document_title: Up (2009 film)

question_text: what is the name of the wife in up

question_tokens: what is the name of the wife in up

text: Up (2009 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Nine-year-old Carl Fredricksen idolizes famous explorer Charles F. Muntz. When Muntz is accused of fabricating the skeleton of a giant exotic bird he says he discovered at Paradise Falls, he vows not to return until he captures one alive. One day, Carl befriends a girl named Ellie, also a Muntz fan. She confides to Carl her desire to move her "clubhouse"—an abandoned house in the neighborhood—to a cliff overlooking Paradise Falls.

text: Carl and Ellie grow up, marry and live in the restored house. After Ellie suffers a miscarriage[8] and they are told they cannot have a child, the couple remembers their childhood dream of visiting Paradise Falls. They save for the trip, but repeatedly have to spend the money on more pressing needs. Finally, the now elderly Carl arranges for the trip but Ellie suddenly falls ill, is hospitalized and dies.

text: Years later in the present day, Carl still lives in the house by stubbornly holding out while the neighborhood homes are torn down and replaced by skyscrapers. When he accidentally injures a construction worker, the court deems him a public menace and orders him to move to a retirement home. However, Carl resolves to keep his promise to Ellie by turning his house into a makeshift airship using thousands of helium balloons. Russell, a young "Wilderness Explorer" who visits Carl in his effort to earn his final merit badge for assisting the elderly, becomes an accidental stowaway.

text: The flying house lands on a tepui opposite Paradise Falls. Carl and Russell harness themselves to the still-buoyant house and begin to walk it across the mesa, hoping to reach the falls before the balloons deflate. Russell encounters a tall, colorful flightless bird whom he names "Kevin". They then meet a Golden Retriever named Dug, who wears a special collar that allows him to speak and who vows to take the bird to his master. The next day, they encounter a pack of aggressive dogs led by Alpha, a Doberman Pinscher, and are taken to their master, who turns out to be Charles Muntz. Muntz invites Carl and Russell aboard his dirigible, where he explains to them that he is searching for a giant bird. When Russell notes the bird's similarity to Kevin, Muntz becomes hostile, believing they are attempting to capture the bird themselves.

text: Carl flees with Kevin and Dug, but Muntz captures Kevin and starts a fire beneath Carl's house, forcing him to choose between saving it or Kevin. Carl saves the house and eventually reaches the falls, but Russell is upset at Carl for abandoning Kevin. Carl looks through Ellie's childhood scrapbook and is surprised to find that she has filled in the blank pages with photos of their marriage, along with a note written from her hospital bed, thanking him for the "adventure" and encouraging him to have a new one.

text: The repentant Carl goes outside, only to see Russell sailing off with some balloons and a propulsive leaf blower to rescue Kevin. By throwing out his furniture and keepsakes, Carl lightens the house enough to follow. Russell is captured by Muntz, but Carl manages to board the dirigible, tether the house, and free Russell and Kevin. Dug saddles Alpha with the cone of shame and thereby unexpectedly becomes the dogs' new leader. Muntz determinedly pursues them around the airship and manages to disable Carl's house, but snags his foot on some loose balloon lines and falls, presumably, to his death. The house, having lost too many balloons to fly, descends out of sight through the clouds.

