document_title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

question_text: where is tarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah shooting

text: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: Plot Summary[edit]

text: Gokuldham Society is a residential society in Powder Galli, Goregaon, Mumbai with four wings: A Wing, B Wing, C Wing and D Wing. Although the society has more than 50 flats, the show revolves around the lives of eight families:

text: Jethalal Champaklal Gada, an electronics shop-owner from Kachchh district, Gujarat, and his wife Daya, father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada and son Tipendra (Tapu). Residents of B Wing. He often lands in trouble and takes help of his best friend, Taarak Mehta, and hence calls him as his personal "Fire Brigade".

text: The narrator, Taarak Mehta works for a trading company and is a column-writer-writer and his wife Anjali, a disciplined dietician who are from Gujarat. Residents of B Wing.

text:
The society's secretary, Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide, a home tutor from Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, his wife Madhavi, a business woman and daughter Sonalika (Sonu). Residents of A Wing.
Dr. Hansraj Hathi, the resident doctor from Bihar, his wife Komal and son Gulabkumar (Goli). Residents of A Wing.

text: Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi, a car mechanic from Amritsar, Punjab and his Parsi wife, also named Roshan and their son Gurucharan (Gogi). Residents of A Wing.

text: Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer, a Tamil scientist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu and his Bengali wife Babita from Kolkata, West Bengal. Residents of C Wing.

text: Patrakaar Popatlal Bhagwatiprasad Pandey, from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. He works as a crime reporter in Toofan Express. Has won many awards, the most important being "The Golden Crow Award". Resident of C Wing. Bachelor from years, is obsessed about his marriage. Has his name in end number of marriage bureaus, but is bachelor till date.

text: Pankaj Diwan Sahay  also called Pinku, part of the Tapu sena and resides in another society(Gulmohar Apartments) (the Tapu sena didn’t know about his personal background since the start of 2018).

text: There are also other recurring characters including Sundarlal (brother of Jethalal's wife Daya, from Ahmedabad, Gujarat) and his friends. Abdul, the shopkeeper of the provision store located outside the society entrance, reporter Rita Shrivastav from 'Kal Tak' a news channel, Inspector Chalu Pandey, Asit Kumarr Modi as himself, Jethalal's shop assistants - Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala (Natu Kaka), his nephew Baagheshwar Dadu Udhaiwala (Baagha), who are often bent on doing the wrong job and Baagha's fiancée Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria.

text: The members of the society and other characters have a good psychological bond of love and sympathy for one another that makes them live like members of one family. They are often seen celebrating festivals and participating in events together. Although they are shown to live the lives of typical Indian families, the characters, more often than not Jethalal Gada, tend to find themselves in trouble, cropping up from routine activities that intensify in a comical manner.

text: The quirks of the individual characters seek to enhance the humour quotient of the show. Whatever the nature of the problem that a member of the society encounters, all the other members stand by them to extend every possible help. In an episode, the resolution of the problem that a character faces is usually followed by a moral message at the end by Taarak Mehta, which is meant for all the characters of the show as well as the viewers.

text: The Tapu Sena[edit]

text: The Tapu Sena is a five-member group of children residing in Gokuldham Society (expect Pinku, who lives in a different society): Tapu (the leader of Tapu Sena), Goli, Gogi, Pinku and Sonu. These children have played significant roles, providing a fun young tone to the show. Usually, the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the society because of their mischief, while at other times, it draws praises from the members by doing something laudable. The society secretary, Atmaram Tukaram Bhide is especially annoyed with the Tapu Sena for playing cricket in the society compound as sometimes they break the window glasses, or just cause a problem as shown in some episodes. Since the beginning of the show, the Tapu Sena has, with their childlike activities, characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children. As the children grow up and mature, the stories are tailored to suit their ages.[3][4]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Dilip Joshi as Jethalal Champaklal Gada
Disha Vakani as Daya Jethalal Gada
Bhavya Gandhi as Tipendra Jethalal Gada (Tapu) (2008–2017)
Raj Anadkat as Tipendra Jethalal Gada (Tapu) (2017–present)
Amit Bhatt as Champaklal Jayantilal Gada
Shailesh Lodha as Taarak Mehta
Neha Mehta as Anjali Taarak Mehta
Tanuj Mahashabde as Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer
Munmun Dutta as Babita Krishnan Iyer
Mandar Chandwadkar as Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide
Sonalika Joshi as Madhvi Aatmaram Bhide
Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide (Sonu) (2008–2012)
Nidhi Bhanushali as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide (Sonu) (2012–present)
Gurucharan Singh as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi (2008–2013, 2014–present)
Laad Singh Maan as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi (2013–2014)
Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi (2008–2013, 2016–present)
Dilkhush Reporter as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi (2013–2016)
Samay Shah as Gurcharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi (Gogi)
Nirmal Soni as Dr. Hansraj Hathi (2008–2009, 2018–present)
Kavi Kumar Azad as Dr. Hansraj Hathi (2009–2018) [5]
Ambika Ranjankar as Komal Hansraj Hathi
Kush Shah as Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi (Goli)
Shyam Pathak as Popatlal Pandey
Sharad Sankla as Abdul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Azhar Shaikh as Pankaj Diwan Sahay (Pinku)
Ghanashyam Nayak as  Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala (Nattu Kaka)
Tanmay Vekaria as Bagheshwar Dadukh Udhaiwala (Bagha)
Monika Bhadoriya as Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria (Bawri)
Mayur Vakani as Sundarlal
Priya Ahuja Rajda as Reporter Rita Shrivastav
Daya Shankar Pandey as Inspector Chalu Pandey

text: Production and promotion[edit]

text: The major part of the shooting is done in Mumbai. However, some parts of the show have also been shot in places such as Gujarat, New Delhi, Goa and in foreign locations such as London, Brussels, Paris and Hong Kong.[6]

text: To celebrate Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah completing 1,000 episodes on 6 November 2012,[7] the director "decided to shoot the film on a different canvas as he does not want the audience to feel that they are watching yet another episode of the serial."[8]

text: In October 2013, Joshi and Vakani participated in a promotional event held in New Jersey at the Expo Center.[9]

text: In February 2015, Joshi, Vakani, and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare awards to promote the 'Clean India' campaign.[10]

text: Reception and impact[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 2010, the show beat Balika Vadhu to become the most watched television programme in India. The show has constantly achieved high ratings throughout its run, irrespective of the Indian Premier League. In the first week of 2017, the show stood in fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings. In the fourth week, the show entered the top five and stood in fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings. In March 2017, the show remained within the top five shows urban rural metrics. In the 25th week of 2017, the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings. In the 26th week of 2017, the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings. It is the longest running scripted show on Indian television.In the 1st week of 2018 the show topped the trp chart with 6961 tvt ratings.[11][better source needed]

text: Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage, Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016.

text: Special episodes[edit]

text:
C.I.D. on Sony TV and SAB TV. The Episodes were named as Mahasangam.
With Harsh Khasale

text: Awards[edit]

text: Indian Television Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2008

Best Actress-Comedy

Disha Vakani[12]

