document_title: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry

question_text: when was last time michigan beat ohio state

text: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry

text: Series history[edit]

text: Early years (1897–1949)[edit]

text: When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897, the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living, and the short-lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams.[12] The inaugural game, held at Ann Arbor, resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan, with the Wolverines posting a 34–0 win over Ohio State's Buckeyes.[13] The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899, but played again in 1900.

text: The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak, with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12–0–2 record before the contest was postponed for several years. The Ohio State Alma Mater "Carmen Ohio" was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest, which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86–0. The lyrics and melody (Spanish Chant) have remained largely unchanged since its conception.

text: Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912. In 1917, Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten-year absence. In 1918, the teams played their first conference matchup, with Michigan prevailing 14–0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes. The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then. In 1919, the Buckeyes (led by legendary halfback Chic Harley) won their first game in the series, beating the Wolverines 13–3. The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well, to bring the series record to 13–3–2.

text: Harley's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football. The stadium was completed in 1922, and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21, 1922, the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus. In front of a record 71,000 fans, the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes, 19–0. According to lore, there was a wager on the outcome of this game, and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium's rotunda.[14] Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade. At the end of the 1920s, the series stood at 19–5–2 in favor of Michigan.

text: Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933, claiming the national championship twice. In 1934, Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State. The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan-OSU contests, and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year, he replied, "Of course we can win, Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do". The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan, outscoring the Wolverines 114–0 from 1934 to 1937. Schmidt's quote spawned an OSU tradition—since 1934, every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan.

text: Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940. The 1940 game, won by Michigan, 40–0, was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history, and was the final collegiate game of the legendary tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer.

text: In 1941, Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll, which had started in 1936. The 14th-ranked Buckeyes played the 5th-ranked Wolverines to a 20–20 tie in Ann Arbor.

text: In 1945, Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7-3 victory over Ohio State. Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshmen (freshmen were eligible to play during wartime) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944 making one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry. Five more times during the 1940s, the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup. Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949. The series record stood at 30–12–4 at the mid-century mark.

text: "Snow Bowl" and Woody Hayes (1950–68)[edit]

text: One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest, colloquially known as the Snow Bowl. Eighth-ranked Ohio State, coached by Wes Fesler, was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record. The Buckeyes, who led the Big Ten, were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan, which would have, by default, given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright. Ohio State refused, and the game was set to be played. Amid howling snow and wind, in a famous example of a "field position" game, the teams exchanged 45 punts, often on first down, in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone. Ohio State's Vic Janowicz, who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year, punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes' only points. Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts, booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime. Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass, Michigan gained a 9–3 victory, securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth. Heavy criticism of Fesler's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor.

text: Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes, the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests, including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium, the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans. In 1958, Ohio State had a 20–14 lead towards the end of the game. On the final play, Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one-yard line for what might have been a game-winning touchdown, but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak, forcing a fumble. In the 1968 game, Ohio State won 50–14, outscoring its foe 29–0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two-point conversion attempt on its final touchdown. In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50–14 lead and he replied, "because I couldn't go for three". The victory gave top-ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship. The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37–24–4.

text: "Ten-Year War": Hayes vs Schembechler (1969–78)[edit]

text: Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami (Ohio) head coach Bo Schembechler, who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes, to revitalize its football program. On November 22, 1969, Hayes led his top-ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs. The Buckeyes brought a 22-game winning streak into Ann Arbor, but behind an inspiring 60-yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter, and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times (three by Pierson), the Wolverines won a defensive battle (both teams were scoreless in the second half) for a 24–12 upset.

text: The contest was the first in the famous "Ten-Year War" between Hayes and Schembechler, which pitted some of OSU's and UM's strongest teams against one another. Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10–7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971. The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season, yet went to the Rose Bowl only once, in 1972. They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period.

text: In 1973, both teams entered undefeated, with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl. The rivals played to a 10–10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24, and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game. In a secret ballot, Ohio State won the vote, to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans. Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on-field achievements, and for months afterward, Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits.

text: Woody coined the phrase "That state up north" and "That team up north", so he would not have to say the word "Michigan". He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend, once refused to get gas in an empty tank, saying: "No, goddammit! We do NOT pull in and fill up. And I'll tell you exactly why we don't. It's because I don't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan! We'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money!"[15]

text: During the "Ten-Year War," Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times. Between 1976 and 1978, Michigan won the game each year, and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests. Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching an opposing player during the Gator Bowl, which ended the "War." The 1978 game was won by Michigan, 14–3, giving Schembechler a record of 5–4–1 against Hayes. At the end of the Hayes tenure, the series stood at 42–28–5.

text: Schembechler vs Bruce (1979–87)[edit]

text: Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5–4 record against Schembechler's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987, perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry, during which neither team won more than two consecutive games. In 1987, Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record, but was allowed to coach anyway, and the inspired Buckeyes (each wearing a sweatband labeled "Earle") won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines. After the game, Bo Schembechler told Bruce, "I always mind losing to Ohio State but I didn't mind so much today."[16] After 1987, the series stood at 46–33–5 in favor of UM.

text: Michigan Domination (1988–2000)[edit]

text: The 13 games during John Cooper's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan, as the Wolverines went 10–2–1 during the stretch. Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants, Gary Moeller, who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant, Lloyd Carr, became the head coach in 1995.

text: The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993, 1995, and 1996, in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated. The Buckeyes had a 9–0–1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times. Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie, Che Foster, and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes, 28–0. After the game, Cooper said: "This is one of the most embarrassing games I've ever been involved with." "They outplayed us on offense, on defense, and in the kicking game. If you'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28–0, I'd have probably stayed home."[17]

text: In 1995, #2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League (NFL) stars Orlando Pace, Terry Glenn, Mike Vrabel, Shawn Springs, and Rickey Dudley. Glenn insisted there wasn't anything special about the Wolverines: "Michigan's nothing," he said.[18] Perhaps inspired by this remark, the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play. Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan's 31–23 upset.

text: The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest. They boasted an unblemished 10–0 record and were ranked #2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7–3 Michigan. When Ohio State jumped to a 9–0 halftime lead, the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to #1. The Wolverines' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals, 13–9. The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship.

text: In 1997, Ohio State hoped to return the favor: the 10–0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10–1 Buckeyes, who were ranked #4. Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson, who ran a punt back for a touchdown, intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone, and caught a 37-yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas' touchdown run, the Wolverines prevailed, 20–14. The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21–16 score, winning their first national championship since 1948.

text: Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest, but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000. Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game-winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24–17 victory in 1999. In the 2000 game, Michigan grabbed a 31–12 lead and held on to win, 38–26. Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run. At the end of the 2000 season, Cooper was fired. While he consistently fielded strong teams, his 2–10–1 record against Michigan, including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor, was, along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games, a major contributor to his dismissal. Michigan students held a "John Cooper Day" celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10, 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper's record in the rivalry.[citation needed]

text: Enter Jim Tressel (2001–07)[edit]

text: In 2001, Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach. Unlike his predecessor John Cooper, Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry. In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game, against Michigan, he said "I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people, in the classroom, in the community, and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor, Michigan on the football field." In his first year, Tressel registered the Buckeyes' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years, by a 26–20 score. Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells, the Buckeyes raced to a 23–0 halftime lead. With Wells out, Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short. The next year, Tressel achieved what Cooper could not: Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14–9 victory. The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory. The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett, who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown. He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall's game-winning score. The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season, as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl.

text: In 2003, Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35–21 in Ann Arbor. Senior running back Chris Perry, a Heisman finalist, had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory. Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns. The game's attendance was 112,118, the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time.[19] In 2004, the 6–4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9–1 Wolverines, 37–21, behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn, Jr. The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21–12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game. In the closing minutes of the game, the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25–21 victory. Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73% of his passes. Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards.

text: 2006: No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]

text:
Game of the Century (in 2006)

Michigan Wolverines
Ohio State Buckeyes

(11–0)
(11–0)

39
42

Head coach:
Lloyd Carr
Head coach:
Jim Tressel

AP
Coaches
BCS

2
2
2

AP
Coaches
BCS

1
1
1

1
2
3
4
Total

Michigan
7
7
10
15
39

Ohio State
7
21
7
7
42

Date
November 18, 2006

Season
2006

Stadium
Ohio Stadium

Location
Columbus, Ohio

text: On November 18, 2006, Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown, each carrying an 11–0 record. For the first time in the history of the rivalry, the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings. Ohio State won the game by a score of 42–39 and became the outright Big Ten champion, earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale, Arizona. Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart, but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points, and at halftime, they were up 28–14. Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch, Michigan made it 35–31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter. But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth-down situation with six minutes to go, junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer, giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs. Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown, increasing the Buckeyes' lead to 42–31 with five minutes remaining in the game. After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth-down attempt, giving Michigan an automatic first down, junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16-yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42–37. Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two-point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal. Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick, but they failed to do so. The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory, and a trip to the BCS national championship game. Troy Smith completed 71% of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns, essentially clinching the Heisman trophy. Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown. Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards-per-carry average. Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense. Chad Henne had 267 yards, two touchdowns, and no turnovers on a 60% completion percentage. Neither performance was, however, sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines. The game was highly touted by ESPN/ABC (there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular-season college football game since 1993, averaging 21.8 million viewers.[20] The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series. The game gained even more significance when, on the eve of the meeting, Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died. Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff.[21] Half an hour after the game ended, the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4–2–3–9, matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner, for a total payout of $2.2 million.[22]

text: Following the game, there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State's opponent.

