document_title: List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka

question_text: how many members represent karnataka in rajya sabha

text: The Rajya Sabha (meaning the "Council of States") is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Karnataka elects 12 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Karnataka. The number of seats allocated to the party are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination, and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation.[1]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
No
Name
Party

1
Mandagadde Rama Jois
Bharatiya Janata Party

2
Rajeev Chandrasekhar
Independent

3
K.C. Ramamurthy
Indian National Congress

4
Oscar Fernandes
Indian National Congress

5
K. Rahman Khan
Indian National Congress

6
Rajeev Gowda
Indian National Congress

7
Basavaraja Patil Sedam
Bharatiya Janata Party

8
Prabhakar Kore
Bharatiya Janata Party

9
Nirmala Sitharaman
Bharatiya Janata Party

10
B. K. Hariprasad
Indian National Congress

11
Jairam Ramesh
Indian National Congress

12
D. Kupendra Reddy
JD(S)

text: 13 |G.C chandrashekar |INC |- |}

text: Alphabetical List of all Members from Karnataka since 1952[edit]

text: Source: Indian government (Rajya Sabha) website [2]

text:
Name (Alphabetical Last Name)
Party
Date of Appointment
Date of Retirement
Term
Notes

Alva, K.Nagappa
INC-O
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
1

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
1

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
2

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
3

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
4

Alva, Violet
INC
03/04/1960
02/04/1966
3
MY State, BOM-1952-54, 1954-60

Alva, Violet
INC
03/04/1966
02/04/1972
4
dea 20/11/1969

Basavaraj, H.R
INC
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
1
res 17/01/1980

Basavaraju, M
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
1

Bommai, S. R.
INC
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
2
OR 1992-98

Cariappa, Prema
INC
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
1

Chandrasekhar, Rajeev
Independent
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
1

Chandrasekhar, Rajeev
Independent
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
2
*

Chandrasekharappa, T.V.
INC
13/07/1977
09/04/1978
1
bye 1977

Monika Das
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
1

Dasappa, H.C.
INC
03/04/1954
02/04/1960
1
res 13/03/1957 2-LS

Desai, R.M.
INC
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
1

Deve Gowda, H.D.
Janata Dal
23/09/1996
09/04/2002
1
Bye 1996 res 02/03/1998

Fernandes, Oscar
INC
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
1

Fernandes, Oscar
INC
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
2

Fernandes, Oscar
INC
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
3

Gowda, D.B. Chandre
Janata Dal
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
1
14/12/1989

Gowda, H.K. Javare
Janata Dal
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
1

Gowda, K.G. Thimme
Janata Dal
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
1

Gowda, K.S. Malle
Independent
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
1

Gowda, K.S. Malle
Independent
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
2

Gowda, U.K. Lakshmana
Independent
03/04/1968
02/04/1974
1

Gowda, U.K. Lakshmana
Independent
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
2

Rajeev Gowda
INC
26/06/2014
25/06/2020
1
*

Gurupadaswamy, M.S.
PSP
10/04/1960
09/04/1966
1
Mysore State

Gurupadaswamy, M.S.
Janata Party
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
3
UP 1966-72

Gurupadaswamy, M.S.
Janata Dal
10/04/1990
09/04/1992
4

Hanumanthappa, H.
INC
03/04/1982
02/04/1988
1

Hanumanthappa, H.
INC
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
2

Hanumanthappa, H.
INC
03/04/1994
02/04/2000 [3]
3

Hardikar, N. S.
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1956
1
Bombay State

Hardikar, N. S.
INC
03/04/1956
02/04/1962
2
Mysore State

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
2

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
22/08/2013
25/06/2014
3
bye 2013

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
26/06/2014
25/06/2020
4
*

Havanur,L.G.
INC
13/07/1977
09/04/1980
1
bye 1977

Hegde, Ramakrishna
Janata Party
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
1
res 23/05/1983

Hegde, Ramakrishna
Janata Dal
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
2

Hema Malini
BJP
04/03/2011
02/04/2012
2
Nominated 2003-09 bye 2011

Ibrhim, B.
INC
25/03/1980
09/04/1984
1
bye 1980

Ibrahim, C.M.
Janata Dal
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
1

Javali, J.P.
Janata Dal
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
1

Jayadevappa, K.R.
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
1

Jethmalani, Ram
Janata Dal
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
5

Jois, M. Rama
BJP
25/06/2008
24/06/2014
1

Karmakar, D.P.
INC
03/04/1962
02/04/1968
1
Mysore State

Khan, F.M.
INC
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
1.

Khan, F.M.
INC
03/04/1982
02/04/1988
2

Khan, K. Rahman
Congress(I)
03/04/1994
02/04/2000
1

Khan, K. Rahman
INC
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
2

Khan, K. Rahman
INC
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
3

Khan, K. Rahman
INC
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
4

Khan, Maqsood Ali
INC
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1

Khan, Maqsood Ali
INC
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
2

Kollur, M.L.
INC
03/04/1968
02/04/1974
1

Kollur, M.L.
INC
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
2

Kollur, M.L.
INC
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
3

Kondaiah, K.C.
INC
14/01/2000
09/04/2002
1
bye 2000

Kore, Prabhakar
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Kore, Prabhakar
BJP
22/06/2008
21/06/2014
2

Kore, Prabhakar
BJP
22/06/2014
21/06/2020
3
*

Korwar, Gundappa
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
1

Krishna, S.M.
INC
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
1
res 14/10/1999

Krishna, S.M.
INC
25/06/2008
24/06/2014
2

Krishnan, G.Y.
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Kushnoor, Veershetty Moglappa
INC
03/04/1982
02/04/1988
1

Lad, Anil H.
INC
25/06/2008
24/06/2014
1
Res. 20/05/2013

Prof Lakshmisagar, A.
Janata Dal
13/04/1998
09/04/2002
1
bye 1998

Maddanna, M.
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
1

Maheswarappa, K.G.
Janata Dal
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
1

Mahishi, Sarojini
Janata Party
08/09/1983
09/04/1984
1
bye 1983

Mahishi, Sarojini
Janata Party
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
2

Mallya, Vijay
Independent
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
1

Mallya, Vijay
Independent
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
2
res 04/05/2016

Manjunatha, Aayanur
BJP
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
1

Murty, K.B. Krishna
INC
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
1

Murthy, M.Rajasekara
Congress(I)
03/04/1994
02/04/2000
1
res 23/08/1999

Murthy, M.Rajasekara
BJP
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
2
res 10/11/2005