Won

2009

Best Actress-Comedy[13]

Won

Best Serial–Comedy[13]

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

2010

Best Serial-Comedy[14]

Won

2012

Best Actor-Comedy

Dilip Joshi[15]

Won

2013

The ITA Scroll Of Honour[16]

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

2014

Best Actor-Comedy

Dilip Joshi[17]

Won

Best Actress-Comedy

Disha Vakani[18]

Won

2015

Best Show - Comedy

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

2016

Best Serial- Comedy

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

text: Indian Telly Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2009

Best Actor in a Comic Role (Male)

Dilip Joshi[19]

Won

Best Actor in a Comic Role (Female)

Disha Vakani[19]

Won

Best Sitcom[19]

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

Best Sitcom Writer

Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay[19]

Won

2010

Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role (Male)

Dilip Joshi[20]

Won

Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role (Female)

Disha Vakani[20]

Won

Most Popular Child Artist (Male)

Bhavya Gandhi[20]

Won

Best Sitcom[20]

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

Best Sitcom Writer

Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay[20]

Won

2012

Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role (Male)

Dilip Joshi[21]

Won

Best Actress in a Comic Role (Jury)

Disha Vakani[21]

Won

Best Sitcom[21]

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

2013

 Actress in a Comic Role (Jury)

Disha Vakani[22]

Won

Best Director (Sitcom)

Harshad Joshi and Malav Rajda[22]

Won

Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role

Dilip Joshi[22]

Won

Best Sitcom / Comedy Program[22]

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

text: Star Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2011

Best Actor in a Drama Series

Dilip Joshi

Won

2013

Best Comedy Series

Neela Tele Films Private Limited

Won

text: Other awards[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

2011

Global Honours

Best Actor in a Comic Role (Male)[23]

Won


document_title: Let's Get It On

question_text: who played bass on lets get it on

question_tokens: who played bass on lets get it on

root

text: Let's Get It On

text: Background[edit]

text: In the spring of 1972, Marvin Gaye was suffering from writer's block.[1] Following the release of his most commercially successful album up to that point, What's Going On (1971), and the soundtrack album to the blaxploitation film Trouble Man (1972), Gaye had struggled to come up with new material after Motown Records had renegotiated a new contract with him. The contract provided him with more creative control over his recordings. The deal was worth $1 million, making him the highest-earning soul artist, as well as the highest-earning black artist, at the time.[2] He was also struggling with deciding whether or not to relocate to Los Angeles, following Motown-CEO Berry Gordy's move of the record label and replacement of the Detroit-based Hitsville U.S.A. (Motown Studio A) recording studio with the Hitsville West studio in Los Angeles. Amid relocation and his lack of material, Gaye was struggling with his conscience, as well as dealing with expectations from his wife, Gordy's sister Anna. Gaye's separation from Gordy pressured him emotionally. During this time, he had also been attempting to cope with past issues that had stemmed from his childhood.[1]

tag: p

text: During his childhood, Gaye had been physically abused by his preacher father Marvin Gay, Sr., who disciplined his son under extremely moralistic and fundamentalist Christian teachings. As a result, the meaning and practice of sex had later become a disturbing question for Gaye. As an adult, he suffered with sexual impotence and became plagued by sadomasochistic fantasies, which haunted him in his dreams and provoked some guilt in his conscience. According to Gaye's biographer David Ritz, "his view of sex was unsettled, tormented, riddled with pain".[3] Gaye learned to cope with his personal issues with a newly found spirituality. He began incorporating his new outlook into his music, as initially expressed through the socially conscious album What's Going On, along with promotional photos of him wearing a kufi in honor of African traditional religions and his faith.[1]

text: By winning over record executives with the success of What's Going On, Gaye attained more creative control, which he would use, following his brief separation from wife Anna Gordy, to record an album that was meant to surface themes beyond sex.[3] As with What's Going On, Gaye wanted to have a deeper meaning than the general theme that was used to portray it; in the case of the former, politics, and with its follow-up effort, love and romance, which would be used by Gaye as a metaphor for God's love.[3] In his book Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye, David Ritz wrote of Gaye and the musical inspiration behind Gaye's second landmark record:

text: If the most profound soul songs are prayers in secular dress, Marvin's prayer is to reconcile the ecstasy of his early religious epiphany with a sexual epiphany. The hope for such a reconciliation, the search for sexual healing, is what drives his art ... The paradox is this: The sexiest of Marvin Gaye's work is also his most spiritual. That's the paradox of Marvin himself. In his struggle to wed body and soul, in his exploration of sexual passion, he expresses the most human of hungers—the hunger for God. In those songs of loss and lament—the sense of separation is heartbreaking. On one level, the separation is between man and woman. On a deeper level, the separation is between man and God.[4]

text: In the album's liner notes, Gaye explained his views on the themes of sex and love, stating "I can't see anything wrong with sex between consenting anybodies. I think we make far too much of it. After all, one's genitals are just one important part of the magnificent human body ... I contend that SEX IS SEX and LOVE IS LOVE. When combined, they work well together, if two people are of about the same mind. But they are really two discrete needs and should be treated as such. Time and space will not permit me to expound further, especially in the area of the psyche. I don't believe in overly moralistic philosophies. Have your sex, it can be exciting, if you're lucky. I hope the music that I present here makes you lucky."[5]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Gaye proceeded to record some more politically conscious material at the Golden World Records studio, known as Motown's Studio B, as well as the preliminary vocals and instrumentation for some of the material to be featured on Let's Get It On.[6] Following the earlier sessions in Detroit at Golden World, Gaye recorded at Hitsville West in Los Angeles from February to July 1973.[6] Accompanied by an experienced group of session musicians called The Funk Brothers, who had contributed to Gaye's What's Going On, and received their first official credit, Gaye recorded the unreleased songs "The World is Rated X" and "Where Are We Going" and the single "You're the Man" (1972) at Golden World.[6] "Where Are We Going" was later covered by trumpeter Donald Byrd. Gaye had planned the release of an album titled You're the Man, but it was later shelved for unknown reasons. The songs that were to be included on it, along with other unreleased recordings from Hitsville West and Golden World, were later featured on the 2001 re-release of Let's Get It On.[7]

text: The album's first recording, "Let's Get It On", was composed by Gaye with friend and former Motown label mate Ed Townsend.[1] It was originally written by Gaye as a religious ode to life, but Motown singer-songwriter Kenneth Stover re-wrote it as a more political first draft.[1] Upon hearing Gaye's preliminary mix of Stover's draft, Townsend protested and claimed that the song would be better suited with sexual and romantic overtones, particularly "about making sweet love."[8] Gaye and Townsend rewrote the song's lyrics together with the original arrangements and musical accompaniment of the demo intact. The lyrics were inspired by Janis Hunter, whom Gaye had become infatuated with after meeting each other through Ed Townsend during the initial sessions.[1] Townsend has cited Hunter's presence during the album's recording as an inspiration for Gaye.[9] Gaye's intimate relationship with Hunter subsequently became the basis for his 1976 album I Want You.[10] While recording the title track, he was inspired to revive unfinished recordings from his 1970 sessions at the Hitsville U.S.A. Studio.[1]

