document_title: Longmire (TV series)

question_text: who plays the mayor in longmire season 6

text: Longmire (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Sheriff Walt Longmire (Robert Taylor) is the sheriff of Wyoming's fictional Absaroka County. Buffalo in Johnson County in northeast Wyoming, is the setting for some scenes set in the fictional town of Durant, county seat of Absaroka.[12] Sheriff Longmire's longtime friend, Henry Standing Bear (Lou Diamond Phillips), a Cheyenne man, provides insight to and sometimes aids in dealing with tribal police. (The Indian reservation has its own police which have authority within the reservation boundaries except for capital crimes.) As the series progresses, the friends deal with issues of gambling at a casino on the reservation, issues of competing jurisdictional authority for protecting people and prosecuting crimes, and other issues of contemporary Native American life.

text: In the first season, Walt's adult daughter Cady (Cassidy Freeman) is concerned that her father has been stuck since the death of her mother. While preparing to run for re-election, Walt has delegated most police duties to deputies Branch Connally (Bailey Chase) and "The Ferg" (Adam Bartley). Branch has also entered the election, to unseat Longmire, and he is secretly dating Cady. Victoria "Vic" Moretti (Katee Sackhoff), a transplanted Philadelphia homicide detective, arrived in Wyoming six months prior and works as one of Walt's deputies.

text: In random flashback scenes, Walt and Henry travel separately to Denver, Colorado, where Walt attacks someone in a meth house. Denver Police Homicide Detective Fales (Charles S. Dutton) later comes to Wyoming to talk to Walt and Cady about her mother's death. Cady is shocked to learn her mother was murdered, as Walt had told her she died of cancer. Fales tells Walt they found the suspect in the murder buried in a shallow grave. Walt denies killing the man; however, Detective Fales suspects that if Walt did not commit the murder, then Henry did.

text: In the second season, Cady goes to Denver to speak to Detective Fales, who gives her the details of her mother's murder and informs her the suspected murderer has also been killed. When Fales questions her, she says that her father confides in Henry Standing Bear, inadvertently giving Fales a new target of investigation. Henry tells Walt that he killed the murderer because Walt was unable to do so. Vic encounters Ed Gorski (Lee Tergesen), a retired cop from Philadelphia. They discuss the suicide of Gorski's former partner, whom Vic implicated in a corruption scandal that prompted an internal-affairs investigation. Gorski blames Vic for his partner's death, and begins to stalk her. Frightened by Gorski's manner, Vic asks Henry for help, and Walt visits Gorski to warn him away. Gorski is subsequently beaten severely. Hector, a Cheyenne mercenary believed to have assaulted Gorski, is protected by Walt. Henry confesses to Walt that he hired Hector to kill Miller Beck, the murderer of Walt's wife, but Hector explains that he beat him and took his teeth as trophies. Fales and his team find the teeth at Henry's bar and arrest him. Walt wins the election. Cady is hospitalized after being hit by a car after hers is sabotaged. Branch investigates, leading to confrontation with members of the local Cheyenne reservation.

text: In the third season, As Branch recovers from being shot, he comes to believe he was shot by David Ridges, a Cheyenne who was thought to have committed suicide and was thought to be cremated. Walt and the others do not believe him and he begins his own investigation. In prison, Henry is abused by other Native Americans, led by former Cheyenne reservation police chief Malachi Strand (Graham Greene). He believes Henry contributed to his arrest through his friendship with Walt. When Malachi makes it difficult for Henry to obtain an attorney, Cady decides to represent him. Henry gets released on bail and sets out to prove his innocence.

text: Malachi is also released and begins working as security for Jacob Nighthorse, a prominent Cheyenne businessman and developer. Both Branch and Henry uncover clues that point to Nighthorse being involved in their cases, with Ridges as a key figure. Walt believes Nighthorse might have had a part in his wife's murder. He begins to believe that Branch is obsessed by his ideas about Ridges, and suspends him temporarily, putting him in the care of his father Barlow. Walt and Henry learn that Ridges killed Miller Beck. Walt learns of Ridges' hideout location and kills him in a confrontation in self-defense. Fales drops all charges against Henry, but the investigations continue. Branch questions his father, who admits to having paid Nighthorse to hire Ridges to kill Walt's wife in hopes of helping Branch become sheriff. The season ends with the sound of a gunshot.

text: In the fourth season, Walt, Vic, and Ferg set out to search for Branch, after finding a disturbing typewritten note on his home computer. Walt finds him dead in a river from what appears to be a self-inflicted shotgun wound. Walt refuses to rule Branch's death a suicide after he finds soil in the shotgun shell. This shows that the shell had been ejected from firing and put back into the gun. Walt thinks that Nighthorse is behind the murder, until a drunken Barlow Connally confesses to the sheriff about killing his own son. The murder had followed Branch finding out that his father ordered the murder of Walt's wife. After his confession, Barlow provokes Walt to shoot and kill him, increasing official suspicion of the sheriff's behavior. Meanwhile, Walt and his department join forces with Mathias (Zahn McClarnon), chief of the Cheyenne tribal police, to investigate the rape of a Cheyenne woman, Gabriella (Julia Jones) by several oil field workers. The men escape prosecution because of conflicting authority and the reluctance of federal officials to prosecute. Walker (Callum Keith Rennie), the oil foreman, buys off Gabriella's family, who urge dropping the case. Henry takes up Hector's role of avenger and plans to exact justice on the rapists. One is found dead, and Gabriella shoots the other as Henry is threatening him. Shot in the dark by Walt, Henry takes Gabriella into the Crow Nation territory to protect her. Both Walt and Walker seek to find her, ending up in a stand-off. Later, Mathias catches up with Henry and takes him into custody. Walt relaxes at home with his new love interest, Dr. Donna Sue Monaghan (Ally Walker), but an unknown intruder invades and shoots them.

text: In the fifth season, Walt conducts an intense search for the person who kidnapped Donna after the home invasion and seriously wounded him. Walt and Donna continue their relationship. Nighthorse becomes increasingly suspicious of Malachi's activities, and suspects he is skimming at the casino or otherwise earning illegal money. Mathias figures out that Henry has taken over Hector's duties as vigilante, and uses that to his advantage. A heroin operation by the Irish mob is discovered in Walt's jurisdiction. Walt defends a wrongful death suit; if he loses, he will lose everything he owns and, probably, also his job. Vic learns she is pregnant and suffers an assault. Walt ends his relationship with Donna. A future possibility of a relationship with Vic is suggested as they acknowledge their feelings toward each other.[13] As Henry gives a ride home to a presumably drunk woman, Malachi and his men kidnap him. He is taken to a remote area of the neighboring Crow reservation, staked to the ground, and left for dead.[14]

text: In the first episode of the sixth season, "The Eagle and the Osprey", Henry is still being held by kidnappers and might die if not found.[11] Walt investigates a bank robbery with some unusual aspects.[15] In the final season several other aspects were explored, including the civil lawsuit against Longmire and his plans for the future.[16][17]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
10
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
August 12, 2012 (2012-08-12)
A&E

2
13
May 27, 2013 (2013-05-27)
August 26, 2013 (2013-08-26)

3
10
June 2, 2014 (2014-06-02)
August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04)

4
10
September 10, 2015 (2015-09-10)
Netflix

5
10
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)

