

text: The character's continuation as a major role in the second season was a "surprise" to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison. The actress states that it is "some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now" and that she was given "lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who [the character] is".[4] As the characterization of Sara continues to develop, Scheuring describes the character as "one of [the series'] strongest components".

text: Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break, Callies' pregnancy was announced.[7] With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show, the story was written in such a way to account for Sara's disappearance during Callies' maternity leave. At the time Paul Scheuring commented, "It actually fits into what we were already planning." He also claimed that the original treatment would have included "explanations for why she wasn't in the first [batch] of episodes" of the third season,[7] later revealing that it would set up a planned 13-episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character's death.[8]

text: However, due to Callies and the show's producers being unable to agree on a new contract, the character was suddenly "killed off" in the fourth episode, much earlier than planned. Her sparse appearances during the season (including the use of stand-ins with their faces obscured) and her gruesome, off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress, as well as for dramatic and emotional impact.[8]

text: However, Sara's fate was retconned due to "fan backlash" and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4.[7]

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role.[9] Incidentally, Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member.[10] In season 3, other actresses were used to portray the role, though their faces were never shown on screen.

text: Production details[edit]

text: A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series (as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment). The article gives Sara's middle name as "Wayne" (the same as that of the actress portraying her). It also says that she is the "second-eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi" (later retconned in the episode "Buried").


document_title: Woman Chases Man

question_text: when a woman chases a man taiwan wiki

question_tokens: when a woman chases a man taiwan wiki

text: Woman Chases Man

text:
Woman Chases Man

Directed by
John G. Blystone

Produced by
Samuel Goldwyn
George Haight (associate producer)

Written by
Joseph Anthony
Manuel Seff
David Hertz
Lynn Root (story)
Frank Fenton (story)

Starring
Miriam Hopkins
Joel McCrea

Music by
Alfred Newman

Cinematography
Gregg Toland

Edited by
Daniel Mandell

Production
company

Samuel Goldwyn Productions

Distributed by
United Artists

Release date

April 28, 1937 (1937-04-28)

Running time

71 minutes

Country
United States

Language
English

text: Woman Chases Man (1937) is a romantic comedy film starring Miriam Hopkins and Joel McCrea. This was the fifth and final film that Hopkins and McCrea made together, the others being The Richest Girl in the World, Barbary Coast, Splendor and These Three.

text: Plot[edit]

text: B.J. Nolan tries to get his millionaire son Kenneth to invest $100,000 in a housing development called Nolan Heights. However, B.J. has a long history of backing crazy projects (which is why his wife left all her money to her son in her will), so Kenneth turns him down.

text: Architect Virginia Travis, unaware that B.J. has no money and is besieged by process servers, tries to get him to hire her. After B.J. breaks the news to her, she faints, having not eaten in 49 hours. He takes her back to his mansion.

text: When she learns that B.J.'s son is wealthy, she decides to use her wiles to extract the money they need from him, aided by B.J. and her married friends Judy and Hunk. The latter two masquerade as B.J.'s servants (B.J. had to let his old servants go as he could not pay them) when Kenneth returns from a cruise with his girlfriend Nina and her "uncle" Henri. Nina is in fact a golddigger after Kenneth's money, while Henri is her secret lover.

text: Virginia first concocts a scheme to have Kenneth sign five checks for household expenses at once using a mechanical device, one of B.J.'s many failures. Kenneth signs without noticing that one check is for $100,000, but when Virginia and B.J. go to the bank, Mr. Judd informs them that Kenneth has to authorize any check over $1000. Defeated, they return home.

text: Meanwhile, Nina plots to get Kenneth drunk, so he will propose to her. Virginia has the same general idea. After a few drinks, she and Kenneth discover they like the same things and eventually begin kissing, prompting Virginia to have second thoughts about her scheme. She then passes out from drinking too much. Kenneth carries her off to deposit her in her bed, past a fuming Nina.