Murthy, M.Rajasekara
JDS
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
3
dea 05/12/2010

Nagaraja Murthy, P.B.
INC
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
1

Naidu, M. Venkaiah
BJP
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
1

Naidu, M. Venkaiah
BJP
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
2

Naidu, M. Venkaiah
BJP
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
3
RJ 2016-17

Naik,L.R.
Janata Dal
20/07/1977
02/04/1980
1
bye 1977

Naik,R.S.
Janata Dal
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
1

Nanjundaiya, B.C.
INC
25/04/1957
02/04/1960
1
bye 1957 Mysore State

Nanjundaiya, B.C.
INC
03/04/1960
02/04/1966
2
Mysore State

Narasiah, H.S.
INC
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1
15/05/1977

Narayan, M.D.
Others
03/04/1966
02/04/1972
1
Mysore

Pai, T.A.
INC
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1
res 21/03/1977 LS

Basavaraja Patil Sedam
BJP
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
1
*

Patil, Puttappa
Others
03/04/1962
02/04/1968
1
Mysore State

Patil, Puttappa
Others
03/04/1968
02/04/1974
2
Mysore State

Patil, Veerendra
Others
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1

Poojary, Janardhana
Congress(I)
03/04/1994
02/04/2000[3]
1

Poojary, Janardhana
INC
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
2

Poonacha, C.M.
INC
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
1
res 25/02/1967 LS-4

Prasad, Leeladevi Renuka
JD
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
1
22/04/1996

Rachaiah, B.
INC
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
1
21/03/1977

Raikar, Bimba
INC
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
1

Rajagopal, M.
INC
30/06/1992
29/06/1998
1.

Rajasekharan, M.V.
INC
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
1

R. Ramakrishna
BJP
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
1
*

K.C. Ramamurthy
INC
01/07/2016
30/06/2022
1
*

Ramaswamy, M. A. M.
JDS
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
1

Jairam Ramesh
INC
01/07/2016
30/06/2022
3
* AP 2004-16

Rao, B. Shiva
INC
25/04/1957
02/04/1960
1
bye 1957

Rao, S.V. Krishna Moorthy
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1956
1
Mysore State

Rao, S.V. Krishna Moorthy
INC
03/04/1956
01/03/1962
2
Mysore State

Rao Raghavendra
Others
03/04/1954
02/04/1960
1
Mysore State

Reddy, C.G.
Others
03/04/1952
02/04/1954
1
Mysore State

D. Kupendra Reddy
JDS
26/06/2014
25/06/2020
1
*

Reddy, Kysamballi Chengalraya
INC
09/10/1952
02/04/1954
1
Mysore State

Reddy, Kysamballi Chengalraya
INC
03/04/1954
02/04/1960
2
18/03/1957 Mysore State

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
Others
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
1
Mysore State

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
Others
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
2
Mysore State

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
INC
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
3

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
INC
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
4

Reddy, N. Sri Rama
INC
03/04/1960
02/04/1966
1
Mysore State

Reddy, N. Sri Rama
INC
03/04/1966
02/04/1972
2
Mysore State

Prof Sanadi, I.G.
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Satchidananda
INC
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
1.

Satchidananda
INC
04/09/1991
02/04/1992
2
bye 1991

Satchidananda
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
3

Shanappa, K.B.
BJP
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
1

Sherkhan, M.
INC
09/03/1961
02/04/1964
1
bye 1961 Mysore State

Sherkhan, M.
INC
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
2
Mysore State

Sherkhan, M.
INC
30/03/1970
02/04/1972
3
bye 1970

Shetty, B.P. Basappa
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1958
1
Mysore State

Shetty, B.P. Basappa
INC
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
2
Mysore State

Siddalingaya, T.
INC
03/05/1967
02/04/1970
1
bye 1967 MY State

Siddiqui, Abdul Samad
Janata Dal
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
1

Nirmala Sitharaman
BJP
01/07/2016
30/06/2022
2
* AP 2014-16

Smt D K Tharadevi
INC
23/03/1990
25/03/1996
1
16/06/1991

Smt A Devi Thihmareddy
INC
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
1
Mysore State

Smt A Devi Thihmareddy
INC
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
2
Mysore State

L H Thimmabovy
INC
03/04/1952
24/08/1952
1
res 24/08/1952

M Valiulla
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1958
1
Mysore State

M Valiulla
INC
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
2
dea 17/12/1960

J Venkatappa
OTH
03/04/1962
02/04/1968
1
Mysore State


document_title: Uwharrie Mountains

question_text: how old are the uwharrie mountains in north carolina

root

text: Uwharrie Mountains

text:
Uwharrie Mountains
View over range from Morrow MountainGeographyCountry
United StatesState
North CarolinaRange coordinates
35°24′07″N 80°03′32″W / 35.401808°N 80.058941°W / 35.401808; -80.058941Coordinates: 35°24′07″N 80°03′32″W / 35.401808°N 80.058941°W / 35.401808; -80.058941

tag: table

text: The Uwharrie Mountains (/juːˈhwɑːri/)[1] are a mountain range in North Carolina spanning the counties of Randolph, Montgomery, Stanly, and Davidson. The range's foothills stretch into Cabarrus, Anson, Union county, and terminate in the hills of Person County.

tag: p

text: The Uwharries were once a coastal mountain range;[citation needed] isostasy has slowly raised the eastern seabed until today they lie in the Piedmont of North Carolina over 150 miles from the coast. Formed approximately 500 million years ago by accretion along the Gondwanan tectonic plate, they are thought to have once peaked at some 20,000 feet,[2] before eroding to a maximum of just over 1,100 ft. The range's high point is High Rock Mountain (1,188 feet/362 meters as measured by the NC Geodetic Survey), in southwestern Davidson County.

text: The Uwharries lie within the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion.[3] They give their name to the Uwharrie National Forest. Once entirely cleared for timber and farmland, the mountains were designated a U.S. National Forest in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy. The woodlands have since returned, providing a haven for a diversity of wildlife, recreational facilities, and numerous Native American archeological sites.

text: In 1799, the discovery of gold at the nearby Reed Gold Mine in Cabarrus County led to America's first gold rush.

text: The North Carolina Zoo, America's first state-supported zoo, is located in the Uwharries region.