text: Sea change at Michigan (2008–10)[edit]

text: Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State. Tressel had compiled a 6–1 record against Carr's Michigan teams, leaving Carr with a 6–7 career record against Ohio State. In December 2007, Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program. Rodriguez, known for his expertise in the spread offense, represented a significant departure from the Wolverines' traditional offensive style. Furthermore, both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now-legendary Schembechler, and Rodriguez's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the "Schembechler school."

text: The 2008 game, Rodriguez's first against the Buckeyes, featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year. Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3–8 record, having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history. The Buckeyes posted a 42–7 win, and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968.

text: Ohio State won 21–10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games, their longest in the rivalry's history, and improve Jim Tressel's record versus Michigan to 8–1. Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team. The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren, who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008, become the third player in school history to play for both teams (J. T. White and Howard Yerges, Jr. being the others)[23] and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game. In 2010, Ohio State again prevailed, 37–7.[24]

text: A carousel of coaches (2011–present)[edit]

text: Rodriguez was fired following Michigan's 2010 season, ending Michigan's flirtation with the spread—and with non-"Michigan Man" coaches. Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke, who served as Michigan's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002. Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan. Meanwhile, in Columbus, the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos. Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials, and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported.[25] On May 30, 2011, Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season. In July 2011, in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation, Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season, including the win over Michigan, leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8–1, with a win streak of six.[1]

text: Michigan won the 2011 meeting, 40–34, which was the first between two first-year coaches since the 1929 match-up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman. The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing, and five touchdowns.

text: On November 28, 2011, Urban Meyer, who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987, was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes, replacing Fickell.[26] In the 2012 matchup, OSU's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth-ranked Buckeyes, trailing at halftime, shut down No. 20 Michigan's offense in the second half to prevail 26–21 and cap a 12–0 season.[27]

text: In 2013, Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11–0 record (7–0 Big Ten) and ranked #3 in the BCS standings. Michigan was a disappointing 7–4 (3–4 Big Ten). In spite of the seeming mismatch, the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42–41. Michigan attempted a two-point conversion for the lead, but Devin Gardner's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell, and Ohio State escaped with the win.

text: Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5–6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible. Ohio State had a 10–1 record (7–0 in the Big Ten), and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff. The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns (two on offense and one on defense) to go up 42–21. The Game ended 42–28. During the contest, OSU quarterback J. T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third-string sophomore quarterback, Cardale Jones. Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship.

text: Three days after the game, Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke's successor. On December 30, 2014, Jim Harbaugh, former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986, was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school's new head football coach.

text: The 2015 game, in Ann Arbor, marked Jim Harbaugh's first game as a head coach in the rivalry. His Michigan team was 9–2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10–1. For the first time since 2006, both teams were ranked in the top 10, with Ohio State at #8 and Michigan at #10.[28] The first half was close, with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State's lead to 14–10. Ohio State, however, scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half, while Michigan could only muster a single field goal. The final score was 42–13, in favor of Ohio State.

text: The 2016 game pitted the third-ranked Wolverines against the second-ranked Buckeyes, only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation's top three. Michigan led 10–7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17–7 early in the third quarter. An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17–14 heading to the fourth quarter. The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime. The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams. Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time, winning, 30–27, in double overtime.

text: Big Ten expansion[edit]

text: In 2010, the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year, and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions. When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions, concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back-to-back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game. Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools, as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails, creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale. Ultimately, Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division. The Michigan–Ohio State game became a "protected crossover" game, to be played every year at the end of the regular season.

text: The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten's geographical realignment. Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: During the mid-2000s, ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be "normal, if it wasn't for sports". One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt.[29] An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State.[30]

text: In 2006, as part of their "Midwest Midterm Midtacular", The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt. This brought boos, jeers, and a few laughs from the OSU audience. After the sketch was over, Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.[31]

text: The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State: The Rivalry focused on the rivalry, chiefly the "Ten-Year War" through the present.[32]

text: The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin, who attended Michigan, features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game, parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event.

text: The 1942 movie The Male Animal, based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent, also features a version of the game.

text: In 2011, 10-year-old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Not liking to use the word "cancer", Reed (whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan) decided to call his cancer "Michigan", since "Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan". The move of calling his cancer "Michigan" got the support of his parents, Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer (who Reed later got to meet), and even some Michigan fans, including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke.[33] After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission, Reed now tells people that he "beat Michigan".[34]

text: Accomplishments by the two rivals[edit]

text:
Team
Michigan[35]
Ohio State[36]

National titles[37]
11
8

Bowl appearances[38][39]
45
47[n 1]

CFP appearances
0
2

Postseason bowl record
21–24
22–25[n 1]

Rose Bowl appearances
20
14

Rose Bowl wins
8
7

Big Ten Division titles[40]
0
5

Big Ten titles
42
35[n 1]

Consensus All-Americans[41][42]
81
83

Heisman Trophies[43]
3
7

All-time program record
935–334–36
886–322–53[n 1]

All-time win percentage
.730
.724[n 1]

text: Game results[edit]

text: Rankings are from the AP Poll.[n 1]

