document_title: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

question_text: who has the most goals in fifa world cup

text: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

text: Overall top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Table key

♦

Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup

#

Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018

[ ]

Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad, but did not play in a match

( )

Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match, but did not score a goal

text:
Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]

Rank

Player

Team

Goalsscored

Matchesplayed

Goalsper game[nb 1]

Tournaments

Notes

1

Miroslav Klose♦

 Germany

16

24

0.67

2002, 2006, 2010, 2014

list[8]

2

Ronaldo♦

 Brazil

15

19

0.79

[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006

list[9]

3

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

14

13

1.08

1970, 1974

list[10]

4

Just Fontaine♦

 France

13

6

2.17

1958

list[11]

5

Pelé

 Brazil

12

14

0.86

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

list[12]

6

Sándor Kocsis♦

 Hungary

11

5

2.20

1954

list[13]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany Germany

17

0.65

1990,1994, 1998

list[14]

8

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

10

10

1.00

1954, 1958

list[15]

Gary Lineker♦

 England

12

0.83

1986, 1990

list[16]

Gabriel Batistuta♦

 Argentina

12

0.83

1994, 1998, 2002

list[17]

Teófilo Cubillas♦

 Peru

13

0.77

1970, 1978, (1982)

list[18]

Thomas Müller#

 Germany

16

0.63

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[19]

Grzegorz Lato♦

 Poland

20

0.50

1974, 1978, 1982

list[20]

14

Eusébio♦

 Portugal

9

6

1.50

1966

list[21]

Christian Vieri♦

 Italy

9

1.00

1998, 2002

list[22]

Vavá

 Brazil

10

0.90

1958, 1962

[23]

David Villa♦

 Spain

12

0.75

2006, 2010, 2014

list[24]

Paolo Rossi♦

 Italy

14

0.64

1978, 1982, [1986]

list[25]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

16

0.56

(1966), 1970, 1974

list[26]

Roberto Baggio♦

 Italy

16

0.56

1990, 1994, 1998

list[27]

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

 West Germany

19

0.47

1978, 1982, 1986

list[28]

Uwe Seeler

 West Germany

21

0.43

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

[29]

23

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

2.00

1930

list[30]

Leônidas

 Brazil

5

1.60

1934, 1938

list[nb 2][32]

Ademir

 Brazil

6

1.33

1950

list[nb 3][35]

Óscar Míguez♦

 Uruguay

7

1.14

1950, 1954

[36]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

14

0.57

1998, 2002

list[37]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany Germany

15

0.53

1986, 1990,1994

list[38]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

21

0.38

1982, 1986, (1990), 1994

list[39]

30

Oldřich Nejedlý♦

 Czechoslovakia

7

6

1.17

1934, 1938

[nb 4][40]

Lajos Tichy

 Hungary

8

0.88

1958, 1962, [1966]

list[41]

Careca

 Brazil

9

0.78

1986, 1990

[42]

Johnny Rep♦

 Netherlands

13

0.54

1974, 1978

[43]

Andrzej Szarmach

 Poland

13

0.54

1974, 1978, 1982

[44]

Luis Suárez#

 Uruguay

13

0.54

2010, 2014, 2018

list[45]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

15

0.47

1954, 1958, (1962)

[46]

Cristiano Ronaldo#

 Portugal

17

0.41

2006, 2010, 2014, 2018

list[47]

38

Josef Hügi♦

  Switzerland

6

3

2.00

1954

[48]

Oleg Salenko♦

 Russia

3

2.00

1994

list[49]

György Sárosi

 Hungary

5

1.20

1934, 1938

[50]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

5

1.20

1954

[51]

Erich Probst♦

 Austria

5

1.20

1954

[52]

Harry Kane#

 England

6

1.00

2018

list[53]

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

7

0.86

1990

list[54]

Davor Šuker♦

 Yugoslavia Croatia

8

0.75

[1990],1998, (2002)

list[nb 5][55]

James Rodríguez♦#

 Colombia

8

0.75

2014, (2018)

list[56]

Helmut Haller

 West Germany

9

0.67

(1962), 1966, (1970)

[57]

Hristo Stoichkov♦

 Bulgaria

10

0.60

1994, (1998)

list[58]

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

10

0.60

2002, 2010, (2014)

list[59]

Neymar#

 Brazil

10

0.60

2014, 2018

list[60]

Asamoah Gyan♦

 Ghana

11

0.55

2006, 2010, 2014

list[61]

Dennis Bergkamp

 Netherlands

12

0.50

1994, 1998

list[62]

Rob Rensenbrink

 Netherlands

13

0.46

1974, 1978

[63]

Rivellino

 Brazil

15

0.40

1970, 1974, (1978)

[64]

Bebeto

 Brazil

15

0.40

(1990), 1994, 1998

list[65]

Arjen Robben

 Netherlands

15

0.40

2006, 2010, 2014

list[66]

Zbigniew Boniek

 Poland

16

0.38

1978, 1982, (1986)

list[67]