text: Shortly afterward, B.J. wakes her up and cajoles her into trying again for the money while his son is still somewhat drunk. She goes to Kenneth's room, but when Nina makes an appearance, hides in a tree outside his window. Her dressing gown gets caught in a branch. Kenneth comes out to free her. He finds the contract B.J. had drawn up and is eager to sign it. Virginia tries to stop him by dousing him with a bucket of water that B.J. had brought. Even in his now sober state and with Virginia confessing all, he still wants to finance the project. He then embraces her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Miriam Hopkins as Virginia Travis
Joel McCrea as Kenneth Nolan
Charles Winninger as B.J. Nolan
Erik Rhodes as Henri Saffron
Ella Logan as Judy Williams
Leona Maricle as Nina Tennyson
Broderick Crawford as Hunk Williams
Charles Halton as Mr. Judd


document_title: Get on Up (film)

question_text: who did the vocals for get on up

question_tokens: who did the vocals for get on up

text: Get on Up (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Get on Up is told using a nonlinear narrative as if through James Brown's stream of consciousness, including asynchronous events and frequent breaks in the fourth wall. The film opens in 1993 with James Brown walking through a darkened hallway as an audience chants his name. He hears the voices of people he knew throughout his life. The film then cuts to 1988 in Augusta, Georgia; James learns that his private bathroom in a strip mall he owns was used without his consent. As James confronts and then forgives the trespasser, James accidentally fires a shotgun, attracting the police.

text: During the 1960s, James and his band decide to travel to Vietnam to show support to the black troops, where they put on a well-received show. In 1939, James is raised in the woods by his parents (Susie and Joe Brown), whose marriage is fraught with financial struggles and physical abuse. Later he performs in a singing group, The Famous Flames, formed by Bobby Byrd, whose family sponsored his release from prison, a penalty he paid for stealing a suit. James lives with the Byrd family and becomes lead singer of Bobby's group. In 1964, manager Ben Bart convinces them to let The Rolling Stones close The T.A.M.I. Show instead of The Flames. The Flames upstage the Stones, and, exiting the stage, James tells the Stones, "Welcome to America". In James' childhood, Susie leaves Joe, and Joe threatens her with a gun and keeps James. Joe continues to abuse James until Joe joins the army. James is left living with and working for his Aunt Honey, who runs a brothel. At her home, he attends church and enjoys the choir.

text: At the age of 17, James steals a suit, is arrested, and receives a 5-to-13-year prison sentence. In prison, James sees a group of singers performing. His enthusiastic reaction incites a riot wherein both he and one of the singers, Bobby Byrd, are injured. Bobby invites James into the Byrd household. Years later, James joins Bobby's gospel group and they put on a show at a club as The Famous Flames, following a performance by Little Richard. Another flashback from James's childhood shows him and other black boys forced into a battle royal boxing match while a band plays. Inspired by the funky band, James wins the match.

text: In the 1950s, James and Bobby meet an agent from King Records, with whom The Flames record their first single, "Please, Please, Please", on the Federal Records label in 1956. King Records executive Syd Nathan initially mocks the song but appreciates James's vocals. Ben Bart becomes James' manager, calling him the true voice of the group. The records are labelled as "James Brown and His Famous Flames", leading all the members except Bobby to quit. James and Bobby form a new band with Maceo Parker, Pee Wee Ellis, Nafloyd Scott, and Baby Roy. The Famous Flames singing group is also re-formed, replacing the members that quit. The Flames perform at the Apollo Theater to an excited audience. After the show, Bobby tells James that a lady claiming to be his mother is there. As a young child, James had seen Susie with a soldier, to whom she claimed she didn't know James. Aunt Honey consoled James, saying that his mother was a fool and James would someday be rich.

text: James has a child, Teddy, with his first wife Velma. He later divorces her and marries Dee-Dee. On one occasion, the couple hosts a Christmas event. Afterwards, James hits Dee-Dee for wearing a revealing outfit. It is this scene that raises the question of whether women should expose their cleavages in public. In an attempt to reach out to the black community, James records the song "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1968) with a group of children. James convinces the Boston Garden's manager to not cancel a performance following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.. Several people try to get on stage; security guards intercede until James controls the audience.