text:
Michigan victories
Ohio State victories
Ties
Vacated wins

text:
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

1
1897
Ann Arbor
Michigan
34–0

2
1900
Ann Arbor
Tie
0–0

3
1901
Columbus
Michigan
21–0

4
1902
Ann Arbor
Michigan
86–0

5
1903
Ann Arbor
Michigan
36–0

6
1904
Columbus
Michigan
31–6

7
1905
Ann Arbor
Michigan
40–0

8
1906
Columbus
Michigan
6–0

9
1907
Ann Arbor
Michigan
22–0

10
1908
Columbus
Michigan
10–6

11
1909
Ann Arbor
Michigan
33–6

12
1910
Columbus
Tie
3–3

13
1911
Ann Arbor
Michigan
19–0

14
1912
Columbus
Michigan
14–0

15
1918
Columbus
Michigan
14–0

16
1919
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
13–3

17
1920
Columbus
Ohio State
14–7

18
1921
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
14–0

19
1922
Columbus
Michigan
19–0

20
1923
Ann Arbor
Michigan
23–0

21
1924
Columbus
Michigan
16–6

22
1925
Ann Arbor
Michigan
10–0

23
1926
Columbus
Michigan
17–16

24
1927
Ann Arbor
Michigan
21–0

25
1928
Columbus
Ohio State
19–7

26
1929
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
7–0

27
1930
Columbus
Michigan
13–0

28
1931
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
7–0

29
1932
Columbus
Michigan
14–10

30
1933
Ann Arbor
Michigan
13–0

31
1934
Columbus
Ohio State
34–0

32
1935
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
38–0

33
1936
Columbus
Ohio State (#18)
21–0

34
1937
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#19)
21–0

35
1938
Columbus
Michigan (#17)
18–0

36
1939
Ann Arbor
Michigan
21–14

37
1940
Columbus
Michigan (#7)
40–0

38
1941
Ann Arbor
Tie
20–20

39
1942
Columbus
Ohio State (#5)
21–7

40
1943
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#4)
45–7

41
1944
Columbus
Ohio State (#3)
18–14

42
1945
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#8)
7–3

43
1946
Columbus
Michigan (#8)
58–6

44
1947
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#1)
21–0

45
1948
Columbus
Michigan (#1)
13–3

46
1949
Ann Arbor
Tie
7–7

47
1950
Columbus
Michigan
9–3

48
1951
Ann Arbor
Michigan
7–0

49
1952
Columbus
Ohio State
27–7

50
1953
Ann Arbor
Michigan
20–0

51
1954
Columbus
Ohio State (#1)
21–7

52
1955
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#9)
17–0

53
1956
Columbus
Michigan (#9)
19–0

54
1957
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#3)
31–14

55
1958
Columbus
Ohio State (#11)
20–14

56
1959
Ann Arbor
Michigan
23–14

57
1960
Columbus
Ohio State (#10)
7–0

58
1961
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#2)
50–20

No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

59
1962
Columbus
Ohio State
28–0

60
1963
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
14–10

61
1964
Columbus
Michigan (#6)
10–0

62
1965
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
9–7

63
1966
Columbus
Michigan
17–3

64
1967
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
24–14

65
1968
Columbus
Ohio State (#2)
50–14

66
1969
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#12)
24–12

67
1970
Columbus
Ohio State (#5)
20–9

68
1971
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#3)
10–7

69
1972
Columbus
Ohio State (#9)
14–11

70
1973
Ann Arbor
Tie
10–10

71
1974
Columbus
Ohio State (#4)
12–10

72
1975
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#1)
21–14

73
1976
Columbus
Michigan (#4)
22–0

74
1977
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#5)
14–6

75
1978
Columbus
Michigan (#6)
14–3

76
1979
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#2)
18–15

77
1980
Columbus
Michigan (#10)
9–3

78
1981
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
14–9

79
1982
Columbus
Ohio State
24–14

80
1983
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#8)
24–21

81
1984
Columbus
Ohio State (#11)
21–6

82
1985
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#6)
27–17

83
1986
Columbus
Michigan (#6)
26–24

84
1987
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
23–20

85
1988
Columbus
Michigan (#12)
34–31

86
1989
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#3)
28–18

87
1990
Columbus
Michigan (#15)
16–13

88
1991
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#4)
31–3

89
1992
Columbus
Tie
13–13

90
1993
Ann Arbor
Michigan
28–0

91
1994
Columbus
Ohio State (#22)
22–6

92
1995
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#18)
31–23

93
1996
Columbus
Michigan (#21)
13–9

94
1997
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#1)
20–14

95
1998
Columbus
Ohio State (#7)
31–16

96
1999
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#10)
24–17

97
2000
Columbus
Michigan (#19)
38–26

98
2001
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
26–20

99
2002
Columbus
Ohio State (#2)
14–9

100
2003
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#5)
35–21

101
2004
Columbus
Ohio State
37–21

102
2005
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#9)
25–21

103
2006
Columbus
Ohio State (#1)
42–39

104
2007
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#7)
14–3

105
2008
Columbus
Ohio State (#10)
42–7

106
2009
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#9)
21–10

107
2010[1]
Columbus
Ohio State (#12)
37–7

108
2011
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#15)
40–34

109
2012
Columbus
Ohio State (#4)
26–21

110
2013
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#3)
42–41

111
2014
Columbus
Ohio State (#6)
42–28

112
2015
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#8)
42–13

113
2016
Columbus
Ohio State (#2)
30–272OT

114
2017
Ann Arbor

Series: Michigan leads 58–48–6

text: Big Ten games[edit]

text: In Big Ten Conference play, Ohio State leads the series 48–46–4 through the 2016 meeting.[44][45] Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season. Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season, and Michigan returned for the 1917 season.[46] The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ohio State has vacated all 12 of its victories and its Big Ten Conference championship from the 2010 season. These 12 wins are not included in Ohio State's all-time record, nor is the 2010 Michigan–Ohio State contest counted in the series record between the two teams.[1][2] See Wikipedia:WikiProject College football/Vacated victories for an explanation of how vacated victories are recorded.[3][4][5]

tag: ol


document_title: Times Square Ball

question_text: who makes the crystal ball in times square

root

text: Times Square Ball

text: Events[edit]

text: Event organization[edit]

text: To facilitate the arrival of attendees, Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year's Eve. The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as "pens", into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival.[3][4] Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), even more so since the 2001–02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen, and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event.[4]

tag: p

text: Security was increased further for 2017–18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31, and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels, rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers, and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters.[5]

text: Festivities[edit]

text: Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6:00 p.m. ET.[3] Party favors are distributed to attendees, which have historically included large balloons, hats, and other items branded with the event's corporate sponsors.[6][7] The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries, along with live music performances by popular musicians. Some of these performances are organized by, and aired on New Year's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square.[7][8]

text: The drop itself occurs at 11:59 p.m.—the last minute of the year,[3] and is ceremonially "activated" by a dignitary or celebrity joined on-stage by the current Mayor of New York City.[9][10] The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square, along with the playing of "Auld Lang Syne" by Guy Lombardo, "Theme from New York, New York" by Frank Sinatra, "America the Beautiful" by Ray Charles, "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong, and "Over the Rainbow" by IZ.[11]

text: Since the 1996 New Year's Eve celebration, the current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest, selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance, in ceremonially "activating" the ball drop by pressing a button, resembling a smaller version of the ball itself, at exactly one minute to midnight.[9] The button itself does not actually trigger the drop; that is done from a control room, synchronized using a government time signal.[10] Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included:

text:
1996–1997: Oseola McCarty[9]
1997–1998: A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City's centennial[12]
1998–1999: Chinese gymnast Sang Lan (who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City)[13]
1999–2000: Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders[14]
2000–2001: Muhammad Ali[15]
2001–2002: Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan; this was Giuliani's final act as mayor. Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002, and took his oath of office shortly after midnight.[16]
2002–2003: Christopher and Dana Reeve[17]
2003–2004: Cyndi Lauper, along with Shoshana Johnson—the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority[18]
2004–2005: Secretary of State Colin Powell[19]
2005–2006: Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis[20]
2006–2007: A group of eight United States Armed Forces members[21]
2007–2008: Karolina Wierzchowska, an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian[22]
2008–2009: Bill and Hillary Clinton[23]
2009–2010: Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report "America's Best High Schools Top 100 'Gold Medal' List"[24]
2010–2011: Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta[25]
2011–2012: Musician Lady Gaga[26]
2012–2013: The Rockettes[27]
2013–2014: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.[note 1][29][30]
2014–2015: Cuban-American musician Jencarlos Canela, joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City, in partnership with the International Rescue Committee[31][32]
2015–2016: Hugh Evans[33]
2016–2017: United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; this was Ban Ki-moon's final act as UN Secretary-General, as António Guterres took office on January 1, 2017.[34][35]
2017–2018: Tarana Burke[36]

tag: ul

text: Since the 2005–06 edition of the event, the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon's song "Imagine". Until 2009–2010, the original recording was used; since 2010–2011, the song has been performed by the headlining act;[37][38]

text:
2010–2011: Taio Cruz[39]
2011–2012: Cee-Lo Green[note 2][38]
2012–2013: Train[40]
2013–2014: Melissa Etheridge[8]
2014–2015: O.A.R.[41]
2015–2016: Jessie J[42]
2016–2017: Rachel Platten[43]
2017–2018: Andy Grammer[44]

text: Past songs before the ball drop[edit]

text: For 1999-2000 and 2000-01, Times Square played “Ascent of Time” by Charles B. Kim, performed by the Peabody Symphony Orchestra of Johns Hopkins University. The piece included music from a “virtual orchestra” arranged by Forrest Tobey, played by computers, revolutionary for 1999, because they expected great advancements in computer technology during the next millennium.[45] To honor the victims of the September 11 attacks, the song was changed to “God Bless America” by Irving Berlin for 2001-02. For 2002-03 and 2003-04, the song was changed to Lee Greenwood’s God Bless the U.S.A.. The original version was played for 2002-03, and the American Idol season 2 encore version was used for 2003-04. “God Bless America” was again played for 2004-05. Since 2005-06, the last song of the year in Times Square has been “Imagine”.

text: Cleanup[edit]

text: After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees, cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning. Few traces of the previous night's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed: following the 2013–14 drop, the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8:00 a.m., it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square, using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance.[46]

text: History[edit]

text: Beginnings (1907–1908)[edit]

text: The first New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31, 1904; The New York Times' owner, Adolph Ochs, decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper's new headquarters, One Times Square, with a New Year's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905. Close to 200,000 people attended the event, displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church.[47] However, following several years of fireworks shows, Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area. The newspaper's chief electrician, Walter F. Palmer, suggested using a time ball, after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building.[47]

text: Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration; it was built from iron and wood, electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs, weighed 700 pounds (320 kg), and measured 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. The ball was hoisted on the building's flagpole with rope by a team of six men. Once it hit the roof of the building, the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5-foot tall sign indicating the new year, and trigger a fireworks show.[48] The first ever "ball drop" was held on December 31, 1907, welcoming the year 1908.[47]

text: In 1913, only eight years after it moved to One Times Square, the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street. The Times still maintained ownership of the tower, however, and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop.[49]

text: The second and third balls (1920–98)[edit]

text: The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a second design; the second ball remained 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter, but was now constructed from iron, weighing 400 pounds (180 kg).[50] The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II.[50] Instead, a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square, accompanied by the sound of church bells[50] and chimes played from sound trucks.