6
10
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Robert Taylor as Walt Longmire, the long-time sheriff of Absaroka County. His character is a throwback to the iconic heroes of classical Westerns, laconic and introspective with a strong sense of duty and justice. As the stories build, Walt is shown to have a knack for finding the truth behind the various crimes that have been committed. His wife died a year before the series started, and he has told his daughter and friends that she died of cancer. Henry knows that she was murdered in Denver. Walt's grief leads to isolation and guilt.
Katee Sackhoff as Victoria "Vic" Moretti, a sheriff's deputy and a former Philadelphia Police Department homicide detective. She moved to Wyoming with her husband Sean following an incident with her superior officer in Philadelphia. They later divorce, and Vic has sexual encounters with Eamonn and Travis before she and Walt finally get together. She has four brothers.[18]
Lou Diamond Phillips as Henry Standing Bear, a Cheyenne who is Walt's lifelong friend and confidant. Their friendship goes back to early school days together. He owns and operates the Red Pony, a local tavern and restaurant. An expert tracker, his name is described as meaning "a bear who protects those whom he loves".[19] Henry is initially treated as a minor character, but as the series goes on, his position as a well-respected member of his community becomes prominent, and he actively helps Walt and Cady on numerous occasions. Henry does not speak in contractions. [20]
Bailey Chase as Branch Connally, an ambitious deputy who comes from a wealthy local family. His uncle was Walt's predecessor as sheriff, and Branch also hopes to be sheriff one day. He was romantically involved with Cady Longmire. Shot by David Ridges, he is shown during the next season recovering and investigating the attack. He was suspended from the force at the end of season three and is later shot and killed by his father Barlow Connally.
Cassidy Freeman as Cady Longmire, Walt's daughter, an attorney who initially works for a local law firm. Later, she works for Jacob Nighthorse, to provide representation to residents on the reservation. She was romantically involved with Branch Connally for a time; later "Zach" Heflin.
Adam Bartley as Archie "The Ferg" Ferguson, an awkward but hard-working young deputy, who felt unappreciated next to the handsome Branch and detective Vic. His eclectic knowledge and skills have helped solve cases, justifying Walt's hiring him. He continues to feel overlooked, although he is promoted to a more senior deputy following Branch's death. In season 5 he meets Meg, a local nurse.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Louanne Stephens as Ruby: the dispatcher and manager of the sheriff's office (seasons 1–6)
Zahn McClarnon as Chief Mathias: chief of the Cheyenne reservation's tribal police (seasons 1–6)
A Martinez as Jacob Nighthorse: a local Cheyenne businessman representing the interests of his people (seasons 1–6)
Gerald McRaney as Barlow Connally: a wealthy, powerful, local real estate developer and Branch's father (seasons 1–4)
Peter Weller as Lucian Connally: Branch's uncle and Walt's predecessor as sheriff, now retired (seasons 1–4, 6)
John Bishop as Bob Barnes: the town drunk who has worked a variety of odd jobs (seasons 1–6)
Tom Wopat as Sheriff Jim Wilkins of neighboring Cumberland County (seasons 1–6)
Louis Herthum as Omar: a local hunting guide with expertise in firearms (seasons 1–3, 5)
Katherine LaNasa as Lizzie Ambrose: a wealthy local woman with whom Walt has a tentative romantic relationship (seasons 1–2)
Charles S. Dutton as Detective Fales: a detective from Denver investigating the suspicious death of the murderer of Walt's wife (seasons 1–3)
Derek Phillips as Travis Murphy: a boyhood friend of Branch Connally's who wants to be a sheriff's deputy (seasons 2–6)
Michael Mosley as Sean Keegan: Vic's husband, who works as a natural gas company executive (seasons 1–3)
Jeffrey De Serrano as Hector: A Cheyenne ex-boxer who lives on the reservation and is a mercenary-for-hire for Cheyenne seeking justice (seasons 1–3, 6)
Lee Tergesen as Ed Gorski: an ex-cop from Philadelphia who used to work with Vic (seasons 1–3)
Noam Jenkins as FBI Agent Towson: a by-the-book agent who is seen by the sheriff's department as a negative force (seasons 2, 5)
Graham Greene as Malachi Strand: former chief of the tribal police and Nighthorse's chief of security at the casino (seasons 3–6)
Hank Cheyne as Sam Poteet: a Cheyenne White Warrior and sage, whom Branch kidnaps and tortures (seasons 3–6)
Scott Michael Campbell as Dr. Weston: a doctor at the regional hospital who occasionally assists in Longmire's investigations (seasons 3–6)
Josh Cooke as Eamonn O'Neill: a deputy from Cumberland County who fills in briefly after Branch's death (seasons 4–5)
Barry Sloane as Zachary "Zach" Heflin: hired by Walt as a new deputy (seasons 4–6)
Ally Walker as Dr. Donna Monaghan: a therapist treating local veterans (seasons 4–5)
Callum Keith Rennie as Walker Browning: a manager for a regional energy company; Walt suspects him of criminal activity (seasons 4–5)
Tamara Duarte as Mandy: a young Cheyenne woman hired by Cady Longmire to assist her in the legal-aid office on the Cheyenne reservation (seasons 4–6)
Mary Wiseman as Meg: a nurse at the local hospital who begins dating Ferg (seasons 5–6)
Eric Ladin as Mayor Sawyer Crane: the ambitious mayor of Durant (seasons 5–6)
Brett Rice as Tucker Baggett: close friend of Barlow Connally, organizes a wrongful death lawsuit against Walt for the shooting of Barlow (seasons 5–6)
Dylan Walsh as Shane Muldoon: leader of the Irish Mafia (seasons 5–6)

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Longmire received a pilot order on December 14, 2010. The pilot was written by John Coveny and Hunt Baldwin, and directed by Christopher Chulack.[citation needed] Coveny, Baldwin, and Chulack serve as executive producers alongside Greer Shephard, Michael M. Robin, and the production companies Warner Horizon Television and the Shephard/Robin Company. The series is an adaptation of the Longmire mystery novels written by best-selling author Craig Johnson.[21]

text: The story is set in northern Wyoming, but the series has been filmed in several locations in New Mexico, including Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Eagle Nest, and Red River.[22]

text: Casting announcements began in February 2011, with Robert Taylor cast first in the lead role of Sheriff Walt Longmire.[23] Katee Sackhoff, Bailey Chase, Cassidy Freeman, and Lou Diamond Phillips followed, with Sackhoff cast in the role of Victoria "Vic" Moretti, Chase cast as Branch Connally, Freeman cast as Cady Longmire, and Phillips cast as Henry Standing Bear.[24]

text: On August 26, 2011, A&E picked up the series for a 10-episode first season.[25] A&E renewed it for a second season on June 29, 2012, following early success as the highest-rated summer scripted drama debut, and as A&E's highest-rated scripted drama.[26] The network renewed it for a third season on November 25, 2013.[27]

text: In 2013, massive wildfires scorched the Valles Caldera National Preserve, which disrupted the series production. Three fires started over a three-week period, two at the same time. The Prescott Fire Department's Granite Mountain Hotshots assisted in preventing the destruction of the area around where Walt's house is filmed.[28] Nineteen of the Hotshots' 20 members were later killed battling the 2013 Yarnell Hill Fire in Arizona.[29] The second season's finale honored them in the closing credits.[28][citation needed]

text: Production for the third season began in early 2014. Filming of the interiors took place in New Mexico at Garson Studios, on the campus of Santa Fe University of Art and Design. According to the New Mexico State Film Office, exteriors were filmed in and around Santa Fe and at Garson Studios.[30]

text: On August 28, 2014, A&E announced that Longmire was cancelled after completing its third season, despite consistently strong viewership.[citation needed] Three months later, Netflix confirmed that it had picked up the series and would film additional episodes.[31] The ten-episode fourth season filmed on location in New Mexico,[32] and was made available for viewing in North America and Oceania on September 10, 2015.[citation needed]

text: On October 30, 2015, Netflix announced that Longmire would return for a fifth season.[33] Season-five location filming was scheduled for late March to late June, 2016. It took place primarily in Las Vegas, New Mexico, the town that is shown in the series. Other locations included towns in the surrounding area.[34] The studio work was completed at Garson Studios at Santa Fe University of Art and Design.[citation needed][35] The 10-episode fifth season was made available for viewing on September 23, 2016.[citation needed]

text: According to Eric Witt, director of the Santa Fe Film Office, season-six filming was scheduled to begin in March 2017.[36] By June, the interior scenes had been filmed at Garson Studios; location photography was underway in various New Mexico locations including Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Valles Caldera, Pecos and other sites in the northern part of the state. The director was by T.J. Scott and the producers included Hunt Baldwin, John Coveny, Greer Shephard and Michael M. Robin.[37] Filming concluded the last week of June.[38]

text: Release[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Longmire debuted as A&E's number-one original-series premiere of all time with 4.1 million total viewers.[39]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sunday 10:00pm
10
June 3, 2012
4.15[40]
August 12, 2012
4.34[41]
2011–12
TBD

2
Monday 10:00pm
13
May 27, 2013
4.31[42]
August 26, 2013
4.42[43]
2012–13
TBD

3
10
June 2, 2014
3.86[44]
August 4, 2014
3.68[45]
2013–14
TBD

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Longmire began airing in the United Kingdom on TCM on March 17, 2013, at 9:00 pm,[46] in Australia on GEM on May 15, 2013, at 9:30 pm. Season two began airing in Australia on July 31, 2013,[47] and in Italy on Rete 4 on July 4, 2013, at 9:00 pm.[48]

text: The sixth and final season is scheduled to begin airing on TCM in the UK on January 7, 2018.[49]

text: In Ireland, the series is shown on RTÉ One, and in Germany on RTL Nitro as of January 10, 2014, at 10:05 pm. The series made its Canadian debut in English in January 2014 on APTN,[50] and in French on May 26, 2014, on Séries+.[51] International broadcasters retain the rights to new Netflix-commissioned seasons of the show until their licenses expire.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season of Longmire was released on May 28, 2013. It featured a documentary about filming in New Mexico, when the setting is in Wyoming, a gallery of photographic stills, and some unaired scenes.[52] The second season was released on May 13, 2014. The three-disc set included an extended directors' cut version of the seventh episode, "Sound and Fury", as well as the season finale, "Bad Medicine". A bonus featurette, "Testing Courage: The Storm Defines the Man" was also included.[53] The third season, including a bonus featurette, "The Ghost in the Storm", was released on March 3, 2015.[54] The first three seasons were added to Netflix in the United States in June 2015. The fourth season was released on September 16, 2016, in a three-disc, 10-episode set.[55] The Blu-ray releases of the series were handled by the Warner Archive Collection.[55]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Reception has generally been positive. During Season 1, Nancy DeWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal called the series "the best of two worlds: a modern crime drama with dry wit and sometimes heart-wrenching emotion that's also got a glorious setting under the big sky of Wyoming." She added: "If it weren't for a few modern conveniences, like cellphones and trucks, it might as well be 1875, so rugged and unspoiled does the scenery look."[56] Newsday's Verne Gay stated: "Longmire arrives as silently as a dust devil kicked up by a high wind on the Wyoming plains. With little in the way of fanfare and a lead actor unacquainted with household name status, it must instead rely on a quiet fortitude, much like its namesake." He added: "Unassuming Longmire doesn't shout 'Love Me!' but instead works its charms subtly, quietly. There's promise here."[57] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix said of Season 1, "there's a sense of place to the show that makes it feel unlike every other cop show on television" and that he would "like to see the mysteries grow more engaging as the series moves along, but Longmire at least starts with a good foundation in Walt, his sidekicks, and the wide, open spaces they travel."[58]