text: Over time, James manages the band poorly, and they all quit. Ben dies of a heart attack. Bobby muses about a career as a lead singer, leading to a heated argument with Brown, who tells Bobby that, although Bobby's wife Vicki Anderson (who was a featured singer in Brown's Revue) could be a major solo performer, Bobby could not. Angry and upset, Bobby fires back at Brown, and after Brown makes some cruel statements, finally leaves him for good. Backtracking several years, to an incident at the Apollo, Brown's mother Susie appears backstage during a Flames concert and expresses her love for James despite her reluctance to be a mother. After she leaves, Bobby comes back in, sees James having a breakdown, and heeds his request to take care of Susie. In 1973, James learns Teddy has been killed in a car accident. Immediately before the incident at the strip mall, James smokes a joint laced with PCP. The police chase James and arrest him.

text: In 1993, James meets Bobby for the first time since Teddy's funeral to give him tickets to his show. James walks onto the stage through a darkened hall. He sees visions of people from his life chanting his name. His performance of "Try Me (I Need You)" moves Bobby and his wife Vicki to tears, and the audience cheers.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chadwick Boseman as James Brown[6]

Jamarion and Jordan Scott as young James Brown[7]

Nelsan Ellis as Bobby Byrd[8]
Dan Aykroyd as Ben Bart[9]
Viola Davis as Susie Brown[10]
Lennie James as Joseph "Joe" Brown[11]
Fred Melamed as Syd Nathan
Jamal Batiste as John "Jabo" Starks
Craig Robinson as Maceo Parker[9]
Jill Scott as Deidre "Dee-Dee" Jenkins[9]
Octavia Spencer as Aunt Honey Washington[10]
Josh Hopkins as Ralph Bass[12]
Brandon Mychal Smith as Little Richard[13]
Tika Sumpter as Yvonne Fair[14]
Aunjanue Ellis as Vicki Anderson
Tariq Trotter as Pee Wee Ellis
Aloe Blacc as Nafloyd Scott
Keith Robinson as Baby Roy[15]
Nick Eversman as Mick Jagger[16]
J. D. Evermore as Seminar Presenter
Ahna O'Reilly as Reporter
James DuMont as Corporal Dooley[17]
Stacey Scowley as Penelope White
Liz Mikel as Gertrude Sanders
Aaron Jay Rome as Frankie Avalon
Clyde Jones as Daddy Grace
Joe T. Blankenship as Alan Leeds
Michael Papajohn as 1949 Cop
Kirk Bovill as Announcer[18]
Aakomon Jones as Bobby Bennett [19][20]
John Benjamin Hickey as Richard
Allison Janney as Kathy
Jamell Richardson as Jimmy Nolen
Justin Hall as Bootsy Collins
David Carzell as Catfish Collins
Jason Davis as Mayor Kevin White
Billy Slaughter as Pool Cleaner
Charles R. Rooney as President Lyndon B. Johnson

text: Production[edit]

