document_title: Monroe Doctrine

question_text: a unilateral declaration that the united states was the policeman of the western hemisphere was the

text: Monroe Doctrine

text: Seeds of the Monroe Doctrine

text: Despite America's beginnings as an isolationist country, the seeds for the Monroe Doctrine were already being laid even during George Washington's presidency. According to S.E. Morison, "as early as 1783, then, the United States adopted the policy of isolation and announced its intention to keep out of Europe. The supplementary principle of the Monroe Doctrine, that Europe must keep out of America, was still over the horizon".[10] While not specifically the Monroe Doctrine, Alexander Hamilton desired to control the sphere of influence in the western hemisphere, particularly in North America but was extended to the Latin American colonies by the Monroe Doctrine.[11] But Hamilton, writing in the Federalist Papers, was already wanting to establish America as a world power and hoped that America would suddenly become strong enough to keep the European powers outside of the Americas, despite the fact that the European countries controlled much more of the Americas than the U.S. itself.[10] Hamilton expected that the United States would become the dominant power in the new world and would, in the future, act as an intermediary between the European powers and any new countries blossoming near the U.S.[10] In fact, in a note from James Madison, Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of State and a future president, to the U.S. ambassador for Spain, the federal government expressed the opposition of the American government to further territorial acquisition by European Powers.[12] Madison's sentiment might have been meaningless because, as was noted before, the European powers held much more territory in comparison to the territory held by the U.S. Although Thomas Jefferson was pro-French, in an attempt to keep the French-British rivalry out the U.S., the federal government under Jefferson made it clear to its ambassadors that the U.S. would not support any future colonization efforts on the North American continent.

text: The Doctrine

text: The full document of the Monroe Doctrine, written chiefly by future-President and then Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, is long and couched in diplomatic language, but its essence is expressed in two key passages. The first is the introductory statement, which asserts that the New World is no longer subject to colonization by the European countries:[13]

text: The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.

text: The second key passage, which contains a fuller statement of the Doctrine, is addressed to the "allied powers" of Europe (that is, the Holy Alliance); it clarifies that the U.S. remains neutral on existing European colonies in the Americas but is opposed to "interpositions" that would create new colonies among the newly independent Spanish American republics:[1]

text: We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.

text: Effects

text: International response

text: Because the U.S. lacked both a credible navy and army at the time, the doctrine was largely disregarded internationally.[3] Prince Metternich of Austria was angered by the statement, and wrote privately that the doctrine was a "new act of revolt" by the U.S. that would grant "new strength to the apostles of sedition and reanimate the courage of every conspirator."[6]:156

text: The doctrine, however, met with tacit British approval. They enforced it tactically as part of the wider Pax Britannica, which included enforcement of the neutrality of the seas. This was in line with the developing British policy of laissez-faire free trade against mercantilism. Fast-growing British industry sought markets for its manufactured goods, and, if the newly independent Latin American states became Spanish colonies again, British access to these markets would be cut off by Spanish mercantilist policy.[14]

text: Latin American reaction

text: The reaction in Latin America to the Monroe Doctrine was generally favorable but in some occasions suspicious. John Crow, author of The Epic of Latin America, states, "Simón Bolívar himself, still in the midst of his last campaign against the Spaniards, Santander in Colombia, Rivadavia in Argentina, Victoria in Mexico—leaders of the emancipation movement everywhere—received Monroe's words with sincerest gratitude".[15] Crow argues that the leaders of Latin America were realists. They knew that the President of the United States wielded very little power at the time, particularly without the backing of the British forces, and figured that the Monroe Doctrine was unenforceable if the United States stood alone against the Holy Alliance.[15] While they appreciated and praised their support in the north, they knew that the future of their independence was in the hands of the British and their powerful navy. In 1826, Bolivar called upon his Congress of Panama to host the first "Pan-American" meeting. In the eyes of Bolivar and his men, the Monroe Doctrine was to become nothing more than a tool of national policy. According to Crow, "It was not meant to be, and was never intended to be a charter for concerted hemispheric action".[15]

text: At the same time, some people questioned the intentions behind the Monroe Doctrine. Diego Portales, a Chilean businessman and minister, wrote to a friend: "But we have to be very careful: for the Americans of the north [from the United States], the only Americans are themselves".[16]

text: Post-Bolivar events

text: In early 1833, the British reasserted their sovereignty over the Falkland islands. No action was taken by the US, and George C. Herring writes that the inaction "confirmed Latin American and especially Argentine suspicions of the United States."[6]:171[17] In 1838–50 Argentina was blockaded by the French and, later, the British. No action was taken by the U.S., despite protestations.[citation needed]

text: In 1842, U.S. President John Tyler applied the Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii and warned Britain not to interfere there. This began the process of annexing Hawaii to the U.S.[18]

text: On December 2, 1845, U.S. President James Polk announced that the principle of the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, reinterpreting it to argue that no European nation should interfere with the American western expansion ("Manifest Destiny").[19]

text: In 1862, French forces under Napoleon III invaded and conquered Mexico, giving control to the puppet monarch Emperor Maximilian. Washington denounced this as a violation of the doctrine but was unable to intervene because of the American Civil War. This marked the first time the Monroe Doctrine was widely referred to as a "doctrine." In 1865 the U.S. stationed a large combat army on the border to emphasize its demand that France leave. France did pull out, and Mexican nationalists executed Maximilian.[20]

text: In 1862, Belize was turned into a crown colony of the British empire and renamed British Honduras. The U.S. took no action against Britain, either during or after the Civil War.[21]

text: In the 1870s, President Ulysses S. Grant and his Secretary of State Hamilton Fish endeavored to supplant European influence in Latin America with that of the U.S. In 1870, the Monroe Doctrine was expanded under the proclamation "hereafter no territory on this continent [referring to Central and South America] shall be regarded as subject to transfer to a European power."[6]:259 Grant invoked the Monroe Doctrine in his failed attempt to annex the Dominican Republic in 1870.[22]

text: The Venezuela Crisis of 1895 became "one of the most momentous episodes in the history of Anglo-American relations in general and of Anglo-American rivalries in Latin America in particular."[23] Venezuela sought to involve the U.S. in a territorial dispute with Britain over Guayana Esequiba, and hired former US ambassador William L. Scruggs to argue that British behaviour over the issue violated the Monroe Doctrine. President Grover Cleveland through his Secretary of State, Richard Olney, cited the Doctrine in 1895, threatening strong action against Great Britain if the British failed to arbitrate their dispute with Venezuela. In a July 20, 1895 note to Britain, Olney stated, “The United States is practically sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition.”[6]:307 British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury took strong exception to the American language. The U.S. objected to a British proposal for a joint meeting to clarify the scope of the Monroe Doctrine. Historian George Herring wrote that by failing to pursue the issue further the British “tacitly conceded the U.S. definition of the Monroe Doctrine and its hegemony in the hemisphere.”[6]:307–8 Otto von Bismarck, did not agree and in October 1897 called the Doctrine an "uncommon insolence".[24] Sitting in Paris, the Tribunal of Arbitration finalized its decision on October 3, 1899.[23] The award was unanimous, but gave no reasons for the decision, merely describing the resulting boundary, which gave Britain almost 90% of the disputed territory[25] and all of the gold mines.[26]