Thierry Henry

 France

17

0.35

1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)

list[68]

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

17

0.35

(2006), 2010, 2014

list[69]

Robin van Persie

 Netherlands

17

0.35

2006, 2010, 2014

list[70]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

18

0.33

(1974), 1978, (1982)

list[71]

Lionel Messi#

 Argentina

19

0.32

2006, (2010), 2014, 2018

list[72]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany Germany

25

0.24

(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)

[73]

64

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

5

4

1.25

1930

list[74]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

4

1.25

1938

[75]

Gyula Zsengellér

 Hungary

4

1.25

1938

[76]

Peter McParland♦

 Northern Ireland

5

1.00

1958

list[77]

Tomáš Skuhravý

 Czechoslovakia

5

1.00

1990

[78]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

6

0.83

1950, 1954

[79]

Geoff Hurst

 England

6

0.83

1966, 1970

list[80]

Jon Dahl Tomasson♦

 Denmark

6

0.83

2002, 2010

list[81]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

7

0.71

1982, 1986

[82]

Kennet Andersson♦

 Sweden

7

0.71

1994

list[83]

Fernando Morientes

 Spain

7

0.71

1998, 2002

list[84]

Romário

 Brazil

8

0.63

(1990), 1994

list[85]

Marc Wilmots♦

 Belgium

8

0.63

[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002

list[86]

Mario Mandžukić#

 Croatia

8

0.63

2014, 2018

list[87]

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

9

0.56

1958, 1962

list[88]

Emilio Butragueño

 Spain

9

0.56

1986, (1990)

list[89]

Roger Milla♦

 Cameroon

9

0.56

(1982), 1990, 1994

[90]

Tim Cahill♦#

 Australia

9

0.56

2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)

list[91]

Hans Krankl

 Austria

10

0.50

1978, 1982

list[92]

Romelu Lukaku♦#

 Belgium

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[93]

Ivan Perišić#

 Croatia

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[94]

Raúl

 Spain

11

0.45

1998, 2002, 2006

list[95]

Garrincha

 Brazil

12

0.42

(1958), 1962, 1966

[96]

Johan Neeskens

 Netherlands

12

0.42

1974, (1978)

[97]

Fernando Hierro

 Spain

12

0.42

[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002

list[98]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

12

0.42

1998, (2002), 2006

[99]

Landon Donovan♦

 United States

12

0.42

2002, (2006), 2010

list[100]

Henrik Larsson♦

 Sweden

13

0.38

1994, 2002, 2006

list[101]

Michel Platini

 France

14

0.36

1978, 1982, 1986

[102]

Zico

 Brazil

14

0.36

1978, 1982, (1986)

[103]

Gonzalo Higuaín#

 Argentina

14

0.36

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[104]

Edinson Cavani#

 Uruguay

14

0.36

2010, 2014, 2018

list[105]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

15

0.33

2006, 2010, (2014)

list[106]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

18

0.28

1966, 1970, (1974)

list[107]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments

Goals

Date

Player

Team

Match

Opponent

Previous goals

Ref

1

July 13, 1930

Lucien Laurent

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

N/A

[nb 6]

Bart McGhee

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Marcel Langiller

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

Tom Florie

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 Belgium

Juan Carreño

 Mexico

 1930 – Group stage

 France

2

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

July 16, 1930

Carlos Vidal

 Chile

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

[110]

July 17, 1930

Ivan Bek

 Yugoslavia

 1930 – Group stage

 Bolivia

1930 vs Brazil

[111]

3

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Paraguay

1930 vs Belgium, Paraguay

[112]

4

July 22, 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

 1930 – Group stage

 Chile

1930 vs Mexico (3)

[113]

5

6

July 26, 1930

 1930 – Semi-final

 United States

7

8

July 30, 1930

 1930 – Final

 Uruguay

June 19, 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

 1938 – 3rd place

 Sweden

1934 vs Spain1938 vs Poland (3), Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Sweden (2)

[114]

July 13, 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

 1950 – Final round

 Spain

1950 vs Mexico (2), Yugoslavia, Sweden (3), Spain

[35]

June 27, 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

 1954 – Quarter-final

 Brazil

1954 vs South Korea (3), West Germany (4)

[115]

9

10

June 30, 1954

 1954 – Semi-final

 Uruguay

11

June 28, 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

 1958 – 3rd place

 West Germany

1958 vs Paraguay (3), Yugoslavia (2), Scotland, Northern Ireland (2), Brazil, West Germany

[116]

12

13

July 3, 1974

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

 1974 – Second round

 Poland

1970 vs Morocco, Bulgaria (3), Peru (3), England, Italy (2) 1974 vs Australia, Yugoslavia

[10]

14

July 7, 1974

 1974 – Final

 Netherlands

June 22, 2006

Ronaldo

 Brazil

 2006 – Group stage

 Japan

1998 vs Morocco, Chile (2), Netherlands  2002 vs Turkey, China, Costa Rica (2), Belgium, Turkey, Germany (2)  2006 vs Japan