text: The San Francisco Chronicle's David Wiegand was critical, writing that the series "has the look and feel of a show cooked up by a bunch of bored TV industry types while they were waiting for the valet to bring their car to them at the Beverly Hills Chuck E. Cheese." He added: "There's very little drama, and the pilot episode lumbers along like an overfed elk."[59]

text: Three years later, after viewing the first three episodes of Season 4, a top critic on the Roger Ebert site wrote, "It sometimes sounds like faint praise to describe a series like you would a reliable car but Longmire is just a sturdy show. It is well-constructed all around—confidently made, well-acted, and the writing is much smarter than many shows like it. It hums, each episode these three feeling more well-paced than the one before."[60] At the same point in the series, Mike Hale of The New York Times also filed a favorable review, with particular praise for actor Robert Taylor, described as a "modern day Gary Cooper or Joel McCrea".[61]

text: In the aggregate, Longmire received favorable reviews on Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes. For example, Season 4 received an average rating of 8.5/10 based on 7 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.[62] By Season 5, and especially Season 6, however, there have been no reviews by critics and few comments in the Audience Ratings section.[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2013, the pilot episode of Longmire, teleplay by Hunt Baldwin and John Coveny, was nominated for an Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America.[64] The season two episode, "Party's Over", was nominated by the Entertainment Industries Council for a PRISM Award for Best Drama Series Episode – Substance Use.[65] Also in 2013, the series won the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum's Bronze Wrangler for Fictional Television Drama.[66] The series won a Bronze Key Art Award for its season two television advertisement, titled "The Oath".[67]

text: In 2014, Steve La Porte was nominated for a Makeup Artists and Hairstylist Guild Award for Best Special Makeup Effects.[68]

text: Over the years, the series has also received two Key Art Awards and two Red Nation Film of Excellence Awards, the latter for Supporting Actor A. Martinez[69] and Graham Greene.[70]


document_title: The Durrells

question_text: when does series 3 of the durrels start

question_tokens: when does series 3 of the durrels start

root

text: The Durrells

text: Story[edit]

text: The series begins in 1935, when Louisa Durrell suddenly announces that she and her four children will move from Bournemouth to the Greek island of Corfu. Her husband has died some years earlier and the family is experiencing financial problems. A Homeric battle ensues as the family adapts to life on the island which, despite a lack of electricity, proves that Corfu is cheap and an earthly paradise.

tag: p

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Character
Portrayed by
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
No. of appearances[7]
Duration

Louisa Durrell
Keeley Hawes
Main
16
2016–present

Gerry Durrell
Milo Parker
Main
16
2016–present

Larry Durrell
Josh O'Connor
Main
16
2016–present

Margo Durrell
Daisy Waterstone
Main
16
2016–present

Leslie Durrell
Callum Woodhouse
Main
16
2016–present

Spiros Halikiopoulous [nb 1]
Alexis Georgoulis
Main
16
2016–present

Lugaretzia
Anna Savva
Main
16
2016–present

Theo Stephanides
Yorgos Karamihos
Main
16
2016–present

Florence Petrides
Lucy Black
Recurring
13
2016–present

Dr. Petrides
Alexis Conran
Recurring
6
2016–present

Sven Lundblad
Ulric von der Esch
Main
Recurring
8
2016–present

Pavlos
Nikos Orestis Chaniotakis
Guest
Recurring

4
2016–2017

Countess Mavrodaki
Leslie Caron
Recurring
Guest
Recurring
4
2016–present

Aunt Hermione
Barbara Flynn
Guest
Recurring
4
2016–2018

Max
Maximilian Befort
Recurring

3
2016–2017

Donald
Ben Hall
Recurring

7
2016–2017

Captain Creech
James Cosmo
Recurring

Guest
3
2016–present

Nancy
Lizzy Watts
Recurring

3
2016

Alexia
Hara-Joy Ermidi
Recurring

3
2016

Dennis
Jeremy Swift
Recurring

4
2016

Angel
Jamie Ward
Recurring

3
2016

Hugh Jarvis
Daniel Lapaine

Recurring

6
2017

Vasilia Prifona
Errika Bigiou

Recurring

5
2017

Zoltan
Merch Husey

Guest
Recurring
4
2017–present

Daphne Likourgou
Elli Tringou

Recurring
3
2018

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ Spiros' name has alternate spellings: with the 's' at the end and without. "Spiros" is the accepted version, used in show credits and press releases, yet the spelling "Spiro" appeared in an episode (Series 3, Episode 3).

tag: ol

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Season premiere
Season finale
Average viewership

1
6
3 April 2016 (2016-04-03)
8 May 2016 (2016-05-08)
6.9 million

2
6
23 April 2017 (2017-04-23)
28 May 2017 (2017-05-28)
6.2 million

3
8
18 March 2018 (2018-03-18)
6 May 2018
TBD

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Episode 1"
Steve Barron
Simon Nye
3 April 2016
8.81[nb 1]

The island of Corfu's distinct contrast with England is what enthrals Bournemouth mother Louisa Durrell to uproot her disenchanted family from a life of no prospects and venture into one with a lessened need for conformity. However, the appeal becomes ever distant to see upon their arrival. An austere life involves her attempting to withstand her three sons' and daughter's lack of regard for anything other than their own interests, with Gerry befriending an animal lover and forming an ever growing menagerie; Leslie's penchant for using firearms, until an incident compels him to give it up and search for love; Margo discovering the local community's less-than-favourable attitudes toward women; and Larry's attempts to quell his mother proving this beyond a doubt; all begins with a welcoming local man, Spiros, whose unintentional gift of a housemaid is somewhat fleetingly relieving for Louisa, until her children inevitably get in the way.

2
2
"Episode 2"
Steve Barron
Simon Nye
10 April 2016
7.69[nb 2]

As Louisa deals with a despondent Margo, suffering from unrequited love and the middling advice from her siblings, Gerry's continuing disregard for education and his animal collection gaining more than first hoped and Spiros' attempts to take her mind off her money troubles (involving disappointing results from foraging, both for food and saleable items) and disintegrating house, Larry ends up requiring some rudimentary medical care from an unexpected source.

3
3
"Episode 3"
Steve Barron
Simon Nye
17 April 2016
7.58[nb 3]

Louisa, alongside trying to avoid Sven following an argument, begins to worry over Gerry's burgeoning relationship with a convict and, attempting to investigate the cause of his imprisonment, finds the two stealing from the Countess's goldfish pond. After finding she is not cut out for working at the surgery, Margo strikes up a friendship with the Countess. Leslie laments over finding his girlfriend with her ex-boyfriend and later rues his actions after spotting the two on an alcohol-fuelled night out with Larry.

4
4
"Episode 4"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
24 April 2016
7.14[nb 4]

Louisa finds herself torn between two men when throwing Leslie out leads him into a life of crime after being taken in by two local thugs, and using a supposedly rejuvenated Captain Creech to make Sven jealous. Leslie soon ends up in court following a string of accusations from a local turkey farmer, culminating in the addition of an armed-robbery charge. Being caught trying on one of the Countess's dresses to impress the gardener leads Margo to worry for her job, until the Countess surprises her by giving her the dress. Meanwhile, Gerry mourns the death of one of his bats and is encouraged to set up a centre for scientific learning with the rest of his animals.

5
5
"Episode 5"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
1 May 2016
6.93[nb 5]

A visit from some priggish relatives seems to deem the family's immigration to Corfu more temporary than first thought, and Louisa's aunt's insistence that they must return to England is made even more demanding by the revelation of her relationship with Sven. Larry, despondent at the rejection of his novel by publishers, subdues himself into a life of labour—soon discovering his ineptness. Margo tries to balance her devotion to the Countess and her growing adoration for her gardener, and Gerry's plans to embark into the world of conservation are thrown into disarray by his attempts to feed his adopted baby owls.

6
6
"Episode 6"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
8 May 2016
6.58[nb 6]

The family's concerns over Sven's true intentions are brought to light when Louisa realises that Sven's romantic feelings for her are merely a ruse to hide his homosexuality. Larry finds himself stuck when Nancy insists they must move to England together, while he is hesitant to leave his family behind. Leslie suffers an injury perusing Gerry's makeshift zoo, leading Gerry to question his future caging animals. Margo attempts to relieve the Countess of her agoraphobia by inviting her to the wedding party.

text: Series 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)

7
1
"Episode 1"
Steve Barron
Simon Nye
23 April 2017[note 1]
7.32

One year has passed, and Louisa is fed up with being poor; to satisfy their new contemptuous landlady Vasilia, who repossesses the family's chairs over non-payment of rent, she sets up a market stall, the failure of which at first is taken by delight by fellow Briton Hugh Jarvis, who proceeds to try and woo her after the family uses his olive-pressing services. Purveying homemade British food doesn't work at first, before Spiros' advice on how to approach the Greek boosts sales. However, news her produce has resulted in food poisoning in the local residents is not well-received, but after discovering Vasilia has contaminated their food due to perceiving Louisa as a rival in her attempts to repair a past relationship with Hugh, warns her off – and the whole situation absolves Larry of his chronic writer's block, using the situation as inspiration for his next novel. Meanwhile, Gerry becomes preoccupied with finding otters, and when his mission to get up close to one is foiled by its death in a trap, he resolves to set up an otter breeding programme, while he develops hatred towards work-inept Leslie after he inadvertently shoots dog Roger; acne prompts appearance concerns for Margo, who has gained a boyfriend in monk Pavlos, but is disheartened in learning of his vow of celibacy, and dabbles in exploring how to become a nun in response.