text: Townsend assisted Gaye with producing the rest of the album, whose recording took place at several sessions throughout 1970 to 1973.[6] They worked on four songs together, including the ballad "If I Should Die Tonight", while Gaye composed most of the other songs, including those from past sessions.[7] "Just to Keep You Satisfied" was originally recorded by several Motown groups, including The Originals and The Monitors, as a song dedicated to long-standing love.[7] With re-recording the song, he had re-written the arrangement and lyrics to address the demise of his volatile marriage to Anna Gordy Gaye, who happened to be the original song's co-writer.[1] The background vocals for the album were sung by Gaye, with the exception of "Just to Keep You Satisfied", which were done by The Originals.[7] Most of the instrumentation for the album was done by members of The Funk Brothers, including bassist James Jamerson, guitarists Robert White and Eddie Willis, and percussionist Eddie "Bongo" Brown. Gaye also contributed on piano during the sessions.[7]

text: Music and lyrics[edit]

text:
"Come Get to This"

"Come Get to This", the doo-wop influenced single
"You Sure Love to Ball"

"You Sure Love to Ball", the album's most sexually overt song
Problems playing these files? See media help.

tag: table

text: "Let's Get It On" features soulful, passionate lead vocals and multi-tracked background singing, both by Gaye.[11] It has a 1950s-styled melody and begins with three wah-wah guitar notes and centers on simple chord changes, while its arrangements are centered on an eccentric rhythm pattern.[11] Its signature guitar line is played by session musician Don Peake.[12] Music journalist Jon Landau dubs the song "a classic Motown single, endlessly repeatable and always enjoyable".[11] The song is reprised on the fourth track, "Keep Gettin' It On". It expands on the title track's sensual theme with political overtones: "won't you rather make love, children / as opposed to war, like you know you should."[11]

text: "Distant Lover" has Gaye crooning over serene instrumentation, leading to soulful screams near the end; from a heartbroken croon to an impassioned wail.[13] The song's lyrics chronicled the yearning its narrator feels for a lover who is "so many miles away", as he pleads for her return and laments the emptiness he feels without her.[13] Music writer Donarld A. Guarisco later wrote of the song's sound, in that "Marvin Gaye's studio recording enhances the dreamy style of the song with stately horn and strings, tumbling drum fills that gently nudge the song along, and mellow, doo wop-styled background vocals that echo "love her, you love her" under his romantic pleas.[13] The song later became a concert favorite for Gaye and a live concert version, featuring female fans screaming in the background, was released as a single from his Marvin Gaye Live! album in 1974.[13]

text: "You Sure Love to Ball" is one of Gaye's most sexually overt and controversial singles, with its intro and outro featuring moaning sounds made by a man and woman engaged in sex.[14] The sexual-explicit and risqué nature of the album's content were, at the time, controversial, and the recording of such an album was deemed as a commercial risk by Motown A&R's (Artists and Repertoire) and label executives.[14]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsRetrospective reviewsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[15]Chicago Tribune[16]Christgau's Record GuideA−[17]Encyclopedia of Popular Music[18]Music Story[19]MusicHound R&B4/5[20]Q[21]The Rolling Stone Album Guide[22]

text: Released on August 28, 1973, Let's Get It On surpassed Gaye's previous studio effort, What's Going On, as the best-selling record of his tenure with Motown.[15] The album peaked at number two on the US Billboard Top LPs chart, succeeded by The Rolling Stones's Goats Head Soup (1973),[23] while it also managed to reach number one in Cash Box for one week, as well as two weeks at the top of Record World's music charts.[24] Let's Get It On charted for 61 weeks on the Billboard charts,[25] and remained at the top of the Billboard Soul Albums for 11 weeks, becoming the best-selling soul album of 1973.[26]

text: Two of the album's singles reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100, including "Let's Get It On", which became Gaye's second number-one US single, and the top-30 hit "Come Get to This", which peaked at number 23 on the chart.[27] The album's third single, "You Sure Love to Ball", charted at number 50 on the Hot 100 and at number 13 on the Soul Singles chart.[27] Along with the album's music and sexual content, Let's Get It On's commercial success and promotion helped establish Marvin Gaye as a sex icon, while helping further expand his artistic control during his tenure at Motown.[28] This commercial success also lead to a much publicized tour for Gaye to promote Let's Get It On and expand on his repertoire as a live performer.[26] Successful concert performances of the album's material helped Gaye gain an increasing popularity and fan base in the pop market, while earning him a reputation as one of the top live performers of the time.[26] His performance at the Oakland Coliseum during the 1973-1974 tour was released on the 1974 LP Live!, which would serve as Gaye's only release during his sabbatical period in the mid-1970s.[29]

text: Let's Get It On received positive reviews from music critics. Billboard called it "fine in terms of vocal attack and material [...] touches on the excellent in terms of instrumental support", while citing the title track and "Distant Lover" as the album's best recordings.[25] Jon Landau of Rolling Stone found Gaye's performance on-par with that of What's Going On and wrote that "he continues to transmit that same degree of intensity, sending out near cosmic overtones while eloquently phrasing the sometimes simplistic lyrics".[11] Although he viewed that it "lacks that album's series of highpoints", Landau commented that "it ebbs and flows, occasionally threatening to spend itself on an insufficiency of ideas, but always retrieved, just in time, by Gaye's performance. From first note to last, he keeps pushing and shoving, and if he sometimes takes one step back for every two ahead, he gets there just the same — and with style and spirit to spare".[11] In Creem magazine, Robert Christgau called the record "post-Al Green What's Going On, which means it's about fucking rather than the human condition, thank the wholly holey".[30]

text: Since its initial reception, Let's Get It On has been viewed by writers as a milestone in soul music.[22] In The Best Rock 'n' Roll Records of All Time, Jimmy Guterman writes that the album was "a bit more conventional musically (soul crossing into mild funk) and much more focused lyrically than its predecessor, What's Going On".[25] Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot commended Gaye for using "the multi-tracked vocals perfected on 'What's Going On', this time to convey his most intimate desires", commenting that "while the album is replete with erotic imagery, both implied and explicit, it is also as much preoccupied with distance and unfulfilled need".[16] Jason Ankeny of Allmusic called it "a record unparalleled in its sheer sensuality and carnal energy", writing that "Gaye's passions reach their boiling point [...] With each performance laced with innuendo, each lyric a come-on, and each rhythm throbbing with lust, perhaps no other record has ever achieved the kind of sheer erotic force of Let's Get It On".[15] Ankeny also dubbed it "one of the most sexually charged albums ever recorded."[28] Allmusic's Lindsay Planer cites it as a "hedonistic R&B masterpiece."[7] BBC Music's Daryl Easlea found Gaye "in supreme command of his material", and viewed it as "much more than an album about simple lust", but an "iconic, rapturous work".[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Much like What's Going On, Let's Get It On has been included in a significant number of "best album" lists by critics and publications.[19] It was ranked number 58 on The Times's 1993 publication of the 100 Best Albums of All Time.[32] Blender magazine ranked the album number 15 on its list of the 100 Greatest American Albums of All Time.[19] In 2003, it was ranked number 165 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time publication, his second highest entry on the list,[33] as well as one of three Marvin Gaye albums to be included; What's Going On (number 6) and Here, My Dear (number 462).[34] Let's Get It On was reissued that same year by Universal Music; the re-release was later given a silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry.[35] In 2004, Let's Get It On was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and cited by The Recording Academy as a recording of "historical significance".[36]

text:
Publication

Country

Accolade[19]