[117]

15

June 27, 2006

 2006 – Round of 16

 Ghana

June 21, 2014

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

 2014 – Group stage

 Ghana

2002 vs Saudi Arabia (3), Ireland, Cameroon  2006 vs Costa Rica (2), Ecuador (2), Argentina  2010 vs Australia, England, Argentina (2)

[118]

16

July 8, 2014

 2014 – Semi-final

 Brazil

text: Top goalscorers for each tournament[edit]

text:
Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament[119][120][121]

World Cup

Player

Team

Goals scored

Matches played

Golden Boot

Other FIFA Awards

 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

Silver Ball

 1934

Oldřich Nejedlý

 Czechoslovakia

5

4

Bronze Ball

 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

7

5

Golden Ball

 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

8

6

Bronze Ball

 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

11

5

Silver Ball

 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

13

6

Bronze Ball

 1962

Garrincha

 Brazil

4

6

Golden Ball

Vavá

 Brazil

6

Leonel Sánchez

 Chile

6

Bronze Ball

Flórián Albert

 Hungary

4

Best Young Player

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

4

Dražan Jerković

 Yugoslavia

6

 1966

Eusébio

 Portugal

9

6

Bronze Ball

 1970

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

10

6

Best Young Player, Bronze Ball

 1974

Grzegorz Lato

 Poland

7

7

 1978

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

6

7

Golden Ball

 1982

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 1986

Gary Lineker

 England

6

5

 1990

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 1994

Hristo Stoichkov

 Bulgaria

6

7

Bronze Ball

Oleg Salenko

 Russia

3

 1998

Davor Šuker

 Croatia

6

7

Silver Ball

 2002

Ronaldo

 Brazil

8

7

Silver Ball

 2006

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

5

7

 2010

Thomas Müller

 Germany

5

6

Best Young Player

David Villa

 Spain

7

Silver Boot, Bronze Ball

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

7

Bronze Boot, Silver Ball

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

7

Golden Ball

 2014

James Rodríguez

 Colombia

6

5

 2018

Harry Kane

 England

6

6


document_title: Christmas with the Kranks

question_text: who plays blair in christmas with the kranks

root

text: Christmas with the Kranks

text: Plot[edit]

text: After Riverside, Illinois couple Luther (Tim Allen) and Nora Krank (Jamie Lee Curtis) see their daughter, Blair (Julie Gonzalo), depart for a Peace Corps assignment in Peru on the Sunday following Thanksgiving, empty nest syndrome sets in. Luther calculates the couple spent $6,132 during the previous year's holiday season and, not looking forward to celebrating Christmas without their daughter, he suggests they invest the money usually spent on decorations, gifts, and entertainment and treat themselves to a ten-day Caribbean cruise instead. Skeptical at first, Nora finally agrees under the condition that they still give a donation to the church and Children's Hospital. Luther tries to refuse but finally agrees and they begin planning the trip.

tag: p

text: The Kranks are amazed to discover they are considered pariahs as a result of their decision. Luther's co-workers think he has become Ebenezer Scrooge when he gives all his employees letters that state about his Christmas boycott, local stationer Aubie is distressed to lose the couple's order for their engraved greeting cards and Christmas Eve party invitations, the Boy Scout troop is upset and angered when the Kranks refuse to purchase one of their Christmas trees to help the scouts make enough money for a camporee, and the police are stunned to discover they won't be buying this year's calendar from them. Most vocal in their objections are neighbors Vic Frohmeyer (Dan Aykroyd) and Walt Scheel (M. Emmet Walsh). Vic, who's the unelected leader of the street, organizes a campaign to force the Kranks to decorate their home so Hemlock Street won't lose the coveted award for best decorations. Vic has political and bureaucratic connections in Chicago. Walt doesn't seem to like Luther, so his efforts are primarily personal. However, it is revealed that Walt's wife Bev is suffering from cancer, perhaps dampening his holiday spirits. Children picket, led by Vic's son Spike (Erik Per Sullivan), neighbors constantly call, and Christmas carolers try to revive the Kranks' holiday spirit by singing on their lawn, which Luther stops by freezing his front lawn. Even the newspaper gets into the act by publishing a front page story complete with a photograph of the unlit Krank house and states that the Kranks' street has lost the prize and won sixth place because of how Luther and Nora refused to decorate their house. Still, Luther and Nora continue to stand their ground.

text: The two are in the process of packing on Christmas Eve morning when they receive a call from Blair, who announces she's at Miami International Airport, en route home with her Peruvian fiancé as a surprise for her parents. She's anxious to introduce Enrique to her family's holiday traditions, and when she asks if they're having their usual party that night, a panicked Nora says yes. Comic chaos ensues as the couple finds themselves trying to decorate the house and coordinate a party with only twelve hours to spare before their daughter and future son-in-law arrive.