8
2
"Episode 2"
Steve Barron
Simon Nye
30 April 2017
6.61

After Gerry goes missing, Louisa feels she has become too complacent in her parenting and has let her family down, particularly Larry, who is feeling downcast at the lack of response following the publication of his novel. While she attempts to drum up support for Larry's novel by disemminating leaflets for a reading, she resolves to give Gerry a proper education by hiring Spiros as a tutor, who transpires to be more stringent in teaching as she thought. However, the book reading draws a marginal crowd, and Larry chides his mother for the failure, and her generally lacklustre parenting, both before and after he receives mail praising his novel; as a result of this and Gerry's magpies stealing pages of his next novel's manuscript, Larry makes the decision to leave home. Meanwhile, Leslie and Margo become swayed by alcohol, with Leslie dipping his toes into selling it by selling homemade liqueur using the monks' recipe, and Margo's determination to become a nun is bogged down by her too readily able to enjoy it. Gerry finds a female mate for his otter, and is concerned when they struggle to procreate.

9
3
"Episode 3"
Steve Barron
Simon Nye
7 May 2017
6.32

A birthday party leaves Louisa with even more concerns about her advancing age, which her family attempt to relieve her of. Margo's acne exacerbates, while Leslie develops a passion for photography. Larry becomes tempted by Vasilia, to the family's dismay, and Gerry finds that his tutor's proclivity to teach can be easily distracted from. Louisa becomes concerned over Sven's new relationship with a woman and feels worried he is keeping up the ruse of being heterosexual; this draws Hugh's attention, and his intrusion into Sven's private life isn't well received.

10
4
"Episode 4"
Edward Hall
Simon Nye
14 May 2017
5.96

The Durrells find themselves shut in when a torrential rainstorm hits Corfu, and not only are the family dealing with the grumpiness emerging from Larry's affliction with the mumps, but the unusual Mrs. Haddock (arriving with Aunt Hermione), who claims she is able to be in contact with the dead, and offers to conduct a seance for Louisa to engage with her deceased husband. Donald's insistence in conducting his tutoring duties proves annoying to Gerry, while Leslie's aggravation grows as his indoors reclusion continues, and Margo's also, as her acne troubles remain unsolved.

11
5
"Episode 5"
Edward Hall
Simon Nye
21 May 2017
5.49

A hastily, and ill-advisedly, thrown together cricket match does nothing to soothe relations between the factions of the Greek and the English ex-pats – Spiros and Hugh, to be more specific – and actually works to exacerbate them. Larry is determined to use his Britishness to repel Vasilia (whose determination for the two of them to get married is forced upon him), who at first finds his attempts charming, but her capricious nature gets the better of her and purposely kisses Hugh in full view of Louisa, prompting her to develop doubts over the future of their relationship, and him to, in a desperate effort to keep her, speak of his intentions they should move back home to England. Meanwhile, Gerry finds teasing Donald with in-efficacious methods of winning over Margo a welcome distraction from his persistent attitude they must work.

12
6
"Episode 6"
Edward Hall
Simon Nye
28 May 2017
5.57

Three different children are born as a fraught Leslie is on hand to help Lugaretzia's daughter give birth, Louisa aids with Florence's, and Gerry is overwhelmed with exuberance at the prospect of some otter cubs – all of which, as well as Corfu's rich culture and wildlife, helps Louisa realise she should refuse to fulfill Hugh's wish for the two of them to return to England. Hugh, however, finds himself in a more dangerous situation, as Vasilia, in a last-ditch attempt to win him back, and in a frantic displeasing at his choosing of Louisa, stabs him, and flees; Larry turns up at her doorstep for one last liaison, and she rejects him, adding more disappointment to his day as he later discovers he has missed everything exciting, an opinion soon put to rest when Donald, prior to leaving Corfu, engages in a fight with Margo's conceited new lover, Zoltan.

text: Jump up ^ The episode's world premiere date was at the BFI and Radio Times Television Festival on 8 April 2017.[11]

text: Series 3 (2018)[edit]

text: A third series was confirmed to be in production by writer Simon Nye at the BFI and Radio Times Television Festival on 8 April 2017. He described the third series as having "some exotic new animals",[11] and that production would begin in three weeks' time, upon Keeley Hawes's arrival in Corfu for filming. It will be set in 1937.[12]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Episode 1"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
18 March 2018
6.72

While Larry languishes in despondence following the antipathy-inducing news of Aunt Hermione's impending arrival – and the suspected breaking of his leg – Louisa is determined to relieve Leslie of at least two of his three girlfriends, but this falls into difficulty when different members of the family prefer a different girl – and invite each to tea at the same time. Meanwhile, Gerry's adoption of flamingoes arrives with Louisa's disapproval, who believes they have too many animals to begin with, and Margo takes up soap sculpturing while looking for a hobby. Theo diversifies from animal studies into human X-rays, while Florence struggles – becoming irascible and exhausted – after the birth of her son.

14
2
"Episode 2"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
25 March 2018
5.91

Louisa's worries her previous "birds and the bees" talks with Leslie were insufficient are confirmed when she discovers he has impregnated Daphne, one of his three girlfriends. As a result, Leslie is presented with the potentiality of a wife; Daphne's father orders him by gunpoint to marry her – and loses a girlfriend he loves in Dionisia. Meanwhile, the family's exposure to a more genial – and multiple-suitored – Aunt Hermione ends curtailed, with her death eliciting baseless fears of her bedroom being haunted by her "restless soul" and that the family should slay a goat as as a sacrifice. Margo's new vocation as an assistant to Theo's radiography and X-ray endeavours and to Florence's motherhood is disturbed by her ex-boyfriend Zoltan, who is persistent in his attempts to win her back, all while organisig a memorial service for her late aunt, which incorporates a rather vociferous imitation of a Hawaiian tradition. Larry volunteers to accompany Louisa back to England for Aunt Hermione's burial, while Gerry's new hobby, staring at a wall of insects and small creatures (and waiting for one to eat another), invites intrigue – exhausting at that – from the rest of the family.

15
3
"Episode 3"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
1 April 2018
TBD

Larry and Louisa arrive in England for Aunt Hermione's funeral, with Larry easily drawn into the welcoming, ideal lifestyle of a Bohemian fan and his housemates, and becomes disconcerted when Louisa's arrival plunges her into a lifestyle she is overly enthusiastic about the ideals of – which she later finds overwhelming, following a night of inebriation-fuelled antics with a prurient housemate leading to the misplacement of a necklace of Hermione's Louisa borrowed – which is later transpired to be extremely valuable. Back in Corfu, the rest of the family establish their own order, ignoring that Louisa set out for them – and that Spiros is enforcing, strongly with regards to controlling, albeit falteringly, Margo's access to boyfriend Zoltan; she later discovers this is due to Spiros' deep-rooted hatred of Turks (which Zoltan is). Lugaretzia takes the time to slack off when she sees the state the rest of the family has left the house in, while Leslie and Gerry become dedicated to different causes – to protecting the family against a roaming gang and to educate the Greek public on how to not mistreat donkeys. Serendipity strikes when Leslie is approached to join the police force, although later placed on shaky ground when his contraption to prevent against a gang encroaching on their home leads to Zoltan being shot. Meanwhile, Gerry ends up rescuing a beaten donkey from its abusive farmer.

16
4
"Episode 4"
Roger Goldby
Simon Nye
8 April 2018
TBD

Two visitors are invited into the Durrell family home: Larry's friend Jeejeebuoy, whom is misconstrued at first to be a royal, and the second a destitute and dejected Captain Creech. They offer polarised opinions when it comes to Louisa's drinking, with Jeejee cautioning her on her doing so excessively, while Creech actively encourages it. This plays to Gerry's amusement after an interview at the local school – sought after Louisa is disappointed by Gerry's lack of work as an autodidact – ends in rejection due to Louisa's drunken state failing to make a good first impression. Leslie faces a dilemma when he discovers Daphne's father is spearheading a cigarette smuggling racket, while Larry's adventures aboard Creech's boat – hindered by his ineptness at being able to sail – leads him to a destination very far offshore. Guest Jeejee concerns the family with his persistent attempts at gaining enlightenment through fasting and going into a trance, which he later reduces to meditation to engage – and mollify – the family with. Theo and Gerry conclude their studies into whether diet changes affect a flamingo's pigmentation.

17
5
"Episode 5[13]"
TBA
TBA
15 April 2018
TBD

The Durrells become jealous after Spiros' attention is redirected to a new Italian family – the Ferraris – whom they try to befriend, but hostilities end up flaring up between the two. Theo feels left out when Gerry falls for a local girl interested in wildlife like him, and Larry joins the local fire service.