text: The reaction to the award was surprise, with the award's lack of reasoning a particular concern.[25] The Venezuelans were keenly disappointed with the outcome, though they honored their counsel for their efforts (their delegation's Secretary, Severo Mallet-Prevost, received the Order of the Liberator in 1944), and abided by the award.[25]

text: The Anglo-Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward-looking American foreign policy, particularly in the Americas, marking the U.S. as a world power. This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas.[27]

text: In 1898, the U.S. intervened in support of Cuba during its war for independence from Spain. The U.S. won what is known in the U.S. as the Spanish–American War and in Cuba as the Cuban War for Independence. Under the terms of the peace treaty from which Cuba was excluded, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the U.S. in exchange for $20 million. Cuba came under U.S. control and remained so until it was granted formal independence in 1902.[28]

text: The "Big Brother"

text: The "Big Brother" policy was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine formulated by James G. Blaine in the 1880s that aimed to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and open their markets to US traders. Blaine served as Secretary of State in 1881 under President James A. Garfield and again from 1889 to 1892 under President Benjamin Harrison. As a part of the policy, Blaine arranged and led the First International Conference of American States in 1889.[29]

text: The "Olney Corollary"

text: Also known as Olney interpretation or Olney declaration was United States Secretary of State Richard Olney's interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine when a border dispute for Guayana Esequiba occurred between Britain and Venezuela governments in 1895. Olney claimed that the Monroe Doctrine gave the U.S. authority to mediate border disputes in the Western Hemisphere. Olney extended the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, which had previously stated merely that the Western Hemisphere was closed to additional European colonization. The statement reinforced the original purpose of the Monroe Doctrine, that the U.S. had the right to intervene in its own hemisphere and foreshadowed the events of the Spanish–American War three years later. The Olney interpretation was defunct by 1933.[30]

text: Canada

text: In 1902, Canadian Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier acknowledged that the Monroe Doctrine was essential to his country's protection. The doctrine provided Canada with a de facto security guarantee by the United States; the US Navy in the Pacific, and the British Navy in the Atlantic, made invading North America almost impossible. Because of the peaceful relations between the two countries, Canada could assist Britain in a European war without having to defend itself at home.[31]

text: The "Roosevelt Corollary"

text: The doctrine's authors, chiefly future-President and then secretary-of-state John Quincy Adams, saw it as a proclamation by the U.S. of moral opposition to colonialism, but it has subsequently been re-interpreted and applied in a variety of instances. As the U.S. began to emerge as a world power, the Monroe Doctrine came to define a recognized sphere of control that few dared to challenge.[3]

text: Before becoming president, Theodore Roosevelt had proclaimed the rationale of the Monroe Doctrine in supporting intervention in the Spanish colony of Cuba in 1898.[citation needed] The Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 showed the world that the US was willing to use its naval strength to force an American viewpoint in world politics.

text: In Argentine foreign policy, the Drago Doctrine was announced on December 29, 1902 by the Foreign Minister of Argentina, Luis María Drago. This was a response to the actions of Britain, Germany, and Italy during the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903, in which they had blockaded and shelled Venezuela's ports in an attempt to collect money owed as part of its national debt, accrued under regimes preceding that of president Cipriano Castro. Drago set forth the policy that no European power could use force against an American nation to collect debt. President Theodore Roosevelt rejected this policy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, declaring, "We do not guarantee any state against punishment if it misconducts itself".[6]:370

text: Instead, Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America in cases of "flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American Nation" to preempt intervention by European creditors. This re-interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine went on to be a useful tool to take economic benefits by force when Latin nations failed to pay their debts to European and US banks and business interests. This was also referred to as the Big Stick ideology because of the phrase from president Roosevelt to "speak low and carry a big stick".[3][6]:371[32] The Roosevelt corollary provoked outrage across Latin America.[33]

text: The Roosevelt Corollary was invoked to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of European influence.[32] It was the most significant amendment to the original doctrine and was widely opposed by critics, who argued that the Monroe Doctrine was originally meant to stop European influence in the Americas.[3] They argued that the Corollary simply asserted U.S. domination in that area, effectively making them a "hemispheric policeman."[34]

text: The Lodge Resolution

text: The so-called "Lodge Resolution" was passed[35] by the U.S. Senate on August 2, 1912, in response to a reported attempt by a Japan-backed private company to acquire Magdalena Bay in southern Baja California. It extended the reach of the Monroe Doctrine to cover actions of corporations and associations controlled by foreign states.[36]

text: The Clark Memorandum

text: The Clark Memorandum, written on December 17, 1928 by Calvin Coolidge’s undersecretary of state J. Reuben Clark, concerned U.S. use of military force to intervene in Latin American nations. This memorandum was officially released in 1930 by the Herbert Hoover administration.

text: The Clark memorandum rejected the view that the Roosevelt Corollary was based on the Monroe Doctrine. However, it was not a complete repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary but was rather a statement that any intervention by the U.S. was not sanctioned by the Monroe Doctrine but rather was the right of America as a state. This separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine by noting that the Monroe Doctrine only applied to situations involving European countries. One main point in the Clark Memorandum was to note that the Monroe Doctrine was based on conflicts of interest only between the United States and European nations, rather than between the United States and Latin American nations.

text: World War II

text: After World War II began, a majority of Americans supported defending the entire Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. A 1940 national survey found that 81% supported defending Canada; 75% Mexico and Central America; 69% South America; 66% West Indies; and 59% Greenland.[37]

text: Latin American reinterpretation

text: After 1898, jurists and intellectuals in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, especially Luis María Drago, Alejandro Álvarez and Baltasar Brum, reinterpreted the Monroe doctrine. They sought a fresh continental approach to international law in terms of multilateralism and non-intervention. However, American leaders were reluctant to renounce unilateral interventionism until the Good Neighbor policy enunciated by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp-up of the Cold War in 1945, as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from Soviet influence. These changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US involvement in Latin American affairs. Control of the Monroe doctrine thus shifted to the multilateral Organization of American States (OAS) founded in 1948.[4]

text: In 1954, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles invoked the Monroe Doctrine at the 10th Pan-American Conference in Caracas (Venezuela), denouncing the intervention of Soviet Communism in Guatemala. President John F. Kennedy said at an August 29, 1962 news conference:

text: The Monroe Doctrine means what it has meant since President Monroe and John Quincy Adams enunciated it, and that is that we would oppose a foreign power extending its power to the Western Hemisphere [sic], and that is why we oppose what is happening in Cuba today. That is why we have cut off our trade. That is why we worked in the OAS and in other ways to isolate the Communist menace in Cuba. That is why we will continue to give a good deal of our effort and attention to it.[38]

text: Cold War

text: During the Cold War, the Monroe Doctrine was applied to Latin America by the framers of U.S. foreign policy.[39] When the Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) established a Communist government with ties to the Soviet Union, it was argued that the Monroe Doctrine should be invoked to prevent the spread of Soviet-backed Communism in Latin America.[40] Under this rationale, the U.S. provided intelligence and military aid to Latin and South American governments that claimed or appeared to be threatened by Communist subversion (as in the case of Operation Condor).