text: While Nora scrambles to find food, especially Blair's favorite honey glazed ham, Luther goes to buy a tree from the Boy Scouts but they only have one worthless non-green tree left since their sales went big and rapid. Luther decides to give a donation by giving them money but taking the tree in the process; he then rejects it by throwing it in his backyard. While Spike leads a picket at the Kranks', Luther arranges to borrow the tree of neighbor Wes Trogdon (who is going away for a week with his kids and wife to close relatives) being given the warning that he is not to break one ornament or damage it. Luther and Spike try to transport it across the street on Spike's Radio Flyer wagon, only for the neighbors to confuse this with Luther stealing the family's Christmas tree and end up calling for the police to arrest him for theft. Spike comes to Luther's rescue by showing the neighbors and officers that Luther has Trogdon's keys and thus was given permission to borrow the tree. Nora comes home enraged at Luther for making the borrowed Christmas tree a "Disaster" and how she had to buy "Smoked Trout" to replace the honey ham (which was crushed by a truck). Once it is established why Luther is trying frantically to decorate his home, the neighbors, led by Vic, come out full force to help him and Nora ready it for Blair. Blair calls to say she landed from Miami; despite this, she is sent by a police transport to their house thus leaving her still unaware of the chaos.

text: After subtly giving everybody, including Blair and Enrique, a half-hearted toast, Luther tries to convince Nora to accept the cruise when she confronts him for the toast, but she refuses, disgusted that he isn't happy Blair is home. Having a change of heart, Luther sadly slips out of the house and goes across the street to the Scheel home. Bev's cancer, once in remission, has returned and, knowing this may be their last holiday together, Luther insists they take the cruise in place of him and Nora, going so far as to offer to take care of their hated cat, Muffles, so they can go. At first Walt and Bev decline, but ultimately decide to accept his generosity; as a result, Luther, whose holiday spirit has been renewed, realizes skipping Christmas wasn't as good an idea as he had originally thought.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Luther Krank
Jamie Lee Curtis as Nora Krank, Luther's wife
Dan Aykroyd as Vic Frohmeyer, the Kranks' domineering neighbor
Dava Hulsey as Amanda Frohmeyer, the doting wife of Vic and loving mother of Spike.
Julie Gonzalo as Blair Krank, the Kranks' daughter
M. Emmet Walsh as Walt Scheel, the Kranks' obnoxious neighbor
Elizabeth Franz as Bev Scheel, Walt's ailing wife
Erik Per Sullivan as Spike Frohmeyer, Vic's kid
Cheech Marin as Officer Salino
Jake Busey as Officer Treen, Salino's partner
Austin Pendleton as Marty, an umbrella salesman who is actually Santa Claus
Tom Poston as Father Zabriskie, a priest
Kim Rhodes as Julie, Luther's employee
Arden Myrin as Daisy
René Lavan as Enrique Decardenal, Blair's fiance
Patrick Breen as Aubie, a stationier
Caroline Rhea as Candi, a friend of Nora's
Felicity Huffman as Merry, a friend of Nora's
Kevin Chamberlin as Duke Scanlon, a Boy Scout leader

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Joe Roth knew about John Grisham's Skipping Christmas before it was even published in 2001. He was asked by Grisham to read the book in galley form, assuming he could direct a movie based on it. Roth recalls: "It turns out he was right. Even while I was reading it, all I could think was that this would make a great Christmas movie. It had humor, it had wonderful characters and it had heart." It was a huge change for him as he, who previously directed thrillers, would now do work for a film lighter in tone and style. With the rights of the book received and the May 2000 founding of Revolution Studios, he stated that "as a start-up company, there was a great deal of work to do in order to get up and running."[2]

text: Later, filmmaker Chris Columbus, who also bought the rights to Skipping Christmas and had written a screenplay, called Roth about directing the adaption. As Roth explains: "Naturally, I thought he was going to direct it. But he said, 'No, you should direct it.' It turns out I was getting ready to direct another project. But when I read Chris's script, I knew I had to at least try to direct it. I promised myself that if I could get the right cast in place, I would do it." Producer Michael Barnathan said, "Joe read the script on a Sunday, bought it on Monday, decided he wanted to direct it on Tuesday and by Friday had cast Tim [Allen] and Jamie Lee [Curtis]. The following Monday morning we started pre-production."[2]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Christmas with the Kranks takes place mostly in the Kranks's neighborhood of Hemlock Street in Riverside, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, over the course of four weeks from Thanksgiving to Christmas Eve. Production designer Garreth Stover originally looked for locations with the right weather conditions and suburban ambience for Hemlock Street, as described specifically in Columbus's script of the film. He was scouting from the metropolitan area of Chicago to Minnesota, but due to the extreme conditions of this part of the United States at the time, the filmmakers felt it was better to set up the neighborhood in an empty location instead of finding one.[2]

