document_title: The Dark Knight (film)

question_text: where is gotham city filmed in the dark knight

text: The Dark Knight (film)

text: Plot

text: A gang of criminals rob a Gotham City mob bank, murdering each other for a higher share of the money until only the Joker remains, who escapes with the money. Batman, District Attorney Harvey Dent and Lieutenant Jim Gordon form an alliance to rid Gotham City of organized crime. Bruce Wayne believes that with Dent as Gotham's protector, he can retire from being Batman and lead a normal life with Rachel Dawes – even though she and Dent are dating.

text: Mob bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen hold a video-conference with their corrupt accountant, Lau, who has taken their funds for safekeeping and fled to Hong Kong. The Joker interrupts the meeting to warn them that Batman is unhindered by the law, and offers to kill him in exchange for half of their money. The mob bosses disagree, and a bounty is placed on the Joker by Gambol. The Joker finds and kills Gambol, taking over his gang. The mob ultimately decides to take the Joker up on his offer. Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong and brings him back to Gotham to testify, allowing Dent to apprehend the entire mob. The Joker threatens to keep killing people unless Batman reveals his identity, and starts by murdering Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and the judge presiding over the mob trial. The Joker also tries to kill Mayor Anthony Garcia, but Gordon sacrifices himself to stop the assassination. Dent learns that Rachel is the next target.

text: Bruce decides to reveal his secret identity. Before he can, however, Dent falsely announces that he is Batman. Dent is taken into protective custody, but the Joker appears and attacks the convoy. Batman comes to Dent's rescue and Gordon, who faked his death, apprehends the Joker, securing a promotion to Commissioner. Rachel and Dent are escorted away by detectives on Maroni's payroll; Gordon later learns that they never arrived home. Batman interrogates the Joker, who reveals that they have been trapped in separate locations rigged with explosives and that Batman must choose one to save. Batman races to save Rachel, while Gordon attempts to rescue Dent. Batman arrives at the building, but realizes that the Joker sent him to Dent's location instead. Both buildings explode, killing Rachel and disfiguring half of Dent's face. The Joker escapes with Lau, who leads him to the Mob's funds. The Joker burns the money before killing Lau and the Chechen.

text: Coleman Reese, an accountant at Wayne Enterprises, deduces that Bruce is Batman and threatens to publicize the information. Not wanting Reese's revelation to interfere with his plans, the Joker threatens to destroy a hospital unless Reese is killed within an hour. All hospitals are evacuated and Gordon travels to secure Reese. The Joker, disguised as a hospital nurse, discovers Dent's ward and hands him a gun, convincing him to seek revenge for Rachel's death. The Joker then destroys the hospital and escapes with a busload of hostages. Dent goes on a killing spree, deciding the fates of people he holds responsible for Rachel's death by flipping his lucky coin. Dent eventually apprehends Gordon's family, believing Gordon's love for his family parallels his love for Rachel.

text: After announcing that Gotham City will be subject to his rule by nightfall, the Joker rigs two evacuating ferries with explosives; one containing civilians and the other containing prisoners. The passengers have been supplied with a trigger to the other boat's explosives, and the Joker announces through an intercom that he will blow both ferries if one of them has not been destroyed by midnight. Batman finds the Joker by using a sonar device that spies on the entire city, with the reluctant help of Lucius Fox. Both the civilians and the prisoners refuse to kill each other, while Batman apprehends the Joker after a brief fight. Before the police arrive to take the Joker into custody, he gloats that Gotham's citizens will lose hope once Dent's rampage becomes public knowledge.

text: Gordon and Batman arrive at the building where Rachel perished. Dent has Gordon's family, threatening to kill them. He shoots Batman, spares himself, and aims to kill Gordon's son, claiming that Gordon's negligence is responsible for Rachel's death. Before he can flip his coin for the boy, Batman, who was wearing body armor, tackles Dent off the building to his death. Batman persuades Gordon to hold himself responsible for the killing spree to preserve Dent's heroic image. As the police launch a manhunt for Batman, Gordon destroys the Bat-signal, Fox watches as the sonar device self-destructs, and Alfred burns a letter from Rachel saying she plans to marry Dent. Batman flees from the police, taking Dent's place for Two-Face's crimes.

text: Cast

text: Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman:

text: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:

text: Heath Ledger as The Joker:

text: Gary Oldman as James Gordon:

text: Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent / Two-Face:

text: Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes:

text: Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox:

text: Monique Gabriela Curnen and Ron Dean portray Anna Ramirez and Michael Wuertz respectively, corrupt detectives in Gordon's unit. Nestor Carbonell appears as Anthony Garcia, the mayor of Gotham. Ng Chin Han portrays Lau, a corrupt Chinese LSI Holdings accountant at Wayne Enterprises and Triad boss. Eric Roberts plays Sal Maroni, an Italian mafia boss who takes over Carmine Falcone's mob, and Ritchie Coster portrays the Chechen, a Chechen mafia boss in charge of drug-trafficking for the mob. Anthony Michael Hall appears as Mike Engel, a Gotham Cable News reporter, and Keith Szarabajka portrays Gerard Stephens, a detective in Gordon's unit. Joshua Harto plays Coleman Reese, an M&A law accountant at Wayne Enterprises who deduces Bruce's persona of Batman from Fox and plans to reveal it to Gotham. Melinda McGraw appears as Barbara Gordon, Gordon's wife, while Nathan Gamble appears as James Gordon Jr., Gordon's ten-year-old son. Michael Jai White portrays Gambol, a African mafia boss in charge of illegal gambling and extortion for the mob. Colin McFarlane reprises his role as Gillian B. Loeb, the Police Commissioner of Gotham.

text: The film's supporting cast includes Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Janet Surrillo, and Tom "Tiny" Lister Jr. as a prison inmate on one of the bomb-rigged ferries. William Fichtner played the Gotham National Bank manager, and Cillian Murphy returns in a cameo as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, who is apprehended early on in the film by Batman.[54]

text: Musician Dwight Yoakam was approached for the roles of either the manager or a corrupt cop, but he chose instead to focus on his album Dwight Sings Buck.[55] United States Senator Patrick Leahy—a fan of Batman comics who was previously an extra in the 1997 film Batman & Robin and also was a guest voice actor on Batman: The Animated Series—appears as a guest at Bruce Wayne's party.[56] Matt Skiba, co-lead vocalist and guitarist of the bands Alkaline Trio and Blink-182, made a small appearance in the film.[57] David Dastmalchian appears as Thomas Schiff, a paranoid schizophrenic from Arkham Asylum who joins the Joker's gang, but gets captured and held at gunpoint by Dent after posing as an Honor Guard at Loeb's funeral alongside the Joker himself.[58]

text: Production

text: Development

text:
As we looked through the comics, there was this fascinating idea that Batman's presence in Gotham actually attracts criminals to Gotham, [it] attracts lunacy. When you're dealing with questionable notions like people taking the law into their own hands, you have to really ask, where does that lead? That's what makes the character so dark, because he expresses a vengeful desire.
—Nolan, on the theme of escalation[16]

tag: div

text: Before the release of Batman Begins, screenwriter David S. Goyer wrote a treatment for two sequels which introduced the Joker and Harvey Dent.[59] His original intent was for the Joker to scar Dent during the Joker's trial in the third film, turning Dent into Two-Face.[60] Goyer, who penned the first draft of the film, cited the DC Comics 13-issue comic book limited series Batman: The Long Halloween as the major influence on his storyline.[40] According to veteran Batman artist Neal Adams, he met with David Goyer in Los Angeles, and the story would eventually look to Adams and writer Denny O'Neil's 1971 story "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge" that appeared in Batman #251, in which O'Neil and Adams re-introduced the Joker.[61] While initially uncertain of whether or not he would return to direct the sequel, Nolan did want to reinterpret the Joker on screen.[17] On July 31, 2006, Warner Bros. officially announced initiation of production for the sequel to Batman Begins titled The Dark Knight;[62] it is the first live-action Batman film without the word "Batman" in its title, which Bale noted as signaling that "this take on Batman of mine and Chris' is very different from any of the others".[63]

text: After much research, Nolan's brother and co-writer, Jonathan Nolan, suggested the Joker's first two appearances, published in the first issue of Batman (1940), as the crucial influences.[25] Christopher had Jonathan watch Fritz Lang's 1933 crime film The Testament of Dr. Mabuse prior to writing the Joker,[64][65] with the Joker resembling Mabuse's characteristics.[66] Christopher Nolan referred to Lang's film as "essential research for anyone attempting to write a supervillain".[67] Jerry Robinson, one of the Joker's co-creators, was consulted on the character's portrayal.[68] Nolan decided to avoid divulging an in-depth origin story for the Joker, and instead portray his rise to power so as to not diminish the threat he poses, explaining to MTV News, "the Joker we meet in The Dark Knight is fully formed ... To me, the Joker is an absolute. There are no shades of gray to him – maybe shades of purple. He's unbelievably dark. He bursts in just as he did in the comics."[69] Nolan reiterated to IGN, "We never wanted to do an origin story for the Joker in this film", because "the arc of the story is much more Harvey Dent's; the Joker is presented as an absolute. It's a very thrilling element in the film, and a very important element, but we wanted to deal with the rise of the Joker, not the origin of the Joker."[25] Nolan suggested Batman: The Killing Joke influenced a section of the Joker's dialogue in the film, in which he says that anyone can become like him given the right circumstances.[70] Nolan also cited Heat as "sort of an inspiration" for his aim "to tell a very large, city story or the story of a city": "If you want to take on Gotham, you want to give Gotham a kind of weight and breadth and depth in there. So you wind up dealing with the political figures, the media figures. That's part of the whole fabric of how a city is bound together."[25]

text: According to Nolan, an important theme of the sequel is "escalation", extending the ending of Batman Begins, noting "things having to get worse before they get better".[71] While indicating The Dark Knight would continue the themes of Batman Begins, including justice vs. revenge and Bruce Wayne's issues with his father,[72] Nolan emphasized the sequel would also portray Wayne more as a detective, an aspect of his character not fully developed in Batman Begins.[14] Nolan described the friendly rivalry between Bruce Wayne and Harvey Dent as the "backbone" of the film.[69] He also chose to compress the overall storyline, allowing Dent to become Two-Face in The Dark Knight, thus giving the film an emotional arc the unsympathetic Joker could not offer.[70] Nolan acknowledged the title was not only a reference to Batman, but also the fallen "white knight" Harvey Dent.[73]