text: The Caraway Mountains, a segment of the Uwharries, are located in western Randolph County, west of Asheboro.

text: Protected areas[edit]

text:
Birkhead Mountains Wilderness
Morrow Mountain State Park
Uwharrie National Forest

tag: ul


document_title: Gargamel

question_text: what's the cats name on the smurfs

question_tokens: what 's the cats name on the smurfs

text: Gargamel

text: Actors[edit]

text: Cartoons[edit]

text: Actors who voiced Gargamel in different languages are:

text:
Arabic: جوزيف نانو and إسماعيل نعنوع
Portuguese (Brazil): Orlando Drummond
Croatian: Josip Marotti
Dutch: Paul van Gorcum
English: Paul Winchell
French: Philippe Dumat[1]
German: Kurt Goldstein
Hungarian: Péter Haumann
Icelandic: Þórhallur Sigurðsson
Israeli Hebrew: Itsik Saidoff
Italian: Gastone Pescucci, Claudio Sorrentino, and Paolo Buglioni
Polish: Wiesław Drzewicz and Mirosław Wieprzewski (tv series), Jerzy Stuhr (movies)
Spanish: Esteban Siller
Swedish: Steve Kratz
Chinese (mainland China): Ge Ge Wu 格格巫

text: Live-action films[edit]

text: Gargamel is played by Hank Azaria in the live-action/animated film series.

text: Animated film[edit]

text: Gargamel is voiced by Rainn Wilson in Smurfs: The Lost Village.[2]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: Gargamel is a man who is perpetually stooped. His dark robe is worn and patched, and his teeth are rotten. He is a misanthrope, hating pretty much everyone and the Smurfs in particular, though he will sometimes feign friendship if there is something in it for him that he can either earn or steal. He is also an abject coward, surrendering or fleeing upon the merest hint of personal risk or harm.

text: Gargamel lives in a run-down, though solidly built hovel with his mangy cat, Azrael. Gargamel frequently denigrates, insults, and abuses Azrael (who typically returns Gargamel's abuse and displays amusement when Gargamel is humiliated), but Gargamel does in fact love her. In one episode of The Smurfs, Gargamel is depressed and saddened that Azrael had run away, and wishes she would come back. In another episode, Balthazar wants to kill a wildcat that Azrael befriended for his fur, and Gargamel begged him not to.

text: Gargamel is an eternal bungler. Some of his schemes to catch Smurfs border on the bizarre (such as a "blue magnet" that attracted solely blue items), though he does have rare moments of genius (the creation of Smurfette, for one). He has a seemingly endless library of spellbooks ("grimoires"), potions, and gimmicks for his life's passion. However, no matter how elaborate Gargamel's plans, they invariably end in failure, causing him to spout his catchphrase: "I hate Smurfs!". Sometimes he will also throw a temper tantrum, and howl in grief that "I am brave and strong and they are puny and weak, and why can't I defeat those miserable vile little Smurfs?!" However, his defeats never discourage him, and he always vows, "I'll get you if it's the last thing I do!"

text: His conflict with the Smurfs[edit]

text: When Gargamel first appeared in Le Voleur de schtroumpf ("The Smurfnapper"), published in 1959, he captured a Smurf, which he needed as an ingredient for a potion to make gold in accordance with the famed alchemic legend of the Philosopher's Stone. The other Smurfs rallied against him, and freed the kidnapped Smurf. The sorcerer was defeated and humiliated, swearing revenge: from now on the conflict would be personal.

text: Sometimes, he wants to eat the Smurfs, while other times, he wants to use them to make gold, and still other times, he has even more bizarre uses for them (in one instance, he is so enraged by his loss that he yells "I don't want to eat them, I don't want to turn them into gold, all I want now is to DESTROY THEM!"). Though he often catches Smurfs who wander by his home or whom he happens across in the forest, he does not know the location of the hidden Smurf village, a fact that continually frustrates him.

text: On some occasions, he has discovered the location of the village, but sooner or later, gets led away from it due to either a magic spell put on him by Papa Smurf or because of some other bizarre factor. Sometimes, it is simply a matter of his being led away from the village while chasing the Smurfs, losing them and then being unable to find his way back.

text: On one occasion, his obsessive search led him to explore the deepest caves, the muddiest marshlands and even going far out to sea. He was just about to give up and go home when, quite by chance, he did finally find the village — but, as always, circumstances were against him.[3]

text: Rarely (only a few times in the series), Gargamel has acted on the same side as the Smurfs. In "Fountain of Smurf", Papa Smurf becomes a Smurfling, and the only way the Smurfs can get him back to normal is with Gargamel's help.

text: Gargamel keeps a spellbook called the Great Book of Spells in the basement of his house; the book is a living, sentient thing capable of speech, and due to an unspecified agreement, it must provide Gargamel with any spell he requests one day a month on the final phase of the full moon. The book clearly does not like this arrangement and often takes Gargamel's requests too literally, while instructing him to gather ingredients and do rituals that humiliate him in the process. In one late season, it is suggested that the Book is not malevolent and simply does not like being used for selfish reasons, as it aids the Smurfs in undoing a magical disaster with very little fanfare.

text: To try and cause trouble to the Smurfs, Gargamel has created other Smurfs, most notably Smurfette. Smurfette was adopted by the Smurfs, but Sassette the Smurfling, created by the other Smurflings, was made from the same clay that Gargamel used for Smurfette. Sassette refers to Gargamel as "Pappy Gargamel". She is the only one in the Smurf village who wishes to see some good in him.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Gargamel has also worked with other enemies of the Smurfs, although in many cases these other villains, such as Lord Balthazar, prove to be much more efficient and focused enemies of the Smurfs, and even so much as to smash their alliance with Gargamel and enslave him.

text: Not much is said of Gargamel's relationships with women, although in one episode, an ugly witch named Hogatha turns herself into an attractive woman to seduce Gargamel in order to steal a magical earring from him, which he bought for his mother's birthday. She almost succeeds, but her constant transformations from ugly to beautiful prove to be too hard for her, and Gargamel eventually is informed of the ruse. One time, Gargamel almost got married. His "mummy" decided it was high time he took a wife and introduced him to a baron's lovely daughter (Andria), who did not really love him. He did not really have any feelings for the girl either, until he saw in her hope chest a definitive map to the Smurf Village and then proclaimed his love for her and accepted her hand in marriage. (Of course, he still did not love her, just the map to the Smurf Village.) Fortunately for Gargamel's fiancee and the Smurfs' well-being, some Smurfs showed up at the wedding and wrought enough havoc as to ruin the wedding completely, so finally the ceremony was canceled. In the episode "Gargamel's Sweetheart", he does fall in love with Evelyn, a glamorous but evil witch whom he tries unsuccessfully to impress with his pathetic claims of being a rich, powerful wizard, but he does catch her interest when he also claims of knowing how to turn lead into gold, and gets her to agree to help him catch the Smurfs to do so. Their efforts go unrewarded thanks partly to his bungling, and she drops both her pretense and Gargamel like a hot potato.