text: The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955; again, it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors, but was now constructed from aluminium, and weighed 150 pounds (68 kg).[50] In 1981, the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign, with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple.[47] For 1988, organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day (leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC, which is five hours before midnight in New York) by extending the drop to 61 seconds, and by including a special one-second light show during the extra second.[51] The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989, but were replaced by red, white, and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield.[47]

text: The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996, adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights, and over 12,000 rhinestones.[50][52] Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were "something [that] had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium."[52]

text: The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology's time signal; the new system was not without issues, however, as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent.[53] After its 44th use in 1999, the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group, owners of One Times Square.[47]

text: Into the new millennium (1999–2007)[edit]

text: On December 28, 1998, during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium, and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal. The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop; companies such as Discover Card, Korbel Champagne, and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square. The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as "NYC 2000", which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations.[54]

text: A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000, which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry, representing countries entering the new year at that hour. Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators.[55]

text: The fourth ball, measuring 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds (490 kg), incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs, 504 triangle-shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford, 96 strobe lights, and spinning, pyramid-shaped mirrors. The ball was constructed at Waterford's factory in Ireland, and was then shipped to New York City, where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed.[48]

text: Many of the triangles were inscribed with "Hope"-themed designs changing yearly, such as "Hope for Fellowship", "Hope for Wisdom", "Hope for Unity", "Hope for Courage", and "Hope for Abundance".[3][56] For 2002, as part of the theme "Hope for Healing", 195 of the ball's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[3][56] In December 2011, the "Hope for Healing" panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum.[57]

text: Present day (2008–present)[edit]

text: In honor of the ball drop's centennial anniversary, a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year's Eve 2008. Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet (1.8 m), but weighing 1,212 pounds (550 kg), it used LED lamps provided by Philips (which can produce 16,777,216 or 224 colors), with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City-based lighting firm Focus Lighting. The ball featured 9,576 energy-efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters.[2]  The 2008 ball was only used once, and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event.[47][53][58]

text: For 2009, a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced—an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps. Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball, at 12 feet (3.7 m), and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels, with a weight of 11,875 pounds (5,386 kg). It was designed to be weatherproof, as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year-round following the celebrations.[47][53][58]

text: Yearly themes for the ball's crystal panels continued; from 2008 to 2013, the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as "World of Celebration", including themes such as "Let There Be Light" and "Let There Be Peace". For 2014, all the ball's panels were replaced, marking a new theme series known as "Greatest Gifts", beginning with "Gift of Imagination".[32][42][58][59]

text: The numerical sign indicating the year (which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself) uses Philips LED lamps. For 2014, the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company's "Hue" line of multi-color LED lamps, allowing them to have computerized lighting cues.[60]

text: Weather at midnight[edit]

text: According to the National Weather Service, from 1907 to 2016, the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 °F (1 °C).[61] The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 °F (−17 °C) and the wind chill was −18 °F (−28 °C). The warmest temperature was 58 °F (14 °C), in 1965 and 1972. It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events (one being light snow)—1926, 1934, 1948, 1952, 1961, 1967, and 2009—and it has rained multiple times.[30] Festivities in 2018 were the second-coldest on record due to an arctic air mass, forecast at 11 °F (−12 °C) before wind chill.[62]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: As a public event, the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television. As of 2016-17, a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage.[63]

text: The event is covered as part of New Year's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks. By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve; created, produced, and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012, and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy, the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC, where it has been broadcast ever since.[64][65] New Year's Rockin' Eve has consistently been the most-watched New Year's Eve special in the U.S. annually, peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition.[66][64][67] Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012, a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute.[65]

text: Across the remaining networks, NBC broadcasts New Year's Eve with Carson Daly, hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes, which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year's Eve Live until 2014. From 2015 to 2017, Fox broadcast Pitbull's New Year's Revolution from Miami instead, but returned to New York-oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018. Spanish-language network Univision broadcasts ¡Feliz!, hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca, while Telemundo has the Bienvedido series with Daniel Sarcos from Un Nuevo Dia for 2017 and Jorge Bernal from ¡Suelta La Sopa! for 2018.[68][69][70][71]

text: On cable, CNN carries coverage of the festivities, known as New Year's Eve Live, which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square. Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018.[72] Fox News carries All-American New Year, which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square.[73]

text: Since 2009, an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced, streamed via Livestream.com.[63][74][75]

text: Past broadcasts[edit]

text: Beginning in the 1940s, NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television. Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show, continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno's tenures on the program. NBC would introduce a dedicated special, New Year's Eve with Carson Daly, beginning in 2003.[76]

text: From 1956 to 1976, CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, featuring his band's famous rendition of "Auld Lang Syne" at midnight. After Lombardo's death in 1977, CBS and the Royal Canadians, now led by Victor Lombardo, attempted to continue the special. However, Guy's absence and the growing popularity of ABC's New Year’s Rockin’ Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely. The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special, Happy New Year, America, which ran in various formats with different hosts (such as Paul Anka, Donny Osmond, Andy Williams, Paul Shaffer, and Montel Williams) until it was discontinued after 1996. CBS, barring a special America's Millennium broadcast for 2000,[77] has no longer broadcast any national New Year's programming since.[78][79][80][81]

text: For 2000, in lieu of New Year's Rockin' Eve, ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day-long telecast, ABC 2000 Today. Hosted by Peter Jennings, the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world, including those in New York City. Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square.[82]

text: MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza. For 2011, MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore, featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant "hamster ball". Originally, MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square, but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere.[83]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg, whose mayoral term ended at midnight, did not attend, and celebrated privately with his family instead. Unlike Bloomberg's inauguration in 2002, which was held shortly after midnight, Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion.[28]

Jump up ^ Cee-Lo's performance was criticized by fans for his change of a lyric relating to religion.[38]


document_title: The Walking Dead (comic book)

question_text: what is the latest volume of the walking dead

text: The Walking Dead (comic book)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The original pitch by Kirkman and Moore was for a followup to George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead with the series taking place in the 1960s.[7] Image Comics co-founder Jim Valentino suggested using an original concept instead so the creators would own the property outright.[7] The revised pitch became The Walking Dead.

text: The Walking Dead debuted in 2003, published by Image Comics, with art by Tony Moore for the first six issues and Cliff Rathburn shading the art after issue five. Charlie Adlard took over as artist on issue #7, after he was approached by Kirkman.[4] Moore also did the cover art for the first twenty-four issues and the first four trade paperbacks. The remainder were done by Adlard.

text: When the television series premiered in October 2010, Image Comics announced The Walking Dead Weekly. The first 52 issues of the series began to be reprinted on January 5, 2011, with one issue per week for a year.[8]

text: The series is periodically re-published in trade paperbacks which contain six issues each, hardcover books with twelve issues and occasional bonus material, omnibus editions of twenty-four issues, and compendium editions of forty-eight issues.

text: Story arcs[edit]

text: Volume 1: Days Gone Bye (Issues 1–6)

text: Volume 2: Miles Behind Us (Issues 7–12)

text: Volume 3: Safety Behind Bars (Issues 13–18)

text: Volume 4: The Heart's Desire (Issues 19–24)

text: Volume 5: The Best Defense (Issues 25–30)

text: Volume 6: This Sorrowful Life (Issues 31–36)

text: Volume 7: The Calm Before (Issues 37–42)

text: Volume 8: Made To Suffer (Issues 43–48)

text: Volume 9: Here We Remain (Issues 49–54)

text: Volume 10: What We Become (Issues 55–60)

text: Volume 11: Fear The Hunters (Issues 61–66)

text: Volume 12: Life Among Them (Issues 67–72)

text: Volume 13: Too Far Gone (Issues 73–78)

text: Volume 14: No Way Out (Issues 79–84)

text: Volume 15: We Find Ourselves (Issues 85–90)

text: Volume 16: A Larger World (Issues 91–96)

text: Volume 17: Something To Fear (Issues 97–102)

text: Volume 18: What Comes After (Issues 103–108)

text: Volume 19: March To War (Issues 109–114)

text: Volume 20: All Out War – Part One (Issues 115–120)

text: Volume 21: All Out War – Part Two (Issues 121–126)

text: Volume 22: A New Beginning (Issues 127–132)

text: Volume 23: Whispers Into Screams (Issues 133–138)

text: Volume 24: Life And Death (Issues 139–144)

text: Volume 25: No Turning Back (Issues 145–150)

text: Volume 26: Call To Arms (Issues 151–156)

text: Volume 27: The Whisperer War (Issues 157–162)

text: Volume 28: A Certain Doom (Issues 163–168)

text: Volume 29 (Issues 169–174)

text: List of characters[edit]

text: Rick Grimes is the main character, a deputy who is comatose when the zombie apocalypse begins. With his wife Lori and son Carl, he joins with groups other survivors. He is joined by former best friend Shane, who secretly has a sexual relationship with Lori. The group consists of firm clerk and college graduate Andrea and her sister Amy, a mechanic named Jim, car salesman Dale, shoe salesman Allen and his wife, Donna as well as their children, Ben and Billy. Lori and Carl form friendships with other survivors such as Carol and Sophia.