text: Filming

text: While scouting for shooting locations in October 2006, location manager Robin Higgs visited Liverpool, concentrating mainly along the city's waterfront. Other candidates included Yorkshire, Glasgow, and parts of London.[74] In August 2006, one of the film's producers, Charles Roven, stated that its principal photography would begin in March 2007,[75] but filming was pushed back to April.[76] For its release in IMAX theaters, Nolan shot four major sequences in that format, including the Joker's opening bank robbery and the car chase midway through the film, which marked the first time that a feature film had been even partially shot in the format.[77] Additionally, it was also the first Batman film to use 70 mm film stock.[78] The cameras used for non-IMAX 35 mm scenes were Panavision's Panaflex Millennium XL and Platinum.[79]

text: For fifteen years Nolan had wanted to shoot in the IMAX format, and he also used it for "quiet scenes which pictorially we thought would be interesting".[69] The use of IMAX cameras provided many new challenges for the filmmakers: the cameras were much larger and heavier than standard cameras, and produced noise which made recording dialogue difficult.[80] In addition, the cameras had short film loads ranging from 30 seconds to two minutes[80] and the cost of the film stock was much greater than standard 35 mm film.[81] Nevertheless, Nolan said that he wished that it were possible to shoot the entire film in IMAX: "if you could take an IMAX camera to Mount Everest or outer space, you could use it in a feature movie."[82] In addition, Nolan chose to edit some of the IMAX sequences using the original camera negative, which by eliminating generation loss, raised the film resolution of those sequences up to 18 thousand lines.[83]

text: Warner Bros. chose to film in Chicago for 13 weeks, because Nolan had a "truly remarkable experience" filming part of Batman Begins there.[84][85] Instead of using the Chicago Board of Trade Building as the location for the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises, as Batman Begins did,[86] The Dark Knight shows Wayne Enterprises as being headquartered in the Richard J. Daley Center.[87] While filming in Chicago, the film was given the false title Rory's First Kiss to lower the visibility of production, but the local media eventually uncovered the ruse.[88] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times commented on the absurdity of the technique, "Is there a Bat-fan in the world that doesn't know Rory's First Kiss is actually The Dark Knight, which has been filming in Chicago for weeks?"[89] Production of The Dark Knight in Chicago generated $45 million in the city's economy and created thousands of jobs.[90] For the film's prologue involving the Joker, the crew shot in Chicago from April 18, 2007 to April 24, 2007.[91][92] They returned to shoot from June 9, 2007, to early September.[90] Noticeably, unlike Batman Begins, less CGI was used to disguise Chicago. Many recognizable locations were used in the film, like the Sears Tower, Navy Pier, 330 North Wabash, the James R. Thompson Center, Trump International Hotel and Tower, LaSalle Street, The Berghoff, Randolph Street Station, and Hotel 71. An old Brach's factory was used as Gotham Hospital. The defunct Van Buren Street post office doubles as Gotham National Bank for the opening bank robbery. Several sequences, including one car chase, were shot on the lower level of Wacker Drive.[87][93] The Marina City towers also appear in the background throughout the movie.[87]

text:
Pinewood Studios, near London, was the primary studio space used for the production.[94]
While planning a stunt with the Batmobile in a special effects facility near Chertsey, England in September 2007, technician Conway Wickliffe was killed when his car crashed.[95] The film is dedicated to both Ledger and Wickliffe.[33] The restaurant scene was filmed at the Criterion Restaurant in Piccadilly Circus, London.[96]

text: The following month in London at the defunct Battersea Power Station, a rigged 200-foot fireball was filmed, reportedly for an opening sequence, prompting calls from local residents who feared a terrorist attack on the station.[97] A similar incident occurred during the filming in Chicago, when an abandoned Brach's candy factory (which was Gotham Hospital in the film) was demolished.[98]

text: Filming took place in Hong Kong from November 6 to 11, 2007, at various locations in Central, including Hong Kong's tallest building at the time, the International Finance Centre, for the scene where Batman captures Lau.[99][100][101] Filming also took place on the Central to Mid-Levels covered escalator.[102] The shoot hired helicopters and C-130 aircraft.[99] Officials expressed concern over possible noise pollution and traffic.[100] In response, letters sent to the city's residents promised that the sound level would approximate noise decibels made by buses.[99] Environmentalists also criticized the filmmakers' request to tenants of the waterfront skyscrapers to keep their lights on all night to enhance the cinematography, describing it as a waste of energy.[100] Cinematographer Wally Pfister found the city officials a "nightmare", and ultimately Nolan had to create Batman's jump from a skyscraper digitally.[32]

text: Design

text: Costume designer Lindy Hemming described the Joker's look as reflecting his personality, in that "he doesn't care about himself at all"; she avoided designing him as a vagrant, but still made him appear to be "scruffier, grungier", so that "when you see him move, he's slightly twitchier or edgy".[17][28][28] Nolan noted, "We gave a Francis Bacon spin to [his face]. This corruption, this decay in the texture of the look itself. It's grubby. You can almost imagine what he smells like."[103] In creating the "anarchical" look of the Joker, Hemming drew inspiration from such countercultural pop culture artists as Pete Doherty, Iggy Pop, and Johnny Rotten.[104] Ledger described his "clown" mask, made up of three pieces of stamped silicone, as a "new technology", taking less than an hour for the make-up artists to apply, much faster than more-conventional prosthetics usually requires. Ledger also said that he felt he was barely wearing any make-up.[17][105]

text: Hemming and Ledger's Joker design has had an impact in popular and political culture in the form of the Barack Obama "Joker" poster, and has since become a meme in its own right.[106]

text: Designers improved on the design of the Batsuit from Batman Begins, adding wide elastic banding to help bind the costume to Bale, and suggest more sophisticated technology. It was constructed from 200 individual pieces of rubber, fiberglass, metallic mesh, and nylon. The new cowl was modeled after a motorcycle helmet and separated from the neck piece, allowing Bale to turn his head left and right and nod up and down.[107] The cowl is equipped to show white lenses over the eyes when the character turns on his sonar detection, which gives Batman the white eyed look from the comics and animation.[108] The gauntlets have retractable razors which can be fired.[107] Though the new costume is eight pounds heavier, Bale found it more comfortable and not as hot to wear.[14] The depiction of Gotham City is less gritty than in Batman Begins. "I've tried to unclutter the Gotham we created on the last film", said production designer Nathan Crowley. "Gotham is in chaos. We keep blowing up stuff, so we can keep our images clean."[16]

text: Effects

text: The film introduces the Batpod, which is a recreation of the Batcycle. Production designer Nathan Crowley, who designed the Tumbler for Batman Begins, designed six models (built by special effects supervisor Chris Corbould) for use in the film's production, because of necessary crash scenes and possible accidents.[109] Crowley built a prototype in Nolan's garage, before six months of safety tests were conducted.[14] The Batpod is steered by shoulder instead of hand, and the rider's arms are protected by sleeve-like shields. The bike has 508-millimeter (20-inch) front and rear tires, and is made to appear as if it is armed with grappling hooks, cannons, and machine guns. The engines are located in the hubs of the wheels, which are set 31⁄2 feet (1067 mm) apart on either side of the tank. The rider lies belly down on the tank, which can move up and down to dodge any incoming gunfire that Batman may encounter. Stuntman Jean-Pierre Goy doubled for Christian Bale during the riding sequences in The Dark Knight.[109] The Batpod was highly unstable for riding, and Goy was the only stuntman who could manage to balance the bike, even commenting that he had to "nearly un-learn how to ride a motorcycle" to manage riding the Batpod. Bale did insist on doing shots on the Batpod himself, but was prohibited by the team fearing his safety.[110]

text: Nolan designed Two-Face's appearance in the film as one of the least disturbing, explaining, "When we looked at less extreme versions of it, they were too real and more horrifying. When you look at a film like Pirates of the Caribbean – something like that, there's something about a very fanciful, very detailed visual effect, that I think is more powerful and less repulsive."[111] Framestore created 120 computer-generated shots of Two-Face's scarred visage. Nolan felt using make-up would look unrealistic, as it adds to the face, unlike real burn victims. Framestore acknowledged they rearranged the positions of bones, muscles and joints to make the character look more dramatic. For each shot, three 720-pixel HD cameras were set up at different angles on set to fully capture Aaron Eckhart's performance. Eckhart wore markers on his face and a prosthetic skullcap, which acted as a lighting reference. A few shots of the skullcap were kept in the film. Framestore also integrated shots of Bale and Eckhart into that of the exploding building where Dent is burned. It was difficult simulating fire on Eckhart because it is inherently unrealistic for only half of something to burn.[112]

text: Music

text: Batman Begins composers Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard returned to score the sequel. Composition began before shooting, and during filming Nolan received an iPod with ten hours of recordings.[113] Their nine-minute suite for the Joker, "Why So Serious?", is based around two notes. Zimmer compared its style to that of Kraftwerk, a band from his native Germany, as well as bands like The Damned.[114] When Ledger died, Zimmer felt like scrapping and composing a new theme, but decided that he could not be sentimental and compromise the "evil [Ledger's performance] projects".[115] Howard composed Dent's "elegant and beautiful" themes,[114] which are brass-focused.[113]

text: Marketing

text: In May 2007, 42 Entertainment began a viral marketing campaign utilizing the film's "Why So Serious?" tagline with the launch of a website featuring the fictional political campaign of Harvey Dent, with the caption, "I Believe in Harvey Dent".[116] The site aimed to interest fans by having them try to earn what they wanted to see and, on behalf of Warner Bros., 42 Entertainment also established a "vandalized" version of I Believe in Harvey Dent, called "I believe in Harvey Dent too", where e-mails sent by fans slowly removed pixels, revealing the first official image of the Joker; it was ultimately replaced with many "Haha"s and a hidden message that said "see you in December".[117]