Year

Rank

Bill Shapiro

United States

The Top 100 Rock Compact Discs

1991

*

Blender

The 100 Greatest American Albums of All time

2002

15

Dave Marsh & Kevin Stein

The 40 Best of Album Chartmakers by Year

1981

6

Elvis Costello (Vanity Fair, Issue No. 483)

500 Albums You Need

2005

*

Infoplease.com

Must-Have Recordings

1998

*

Jimmy Guterman

The 100 Best Rock and Roll Records of All Time

1992

27

Kitsap Sun

Top 200 Albums of the Last 40 Years

2005

67

Paul Gambaccini

The World Critics Best Albums of All Time

1987

84

The Recording Academy

Grammy Hall of Fame Albums and Songs

2004

*

Robert Dimery

1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die

2005

*

Rolling Stone (Steve Pond)

Steve Pond's 50 (+27) Essential Albums of the 70s

1990

39

Rolling Stone

The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

2003

165

Vibe

51 Albums representing a Generation, a Sound and a Movement

2004

*

Hot Press

Ireland

The 100 Best Albums of All Time

1989

32

Mojo

United Kingdom

Mojo 1000, the Ultimate CD Buyers Guide

2001

*

NME

All Times Top 100 Albums

1985

46

NME

All Times Top 100 Albums + Top 50 by Decade

1993

145

The New Nation

Top 100 Albums by Black Artists

2005

27

Sounds

The 100 Best Albums of All Time

1986

24

The Times

The 100 Best Albums of All Time

1993

58

Time Out

The 100 Best Albums of All Time

1989

3

The Wire

The 100 Most Important Records Ever Made

1992

*

Adresseavisen

Norway

The 100 (+23) Best Albums of All Time

1995

101

Pop

Sweden

The World's 100 Best Albums + 300 Complements

1994

101

OOR

Netherlands

Albums of the Year

1973

41

VPRO

Netherlands

299 Nominations of the Best Album of All Time

2006

*

Spex

Germany

The 100 Albums of the Century

1999

93

Rock de Lux

Spain

The 100 Best Albums of the 1970s

1988

39

Rock de Lux

The 200 Best Albums of All Time

2002

53

(*) designates lists that are unordered.

text: Legacy and influence[edit]

text: Because of the album and its singles' initial sales and response, Let's Get It On marked a change and transition in sound and production for Motown, which had previously enjoyed success with its trademark "Motown Sound". The label's well-known sound, however, was beginning to fade in popularity among the majority of R&B and soul listeners, while experiencing commercial pressure from contemporary styles that incorporated more diverse elements, such as Philly soul and funk.[9] The Motown sound was typified by characteristics such as the use of tambourines to accent the back beat, prominent and often melodic electric bass guitar lines, distinctive melodic and chord structures, and a call and response singing style that originated in gospel music. In addition, pop production techniques were simpler than that of Gaye's 1970s concept albums. Complex arrangements and elaborate, melismatic vocal riffs were avoided by Motown musicians.[9] Following his breakthrough with What's Going On, an "experiment in collating a pseudo-classical suite of free-flowing songs",[37] Gaye used his artistic control to modify the sound and incorporate funky instrumentation, melismatic vocalization, and heavy vocal multi-tracking, in much contrast to the established production style at the label. In contrast to Motown's previously successful process of emphasizing an artist's single releases rather than their album, Gaye and fellow producer Ed Townsend followed a similar formula previously used on What's Going On, in which the album's songs flow together in a suite-form arrangement,[38] opposing label CEO Berry Gordy's strong emphasis on hit single success.[37]

text: The album also affirmed Gaye's influence over later R&B styles and artists.[22] Gaye's change of musical style and production soon became contemporary and popular, prior to the disco era of the late 1970s. Several successful Motown artists, including Lionel Richie and Rick James, were influenced by many of the elements of Gaye's recording style for their work in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[9] The slow jam sound and contemporary R&B production in general were greatly influenced by the album's use of vocal multi-tracking and instrumentation. Allmusic calls the album "the blueprint for all of the slow jams to follow decades later — much copied, but never imitated."[28] Renown engineer Russell Elevado's work in the neo soul genre, including his production for D'Angelo's Voodoo (2000) and Erykah Badu's Mama's Gun (2000), has been influenced by Gaye's and Townsend's production techniques and sound.[9][39]

text: The music atmosphere of the 1970s was heavily influenced by its success and sexual content, as its sexual-explicitness bent creative barriers in the music industry and led to an increased popularity of sexual themes in music at the time.[9] Music writer Rob Bowman later cited Let's Get It On as "one of the most erotic recordings known to mankind."[25] The album's success helped spark a series of similarly styled releases by such smooth soul artists as Barry White (Can't Get Enough), Smokey Robinson (A Quiet Storm) and Earth, Wind & Fire (That's the Way of the World).[9] The commercial success of such recording artists led to a change of trend from socially conscious aesthetics to more mainstream, sensually themed music.[40] Gaye himself experienced subsequent success with his follow-up release I Want You (1976), featuring more sexually explicit lyrics and expanded use of vocal multi-tracking, and with Here, My Dear (1978), which he based entirely on his tumultuous marriage to Anna Gordy.[9] In an interview with music author Michael Eric Dyson, hip hop artist Q-Tip discussed the album's influence and significance to its time period, stating:

text: Although there was a 'conscious' revolution, there was also a great sexual revolution ... I think Let's Get It On was Marvin wanting to make commentary on what was happening. I think there was a big 'love-in' that was going on. And with him quoting T.S. Elliot [in his liner notes, that life amounts to "Birth, copulation and death"], and the young lady moaning [on the album], we hadn't heard that before. That was another first, as well as him capturing erotica like that, and weaving it into the music the way he did; it was mind blowing. I think it was a natural progression, because we were having a revolution with our minds, and then with our bodies at that time.[40]

text: Following the success of funk records such as Sly and the Family Stone's There's a Riot Goin' On (1971) and James Brown's late 1960s and early 1970s singles, Gaye's Let's Get It On helped further the funk genre's reach and influence in the music industry, as well as increase its mainstream appeal. Several contemporary R&B musicians, such as Prince, D'Angelo, and R. Kelly, were greatly influenced by its vintage sound and seductive themes, incorporating much of Gaye's musical style into their music.[9]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Original LP[edit]