text: Carl and Russell reunite Kevin with her chicks and fly the dirigible back home. Russell receives his 'Assisting the Elderly' badge, and Carl presents Russell with his own badge: a grape soda cap that Ellie gave to Carl when they first met. Meanwhile, unknown to Carl, his house has landed on the cliff beside Paradise Falls, fulfilling his promise to Ellie.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Ed Asner as Carl Fredricksen (Jeremy Leary voiced Carl as a young boy). Docter and Rivera noted Asner's television alter ego, Lou Grant, had been helpful in writing for Carl because it guided them in balancing likable and unlikable aspects of the curmudgeonly character.[9] When they met Asner and presented him with a model of his character, he joked, "I don't look anything like that." (The appearance of Carl is meant to resemble Spencer Tracy as he appeared in his final film, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.[10]) They tailored his dialogue for him, with short sentences and more consonants, which "cemented the notion that Carl, post-Ellie, is a disgruntled bear that's been poked awake during hibernation".[11] In Colombia, unexpected publicity for the film was generated due to the uncanny similarity of Carl with Colombian ex-president Julio César Turbay Ayala.[12][13]
Christopher Plummer as Charles F. Muntz. The name of his airship, the Spirit of Adventure, may have been inspired by Charles Lindbergh's airplane, Spirit of St. Louis.[14] In various interviews, Pete Docter has mentioned Howard Hughes and real-life adventurers Charles Lindbergh and Percy Fawcett as inspirations for Muntz.[15]
Jordan Nagai as Russell. Throughout most of the film, he makes several comments to Carl that suggest that Russell's father and mother are no longer together.[16] Russell's design was based on Pixar animator Peter Sohn.[17] Docter auditioned 400 boys in a nationwide casting call for the part.[18] Nagai, who is Japanese American,[19] showed up to an audition with his brother, who was actually the one auditioning. Docter realized Nagai behaved and spoke non-stop like Russell and chose him for the part.[20] Nagai was eight years old when cast.[18] Docter encouraged Nagai to act physically as well as vocally when recording the role, lifting him upside down and tickling him for the scene where Russell encounters Kevin.[11] Asian Americans have positively noted Pixar's first casting of an Asian lead character,[21][not in citation given] in contrast to the common practice of casting non-Asians in Asian parts.[22]
Bob Peterson as Dug, the Golden Retriever misfit of Muntz's pack of dogs that can all communicate with humans through a device on each of their collars.[14] Peterson knew he would voice Dug when he wrote his line "I have just met you, and I love you," which was based on what a child told him when he was a camp counselor in the 1980s. The DVD release of the film features a short called Dug's Special Mission, which follows Dug just before his first meeting with Carl and Russell. Dug previously appeared in Ratatouille as a shadow on a wall that barks at Remy.[14]
Peterson also voiced Alpha, the Doberman Pinscher leader. Pete Docter has stated that Alpha "thinks of himself as Clint Eastwood". Despite his menacing appearance, a frequent malfunction in Alpha's translating collar causes his voice to sound comically high-pitched and squeaky, as if he had been breathing helium. The normal voice for his translator is a resonant, intimidating bass. With both voices, Alpha has a roundabout speech pattern that causes his sentences to be longer than necessary.
Pete Docter as Kevin, the "Beast of Paradise Falls". Docter also voiced Campmaster Strauch, Russell's scout leader, seen at the end of the film.
Elizabeth Docter as Ellie. The voice actor is the director's daughter,[23] who also provided some of the drawings shown by Ellie. Elizabeth only voiced Ellie as a child, as adult Ellie had no speaking lines.[24]
Delroy Lindo as Beta, a Rottweiler[14] and one of Muntz's dogs
Jerome Ranft as Gamma, a Bulldog[14] and one of Muntz's dogs. Joe Ranft was rumored to voice him;[clarification needed] however he died in a car accident in 2005.
John Ratzenberger as Tom, the construction worker who asks if Carl is ready to sell his house[14]
David Kaye as the newsreel announcer
Danny Mann as Steve, a construction worker whom Carl injures after he accidentally damages Carl's mailbox
Mickie McGowan as Edith, a police officer who brings Carl home after his court appointment
Don Fullilove and Jess Harnell as George and A.J., two nurses who work at Shady Oaks Retirement Village

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Pete Docter began writing Up in 2004. He developed the fantasy of a flying house on the idea of escaping from life when it becomes too irritating,[15][18] which stemmed from his difficulty with social situations growing up.[25] Actor and writer Tom McCarthy aided Docter and Bob Peterson in shaping the story for about three months.[20] Docter selected an old man for the main character after drawing a picture of a grumpy old man with smiling balloons.[20] The two men thought an old man was a good idea for a protagonist because they felt their experiences and the way they affect their view of the world was a rich source of humor. Docter was not concerned with an elderly protagonist, stating children would relate to Carl the way they relate to their grandparents.[15]

text: Early concepts differed from the final film. The initial version featured a floating city on an alien planet,[26] with two brothers vying to inherit their father's kingdom, and when the brothers fell to Earth, they encountered a tall bird who helped them understand each other. Docter's next idea introduced many of the elements that eventually made their way into the film, but had Carl and Russell landing the house on a Soviet-era spy airship camouflaged as a giant cloud rather than on a tepui. This concept was rewritten due to its similarity to another idea Pixar was developing. Another idea Docter added, then removed, was magic fountain-of-youth eggs laid by the bird, in order to explain the age discrepancy between Muntz and Carl, but they decided this subplot was too distracting, and people would forgive the minor inconsistency.[27]