text: When looking for a place to build the set 15 weeks before filming began, Stover chose a parking lot of a former Boeing aircraft factory in Downey, California, about 15 miles away from downtown Los Angeles and in the midst of Downey Studios. The rest of the first three weeks were spent on designing the houses with assistance from construction coordinator David Elliott. In the next 12 weeks, hundreds of carpenters, plasterers and painters working built had built what would become the largest exterior set ever for a movie, being more than 700 feet long and including 16 houses. What Stover called "the core five" were the houses of the Kranks, the Frohmeyers, the Scheels, the Beckers and Trogdons, which he claimed had "full ground floors that are dressed and you can see into." He also said that the second floor of the Kranks' was built on a soundstage. Producer Michael Barnathan claimed that the set would later be available for other movies, TV series and commercials to use.[2]However, due to health complaints from the locals over toxic residues from factory period and lack of profit, the studio closed in 2012 and was razed to build a mall.[3]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: Susie DeSanto handled the costume design of Christmas with the Kranks. According to DeSanto, "I was looking for a project that was really textural, and maybe a bit nostalgic. I saw Christmas With the Kranks like a Christmas card, a beautiful Christmas memory of how we wish the holiday to be. So a lot of the fabrics I chose were not so much high-tech bright colors, but wools, plaids and mixing patterns. Joe [Roth] was specific about what he wanted, but within that, he allowed me a great deal of freedom to express myself.”[2]

text: DeSanto viewed that all the characters in Christmas with the Kranks would wear dresses that are supposed to serve as their "accents" rather than overtly defining them. Luther Krank is seen wearing the same-colored shirt and suit at work all the time, and according to DeSanto, this "tells that Luther’s a punch-the-clock kind of guy, so the whole idea of skipping Christmas and going off on a tropical vacation is completely averse to anything he’s ever done." She described Nora as "tasteful and kind of folksy, a middle-American woman approaching middle age. In our first meeting, Jamie Lee Curtis was totally prepared. She wanted to look like a real Midwestern woman who lives in the suburbs of Chicago and is as obsessed with Christmas as everyone around her. Nora dresses for the seasons and I found out by speaking to people at Marshall Field’s in Chicago that the Christmas sweater is a big deal. And Jamie wears it so well.” As for Vic Frohmeyer, she saw him as "a sort of commander-in-chief of the neighborhood, so I wanted something with a bit of a military flair. Since he’s also a college professor, we cut the pattern from a general’s jacket and made it professorial by using a vintage tweed mixed with corduroy.”[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack features many holiday standards, including "Jingle Bell Rock" by Brenda Lee; "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" by Billy May & His Orchestra with vocal by Alvin Stoller; "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" by Eddie Dunstedter; "White Christmas" by Dean Martin; "Frosty the Snowman" by Steve Van Zandt; "Blue Christmas" by Elvis Presley; and "The Christmas Song" by Ella Fitzgerald.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 5% based on 131 reviews with an average rating of 2.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A mirthless movie as fresh as last year's fruit cake, Christmas with the Kranks is a coarse, garish comedy that promotes conformity."[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 22 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[5] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[6]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Christmas with the Kranks was released on DVD and VHS on November 8, 2005.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a box office success. On its opening weekend, it earned $21,570,867 on 3,393 screens, ranking #3 behind National Treasure and The Incredibles. It eventually grossed $96,572,480 worldwide.[1]


document_title: List of African stock exchanges

question_text: largest stock exchanges in africa by market capitalisation

text: List of African stock exchanges

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This is a list of stock exchanges in Africa.

text: There are 29 exchanges in Africa, representing 38 nations' capital markets.

text: Africa has two regional stock exchanges: the Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières, or BRVM, located in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; and the Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières d'Afrique Centrale, or BVMAC, located in Libreville, Gabon. The BRVM serves the countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo; the BVMAC serves the Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.

text: 21 of the 29 stock exchanges in Africa are members of the African Securities Exchanges Association (ASEA). ASEA members are indicated below by an asterisk (*).

text: One of the oldest bourses (exchanges) on the continent is the Casablanca Stock Exchange of Morocco, founded in 1929. The Egyptian Exchange (EGX) was founded in 1883 and the JSE Limited in 1887. The Casablanca Stock Exchange is one of Africa's ten largest exchanges along with the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, EGX, the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX), Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and 4 African Exchange.

text: List[edit]

text:
Economy
Exchange
Location
Founded
Listings
Link

 Algeria
Algiers Stock Exchange
Algiers
1997
5
SGBV

 Angola
Angolan Debt and Stock Exchange (Bodiva)
Luanda
2016
TBC
Bodiva

 Botswana
Botswana Stock Exchange*
Gaborone
1989
44
BSE

 Cameroon
Douala Stock Exchange*
Douala
2001
2
DSX

 Cape Verde
Bolsa de Valores de Cabo Verde*
Mindelo
2005

BVC

 Côte d'Ivoire
Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières*
Abidjan
1998
39
BRVM