text: Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Let's Get It On"Marvin Gaye, Ed Townsend4:442."Please Stay (Once You Go Away)"Gaye, Townsend3:323."If I Should Die Tonight"Gaye, Townsend3:574."Keep Gettin' It On"Gaye, Townsend3:12

text: Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Come Get to This"Gaye2:402."Distant Lover"Gaye, Gwen Gordy, Sandra Greene4:153."You Sure Love to Ball"Gaye4:434."Just to Keep You Satisfied"Gaye, Anna Gordy Gaye, Elgie Stover4:35

text: Deluxe edition[edit]

text: On September 18, 2001, Let's Get It On was reissued by Motown as a two-disc deluxe edition release, featuring 24-bit digital remastering of the original album's recordings, previously unissued material and a 24-page booklet which contains the original LP liner notes by Marvin Gaye, as well as essays from Gaye biographers David Ritz and Ben Edmonds.[7]

text:
Original album & sessions (Disc one)
"Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 4:51
"Please Stay (Once You Go Away)" (Gaye, Townsend) – 3:27
"If I Should Die Tonight" (Gaye, Townsend) – 4:01
"Keep Getting' It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 3:13
"Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:41
"Distant Lover" (Gaye, G. Gordy, Greene) – 4:17
"You Sure Love to Ball" (Gaye) – 4:46
"Just to Keep You Satisfied" (Gaye, Gordy-Gaye, Stover) – 4:27
"Song #3" (instrumental) (Van dePitte, Gaye) – 5:28
"My Love Is Growing" (Gaye) – 4:20
"Cakes" (Van dePitte, Gaye) – 3:14
"Symphony" (undubbed version) (Gaye, Robinson) – 2:51
"I'd Give My Life for You" (alternate mix) (Gaye) – 3:29
"I Love You Secretly" (The Miracles version) (Gaye, Gordy-Gaye, E. Stover) – 4:18
"You're the Man" (alternate version 1) (K. Stover, Gaye) – 7:24
"You're the Man" (alternate version 2) (K. Stover, Gaye) – 4:44
"Symphony" (demo vocal) (Gaye, Robinson) – 2:48

Demos, alternate mixes & more (Disc two)
"Let's Get It On" (demo) (Gaye, Townsend) – 5:12
"Let's Get It On, Pt. 2" (a.k.a. "Keep Gettin' It On") (Gaye, Townsend) – 3:13
"Please Stay (Once You Go Away)" (alternate mix) (Gaye, Townsend) – 3:52
"If I Should Die Tonight" (demo) (Gaye, Townsend) – 4:13
"Come Get to This" (alternate mix) (Gaye) – 3:07
"Distant Lover" (alternate mix) (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 4:32
"You Sure Love to Ball" (alternate mix w/alternate vocal) (Gaye) – 5:06
"Just to Keep You Satisfied" (a capella w/alternate vocal) (Gaye, Gordy-Gaye, Stover) – 4:38
"Just to Keep You Satisfied" (The Originals 1970 version) (Gaye, Gordy-Gaye, Stover) – 4:00
"Just to Keep You Satisfied" (The Monitors 1968 version) (Gaye, Gordy-Gaye, Stover) – 3:10
"Where Are We Going?" (alternate mix) (Gordon, Mizell) – 3:56
"The World Is Rated X" (alternate mix) (Bolton, Bolton, Gordy, McLeod) – 3:52
"I'm Gonna Give You Respect" (Hutch) – 2:56
"Try It, You'll Like It" (Hutch, Wakefield) – 3:57
"You Are That Special One" (Hutch) – 3:38
"We Can Make It Baby" (Hutch) – 3:22
"Running from Love" (instrumental version 1) (Bohannon, Gaye, Henderson) – 3:47
"Mandota" (Bohannon, Gaye) – 3:26
"Running from Love" (instrumental version 2) (Bohannon, Gaye, Henderson) – 3:54
"Come Get to This" (live from Oakland) (Gaye) – 3:00

text: 2002 remaster bonus tracks[edit]

text: showTrack listingNo.TitleLength9."Let's Get It On (Single Edit)"4:0410."You Sure Love To Ball (Single Mix)"3:35

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Arrangement, Conduction (Orchestra): David Van De Pitte (tracks: 5 to 6, 8), Gene Page (track: 5), René Hall (tracks: 1 to 4), David Blumberg (track: 7)
Bass: James Jamerson, Wilton Felder
Bongos: Bobbye Hall Porter
Bongos, Drums: Eddie "Bongo" Brown
Drums: Paul Humphrey, Uriel Jones
Engineer: William McKeekin, Art Stewart, Steve Smith, Lawrence Miles, Cal Harris
Guitar: David T. Walker, Eddie Willis, Lewis Shelton, Melvin Ragin, Robert White, Don Peake
Percussion (Mallettes): Emil Richards
Percussion (Special Treatment): Bobbye Hall Porter, Ernie Watts, Plas Johnson
Piano: Joe Sample, Marvin Gaye, Marvin Jerkins
Photography: Jim Britt, Motown Archives
Production, lead vocals, background vocals: Marvin Gaye, except where noted:
Background vocals: The Originals ("Just to Keep You Satisfied")
Co-production: Ed Townsend (tracks: 1 to 4)
Vibraphone: Emil Richards, Victor Feldman

tag: ul

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1973)

Peakposition

US Billboard Top LPs[41]

2

US Billboard Soul LPs[41]

1

Chart (1984)

Peakposition

US Billboard Top 200[41]

127


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series)

question_text: what is the first book of the diary of a wimpy kid series

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series)

text: Background[edit]

text: In January 1998, Diary of a Wimpy Kid officially began, when Kinney brought up an idea about a middle-school weakling named Greg Heffley, who wrote about his personal life. In May 2004, FunBrain and Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid. The website made daily entries until June 2005.[5] He worked on his book for almost eight years, before showing it to a publisher in New York.

text: In February 2006, during the New York Comic Con, Jeff signed a multi-book deal with publisher Harry N. Abrams, Inc., to turn Diary of a Wimpy Kid into a print series.[6]

text: The book became an instant hit, and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2009. Nonetheless, many online readers requested a printed version; Kinney agreed, and in April 2007, Diary of a Wimpy Kid was published.[5] To date, twelve Wimpy Kid books have been released, plus one do-it-yourself book and two movie diaries. In April 2009, TIME named Kinney one of The World's Most Influential People.[7]

text: Chronology[edit]

text:
#
Title
Date
ISBN

1Diary of a Wimpy KidApril 1, 2007ISBN 978-0-8109-9313-6 The introduction to the series introduces the protagonist, Greg Heffley, his best friend Rowley, his middle school problems, Halloween, and the Cheese Touch.

2Rodrick RulesFebruary 1, 2008ISBN 978-0-8109-9473-7 Greg must stop Rodrick from revealing the secrets that had happened last summer.

3The Last StrawJanuary 13, 2009ISBN 978-0-8109-7068-7 When Greg's father threatens to send Greg to a military academy, Greg must find a way to prevent this from happening.