text: Docter noted the film reflects his friendships with Disney veterans Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, and Joe Grant (who all died before the film's release and thus the film was dedicated to them). Grant gave the script his approval as well as some advice before his death in 2005.[28] Docter recalled Grant would remind him the audience needed an "emotional bedrock" because of how wacky the adventure would become; here it is Carl mourning for his wife.[20] Docter felt Grant's personality influenced Carl's deceased wife Ellie more than the grouchy main character,[28] and Carl was primarily based on Spencer Tracy, Walter Matthau, James Whitmore, and their own grandparents, because there was "something sweet about these grumpy old guys".[10][29] Docter and Jonas Rivera noted Carl's charming nature in spite of his grumpiness derives from the elderly "hav[ing] this charm and almost this 'old man license' to say things that other people couldn't get away with […] It's like how we would go to eat with Joe Grant and he would call the waitresses 'honey'. I wish I could call a waitress 'honey'."[30]

text: Docter revealed the filmmakers' first story outline had Carl "just want[ing] to join his wife up in the sky. It was almost a kind of strange suicide mission or something. And obviously that's [a problem]. Once he gets airborne, then what? So we had to have some goal for him to achieve that he had not yet gotten."[23] As a result, they added the plot of going to South America. The location was chosen due to both Docter's love of tropical locations, but also in wanting a location Carl could be stuck with a kid due to the inability to leave him with an authority such as a police officer or social worker. They implemented a child character as a way to help Carl stop being "stuck in his ways".[31]

text: Docter created Dug as he felt it would be refreshing to show what a dog thinks, rather than what people assume it thinks.[32] Knowledge of canine communication, body language and pack behaviors for the artists and animators to portray such thoughts came from consultant Dr. Ian Dunbar, veterinarian, dog behaviorist, and trainer.[33] The idea for Alpha's voice derived from thinking about what would happen if someone broke a record player and it always played at a high pitch.[20] Russell was added to the story at a later date than Dug and Kevin;[20] his presence, as well as the construction workers, helped to make the story feel less "episodic".[23]

text: Carl's relationship with Russell reflects how "he's not really ready for the whirlwind that a kid is, as few of us are".[28] Docter added he saw Up as a "coming of age" tale and an "unfinished love story", with Carl still dealing with the loss of his wife.[34] He cited inspiration from Casablanca and A Christmas Carol, which are both "resurrection" stories about men who lose something, and regain purpose during their journey.[35] Docter and Rivera cited inspirations from the Muppets, Hayao Miyazaki, Dumbo, and Peter Pan. They also saw parallels to The Wizard of Oz and tried to make Up not feel too similar.[36] There is a scene where Carl and Russell haul the floating house through the jungle. A Pixar employee compared the scene to Fitzcarraldo, and Docter watched that film and The Mission for further inspiration.[37] The character Charles Muntz comes from Howard Hughes and Errol Flynn.[38]

text: Animation[edit]

text: Docter made Venezuela the film's setting after Ralph Eggleston gave him a video of the tepui mountains of Canaima National Park;[15][28][39] tepuis were previously featured in another Disney film, Dinosaur. In 2004, Docter and eleven other Pixar artists spent three days reaching Monte Roraima by airplane, by jeep, and by helicopter.[14] They also spent three nights there painting and sketching,[40] and encountering ants, mosquitoes, scorpions, frogs, and snakes. They then flew to Matawi Tepui and climbed to Angel Falls.[14] Docter felt "we couldn't use [the rocks and plants we saw]. Reality is so far out, if we put it in the movie you wouldn't believe it."[10] The film's creatures were also challenging to design because they had to fit in the surreal environment of the tepuis, but also they had to be realistic because those mountains exist in real life.[28] The filmmakers then visited the Sacramento Zoo to observe a Himalayan monal for Kevin's animation.[1] The animators designed Russell as an Asian-American, and modeled Russell after similar looking Peter Sohn, a Pixar storyboarder who voiced Emile in Ratatouille and directed the short Partly Cloudy, because of his energetic nature.[18][41]