text: Gargamel in modern times[edit]

text: Sophie was another popular Belgian comic series about a fun-loving young city girl who was created by her father made with sugar, spice and everything nice, written and drawn by Vicq and Jidéhem. In a crossover story drawn in 1975, it is shown that the Smurfs have survived to the 20th century since Sophie and her friend Little Bernard find them in a nearby wood — the Smurfs being on a winter holiday. Gargamel appears, though he is renamed Edgar Gamel, who is said to be a bit of a sorcerer and who claims to have studied occult sciences. He too wants revenge on the Smurfs, implying that he is the original Gargamel who has also lived as far as the 20th century, or else a future incarnation or counterpart of him.[4]

text: Cartoon series[edit]

text: Being the earliest of the Smurfs' sworn enemies, it was inevitable that Gargamel would be a recurring character in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, even in the opening theme where he shouts out loud his hatred for the Smurfs and his desperate attempts to catch them.

text: Despite his never-ending hatred and frustration for the Smurfs, more than once has he had to rely on Papa Smurf to help save him from a more wicked enemy's plans (such as Balthazar) or to rescue him from a potion gone horribly wrong. Other times, they have had to team up to fight a common enemy. On another occasion, the episode "The Fountain of Smurf", Papa Smurf drinks too much water from a fountain of youth and becomes a smurfling. The Smurfs are forced to rely on Gargamel to come to their aid and help turn Papa Smurf back to his proper age. In quite a funny, and ironic, ending, Gargamel and Azrael themselves fall into the Fountain of Youth, and become a child and a kitten again, respectively.

text: In later episodes, he acquired an apprentice named Scruple, who was frequently rejected from a boarding school for young wizards (which Gargamel himself had been expelled from in his youth) and only Gargamel was willing to teach him magic, and only because he was bribed by the wizards in charge of the school. Scruple seems moderately brighter and more savvy than his master, though still inexperienced in the ways of magic. Although Scruple aids Gargamel in capturing the Smurfs, his main problem is with the students of the wizard academy who berate him for failing to qualify for admission. However, in the scheme of things, the smugness of the students proves to be a weakness for them, as Scruple has some success using Gargamel's magic to cause them problems.

text: In 1989, the final season of the series, where the Smurfs are constantly traveling through time, different incarnations of Gargamel would appear, such as showing him as an Indian fakir, a Russian peasant, or a Spanish bullfighter. In one of the earlier episodes of the final seasons, where Gargamel is shown as an Egyptian pharaoh's aide, Papa Smurf believes that all these similar-looking men (and their cats) seen must be ancestors of the infamous Gargamel and Azrael of their present time.

text: Names in other languages[edit]

text: Different names have been used in different languages in the cartoon series:

text:
Hungarian: Hókuszpók, a wordplay on "hocus pocus", with "pók" also meaning spider.
Icelandic: Kjartan
Italian: Gargamella (phonetic adaptation of the original name)
Arabic: Sharshabeel
Vietnamese: Lão Gà Mên (phonetic adaptation of the original name with "Lão" means old man)
Greek: Δρακουμέλ (drakoumel)

text: In other media[edit]

text: Paul Winchell voiced Gargamel on the 1980s animated television series, Hank Azaria portrayed Gargamel in The Smurfs (2011) and The Smurfs 2 (2013) and Rainn Wilson voiced Gargamel in the film Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017).

text: Jewish stereotype[edit]

text: According to French sociologist Antoine Buéno, Gargamel is suggestive of a stereotype of a Jew,[5] having a big nose, magic powers, love of gold, and balding looks.

text: In addition, Gargamel's cat Azrael's name in Hebrew actually means "God is my helper" (in Israel he is called "Hat-hattul" which is composed of the Hebrew words "Fear"[6] and "Cat"). In both Jewish and Muslim tradition, Azrael is the name of the angel of death. In addition to that, it was a Jewish name, so it could be used as an in-joke for Delporte's Jewish wife.[7][8]

text: On the other hand, the name "Gargamel" is not a Jewish name but taken from Rabelais' classic Gargantua and Pantagruel, where Gargamelle is the mother of Gargantua and a giant, which is appropriate since Gargamel is a giant compared to the Smurfs. The name was suggested by Yvan Delporte. Azrael was also suggested by Delporte, who considered "angel of death" an appropriate name for the would-be killer of Smurfs, and he also liked the rhyme with Gargamel.


document_title: Central pattern generator

question_text: proper functioning of the lamprey central pattern generator (cpg) is dependent on which input

question_tokens: proper functioning of the lamprey central pattern generator ( cpg ) is dependent on which input

text: Central pattern generator

text: Anatomy and physiology[edit]

text: Localization[edit]

text: Various molecular, genetic and imaging studies have been conducted as for the localization of the CPGs. The results have shown that the networks responsible for locomotion are distributed throughout the lower thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.[6] Rhythmic movements of the tongue, that participate in swallowing, mastication and respiration, are driven by hypoglossal nuclei, which receive inputs from the dorsal medullary reticular column (DMRC) and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS).[7] The hypoglossal nucleus receives rhythmic excitatory inputs also from brainstem respiratory neurons within the pre-Boetzinger complex, which appears to play an important role in the origin of respiration rhythmogenesis.[8]