text: In the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, President John F. Kennedy cited the Monroe Doctrine as grounds for America's confrontation with the Soviet Union over the installation of Soviet ballistic missiles on Cuban soil.[41]

text: The debate over this new interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine burgeoned in reaction to the Iran-Contra affair. It was revealed that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had been covertly training "Contra" guerrilla soldiers in Honduras in an attempt to destabilize and overthrow the Sandinista revolutionary government of Nicaragua and its President, Daniel Ortega. CIA director Robert Gates vigorously defended the Contra operation in 1984, arguing that eschewing U.S. intervention in Nicaragua would be "totally to abandon the Monroe Doctrine".[42]

text: 21st Century Approaches

text: The Kerry Doctrine

text: President Barack Obama's Secretary of State John Kerry told the Organization of American States in November 2013 that the "era of the Monroe Doctrine is over."[43] Several commentators have noted that Kerry's call for a mutual partnership with the other countries in the Americas is more in keeping with Monroe's intentions than the policies enacted after his death.[44]

text: America First

text: President Donald Trump implied potential use of the doctrine in August 2017 when he mentioned the possibility of military intervention in Venezuela[45], after his CIA Director Mike Pompeo declared that the nation's deterioration is the result of interference from Iranian and Russian-back groups.[46] In February 2018, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson praised the Monroe Doctrine as “clearly … a success”, warning of “imperial” Chinese trade ambitions and touting the United States as the region’s preferred trade partner.[47] Pompeo replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State in May of 2018.

text: Criticism

text: Historians have observed that while the Doctrine contained a commitment to resist colonialism from Europe, it had some aggressive implications for American policy, since there were no limitations on the US's own actions mentioned within it. Scholar Jay Sexton notes that the tactics used to implement the doctrine were "modeled after those employed by British imperialists" and their competition with the Spanish and French.[48] Eminent historian William Appleman Williams described it as a form of "imperial anti-colonialism." [49] Noam Chomsky[50] argues that in practice the Monroe Doctrine has been used as a declaration of hegemony and a right of unilateral intervention over the Americas.


document_title: Eagle Creek (Oregon)

question_text: what is the elevation of eagle creek oregon

root

text: Eagle Creek (Oregon)

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

tag: table

text: Eagle Creek may refer to any of a number of places in the U.S. state of Oregon:

tag: p

text:
name
type
elevation
coordinate
USGS Map
GNIS ID

Abbot Creek (Jefferson County, Oregon)
Stream
2,736 ft (834 m)
44°34′12″N 121°37′17″W / 44.57000°N 121.62139°W / 44.57000; -121.62139 (Abbot Creek (Jefferson County, Oregon))
Prairie Farm Spring
1136994

Eagle Butte Creek (Lane County, Oregon)
Stream
1,765 ft (538 m)
43°47′34″N 122°19′24″W / 43.79278°N 122.32333°W / 43.79278; -122.32333 (Eagle Butte Creek (Lane County, Oregon))
Huckleberry Mountain
1141461

Eagle Creek, Oregon
Populated Place
344 ft (105 m)
45°21′26″N 122°21′32″W / 45.35722°N 122.35889°W / 45.35722; -122.35889 (Eagle Creek, Oregon)
Estacada
1120258

Eagle Creek (Polk County, Oregon)
Stream
732 ft (223 m)
44°53′18″N 123°43′02″W / 44.88833°N 123.71722°W / 44.88833; -123.71722 (Eagle Creek (Polk County, Oregon))
Warnicke Creek
1120259

Eagle Creek (Mount Moriah, Union County, Oregon)
Stream
3,117 ft (950 m)
45°27′43″N 117°41′38″W / 45.46194°N 117.69389°W / 45.46194; -117.69389 (Eagle Creek (Mount Moriah, Union County, Oregon))
Mount Moriah
1120260

Eagle Creek (Wasco County, Oregon)
Stream
1,007 ft (307 m)
45°02′09″N 121°06′34″W / 45.03583°N 121.10944°W / 45.03583; -121.10944 (Eagle Creek (Wasco County, Oregon))
Dant
1120261

Eagle Creek (Tillamook County, Oregon)
Stream
295 ft (90 m)
45°30′50″N 123°37′10″W / 45.51389°N 123.61944°W / 45.51389; -123.61944 (Eagle Creek (Tillamook County, Oregon))
Jordan Creek
1120262

Eagle Creek (Umatilla County, Oregon)
Stream
1,949 ft (594 m)
45°45′55″N 118°26′41″W / 45.76528°N 118.44472°W / 45.76528; -118.44472 (Eagle Creek (Umatilla County, Oregon))
Athena
1120263

Eagle Creek (Kloster Mountain, Lane County, Oregon)
Stream
1,027 ft (313 m)
43°50′27″N 122°46′35″W / 43.84083°N 122.77639°W / 43.84083; -122.77639 (Eagle Creek (Kloster Mountain, Lane County, Oregon))
Kloster Mountain
1134059

Eagle Creek (Douglas County, Oregon)
Stream
1,591 ft (485 m)
43°17′47″N 122°32′11″W / 43.29639°N 122.53639°W / 43.29639; -122.53639 (Eagle Creek (Douglas County, Oregon))
Illahee Rock
1141466

Eagle Creek (Mount David Douglas, Lane County, Oregon)
Stream
2,241 ft (683 m)
43°40′39″N 122°14′38″W / 43.67750°N 122.24389°W / 43.67750; -122.24389 (Eagle Creek (Mount David Douglas, Lane County, Oregon))
Mount David Douglas
1141467

Eagle Creek (Powder River)
Stream
2,106 ft (642 m)
44°44′45″N 117°10′21″W / 44.74583°N 117.17250°W / 44.74583; -117.17250 (Eagle Creek (Baker County, Oregon))
Daly Creek
1141468