text: While Pixar usually designs their characters to be caricatured, Carl was even more so, being only at least three heads high.[42] He was not given elderly features such as liver spots or hair in his ears to keep him appealing, yet giving him wrinkles, pockmarks on his nose, a hearing aid, and a cane to make him appear elderly. Docter wanted to push a stylized feel, particularly the way Carl's head is proportioned: he has a squarish appearance to symbolize his containment within his house, while Russell is rounded like a balloon.[11] The challenge on Up was making these stylized characters feel natural,[15] although Docter remarked the effect came across better than animating the realistic humans from Toy Story, who suffered from the "uncanny valley".[28] Cartoonists Al Hirschfeld, Hank Ketcham, and George Booth influenced the human designs.[20][35][43] Simulating realistic cloth on caricatured humans was harder than creating the 10,000 balloons flying the house.[25] New programs were made to simulate the cloth and for Kevin's iridescent feathers.[44] To animate old people, Pixar animators would study their own parents or grandparents and also watched footage of the Senior Olympics.[9] The directors had various rules for Carl's movements: he could not turn his head more than 15–20 degrees without turning his torso as well, nor could he raise his arms high. However, they also wanted him to grow more flexible near the end of the film, transforming into an "action hero".

text: A technical director worked out that to make Carl's house fly, he would require 23 million balloons, but Docter realized that number made the balloons look like small dots. Instead, the balloons created were made to be twice Carl's size. There are 10,927 balloons for shots of the house just flying, 20,622 balloons for the lift-off sequence, and a varying number in other scenes.[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: Up is the third Pixar film to be scored by Michael Giacchino, after The Incredibles and Ratatouille. What Pete Docter wanted most importantly out of the music was the emotion, so Giacchino wrote a character theme-based score that producer Jonas Rivera thought enhanced the story. At the beginning of the movie, when young Carl is in the movie theater watching a newsreel about Muntz, the first piece of music heard is "Muntz's Theme", which starts out as a celebratory theme, and echoes through the film when Muntz reappears 70 years later. "Ellie's Theme" is first heard when she is introduced as a little kid and plays several times during the film in different versions; for instance, during the sequence where Carl lifts his house with the balloons, the theme is changed from a simple piano melody to a full orchestral arrangement. Giacchino has compared the film to opera since each character has a unique theme that changes during a particular moment in the story.[45]

text: The score was released as a digital download on May 26, 2009, three days before the film opened in theaters. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Score,[46] the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album,[47] the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score,[48] and the 2010 BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.[49] It is the first score for a Pixar film to win the Oscar (Randy Newman also won for Monsters, Inc. and Toy Story 3, but in the category of Best Original Song).

text: Release[edit]

text: When the film screened at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California from May 29 to July 23, 2009, it was accompanied by Lighten Up!, a live show featuring Disney characters.[50] Other tie-ins included children's books such as My Name is Dug, illustrated by screenwriter Ronnie del Carmen.[51] Despite Pixar's track record, Target Corporation and Walmart stocked few Up items, while Pixar's regular collaborator Thinkway Toys did not produce merchandise, claiming its story is unusual and would be hard to promote. Disney acknowledged not every Pixar film would have to become a franchise.[1] Promotional partners include Aflac,[52] NASCAR, and Airship Ventures,[53][54] while Cluster Balloons promoted the film with a replica of Carl's couch lifted by hot air balloons for journalists to sit in.[55]

text: Prior to the film's worldwide release date, Pixar granted a wish from ten-year-old Colby Curtin to see the film before she died. Colby had a rare form of vascular cancer and was too sick to go to a theater. A Pixar employee flew to the Curtins' house with a DVD of the finished film and screened it for her and her family. Curtin died seven hours later at 9:20 pm, shortly after seeing the film.[56]

text: Director Pete Docter intended for audiences to take a specific point from the film, saying:

text: Basically, the message of the film is that the real adventure of life is the relationship we have with other people, and it's so easy to lose sight of the things we have and the people that are around us until they are gone. More often than not, I don't really realize how lucky I was to have known someone until they're either moved or passed away. So, if you can kind of wake up a little bit and go, "Wow, I've got some really cool stuff around me every day", then that's what the movie's about.[57]

text: UPisodes[edit]

text: Before its theatrical release, Disney·Pixar created three small animated vignettes called UPisodes to promote its film UP on the internet.[58]  These UPisodes chronicled Carl Fredricksen and Russell's journey through the jungle, not seen in the movie.  Fans were able to view the vignettes on Apple iTunes movie trailer site and YouTube.