text: During the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con International, 42 Entertainment launched WhySoSerious.com, sending fans on a scavenger hunt to unlock a teaser trailer and a new photo of the Joker.[118] On October 31, 2007, the film's website morphed into another scavenger hunt with hidden messages, instructing fans to uncover clues at certain locations in major cities throughout the United States, and to take photographs of their discoveries. The clues combined to reveal a new photograph of the Joker and an audio clip of him from the film saying "And tonight, you're gonna break your one rule." Completing the scavenger hunt also led to another website called Rory's Death Kiss[119] (referencing the false working title of Rory's First Kiss), where fans could submit photographs of themselves costumed as the Joker. Those who sent photos were mailed a copy of a fictional newspaper called The Gotham Times, whose electronic version led to the discovery of numerous other websites.[120][121]

text: The Dark Knight's opening sequence, (showing a bank raid by the Joker) and closing montage of other scenes from the film, was screened with selected IMAX screenings of I Am Legend, which was released on December 14, 2007.[69] A theatrical teaser was also released with non-IMAX showings of I Am Legend, and also on the official website.[122] The sequence was released on the Blu-ray Disc edition of Batman Begins on July 8, 2008.[123] Also on July 8, 2008, the studio released Batman: Gotham Knight, a direct-to-DVD animated film, set between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight and featuring six original stories, directed by Bruce Timm, co-creator and producer of Batman: The Animated Series, and starring veteran Batman voice actor Kevin Conroy. Each of these segments, written by Josh Olson, David S. Goyer, Brian Azzarello, Greg Rucka, Jordan Goldberg, and Alan Burnett, presents its own distinctive artistic style, paralleling numerous artists collaborating in the same DC Universe.[124]

text: After the death of Heath Ledger on January 22, 2008, Warner Bros. adjusted its promotional focus on the Joker,[125] revising some of its websites dedicated to promoting the film and posting a memorial tribute to Ledger on the film's official website[126] and overlaying a black memorial ribbon on the photo collage in WhySoSerious.com.[127] On February 29, 2008, I Believe in Harvey Dent was updated to enable fans to send their e-mail addresses and phone numbers.[128] In March 2008, Harvey Dent's fictional campaign informed fans that actual campaign buses nicknamed "Dentmobiles" would tour various cities to promote Dent's candidacy for district attorney.[129]

text: On May 15, 2008, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Great Adventure theme parks opened The Dark Knight Coaster roller coaster, which cost US$7.5 million to develop and which simulates being stalked by the Joker.[130] Mattel produced toys and games for The Dark Knight, action figures, role play costumes, board games, puzzles, and a special-edition UNO card game, which began commercial distribution in June 2008.[131]

text: Warner Bros. devoted six months to an anti-infringement strategy that involved tracking the people who had a pre-release copy of the film at any one time. Shipping and delivery schedules were also staggered and spot checks were carried out both domestically and overseas to ensure illegal copying of the film was not taking place in cinemas.[132] An unlicensed copy was released on the web about 38 hours after the film's release. BitTorrent search engine The Pirate Bay taunted the movie industry over its ability to provide the movie free, replacing its logo with a taunting message.[133]

text: Pandemic Studios was developing a tie-in video game adaptation, Batman: The Dark Knight. However, its development faced a series of disruptions and was canceled before completion.[134]

text: Release

text: Warner Bros. held the world premiere for The Dark Knight in New York City on July 14, 2008, screening in an IMAX theater with the film's composers James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer playing a part of the film score live.[135] Leading up to The Dark Knight's commercial release, the film had drawn "overwhelmingly positive early reviews and buzz on Heath Ledger's turn as the Joker".[136] The Dark Knight was commercially released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, grossing almost $2.3 million in its first day.[137]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Dark Knight was distributed to 4,366 theaters, breaking the previous record for the highest number of theaters held by Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End in 2007. The number of theaters also included 94 IMAX theaters, with the film estimated to be played on 9,200 screens in the United States and Canada.[137] Online, ticketing services sold enormous numbers of tickets for approximately 3,000 midnight showtimes as well as unusually early showtimes for the film's opening day. All IMAX theaters showing The Dark Knight were sold out for the opening weekend.[138] The Dark Knight will be re-released in IMAX for its 10th anniversary for a week starting on August 24, 2018. It will play at the AMC IMAX theaters in Universal CityWalk, Lincoln Square, Manhattan, and Metreon, as well as the Ontario Place Cinesphere.[139]

text: Reception

text: The Dark Knight is often considered to be one of the greatest films ever made. On aggregating review website Rotten Tomatoes, The Dark Knight has an approval rating of 94%, based on 327 reviews, with an average score of 8.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Dark, complex and unforgettable, The Dark Knight succeeds not just as an entertaining comic book film, but as a richly thrilling crime saga."[140] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews from top mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 82 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[141] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was "A" on an A+ to F scale, and that audiences skewed slightly male and older.[142]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, awarding four out of four stars, described The Dark Knight as a "haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy." He praised the performances, direction, and writing, saying the film "redefine[s] the possibilities of the comic-book movie."[143] Ebert stated that the "key performance" is by Heath Ledger, and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous Academy Award-winning actor since Peter Finch in 1976. (The Oscar was awarded to the late Ledger.)[144] Ebert ranked this as one of his twenty favorite films of 2008.[145]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that the film is deeper than its predecessor, with a "deft" script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with popular psychology, instead pulling the viewer in with an examination of Bruce Wayne's psyche.[146] Travers praised all the cast, saying each brings his or her "'A' game" to the film. He says Bale is "electrifying", evoking Al Pacino in The Godfather Part II, that Eckhart's portrayal of Harvey Dent is "scarily moving," and that Oldman "is so skilled that he makes virtue exciting as Jim Gordon."[146] Travers says Ledger moves the Joker away from Jack Nicholson's interpretation into darker territory, and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award,[146] Travers says that the filmmakers move the film away from comic book cinema and closer to being a genuine work of art, citing Nolan's direction and the "gritty reality" of Wally Pfister's cinematography as helping to create a universe that has something "raw and elemental" at work within it. In particular, he cites Nolan's action choreography in the IMAX-tailored heist sequence as rivaling that of Heat (1995).[146] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote, "Pitched at the divide between art and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind."[147] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Every great hero needs a great villain. And in 2008, Christian Bale's Batman found his in Heath Ledger's demented dervish, the Joker."[148] BBC critic Mark Kermode, in a positive review, said that Ledger is "very, very good" but that Oldman's turn is "the best performance in the film, by a mile"; Kermode felt Oldman was deserving of an Oscar nomination.[149]

text: Emanuel Levy wrote Ledger "throws himself completely" into the role,[150] and that the film represents Nolan's "most accomplished and mature" work, and the most technically impressive and resonant of all the Batman films. Levy calls the action sequences some of the most impressive seen in an American film for years, and talks of the Hong Kong-set portion of the film as being particularly visually impressive.[150] Levy and Peter Travers conclude that the film is "haunting and visionary,"[146][150] while Levy goes on to say that The Dark Knight is "nothing short of brilliant."[150] On the other hand, David Denby of The New Yorker said that the story is not coherent enough to properly flesh out the disparities. He said the film's mood is one of "constant climax," and that it feels rushed and far too long. Denby criticized scenes which he argued to be meaningless or are cut short just as they become interesting.[151] Denby remarks that the central conflict is workable, but that "only half the team can act it," saying that Bale's "placid" Bruce Wayne and "dogged but uninteresting" Batman is constantly upstaged by Ledger's "sinister and frightening" performance, which he says is the film's one element of success. Denby concludes that Ledger is "mesmerizing" in every scene.[151] The vocalization of Christian Bale's Batman (which was partly altered during post-production) was the subject of particular criticism by some commentators, with David Edelstein from NPR describing Bale delivering his performance with "a voice that's deeper and hammier than ever." Alonso Duralde at MSNBC, however, referred to Bale's voice in The Dark Knight as an "eerie rasp," as opposed to the voice used in the Batman Begins, which according to Duralde "sounded absurdly deep, like a 10-year-old putting on an 'adult' voice to make prank phone calls."[152][153]

text: The Dark Knight was ranked the 15th greatest film in history on Empire's 2008 list of the "500 Greatest Movies of All Time," based upon the weighted votes of 10,000 readers, 150 film directors, and 50 key film critics.[154] Heath Ledger's interpretation of the Joker was also ranked number three on Empire's 2008 list of the "100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time."[155] In June 2010, the Joker was ranked number five on Entertainment Weekly's "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years."[156] Heath Ledger's portrayal of the Joker ranked second on The Hollywood Reporter's list of Greatest Superhero Movie Performances of All Time, behind Hugh Jackman's performance as Wolverine.[157] Paste magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000–2009), ranking it at number 11.[6] In 2016, Playboy ranked the film number five on its list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals.[158] The Dark Knight was included in American Cinematographer's "Best-Shot Film of 1998-2008" list, ranking in the top 10. More than 17,000 people around the world participated in the final vote.[159] In March 2011, the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their eight favorite film of all time.[160] On the March 22, 2011 television special Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, The Dark Knight was voted the second best action film while the Joker, as portrayed by Ledger, was voted the third greatest film character.[161] In 2012, Total Film ranked The Dark Knight as the sixth most accomplished film of the past 15 years, writing that "Christopher Nolan's psycho-operatic crime drama was its decade's most exciting blockbuster – and its most challenging."[162] In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[163] The Dark Knight was listed at 80th place on this list.[164] In 2014, The Dark Knight was ranked the 3rd greatest film ever made on Empire's list of "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time" as voted by the magazine's readers.[165] The film was also included and ranked 57th on Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films, a list compiled by The Hollywood Reporter, surveying "Studio chiefs, Oscar winners and TV royalty."[166] The Dark Knight ranked 96th on BBC's "100 Greatest American Films" list, voted on by film critics from around the world.[167] It was also voted as one of New Zealand's favorite films in a 2015 poll.[168] It was ranked the 33rd best film of the 21st century by 177 film critics, polled by BBC in 2016.[169] Noted film critic Barry Norman included The Dark Knight in his "100 Greatest Films of All Time" list.[170]