 Egypt
Egyptian Exchange*
Cairo, Alexandria
1883
833
EGX

 Ghana
Ghana Stock Exchange*
Accra
1990
37
GSE

 Kenya
Nairobi Securities Exchange*
Nairobi
1954
64
NSE

 Lesotho
Maseru Securities Exchange*
Maseru
2016

MSM

 Libya
Libyan Stock Market*
Tripoli
2007
7
LSM

 Malawi
Malawi Stock Exchange*
Blantyre
1995
14
MSE

 Mauritius
Stock Exchange of Mauritius
Port Louis
1988
170
SEM

 Morocco
Casablanca Stock Exchange*
Casablanca
1929
81
Casa SE

 Mozambique
Bolsa de Valores de Mozambique*
Maputo
1999

BVM

 Namibia
Namibia Stock Exchange*
Windhoek
1992

NSX

 Nigeria
Abuja Securities and Commodities Exchange
Abuja
1998

ASCE

Nigerian Stock Exchange*
Lagos
1960
223
NSE

 Rwanda
Rwanda Stock Exchange
Kigali
2008
8
RSE

 Seychelles
Seychelles Securities Exchange (Trop-X)*
Victoria
2012
21
SSE

 Somalia
Somali Stock Exchange
Mogadishu
2015
2
SSE

 South Africa
JSE Limited*
Johannesburg
1887
402 (as of May 30, 2014)
JSE

 Sudan
Khartoum Stock Exchange*
Khartoum
1994
54
KSE

 Swaziland
Swaziland Stock Exchange*
Mbabane
1990
10
SSX

 Tanzania
Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange*
Dar es Salaam
1998
25
DSE

 Tunisia
Bourse de Tunis*
Tunis
1969
56
BVMT

 Uganda
Uganda Securities Exchange*
Kampala
1997
17
USE

ALTX East Africa Exchange
Kampala
2013
3
ALTX

 Zambia
Agricultural Commodities Exchange of Zambia
Lusaka
2007

ZAMACE

Lusaka Stock Exchange*
Lusaka
1994
16
LuSE

 Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Stock Exchange*
Harare
1948
64
ZSE


document_title: Simple squamous epithelium

question_text: where is simple squamous located in the body

text: Simple squamous epithelium

text:
Simple squamous epithelium

Epithelium

Schematic view of simple squamous epithelium

Identifiers

TH
H2.00.02.0.02002

FMA
45565

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text:
This article is one of a series on

Epithelia

Squamous epithelial cell

Simple
Stratified

Columnar epithelial cell

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

Cuboidal epithelial cell

Simple
Stratified

Specialised epithelia

Olfactory
Respiratory
Intestinal
Transitional
Germinal

female
male

Other

Table of epithelia of human organs

v
t
e

text: A simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium.[1] This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion. Simple squamous epithelia are found in capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, outer layer of skin and other tissues where rapid diffusion is required.[2] Cells are flat with flattened and oblong nucleus. It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile-like appearance. This epithelium is associated with filtration and diffusion.This tissue is extremely thin, and forms a delicate lining. It offers very little protection.


document_title: Stop-and-frisk in New York City

question_text: when was the stop and frisk policy started

text: Stop-and-frisk in New York City

text: Origin[edit]

text: The legal power for the police to stop and frisk members of the public comes from English law. Common law states that, without legislative changes, a police officer has the power to stop, question, and frisk suspects given reasonable circumstances. Based on a standard that holds less than probable cause, the power is granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. It is a question of circumstances of each individual case that determines whether reasonable detention and investigation is validated.[10]

text: The United States Supreme Court made an important ruling on the use of stop-and-frisk in the 1968 case Terry v. Ohio, hence why the stops are also referred to as Terry stops. While frisks were arguably illegal, until then, a police officer could search only someone who had been arrested, unless a search warrant had been obtained. In the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York, the Supreme Court granted limited approval in 1968 to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest in order to search for weapons if the officer believes the subject to be dangerous. The Court's decision made suspicion of danger to an officer grounds for a "reasonable search."[11]

text: In the early 1980s, if a police officer had reasonable suspicion of a possible crime, he or she had the authority to stop someone and ask questions. If, based on the subject's answers, the suspicion level did not escalate to probable cause for an arrest, the person would be released immediately. That was only a "stop-and-question". The "frisk" part of the equation did not come into play except on two cases: if possession of a weapon was suspected, or reasonable suspicion of a possible crime escalated to probable cause to arrest for an actual crime based on facts developed after the initial stop-and-question. That all changed in the 1990s, when CompStat was developed under then-Police Commissioner William Bratton. High-ranking police officials widely incorporated the "stop, question and frisk".[12]

text: Use of stop-and-frisk is often associated with "broken windows" policing. The "broken windows theory" is the theory that low-level crime and disorder creates an environment which encourages more serious crimes. Among the key proponents of the theory are George L. Kelling and William Bratton, who was Chief of the New York City Transit Police from 1990 to 1992 and Commissioner of the New York City Police Department from 1994 to 1996. Mayor Rudy Giuliani hired Bratton for the latter job and endorsed broken windows policing. Giuliani and Bratton presided over an expansion of the New York police department and a crackdown on low-level crimes, including fare evasion, public drinking, public urination, graffiti artists, and "squeegee men" (who had been wiping windshields of stopped cars and aggressively demanding payment).[13]

text: Bratton and Kelling argue that stop-and-frisk has been wrongly conflated with broken windows policing.[14] They argue that stop-and-frisk is a short-term tactic for preventing a potential crime, whereas broken windows policing is a long-term tactic that requires the police to engage with communities.