4Dog DaysOctober 12, 2009ISBN 978-0-8109-8391-5 Summer is here, but when the family has not that much money to go to the beach (money is tight at that time), it might not be the best summer ever.

5The Ugly TruthNovember 9, 2010ISBN 978-0-8109-8491-2 Greg is growing up, and he will have to face the challenges of this period (like changing dentists, and a school lock-in).

6Cabin FeverNovember 15, 2011ISBN 978-1-4197-0223-5 The family is stranded in the house as snow begins to fall.

7The Third WheelNovember 13, 2012ISBN 978-1-4197-0584-7 The Valentine's Day dance is coming up, and Greg has no one go with. But when Michael Sampson (Abigail's date) will not be going, things turn around.

8Hard LuckNovember 5, 2013ISBN 978-1-4197-1132-9 Greg's friend count is dropping as Rowley now has a girlfriend, named Abigail (continuing the last book).

9The Long HaulNovember 4, 2014ISBN 978-1-4197-1189-3 This is the family's second summer trip, but instead, it's a road trip. But with the Heffleys, you know what to expect from this disaster.

10Old SchoolNovember 3, 2015ISBN 978-1-4197-1701-7 The neighborhood is going to cut electricity for the weekend, and as the family's car has a fender bender, it forces Greg to go to the farm trip. Will Greg survive the electricity-free days?

11Double DownNovember 1, 2016ISBN 978-1-4197-2344-5 Greg's mom wants him to do something else than video games, so he makes a movie in collaboration with Rowley and joins the music program.

12The GetawayNovember 7, 2017ISBN 978-1-4197-2545-6 Instead of celebrating the holidays at home, Greg and his family head on a tropical vacation to a resort. But what first starts as an relaxing trip, later turns into a Christmas nightmare. Will Greg be able to turn this vacation around?

13The MeltdownOctober 30, 2018ISBN 978-1-4197-2743-6 When a wintry blast closes Greg Heffley’s middle school, it turns his neighborhood into a battleground, complete with snow forts, alliances, betrayals, and epic snowball fights.

text: Supplementary books[edit]

text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid Do-It-Yourself Book (published between Rodrick Rules and The Last Straw) is an activity book that features a blank section encouraging readers to keep their own journal in the style of the books.
The Wimpy Kid Do-It-Yourself Book: Extended Edition (published after Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2 and before Cabin Fever) is the same book as the first Do-It-Yourself Book, but with extra 60 pages and 16 more full-color comics.
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is a book about the making of the first film, which features stills and brand-new illustrations. Jeff Kinney dedicated the book to the film's main stars, Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron.
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2: Rodrick Rules is an updated version of the first book, now featuring stills from the second film Rodrick Rules, more new illustrations, and information on how the second film was made.[verification needed]
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 3: Dog Days is the second updated version of the first book, now adding stills from the third film Dog Days, and information on how this film was made.[verification needed]
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary: The Next Chapter covers how the film The Long Haul was made. It is dedicated to Jason Drucker, the actor who played Greg in that movie.[8]

text: Toys and games[edit]

text: Action figures included a minifigure pack (with Greg, Rowley, and Fregley), a 6-inch Greg Heffley figure, a 6-inch holiday figure based on Cabin Fever, and a Greg and Rodrick plush doll.

text: Audiobooks[edit]

text: Thirteen audiobooks have been released for the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. The first six are read by Ramon de Ocampo and Dan Russell from number seven. They are presented by Recorded Books and distributed by Audible Inc.

text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (April 1, 2007)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (February 1, 2008)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw (January 13, 2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (October 12, 2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly Truth (November 9, 2010)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever (November 15, 2011)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel (November 13, 2012)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck (November 5, 2013)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (November 4, 2014)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School (November 3, 2015)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down (November 1, 2016)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway (November 7, 2017)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Meltdown (October 30, 2018)

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Greg Heffley is a wimpy student, who is the main character and narrator of the series.
Rowley Jefferson is Greg's childish best friend.
Rodrick Heffley is Greg and Manny's older brother, who is rude, and the drummer in his self-titled band, Löded Diper. He usually is noted for playing tricks on Greg.
Manny Heffley is Greg and Rodrick's spoiled younger brother, who is known to be a tattletale.
Susan Heffley is Greg's mother. She often embarrasses Greg.
Frank Heffley is Greg's father. He always wants Greg to do sports and "to become a man," and doesn't like giving up.
Gramma is Greg's grandmother on his mother's side.
Fregley is Greg's weird neighbor and classmate.
Chirag Gupta is one of Greg's friends whom he once played a trick on, pretending Chirag to have been invisible, then later pretended he was going deaf.
Holly Hills is Greg's crush, who once thought he was "Fregley."
Heather Hills is Holly's sister, and was Greg and Rodrick's crush.
Sweetheart otherwise known as Sweetie is the name given to the Heffleys' dog who Greg's dad buys in Dog Days. Later on, they give him to Greg's grandmother who spoils him and when he appears in later books, he is said to be very overweight.
The Heffleys' Pig was won by Manny in The Long Haul . The pig displays high intelligence, and walks upright in a reference to Animal Farm.
Abigail Brown is Rowley's girlfriend in The Third Wheel and in Hard Luck for the majority of pages, however it is later revealed that Abigail only did it to make her previous boyfriend feel bad.
Meemaw is Greg's great-grandmother on his mother's side (only in Hard Luck).
Gammie is Greg's great-grandmother on his father's side.
Vice Principal Roy The Vice Principal at Greg's school. He conducts most of the disciplinary action at his school.
Peepaw is Greg's great grandpa on his mother's side (only in Hard Luck).

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Result

#1 New York Times Best Seller (114 weeks)

Won

2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Book

2009 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Nominated

ALA Notable Book

Won

2010 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Book[9]

2010 Most Favorite Book Around the World

2011 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Book

2012 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

2013 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Nominated

2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Won

2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

2016 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Commercial success[edit]

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid was well received from The Princeton Review, Gold Card Association, The Dallas News, The TRR Editors, The NW Press, and The JJ Printing Company. The New York Times, which ranks children's serials collectively on a "Series Books" bestseller list, has included the Wimpy Kid series for 64 weeks as of August 10, 2015.[10] USA Today, which ranks best sellers based on sales alone regardless of genre or intended audience, has listed Diary of a Wimpy Kid in its top 150, peaking at number 8, for 141 weeks as of April 4, 2010.