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: Although anatomical details of CPGs are specifically known in only a few cases, they have been shown to originate from the spinal cords of various vertebrates and to depend on relatively small and autonomous neural networks (rather than the entire nervous system) to generate rhythmic patterns.[1][2] Many studies have been done to determine the neural substrate of locomotor CPGs in mammals. Neural rhythmicity can arise in two ways: "through interactions among neurons (network-based rhythmicity) or through interactions among currents in individual neurons (endogenous oscillator neurons)".[1] A key to understanding rhythm generation is the concept of a half-center oscillator (HCO). A half-center oscillator consists of two neurons that have no rhythmogenic ability individually, but produce rhythmic outputs when reciprocally coupled. Half-center oscillators can function in a variety of ways. First, the two neurons may not necessarily fire in antiphase and can fire in any relative phasing, even synchrony, depending on the synaptic release. Second, half-centers can also function in an "escape" mode or a "release" mode. Escape and release refer to the way the off-neuron turns on: by escape or release from inhibition. Half-center oscillators can also be altered by intrinsic and network properties and can have dramatically different functionality based on variations in synaptic properties.[1]

text: The classical view of CPGs, as specific networks of neurons dedicated to this function alone, has been challenged by numerous data obtained mostly on the central nervous system of invertebrates. In addition to be classical dedicated networks, most of the CPGs seem in fact to be either reorganizing or distributed circuits, and a single neural circuit can combine features typical of each of these architectures. The observation in invertebrates of pattern generators temporarily formed before the production of motor activity strengthens the assumption.[9] CPG circuits appear thus to have a flexible character.

text: Neuromodulation[edit]

text: Organisms must adapt their behavior to meet the needs of their internal and external environments. Central pattern generators, as part of the neural circuitry of an organism, can be modulated to adapt to the organism's needs and surroundings. Three roles of neuromodulation have been found for CPG circuits:[1]

text:
Modulation in CPG as part of normal activity
Modulation changes the functional configuration of CPGs to produce different motor outputs
Modulation alters CPG neuron complement by switching neurons between networks and fusing formerly separate networks into larger entities

tag: ol

text: For example, the Tritonia diomedea swimming CPG can produce reflexive withdrawal in response to weak sensory input, escape swimming in response to strong sensory input and crawling after escape swimming has ceased. The dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) of the swim CPGs not only cause the rhythmic escape swimming, but also connect to cilia-activating efferent neurons. Experimental evidence confirms that both behaviors are mediated by the DSIs. "Given the extreme differences between these behaviors—-rhythmic versus tonic, muscular versus ciliary, and brief versus prolonged—these findings reveal a striking versatility for a small multifunctional network."[10] "Part of this flexibility is caused by the release of serotonin from the DSIs, which causes cerebral cell 2 (C2) to release more transmitter and strengthen its network synapses. Application of serotonergic antagonists prevents the network from producing the swimming pattern, and hence this intranetwork modulation appears essential for network oscillation."[1]

text: Data from experiments by Harris-Warrick in 1991 and Hooper and Marder in 1987 suggest that the functional target of modulation is the entire CPG network. These phenomena were first observed through experiments with the neuromodulator in the lobster cardiac ganglion (Sullivan and Miller 1984). The effect of proctolin could not be understood by looking only at the neurons it directly affected. "Instead, neurons that are not directly affected both alter the response of the directly affected neurons and help to transmit the changes in the activity of these neurons throughout the network," allowing the entire network to change in consistent and synchronized way.[1] Harris-Warrick and colleagues have conducted many studies over the years of the effects of neuromodulators on CPG neural networks. For example, a 1998 study showed the distributed nature of neuromodulation and that neuromodulators can reconfigure a motor network to allow a family of related movements. Specifically, dopamine was shown to affect both individual neurons, and synapses between neurons. Dopamine strengthens some synapses and weakens others by acting pre- and post-synaptically throughout the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion. These responses, as well as other effects of dopamine, can be opposite in sign in different locations, showing that the sum of the effects is the overall network effect and can cause the CPG to produce related families of different motor outputs.[11]

text: Modulation alters CPG neuron complement by switching neurons between networks and fusing formerly separate networks into larger entities.

text: A single neuronal network, such as a central pattern generator, can be modulated moment-to-moment to produce several different physical actions depending on the needs of the animal. These were first coined "polymorphic networks" by Getting and Dekin in 1985.[12] An example of one such polymorphic central pattern generator is a multifunctional network of the mollusk Tritonia diomedea. As described by Hooper, weak sensory input to the swimming CPG produces reflexive withdrawal, while strong input produces swimming. The dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) of the circuit release serotonin to convert to "swim mode," while application of serotonergic antagonists prevents the swim pattern.[1] Additionally, the same single interneuronal network has been found to produce not only "rhythmic, muscle-based escape swimming," but also "nonrhythmic, cilia-mediated crawling." Evidence also suggests that although the CPG controls related but separate functions, neuromodulation of one function can occur without affecting the other. For example, the swim mode can be sensitized by serotonin without affecting the crawl mode. Thus, the CPG circuit can control many separate functions with the appropriate neuromodulation.[10]

text: Feedback mechanism[edit]

text: Although the theory of central pattern generation calls for basic rhythmicity and patterning to be centrally generated, CPGs can respond to sensory feedback to alter the patterning in behaviorally appropriate ways. Alteration of the pattern is difficult because feedback received during only one phase may require changed movement in the other parts of the patterned cycle to preserve certain coordination relationships. For example, walking with a pebble in the right shoe alters the entire gait, even though the stimulus is only present while standing on the right foot. Even during the time when the left foot is down and the sensory feedback is inactive, action is taken to prolong the right leg swing and extend the time on the left foot, leading to limping. This effect could be due to widespread and long-lasting effects of the sensory feedback on the CPG or due to short-term effects on a few neurons that in turn modulate nearby neurons and spread the feedback through the entire CPG in that way. Some degree of modulation is required to allow one CPG to assume multiple states in response to feedback.[1]

text: Additionally, the effect of the sensory input varies depending on the phase of the pattern in which it occurs. For example, during walking, resistance to the top of the swinging foot (e.g., by a horizontal stick) causes the foot to be lifted higher to move over the stick. However, the same input to the standing foot cannot cause the foot to lift or the person would collapse. Thus, depending on the phase, the same sensory input can cause the foot to be lifted higher or held more firmly to the ground. "This change in motor response as a function of motor pattern phase is called reflex reversal, and has been observed in invertebrates (DiCaprio and Clarac, 1981) and vertebrates (Forssberg et al., 1977). How this process occurs is poorly understood, but again two possibilities exist. One is that sensory input is appropriately routed to different CPG neurons as a function of motor pattern phase. The other is that the input reaches the same neurons at all phases, but that, as a consequence of the way in which the network transforms the input, network response varies appropriately as a function of motor pattern phase."[1]