text: Commentary

text: Mystery writer Andrew Klavan, writing in The Wall Street Journal, compared the extreme measures that Batman takes to fight crime with those U.S. President George W. Bush used in the War on Terror. Klavan claims that, "at some level" The Dark Knight is "a paean of praise to the fortitude and moral courage that has been shown by George W. Bush in this time of terror and war". Klavan supports this reading of the film by comparing Batman—like Bush, Klavan argues—"sometimes has to push the boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past."[171] Klavan's article has received criticism on the Internet and in mainstream media outlets, such as in The New Republic's "The Plank."[172] Reviewing the film in The Sunday Times, Cosmo Landesman reached the opposite conclusion to Klavan, arguing that The Dark Knight "offers up a lot of moralistic waffle about how we must hug a terrorist – okay, I exaggerate. At its heart, however, is a long and tedious discussion about how individuals and society must never abandon the rule of law in struggling against the forces of lawlessness. In fighting monsters, we must be careful not to become monsters – that sort of thing. The film champions the anti-war coalition's claim that, in having a war on terror, you create the conditions for more terror. We are shown that innocent people died because of Batman – and he falls for it."[173] Benjamin Kerstein, writing in Azure, says that both Klavan and Landesman "have a point", because "The Dark Knight is a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists."[174]

text: Former U.S. president Barack Obama has used the film to help explain how he understood the role and growth of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). "There's a scene in the beginning in which the gang leaders of Gotham are meeting ... These are men who had the city divided up. They were thugs, but there was a kind of order. Everyone had his turf. And then the Joker comes in and lights the whole city on fire. ISIS is the Joker. It has the capacity to set the whole region on fire. That's why we have to fight it."[175]

text: Themes and analysis

text: According to David S. Goyer, the primary theme of The Dark Knight is escalation.[176] Gotham City is weak and the citizens blame Batman for the city's violence and corruption as well as the Joker's threats, and it pushes his limits, making him feel that taking the laws into his own hands is further downgrading the city. Roger Ebert noted, "Throughout the film, [the Joker] devises ingenious situations that force Batman, Commissioner Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent to make impossible ethical decisions. By the end, the whole moral foundation of the Batman legend is threatened."[144]

text: Other critics have mentioned the theme of the triumph of evil over good. Harvey Dent is seen as Gotham's "White Knight" in the beginning of the film but ends up becoming seduced to evil.[73] The Joker, on the other hand, is seen as the representation of anarchy and chaos. He has no motive, no orders, and no desires but to cause havoc and "watch the world burn". The terrible logic of human error is another theme as well. The ferry scene displays how humans can easily be enticed by iniquity, and how that could lead to potential disaster.[177]

text: The inclusion of a character like the Joker, one who refuses to play by the traditional rules of villainy, has led some critics and scholars to identify The Dark Knight's depiction of violence as a clear allegory for the use of force in response to global threats in post-9/11 America. For example, in a controversial article for the Wall Street Journal, Andrew Klavan contends that The Dark Knight is "a paean of praise to the fortitude and moral courage that has been shown by George W. Bush in this time of terror and war. ... Like W., Batman sometimes has to push the boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past."[178]

text: Awards

text: Most notable among the nominations were Heath Ledger's almost complete sweep of over twenty awards for acting, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Dark Knight also received nominations from the Writers Guild of America (for Best Adapted Screenplay), the Producers Guild of America, and the Directors Guild of America, as well as a slew of other guild award nominations and wins. It was nominated for Best Film at the Critics Choice Awards and was named one of the top ten films of 2008 by the American Film Institute.

text: The Dark Knight was nominated for eight Academy Awards for the 81st Ceremony,[179] breaking the previous record of seven held by Dick Tracy[180] for the most nominations received by a film based on a comic book, comic strip, or graphic novel. The Dark Knight won two awards: Best Supporting Actor for Heath Ledger and Best Sound Editing. It was additionally nominated for six others, these being Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Visual Effects, Best Makeup, and Best Film Editing. Heath Ledger was the first posthumous winner of the Best Supporting Actor award, and only the second posthumous acting winner ever (Peter Finch posthumously won the Best Actor award for his performance in the 1976 film Network). In addition, Ledger's win marked the first win in any of the major Oscar categories (producing, directing, acting, or writing) for a superhero-based film. Notably, Richard King's win in the Sound Editing category blocked a complete awards sweep of the evening by the eventual Best Picture winner, Slumdog Millionaire. Although it did not receive a Best Picture nomination, the show's opening song paid homage to The Dark Knight along with the five Best Picture nominees, including host Hugh Jackman riding on a mockup of the Batpod made out of garbage. In spite of the film's critical success, the film was noticeably absent from the Best Picture nominee list, prompting controversy and led many to criticize the Academy Awards for "snubbing" the film.[181][182] There was speculation that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences later changed their number of Best Picture nominees to ten, instead of the traditional five, because of the film's omission.[183][184] In a question-and-answer session that followed the announcement, the Academy's then president Sidney Ganis said; "I would not be telling you the truth if I said the words Dark Knight did not come up."[185]

text: A British-American production, the film was nominated for the 2009 Goya Award for Best European Film.[186] It had a nomination in Japan for the 2009 Seiun Awards under the Science Fiction category[187] with a Japan Academy Prize Award for Best Foreign Film.[188]

text: Box office

text: The Dark Knight earned $534.9 million in North America and $469.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1 billion. Worldwide, it is the 34th highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing film of 2008, and the fourth film in history to gross more than $1 billion. It made $199.7 million on its worldwide opening weekend, which ranks 34th on the all-time chart.[189] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74.26 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[190]

text: In order to increase the film's chances of crossing $1 billion in worldwide gross and of winning Oscars, Warner Bros. re-released the film in traditional and IMAX theaters in the United States and other countries on January 23, 2009.[191][192] Before the re-release, the film's gross remained at $997 million,[193] but following the re-release, the film crossed the $1 billion-mark in February 2009.[194]

text: North America

text: The Dark Knight opened on Friday, July 18, 2008. It set a record for midnight showings, earning $18.5 million from 3,040 theaters[195] (a record first surpassed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince).[196] The midnight opening included $640,000 from IMAX screenings.[197] It was then shown on 9,200 screens at a record 4,366 theaters (a record first surpassed by Iron Man 2),[198] also setting an opening and single-day record gross, with $67.2 million[195][199] (both records first surpassed by The Twilight Saga: New Moon),[200] and an opening weekend record, with $158.4 million[195][201][202] (first surpassed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).[203] The weekend per theater average of $36,283 stands as the fifth-largest of all time.[204] It sold an estimated 22.37 million tickets during its first weekend with 2008's average admission of $7.08, meaning the film sold more tickets than Spider-Man 3, which sold 21.96 million with the average price of $6.88 in 2007.[205][206] Additionally, the film set an IMAX opening weekend record, with $6.3 million[195] (a record first surpassed by Star Trek).[207] It achieved the largest Sunday gross with $43.6 million[195] and the largest opening week from Friday to Thursday with $238.6 million (both records surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers).[208][209] It also achieved the largest cumulative gross through its third and fourth day of release (both records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows – Part 2) and so on until its tenth day of release (records surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers).[210] Moreover, it was the fastest film to reach $100 million (a record first surpassed by New Moon), $150 million and each additional $50 million through $450 million (records surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers), and $500 million (a record first surpassed by Avatar).[211] Finally, it achieved the largest second-weekend gross (a record first surpassed by Avatar).[212]

text: It has grossed the fourth largest Saturday gross ($51,336,732). On its first Monday, it grossed $24.5 million, which stands as the largest non-holiday Monday gross and the fourth largest Monday gross overall, and on its first Tuesday, it grossed another $20.9 million, which stands as the largest non-opening Tuesday gross and the second largest Tuesday gross overall.[213] Notably, it topped the box office during the second biggest weekend of all time in North America (aggregated total of $253,586,871)[214] and it was the only 2008 film that remained on top of the box office charts for four consecutive weekends.[215]

text: The Dark Knight is the highest-grossing film of 2008, the second-highest-grossing superhero film, the second-highest-grossing film based on comics, and the fourth highest-grossing North American film of all time. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation though, it ranks 28th.[216] In contrast to Avatar and Titanic — both which grossed more than The Dark Knight in North America and had slow but steady earnings — The Dark Knight broke records in its opening weekend and slowed down significantly after its first few weekends.[213][217]

text: Outside North America

text: Overseas, The Dark Knight is the highest-grossing 2008 film[218] and the fourth-highest-grossing superhero film. It premiered in 20 other territories on 4,520 screens, grossing $41.3 million in its first weekend.[219] The film came second to Hancock, which was screening in 71 territories in its third weekend. The Dark Knight's biggest territory was Australia, where it grossed $13.7 million over the weekend, setting a record for the largest superhero film opening.[220] It topped the weekend box office outside North America three consecutive times and four in total. Citing cultural sensitivities to some elements in the film, and a reluctance to adhere to pre-release conditions, Warner Bros. declined to release the film in mainland China.[221] Its highest-grossing market after North America was the UK, Ireland, and Malta, where it earned $89.1 million. Also, in Australia, it earned of $39.9 million, still remaining in the all-time Top 10 of the country.[222] The five highest-grossing markets outside North America also include Germany ($29.7 million), France and the Maghreb region ($27.5 million) and South Korea ($25.0 million).[223]

text: Home media

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in North America on December 9, 2008. Releases include a one-disc edition DVD; a two-disc Special Edition DVD; a two-disc edition BD; and a Special Edition BD package featuring a statuette of the Bat-pod.[224] The BD/iTunes version presents the film in a variable aspect ratio, with the IMAX sequences framed in 1.78:1, while scenes filmed in 35 mm are framed in 2.40:1.[225] The DVD versions feature the entire film framed in a uniform 2.40:1 aspect ratio. Disc 2 of the two-disc Special Edition DVD features the six main IMAX sequences in the original 1.44:1 aspect ratio. Additional IMAX shots throughout the film that are presented in 1.78:1 on the Blu-ray release are not, however, included in the DVD's special features. In addition to the standard DVD releases, some stores released their own exclusive editions of the film.