text: As of the same date, Rodrick Rules has been on the list for 117 weeks (peaking at number 4), The Last Straw has been on the list for 65 weeks (peaking at number 1), Dog Days has been on the list for all 25 weeks of its publication (peaking at number 1), and The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary has been listed for all three weeks of its publication, peaking at number 2.[11]

text: The series has sold over 194 million books [12][13][14] in more than 30 countries.[15] The series has also generated over $500 million in revenue.[16]

text: Films[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)

text: Jeff Kinney announced that a film based on the first book would be produced by 20th Century Fox. The film was released on March 19, 2010, moved up from an April 2 release date.[17] It was directed by Thor Freudenthal, who also directed Hotel for Dogs. The film starred Zachary Gordon as Greg, Robert Capron as Rowley (Greg's best friend), Steve Zahn as Frank (Greg's father), Rachael Harris as Susan (Greg's mother), Devon Bostick as Rodrick (Greg's older brother), Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny (Greg's younger brother), Chloë Grace Moretz as a new character named Angie, and Grayson Russell as Fregley.[4][18]

text: There is a second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series that was released on March 25, 2011,[19] which was based on the second book Rodrick Rules, with Zachary Gordon returning as Greg Heffley. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules was also filmed in Vancouver, BC, Canada. The film also contains some scenes from The Last Straw.

text: The third film combines the third and fourth books The Last Straw and Dog Days, taking stories from both, but mainly from Dog Days, from which it took its title. The decision to blend the two films was made to keep up with the ages of the actors. The film was released on August 3, 2012.[20]

text: The likelihood of a fourth live action film was slim. Kinney has announced the possibility for an animated film to be based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever as the next installment. In an interview for the latest book Hard Luck, Jeff Kinney stated he was working with Fox on a half-hour special of Cabin Fever, which was to be aired in late 2014,[21][22] but has since been delayed. In September 2016, Jeff Kinney announced officially the production of a fourth film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, on his Twitter account.[23]

text: Musical[edit]

text: A musical titled Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Musical is being produced by the Children's Theatre Company.[24]


document_title: Kilowatt hour

question_text: 1 kw is equal to how many kwh

question_tokens: 1 kw is equal to how many kwh

text: Kilowatt hour

text: Definition[edit]

text:
The kilowatt hour (symbolized kW⋅h as per SI) is a composite unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power sustained for one hour.
One watt is equal to 1 J/s. One kilowatt hour is 3.6 megajoules,[1][2] which is the amount of energy converted if work is done at an average rate of one thousand watts for one hour.

text: The base unit of energy within the International System of Units (SI) is the joule. The hour is a unit of time "outside the SI", making the kilowatt hour a non-SI unit of energy. The kilowatt hour is not listed among the non-SI units accepted by the BIPM for use with the SI, although the hour, from which the kilowatt hour is derived, is.[3]

text: Examples[edit]

text: An electric heater rated at 1000 watts (1 kilowatt), operating for one hour uses one kilowatt hour of energy. A television rated at 100 watts operating for 10 hours continuously uses one kilowatt hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt hour. In terms of human power, a healthy adult male manual laborer will perform work equal to about half a kilowatt hour over an eight hour day.

text: Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt hours. The cost of running an electric device is calculated by multiplying the device's power consumption in kilowatts by the running time in hours and then by the price per kilowatt hour. The unit price of electricity may depend upon the rate of consumption and the time of day. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three.[4]

text: Whereas individual homes only pay for the kilowatt hours consumed, commercial buildings and institutions also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand charges.[5] Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the power factor of their load.

text: Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt hours (TW⋅h) for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. A 365-day year equals to 8,760 hours, therefore over a period of one year, a power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt hour is equal to a sustained power of approximately 114 megawatts for a period of one year.

text: Symbol and abbreviations for kilowatt hour[edit]

text: The symbol "kWh" is commonly used in commercial, educational, scientific and media publications,[6][7] and is the usual practice in electrical power engineering.[8]

text: Other abbreviations and symbols may be encountered:

text:
"kW h" is less commonly used. It is consistent with SI standards.[9] The international standard for SI[3] states that in forming a compound unit symbol, "Multiplication must be indicated by a space or a half-high (centered) dot (⋅), since otherwise some prefixes could be misinterpreted as a unit symbol" (i.e., kW h or kW⋅h). This is supported by a voluntary standard[10] issued jointly by an international (IEEE) and national (ASTM) organization. However, at least one major usage guide[11] and the IEEE/ASTM standard allow "kWh" (but do not mention other multiples of the watt hour). One guide published by NIST specifically recommends avoiding "kWh" "to avoid possible confusion".[12]
"kW⋅h" is, like "kW h", preferred by SI standards, but it is very rarely used in practice.
The US official fuel-economy window sticker for electric vehicles uses the abbreviation "kW-hrs".[13]
Variations in capitalization are sometimes seen: KWh, KWH, kwh, etc.; these are inconsistent with International System of Units.
The notation "kW/h" is not a correct symbol for kilowatt hour, as it denotes kilowatt per hour instead.

text: Conversions[edit]

text: To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect.

text:
joule

watt hour

kilowatt hour

electronvolt

calorie

1 J = 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−2 =

1

2.77778 × 10−4

2.77778 × 10−7

6.241 × 1018

0.239

1 W⋅h =

3.6 × 103

1

0.001

2.247 × 1022

859.8

1 kW⋅h =

3.6 × 106

1,000

1

2.247 × 1025

8.598 × 105

1 eV =

1.602 × 10−19

4.45 × 10−23

4.45 × 10−26

1

3.827 × 10−20

1 cal =

4.2

1.163 × 10−3

1.163 × 10−6

2.613 × 1019

1

text: Watt hour multiples and billing units [edit]

text:
All the SI prefixes are commonly applied to the watt hour:  a kilowatt hour is 1,000 W⋅h (symbols kW⋅h, kWh or kW h; a megawatt hour is 1 million W⋅h, (symbols MW⋅h, MWh or MW h); a milliwatt hour is 1/1000 W⋅h (symbols mW⋅h, mWh or mW h) and so on.
The kilowatt hour is commonly used by electrical distribution providers for purposes of billing, since the monthly energy consumption of a typical residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt hours. Megawatt hours (MWh), gigawatt hours (GWh), and terawatt hours (TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt hour and petawatt hour (PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express the annual electricity generation for whole countries and the world energy consumption.

text:
SI multiples for watt hour (W⋅h)

Submultiples

Multiples

Value
Symbol
Name
Value
Symbol
Name

10−3mW⋅hmilliwatt hour103kW⋅hkilowatt hour10−6µW⋅hmicrowatt hour106MW⋅hmegawatt hour109GW⋅hgigawatt hour1012TW⋅hterawatt hour1015PW⋅hpetawatt hour

text: Petawatt hours can describe the output of nuclear power plants across decades.  For example, the Gravelines nuclear power plant in France became in 2010 the first power plant to ever deliver a cumulative petawatt-hour of electricity.[14][15]

text: Confusion of kilowatt hours (energy) and kilowatts (power)[edit]

text: The terms power and energy are frequently confused.  Power is the rate of delivery of energy. Power is work performed per unit of time. Energy is the work performed (over a period of time).

text: Power is measured using the unit watts, or joules per second. Energy is measured using the unit watt hours, or joules.

text: A common household battery contains energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power level, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power level, the quicker the battery's stored energy is delivered. If the power is higher, the battery's stored energy will be depleted in a shorter time period.