text: Imagine Entertainment listed a James Brown biopic in development in 2000, with a script titled Star Time written by Steven Baigelman.[21] Mick Jagger joined on as a producer, and Jez and John-Henry Butterworth were brought on to rewrite the script, titled Superbad. Spike Lee was set to direct but development[22] stalled in 2006 over music licensing[23] and finance issues.[24] It was revived in 2012[23] when Jagger read a recent draft by the Butterworth brothers.[25] John-Henry Butterworth was fascinated by the period concept of celebrity in preparing to write. “When James was becoming famous, you had to hide where you came from and be squeaky clean. Whereas if he were an artist launching his career now his upbringing and what happened to him would be right there in the press release. Everyone knows how many times 50 Cent has been shot.”[23] The script took some liberties and includes at least one scene involving fabricated incidents.[26] Lee vacated the directors position[27] and on October 22, 2012, it was announced that Tate Taylor (The Help) was set to direct the untitled biopic about James Brown, to be produced by Mick Jagger and Imagine Entertainment's Brian Grazer.[4] On August 29, 2013, Universal Pictures set October 17, 2014, as a release date for the film, previously untitled.[28] Later, on November 13, Universal shifted the release date of the biopic from October to August 1, 2014.[5]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On August 26, 2013, Universal selected Chadwick Boseman to play the lead role of James Brown.[6] Boseman did all of his own dancing and some singing.[29] The soundtrack is live recordings of James Brown.[29] On September 17, Universal announced an open casting call for actors, musicians, and extras for different roles in the biopic, which was held on September 21.[30] On September 30, Taylor cast Viola Davis to play Susie Brown and Octavia Spencer to play Aunt Honey.[10] On October 21, Nelsan Ellis joined the cast of film to portray Bobby Byrd, Brown's long-time friend.[8] Lennie James joined the cast on October 23, to play the role of Brown's father Joseph "Joe" James.[11] Jill Scott and Dan Aykroyd were added on October 31; Scott played Brown's wife while Aykroyd played Ben Bart, the President of one of New York City's largest talent agencies Universal Attractions Agency.[9]

text: On November 3, Universal added Keith Robinson to the film to portray the role of Baby Roy, a member of Brown's band.[15] On November 14, Tika Sumpter also joined the cast, to play singer Yvonne Fair.[14] There was a rumor that Taraji P. Henson was to join the film to play Tammi Terrell.[31] Nick Eversman joined the cast on November 19, to play Mick Jagger.[16] On December 9, 2013, it became public that Brandon Mychal Smith was selected to portray Brown's musical idol, Little Richard.[32] On December 20, Josh Hopkins joined the film to portray the role Ralph Bass, a music producer.[12] After the shooting wrapped up in Natchez, Mississippi, the production was looking for extras to begin a shoot on January 6, 2014, filming a concert scene set in Paris in 1971.[33] There was another call on January 6, 2014 for extras to film some daytime scenes in Jackson on January 7, 2014.[34]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Shooting began on November 4, 2013, in Natchez, in and around Natchez through the end of the year, and then in Jackson, Mississippi.[35] On December 20, 2013, the film wrapped up shooting in Natchez. Crews were set to take a holiday break and then return to filming from January 6–24, 2014, in Jackson.[33][36] Filming got on track again on January 6, 2014, in Jackson.[34] On January 13, 2014, press posted the news that crews had filmed large scenes at Thalia Mara Hall, and they shot other scenes at Mississippi Coliseum, Capitol Street, and some of the restaurants in Jackson.[37] In total Get on Up was shot in 49 days.[23]

text: Release[edit]

text: On September 1, 2014, it was announced that the film would be the opening film of the 2014 Zurich Film Festival.[38]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On March 13, 2014, Universal released some photos and a first official trailer of the film.[39][40] A second official trailer was released on May 20.[41]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Get on Up was met with positive reviews from critics, with praise mainly going to Boseman's performance. The film currently has a rating of 80% on the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's consensus reads: "With an unforgettable Chadwick Boseman in the starring role, Get on Up offers the Godfather of Soul a fittingly dynamic homage".[42] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[when?][43] Additionally, Brandon Smith received praise from critics for his brief but memorable role as Little Richard.[44][45][46]

text: Less favorable reviews include "Get On Up is a cagey, shapeless James Brown biopic" by Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, who rated the film D+ at The A.V. Club,[47] Several other critics noted key facts and incidents omitted in the film,[48] in articles such as "The Social Activist Side of James Brown You Won’t See In Get On Up",[49] "The Great Man Theory of Funk: Get On Up shows us James Brown the unstoppable personality, but skimps on James Brown the musician",[50] and "12 Crazy James Brown Moments You Won't See in Get on Up".[51]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $13,585,915 during its opening weekend, finishing in third place at the domestic box office behind fellow new release Guardians of the Galaxy ($94,320,883) and Lucy ($18,252,590).[52]

text: As of September 22, 2014, Get on Up has grossed $30,569,935, against a $30 million budget.[3]