text: A recent study by Gottschall and Nichols studied the hindlimb of a decerebrate cat during walking (a CPG controlled function) in response to changes in head pitch. This study describes the differences in gait and body position of cats walking uphill, downhill and on level surfaces. Proprioceptive (Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles) and exteroreceptive (optic, vestibular and cutaneous) receptors work alone or in combination to adjust the CPG to sensory feedback. The study explored the effects of neck proprioceptors (giving information about the relative location of the head and body) and vestibular receptors (giving information about the orientation of the head relative to gravity). Decerebrate cats were made to walk on a level surface with their heads level, tilted up or tilted down. Comparing the decerebrate cats to normal cats showed similar EMG patterns during level walking and EMG patterns that reflected downhill walking with the head titled up and uphill walking with the head tilted down. This study proved that neck proprioceptors and vestibular receptors contribute sensory feedback that alters the gait of the animal. This information may be useful for treatment of gait disorders.[13]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Central pattern generators can serve many functions in vertebrate animals. CPGs can play roles in movement, breathing, rhythm generation and other oscillatory functions. The sections below focus on specific examples of locomotion and rhythm generation, two key functions of CPGs.

text: Locomotion[edit]

text: As early as 1911, it was recognized, by the experiments of Thomas Graham Brown, that the basic pattern of stepping can be produced by the spinal cord without the need of descending commands from the cortex.[14][15]

text: The first modern evidence of the central pattern generator was produced by isolating the locust nervous system and showing that it could produce a rhythmic output in isolation resembling that of the locust in flight. This was discovered by Wilson in 1961.[1] Since that time, evidence has arisen for the presence of central pattern generators in vertebrate animals, starting with work on the cat in the 1960s by Elzbieta Jankowska in Gothenburg, who provided the first evidence for a spinal cord CPG. This section addresses the role of the central pattern generator in locomotion for the lamprey and humans.

text: The lamprey has been used as a model for vertebrate CPGs because, while its nervous system has a vertebrate organization, it shares many positive characteristics with invertebrates. When removed from the lamprey, the intact spinal cord can survive for days in vitro. It also has very few neurons and can be easily stimulated to produce a fictive swimming motion indicative of a central pattern generator. As early as 1983, Ayers, Carpenter, Currie and Kinch proposed that there was a CPG responsible for most undulating movements in the lamprey including swimming forward and backward, burrowing in the mud and crawling on a solid surface, that although not surprisingly did not match the activity in the intact animal, nevertheless provided the basic locomotor output.[16] The different movements have been found to be altered by neuromodulators, including serotonin in a study by Harris-Warrick and Cohen in 1985[17] and tachykinin in a study by Parker et al.[18] in 1998. The lamprey model of CPG for locomotion has been important to the study of CPGs. Although Sten Grillner claims that the locomotor network is characterised, a claim that has seemingly been uncritically accepted by the spinal cord locomotor network field, there are in fact many missing details and Grillner cannot provide the evidence he uses to support his claims (Parker 2006).[19][20] A general scheme of the lamprey CPG is now being used in the creation of artificial CPGs. For example, Ijspeert and Kodjabachian used Ekeberg's model for the lamprey to create artificial CPGs and simulate swimming movements in a lamprey-like substrate using controllers based on a SGOCE encoding.[21] Essentially, these are the first steps toward the use of CPGs to code for locomotion in robots. The vertebrate model of CPG has been also developed with both Hodgkin-Huxley formalism,[22] its variants [23] and control system approaches.[24][25] For example, Yakovenko and colleagues have developed a simple mathematical model that describes basic principles proposed by T.G. Brown with integrate-to-threshold units organized with mutually inhibitory connections. This model is sufficient to describe complex properties of behavior, such as different regimes of the extensor- and flexor-dominant locomotion observed during electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), MLR-induced fictive locomotion.[25]

text: Connections between the CPGs controlling each limb influence the coordination between the limbs and hence the gaits in quadrupedal and possibly also bipedal animals.[26] Left right coordination is mediated by commissural and fore-hind by long-projecting propiospinal interneurons.[27] The balance of the left-right alternation (mediated genetically identified V0d and V0v neuron classes) to left-synchronization promoting commissural interneurons (potentially mediated V3 neurons) determines whether walk and trot (alternating gaits) or gallop and bound (synchronous gaits) are expressed. This balance changes with increasing speed, potentially because of connection from the MLR to commissural interneurons, and causes speed dependent gait transitions characteristic for quadrupedal animals.[26] The walk to trot transition potentially occurs because of the stronger decrease of extension than flexion phase durations with increasing locomotor speed, which leads to progressively increasing overlap between the diagonal limbs up until diagonal synchronization (trot).[26]

text: Central pattern generators also contribute to locomotion in higher animals and humans. In 1994, Calancie, et al. claimed to have witnessed the "first well-defined example of a central rhythm generator for stepping in the adult human." The subject was a 37-year-old male who suffered an injury to the cervical spinal cord 17 years prior. After initial total paralysis below the neck, the subject eventually regained some movement of the arms and fingers and limited movement in the lower limbs. He had not recovered sufficiently to support his own weight. After 17 years, the subject found that when lying supine and extending his hips, his lower extremities underwent step-like movements for as long as he remained lying down. "The movements (i) involved alternating flexion and extension of his hips, knees, and ankles; (ii) were smooth and rhythmic; (iii) were forceful enough that the subject soon became uncomfortable due to excessive muscle 'tightness' and an elevated body temperature; and (iv) could not be stopped by voluntary effort." After extensive study of the subject, the experimenters concluded that "these data represent the clearest evidence to date that such a [CPG] network does exist in man."[28] Four years later, in 1998, Dimitrijevic, et al. showed that the human lumbar pattern generating networks can be activated by drive to large-diameter sensory afferents of the posterior roots.[4] When tonic electrical stimulation is applied to these fibers in motor complete spinal cord injured individuals (i.e., individuals in whom the spinal cord is functionally isolated from the brain) rhythmic, locomotor-like movement of the lower limbs can be elicited. These measurements were performed in supine position, thus minimizing peripheral feedback. Subsequent studies showed that these lumbar locomotor centers can form a large variety of rhythmic movements by combining and distributing stereotypical patterns to the numerous lower limb muscles.[5]

text: Neuromechanical control of locomotion in mammals[edit]