text: In the United Kingdom, the film had combined sales of 513,000 units on its first day of release, of which 107,730 (21%) were Blu-ray Discs, the highest number of first-day Blu-ray Discs sold.[226] In the United States, The Dark Knight set a sales record for most DVDs sold in one day, selling 3 million units on its first day of release – 600,000 of which were Blu-ray Discs.[227]

text: The DVD and Blu-ray Disc editions were released in Australia on December 10, 2008. Releases were in the form of a one-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition including a Batmask on DVD and BD; a two-disc Batpod statuette Limited BD Edition; a two-disc BD edition; and a four-disc Batman Begins/The Dark Knight pack on DVD and BD. As of December 19, 2008, the DVD release is the top selling film in the Australian DVD Charts[228] and is expected to break the Australian sales record set by Finding Nemo.[229]

text: The movie also sold Blu-ray copies worth 370 million yen (US$4.1 million) in Japan, placing it 3rd out of 10 in the top 10 overall Blu-ray category.[230][231]

text: In March 2011, Warner Bros. offered The Dark Knight for rent on Facebook, becoming the first movie ever to be released via digital distribution on a social networking site. Users in the United States were able to use Facebook Credits to view the film.[232] The Dark Knight was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on December 19, 2017.[233]

text: Legacy

text: According to David Sims of The Atlantic, The Dark Knight "legitimized" the genre of the comic book movie in the eyes of film studios, thereby setting the stage for the success of franchises such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[234] Darren Franrich of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the film "cemented a new way of talking about superhero movies," specifically one that acknowledged them as serious vehicles for political commentary and artistic achievement.[235]

text: Multiple elements of The Dark Knight had a profound influence on a number of subsequent motion pictures.[236][237][238] For example, director Ryan Coogler cited The Dark Knight's depiction of Gotham City as a partial inspiration for the representation of Wakanda in the 2018 blockbuster Black Panther.[239] Meanwhile, Michael B. Jordan named Ledger's performance as an influence for the former's portrayal of Killmonger, the villain in Black Panther.[240] Director Sam Mendes called The Dark Knight a "game changer for everybody," saying that it influenced his approach to making Skyfall (2012): "What Nolan proved was that you can make a huge movie that is thrilling and entertaining and has a lot to say about the world we live in ... That did help give me the confidence to take this movie in directions that, without The Dark Knight, might not have been possible."[241] Composer Blake Neely's music for the TV show Arrow likewise drew upon Hans Zimmer's score for The Dark Knight.[242] Furthermore, in a tenth anniversary retrospective for Rotten Tomatoes, Erik Amaya credited Ledger's performance with providing a novel interpretation of the Joker for the general public, one that proved to be a template for later cinematic portrayals.[184]

text: Several critics have noted that later films imitated The Dark Knight's dark and gritty tone without replicating the quality of its writing, acting, or plot structure.[243][244] According to Charles Bramesco of The Guardian, many of the movies in the DC Extended Universe – such as Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Suicide Squad, and Justice League – "affected a joylessness bastardized from Nolan’s well-founded solemnity."[245] Chris Newbould of The National reached a similar conclusion, bemoaning how DCEU films "have failed to excite audiences and critics alike and have performed passably at best at the box office."[246] Nick Pope of Esquire accused The Dark Knight of encouraging future superhero films "to take [themselves] far too seriously."[247]


document_title: List of Vice-Presidents of India

question_text: who has held the office of vice president of india for 2 consecutive terms

root

text: List of Vice-Presidents of India

text: List[edit]

text: The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950.[1]

tag: p

text:
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Elected
Took office
Left office
President(s)

1
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975)

1952
1957
13 May 1952
12 May 1962
Rajendra Prasad

2
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)

1962
13 May 1962
12 May 1967
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

3
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)

1967
13 May 1967
3 May 1969
Zakir Husain

4
Gopal Swarup Pathak
(1896–1982)

1969
31 August 1969
30 August 1974
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)

5
Basappa Danappa Jatti
(1912–2002)

1974
31 August 1974
30 August 1979
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)

6
Mohammad Hidayatullah
(1905–1992)

1979
31 August 1979
30 August 1984
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982)
Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)

7
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009)

1984
31 August 1984
24 July 1987
Giani Zail Singh

8
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999)

1987
3 September 1987
24 July 1992
Ramaswamy Venkataraman

9
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005)

1992
21 August 1992
24 July 1997
Shankar Dayal Sharma

10
Krishan Kant
(1927–2002)

1997
21 August 1997
27 July 2002 *
Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)

11
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
(1923–2010)

2002
19 August 2002
21 July 2007
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

12
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
(1937–)[2][3]

2007
2012
11 August 2007
11 August 2017
Pratibha Patil (2007–2012)
Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)
Ram Nath Kovind (2017)

13
Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu
(1949–)

2017
11 August 2017
Incumbent
Ram Nath Kovind

tag: table

text: *Died in office

tag: ul


document_title: Tilde

question_text: what is the line above an n in spanish called

question_tokens: what is the line above an n in spanish called

text: Tilde

text: Common use[edit]

text: This symbol (in English) informally[4] means "approximately", "about", or "around", such as "~30 minutes before", meaning "approximately 30 minutes before".[5][6] It can mean "similar to",[7] including "of the same order of magnitude as",[4] such as: "x ~ y" meaning that x and y are of the same order of magnitude. Another approximation symbol is the double-tilde ≈, meaning "approximately equal to",[5][7][8] the critical difference being the subjective level of accuracy: ≈ indicates a value which can be considered functionally equivalent for a calculation within an acceptable degree of error, whereas ~ is usually used to indicate a larger, possibly significant, degree of error[citation needed]. The tilde is also used to indicate "equal to" or "approximately equal to" by placing it over the "=" symbol, like so: ≅.

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Use by medieval scribes[edit]

text: The text of the Domesday Book of 1086, relating for example, to the manor of Molland in Devon (see image left), is highly abbreviated as indicated by numerous tildes. The text with abbreviations expanded is as follows:

text: Mollande tempore regis Edwardi geldabat pro quattuor hidis et uno ferling. Terra est quadraginta carucae. In dominio sunt tres carucae et decem servi et triginta villani et viginta bordarii cum sedecim carucis. Ibi duodecim acrae prati et quindecim acrae silvae. Pastura tres leugae in longitudine et latitudine. Libras ad pensam. Huic manerio est adjuncta Blachepole. Elwardus tenebat tempore regis Edwardi pro manerio et geldabat pro dimidia hida. Terra est duae carucae. Ibi sunt quinque villani cum uno servo. Valet viginti solidos ad pensam et arsuram. Eidem manerio est injuste adjuncta Nimete et valet quindecim solidos. Ipsi manerio pertinet tercius denarius de Hundredis Nortmoltone et Badentone et Brantone et tercium animal pasturae morarum.

text: Role of mechanical typewriters[edit]

text: The incorporation of the tilde (~) into ASCII is a direct result of its appearance as a distinct character on mechanical typewriters in the late nineteenth century. When all character sets were pieces of metal permanently installed, and number of characters much more limited than in typography, the question of which languages and markets required which characters was an important one. Any good typewriter store had a catalog of alternative keyboards that could be specified for machines ordered from the factory.

text: At that time, the tilde was used only in Spanish and Portuguese typewriters (keyboards). In Modern Spanish, the tilde is used only with n and N. Both were conveniently assigned to a single mechanical typebar, which sacrificed a key that was felt to be less important, usually the ½—¼ key.

text: Portuguese, however, uses not ñ but nh. It uses the tilde on the vowels a and o. So as not to sacrifice two of the tightly limited keys to ã Ã õ Õ, the decision was made to make the ~ a separate "dead" character in which the carriage holding the paper did not move. Dead keys, which had a notch cut out to avoid hitting a mechanical linkage that triggered carriage movement, were used for characters that were intended to be combined (overstruck).

text: On mechanical typewriters, Spanish keyboards (the first, or one of the first, non-English keyboards) had a dead key, which contained the acute accent (´), used over any vowel, and the dieresis (¨), used only over u. It was a simple matter to create a dead key for a Portuguese keyboard (created later than the Spanish one) to be overstruck with a and o and so the ~ was born as a typographical character, which did not exist previously as a type or hot-lead printing character. That was probably a product of the first and leading manufacturer of (mechanical) typewriters, Remington.

text: Connection to Spanish[edit]

text: As indicated by the etymological origin of the word "tilde" in English, this symbol has been closely associated with the Spanish language. The connection stems from the use of the tilde above the letter "n" to form "ñ" in Spanish, a feature shared by only a few other languages, all historically connected to Spanish. This peculiarity can help non-native speakers quickly identify a text as being written in Spanish with little chance of error. In addition, most native speakers, although not all, use the word "español" to refer to their language. Particularly during the 1990s, Spanish-speaking intellectuals and news outlets demonstrated support for the language and the culture by defending this letter against globalisation and computerisation trends that threatened to remove it from keyboards and other standardised products and codes.[9][10] The Instituto Cervantes, founded by Spain's government to promote the Spanish language internationally, chose as its logo a highly stylised Ñ with a large tilde. The 24-hour news channel CNN in the US later adopted a similar strategy on its existing logo for the launch of its Spanish-language version. And similarly to the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Spain men's national basketball team is nicknamed ÑBA.

text: Confusingly, in Spanish itself the word tilde is used more generally for diacritics, including the stress-marking acute accent.[11]  The diacritic ~ is more commonly called  la virgulilla or la tilde de la eñe, and is not considered an accent mark in Spanish, but rather simply a part of the letter ñ (much like the dot over the i).

text: Diacritical use[edit]

text: In some languages, the tilde is used as a diacritical mark ( ˜ ) placed over a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, such as nasalization.

text: Pitch[edit]

text: It was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, as a variant of the circumflex, representing a rise in pitch followed by a return to standard pitch.

text: Abbreviation[edit]

text: Later, it was used to make abbreviations in medieval Latin documents.  When an ⟨n⟩ or ⟨m⟩ followed a vowel, it was often omitted, and a tilde (i.e., a small ⟨n⟩) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization  (compare the development of the umlaut as an abbreviation of ⟨e⟩.)  The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an ⟨n⟩ or ⟨m⟩ continued in printed books in French as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century. It was also used in Portuguese, and Spanish.