Eagle Creek (Bosley Butte, Curry County, Oregon)
Stream
253 ft (77 m)
42°12′57″N 124°08′37″W / 42.21583°N 124.14361°W / 42.21583; -124.14361 (Eagle Creek (Bosley Butte, Curry County, Oregon))
Bosley Butte
1141469

Eagle Creek (Josephine Mountain, Curry County, Oregon)
Stream
2,146 ft (654 m)
42°14′51″N 123°50′12″W / 42.24750°N 123.83667°W / 42.24750; -123.83667 (Eagle Creek (Josephine Mountain, Curry County, Oregon))
Josephine Mountain
1141470

Eagle Creek (Crook County, Oregon)
Stream
3,255 ft (992 m)
44°10′46″N 120°37′35″W / 44.17944°N 120.62639°W / 44.17944; -120.62639 (Eagle Creek (Crook County, Oregon))
Eagle Rock
1141471

Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon)
Stream
79 ft (24 m)
45°38′26″N 121°55′57″W / 45.64056°N 121.93250°W / 45.64056; -121.93250 (Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon))
Bonneville Dam
1141472

Eagle Creek (Jubilee Lake, Union County, Oregon)
Stream
3,038 ft (926 m)
45°45′15″N 117°56′55″W / 45.75417°N 117.94861°W / 45.75417; -117.94861 (Eagle Creek (Jubilee Lake, Union County, Oregon))
Jubilee Lake
1141473

Eagle Creek (Grant County, Oregon)
Stream
4,711 ft (1,436 m)
44°34′05″N 118°50′44″W / 44.56806°N 118.84556°W / 44.56806; -118.84556 (Eagle Creek (Grant County, Oregon))
Cougar Rock
1152951

Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon)
Stream
197 ft (60 m)
45°21′11″N 122°22′57″W / 45.35306°N 122.38250°W / 45.35306; -122.38250 (Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon))
Redland
1167853

Eagle Creek, Multnomah County, Oregon
Historic locale
121 ft (37 m)
45°38′27″N 121°55′50″W / 45.64083°N 121.93056°W / 45.64083; -121.93056 (Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon))
Bonneville Dam
1167762

Eagle Creek Canyon
Valley
4,124 ft (1,257 m)
44°51′25″N 117°18′34″W / 44.85694°N 117.30944°W / 44.85694; -117.30944 (Eagle Creek Canyon)
Sparta
1152809

Eagle Creek Cutoff
Trail
3,448 ft (1,051 m)
45°15′19″N 122°01′57″W / 45.25528°N 122.03250°W / 45.25528; -122.03250 (Eagle Creek Cutoff)
Wildcat Mountain
1167854

Eagle Creek Forest Camp
Locale
3,750 ft (1,140 m)
44°59′05″N 117°22′04″W / 44.98472°N 117.36778°W / 44.98472; -117.36778 (Eagle Creek Forest Camp)
Sparta Butte
1154115

Eagle Creek Lookout
Locale
2,523 ft (769 m)
45°18′25″N 122°06′32″W / 45.30694°N 122.10889°W / 45.30694; -122.10889 (Eagle Creek Lookout)
Wildcat Mountain
1167855

Eagle Creek Overlook Group Camp
Locale
125 ft (38 m)
45°38′32″N 121°55′51″W / 45.64222°N 121.93083°W / 45.64222; -121.93083 (Eagle Creek Overlook Group Camp)
Bonneville Dam
1952999

Eagle Creek Recreation Site
Locale
177 ft (54 m)
45°38′26″N 121°55′26″W / 45.64056°N 121.92389°W / 45.64056; -121.92389 (Eagle Creek Recreation Site)
Bonneville Dam
1141474

Eagle Creek Trail (Hood River County, Oregon)
Trail
3,212 ft (979 m)
45°34′21″N 121°49′14″W / 45.57250°N 121.82056°W / 45.57250; -121.82056 (Eagle Creek Trail (Hood River County, Oregon))
Wahtum Lake
1141475

Eagle Creek Trail (Curry County, Oregon)
Trail
1,585 ft (483 m)
42°15′34″N 124°08′12″W / 42.25944°N 124.13667°W / 42.25944; -124.13667 (Eagle Creek Trail (Curry County, Oregon))
Collier Butte
1141476

Eagle Creek Upper Falls
Falls
968 ft (295 m)
45°16′39″N 122°11′44″W / 45.27750°N 122.19556°W / 45.27750; -122.19556 (Eagle Creek Upper Falls)
Cherryville
1154927

Eagle Island Creek
Stream
1,834 ft (559 m)
44°52′22″N 116°51′43″W / 44.87278°N 116.86194°W / 44.87278; -116.86194 (Eagle Island Creek)
Cuddy Mountain
1141478

East Fork Eagle Creek (Hood River County, Oregon)
Stream
1,138 ft (347 m)
45°35′01″N 121°51′10″W / 45.58361°N 121.85278°W / 45.58361; -121.85278 (East Fork Eagle Creek (Hood River County, Oregon))
Wahtum Lake
1141558

East Fork Eagle Creek (Baker County, Oregon)
Stream
4,016 ft (1,224 m)
44°58′58″N 117°22′27″W / 44.98278°N 117.37417°W / 44.98278; -117.37417 (East Fork Eagle Creek (Baker County, Oregon))
Sparta Butte
1141559

East Fork West Eagle Creek (Union County, Oregon)
Stream
5,499 ft (1,676 m)
45°05′35″N 117°28′39″W / 45.09306°N 117.47750°W / 45.09306; -117.47750 (East Fork West Eagle Creek (Union County, Oregon))
Bennet Peak
1120330

Kirby Creek (Baker County, Oregon)
Stream
2,096 ft (639 m)
44°44′49″N 117°11′01″W / 44.74694°N 117.18361°W / 44.74694; -117.18361 (Kirby Creek (Baker County, Oregon))
Daly Creek
1158309

Little Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon)
Stream
961 ft (293 m)
45°19′01″N 122°13′10″W / 45.31694°N 122.21944°W / 45.31694; -122.21944 (Little Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon))
Cherryville
1145156

Little Eagle Creek (Baker County, Oregon)
Stream
2,926 ft (892 m)
44°53′28″N 117°15′46″W / 44.89111°N 117.26278°W / 44.89111; -117.26278 (Little Eagle Creek (Baker County, Oregon))
Sparta Butte
1145157

North Fork Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon)
Stream
509 ft (155 m)
45°19′30″N 122°17′20″W / 45.32500°N 122.28889°W / 45.32500; -122.28889 (North Fork Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon))
Estacada
1167857

South Fork Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon)
Stream
1,220 ft (370 m)
45°17′07″N 122°09′01″W / 45.28528°N 122.15028°W / 45.28528; -122.15028 (South Fork Eagle Creek (Clackamas County, Oregon))
Cherryville
1167865