text: Administration[edit]

text: When police officers make stops, they fill out a form explaining the situation and details of the stop. After the officer goes off duty, these forms are then entered into a database. There are two ways the NYPD reports this stop-and-frisk data: a paper report released quarterly and an electronic database released annually. In 2002, there were 97,296 "stop and frisk" stops made by New York police officers; 82.4% resulted in no fines or convictions. The number of stops increased dramatically in 2008 to over half a million, 88% of which did not result in any fine or conviction, peaking in 2011 to 685,724 stops, again with 88% resulting in no conviction. On average, from 2002 to 2013, the number of individuals stopped without any convictions was 87.6%.[15]

text: Part of the stop-question-and-frisk program is executed under Operation Clean Halls, a program in which private property owners grant officers prior permission to enter a property for enforcement against criminal activity.[16]

text: Some NYPD officers have objected publicly to the department's use of stop-question-and-frisk paperwork as a performance metric, which they claim encourages officers to overuse the practice and creates public hostility. Activists have accused the NYPD of encouraging stops through quotas, which department representatives have denied.[17][18]

text: In the vast majority of cases, no evidence of wrongdoing is found, and the stopped person is let go.[19]

text: Response[edit]

text: New York police officer Adrian Schoolcraft made extensive recordings in 2008 and 2009, which documented orders from NYPD officials to search and arrest black people in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood. Schoolcraft, who brought accusations of misconduct to NYPD investigators, was transferred to a desk job and then involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital. In 2010, Schoolcraft sent his tapes to the Village Voice, which publicized them in a series of reports. Schoolcraft alleges that the NYPD has retaliated against him for exposing information about the stop and frisk policy.[20][21] The New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), LatinoJustice PRLDEF, and The Bronx Defenders filed a federal class action against this program.[16]

text: In response to allegations that the program unfairly targets African-American and Hispanic-American individuals, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg has stated that it is because African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are more likely to be violent criminals and victims of violent crime.[19]

text: On June 17, 2012, several thousand people marched silently down Manhattan's Fifth Avenue from lower Harlem to Bloomberg's Upper East Side townhouse in protest of the stop-question-and-frisk policy.[22] The mayor refused to end the program, contending that the program reduces crime and saves lives.[23]

text: In early July 2012, stop-question-and-frisk protesters who videotaped police stops in New York City were targeted by police for their activism. A "wanted"-style poster hung in a police precinct headquarters, without any allegation of criminal activity, accused one couple of being "professional agitators" whose "purpose is to portray officers in a negative way and too  [sic] deter officers from conducting their responsibilities."[24] Police officers later surveilled and recorded the exit of persons from a "stop stop-and-frisk" meeting held at the couple's residence, allegedly in response to an emergency call of loitering and trespass.[25]

text: In October 2012, The Nation published an obscenity-filled audio recording that revealed two NYPD officers conducting a hostile and racially charged stop-and-frisk of an innocent teenager from Harlem. Following its upload, the recording soon turned viral, as it triggered outrage and "shed unprecedented light" on the practice of stop-and-frisk.[26]

text: Court cases[edit]

text: In Floyd v. City of New York, decided on August 12, 2013, US District Court Judge Shira Scheindlin ruled that the stop and frisk practice (not the law itself) was unconstitutional and directed the police to adopt a written policy to specify where such stops are authorized.[27][28] Scheindlin appointed Peter L. Zimroth, a former chief lawyer for the City of New York, to oversee the program.[29] Mayor Bloomberg indicated that the city will appeal the ruling.[30] Scheindlin had denied pleas for a stay in her overthrow of the policing policy, saying that "Ordering a stay now would send precisely the wrong signal. It would essentially confirm that the past practices... were justified and based on constitutional police practices. It would also send the message that reducing the number of stops is somehow dangerous to the residents of this city."[31]

text: On October 31, 2013, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit blocked the order requiring changes to the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk program and removed Judge Shira Scheindlin from the case.[32][33][34] On November 9, 2013, the city asked a federal appeals court to vacate Scheindlin's orders.[35][36] On November 22, 2013, the federal appellate court rejected the city's motion for a stay of the judge's orders.[37]

text: On July 30, 2014, Southern District Court Judge Analisa Torres denied the police unions' motions to intervene and granted the proposed modification of the District Court's August 2013 remedial decision.[34][38] A week later, the City of New York filed a motion to withdraw its appeal.[38] On August 13, 2014, the Second Circuit announced the cases will be argued on October 15, 2014.[34][39] On October 31, a three-judge panel on the Second Circuit unanimously ruled against the unions and allowed the city to proceed with its overhaul of the police department.[40]