text: For a given period of time, a higher level of power causes more energy to be used. For a given power level, a longer run period causes more energy to be used. For a given amount of energy, a higher level of power causes that energy to be used in less time.

text: Misuse of watts per hour[edit]

text:
Power units measure the rate of energy per unit time. Many compound units for rates explicitly mention units of time, for example,  miles per hour, kilometers per hour, dollars per hour.  Kilowatt hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time.
Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour. It might be used to characterize the ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h. Hydroelectric power plants have a very high ramp-up rate, which makes them particularly useful in peak load and emergency situations.

text: The proper use of terms such as watts per hour is uncommon, whereas misuse[16] may be widespread.

text: Other energy-related units[edit]

text: Several other units are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas.

text: Average annual power production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt hours per year; for example, when comparing the energy efficiency of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year, or the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt hour per year equals about 114.08 milliwatts applied constantly during one year.

text: The energy content of a battery is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in ampere-hours; to convert ampere-hour (A⋅h) to watt hours (W⋅h), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source.  This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide.  In the case of devices that output a different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for Li-ion) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for USB portable chargers).  This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2500 mAh battery, not five hours.

text: The Board of Trade unit (BOTU) is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt hour. The term derives from the name of the Board of Trade which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the Ministry of Power took over.[17]

text: The British thermal unit or BTU (not to be confused with BOTU),  is a unit of thermal energy with several definitions, all about 1055 Joule or 0.293 watt hour.  The quad, short for quadrillion BTU, or 1015 BTU, is sometimes used in national-scale energy discussions in the United States. One quad is approximately 293 TWh or 1.055 exajoule (EJ).

text: A TNT equivalent is a measure of energy released in the detonation of trinitrotoluene. A tonne of TNT equivalent is approximately 4.184 gigajoules or 1,163 kilowatt hours.

text: A tonne of oil equivalent is the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. It is approximately 41.84 gigajoules or 11,630 kilowatt hours.

text: In India, the kilowatt hour is often simply called a Unit of energy. A million units, designated MU, is a gigawatt hour and a BU (billion units) is a terawatt hour.[18][19]

text: Burnup of nuclear fuel is normally quoted in megawatt days per tonne (MW⋅d/MTU), where tonne refers to a metric ton of uranium metal or its equivalent, and megawatt refers to the entire thermal output, not the fraction which is converted to electricity.[citation needed]


document_title: First inauguration of George Washington

question_text: what delayed the inauguration of the new government under the u.s. constitution

text: First inauguration of George Washington

text: Start of the first Presidential term[edit]

text: The first presidential term started on March 4, 1789, the date set by the Congress of the Confederation for the beginning of operations of the federal government under the new U.S. Constitution.[1] However, logistical delays prevented the actual start of the operations of the Executive Branch on that day. On that date, the House of Representatives and the Senate convened for the first time, but both adjourned due to lack of a quorum.[2] As a result, the Presidential Electoral Votes could not be counted or certified. On April 1, the House convened with a quorum present for the first time, and the representatives began their work, with the election of Frederick Muhlenberg as its Speaker. The Senate first achieved a quorum on April 6, and elected John Langdon as its president pro tempore. That same day, the House and Senate met in joint session and the electoral votes were counted. Washington and Adams were certified as having been elected president and vice president respectively.[3][4]

text: It was 5 p.m. at Mount Vernon on April 14, 1789, when Washington received official notification that he had been unanimously selected by the Electoral College to be the nation's first president. The letter had been sent by Senator John Langdon of New Hampshire, the first president pro tempore of the United States Senate, who had presided over the counting of the electoral votes. Washington replied immediately, and set off in the morning two days later,[5] accompanied by David Humphreys and a Mr. Thomson,[6] who was the Messenger appointed by the Senate, that delivered to General Washington the letter containing the news of his election.[7]

text: Washington's Journey to New York[edit]

text: On his way to New York City, Washington received triumphal welcomes in almost every town he passed through. These included Alexandria, Georgetown, Maryland (now part of Washington D.C.), Baltimore and Havre de Grace.  One of the places he spent the night was Spurrier's Tavern in Baltimore. Just after noon on April 20, Washington arrived to an elaborate welcome at Gray's Ferry in Philadelphia.  He left early the next morning for another welcome awaiting him in Trenton. On April 23 he took a small barge with 13 pilots through the Kill Van Kull tidal strait into the Upper New York Bay, and from there the city. A variety of boats surrounded him during the voyage, and Washington's approach was greeted by a series of cannon fire, first a thirteen gun salute by the Spanish warship Galveston, then by the North Carolina, and finally by other artillery.[6] Thousands had gathered on the waterfront to see him arrive.[8] Washington landed at Murray's Wharf (at the foot of Wall Street), where he was greeted by New York Governor George Clinton as well as other congressmen and citizens.[6]  A plaque now marks the landing site.[9] They proceeded through the streets to what would be Washington's new official residence, 3 Cherry Street.[8]

text: Inauguration[edit]

text: Since nearly first light on April 30, 1789, a crowd of people had begun to gather around Washington's home, and at noon they made their way to Federal Hall by way of Queen Street and Great Dock (both now Pearl Street) and Broad Street.[6] Washington dressed in an American-made dark brown suit with white silk stockings and silver shoe buckles; he also wore a steel-hilted sword and dark red overcoat.[10]

text:
Upon his arrival at Federal Hall, then the nation's capitol and the site where the 1st United States Congress met, Washington was formally introduced to the House and Senate, after which Vice President John Adams announced it was time for the inauguration (Adams had already assumed the office of Vice President on April 21, when he began presiding over the Senate sessions). Washington moved to the second-floor balcony. Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston administered the presidential oath of office in view of throngs of people gathered on the streets.[11][12] The Bible used in the ceremony was from St. John's Lodge No. 1, A.Y.M.,[13] and due to haste, it was opened at random to Genesis 49:13 ("Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon").[10]   Afterwards, Livingston shouted "Long live George Washington, President of the United States!" [14] to the crowd, which was replied to with cheers and a 13-gun salute.[15]  The first inaugural address was subsequently delivered by Washington in the Senate chamber,[6] running 1419 words in length.[10]
At this time there were no inaugural balls on the day of the ceremony, though a week later, on May 7, a ball was held in New York City to honor the first President.[16]

text: Three days before George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States, Congress passed the following resolution: Resolved, That after the oath shall have been administered to the President, he, attended by the Vice President and members of the Senate and House of Representatives, shall proceed to St. Paul’s Chapel, to hear divine service.[17]  Accordingly, the Right Rev. Samuel Provoost (1742–1815), newly appointed chaplain of the United States Senate and first Episcopal bishop of New York, officiated at a service in St. Paul's Chapel on April 30, 1789, immediately following Washington’s inauguration, with the newly inaugurated President and members of Congress present.[18]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The inauguration is depicted in an episode of the 2008 HBO miniseries, John Adams, although Robert Livingston is erroneously depicted as shouting "God bless George Washington!" at the conclusion of the ceremony, rather than "Long live George Washington!"