West Eagle Creek (Union County, Oregon)
Stream
4,426 ft (1,349 m)
45°01′10″N 117°27′15″W / 45.01944°N 117.45417°W / 45.01944; -117.45417 (West Eagle Creek (Union County, Oregon))
Bennet Peak
1128826

text: Rivers of Oregon

tag: ul

text: Lists of coordinatesGeographic coordinate listsArticles with Geo


document_title: Arctic exploration

question_text: who is widely believed to be the first person to have officially reached the north pole

text: Arctic exploration

text: First attempts[edit]

text: Ancient Greece[edit]

text: Some scholars believe that the first attempts to penetrate the Arctic Circle can be traced to ancient Greece and the sailor Pytheas, a contemporary of Aristotle and Alexander the Great, who, in c. 325 BC, attempted to find the source of the tin that would sporadically reach the Greek colony of Massilia (now Marseille) on the Mediterranean coast.[1] Sailing past the Pillars of Hercules, he reached Brittany and even Cornwall, eventually circumnavigating the British Isles. From the local population, he heard news of the mysterious land of Thule, even farther to the north. After six days of sailing, he reached land at the edge of a frozen sea (described by him as "curdled"), and described what is believed to be the aurora and the midnight sun. While some historians claim that this new land of Thule was the Norwegian coast or the Shetland Islands, based on his descriptions and the trade routes of early British sailors, it is possible that Pytheas reached as far as Iceland.

text: While no one knows exactly how far Pytheas sailed, he may have crossed the Arctic Circle. Nevertheless, his tales were regarded as fantasy by later Greek and Roman authorities,[citation needed] such as the geographer Strabo. It was impossible, according to their perception of the world, for man to survive in these 'uninhabitable reaches'.[citation needed]

text: The Middle Ages[edit]

text: The first Viking to sight Iceland was Gardar Svavarsson, who went off course due to harsh conditions when sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands. This quickly led to a wave of colonization.[citation needed] Not all the settlers were successful however in the attempts to reach the island. In the 10th century, Gunnbjörn Ulfsson got lost in a storm and ended up within sight of the Greenland coast. His report spurred Erik the Red, an outlawed chieftain, to establish a settlement there in 985. While they flourished initially, these settlements eventually foundered due to changing climatic conditions (see Little Ice Age).[citation needed] They are believed to have survived until around 1450.

text: Greenland's early settlers sailed westward, in search of better pasturage and hunting grounds. Modern scholars debate the precise location of the new lands of Vinland, Markland, and Helluland that they discovered.[citation needed]

text: The Scandinavian peoples also pushed farther north into their own peninsula by land and by sea. As early as 880, the Viking Ohthere of Hålogaland rounded the Scandinavian Peninsula and sailed to the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea. The Pechenga Monastery on the north of Kola Peninsula was founded by Russian monks in 1533; from their base at Kola, the Pomors explored the Barents Region, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya—all of which are in the Arctic Circle. They also explored north by boat, discovering the Northern Sea Route, as well as penetrating to the trans-Ural areas of northern Siberia. They then founded the settlement of Mangazeya east of the Yamal Peninsula in the early 16th century.[citation needed] In 1648 the Cossack Semyon Dezhnyov opened the now famous Bering Strait between America and Asia.

text: Russian settlers and traders on the coasts of the White Sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the northeast passage as early as the 11th century. By the 17th century they established a continuous sea route from Arkhangelsk as far east as the mouth of Yenisey. This route, known as Mangazeya seaway, after its eastern terminus, the trade depot of Mangazeya, was an early precursor to the Northern Sea Route.

text: Age of Discovery[edit]

text: Exploration above the Arctic Circle in the Renaissance was driven by the rediscovery of Classical learning and the national quests for commercial expansion. This exploration was hampered by limits in maritime technology of the age, lack of shelf-stable food supplies, and insufficient insulation for ships' crew against extreme cold.

text: Renaissance advancements in cartography[edit]

text: A seminal event in Arctic exploration occurred in 1409, when Ptolemy's Geographia was translated into Latin, thereby introducing the concepts of latitude and longitude into Western Europe.[2] Navigators were better able to chart their positions, and the European race to China, sparked by interest in the writings of Marco Polo, commenced.[citation needed] Just two years after Columbus in 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Portugal. Forced to seek other routes to the Orient, rival countries like England, began considering the northern route over the top of the globe.

text: The Inventio Fortunata, a lost book said to be a description of travels in the North Atlantic by an unknown Friar, describes, in a summary written by Jacobus Cnoyen but only found in a letter from Gerardus Mercator, voyages as far as the North Pole.[3] One widely disputed claim is that two brothers from Venice, Niccolo and Antonio Zeno, allegedly made a map of their journeys to that region, which were published by their descendants in 1558.[4]

text: The Northwest Passage[edit]

text: The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean. Since the discovery of the American continent was the product of the search for a route to Asia, exploration around the northern edge of North America continued for the Northwest Passage.

text: John Cabot's initial failure in 1497 to find a Northwest Passage across the Atlantic led the British to seek an alternative route to the east.

text: Interest re-kindled in 1564 after Jacques Cartier's discovery of the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River. Martin Frobisher had formed a resolution to undertake the challenge of forging a trade route from England westward to India. In 1576 - 1578, he took three trips to what is now the Canadian Arctic in order to find the passage. Frobisher Bay, which he discovered, is named after him. In July 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who had written a treatise on the discovery of the passage and was a backer of Frobisher's, claimed the territory of Newfoundland for the English crown. On August 8, 1585, under the employ of Elizabeth I the English explorer John Davis entered Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island. Davis rounded Greenland before dividing his four ships into separate expeditions to search for a passage westward. Though he was unable to pass through the icy Arctic waters, he reported to his sponsors that the passage they sought is "a matter nothing doubtfull  [sic],"[citation needed] and secured support for two additional expeditions, reaching as far as Hudson Bay. Though England's efforts were interrupted in 1587 because of Anglo-Spanish War, Davis's favorable reports on the region and its people would inspire explorers in the coming century.[citation needed] In 1609, while in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Dutch Republic, the English explorer Henry Hudson sailed up what is now called the Hudson River in search of the Passage; he reached present-day Albany, New York, before giving up. He later explored further north into the Arctic and Hudson Bay for the Passage.[5][6]

text: The Northeast Passage[edit]

text: The Northeast Passage is a broad term for any route lying above the Eurasian continent and stretching between the waters north of the Norwegian Sea to the Bering Strait. The "Northern Sea Route" is defined as a specific portion of such routes. The Northern Sea Route (capitalized) including shipping lanes falling within Russia's EEZ and extending from the Kara Sea to the Bering Strait along the Russian northern coast as currently officially defined by Russian Federation law.