text: If step cycle durations and muscle activations were fixed, it would be impossible to change body velocity and adapt to varying terrain. It has been suggested that the mammalian locomotor CPG comprises a “timer” (possibly in the form of coupled oscillators) which generates step cycles of varying durations, and a “pattern formation layer,” which selects and grades the activation of motor pools.[22][29] Increasing the neural drive from the midbrain locomotor region (MLR) to the spinal CPG increases the step cycle frequency (the cadence).[30] Swing and stance phase durations co-vary in a fairly fixed relationship, with stance phases changing more than swing phases.[31]

text: Sensory input from the limbs may truncate or extend individual phase durations in a process akin to finite state control (in which "if-then” rules determine when state transitions occur).[32][33][34] For example, if a limb that is swinging forward reaches the end of swing in less time than the current CPG-generated flexor phase duration, sensory input would cause the CPG timer to terminate swing and start the stance phase.[35] Furthermore, as body velocity increases, the pattern formation layer would increase muscle activation nonlinearly to provide increased load-bearing and thrust forces. It has been posited that in well-predicted movements, CPG-generated phase durations and muscle forces closely match those required by the evolving biomechanical events, minimizing the sensory corrections required. The term ‘‘neuromechanical tuning’’ has been coined to describe this process [25]

text: Fig. 1 provides a simplified schematic that summarizes these proposed mechanisms. A command specifying desired body velocity descends from higher centers to the MLR, which drives the spinal locomotor CPG. The CPG timer produces the appropriate cadence and phase durations and the pattern formation layer modulates the motoneuronal outputs.[36] The activated muscles resist stretch through their own intrinsic biomechanical properties, providing a rapid form of length and velocity feedback control. Reflexes mediated by Golgi tendon organ and other afferents provide additional load compensation, but the main role of sensory input may be to adjust or override the CPG at stance-swing-stance transitions.[37]

text: As described in Neuromodulation, the human locomotive CPG is very adaptable and can respond to sensory input. It receives input from the brainstem as well as from the environment to keep the network regulated. Newer studies have not only confirmed the presence of the CPG for human locomotion, but also confirmed its robustness and adaptability. For example, Choi and Bastian showed that the networks responsible for human walking are adaptable on short and long timescales. They showed adaptation to different gait patterns and different walking contexts. Also, they showed that different motor patterns can adapt independently. Adults could even walk on treadmills going in a different direction for each leg. This study showed that independent networks control forward and backward walking and that networks controlling each leg can adapt independently and be trained to walk independently.[38] Thus, humans also possess a central pattern generator for locomotion that is capable not only of rhythmic pattern generation but also remarkable adaptation and usefulness in a wide variety of situations.

text: Respiration[edit]

text: A three-phase model is the classical view of the respiratory CPG. The phases of the respiratory CPG are characterized by the rhythmic activity of: (1) the phrenic nerve during inspiration; (2) recurrent laryngeal nerve branches that innervate the thyroarytenoid muscle during the last stage of expiration; (3) the internal intercostal nerve branches that innervate the triangularis sterni muscle during the second stage of expiration. The rhythmicity of these nerves is classically viewed as originating from a single rhythm generator. In this model, phasing is produced by reciprocal synaptic inhibition between groups of sequentially active interneurons.

text: Nevertheless, an alternative model has been proposed[39] reinforced by certain experimental data. According to this model, respiratory rhythm is generated by two coupled anatomically distinct rhythm generators, one in the pre-Boetzinger complex[40] and the other in the retrotrapezoid nucleus / parafacial respiratory group. Further survey provided evidence to the hypothesis that one of the networks is responsible for inspiration rhythm and the other for expiration rhythm. Therefore, inspiration and expiration are distinct functions and one does not induce the other, as is the common belief, but one of two dominates the behavior by generating a faster rhythm.

text: Swallowing[edit]

text: Swallowing involves the coordinated contraction of more than 25 pairs of muscles in the oropharynx, larynx and esophagus, which are active during an oropharyngeal phase, followed by the primary esophageal peristalsis. Swallowing depends on a CPG located in the medulla oblongata, which involves several brain stem motor nuclei and two main groups of interneurons: a dorsal swallowing group (DSG) in the nucleus tractus solitarii and a ventral swallowing group (VSG) located in the ventrolateral medulla above the nucleus ambiguus. Neurons in the DSG are responsible for the generation of the swallowing pattern, while those in the VSG distribute the commands to the various motoneuronal pools. As in other CPGs, the functioning of the central network can be modulated by peripheral and central inputs, so that the swallowing pattern is adapted to the size of the bolus.

text: Within this network, central inhibitory connections play a major role, producing a rostrocaudal inhibition that parallels the rostrocaudal anatomy of the swallowing tract. Thus, when the neurons controlling the proximal parts of the tract are active, those that command more distal parts are inhibited. Apart from the type of connection between the neurons, intrinsic properties of the neurons, especially those of NTS neurons, probably also contribute to the shaping and timing of the swallowing pattern.

text: The swallowing CPG is a flexible CPG. This means that at least some of the swallowing neurons may be multifunctional neurons and belong to pools of neurons that are common to several CPGs. One such CPG is the respiratory one, which has been observed interacting with the swallowing CPG.[41][42]

text: Rhythm generators[edit]

text: Central pattern generators can also play a role in rhythm generation for other functions in vertebrate animals. For example, the rat vibrissa system uses an unconventional CPG for whisking movements. "Like other CPGs, the whisking generator can operate without cortical input or sensory feedback. However, unlike other CPGs, vibrissa motoneurons actively participate in rhythmogenesis by converting tonic serotonergic inputs into the patterned motor output responsible for movement of the vibrissae."[43] Breathing is another non-locomotive function of central pattern generators. For example, larval amphibians accomplish gas exchange largely through rhythmic ventilation of the gills. A study by Broch, et al. showed that lung ventilation in the tadpole brainstem may be driven by a pacemaker-like mechanism, whereas the respiratory CPG adapts in the adult bullfrog as it matures.[44] Thus, CPGs hold a broad range of functions in the vertebrate animal and are widely adaptable and variable with age, environment and behavior.