text: The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter ⟨q⟩ ("q̃") to signify the word que ("that").

text: Nasalization[edit]

text: It is also as a small ⟨n⟩ that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a Latin ⟨n⟩ which had been elided in old Galician-Portuguese.  In modern Portuguese it indicates nasalization of the base vowel: mão "hand", from Lat. manu-; razões "reasons", from Lat. rationes.  This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several native languages of South America, such as Guarani and Nheengatu, as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, [ljɔ̃] is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name Lyon.

text: In Breton, the symbol ⟨ñ⟩ after a vowel means that the letter ⟨n⟩ serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation, without being itself pronounced, as it normally is. For example, ⟨an⟩ gives the pronunciation [ãn] whereas ⟨añ⟩ gives [ã].

text: Palatal n[edit]

text: The tilded ⟨n⟩ (⟨ñ⟩, ⟨Ñ⟩) developed from the digraph ⟨nn⟩ in Spanish. In this language, ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a separate letter called eñe (IPA: [ˈeɲe]), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩. In Spanish the word tilde can refer to diacritics in general, e.g. the acute accent in José,[12] and the diacritic in ⟨ñ⟩ can also be called "virgulilla".[13] Current languages in which the tilded ⟨n⟩ (⟨ñ⟩) is used for the palatal nasal consonant /ɲ/ include:

text:
Asturian
Basque
Chamorro
Filipino
Galician
Guaraní
Iñupiaq
Mapudungun
Papiamento
Quechua
Spanish
Tetum

text: Tone[edit]

text: In Vietnamese, a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising tone (ngã).

text: International Phonetic Alphabet[edit]

text: In phonetics, a tilde is used as a diacritic that is placed above a letter, below it or superimposed onto the middle of it:

text:
A tilde above a letter indicates nasalization, e.g. [ã], [ṽ].
A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates velarization or pharyngealization, e.g. [ɫ], [z̴]. If no precomposed Unicode character exists, the Unicode character U+0334 ◌̴ COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY can be used to generate one.
A tilde below a letter indicates laryngealisation, e.g. [d̰]. If no precomposed Unicode character exists, the Unicode character U+0330 ◌̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW can be used to generate one.

text: Letter extension[edit]

text: In Estonian, the symbol ⟨õ⟩ stands for the close-mid back unrounded vowel, and it is considered an independent letter.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes:

text:
Arabic script: A symbol resembling the tilde (U+0653 ـٓ ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE) is used over the letter ⟨ا⟩ (/a/) to become ⟨آ⟩, denoting a long /aː/ sound ([ʔæː]).
Guaraní: The tilded ⟨G̃⟩ (note that ⟨G/g⟩ with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in Unicode) stands for the velar nasal consonant.  Also, the tilded ⟨y⟩ (⟨Ỹ⟩) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel [ɨ̃].  A small number of other alphabets also use ⟨g̃⟩.
Syriac script: A tilde (~) under the letter Kaph represents a [t͡ʃ] sound, transliterated as ch or č.[14]
Estonian uses the tilde above the letter o (õ) to indicate the vowel [ɤ], a rare sound among languages.
Unicode has a combining vertical tilde character: U+033E ◌̾ COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE. It is used to indicate middle tone in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the Lithuanian language.[15]

text: Precomposed Unicode characters[edit]

text: The following letters using the tilde as a diacritic exist as precomposed or combining Unicode characters:

text:
Letter

Code point

hideName

Ẵ
U+1EB4
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE

ẵ
U+1EB5
LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE

Ẫ
U+1EAA
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE

ẫ
U+1EAB
LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE

Ã
U+00C3
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE

ã
U+00E3
LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE

ᵬ
U+1D6C
LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ᵭ
U+1D6D
LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE

Ễ
U+1EC4
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE

ễ
U+1EC5
LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE

Ḛ
U+1E1A
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW

ḛ
U+1E1B
LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW

Ẽ
U+1EBC
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE

ẽ
U+1EBD
LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE

ᵮ
U+1D6E
LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE

Ḭ
U+1E2C
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW

ḭ
U+1E2D
LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW

Ĩ
U+0128
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE

ĩ
U+0129
LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE

Ɫ
U+2C62
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ɫ
U+026B
LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ꭞ
U+AB5E
MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ꬸ
U+AB38
LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE

◌ᷬ
U+1DEC
COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE

ᵯ
U+1D6F
LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ᵰ
U+1D70
LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE

Ñ
U+00D1
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE

ñ
U+00F1
LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE

Ỗ
U+1ED6
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE

ỗ
U+1ED7
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE

Ỡ
U+1EE0
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE

ỡ
U+1EE1
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE

Ṍ
U+1E4C
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE

ṍ
U+1E4D
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE

Ṏ
U+1E4E
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS

ṏ
U+1E4F
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS

Ȭ
U+022C
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON

ȭ
U+022D
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON

Õ
U+00D5
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE

õ
U+00F5
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE

ᵱ
U+1D71
LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ᵳ
U+1D73
LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE

ᵲ
U+1D72
LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ᵴ
U+1D74
LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE

ᵵ
U+1D75
LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE

Ữ
U+1EEE
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE

ữ
U+1EEF
LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE

Ṹ
U+1E78
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE

ṹ
U+1E79
LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE

Ṵ
U+1E74
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW

ṵ
U+1E75
LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW

Ũ
U+0168
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE

ũ
U+0169
LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE

Ṽ
U+1E7C
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE

ṽ
U+1E7D
LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE

Ỹ
U+1EF8
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE

ỹ
U+1EF9
LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE

ᵶ
U+1D76
LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE

text: Similar characters[edit]

text: There are many Unicode characters for tildes, symbols incorporating tildes, and characters visually similar to a tilde:

text:
Character

Code point

Name

hideComments

~
U+007E
TILDE
Same as keyboard tilde. In-line.

˜
U+02DC
SMALL TILDE
Raised but quite small.

˷
U+02F7
MODIFIER LETTER LOW TILDE

◌̃
U+0303
COMBINING TILDE

◌̰
U+0330
COMBINING TILDE BELOW
Used in IPA to indicate creaky voice

◌̴
U+0334
COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY
Used in IPA to indicate velarization or pharyngealization

◌̾
U+033E
COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE

◌͂
U+0342
COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENI
Used as an Ancient Greek accent under the name "circumflex"; it can also be written as an inverted breve.

◌͊
U+034A
COMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVE
Raised, small, with slash through.

◌͠◌
U+0360
COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE

◌֘
U+0598
HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA
Hebrew cantillation mark.

◌֮
U+05AE
HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR
Hebrew cantillation mark.

◌᷉
U+1DC9
COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE
Used in IPA as a tone mark.

⁓
U+2053
SWUNG DASH

∼
U+223C
TILDE OPERATOR
Used in mathematics. In-line. Ends not curved as much.

∽
U+223D
REVERSED TILDE
In some fonts it is the tilde's simple mirror image; others extend the tips to resemble a ᔕ, or an open ∞.

∿
U+223F
SINE WAVE

≁
U+2241
NOT TILDE

≂
U+2242
MINUS TILDE

≃
U+2243
ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO

≄
U+2244
NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO

≅
U+2245
APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO

≆
U+2246
APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO

≇
U+2247
NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO

≈
U+2248
ALMOST EQUAL TO

≉
U+2249
NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO

≊
U+224A
ALMOST EQUAL OR EQUAL TO

≋
U+224B
TRIPLE TILDE

≌
U+224C
ALL EQUAL TO

⋍
U+22CD
REVERSED TILDE EQUALS

⍨
U+2368
APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS

⍫
U+236B
APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE

⍭
U+236D
APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STILE TILDE

⍱
U+2371
APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE

⍲
U+2372
APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE

⥲
U+2972
TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW

⥳
U+2973
LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR

⥴
U+2974
RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR

⧤
U+29E4
EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL WITH TILDE ABOVE

⨤
U+2A24
PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE

⨦
U+2A26
PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW

⩪
U+2A6A
TILDE OPERATOR WITH DOT ABOVE

⩫
U+2A6B
TILDE OPERATOR WITH RISING DOTS

⩳
U+2A73
EQUALS SIGN ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR

⫇
U+2AC7
SUBSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR

⫈
U+2AC8
SUPERSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR

⫳
U+2AF3
PARALLEL WITH TILDE OPERATOR

⭁
U+2B41
REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW

⭇
U+2B47
REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW

⭉
U+2B49
TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW

⭋
U+2B4B
LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR

⭌
U+2B4C
RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR

⸛
U+2E1B
TILDE WITH RING ABOVE

⸞
U+2E1E
TILDE WITH DOT ABOVE

⸟
U+2E1F
TILDE WITH DOT BELOW

ⸯ
U+2E2F
VERTICAL TILDE

〜
U+301C
WAVE DASH
Used in Japanese punctuation.

〰
U+3030
WAVY DASH

◌︢
U+FE22
COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE LEFT HALF

◌︣
U+FE23
COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE RIGHT HALF

◌︩
U+FE29
COMBINING TILDE LEFT HALF BELOW

◌︪
U+FE2A
COMBINING TILDE RIGHT HALF BELOW

﹋
U+FE4B
WAVY OVERLINE

﹏
U+FE4F
WAVY LOW LINE

～
U+FF5E
FULLWIDTH TILDE
50% wider. In-line. Ends not curved much.