text: After leaving the camp, Rick gains a right-hand man and close friendship in Tyreese, who is accompanied by his daughter and her boyfriend. They soon find a farm run by Hershel Greene. Among Hershel's seven children is Maggie Greene, who forms a relationship with Glenn. As the group settle at a prison, they become conflicted with a group of surviving prisoners. Otis meets a katana-wielding survivor named Michonne, who is brought into the group, but struggles to acclimate, facing her own demons. Michonne, Rick and Glenn are later held in captivity by The Governor, a leader of a town called Woodbury who plan to take over the prison. Other Woodbury residents include Alice Warren, who changes sides to Rick's group and delivers Lori's baby, Bob Stookey, an army medic responsible for saving The Governor's life and Lilly, one of The Governor's soldiers.

text: After the prison assault, the remaining group survivors regroup at Hershel's farm, and meet Abraham Ford, Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa. The group travel to Washington DC where they are hunted by Chris, encounter Gabriel Stokes, a priest, and are then recruited by Aaron and his boyfriend, Eric to join the Alexandria Safe-Zone, run by congressman, Douglas Monroe. Among the residents are Heath and Dr. Denise Cloyd, who quickly become close allies to the core group, and eventually the conflicted Nicholas. Douglas' son, Spencer tries to form a relationship with Andrea. Rick falls in love with Jessie Anderson, an abused wife. Abraham forms a relationship with Holly, a member of the construction crew. A group of men, known as The Scavengers, tries to conquer Alexandria; the fight attracts a pack of walkers that invades the safe zone, leading to the death of a lot of Alexandrians. Later, the safe zone starts a trading network with the Hilltop Colony, with help from its scout Paul "Jesus" Monroe. However, their safety is again threatened by the psychopathic Negan and his group known as The Saviors who reside in a factory. One of the Saviors, Dwight becomes an ally with the communities. The Hilltop and Alexandria join with The Kingdom run by Ezekiel in a war against the Saviors.

text: After the war, newcomers such as Magna and Dante are introduced into the series. Another community out at sea is established, as well as safety perimeters across the DC area, which is violated by the presence of the Whisperers, a tribe of people disguised as the dead who have rejected the notion of re-establishing civilization. The leader, Alpha, antagonizes Rick as her daughter, Lydia, forms a sexual relationship with Carl. When Alpha's second in command, Beta, takes leadership of the group, he declares war against the communities.

text: The undead/reanimated[edit]

text: The "zombie idea" developed by George Romero does not exist in The Walking Dead alternate universe; hence, of all the myriad terms used to describe the undead by different communities throughout the show, the word "zombie" has been deliberately avoided. While it has been used extremely rarely in the comics, it has never been used in the show.

text: Rick's group classifies the undead as either walkers, roamers or lurkers, the former being more likely to venture toward a loud noise in search of human prey. Other names have been used by characters in the series, including biters and stinkers. The undead follow and mimic each other, which can result in enormous hordes travelling together, "walking nonstop, following a sound they've all forgotten," as Abraham puts it.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received critical acclaim, winning the Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series in 2010[11] and prompting Eric Sunde of IGN comics to call it "one of the best monthly comics available".[12] Among its fans are author Max Brooks.[13] Because of the popularity of the series, which increased considerably when it was adapted into a television series of the same name, artist Tony Moore's original artwork for the series' early issues has gone up in value; on the March 28, 2013 episode of the VH1 reality television series For What It's Worth, Moore's original artwork for Page 7 of issue #1 was professionally appraised to be worth $20,000.[14]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Television adaptations[edit]

text: AMC picked up the rights to produce a show based on the comic in 2009.[15][16] It ordered a pilot episode on January 21, 2010[17] and began filming on May 15, 2010.[18] The series premiered on October 31, 2010 with high ratings.[19] On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a second season of 13 episodes,[20] which began on October 16, 2011.[21] The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic, introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points.

text: The fifth season premiered on October 12, 2014, with Scott M. Gimple as the show's third showrunner. Gimple has said that he would stay closer in line to the comic book series events "as much as possible", but ultimately remix stories with certain characters, referencing original characters introduced to the show and deceased characters alive in the comic book as a reason for this.[22] Robert Kirkman himself has mentioned that the series will follow much closer to the comic series with Gimple's run.[23]

text: A companion television series, titled Fear The Walking Dead, debuted on AMC on August 23, 2015.[24] The series features new original characters, and it is set in the city of Los Angeles, California starting prior to the zombie apocalypse. It explores these new characters as the apocalypse begins. The series was created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson, with Erickson serving as showrunner for the series. AMC ordered the series for a two-season commitment, with the first season consisting of six episodes.[25]

text: Animation comic[edit]

text: AMC released an animated film of the first part of Issue No. 1 of the comic with animation by Juice Films, voice acting by Phil LaMarr and art by Tony Moore.[26]

text: The Walking Dead: The Game[edit]

text: On February 18, 2011, Telltale Games announced plans to create an episodic video game based on the series,[27] which was scheduled to debut in fall 2011 and was released worldwide in April 2012. The Walking Dead: The Game consists of five episodes, released between April and November 2012. Additional downloadable content, 400 Days, was released in July 2013. Kirkman has said that, unlike typical zombie games such as Left 4 Dead, "it [focuses] more on characterization and emotion than action".[28]

text: The first episode of the sequel, The Walking Dead: Season Two, was released in December 2013 with episode 2 being released in March 2014, episode 3 in May 2014, episode 4 in July 2014, and episode 5 in August 2014.

text: The Walking Dead: The Game received widespread critical acclaim, with reviews giving praise for the emotion and characters of the plot. It received many awards, including over 90 Game of the year awards

text: The Walking Dead: All Out War[edit]

text: In January 2016, the Kings of War creator Mantic Games announced plans to release a tabletop miniature wargame based on The Walking Dead, named The Walking Dead: All Out War. The miniatures game was funded through the popular crowdfunding site Kickstarter. This product is available for order and first began shipping to backers on 7 November 2016.

text: Novels[edit]

text: A series of novels based on the comics, written by Robert Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga, were released between 2011 and 2014 focusing on the antagonist "The Governor". Taking place in the initial outbreak, the books chronicle his experiences from surviving in the newly ravaged world, to the establishment of himself as leader of Woodbury, and finally tying up the conclusion to the prison arc storyline in the comics.

text: Following the third novel in the series, Bonansinga continued the Walking Dead novels in Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Descent.[29]

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Author(s)

The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor
9780312547738
October 11, 2011
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Road to Woodbury
9780312547745
October 16, 2012
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor Part One
9781250020642
October 8, 2013
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor Part Two
9781447266822
March 13, 2014
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Descent
9781250057174
October 14, 2014
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Invasion
9781250058508
October 6, 2015
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Search and Destroy
9781250058515
October 18, 2016
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Return to Woodbury
9781250058522
October 17, 2017
Jay Bonansinga

tag: table

text: Collected editions[edit]

text: The series has so far been assembled into the following collections:

text: Trade paperbacks[edit]

text: The trade paperbacks collect six issues each, but contain only the story and none of the original cover art from the comics. Each paperback follows the convention of having a three-word title. The zombies in the cover art for each paperback form part of a larger image if placed end to end.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material
Issues Published
Book Number
Omnibus Number
Compendium Number

The Walking Dead Vol. 1: Days Gone Bye
1-58240-358-9
May 12, 2004
The Walking Dead #1–6
October 2003 – March 2004
1
1
1

The Walking Dead Vol. 2: Miles Behind Us
1-58240-413-5
November 24, 2004
The Walking Dead #7–12
April 2004 – September 2004

The Walking Dead Vol. 3: Safety Behind Bars
1-58240-487-9
May 18, 2005
The Walking Dead #13–18
October 2004 – April 2005
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 4: The Heart's Desire
1-58240-530-1
November 30, 2005
The Walking Dead #19–24
June 2005 – November 2005

The Walking Dead Vol. 5: The Best Defense
1-58240-612-X
September 27, 2006
The Walking Dead #25–30
January 2006 – August 2006
3
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 6: This Sorrowful Life
1-58240-684-7
April 11, 2007
The Walking Dead #31–36
September 2006 – March 2007

The Walking Dead Vol. 7: The Calm Before
1-58240-828-9
September 26, 2007
The Walking Dead #37–42
April 2007 – September 2007
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 8: Made To Suffer
1-58240-883-1
June 25, 2008
The Walking Dead #43–48
October 2007 – April 2008

The Walking Dead Vol. 9: Here We Remain
1-60706-022-1
January 21, 2009
The Walking Dead #49–54
May 2008 – November 2008
5
3
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 10: What We Become
1-60706-075-2
August 12, 2009
The Walking Dead #55–60
November 2008 – April 2009