text:
UPisode One: Animal Calls – in the first episode, Russell demonstrates his ability to mimic animal calls.
UPisode Two: First Aid – in the second episode, Russell tries to relieve a minor injury that Carl received.
UPisode Three: Snipe Trap – in the third episode, Russell attempts to capture the elusive snipe.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Up was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD in North America on November 10, 2009,[59] and in the United Kingdom on February 15, 2010.[60] It features the film plus the theatrical short Partly Cloudy and the new short Dug's Special Mission, as well as an audio commentary by director Pete Docter, Adventure is Out There a documentary about the filmmakers' research journey to South America, The Many Endings of Muntz (an alternate ending of sorts), and a digital copy. The Blu-ray edition has a four-disc pack that adds Cine-Explore with BonusView, Global Guardian Badge and Geography games, eight documentaries, and BD-Live to the Deluxe DVD and digital copy platters. A Limited Edition, known as the Luxo Jr. Premium Pack, includes a collectible lamp modeled after Pixar's bouncy short star that is designed to hold a complete Pixar Blu-ray collection.[61]

text: In addition, Pixar also created a short film titled George & A.J., written and directed by storyboard artist Josh Cooley. This shows what the two Shady Oaks retirement home workers did after Carl left with his house. It was initially available for purchase at the iTunes Store and then was later posted to Disney·Pixar's Facebook and YouTube pages.[62][63]

text: In its first week, it sold 3,969,792 units ($66,057,339) and eventually reached 10,811,453 units ($182,591,149),[64] becoming the best-selling DVD among those released in 2009 in units sold. It also became the third in sales revenue behind Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, and Twilight.[65]

text: The rental release of the film to Netflix, Blockbuster, and Redbox was controversial since it failed to include closed captioning.[66] Disney faced a consumer backlash over this[67] and quickly released a statement that this removal was an unfortunate error and that it was moving to correct the issue.[68]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Up earned $293 million in the United States and Canada and $442.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $735.1 million.[2] Worldwide, it was the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2009,[69] the fourth-highest-grossing Pixar film,[70] the 55th-highest-grossing film, and the 15th-highest-grossing animated film.

text: In the United States and Canada, Up is the 59th-highest-grossing film before inflation, the tenth-highest-grossing Disney film,[71] the seventh-highest-grossing 3-D film,[72] the sixth-highest-grossing animated film,[73] the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2009,[74] and the fourth-highest-grossing Pixar film.[70] On its opening weekend, it performed stronger than analysts had been expecting, ranking number one with $68,108,790.[75] This is the fourth-highest-grossing opening for Pixar[76] and the third-largest post-Memorial Day opening. It set a record for opening-weekend grosses originating from 3-D showings with $35.4 million (first surpassed by Avatar).[77] The opening-weekend audience was 53% female and 47% under 17 years old.[78] The film experienced small drop-offs on subsequent weekends, but lost first place to The Hangover.[79][80]

text: Outside the US and Canada, it is the 43rd-highest-grossing film,[81] the tenth-highest-grossing animated film, the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2009,[82] and the third-highest-grossing Pixar film.[70] It was on top of the overseas box office for three consecutive weekends and for four in total.[83] Its highest-grossing opening weekends were recorded in France and the Maghreb region ($8.88 million); the UK, Ireland and Malta ($8.44 million), and Japan ($7.24 million). These three were also its highest-grossing countries in total earnings.[84] Among major countries, it was the highest-grossing animated film of 2009 only in Spain ($37.1 million),[85] Australia ($25.3 million),[86] and South Korea ($6.32 million).[87]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 288 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An exciting, funny, and poignant adventure, Up offers an impeccably crafted story told with wit and arranged with depth, as well as yet another visual Pixar treat."[88] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[89] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films to earn the score in the history of the service.[90]