  ~
U+E007E
TAG TILDE
Formatting tag control character.

text: ASCII tilde (U+007E)[edit]

text:
Serif:

—~—

Sans-serif:

—~—

Monospace:

—~—

A tilde between two em dashesin three font families

text: Most modern proportional fonts align plain spacing tilde at the same level as dashes, or only slightly upper. This distinguishes it from a small tilde ( ˜ ), which is always raised. But in some monospace fonts, especially used in text user interfaces, ASCII tilde character is raised too. This apparently is a legacy of typewriters, where pairs of similar spacing and combining characters relied on one glyph. Even in line printers' age character repertoires were often not large enough to distinguish between plain tilde, small tilde and combining tilde. Overprinting of a letter by the tilde was a working method of combining a letter.

text: Punctuation[edit]

text: The tilde (~) is used in various ways in punctuation:

text: Range[edit]

text: In some languages (though not generally in English),[citation needed] a tilde-like wavy dash may be used as punctuation (instead of an unspaced hyphen, en dash or em dash) between two numbers, to indicate a range rather than subtraction or a hyphenated number (such as a part number or model number). For example, "12~15" means "12 to 15", "~3" means "up to three", and "100~" means "100 and greater". Japanese and other East Asian languages almost always use this convention, but it is often done for clarity in some other languages as well. Chinese uses the wavy dash and full-width em dash interchangeably for this purpose. In English, the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in electronics, but rarely in formal grammar or in type-set documents, as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation (see below).

text: Approximation[edit]

text: Before a number the tilde can mean "approximately";  "~42" means "approximately 42".[16]

text: Japanese[edit]

text: The wave dash (波ダッシュ, nami dasshu) is used for various purposes in Japanese, including to denote ranges of numbers, in place of dashes or brackets, and to indicate origin. The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line, as a colon is used in English.

text: When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a sarcasm mark.

text: The sign is used as a replacement for the chouon, katakana character, in Japanese, extending the final syllable.

text: Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash[edit]

text: In practice the full-width tilde (全角チルダ, zenkaku chiruda), Unicode U+FF5E, is often used instead of the wave dash (波ダッシュ, nami dasshu), Unicode U+301C, because the Shift JIS code for the wave dash, 0x8160, which is supposed to be mapped to U+301C,[17][18] is instead mapped to U+FF5E[19] in Windows code page 932 (Microsoft's code page for Japanese), a widely used extension of Shift JIS.

text: This avoided a shape definition error in the Unicode code charts: the wave dash reference glyph in JIS / Shift JIS[20][21] matches the Unicode reference glyph for U+FF5E,[22] while the reference glyph for U+301C[23] was reflected, incorrectly,[24] when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash. In other platforms such as the classic Mac OS and macOS, 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U+301C. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, for users of Japanese Windows to type U+301C, especially in legacy, non-Unicode applications.

text: A similar situation exists regarding the Korean KS X 1001 character set, in which Microsoft maps the EUC-KR or UHC code for the wave dash (0xA1AD) to U+223C (Tilde Operator),[25][26] while IBM and Apple map it to U+301C.[27][28][29]

text: The current Unicode reference glyph for U+301C has been corrected[24] to match the JIS standard[30] in response to a 2014 proposal, which noted that while the existing Unicode reference glyph had been matched by fonts from the discontinued Windows XP, all other major platforms including later versions of Microsoft Windows matched the JIS reference glyph for U+301C.[31]

text: The JIS / Shift JIS wave dash is still formally mapped to U+301C as of JIS X 0213,[32] whereas the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 follows Microsoft in mapping 0x8160 to U+FF5E.[33] These two code points have a similar or identical glyph in several fonts, reducing the confusion and incompatibility.

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: As a unary operator[edit]

text: A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean "approximately", "about" or "of the same order of magnitude as."

text: In written mathematical logic, the tilde represents negation: "~p" means "not p", where "p"  is a proposition.  Modern use often replaces the tilde with the negation symbol (¬) for this purpose, to avoid confusion with equivalence relations.

text: As a relational operator[edit]

text: In mathematics, the tilde operator (Unicode U+223C), sometimes called "twiddle", is often used to denote an equivalence relation between two objects.  Thus "x ~ y" means "x is equivalent to y". It is a weaker statement than stating that x equals y. The expression "x ~ y" is sometimes read aloud as "x twiddles y", perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of "x = y".[34]

text: The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways.  It can be used to denote the asymptotic equality of two functions. For example, f (x) ~ g(x) means that limx → ∞ f( x) ∕ g(x) = 1.[4]

text: A tilde is also used to indicate "approximately equal to" (e.g. 1.902 ~= 2).  This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the libra symbol used for the same purpose in written mathematics, which is an equal sign with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump, bump, or loop in the middle (♎) or, sometimes, a tilde (≃).  The symbol "≈" is also used for this purpose.

text: In physics and astronomy, a tilde can be used between two expressions (e.g. h ~ 10−34 J s) to state that the two are of the same order of magnitude.[4]

text: In statistics and probability theory, the tilde means "is distributed as";[4] see random variable.

text: A tilde can also be used to represent geometric similarity (e.g. ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF, meaning triangle ABC is similar to DEF). A triple tilde (≋) is often used to show congruence, an equivalence relation in geometry.

text: As an accent[edit]

text:
The symbol "

f
~

{\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}}

" is pronounced as "eff tilde" or, informally, as "eff twiddle" or, in American English, "eff wiggle".[35][36]  This can be used to denote the Fourier transform of f, or a lift of f, and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context.

text:
A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a vector quantity (e.g.

(

x

1

,

x

2

,

x

3

,
…
,

x

n

)
=

x

∼

{\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},\ldots ,x_{n})={\underset {^{\sim }}{\mathbf {x} }}}

).

text:
In statistics and probability theory, a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable; thus

y

~

{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {y} }}}

 would indicate the median of the variable

y

{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }

. A tilde over the letter n (

n
~

{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}}

) is sometimes used to indicate the harmonic mean.

text: Physics[edit]

text:
Often in physics, one can consider an equilibrium solution to an equation, and then a perturbation to that equilibrium.  For the variables in the original equation (for instance

X

{\displaystyle X}

) a substitution

X
→
x
+

x
~

{\displaystyle X\to x+{\tilde {x}}}

 can be made, where

x

{\displaystyle x}

 is the equilibrium part and

x
~

{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}}

 is the perturbed part.

text: A tilde is also used in particle physics to denote the hypothetical supersymmetric partner.  For example, an electron is referred to by the letter e, and its superpartner the selectron is written ẽ.

text: Economics[edit]

text: For relations involving preference, economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods.  For example, to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles x and y, an economist would write x ~ y.

text: Electronics[edit]

text: It can approximate the sine wave symbol (∿, U+223F), which is used in electronics to indicate alternating current, in place of +, −, or ⎓ for direct current.

text: Computing[edit]

text: Directories and URLs[edit]

text: On Unix-like operating systems (including AIX, BSD, Linux and macOS), tilde normally indicates the current user's home directory. For example, if the current user's home directory is /home/bloggsj, then the command cd ~ is equivalent to cd /home/bloggsj, cd $HOME, or cd. This convention derives from the Lear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal in common use during the 1970s, which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word "Home" (for moving the cursor to the upper left) on the same key.[citation needed] When prepended to a particular username, the tilde indicates that user's home directory (e.g., ~janedoe for the home directory of user janedoe, such as /home/janedoe).[37]

text: Used in URLs on the World Wide Web, it often denotes a personal website on a Unix-based server. For example, http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ might be the personal web site of John Doe. This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde.  However, when accessed from the web, file access is usually directed to a subdirectory in the user's home directory, such as /home/username/public_html or /home/username/www.[38]

text: In URLs, the characters %7E (or %7e) may substitute for tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key.[39] Thus, http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ and http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/ will behave in the same manner.

text: Computer languages[edit]

text: The tilde is used in the AWK programming language as part of the pattern match operators for regular expressions:

text:
variable ~ /regex/ returns true if the variable is matched.
variable !~ /regex/ returns false if the variable is matched.

text: A variant of this, with the plain tilde replaced with =~, was adopted in Perl, and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages, such as Ruby or the SQL variant of the database PostgreSQL.

text: In APL and MATLAB, tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT.

text: In the C, C++ and C# programming languages, the tilde character is used as bitwise NOT operator, following the notation in logic (an ! causes a logical NOT, instead).  In C++ and C#, the tilde is also used as the first character in a class's method name (where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class) to indicate a destructor – a special method which is called at the end of the object's life.

text: In ASP.NET application tilde ('~') is used as a shortcut to the root of the application's virtual directory.

text: In the CSS stylesheet language, the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector.

text: In the D programming language, the tilde is used as an array concatenation operator, as well as to indicate an object destructor and bitwise not operator.  Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types, and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects, or adding some objects to set of objects. It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations. For example, what to do with "120" + "14" ? Is this a string "134" (addition of two numbers), or "12014" (concatenation of strings) or something else? D disallows + operator for arrays (and strings), and provides separate operator for concatenation (similarly PHP programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation, and + for number addition, which will also work on strings containing numbers).

text: In Eiffel, the tilde is used for object comparison. If a and b denote objects, the boolean expression a ~ b has value true if and only if these objects are equal, as defined by the applicable version of the library routine is_equal, which by default denotes field-by-field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality. If a and b are references, the object equality expression a ~ b is to be contrasted with a = b which denotes reference equality. Unlike the call a.is_equal (b), the expression a ~ b is type-safe even in the presence of covariance.

text: In the Apache Groovy programming language the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate() method.[40] Given a String the method will produce a java.util.regex.Pattern. Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in different C variants. =~ and ==~ can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression.[41][42]

text: In Haskell, the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality.[43]  Also, in pattern-matching, the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match.[44]

text: In the Inform programming language, the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string.

text:
In "text mode" of the LaTeX typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using, e.g., \~{n}, yielding "ñ". A stand-alone tilde can be obtained by using \textasciitilde or \string~.
In "math mode" a tilde diacritic can be written as, e.g., \tilde{x}. For a wider tilde \widetilde can be used. The \sim command produce a tilde-like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions, and the double-tilde ≈ is obtained with \approx. The url package also supports entering tildes directly, e.g., \url{http://server/~name}.
In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (~) renders a white space with no line breaking.

text: In MediaWiki syntax, four tildes are used as a shortcut for a user's signature.

text:
In Common Lisp, the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings.[45]
In Max/MSP, a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer's sampling rate, i.e. mainly those that deal with sound.

text: In Standard ML, the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator.

text: In OCaml, the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter.

text: In Microsoft's SQL Server Transact-SQL (T-SQL) language, the tilde is a unary Bitwise NOT operator.