text: Mechanism of rhythmic generators: post-inhibitory rebound[edit]

text: Rhythmicity in CPG's can also result from time-dependent cellular properties such as adaptation, delayed excitation, and post-inhibitory rebound (PIR). PIR is an intrinsic property that elicits rhythmic electrical activity by depolarizing the membrane once hyperpolarizing stimulus is gone. "It can be produced by several mechanisms including hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) or deinactivation of depolarization-activated inward currents" [45] Once inhibition has ceased, this period of PIR can be explained as the time with increased neuronal excitability. It is the property of many CNS neurons that sometimes results in action potential "bursts" following immediately after inhibitory synaptic input."Because of this, it has been suggested that PIR may contribute to the maintenance of oscillatory activity in neural networks that are characterized by mutual inhibitory connections, like those involved in locomotor behaviors. In addition, PIR is often included as an element in computational models of neural networks that involve mutual inhibition" [46] For example, the "PIR in crayfish stretch receptor neurons is caused by recovery from adaptation during the course of inhibitory hyperpolarization. One feature of that system is that PIR only occurs if the hyperpolarization is imposed on a background of excitation, caused in this case by stretch. They also found that PIR can be elicited in the stretch receptor by hyperpolarizing current pulses. This was an important finding because it showed that PIR is an intrinsic property of the postsynaptic neuron, related to the membrane potential change associated with inhibition but independent of transmitter receptors or presynaptic properties. The latter conclusion has stood the test of time, marking PIR as a robust property of CNS neurons in a wide variety of contexts." [47] This cellular property can most easily be seen in the Lamprey neural circuit. The swimming movement is produced by alternating neural activity between the left and right side of the body, causing it to bend back and forth while creating oscillating movements. While the Lamprey is bent to the left, there is reciprocal inhibition on the right side causing it to relax due to hyperpolarization. Immediately after this hyperopolarizing stimulus, the interneurons use post-inhibitory rebound to initiate activity in the right side. Depolarization of the membrane causes it to contract while reciprocal inhibition is now applied to the left side.

text: Functions in invertebrates[edit]

text: As described earlier, CPGs can also function in a variety of ways in invertebrate animals. In the mollusc Tritonia, a CPG modulates reflexive withdrawal, escape swimming and crawling.[10] CPGs are also used in flight in locusts and for respiration systems in other insects.[1] Central pattern generators play a broad role in all animals and show amazing variability and adaptability in almost all cases.

text: Other theories[edit]

text: The classical view of movement control prior to works of Brown attributed the function of muscle pattern generation largely to sensory feedback mechanisms. In this light, the pattern generator can be considered as an intrinsic spinal processor that corrects imperfect sensory feedback and adapts central input to this optimized peripheral input.[48]


document_title: Hot Patootie – Bless My Soul

question_text: what meatloaf song was in rocky horror picture show

text: Hot Patootie – Bless My Soul

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Hot Patootie - Bless My Soul"

Song by Meat Loaf

from the album The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Language
English

Released
1975

Songwriter(s)
Composer: Richard O'Brien, Richard Hartley
Lyricist: Richard O'Brien

The Rocky Horror Picture Show track listing

"Science Fiction/Double Feature"
"Dammit Janet"
"Over at the Frankenstein Place"
"Time Warp"
"Sweet Transvestite"
"I Can Make You a Man"
"Hot Patootie - Bless My Soul"
"I Can Make You a Man (Reprise)"
"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me"
"Eddie"
"Floor Show"

"Rose Tint My World
"Fanfare/Don't Dream It"
"Wild and Untamed Thing"

"I'm Going Home"
"Super Heroes"
"Science Fiction/Double Feature (Reprise)"

text: "Hot Patootie – Bless My Soul" is the eighth song in The Rocky Horror Picture Show soundtrack and is sung by Eddie, an ex-delivery boy. It expresses Eddie's love for 'Saturday night' rock and roll and a past love that was (presumably Columbia) his girlfriend. A chorus of Transylvanians sing background vocals; Phantoms have this responsibility in the stage play.

text: Eddie rides out of the freezer on his frozen motorcycle to Columbia's surprise and glee while Dr. Frankenfurter stands protectively near his creation Rocky's side. It does not end well for Eddie yet he is determined to finish his ode to rock and roll.

text: The song also appears on Meat Loaf's Live Around the World album.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The song, originally titled "What Ever Happened to Saturday Night?", was written by Richard O'Brien for the original stage production. The song was intended for its author, Richard O'Brien, to sing in, but director Jim Sharman convinced O'Brien to portray the character of Riff Raff instead of Eddie. Its high vocal range had not yet been accomplished by any other actor performing the character and the arrangement had to be altered until Meat Loaf took the part in the Los Angeles production in 1974. Meat Loaf reprised the role from his debut in the Roxy Theatre run of the Rocky Horror Show and the film.

text: Progression[edit]

text: Meat Loaf is known for successfully including all of the lyrics in the arrangement properly. Richard O'Brien claimed that Meat wouldn't be able to achieve the feat, after the actor playing Eddie in the original London production did so clumsily enough. The verse has a classic chord progression of C#-A#m-C#-A#m-F#-G#-F#-G#, reminiscent of '50s and '60s music. The chorus has a more rock-style progression of C#-D#-F#-C#. The song modulates one half-step (one key) up after the second saxophone solo with a D-E-G-D progression in the chorus. The song has a common rock instrument arrangement with the addition of a saxophone.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Brian May of the band Queen, included a cover version as a bonus track on the Japanese version of his 1998 album, Another World.

text: In The Rocky Horror Glee Show, Dr. Carl Howell (portrayed by John Stamos) sings the song in an audition for the production of Rocky Horror. The song appears on the Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show extended play. The song was renamed "Whatever Happened To Saturday Night?".

text: In Fox's 2016 televised tribute, The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do The Time Warp Again, Adam Lambert performed the song, playing the part of Eddie.

text: This song was also covered by the Californian band The Phenomenauts.

text:
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Stage shows

The Rocky Horror Show (1973)
The Rocky Horror Show Live (2015)

Films

The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)

Soundtrack

Shock Treatment (1981)
The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again (2016)

Soundtrack

Songs

"Science Fiction/Double Feature"
"Dammit Janet"
"Over at the Frankenstein Place"
"The Time Warp"
"Sweet Transvestite"
"I Can Make You a Man"
"Hot Patootie – Bless My Soul"
"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me"
"Rose Tint My World"
"I'm Going Home"

Related

The Rocky Horror Show (video game)
Cult following
Sequels and other media
The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show
"The Rocky Horror Glee Show" (EP)
A Regular Frankie Fan
Sal Piro

text: 1973 songsSongs from Rocky HorrorMeat Loaf songsSongs with music by Richard HartleySongs with lyrics by Richard O'Brien

text: Articles needing additional references from August 2008All articles needing additional references