text: Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and called it "a wonderful film."[91][92] The Hollywood Reporter lauded the film as "Winsome, touching and arguably the funniest Pixar effort ever, this gorgeously rendered, high-flying adventure is a tidy 90-minute distillation of all the signature touches that came before it."[93] Although the San Francisco Chronicle noted that the film "contains many boring stretches of mindless freneticism and bland character interaction," it also declared that there are scenes in Up of "such beauty, economy and poetic wisdom that they belong in any anthology of great movie moments…to watch Up with any attention is to be moved and astonished by the economy with which specific visuals are invested with emotion throughout [the film]…."[94] Variety enthused that "Up is an exceptionally refined picture; unlike so many animated films, it's not all about sensory bombardment and volume…Unsurprisingly, no one puts a foot wrong here. Vocal performances…exude a warm enthusiasm, and tech specifications could not be better. Michel Giacchino's full-bodied, traditional score is superlative…"[95] The Globe and Mail stated that Up is "the kind of movie that leaves you asking 'How do people come up with this stuff?'" along with an overall positive review on the film, despite it being predictable.[96]

text:
The character of Carl Fredricksen has received mostly positive reception. Bill Capodagli, author of Innovate the Pixar Way, praised Carl for his ability to be a jerk and likable at the same time.[97] Wall Street Journal editor Joe Morgenstern described Carl as gruff, comparing him to Buster Keaton, but adds that this begins to wear thin as the movie progresses.[98] He has been compared with Spencer Tracy, an influence on the character, by The Washington Post editor Ann Hornaday[99] and Empire Online editor Ian Freer, who describes him as similar to a "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner-era" Tracy.[100]
Entertainment Weekly editor Lisa Schwarzbaum described his appearance as a cross between Tracy and an eccentric out of a George Booth cartoon.[101] TIME editor Richard Corliss also makes the comparison, calling him a "trash compacted version" of Tracy.[102] He has also been compared to Walter Matthau, another inspiration for the character's design, by LA Weekly editor Scott Foundas, suggesting that actor Ed Asner was channeling him while performing the role of Carl.[103]
Variety editor Todd McCarthy described Carl as a combination of both Tracy and Matthau.[95]

text: The relationship between Carl and his wife Ellie has been praised in several media outlets. In his book Disney, Pixar, and the Hidden Message of Children's Films, author M. Keith Booker described the love between Carl and Ellie as touching. While also describing the scene of the two of them aging as a "masterpiece of its own kind," he was not sure how much children would appreciate the scene, commenting that his son was squirming in his seat during the scene.[104] Reelviews editor James Berardinelli praised their relationship, stating that it brought a tear to his eye in a way no animated film has done, including anything by famed anime director Hayao Miyazaki.[105] Ann Hornaday praised the prologue, describing it as "worthy of Chaplin in its heartbreaking poignancy."[99] Chicago Tribune editor Michael Phillips praised the scene, describing it as an emotional and cinematic powerhouse, and that he also was nearly moved to tears. However, Salon.com editor Stephanie Zacharek criticized the love between Carl and Ellie, describing their marriage as resembling a dental adhesive commercial more than a real relationship.[106]

text:
Edward Asner was praised in several media outlets for his portrayal of Carl. San Francisco Chronicle editor Mick LaSalle praised Asner as a great choice due to having a grumpiness to his voice that is not truly grumpy, but rather coming from a protective stance.[107] Entertainment Weekly editor Lisa Schwarzbaum praised Asner's acting, stating that he has a "Lou Grant authority" to his voice.[101]
Time editor Richard Corliss stated that Asner had the "gruffness and deadpan comic timing to bring Carl to life."[11] The Boston Globe editor Ty Burr concurred with this, stating that his Lou Grant-like voice had not diminished with time.[108] USA Today editor Claudia Puig praised Asner's delivery, describing it as superb.[109]