text: In JavaScript, the tilde is used as a unary bitwise complement (or bitwise negation) operation (~number). Because JavaScript internally uses floats and the bitwise complement only works on integers, numbers are stripped of their decimal part before applying the operation. This has also given rise to using two tildes ~~number as a short syntax for a cast to integer (numbers are stripped of their decimal part and changed into their complement, and then back. The net result is thus only the removal of the decimal part). For positive numbers, this is equivalent to the mathematical floor function.

text: In Object REXX, the twiddle is used as a "message send" symbol. For example, Employee.name~lower() would cause the lower() method to act on the object Employee's name attribute, returning the result of the operation. ~~ returns the object that received the method rather than the result produced. Thus it can be used when the result need not be returned or when cascading methods are to be used. team~~insert("Jane")~~insert("Joe")~~insert("Steve") would send multiple concurrent insert messages, thus invoking the insert method three consecutive times on the team object.

text: Backup filenames[edit]

text:
The dominant Unix convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name.
It originated with the Emacs text editor[46] and was adopted by many other editors and some command-line tools.

text: Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme, with files named filename.~1~, filename.~2~ and so on.  It didn't catch on, as the rise of version control software eliminates the need for this usage.

text: Microsoft filenames[edit]

text: The tilde was part of Microsoft's filename mangling scheme when it extended the FAT file system standard to support long filenames for Microsoft Windows.  Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so-called 8.3 format—the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set (e.g. no spaces), followed by a period, followed by three more characters.  In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system, each file had to be given two names—one long, more descriptive one, and one that conformed to the 8.3 format.  This was accomplished with a name-mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit.  For example, "Program Files" might become "PROGRA~1".

text: The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows. For example, when a document "Document1.doc" is opened in Word, a file called "~$cument1.doc" is created in the same directory. This file contains information about which user has the file open, to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Computer programmers use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol (as opposed to the diacritic) a squiggle, squiggly, or twiddle.  According to the Jargon File, other synonyms sometimes used in programming include not, approx, wiggle, enyay (after eñe) and (humorously) sqiggle /ˈskɪɡəl/.  It is used in many languages as a binary inversion operator, swapping a number's binary 1's and 0's for example ~10 (binary ~1010) is equal to 5 (binary 0101).

text: In Perl 6, "~~" is used instead of "=~".

text: Juggling notation[edit]

text: In the juggling notation system Beatmap, tilde can be added to either "hand" in a pair of fields to say "cross the arms with this hand on top". Mills Mess is thus represented as (~2x,1)(1,2x)(2x,~1)*.[47]

text: Keyboards[edit]

text: Where a tilde is on the keyboard depends on the computer's language settings according to the following chart. On many keyboards it is primarily available through a dead key that makes it possible to produce a variety of precomposed characters with the diacritic.[citation needed] In that case, a single tilde can typically be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar, or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row.

text: To insert a tilde with the dead key, it is often necessary to simultaneously hold down the Alt Gr key. On the keyboard layouts that include an Alt Gr key, it typically takes the place of the right-hand Alt key. With a Macintosh either of the Alt/Option keys function similarly.

text: In the US and European Windows systems, the Alt code for a single tilde is 126.

text: For Mac use option+'n' key

text:
Keyboard
Insert a single tilde (~)
Insert a precomposed character with tilde (e.g. ã)

Arabic (Saudi Arabia)

⇧ Shift+`ذّ

Croatian

Alt Gr+1

Danish

Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space

Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter

Dvorak

Alt Gr+= followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+⇧ Shift+' followed by Space

Alt Gr+= followed by the relevant letter, or
Alt Gr+⇧ Shift+' followed by the relevant letter

English (Australia)

⇧ Shift+`

English (Canada)

⇧ Shift+`

English (UK)

⇧ Shift+#

English (US)

⇧ Shift+`

Ctrl+~ followed by the relevant letter

Faroese

Alt Gr+ð followed by Space

Alt Gr+ð followed by the relevant letter

Finnish

Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+¨¨

Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter

French (Canada)

Alt Gr+ç followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+çç

Alt Gr+ç followed by the relevant letter

French (France)

Alt Gr+é followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+éé ⌥ Option+n (on Mac OS X)

Alt Gr+é followed by the relevant letter

French (Switzerland)

Alt Gr+^ followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+^^

Alt Gr+^ followed by the relevant letter

Bépo (French Dvorak)

Alt Gr+N followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+K

Alt Gr+N followed by the relevant letter

German (Germany)

Alt Gr++

German (Switzerland)

Alt Gr+^ followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+^^

Alt Gr+^ followed by the relevant letter

Hebrew (Israel)

⇧ Shift+~

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+~ followed by the relevant letter

Hindi (India)

Alt Gr+⇧ Shift+ the key to the left of 1

Hungarian

Alt Gr+1

Icelandic

Alt Gr+' (the same key as ?)

Italian

⌥ Option+5 (on Mac OS X)
Alt Gr+ì (on Linux)
Alt+126 (on Windows)

Norwegian

Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+¨¨.
On Mac: Ctrl+⌥ Option+¨, or ⌥ Option+¨ followed by Space.

Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter.
On Mac: ⌥ Option+¨ followed by the relevant letter.

Polish

⇧ Shift+` followed by Space, or
⇧ Shift+``

The dead key is not generally used for inserting characters with tilde; when followed
by [ a c e l n o s x z ], it results in [ ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż ] instead.

Portuguese

~ followed by Space

~ followed by the relevant letter

Slovak

Alt Gr+1

Spanish (Spain)

Alt Gr+4 followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+44 (on Windows)
On Linux: Alt Gr+4, or Alt Gr+¡ followed by Space.
On Mac: Ctrl+⌥ Option+Ñ, or ⌥ Option+Ñ followed by Space.

Alt Gr+4 (on Windows) followed by the relevant letter.
Alt Gr+¡ (on Linux) followed by the relevant letter.
On Mac: ⌥ Option+Ñ followed by the relevant letter.

Spanish (Latin America)

Alt Gr++

Swedish

Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+¨¨

Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter

Turkish

Alt Gr+ü followed by Space, or
Alt Gr+üü

Alt Gr+ü followed by the relevant letter


document_title: Chip on shoulder

question_text: where did chip on his shoulder come from

text: Chip on shoulder

text: Look up chip on one's shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: To have a chip on one's shoulder refers to the act of holding a grudge or grievance that readily provokes disputation.

text: It can also mean a person thinking too much of oneself (often without the credentials).[1]

text: History[edit]

text: "A chip on the shoulder" comes from the ancient right of shipwrights within the Royal Navy Dockyards to take home a daily allowance of offcuts of timber, even if good wood was cut up for this purpose. The privilege was instated as a prescriptive right from 1634.[2][3][4] By 1756, this privilege had been abused and was costing taxpayers too much in lost timber for warship repair and construction. The decision was then made by the Navy Board to limit the quantity a shipwright could carry home. A warrant was issued to the Royal Dockyards to reduce the quantity of chips by ordering shipwrights to carry their bundles under their arms instead of on their shoulders, as one could not carry as much timber in this fashion. The specific incident from which the expression derives is as follows:

text:
“
Master Shipwright and his Assistant, Chatham Dockyard, to Navy Board, 17 June 1756.
On Tuesday a petition was brought to the Honourable Thomas Cooper, Esq., Commissioner of this yard, by John Bissenden and Robert Woodriff, shipwrights, in behalf of the whole body of shipwrights, relating to their carrying chips out of the yard on their shoulders. The next day the Commissioner sent for them in the presence of the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant and represented to them the ill consequence of such proceedings, and read to them your Honourable Board's warrant of the 4 May 1753 on which the said two men withdrew the petition and said they would talk to all the people and believe everybody would be satisfied with what had been said to them. And in the afternoon the Master Shipwright sent for all the foremen and quartermen and read the Order to them of the 4th May 1753, and give every quarterman a particular charge to tell all his men separately what the order was relating to their lowering their chips and carrying them under their arm out of the yard.
This day at twelve of the clock some few of the workmen about one hundred and fifty came up first to the gate without any chips, afterwards about twenty more came and lowered their chips agreeable to the Board's warrant. Then came John Miller, shipwright, about thirty feet before the main body of the people, on which the Master Shipwright ordered him to lower his chips. He answered he would not, with that the Master Shipwright took hold of him, and said he should. He, the said Miller replied, 'Are not the chips mine? I will not lower them.' Immediately the main body pushed on with their chips on their shoulders, crowded and forced the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant through the gateway, and when out of the yard give three huzzas.[5]

”

text: This custom[clarification needed] is known in North America since the early 19th century. The New York newspaper Long Island Telegraph reported on 20 May 1830 "when two churlish boys were determined to fight, a chip would be placed on the shoulder of one, and the other demanded to knock it off at his peril". A similar notion is mentioned in the issue of the Onondaga Standard of Syracuse, New York on 8 December 1830: "'He waylay me', said I, 'the mean sneaking fellow—I am only afraid that he will sue me for damages. Oh! if I only could get him to knock a chip off my shoulder, and so get round the law, I would give him one of the soundest thrashings he ever had'." Some time later in 1855, the phrase "chip on his shoulder" appeared in the Weekly Oregonian, stating "Leland, in his last issue, struts out with a chip on his shoulder, and dares Bush to knock it off". In American author Mark Twain's 1898 manuscript of Schoolhouse Hill, character Tom Sawyer states his knowledge of the phrase and custom when he says, "[I]f you want your fuss, and can't wait till recess, which is regular, go at it right and fair; put a chip on your shoulder and dare him to knock it off."[6]

text: In Canada, the custom is well described at St. Peter Claver's Indian Residential School for Ojibway boys in the town of Spanish, Ontario:

text:
“
By custom, the challenger, usually one of the intermediates, anxious to prove his worth or avenge some wrong, would deliberately seek out his foe with a wood chip or flat stone on his shoulder, placed there either by his own hand or by that of somebody else.
”

text: The challenger might further provoke his opponent by issuing a dare for him to knock off the chip. The opponent might then display his bravery and contempt by brushing the cheek of the challenger lightly as he did so. In more formal cases, a second might take the chip and present the chip to his man who would then place it on his own shoulder. The boys would then square off and fistfight like boxers.[7][8]