18
6
"Episode 6[13]"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

19
7
"Episode 7[13]"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

20
8
"Episode 8[13]"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception to the first episode was positive, with Gerard O'Donovan (The Telegraph) calling it "a series that's not only sun-drenched and liberating, but also catches its source material's high good humour without labouring it and weaves an authentic sense of the innocent exoticism of the original," before awarding it four stars.[14] The Daily Mail's Christoper Stevens bestowed even more praise, giving it five stars and focusing on the cast's performance, primarily Keeley Hawes as widowed mother Louisa Durrell and Milo Parker as young Gerry.[15]

text: The opening episode averaged just under 6.4 million people and was watched by 29% of the audience over the hour, including those watching on British television network ITV's +1 channel, and was the biggest drama launch of any channel so far in 2016[16] and the most-watched show of the day (including +1).[17] Following a seven-day catch-up period, the figure aggregated to just under 8.2 million people.[18] Citing the show as its "best rating new drama of the year and its highest rating new show since September 2014", ITV recommissioned the show for a second series on 15 April 2016.[19] Over the course of the first series, ratings averaged out at 6.9 million viewers.[20]

text: The show and its episodes attained high ratings on IMDb, around 8/10.[21]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Internationally, the series was acquired in Australia by the Seven Network[22] and premiered on 24 August 2016.[23] In the United States, PBS began airing the show, retitled as The Durrells in Corfu, on 16 October 2016 at 8 pm.[24] The Durrells started screening in New Zealand on 26 October 2016 on Prime TV. In Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation began airing Series 1 on 13 September 2017.[25] In Spain, the series has been acquired by the streaming platform Filmin.[26]

text: A third series of The Durrells was announced by writer Simon Nye at the BFI and Radio Times Television Festival on 8 April 2017.[11] It began filming in May 2017 and aired on ITV in the northern-hemisphere in the spring of 2018.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Award
Nominee
Result

2017
Best Actress
Broadcasting Press Guild Award
Keeley Hawes
Won[27]

2017
Best Drama Series
BAFTA TV Award
The Durrells
Nominated[28]

2017
Best Costume Design
BAFTA TV Award
Charlotte Holdich
Nominated[28]

2017
Best Titles & Graphic Identity
BAFTA TV Award
Alex Maclean
Nominated[28]

2017
Best Writer: Drama
BAFTA TV Award
Simon Nye
Nominated[28]

2016
Best Production Design: Drama
RTS Craft & Design Award
Stevie Herbert
Won[29]

2016
Best Graphic Design: Titles
RTS Craft & Design Award
Alex Maclean
Nominated[29]


document_title: Curb Your Enthusiasm

question_text: when did curb your enthusiasm go off the air

text: Curb Your Enthusiasm

text: Concept[edit]

text: The series stars Larry David as an extreme fictionalized version of himself. Like the real-life David, the character is well known in the entertainment industry as the co-creator and main co-writer of the highly successful sitcom Seinfeld. For most of the series, the Larry David character is living a married-without-children life in Los Angeles with his wife, Cheryl (played by Cheryl Hines). David's main confidant on the show is his manager, Jeff Greene (played by Curb executive producer Jeff Garlin), who has a temperamental and occasionally vulgar wife, Susie (Susie Essman). A large portion of the show's many guest stars are celebrities and public figures, such as actors, comedians, sportspeople, and politicians, who play themselves. These include David's longtime friend Richard Lewis as well as Ted Danson and his wife, Mary Steenburgen, who all have recurring roles as fictionalized versions of themselves.

text: The show is set and filmed in various affluent Westside communities of (and occasionally in downtown) Los Angeles, as well as in the adjacent cities of Beverly Hills, Culver City and Santa Monica. David's hometown of New York City is also featured in some episodes, most prominently in the eighth season.

text: Although David maintains an office, he leads a semiretired life in the series and is rarely shown working regularly, other than in season two, when he tries to create a failed pilot for Jason Alexander and later Julia Louis-Dreyfus, in season four, which centered on his being cast as the lead in the Mel Brooks musical The Producers, and in season seven, writing a Seinfeld reunion show. Most of the series revolves around David's interactions with his friends and acquaintances, with David often at odds with the other characters, usually to his detriment. Despite this, the characters do not seem to harbor ill feelings toward each other for any extended period, and the cast has stayed stable throughout the show.

text: Title[edit]

text: David has explained the show's title in TV interviews as reflecting his perception that many people seem to live their lives projecting false enthusiasm, which he believes is used to imply that "they are better than you". This conflicts with his dry style. The title also urges the audience not to expect too much from the show; at the time of the premiere, David wanted to lower expectations after Seinfeld's phenomenal success.[6]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Larry David (Larry David) – Candid, neurotic, but generally disposed to pursue what he perceives to be the right course, Larry often finds himself in awkward situations that arise as a result of his obstinate belief in his own ethical principles and codes of conduct, which he is nevertheless prepared to bend when it suits him. He usually has good intentions but often finds himself a victim of circumstance and social convention, as many of the people around him are also self-centered and stubborn. He often focuses on petty details and stubbornly holds to his opinion to the extent of aggravating everyone around him just to prove an insignificant point. The real-life Larry David has commented that although he secretly wishes to be more like his fictionalized version on the series, he could never be that way because he is a lot more cautious when it comes to social tension.[7] Larry's trademark behaviors are his probing stare when he doesn't think somebody is telling the truth, fondly saying something is "prett-ay, prett-ay, prett-ay, pretty good" and, when caught up short in a moment of poor or contrary behavior, quizzically and mock-innocently inquiring, often of his wife, Cheryl, or of a close friend, "No good?" Among Larry's characteristics are his love of playing golf and his annoyance at having to engage in small talk, especially with people he deals with in commercial situations, such as waiters and tradesmen. Larry also humorously explores various aspects of Jewish life, history, and culture.
Jeff Greene (Jeff Garlin) – One of Larry's closest friends, Jeff is his sympathetic manager, whose marital problems and adulterous misadventures entangle Larry in embarrassing situations. Jeff often helps Larry with his problems, but that usually leads to Jeff getting entangled in the mess. Jeff and his wife, Susie (Susie Essman), have a daughter named Sammi (Ashly Holloway). While they ultimately love each other, his wife constantly criticizes him on his decisions and weight, while his daughter at times is neutral about her love for her father. Jeff Garlin stated that he truly does not empathize with his character at all[8] and described him as a "pretty evil guy" who has "no morals, no scruples."[9]
Cheryl David (Cheryl Hines) – Cheryl is Larry's long-suffering wife (and later, ex-wife), who often expresses annoyance with his behavior, even in situations beyond his control. She often serves as a voice of reason for him and helps define the social guidelines that he may have overlooked. While her adventures never lead her far off from Larry, she has various activities outside day-to-day married life, including an acting stint, and, more sustainably, being an advocate of environmental issues, including becoming a member of and fundraiser for the NRDC. Her affection for Larry has been tested, even resulting in her leaving him for a time; upon learning that he had put together the Seinfeld reunion just to have a chance to get back with her, she sees it as a sign of their "belong[ing] together" but soon decides to file for divorce when Larry concentrates on a coffee stain incident rather than the fact that they are back together, refusing yet again to listen to her. They divorce in the season-eight premiere episode.
Susie Greene (Susie Essman) – Jeff's shrill but ultimately good-hearted wife, known for her explosive temper and her filthy mouth. Consequently, her reactions to Larry range from near violence via benign grievances to occasionally fonder repartee. Able to put two and two together, she frequently catches Larry and Jeff in plans gone awry or cover-up of some misbehavior. She routinely berates Larry and Jeff with profanity-laced tirades after uncovering one of their schemes. Susie and Jeff have an "on-again, off-again" relationship. She often uses Larry as a scapegoat for her marital problems. She is known to refer to Larry as "Larry Fucking David" and "Four-Eyed Fuck," and when he crosses her, she is known to respond "Fuck you, Larry David!" while her common expletive to her husband is "You fat piece of shit!" She often serves to enforce traditional moral standards, such as the sanctity of marital vows and fealty to hearth and home, at times versus her husband, at others versus Larry, and usually versus both. Susie Essman was upgraded from guest star billing to main cast billing beginning with season eight.
Leon Black (J. B. Smoove) – the brother of Loretta Black, a single mother whose family was a victim of Hurricane Edna. When Larry and Cheryl take in Loretta and her family, Leon moves in, too, even though he was living in Los Angeles already long before the hurricane. After a while, however, Loretta and her family move out of the house, but Leon simply stays behind. He often displays that he has Larry's back, tending to be a lot more blunt and confrontational than Larry could ever be. This involves him helping out Larry with his various misadventures and giving him reassurance and tips for how to fend for himself. Leon is also quite promiscuous when it comes to women, regardless of them being married. Leon first appears in the season 6 episode, "The Anonymous Donor". Smoove was upgraded from guest star billing to main cast billing beginning with season nine.

tag: ul

text: Recurring roles[edit]

text: Among the show's many recurring roles, Richard Lewis, Ted Danson, and Wanda Sykes play fictionalized versions of themselves as old friends of Larry's with whom he frequently butts heads. Shelley Berman plays Larry's father, Nat David. Bob Einstein frequently appears as Marty Funkhouser, another of Larry's oldest friends. Kaitlin Olson recurred as Becky, Cheryl's sister. In seasons six and seven, Vivica A. Fox appears as Loretta Black, a member of the Black family, a family of hurricane evacuees who take refuge in Larry's house upon Cheryl's invitation. Loretta eventually becomes Larry's primary love interest for a time once he and Cheryl split up.

text: Notable guest appearances[edit]

text: Celebrities, including actors, comedians, authors, musicians and athletes, often make guest appearances on the show, with a large portion of them playing themselves, or fictional versions thereof. Some of these guest stars are Mary Steenburgen, Mel Brooks and Anne Bancroft, Michael York, Martin Scorsese, Ben Stiller and Christine Taylor, Martin Short, Jimmy Kimmel, Lucy Lawless, David Schwimmer, Shaquille O'Neal, Rosie O'Donnell, Ricky Gervais, Michael J. Fox, Hugh Hefner, Alanis Morissette, Bill Buckner, Mookie Wilson, and the main cast of Seinfeld – Jerry Seinfeld, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jason Alexander and Michael Richards. Notable people who filled in fictional roles include Bob Odenkirk, Bea Arthur, Dustin Hoffman, Ed Asner, Sacha Baron Cohen, Stephen Colbert, Samantha Mathis, Tim Meadows, Elisabeth Shue and Steve Coogan.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Special
October 17, 1999 (1999-10-17)