text: The formulation of Russell as an Asian-American character, along with the casting of an Asian-American in the role was met positively as well. Both Nagai and the film were awarded by the East West Players for the depiction of Russell.[110] EWP lauded Pixar for the creation of the character, stating, "We are proud to honor a very progressive film company like Pixar who cast an Asian-American character alongside an elderly one to play the leads in a feature film."[110] The character is noted as Pixar's first lead Asian character,[111] and was further positively received within the added context of historical non-Asian castings for Asian roles in entertainment.[22][111] Asian-American organizations and entertainment websites, such as media watchdog Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA), Racebending.com, and Angry Asian Man praised the character and Pixar for its diverse character depictions, noting the general lack of Asian-American lead characters and Asian actors cast in entertainment.[112][113] In an interview with NPR in 2013, Angry Asian Man's Phil Yu reflected on the character's lack of typical Asian stereotyping, stating, "You know, he just happens to be Asian and he's, you know, really adorable character. But that kid could've been of any ethnicity but they made the effort to make him Asian—just a little color, you know, and it's really wonderful when that kind of thing happens where they don't have to play that up and make it like a thing or a joke, which happens a lot."[114]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Up won two awards at the 82nd Academy Awards, for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score.[115] It is the second of three animated features to have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Beauty and the Beast and Toy Story 3 were also nominated for Best Picture in their respective years. Up also won Best Original Score and Best Animated Feature Film at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.[116] It was nominated for nine Annie Awards in eight categories, winning two awards for "Best Animated Feature" and "Best Directing in a Feature Production".[117] Up also received the Golden Tomato from Rotten Tomatoes for highest-rating feature in 2009, and best reviewed animated film,[118] with an approval of 98 percent from film critics, based on 259 reviews.[119] At the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards the film won Favorite Animated Movie.[120] Jordan Nagai was awarded the Breakout Performance Award at the 44th East West Players 44th Anniversary Visionary Awards and Silent Auction for his role as Russell by the East West Players.[110] The organization also awarded the film with the EWP Visionary Award for its progressive casting of an Asian-American lead.[110] Dug, the talking canine, was awarded the Palm Dog Award by the British film critics as the best canine performance at Cannes Film Festival, winning over the fox from Antichrist and the black poodle from Inglourious Basterds.[121]

text: Video games[edit]

text: On May 26, 2009, a video game by the same name themed around the movie was released for multiple platforms.

text: A video game, Kinect Rush: A Disney–Pixar Adventure, was also released on March 20, 2012, for Xbox 360. It features characters from five of Pixar's films: Up, The Incredibles, Cars, Ratatouille, and Toy Story.[122]


document_title: List of Rick and Morty episodes

question_text: when did the last episode of season 2 of rick and morty air

root

text: List of Rick and Morty episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
11
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)

2
10
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)

3
10
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Justin Roiland
Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
1.10[5]

2
2
"Lawnmower Dog"
John Rice
Ryan Ridley
December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)
1.51[6]

3
3
"Anatomy Park"
John Rice
Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph
December 16, 2013 (2013-12-16)
1.30[7]

4
4
"M. Night Shaym-Aliens!"
Jeff Myers
Tom Kauffman
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
1.32[8]

5
5
"Meeseeks and Destroy"
Bryan Newton
Ryan Ridley
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
1.61[9]

6
6
"Rick Potion #9"
Stephen Sandoval
Justin Roiland
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1.75[10]

7
7
"Raising Gazorpazorp"
Jeff Myers
Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1.76[11]

8
8
"Rixty Minutes"
Bryan Newton
Tom Kauffman & Justin Roiland
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1.48[12]

9
9
"Something Ricked This Way Comes"
John Rice
Mike McMahan
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
1.54[13]

10
10
"Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind"
Stephen Sandoval
Ryan Ridley
April 7, 2014 (2014-04-07)
1.75[14]

11
11
"Ricksy Business"
Stephen Sandoval
Ryan Ridley & Tom Kauffman
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)
2.13[15]

text: Season 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

12
1
"A Rickle in Time"
Wes Archer
Matt Roller
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
2.12[16]

13
2
"Mortynight Run"
Dominic Polcino
David Phillips
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
2.19[17]

14
3
"Auto Erotic Assimilation"
Bryan Newton
Ryan Ridley
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
1.94[18]

15
4
"Total Rickall"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
1.96[19]

16
5
"Get Schwifty"
Wes Archer
Tom Kauffman
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
2.12[20]

17
6
"The Ricks Must Be Crazy"
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
1.91[21]

18
7
"Big Trouble in Little Sanchez"
Bryan Newton
Alex Rubens
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.97[22]

19
8
"Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate"
Juan Meza-León
Dan Guterman, Ryan Ridley & Justin Roiland
September 20, 2015 (2015-09-20)
1.79[23]

20
9
"Look Who's Purging Now"
Dominic Polcino
Dan Harmon, Ryan Ridley & Justin Roiland
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
1.89[24]

21
10
"The Wedding Squanchers"
Wes Archer
Tom Kauffman
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
1.84[25]

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
0.68[26][a]

23
2
"Rickmancing the Stone"
Dominic Polcino
Jane Becker
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
2.86[27]