text: Decline[edit]

text: A record 685,724 stops were made under the program in 2011; however, the number of stops made has been reduced in every year since then. A major turning point was a 2013 mandate that requires officers to thoroughly justify the reason for making a stop.[41] In 2013, 191,558 stops were made.[4]

text: Stop-and-frisk was an issue in the 2013 mayoral election. The race to succeed Bloomberg was won by Democratic Party candidate Bill de Blasio, who had pledged to reform the stop-and-frisk program, called for new leadership at the NYPD, an inspector general, and a strong racial profiling bill.[42]

text: The number of stops continued to decrease over the next two years. In August 2014, Newsweek reported while stop-and-frisk numbers were down, they still happen disproportionately in New York City's African-American and Latino neighborhoods.[43] In 2015, only 22,929 stops were made.[4]

text: The politics of stop-and-frisk[edit]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Opponents of the program have complained that it is racist and failed to reduce robbery, burglary, or other crime.

text: Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer has argued that the program constitutes harassment of blacks and Latinos because it is disproportionately directed at them.[44]

text: The NYC Bar Association casts doubt on whether police were applying the "reasonable suspicion" rule when making stops: "The sheer volume of stops that result in no determination of wrongdoing raise the question of whether police officers are consistently adhering to the constitutional requirement for reasonable suspicion for stops and frisks."[45]

text: In a January 2018 op-ed in the National Review, conservative writer Kyle Smith said that the steep decline in New York City's crime rate since the reduction in the use of stop-and-frisk had shown him that he was wrong about stop-and-frisk; Smith had earlier argued that reducing stop-and-frisk would increase the crime rate.[46]

text: Support[edit]

text: Paul J. Browne, an NYPD spokesman, defended the practice, saying "stops save lives, especially in communities disproportionately affected by crime, and especially among young men of color who last year represented 90 percent of murder victims and 96 percent of shooting victims in New York City."[47]

text: Then-mayor Michael Bloomberg defended the aspect of stopping young black and Hispanic men at rates that "do not reflect the city’s overall census numbers", saying that "that the proportion of stops generally reflects our crime numbers does not mean, as the judge wrongly concluded, that the police are engaged in racial profiling; it means they are stopping people in those communities who fit descriptions of suspects or are engaged in suspicious activity."[48]

text: Heather MacDonald denied that blacks are being stopped too often and claimed the opposite: "The actual crime rates reveal that blacks are being significantly understopped, compared with their representation in the city’s criminal population."[49] NYC Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly wrote, "the statistics reinforce what crime numbers have shown for decades: that blacks in this city were disproportionately the victims of violent crime, followed by Hispanics. Their assailants were disproportionally black and Hispanic too."[50]

text: Stop-and-frisk became an issue in the 2016 presidential election, with Trump attributing a nonexistent increase in murders in New York to the reduction of stop-and-frisk.[51][52]

text: Advocates for a small-scale program[edit]

text: Bratton and Kelling both argue that stop-and-frisk is a useful tool that must be used in moderation.[14] In a joint article in late 2014, they wrote that a Terry stop is "one of the key means to detect and prevent crimes in progress" and "an important tool in street policing", while also supporting efforts to reduce its use.[14] Bratton agreed it was causing tension with ethnic communities and that it was less needed in an era of lower crime.[53]

text: Impact[edit]

text: Crime[edit]

text: A 2012 study finds few effects of stop-and-frisk on robbery and burglary rates in New York between 2003 and 2010.[8] According to the Washington Post fact-checker, the claim that stop-and-frisk contributed to a decline in the crime rate is unsubstantiated.[9]

text: A 2016 study found no evidence that stop-and-frisk was effective. One of the authors of that study, Jeffrey Fagan of Columbia University, said that "you can achieve really very positive crime control, reductions in crime, if you do stops using those probable-cause standards. If you just leave it up to the officers, based on their hunches, then they have almost no effect on crime."[54] Fagan "found stops based on probable cause standards of criminal behavior were associated with a 5–9 percent decline in NYC crime in census block groups."[55]

text: Another 2016 study found that stop-and-frisk lowered crime, and that the size of the effect was "significant yet modest". The authors also noted that "the level of SQFs needed to produce meaningful crime reductions are costly in terms of police time and are potentially harmful to police legitimacy."[56] A 2017 study also reported that stop-and-frisk was associated with modest crime reductions, and cautioned against drawing strong causal conclusions.[57]

text: A 2017 study in the Journal of Politics found that the introduction of a mandate in 2013 that officers provide thorough justifications for stopping suspects led to far fewer stops, far fewer detainments of innocent people and increased the ratio of stops that ultimately produced evidence of the crime that the police stopped the suspect for.[41]

text: Economy[edit]

text: One study, controlling for relevant factors, finds "that properties exposed to more intense Stop & Frisk activity sold for significantly lower price."[58]