1
10
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)
December 17, 2000 (2000-12-17)

2
10
September 23, 2001 (2001-09-23)
November 25, 2001 (2001-11-25)

3
10
September 15, 2002 (2002-09-15)
November 17, 2002 (2002-11-17)

4
10
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
March 14, 2004 (2004-03-14)

5
10
September 25, 2005 (2005-09-25)
December 4, 2005 (2005-12-04)

6
10
September 9, 2007 (2007-09-09)
November 11, 2007 (2007-11-11)

7
10
September 20, 2009 (2009-09-20)
November 22, 2009 (2009-11-22)

8
10
July 10, 2011 (2011-07-10)
September 11, 2011 (2011-09-11)

9
10[10]
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)[11]

text: Curb Your Enthusiasm episodes are typically named after an event, object, or person that figures prominently in the plot, similarly to how Seinfeld episodes were named. Many episodes concern breaches of intricate aspects of social conventions, such as the various details of tipping at restaurants,[a][b][c] the obligation to "stop and chat" upon meeting an acquaintance,[d] the allowed amount of caviar one may put on a cracker at a house party,[e] and whether a house guest needs the permission of the homeowner before taking a soft drink from the refrigerator.[f] Others involve more significant issues, such as if and when a white person may say the racially sensitive word "nigger".[g] And some involve the etiquette of extremely complex and unique circumstances, such as the occasion when Larry discovered at a wake that the deceased was to be buried with his favorite golf club—borrowed from Larry.[h] Another involved Larry picking up a prostitute for the sole purpose of using the carpool lane on the freeway.[i] In many episodes, Curb—like its predecessor Seinfeld—tied together apparently unrelated events woven throughout a given episode into an unforced climax that resolves the story lines simultaneously, either to Larry's advantage or detriment.

text: While each episode has a distinct individual plot, most seasons feature a story arc that extends across several episodes throughout the season and culminates in a season finale that often features the return of many of the characters that appeared throughout the season.[12][13]

text: Season 1 (2000)[edit]

text: The style and the characters of the show are introduced across a series of mostly isolated episodes, in the only season without a major story arc.

text: Season 2 (2001)[edit]

text: Cheryl is tired of Larry not working, so he begins to develop a new television show, initially with guest stars Jason Alexander and Julia Louis-Dreyfus (George and Elaine, respectively, on Seinfeld) as themselves. But Larry's constant social faux pas ruin the chances of the show being financed by a major television network.

text: Season 3 (2002)[edit]

text: Larry invests in a restaurant enterprise that eventually opens despite many mishaps, most of which are Larry's fault.

text: Season 4 (2004)[edit]

text: Mel Brooks casts Larry as the lead in his hit musical The Producers. Cheryl also gives Larry the opportunity to have sex with another woman before their tenth anniversary as an anniversary gift she had promised him before they got married.

text: Season 5 (2005)[edit]

text: Larry's friend Richard Lewis gets very ill and requires a kidney transplant. Larry is a match, but spends the season looking for other sources of a kidney for Lewis. Also in season five, Larry suspects he may be adopted and embarks on a search for his biological parents.

text: Season 6 (2007)[edit]

text: The season is built around Cheryl persuading Larry to take in a family that is left homeless after a major Gulf Coast hurricane. Later in the season, Cheryl leaves Larry, mimicking Laurie David's real-life divorce from Larry. He spends the rest of the season either fighting for her to come back or looking for another woman.

text: Season 7 (2009)[edit]

text: Season seven is centered on creating a Seinfeld reunion show with the original cast. Larry attempts to use the project as a means to reunite with Cheryl.

text: Season 8 (2011)[edit]

text: Larry remains single after his divorce. At the midpoint of the season, all the main characters travel to New York City, where the rest of the season is set.

text: Season 9 (2017)[edit]

text: On June 14, 2016, it was announced that Larry David would be returning for a ninth season of Curb Your Enthusiasm after a five-year hiatus. He announced his return: "In the immortal words of Julius Caesar, 'I left, I did nothing, I returned.'"[4] In addition to David, Jeff Garlin, Cheryl Hines, Susie Essman, J.B. Smoove, Bob Einstein, Richard Lewis, Ted Danson and Mary Steenburgen also return.[14] Guest stars announced for the season include Bryan Cranston, Lauren Graham, Jimmy Kimmel, Nick Offerman, Elizabeth Banks, Ed Begley Jr., Carrie Brownstein, Nasim Pedrad, Elizabeth Perkins, June Diane Raphael, Casey Wilson, Andrea Savage, Damon Wayans Jr., Steven Weber, Katie Aselton and Judge Judy Sheindlin.[14][15][16] Production for season 9 started on November 11, 2016.[17] On July 10, 2017, HBO announced that the ten-episode ninth season would premiere on October 1, 2017.[5]

text: Season 9 sees Larry return from a prolonged hiatus six years after the events of the season 8 finale. Larry incurs a fatwa (Islamic death sentence) from the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, after lampooning the Ayatollahs while appearing on Jimmy Kimmel Live! in promotion of his latest, long-awaited project, a comedy musical called Fatwa!, centered around The Satanic Verses controversy, in which Ayatollah Khomeini ordered a fatwa against Salman Rushdie in 1989.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Curb Your Enthusiasm is one of the most acclaimed television shows of the 2000s, praised particularly for its writing and the actors' improvisational comedy. The show has enjoyed largely positive critical reception since its debut and a steadily growing, dedicated audience that helped it emerge from its early "cult" status.

text: On Metacritic, the first season of the show scored 80 out of 100 (based on 20 reviews),[18] 93 for season 3 (based on 12 reviews),[19] 88 for season 4 (18 reviews),[20] 91 for season 5 (five reviews),[21] 89 for season 6 (nine reviews),[22] 81 for season 7 (18 reviews),[23] 86 for season 8 (six reviews)[24] and 74 for season 9 (10 reviews).[25]

text: Slate named the characters of Cheryl David and Susie Greene as two of the best on television and as reasons to look forward to the return of the show in the fall of 2007.[26] Curb Your Enthusiasm has also received praise from Galus Australis magazine for being even more unabashedly Jewish than the Seinfeld series.[27]

text: Of the show's depiction of Jewish characters, academic Vincent Brook stated, "Curb's commitment to Jewish identification greatly enhances its storytelling capacity, as it lends greater realism and dimension to the characters and opens the show up to episodes with meaningful Jewish themes."[28]

text: The character of Larry on the show is in many ways reminiscent of the schlemiel character often present in traditional Yiddish folklore. The schlemiel is usually a comic character whose actions lead to his inevitable downfall, but also stands as a form of resistance to social and cultural values and norms. David Gillota wrote: "As a true schlemiel, Larry's failure serves as a direct challenge to the status quo and encourages viewers to question the myriad unwritten rules that we follow in our everyday lives." Gillota also observed: "Whereas the schlemiel of Eastern Europe encountered problems that mostly affected Eastern European Jews (such as anti-Semitism and economic survival), Larry encounters problems that affect contemporary middle- to upper-class American Jews, namely, Jewish assimilation, secularism, intermarriage, and, as all of these suggest, the Jews' precarious ethnic identity in an increasingly multicultural environment."[29]

text: In 2016, Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone ranked Curb Your Enthusiasm as the 19th greatest television series ever made.[30]

text: Journalist James Andrew Miller made the first chapter of his new podcast "Origins" about Curb Your Enthusiasm. The chapter goes across five episodes and was released on September 6, 2017. It documents the genesis of the series, and uses conversations with people involved in the show. The conversations themselves are also released.[31][32]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The series has received a total of 39 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning twice: Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series for Robert B. Weide for "Krazee-Eyez Killa" in 2003, and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series for Steven Rasch for "Palestinian Chicken" in 2012. The series has received seven nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series. Larry David has received five nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. Cheryl Hines has received two nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Shelley Berman and Michael J. Fox have each received a nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series. The series has also received ten nominations for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.[33]

text: The series has also received five Golden Globe Award nominations (in 2003 and 2006) and won for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy in 2003. Larry David has been nominated for three Golden Globes for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy in 2003, 2005, and 2006.[34] It has been nominated for four Screen Actors Guild Awards, two for Larry David and two for the ensemble cast.[35][36] It has been nominated six times for the Producers Guild of America Award, winning twice in 2003 and 2005.[37] It has been nominated for eleven Directors Guild of America Awards, winning twice for Bryan Gordon for "The Special Section" in 2003 and Robert B. Weide for "Palestinian Chicken" in 2012.[38] It has been nominated fives times for the Writers Guild of America Award, winning once in 2006.[39]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: When aired in syndication, the series is edited from its original HBO broadcast (for running time and without the TV-MA scenes). On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on the TV Guide Network, making its basic cable debut. The network also recorded a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called "Curb: The Discussion" debating the moral implications depicted in each episode.[40] The show was also syndicated on local stations and WGN America,[41] but has been removed from syndication from both outlets owing to low ratings.[42] It debuted on TV Land in February 2013.[43]

text: Media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Curb Your Enthusiasm seasons come in a two-disc DVD set with ten episodes, with the exception of the release of season one encoded for region two, which contains three discs.