The Walking Dead Vol. 11: Fear The Hunters
1-60706-122-8
January 6, 2010
The Walking Dead #61–66
May 2009 – October 2009
6

The Walking Dead Vol. 12: Life Among Them
1-60706-254-2
August 3, 2010
The Walking Dead #67–72
November 2009 – May 2010

The Walking Dead Vol. 13: Too Far Gone
1-60706-329-8
November 23, 2010
The Walking Dead #73–78
June 2010 – October 2010
7
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 14: No Way Out
1-60706-392-1
June 22, 2011
The Walking Dead #79–84
November 2010 – April 2011

The Walking Dead Vol. 15: We Find Ourselves
1-60706-440-5
December 27, 2011
The Walking Dead #85–90
May 2011 – October 2011
8

The Walking Dead Vol. 16: A Larger World
1-60706-559-2
June 6, 2012
The Walking Dead #91–96
November 2011 – April 2012

The Walking Dead Vol. 17: Something To Fear
1-60706-615-7
November 21, 2012
The Walking Dead #97–102
May 2012 – September 2012
9
5
3

The Walking Dead Vol. 18: What Comes After
1-60706-687-4
June 18, 2013
The Walking Dead #103–108
October 2012 – March 2013

The Walking Dead Vol. 19: March To War
1-60706-818-4
November 13, 2013
The Walking Dead #109–114
April 2013 – September 2013
10

The Walking Dead Vol. 20: All Out War (Part One)
1-60706-882-6
March 11, 2014
The Walking Dead #115–120
October 2013 – January 2014

The Walking Dead Vol. 21: All Out War (Part Two)
1-63215-030-1
July 29, 2014
The Walking Dead #121–126
February 2014 – April 2014
11
6

The Walking Dead Vol. 22: A New Beginning
1-63215-041-7
November 5, 2014
The Walking Dead #127–132
May 2014 – October 2014

The Walking Dead Vol. 23: Whispers Into Screams
1-63215-258-4
May 12, 2015
The Walking Dead #133–138
October 2014 – March 2015
12

The Walking Dead Vol. 24: Life And Death
1-63215-402-1
August 26, 2015
The Walking Dead #139–144
March 2015 – July 2015

The Walking Dead Vol. 25: No Turning Back
1-63215-659-8
April 5, 2016
The Walking Dead #145–150
August 2015 – January 2016
13
7
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 26: Call To Arms
1-63215-917-1
September 14, 2016
The Walking Dead #151–156
February 2016 – July 2016

The Walking Dead Vol. 27: The Whisperer War
1-53430-052-X
March 7, 2017
The Walking Dead #157–162
August 2016 – January 2017
14

The Walking Dead Vol. 28: A Certain Doom
1-53430-244-1
October 3, 2017
The Walking Dead #163–168
February 2017 – June 2017

The Walking Dead Vol. 29
1-53430-497-5
March 13, 2018[30]
The Walking Dead #169–174
July 2017 – December 2017
15
8

text: Hardcovers[edit]

text: All hardcovers contain the contents of the comics, including the covers, and in some cases bonus material. The books' trim size is larger than the paperbacks. Each hardcover contains two story arcs from the series. Signed versions of the books are available, each limited to 310 pieces.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material
Cover Character

The Walking Dead: Book One
978-1582406190
July 19, 2006
The Walking Dead #1–12
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Two
978-1582406985
March 7, 2007
The Walking Dead #13–24
Michonne

The Walking Dead: Book Three
978-1582408255
December 19, 2007
The Walking Dead #25–36
The Governor

The Walking Dead: Book Four
978-1607060000
October 29, 2008
The Walking Dead #37–48
Lori and Judith

The Walking Dead: Book Five
978-1607061717
May 5, 2010
The Walking Dead #49–60
Abraham

The Walking Dead: Book Six
978-1607063278
October 26, 2010
The Walking Dead #61–72
Carl

The Walking Dead: Book Seven
978-1607064398
October 18, 2011
The Walking Dead #73–84
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Eight
978-1607065937
September 26, 2012
The Walking Dead #85–96
Andrea

The Walking Dead: Book Nine
978-1607067986
September 17, 2013
The Walking Dead #97–108
Negan

The Walking Dead: Book Ten
978-1632150349
September 3, 2014
The Walking Dead #109–120
Ezekiel

The Walking Dead: Book Eleven
978-1632152718
February 25, 2015
The Walking Dead #121–132
Paul "Jesus" Monroe

The Walking Dead: Book Twelve
978-1632154514
September 30, 2015
The Walking Dead #133–144
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Thirteen
978-1632159168
October 5, 2016
The Walking Dead #145–156
Alpha

The Walking Dead: Book Fourteen
978-1534303294
October 11, 2017
The Walking Dead #157–168
Dwight

text: Omnibus editions[edit]

text: Limited omnibus editions collect 24 issues in a slipcase with several extras. The first volume is autographed by Kirkman and Adlard, with 300 copies available. Subsequent volumes had print runs of 3000 each, along with deluxe limited editions (signed by Kirkman/Adlard) of 300 copies.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material

The Walking Dead: Volume 1 Deluxe HC
1-58240-511-5
December 14, 2005
Collects #1–24

The Walking Dead: Volume 2 Deluxe HC
1-60706-029-9
February 17, 2009
Collects #25–48

The Walking Dead: Volume 3 Deluxe HC
1-60706-330-1
February 2, 2011
Collects #49–72

The Walking Dead: Volume 4 Deluxe HC
1-60706-616-5
December 12, 2012
Collects #73–96

The Walking Dead: Volume 5 Deluxe HC
1-63215-042-5
November 19, 2014
Collects #97–120

The Walking Dead: Volume 6 Deluxe HC
1-63215-521-4
December 2, 2015
Collects #121–144

The Walking Dead: Volume 7 Deluxe HC
1-53430-335-9
November 7, 2017
Collects #145–168

text: Compendium editions[edit]

text: Softcover compendium editions collect 48 comic issues each. They are also available as limited hardcover editions (Red Foil Version[31] for Compendium 1, Gold Foil Version[32] for Compendium 2, and Gold Foil Version[33] for Compendium 3).

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material

The Walking Dead: Compendium One
1-60706-076-0
May 6, 2009
Collects #1–48

The Walking Dead: Compendium Two
1-60706-596-7
October 3, 2012
Collects #49–96

The Walking Dead: Compendium Three
1-63215-456-0
October 13, 2015
Collects #97–144

text: Other publications[edit]

text: Several ancillary books and a special edition have also been published:

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Description

The Walking Dead Survivors' Guide
1-60706-458-8
November 1, 2011
A detailed guide to every character featured in the comics as of its publication

The Walking Dead 100 Project (hardcover)
1-60706-801-X
September 25, 2013
One hundred covers sketched by various artists commemorating issue #100

The Walking Dead 100 Project (paperback)
1-60706-799-4
October 8, 2013

The Walking Dead: The Covers – Volume 1
1-60706-002-7
October 6, 2010
Collection of the cover art for The Walking Dead #1–50 (Vol. 1) and #51–100 (Vol. 2)

The Walking Dead: The Covers – Volume 2
1-60706-595-9
July 9, 2013

The Walking Dead: All Out War Artist's Proof Edition
1-63215-038-7
October 1, 2014
All Out War parts 1 and 2, The Walking Dead #115-126, with its original pencil artwork; cover art features Rick and Negan


document_title: History of Ottawa

question_text: when did ottawa become the capital of canada

text: History of Ottawa

text: Indigenous peoples and European exploration[edit]

text: With the draining of the Champlain Sea around 10,000 years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable.[3] The Algonquin people (Anishinaabe) who called the Ottawa River the Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning "Great River" or "Grand River" maintained a trade route along the Ottawa River for a relatively short time.[4][5][6][7][8] The word "Ottawa" is in relation to the Ottawa people, the First Nation who hunted, camped, traded, and traveled in the area, and also lived far to the west along Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. [9]

text: When Étienne Brûlé in 1610 became the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, followed by Samuel de Champlain in 1613, they were assisted by Algonquin guides.[10][11] Written records show that by 1613 the Algonquins were in control of the Ottawa Valley and the surrounding areas to the west and north.[7]

text: At left is an extract from a map created in 1632 by Samuel de Champlain of the eastern reaches of New France. It shows a portion of the Ottawa River route he took in 1616, with numbers used to indicate sites he visited, significant rapids and aboriginal encampments. Numbers 77 and 91 correspond to the locations of the modern-day City of Ottawa and the Rideau River respectively; # 80 marks the location of the large rapids south of Calumet Island; # 81 shows the site of Allumette Island, inhabited at that time by members of the Algonquin nation; # 82 corresponds roughly to the location of the modern-day village of Fort-Coulonge, and an Algonquin settlement that existed at the time of Champlain's travels.