text: The idea to explore this region was initially economic, and was first put forward by Russian diplomat Dmitry Gerasimov in 1525. The entire route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only free of ice for about two months per year, making it a very perilous journey.[citation needed]

text: In the mid-16th century, John Cabot's son Sebastian helped organize just such an expedition, led by Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor. Willoughby's crew was shipwrecked off the Kola Peninsula, where they eventually died of scurvy. Chancellor and his crew made it to the mouth of the Dvina River, where they were met by a delegation from the Tsar, Ivan the Terrible. Brought back to Moscow, he launched the Muscovy Company, promoting trade between England and Russia. This diplomatic course allowed British Ambassadors such as Sir Francis Cherry the opportunity to consolidate geographic information developed by Russian merchants into maps for British exploration of the region. Some years later, Steven Borough, the master of Chancellor's ship, made it as far as the Kara Sea, when he was forced to turn back because of icy conditions.[7]

text: Western parts of the passage were simultaneously being explored by Northern European countries like England, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, looking for an alternative seaway to China and India. Although these expeditions failed, new coasts and islands were discovered.[citation needed] Most notable is the 1596 expedition led by Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz who discovered Spitsbergen and Bear Island.

text: Fearing English and Dutch penetration into Siberia, Russia closed the Mangazeya seaway in 1619. Pomor activity in Northern Asia declined and the bulk of exploration in the 17th century was carried out by Siberian Cossacks, sailing from one river mouth to another in their Arctic-worthy kochs. In 1648 the most famous of these expeditions, led by Fedot Alekseev and Semyon Dezhnev, sailed east from the mouth of Kolyma to the Pacific and doubled the Chukchi Peninsula, thus proving that there was no land connection between Asia and North America.[8] Eighty years after Dezhnev, in 1728, another Russian explorer, Danish-born Vitus Bering on Sviatoy Gavriil made a similar voyage in reverse, starting in Kamchatka and going north to the passage that now bears his name (Bering Strait). It was Bering who gave their current names to Diomede Islands, discovered and first described by Dezhnev.[9]

text: It was not until in 1878 that Finnish-Swedish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld made the first complete passage of the North East Passage from west to east, in the Vega expedition. The ship's captain on this expedition was Lieutenant Louis Palander of the Swedish Royal Navy.

text: Northwest Passage[edit]

text: In the first half of the 19th century, parts of the Northwest Passage were explored separately by a number of different expeditions, including those by John Ross, William Edward Parry, James Clark Ross; and overland expeditions led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae. Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage by sea in 1851[10] when he looked across M'Clure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island. However, the strait was blocked by young ice at this point in the season, and not navigable to ships.[11] The only usable route, linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was first used by John Rae in 1851. Rae used a pragmatic approach of traveling by land on foot and dog sled, and typically employed less than ten people in his exploration parties.[12]

text: The Northwest Passage was not completely conquered by sea until 1906, when the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, who had sailed just in time to escape creditors seeking to stop the expedition, completed a three-year voyage in the converted 47-ton herring boat Gjøa. At the end of this trip, he walked into the city of Eagle, Alaska, and sent a telegram announcing his success. His route was not commercially practical; in addition to the time taken, some of the waterways were extremely shallow.[13]

text: Knud Rasmussen (1879 - 1933) led several Arctic expeditions. He grew up in Greenland speaking Inuktitut and Danish, and has been called the "father of Eskimology"[14] and was the first European to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled.[15] Rasmussen and his friend Peter Freuchen participated in seven Thule Expeditions, named after Ultima Thule, and wrote numerous books on their Arctic experiences.

text: The North Pole[edit]

text: On April 6, 1909, Robert Peary claimed to be the first person in recorded history to reach the North Pole[10] (although whether he actually reached the Pole is disputed).[1][16] He traveled with the aid of dogsleds and three separate support crews who turned back at successive intervals before reaching the Pole. Many modern explorers, including Olympic skiers using modern equipment, contend that Peary could not have reached the pole on foot in the time he claimed.

text: A number of previous expeditions set out with the intention of reaching the North Pole but did not succeed; that of British naval officer William Edward Parry in 1827, the tragic American Polaris expedition under Charles Francis Hall in 1871, the ill-fated Jeannette Expedition commanded by US Navy Lt Cmdr George W. DeLong in 1879, and the Norwegian Fram Expedition of Fridtjof Nansen in 1895. American Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole in 1908, but this has not been widely accepted.[17]

text: On May 9, 1926, Americans Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claimed to have flown over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m Tri-motor monoplane. However, their claim to have reached the Pole is disputed.[18]

text: The crew of the airship Norge (including Roald Amundsen and the American sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth) flew over the Pole on May 12, 1926. This is the first undisputed sighting of the Pole. Norge was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile, who overflew the Pole a second time on May 24, 1928. Nobile’s second trip was in the airship Italia that ran into a storm on the return trip and crashed on the ice. Survivors were eventually recovered. Amundsen disappeared, with the crew of his sea plane, during the rescue operations.

text: The first people to have without doubt walked on the North Pole were the Soviet party of 1948 under the command of Alexander Kuznetsov, who landed their aircraft nearby and walked to the pole.[19]

text: On August 3, 1958, the American submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) reached the North Pole without surfacing. It then proceeded to travel under the entire Polar ice cap. On March 17, 1959 the USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced on the North Pole and dispersed the ashes of explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. These journeys were part of military explorations stimulated by the Cold War context.

text: On April 19, 1968, Ralph Plaisted reached the North Pole via snowmobile, the first surface traveler known with certainty to have done so. His position was verified independently by a US Air Force meteorological overflight. In 1969 Wally Herbert, on foot and by dog sled, became the first man to reach the North Pole on muscle power alone, on the 60th anniversary of Robert Peary's famous but disputed expedition.

text: The first persons to reach the North Pole on foot (or skis) and return with no outside help, no dogs, air planes, or re-supplies were Richard Weber (Canada) and Misha Malakhov (Russia) in 1995. No one has completed this journey since.

text: U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict landed a plane at the Pole on May 3, 1952, accompanied by the scientist Albert P. Crary.[20]

text: On 2 May 2007, BBC's Top Gear got to the 1996 position of the magnetic north pole (78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996)) in modified Toyota Hilux.

text: On 2 August 2007, during Arktika 2007 Russian manned submersibles were the first to descend to the sea-bed below the pole.

text: On April 26, 2009, Vassily Elagin, Afanassi Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov, Alexey Shkrabkin and Nikolay Nikulshin after 38 days and over 2,000 km (1,200 mi) (starting from Sredniy Island, Severnaya Zemlya) drove two Russian built cars "Yemelya-1" and "Yemelya-2" to the North Pole.