text:
Season
Release dates
Bonus features

Region 1
Region 2

1
January 13, 2004
May 17, 2004
Commentary by Larry David, Jeff Garlin, Cheryl Hines and Robert B. Weide on the pilot episode; interview with Larry David; HBO TV Special – "Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm"

2
June 15, 2004
October 18, 2004
None

3
January 18, 2005
February 7, 2005
60 minutes of extras with the cast and directors at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen

4
August 30, 2005
September 26, 2005
None

5
August 1, 2006
September 11, 2006
"The History of Curb... so far" and "The History of Curb... even further" featurettes

6
January 28, 2008
June 9, 2008
A Conversation with Larry David and Susie Essman; On the Set: Curb Your Enthusiasm; Gag reel

7
June 8, 2010
June 7, 2010
Rebuilding the Seinfeld Sets; Larry David as George Costanza; Interview with Larry David and the Seinfeld cast, and more

8
June 5, 2012
June 11, 2012
"Leon's Guide to NYC"; Roundtable discussion with Larry & the cast

text: Book[edit]

text: A Curb Your Enthusiasm book was released October 19, 2006, published by Gotham Books. The book contains stories from Larry David's past, original interviews and commentary, episode outlines, episode guide, and over 100 full-color photographs. The contents of the book span the first five seasons of the show.[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show is punctuated between scenes with music orchestrated by Wendell Yuponce and from a music library company called Killer Tracks.[45] Frequently heard are instrumental arrangements of the whimsical "Three Little Maids From School Are We" from The Mikado, and the rhythmic Gypsy dance "Les tringles des sistres tintaient" from Carmen. The opening and closing theme song (not mentioned in the credits) is "Frolic" by Italian composer Luciano Michelini. Larry David heard the music used in a bank commercial years before the show was created and thought it had a lighthearted, joyful quality.[46] An unofficial soundtrack was released by Mellowdrama Records in 2006.[47]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Episode 4, "The Bracelet" (season one)
Jump up ^ Episode 67, "The Black Swan" (season seven)
Jump up ^ Episode 63, "The Reunion" (season seven)
Jump up ^ Episode 20, "The Massage" (season two)
Jump up ^ Episode 64, "The Hot Towel" (season seven)
Jump up ^ Episode 61, "Funkhouser's Crazy Sister" (season seven)
Jump up ^ Episode 58, "The N Word" (season six)
Jump up ^ Episode 35, "The 5 Wood" (season four)
Jump up ^ Episode 36, "The Car Pool Lane" (season four)


document_title: Bone-anchored hearing aid

question_text: when was the bone anchored hearing aid invented

text: Bone-anchored hearing aid

text: Medical use[edit]

text: Bone-anchored hearing aids use a surgically implanted abutment to transmit sound by direct conduction through bone to the inner ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. A titanium prosthesis is surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. A sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing.

text: The surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia and as an outpatient procedure. An important piece of information for patients is that if they for whatever reason are not satisfied with the BAHA solution, removing the implant is easy. No other ear surgical procedure is reversible like this.

text: By bypassing the outer or middle ear, BAHA can increase hearing in noisy situations and help localise sounds. In addition to improved speech understanding, it results in a natural sound with less distortion and feedback compared with conventional hearing aids.[6][7][8][9][10] The ear canal is left open for comfort, and helps to reduce any problems caused by chronic ear infections or allergies. In patients with single-sided sensorineural deafness, BAHA sends the sound by the skull bone from the deaf side to the inner ear of the hearing side. This transfer of sound gives a 360° sound awareness.

text: BAHAs may facilitate normal language development.[11]

text: Chronic ear disease[edit]

text: This fairly common condition is often associated with continuous or intermittent drainage from the ear canal. These patients may also have a hearing loss and need amplification. A conventional air conduction aid with a mold placed in the ear canal opening may not be appropriate due to the drainage, and may even provoke drainage. If the hearing loss is significant an air conduction aid may have difficulty overcoming the dysfunction of the eardrum and middle ear bones. Bone conduction hearing device bypassing the middle ear may be a more appropriate treatment for these patients. Good transmission of sound in the bone, with reduced attenuation and distortion may be possible.

text: Single-sided deafness[edit]

text: A person with unilateral hearing loss may have functional difficulty hearing even when the other ear is normal, particularly in demanding situations such as noisy environments and when several people are speaking the same time. A complication in single-sided deafness is hearing impairment in the hearing ear. Conventional ear surgery involves a risk of hearing loss due to the surgical procedure. Most ear surgeons are thus reluctant to perform surgery on an only hearing ear.[medical citation needed] The BAHA surgery avoids this risk and may be an appropriate treatment. An extended trial of a BAHA system with a headband prior to surgery led to more realistic expectations. In the trial, 50% of the candidates wished to proceed to surgery.[12]

text: External ear canal problems[edit]

text: Irritation in the external ear canal due to inflammation or eczema may be a condition for which a conventional air conduction aid is not an appropriate treatment. Direct bone conduction may be an option.

text: Malformations[edit]

text: Patients with malformations are not always suitable for reconstructive surgery. Treacher Collins syndrome patients may have significant malformations with ossicular defects and an abnormal route of the facial nerve. These structures, as well as the inner ear, could be in danger at surgery.

text: Patients with Down syndrome may have a narrow ear canal and middle ear malformation leading to impaired hearing. Some part of the cognitive delay seen in these children may be partly due to their poor hearing.

text: The surgery can only take place once the skull is at least 2.5 mm thick.[13][14][needs update] Children who suffer certain syndromes may have a slighter build, thinner bone, or unusual anatomy. Other children may have a thicker skull at a younger age, so it is difficult to give a specific age for surgery.

text: In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration only approves BAHA implantation of children aged five years or older.

text: For infants and young children prior to surgery, the sound processor can be worn on a head band or soft band which the infant wears to hold it against the skull.

text: Side effects[edit]

text: Complications of BAHA systems can be considered as either related to the bone (hard tissue) or the soft tissue.[3]

text:
Bone

Failure of osseointegration
Chronic infection
Trauma

Soft tissue

Irritation of the skin surrounding the implant
Skin flap necrosis (death of the skin flap, e.g. due to interrupted blood supply)
Overgrowth of skin over the device
Wound dehiscence (splitting apart of the wound)
Bleeding or hematoma formation
Persistent pain

text: Soft-tissue complications are much more common, and most are managed with topical treatments. Children are more likely to suffer both kinds of complications than adults. Sometimes, a second surgical procedure is required. Complications are less likely with good wound hygiene.[3] Other drawbacks of BAHA include accidental or spontaneous loss of the bone implant, and patient refusal for treatment due to stigma.[15]

text: Surgical procedure[edit]

text: The bone behind the ear is exposed through a U-shaped or straight incision or with the help of a specially designed BAHA dermatome. A hole, 3 or 4 mm deep depending on the thickness of the bone, is drilled. The hole is widened and the implant with the mounted coupling is inserted under generous cooling to minimize surgical trauma to the bone.

text: Some surgeons perform a reduction of the subcutaneous soft tissue. The rationale for this is to reduce the mobility between implant and skin to avoid inflammation at the penetration site. This reduction of the soft tissue has been questioned and some surgeons do not perform any or a minimum of it. The rationale for this is that any surgery will result in some scar tissue that could be the focus of infection. The infections seen early during the development of the surgical procedure could perhaps be explained by the lack of seal between implant and abutment allowing bacteria to enter the space. A new helium tight seal may be advantageous and prevent biofilm formation. This will also allow the surgeon to use longer abutments should a need exist. Three to six weeks later or even earlier, the audiologist will fit and adjust the hearing processor according to the patient's hearing level. The fitting will be made using a special program in a computer.

text: The original surgical procedure has been described in detail by Tjellström et al. 2001.[13]

text: Handling[edit]

text: An area where skin is penetrated requires care and cleaning because of the risk of inflammation around the abutment. Daily cleaning is required.

text: Small children[edit]

text: Hearing is of importance for a normal speech development.[16] The skull bone in children is often very thin and softer than in the adult. Surgery is thus often delayed until the age of four to five years. In the meantime, the child with bilateral atresia can be fitted with a band around the head with a coupling for a BAHA. This may be done at the age of one month. Infants at this age may tolerate this well.[14]

text: History[edit]

text: Patients with chronic ear infection where the drum and/or the small bones in the middle ear are damaged often have hearing loss, but difficulties in using a hearing aid fitted in the ear canal. Direct bone conduction through a vibrator attached to a skin-penetrating implant addresses these disadvantages.

text: In 1977, the first three patients were implanted with a bone-conduction hearing solution by Anders Tjellström at the Ear, Nose, and Throat Department at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. A 4-mm-long titanium screw with a diameter of 3.75 mm was inserted in the bone behind the ear, and a bone conduction hearing aid was attached.

text: The term osseointegration was coined by Professor Brånemark. During animal studies, he found the bone tissue attached to the titanium implant without any soft tissue in between. He also showed an such an implant could take a heavy load. His definition of osseointegration was "direct contact between living bone and an implant that can take a load".

text: The first clinical application of titanium was in oral surgery, where implants were used for retention of dentures. Brånemark sought an acoustic way to evaluate osseointegration. A patient with implants in the jaws was fitted with a bone vibrator on one of his implants. When tested, the patient experienced very loud sound even at low stimulation levels, indicating sound could propagate very well in the bone. It has later been shown by Håkansson that the sound transmission in bone is linear, indicating low distortion of the sound.

text: The implant in the bone is made of titanium and will osseointegrate. The hearing instrument is impedance-matched. Osseointegration has been defined as the direct contact between living bone and an implant that can take a load, with no soft tissue at the interface.