text: Champlain wrote about both the Rideau Falls (named by later canoeists) on the eastern part of the early future town, and the Chaudière Falls (named by Champlain) in the west, which would later become employed in the lumber industry. Unlike some parts of Gatineau, and areas much further upstream, there are no indications of any settlement at all in present-day Ottawa for the next two centuries, however the river and the Rideau River had been used for travel.[13][14][15] Chaudière was, and still is impassable by any water traffic, so there were portage paths around it on trips from the mouth of the Ottawa River to the lands of the interior and Great Lakes. Many missionaries, coureurs de bois and voyageurs passed by Ottawa, such as Jesuit martyr Jean de Brébeuf in 1634, on his way to the Hurons, Groseilliers in 1654,[16] Radisson,[16] and in the 1700s explorers La Vérendrye (who made four trips west in the 1730s and 1740s),[17] and later Alexander Mackenzie,[18] Joseph Frobisher and Simon McTavish.[17][19] Nicholas Gatineau also traded using the nearby Gatineau River.

text: The Algonquin were not the only people in present-day Ontario. During the 17th century, the Algonquians and Hurons fought a bitter war against the Iroquois. Champlain's travels brought him to Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the center of Huron country near Lake Simcoe. During these voyages, Champlain aided the Hurons in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy. As a result, the Iroquois would become enemies of the French and be involved in multiple conflicts (known as the French and Iroquois Wars) until the signing of the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701.

text: Historical context prior to settlement[edit]

text: The Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France ended with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which confirmed Great Britain's conquest of Canada. After defeating the French and their Native allies in the Maritimes, at Quebec City on the Plains of Abraham, and later Montreal, Great Britain controlled all of Canada. Consequently, areas west of Montreal began receiving many English-speaking settlers from Great Britain. Populations in Eastern Ontario also increased following the American Revolution's 1776 Declaration of Independence. Many United Empire Loyalists migrated to Canada, assisted by Britain, which granted them 200 acres (81 ha) of land and other items with which to rebuild their lives.

text: The Constitutional Act of 1791, established the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada which would last from December 26, 1791, to February 10, 1841. By this time two culturally distinct regions were forming; Loyalist Protestant American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada and a French-speaking Catholic population of Lower Canada. This essentially meant that the creation of the two solitudes led to the bisecting of the Algonquin Nation. Upper Canada had its own legislature and was administered by a lieutenant-governor (starting with John Graves Simcoe). Its capital was settled by 1796 in York (present-day Toronto), a choice which was influenced by the threat of attack by the Americans, which also was a factor initiating the construction of the Rideau Canal. By the time British settlement started near Ottawa, there were two principal local areas, Nepean Township west of the Rideau River and Gloucester Township to the east. Though not yet named, they were formed in 1793.[20]

text: Although the War of 1812 gave Upper Canada some confidence in its ability to defend itself against American intrusion, the threat remained. This led directly to the creation of the military settlements such as Perth, Ontario and the settling of some military regiment families (such as the 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) at Richmond, Ontario).[21] By the time of Bytown's founding, Kingston, Ontario, located on the eastern shores of Lake Ontario south-west of Ottawa, had become a naval base of 2849 inhabitants, York's population was 1677,[22] Perth, 1500, and Brockville, another Eastern Ontario town had a population which was nearing 1000. In Lower Canada, Montreal and Quebec City were far larger, each having 22,000 inhabitants.[22]

text: Settlement[edit]

text: Early settlers[edit]

text: The first major European settlement near Ottawa was founded by Philemon Wright, a New Englander from Woburn, Massachusetts who, on March 7, 1800,[23] arrived with his own and five other families along with twenty-five labourers.[5] They started an agricultural community called Wright's Town (now Gatineau, Quebec) on the north bank of the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls.[23] Food crops were not sufficient to sustain the community and Wright began harvesting trees as a cash crop when he determined that he could transport timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to the Montreal and Quebec City markets, and onward to Europe. His first raft of squared timber and sawed lumber arrived in Quebec City in 1806.[24] It was from this location that much of the future settlement on the south shore was facilitated. By this time, land on the Ottawa side of the river had already been surveyed and land grants were being issued.[25][26]

text: In 1818,[27] a settlement was formed at Richmond Landing, in present-day LeBreton Flats, while Richmond Road, Ottawa's first thoroughfare was being built.[28] Families of the English soldiers who came to create the settlement of Richmond stayed for months at this location which had had a store since 1809 erected by Jehiel Collins, who is credited as the first settler of what would become Bytown.[29][30] In the intervening years, the area would see such settlers as Braddish Billings, Abraham Dow, Ira Honeywell, John LeBreton. and original owner of much of Ottawa's early lands, Nicholas Sparks. Another major landholder was Lieutenant-Colonel John By, who oversaw the construction of the Rideau Canal.

text: Rideau Canal and growth of Bytown[edit]

text: The first European survey of the Rideau Route, part of an indigenous canoe route that connected the Ottawa River to the St. Lawrence River at Gananoque, was conducted by Lt. Gershom French in 1783. On October 2, 1783, his survey party camped on the shores of the Rideau River at the head of the portage from the Ottawa River that led around Rideau Falls. He described the area as "the soil everywhere good and deep, timbered with Maple, Elm and Butternut".[31] The War of 1812 made evident the need for a safe military supply route from Montreal to Kingston so the Rideau Route was surveyed for the purposes of a canal, in 1816 by Royal Engineer Joshua Jebb and in 1823-24 by civil surveyor Samuel Clowes. In 1826, Lieutenant-Colonel John By was appointed to oversee its construction and he hired contractors that included Philemon Wright, who supplied much of the stone, mortar and labour, Thomas McKay, a mason, and staff such as John MacTaggart and Thomas Burrowes, surveyor,[32] (Burrowes' created many paintings of early Bytown.) The Governor General George Ramsay, the Earl of Dalhousie took a great interest in the construction of the canal, as well as in establishing a settlement in the area. On September 26, 1826,[33] Colonel By and Dalhousie had agreed that the canal's entrance was to be at Entrance Bay (its current location), and along with a letter authorizing Colonel By to divide the town into lots,[34] marked the origins[33][35] of what was to become the town of Bytown.

text: Dalhousie's letter stated in part: "I take this opportunity of meeting you here to place in your hands a Sketch Plan of several Lots of Lands, which I thought advantageous to purchase for the use of Government, when this Canal was spoken of, as likely to be carried into effect, this not only contains the site for the Head Locks, but they offer a valuable locality for a considerable Village or Town, for the lodging of Artificers and other necessary Essentials, in so great a Work. I would propose that these be correctly surveyed, laid out in lots of 2 or so Acres, to be granted according to the means of settlers and to pay a Government rent of 2/6 per acre annually."[36]

text: By set up his base of operations in Wright's Town, and began construction of the Union Bridge[34] as a link to the new town. The Royal Sappers and Miners were employed in 1827 for the canal's construction, which began at three separate places, one of them being the site of the locks in Ottawa.[37] The workers were eventually moved into three barracks on today's Parliament Hill, which was then known as Barracks Hill. In 1827, Sappers Bridge connecting the Upper Town (west of the canal) and Lower Town (east of the canal) was built over the Rideau Canal.

text: The Victoria Brewery was established in 1829, by John Rochester, senior, and James Rochester, in the brewing of ale and porter. By 1866, it was conducted on Richmond Road, by John Rochester, junior.[38] The Chaudiere Brewery, which was established in 1858, was carried on by Parris & Smith by 1865. By 1866, Mr. Sterling operated a brewery at the foot of Rideau Locks while Dr. Doyle operated a brewery on Sussex Street.[39]

text: A steady stream of Irish immigration to Eastern Ontario (already well underway) in the next few decades,[40] along with French Canadians who crossed over from Quebec, provided the bulk of workers involved in the Rideau Canal project and the timber trade.[41] The canal was dubbed the Rideau Canal when it was finally completed in 1832. Colonel By laid out the town, most of his original street plans remain today.