document_title: The Old Man and the Sea

question_text: where was the old man and the sea published

text: The Old Man and the Sea

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The Old Man and the Sea tells the story of a battle between an aging, experienced fisherman, Santiago, and a large marlin. The story opens with Santiago having gone 84 days without catching a fish, and now being seen as "salao," the worst form of unluckiness. He is so unlucky that his young apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with him and has been told instead to fish with successful fishermen. The boy visits Santiago's shack each night, hauling his fishing gear, preparing food, talking about American baseball and his favorite player, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day, he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream, north of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end.

text: On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago takes his skiff into the Gulf Stream, sets his lines and, by noon, has his bait taken by a big fish that he is sure is a marlin. Unable to haul in the great marlin, Santiago is instead pulled by the marlin, and two days and nights pass with Santiago holding onto the line. Though wounded by the struggle and in pain, Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary, often referring to him as a brother. He also determines that, because of the fish's great dignity, no one shall deserve to eat the marlin.

text: On the third day, the fish begins to circle the skiff. Santiago, worn out and almost delirious, uses all his remaining strength to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with a harpoon. Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and heads home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed.

text: On his way in to shore, sharks are attracted to the marlin's blood. Santiago kills a great mako shark with his harpoon, but he loses the weapon. He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks; five sharks are slain and many others are driven away. But the sharks keep coming, and by nightfall the sharks have almost devoured the marlin's entire carcass, leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone, its tail and its head. Santiago knows that he is defeated and tells the sharks of how they have killed his dreams. Upon reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, Santiago struggles to his shack, carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder, leaving the fish head and the bones on the shore. Once home, he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep.

text: A group of fishermen gather the next day around the boat where the fish's skeleton is still attached. One of the fishermen measures it to be 18 feet (5.5 m) from nose to tail. Pedrico is given the head of the fish, and the other fishermen tell Manolin to tell the old man how sorry they are. Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark. The boy, worried about the old man, cries upon finding him safe asleep and at his injured hands. Manolin brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth—of lions on an African beach.

text: Background and publication[edit]

text:
No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in .... I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea and a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.

Ernest Hemingway in 1954[3]

tag: div

text: Written in 1951, and published in 1952 , The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway's final full-length work published during his lifetime. The book, dedicated to "Charlie Scribner" and to Hemingway's literary editor "Max Perkins",[4][5] was featured in Life magazine on September 1, 1952, and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days.[6]

text: The Old Man and the Sea became a Book of the Month Club selection, and made Hemingway a celebrity.[7] Published in book form on September 1, 1952, the first edition print run was 50,000 copies.[8] The illustrated edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard.[9]

text: In May 1953, the novel received the Pulitzer Prize[9] and was specifically cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he dedicated to the Cuban people.[10][11] The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an international celebrity.[7] The Old Man and the Sea is taught at schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties.[12]

text: Literary significance and criticism[edit]

text: The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate Hemingway's literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire body of work. The novel was initially received with much popularity; it restored many readers' confidence in Hemingway's capability as an author. Its publisher, Scribner's, on an early dust jacket, called the novel a "new classic," and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner's short story The Bear and Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick.

text: Gregorio Fuentes, who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago, was a blue-eyed man born on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. After going to sea at age ten on ships that called in African ports, he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. After 82 years in Cuba, Fuentes attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001.[13] Critics have noted that Santiago was also at least 22 when he immigrated from Spain to Cuba, and thus old enough to be considered an immigrant—and a foreigner—in Cuba.[14]

text: Hemingway at first planned to use Santiago's story, which became The Old Man and the Sea, as part of an intimacy between mother and son. Relationships in the book relate to the Bible, which he referred to as "The Sea Book". Some aspects of it did appear in the posthumously published Islands in the Stream. Hemingway mentions the real life experience of an old fisherman almost identical to that of Santiago and his marlin in On the Blue Water: A Gulf Stream Letter (Esquire, April 1936).[15][16]

text: Joseph Waldmeir's essay "Confiteor Hominem: Ernest Hemingway's Religion of Man" is a favorable critical reading of the novel—and one which has defined analytical considerations since. Perhaps the most memorable claim is Waldmeir's answer to the question—What is the book's message?

text: The answer assumes a third level on which The Old Man and the Sea must be read—as a sort of allegorical commentary on all his previous work, by means of which it may be established that the religious overtones of The Old Man and the Sea are not peculiar to that book among Hemingway's works, and that Hemingway has finally taken the decisive step in elevating what might be called his philosophy of Manhood to the level of a religion.[17]

text: Waldmeir considered the function of the novel's Christian imagery, made most evident through Hemingway's obvious reference to the crucifixion of Christ following Santiago's sighting of the sharks that reads:

text: "Ay," he said aloud. There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood.[18]

text: One of the most outspoken critics of The Old Man and the Sea is Robert P. Weeks. His 1962 piece "Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea" presents his claim that the novel is a weak and unexpected divergence from the typical, realistic Hemingway (referring to the rest of Hemingway's body of work as "earlier glories").[19] In juxtaposing this novel against Hemingway's previous works, Weeks contends:

text: The difference, however, in the effectiveness with which Hemingway employs this characteristic device in his best work and in The Old Man and the Sea is illuminating. The work of fiction in which Hemingway devoted the most attention to natural objects, The Old Man and the Sea, is pieced out with an extraordinary quantity of fakery, extraordinary because one would expect to find no inexactness, no romanticizing of natural objects in a writer who loathed W.H. Hudson, could not read Thoreau, deplored Melville's rhetoric in Moby Dick, and who was himself criticized by other writers, notably Faulkner, for his devotion to the facts and his unwillingness to 'invent.'[19]

text: Some critics suggest Hemingway wrote The Old Man and the Sea in reaction against the overtly negative criticism he received for Across the River and into the Trees.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 1954 Hemingway donated his Nobel prize gold medal in Literature to the venerated Marian image of Our Lady of Charity. The Swedish medal was stolen in 1986, but was returned later upon the threat of Raul Castro.[20]

text: The Old Man and the Sea has been adapted for the screen three times: a 1958 film starring Spencer Tracy, a 1990 miniseries starring Anthony Quinn, and a 1999 animated short film. It is often taught in high schools as a part of the American Literature curriculum.

text: In 2003 the book was listed at number 173 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."[21]


document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: who is the actor that play the good doctor

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town, Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy: A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[4] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[5]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[4] He is also engaged to Jessica Preston.
Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne: A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[6]
Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu: A surgical resident from a wealthy family.[7]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[8][9] She is also engaged to Dr. Melendez.
Irene Keng as Elle McLean: A resident (appeared only in the pilot)[10][11]
Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews: Chief of surgery and board member.[10]
Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman: President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[12][13]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki: Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[14]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[5] He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma.
Paige Spara as Lea, Shaun's neighbor and love interest .[15]
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle: A young doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he gets in an awkward position with one of them.[16]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Jasika Nicole as Carly[17]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[17]
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim
Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews: Marcus' wife.[18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[19]