text: Costs[edit]

text: In the US, the cost of the Baha device is about $4,000. In the Netherlands, the cost of the device is around €3000 (in 2008). The cost of the titanium implant, surgery, and aftercare from surgeon and audiologist must also be considered.


document_title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

question_text: who plays berto in one day at a time

question_tokens: who plays berto in one day at a time

text: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban-American family with each character finding their own journey. Following the story of Penelope Alvarez (Justina Machado) a United States Army Nurse Corps[2] veteran, facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army. She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz (Stephen Tobolowsky). After her husband's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army make it, in Penelope's words, 'unsafe to be in the house', she separates from Victor (James Martínez), taking the children with her. With the help of her Mother, Lydia (Rita Moreno), a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro's rise to power, she is raising her two children: Elena (Isabella Gómez) and Alex (Marcel Ruiz). Apart from planning her daughter's quinceañera, Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest. Elena, resistant to have a quinces, starts dating a teenager from her class; to later realize that she is a lesbian. After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out. Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider (Todd Grinnell) and Lydia. Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto (Tony Plana).

text: Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general. It has dealt with topics such as veterans' struggles with PTSD, depression, and anxiety, as well as sexuality, gender identity, sexism, and religion, amongst others.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez, a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena. She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz. After coming back from army service, she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety. In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben. Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor's visit for Elena's quinceañera. In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner. She begins dating an Army Veteran, now EMT Max Ferraro, but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own, and decides to let him find that chance with someone else, as she believes that she is too old for another child, and has two children of her own.
Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider, the rich landlord of the building. He is a close friend of the family and Penelope's best friend. Schneider is frequently having one-night stands with different women. Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was, while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions. He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen.
Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leytevidal Inclán, the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope. After dating Josh, a classmate, and watching gay porn, she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family. The news doesn't sit well with her father, which upsets Elena. In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay-Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School.
Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro "Alex" Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leytevidal Inclan, the son of Penelope. He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team. He starts a school project about Cuba. In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz's office.
Rita Moreno as Lydia Riera, a faithful Cuban, Penelope's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power. She was a dancer and a performer back in the day. Over the course of the season, she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz, Penelope's boss and Lydia's love interest.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.
Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.
Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)
Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.
Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.
Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.
Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.
Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.
James Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.
Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's ex-boyfriend[14]
Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2): Elena's significant other who is non-binary.[15][16]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry
Jay Hayden as Ben
Gabrielle Elyse as Dani
Jolie Jenkins as Nikki
Ivonne Coll as Esme
Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose
Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara
Tim Bagley as Henry
Mindy Sterling as Delia
Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)

2
13
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series, “This is It", was re-recorded for the newer version of the series, with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan. The song was composed by husband-and-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry. Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
97% (29 reviews)
79 (23 reviews)

2
100% (14 reviews)
88 (6 reviews)

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively, sharp, and proudly old-school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado."[18]

text: Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be "lively without being rushed" thanks to the full 30 minute run time.[19] "The show is nicely written ... and the performances [especially Moreno's] are almost universally engaging," according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle.[20] The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as "flat-out terrific" and calls the first season "congenial, good-hearted, easy going, sentimental, old-fashioned and surprisingly new-fashioned. There’s also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical (or tired) beat of a multicamera sitcom."[21]

text: A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena's coming-out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its "unique, realistic and refreshing take on the subject... the depiction of a young, happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many."[22] Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc "mind-blowing"[22] and the show revolutionary because "it centers the family’s brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern-day sitcom."[23]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
One Day at a Time
Nominated
[24]

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
One Day at a Time
Won
[25][26]

Best Actress – Television
Justina Machado
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Rita Moreno
Nominated

Isabella Gomez
Won

Best Young Actor – Television
Marcel Ruiz
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series
Pat Barnett
Nominated
[27]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Supporting Actress
Rita Moreno
Nominated
[28]

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Rita Moreno
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series
One Day at a Time
Nominated
[29]

Television Academy Honors
Television with a Conscience
Won

[30]


document_title: Card security code

question_text: what is security code of a credit card

question_tokens: what is security code of a credit card

text: Card security code

text: Description[edit]

text: The codes have different names:

text:
"CID": "Card Id", "Card Identification Number", or "Card Identification Code" – Discover, American Express (four digits on front of card)[a][3]
"CSC" or "Card Security Code" – debit cards,[which?] American Express (three digits on back of card)[3]
"CVC2" or "Card Validation Code" – MasterCard
"CVD" or "Card Verification Data" – Discover, sometimes used as the common acronym for this kind of code
"CVE" or "Elo Verification Code" – Elo in Brazil
"CVN2" or "Card Validation Number 2" – China UnionPay
"CVV2" or "Card Verification Value 2" – Visa

text: Types of codes[edit]

text: There are several types of security codes:

text:
The first code, called CVC1 or CVV1, is encoded on track two of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions. The purpose of the code is to verify that a payment card is actually in the hand of the merchant. This code is automatically retrieved when the magnetic stripe of a card is swiped on a point-of-sale (card present) device and is verified by the issuer. A limitation is that if the entire card has been duplicated and the magnetic stripe copied, then the code is still valid. (See credit card fraud § skimming.)
The second code, and the most cited, is CVV2 or CVC2. This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail, fax, telephone or Internet. In some countries in Western Europe, card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person.[citation needed]
Contactless cards and chip cards may supply their own electronically generated codes, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.

text: Location of code[edit]

text: The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.

text:
American Express cards have a four-digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number.
Diners Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, and Visa credit and debit cards have a three-digit card security code. The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card.
New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip.[4] This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing the card.

text: Security benefits[edit]

text: As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for "card not present" payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized.[5] This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not included, and the stolen card numbers are less useful. Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code, therefore employees and customer service representatives with access to these web-based payment interfaces who otherwise have access to complete card numbers, expiration dates, and other information still lack the CVV2 code.

text: The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation. This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.[6] Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant. However, some merchants in North America, such as Sears and Staples, require the code. For American Express cards, this has been an invariable practice (for "card not present" transactions) in European Union (EU) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005. This provides a level of protection to the bank/cardholder, in that a fraudulent merchant or employee cannot simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for "card not present" purchases over the phone, mail order or Internet. To do this, a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it, which is more likely to arouse the cardholder's suspicion.

text: Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.

text: Limitations[edit]

text:
The use of the CSC cannot protect against phishing scams, where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website. The growth in phishing has reduced the real-world effectiveness of the CSC as an anti-fraud device. There is now also a scam where a phisher has already obtained the card account number (perhaps by hacking a merchant database or from a poorly designed receipt) and gives this information to the victims (lulling them into a false sense of security) before asking for the CSC (which is all that the phisher needs).[7]
Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time[5] (after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized), a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction. Payment gateways, however, have responded by adding "periodic bill" features as part of the authorization process.
Some card issuers do not use the CSC. However, transactions without CSC are possibly subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants,[citation needed] and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder.[citation needed]
It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction[citation needed], hence the card may still be prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers.
It is possible for a fraudster to guess the CSC by using a distributed attack.[8]

text: Generation of CSC[edit]

text: The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date (two fields printed on the card) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result.[9][10]


document_title: French First Republic

question_text: france became a republic on 21 september 1792. how did it affect the monarchy

question_tokens: france became a republic on 21 september 1792 . how did it affect the monarchy

text: French First Republic

text: End of the monarchy in France[edit]

text: Under the Legislative Assembly, which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic, France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria. In July 1792, the Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, in which he threatened the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI. The foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the violence of 10 August 1792, citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace, killing six hundred of the King's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king.[2] A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city's prisons, killing over half of the prisoners. This included nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also numerous common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves, many murdered in their cells—raped, stabbed, and slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres.[3]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of France

Prehistory[show]

Palaeolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age

Ancient[show]

Greek colonies

Celtic Gaul
  until 50 BC

Roman Gaul
50 BC – 486 AD

Early Middle Ages[show]

Franks

Merovingians
481–751

Carolingians
751–987

Middle Ages[show]

Direct Capetians
987–1328

Valois
1328–1498

Early modern[show]

Ancien Régime

Valois-Orléans
1498–1515

Valois-Angoulême
1515–89

Bourbon
1589–1792

Long 19th century[show]

French Revolution
1789–1799

Kingdom of France
1791–92

First Republic
1792–1804

First Empire
1804–14

Restoration
1814–30

July Monarchy
1830–1848

Second Republic
1848–52

Second Empire
1852–70

Third Republic
1870–1940

20th century[show]

Third Republic
1870–1940

Free France
Vichy France

1940–44

Provisional Republic
1944–46

Fourth Republic
1946–58

Fifth Republic
1958–present

Timeline

 France portal

v
t
e

text: The National Convention[edit]

text: As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France's Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution. The Convention's first act, on 10 August 1792, was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. The King, by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet, was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he was convicted, and on 21 January, he was executed by guillotine.[4]

text: Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, and was given a monumental task: "To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés, food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany, recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general."[5] Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever-increasing rate, beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror.[citation needed]

text: Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an "emergency" government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control. The Committee's laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights.

text: The Directory[edit]

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text: After the arrest and execution of Robespierre in July 28, 1794, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III. They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body. On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred (with, accordingly, 500 members), and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability, caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies called Assignats,[6] and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory lasted only four years, until overthrown in 1799.[citation needed]

text: The Consulate[edit]

text: The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul. He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French, ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire.[7]