text: To manufacture carriages and waggons, Peter Dufour established a carriage works in 1832; The Royal Carriage Factory was established in 1840, by George Humphries; and Wm. Stockdale & Brother's, on Rideau street, was established in 1854. Perkins' Foundry, on Sparks street, was established in 1840, by Lyman Perkins to manufacture steam engines, boilers and mill machinery; The City Foundry was established in 1848, by T. M. Blasdell to manufacture Mill machinery and agricultural implements. James McCullough, established a tannery in 1860 to turn out leather.[38]

text: Former Bytown mayor and cabinet minister, Richard William Scott recalled that in early 1850,

text: Neither Wellington, nor the streets south of it, between Elgin and Bank, had been laid out. Sussex was the business thoroughfare, and lots on it and the western ends of Rideau, George, and parallel streets, as far north as St. Patrick Street, commanded the best values. Wellington west of Bank, to Bay Street, was fairly well built up. The Le Breton Flats, extending north-westerly from Pooley's Bridge (in the vicinity of the Water Works building) contained a number of scattered houses.[42]

text: The Timber trade spurred the growth of Bytown, and it saw an influx of immigrants, and later entrepreneurs hoping to profit from the squared timber that would be floated down the Ottawa River to Quebec.[24][43] Bytown had seen some trouble in the early days, first with the Shiners' War in 1835 to 1845,[44] and the Stony Monday Riot in 1849.[45]

text: City of Ottawa[edit]

text: The St Lawrence and Ottawa Railway and Bytown and Prescott Railway linked the town to the outside world in 1854,[1] after a lot of expense and later huge losses by the city.[46] Bytown, now no longer a town, was renamed and the City of Ottawa was incorporated seven days later on January 1, 1855. Though the suggestion to give the city an aboriginal name had been published as early as 1844, Mayor Turgeon and Municipal Council proposed the name Ottawa to mark the 200th anniversary of the Ottawa people employing the river once again to come to Montreal for trade reasons.[47] The river had been unused for about 5 years for fear of attack but a 1654 truce with the Iroquois allowed its reuse.[47] While the event itself was not highly significant, it gave the name a historical context.

text: In 1841, Upper Canada ceased to exist as present-day southern Quebec joined present-day southern Ontario in the Province of Canada. The capital of Upper Canada had alternated between several cities for a while, and in 1857, Queen Victoria was asked to choose a more permanent location. Among the influences of her decision were defence concerns, as well as a location that would be somewhat centralized, and she chose Ottawa (see: History of Parliament Hill).

text: The Ottawa Citizen newspaper was established in 1844, known originally as the By town Packet.[38]

text: The sawed lumber industry supplanted the squared timber trade around the time Ottawa was incorporated when an influx of mostly American lumber barons decided that more money could be made if the timber was actually sawed. Mills began to be constructed; some of Canada's largest sawmills were located near the Chaudière Falls. Notable lumber barons in this area were Henry Franklin Bronson and John Rudolphus Booth. The lumber industry contributed to Ottawa's growth, and evidence of it is practically nonexistent today. The major portion of this industry lasted until shortly after the turn of the century, the decline being caused by decreased markets for lumber due to the switch to steel, Britain no longer subsidizing the market, and reduced supplies of uncut timber. During a time of stagnation in manufacturing and a decrease in the city's industrialization, the city would see new government departments being formed and large increases in public service employment following 1900.[48]

text: Between 1860 and 1876, construction of the parliament buildings took place on Parliament Hill. In 1867, the Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada ceased to exist and were replaced with the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Upon formation they united with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in Canadian Confederation. Legislation enacted in 1870 as "An Act respecting certain Works on the Ottawa River"[49] remains in effect to this day and mandates that the River and "all canals or other cuttings for facilitating such navigation, and all dams, slides, piers, booms, embankments and other works of what kind or nature soever in the channel or waters of the said River" fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Parliament at Ottawa, which now delegates this responsibility to the Minister of Public Works and Government Services.

text: The Ottawa Academy and Young Ladies' Seminary was established on Sparks Street in 1861.[39]

text: Messrs. Nordhemier & Co. established an agency in 1866 for all kinds of music and musical instruments, under the management of J. L. Orille & Son. Magdalen Asylum, run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd was established as a religious and charitable society in 1866 on Ottawa street between Gloucester and Chapel.[38]

text: On April 7, 1868, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, a Father of Confederation and Member of Parliament, was assassinated outside Mrs. Trotter's boarding house on Sparks Street between Metcalfe and O'Connor.[50] Yesterday's Restaurant currently stands at the location. On February 11, 1869, Patrick J. Whelan was publicly hanged at the Carleton County Gaol on Nicholas Street.[50] It was the last public hanging in Canada.

text: Expansion into a major Canadian city[edit]

text: A vast public transportation network was started when Thomas Ahearn founded the Ottawa Electric Railway Company in 1893, replacing a horsecar system which began in 1870.[51] This private enterprise eventually provided heated streetcar service covering areas such as Brittania, Westboro, The Glebe, Rockcliffe Park and Old Ottawa South.[51]

text: Ottawa became part the transcontinental rail network on June 28, 1886, when Pacific Express connected it to Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau) and then onto Lachute, Quebec via the Prince of Wales Bridge.[52] For years, Ottawa was crisscrossed by the railways of several companies which had stations such as the Bytown and Prescott Railway in New Edinburgh, Broad Street in Lebreton Flats, and two others.[53] A downtown central station was first created in 1895 through John Rudolphus Booth's Canada Atlantic Railway. The site was later used for Union Station, which opened in June 1912 to little fanfare, since Grand Trunk Railway general manager Charles Hays perished in the Titanic disaster two months previously.[54] Though removed in 1966, the tracks had led along the east side of the canal towards downtown to Union Station, then alongside Chateau Laurier running to the Alexandra (Interprovincial) Bridge.

text: The Hull-Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two thirds of Hull, including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront.[55] The fire also spread across the Ottawa River and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow's Lake.[56]

text: The Centre Block of the Parliament buildings were destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916.[57] The House of Commons and Senate were temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the Canadian Museum of Nature.[58] A new Centre Block was completed in 1922, the centrepiece of which is a dominant Gothic revival-styled structure known as the Peace Tower located on Wellington Street.[59]

text: Confederation Square was created in the late 1930s, and Canada's National War Memorial was erected. It used lands that once contained the prestigious Russell House hotel, the Russell Theatre, and old City Hall, all which succumbed to fire, and the old post office and Knox Presbyterian Church were demolished. A new Central Post Office was erected facing the memorial.

text: Ottawa's industrial appearance was vastly changed due to the 1940s Greber Plan. Later powers were given by an act of Parliament to the newly formed National Capital Commission (NCC) to attain ownership of lands, and effect vast changes. Some of the results of these were the National Capital Greenbelt, expropriation of areas in downtown, the removal of large industrial areas, the removal of downtown railway tracks, the relocation of the train station out of downtown, and the creation and maintenance of areas that would provide the nation's capital with a more attractive appearance.

text: Collaboration between the city and NCC's predecessor, the Federal District Commission also led to major water and sewer projects, the construction of the Queensway which had been the old GTR/CNR right of way, several bridges, expansion of Carling Avenue, and the offer of F.D.C. land at Green Island (near Rideau Falls) to create city hall, opened in 1958.[60] Until then, the city had been without a permanent building for around 17 years. It was in use until 2000, when Ottawa City Hall occupied the former headquarters of the municipality.[60]

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, a building boom vastly changed Ottawa's skyline. Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later Nortel) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the National Research Council contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early adopters led to offshoot companies such as Newbridge Networks, Mitel and Corel. Other large companies specializing in computer software and electronics infrastructures formed about this time, but by 2001, huge losses started being incurred. The industry continues today, but has been changed quite a bit.

text: Ottawa's city limits had been increasing over the years, but it acquired the most territory on January 1, 2001, when it amalgamated all the municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton into one single city. Regional Chair Bob Chiarelli was elected as the new city's first mayor in the 2000 municipal election, defeating Gloucester mayor Claudette Cain. The city now not only includes former cities of Vanier, Nepean, Kanata and suburbs Orleans, Ontario and others, but now has many farms within its city limits.

text: The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and to bridges. On October 15, 2001, a light rail transit (LRT) was introduced, the O-Train, which connected downtown Ottawa to the southern suburbs via Carleton University. Much political debate about the expansion of light rail dominated civic politics throughout the next decade. The vote to extend the O-Train Trillium Line, and to replace it with an electric tram system was a major issue in the 2006 municipal elections where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman Larry O'Brien. The new council changed their minds on light rail expansion, sparking much legal controversy. Plans were later created to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel in the downtown core. Truck traffic problems created much debate about a future east end bridge ("interprovincial crossing") linking Ottawa to Gatineau and an ongoing study was started in 2006.[61][62]

text: In 2001, the city banned smoking in public bars and restaurants. After much debate, Ottawa City Council voted against a motion to ban the cosmetic use of pesticides in 2005. Mayor Larry O'Brien experienced ongoing legal troubles during his tenure and was defeated in the 2010 municipal elections by former mayor Jim Watson.

text: In 2002, Ottawa was granted its second Canadian Football League (CFL) franchise, the Ottawa Renegades. The team would fold after just four seasons. In 2007, part of the south side stands at Frank Clair Stadium was demolished, sparking ideas about the site's future. In 2010, city council voted to renovate the stadium and to redevelop all of Lansdowne Park. The city was also awarded a CFL franchise that began play in 2014 called the Ottawa Redblacks. In 2014, the city was awarded a Can-AM Baseball franchise and the Ottawa Champions began play on May 22, 2015 at the Ottawa Stadium (now named the Raymond Chabot Grant Thorton or RCGT Park)