On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. Another doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child's neck. Shaun tells him that he's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. On the way to the hospital, Shaun notices that the boy's vitals have changed. Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy. Shaun tries to tell the doctors about the boy's vitals, stating that he needs an echo-cardiogram. The doctors disagree and begin surgery. While operating, something goes wrong and Claire Browne, a surgical resident, recalls Shaun mentioning an echo. Thanks to Shaun's diagnosis, the boy's life is saved. Meanwhile, in a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[20]

Shaun arrives late to the hospital on his first full day. Dr. Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Brown and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late. Rounds are interrupted when a nurse tells them a consult is needed in the emergency room. A middle aged woman, Stephanie, has been brought in with abdominal pain. Looking at the scan, Shaun says she has a Sarcoma - a malignant tumor. Dr. Melendez assigns Claire as his number two for the surgery while giving Shaun "scut work" - all the work that residents hate doing. On the operating table, the doctors find the tumor is much bigger than expected and has encased all of her arteries. Looking at biopsy results, the residents find out that she is suffering from Leiomyosarcoma, making surgery seemingly impossible. Shaun"s ability to visualize the internal organs allows him to figure out that removing one of her kidneys would allow a better look, enough to view and possibly remove the mass. To Claire's dismay, Dr. Kalu suggests Shaun's idea to his attending; getting the credit for the idea. Meanwhile, Shuan's attention to detail in his "scut" work gets him into trouble. Instead of releasing patients ready for discharge, Shaun rechecks them, and orders additional tests. Upon learning this, Melendez assigns Nurse Freydey as Shaun's "boss" for the day. Later, in looking at a young girls test results (she was sent home), Shaun realizes what's really wrong and races to her home. The parents are angry that he's bothering them after midnight and at first refuse to let him in. Shaun insists he will not leave before seeing their daughter. His diagnosis is correct, and they must rush her to the hospital for surgery to save her life.

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
Bill Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[21]

Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver. They can't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort. Problems keep coming one after the other; first, the liver's temperature went above the required maximum, forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store, where they cool it by submerging it in slush. As they proceed with their journey, Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot. With only two hours of viability left, the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe, to protect it from the ice bath. Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list. Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and the future patients, the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list. To their dismay, Shaun and Claire arrive back, only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital.

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[22]

Through an ultrasound, an expectant woman's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome, making surgery a high risk. Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin. Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby. During surgery, there is a complication; a blood clot at the artery in her heart. Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery; that way she won't have an heart attack, which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she's carrying a baby boy. With a patient needing a boil lanced, Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case, as a punishment for being late. The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress; she doesn't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day. They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath. The fabroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals. Therefore, the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve; hence, losing all feeling in her genitals. Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals.

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[23]

Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve, forming a bond with him. The boy's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm; unbeknownst to Evan, he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma. Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes, Shaun decides to lie, attempting to perform a bone marrow aspiration, but he is caught red-handed by the parents. Subsequently, Evan starts coughing out blood, sending him to the OR. While on the operating table, Dr. Neil Menendez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized, undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer. The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 55-year old man, brought to the hospital by his estranged son, with an allergy causing him to have convulsions. Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus, a cyst form of tapeworms. Saddened by Evan's fate, which Evan has in fact known about the whole time, Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird, a book of Steve's that he never finished reading before he died.

6
"Not Fake"
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
10.60[24]

Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Dr. Kalu tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated, or have an artificial bone inserted. The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man's parent and his soon-to-be bride.

7
"22 Steps"
David Straiton
Johanna Lee
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
10.14[25]

Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused in the previous episode. On the other hand, Dr. Kalu gets a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die; in order to give him hope on life, Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment, to no avail in which the latter finally lets him sign the DNR.

8
"Apple"
Nestor Carbonell
David Renaud
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
9.97[26]

While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.

9
"Intangibles"
Bronwen Hughes
Karen Struck
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
9.25[27]

The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Dr. Browne and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the "flirting trifecta". Meanwhile, Dr. Browne along with a lab tech search for a tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.

10
"Sacrifice"
Michael Patrick Jann
Lloyd Gilyard Jr.
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
9.03[28]

In Glassman's office Shaun sees the therapist hired to help him with in-home visits. He reluctantly agrees to meet with her, but changes his mind after meeting a new patient, Bobby Ato, who convinces him to stop letting people tell him what to do. Ato is a champion gamer, who is in St. Bonaventure for surgery to repair torn ligaments in his left arm. After an MRI, cancer is discovered, making an additional surgery much more complicated and results in doubt. Shaun avoids meeting with his therapist by sleeping in the hospital custodian's closet at night. Finally, a confrontation with Glassman in the hospital lobby leads to a meltdown by Shaun, causing him to strike Glassman in the face and run out of the hospital. Meanwhile, Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with a new doctor, Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her. After telling Jared about it, he confronts the doctor and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. Later, Dr. Melendez and Jessica have dinner with her father. In a tense situation, Melendez criticizes Mr. Preston as living off his money instead of contributing to society. When Preston offers to pay for their wedding so Jessica can quit her job and start a family, an angry Melendez calls him a "parasite." The next day Melendez apologizes to Jessica for his remarks and learns that she doesn't want to have children.

11
"Islands Part One"[29]
TBA
TBA
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
TBD

12
"Islands Part Two"[29]
TBA
TBA
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[30] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[31][32] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[33] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[34]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[35] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[36]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[6] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[4] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger;[7] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[10] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun.[12] He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[9] With the series order in May, Modu's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu; Harper's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews; and Schiff's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman.[35] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[38][39] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and is set to conclude on March 1, 2018.[40] Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose, California, the real San Jose is rarely seen.[41] In one of those scenes, a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction.[41]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[42]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[43] and on CTV in Canada.[44] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[45] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[46] . Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018. [47]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[48] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[49] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[50] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[51]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[52]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[19]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[53]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[20]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[54]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[21]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[55]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[22]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[56]

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[23]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[57]

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[24]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[58]

7
"22 Steps"
November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.14[25]
1.9
6.92
3.8
17.14[59]

8
"Apple"
November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[26]
1.8
6.98
3.6
16.99[60]

9
"Intangibles"
November 27, 2017
1.7/7
9.25[27]
1.8
6.66
3.5
15.91[61]

10
"Sacrifice"
December 4, 2017
1.7/7
9.03[28]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[62] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[63] According to TV Guide's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week.[64]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 55% approval rating with an average rating of 5.35/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[65] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[66]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[67]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [68]

text: Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair (magazine) says: "... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him..." Bradley feels that Highmore's perfomance has been "the central key" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. [69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Freddie Highmore
Pending
[70]