24
3
"Pickle Rick"
Anthony Chun
Jessica Gao
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2.31[28]

25
4
"Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender"
Bryan Newton
Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
2.66[29]

26
5
"The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy"
Juan Meza-León
Ryan Ridley
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
2.29[30]

27
6
"Rest and Ricklaxation"
Anthony Chun
Tom Kauffman
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
2.47[31]

28
7
"The Ricklantis Mixup"[b]
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.38[32]

29
8
"Morty's Mind Blowers"
Bryan Newton
Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
2.51[33]

30
9
"The ABC's of Beth"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.49[34]

31
10
"The Rickchurian Mortydate"
Anthony Chun
Dan Harmon
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
2.60[35]

text: Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures[edit]

text: On October 26, 2016, Adult Swim began releasing a series of 15–21 second claymation shorts, compiling a web series titled Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures. The shorts are following Rick and Morty characters into parodies of scenes from various science-fiction and horror films. The title of each short is the same as that of the film the short is parodying.[36]

tag: p

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"The Thing"[37]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, the Smith family, with the exception of Rick, is tied up, with Rick holding a flame thrower. There are four vials on the table containing blood of each member of the family. Rick begins to test everyone's blood with a heated piece of copper wire, starting with Jerry whose blood flees from the hot wire.

2
"The Fly"[38]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

Parodying the 1986 film of the same name, Rick turns on an unknown portal and informs Morty that they will be the "ultimate family". His face then falls off revealing a head resembling that of a fly. Morty screams "No!" as the episode ends.

3
"Honey I Shrunk the Kids"[39]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

Parodying the 1989 film of the same name, a shrunken Morty has fallen into a bowl of milk and cereal. Morty screams at Rick, who is planning to eat the cereal, to not eat. However, Rick doesn't hear Morty, unintentionally eating him while talking to Snuffles, their dog.

4
"Ex Machina"[40]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)

Parodying the 2015 film of the same name, Morty inquires as to Rick's location with Jessica. "Drunk Rick" shows up from behind him, and says that although he is wasting his time talking to her, he shouldn't waste his time dancing with her. Rick proceeds to turn on music and lights, and begins dancing with Jessica as Morty watches them. In this episode, Morty Smith replaces Caleb Smith, Rick Sanchez replaces Nathan Bateman and Jessica replaces Kyoko.

5
"Halloween"[41]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)

Parodying the 1978 film of the same name, Morty is hiding in a closet from an unspeciied assailant. The person begins making a hole in one of the doors of the closet. When the hole is big enough, the person sticks their head inside, revealing a person wearing a mask of Rick Sanchez. The episode adapts a scene from Halloween wherein Laurie Strode is attacked in identical circumstances by Michael Meyers wearing a painted mask of James T. Kirk.

6
"2001: A Space Odyssey"[42]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08)

Parodying the 1968 film of the same name, Morty is seen in a space shuttle wearing a space suit. He asks Rick to open the shuttle door. Rick instead says that he can't do that; after Morty asks him as to the problem Rick replies that their conversation can serve no purpose and proceeds to say "Goodbye" to Morty in multiple languages.

7
"Blade Runner"[43]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, Rick attacks Morty and pushes him to a pillar. He grabs him and prepares to kill him, but is suddenly shot in the head. Morty looks at the person who shot Rick to find it to be Jessica. As Morty looks at Jessica, the neon sign to the left lights up, revealing the Adult Swim logo. In this short, adapting a scene from Blade Runner, Morty Smith takes the place of Rick Deckard, Rick Sanchez takes the place of Leon Kowalski and Jessica takes the place of Rachael.

8
"Poltergeist"[44]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, Morty suddenly spots a "Clown Rick" at his door, while lying in his bed. Trying to sleep, but hearing honking, he looks to where Rick was to find him gone. Rick suddenly shows up by his side, grabs Morty and drags him under his bed, laughing hysterically. The episode adapts a scene from Poltergeist when Robbie is attacked in his bedroom by a clown doll.

9
"Re-Animator"[45]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1985 film of the same name, Rick has Morty's severed head on a table. Connecting it to machinery, he manages to wake him up and attempts to talk with him. Morty, realizing his predicament, angrily yells " You bastard!" and, controlling his body, approaches Rick from behind and knocks him out.

10
"Aliens"[46]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1986 film of the same name, Morty is about to be attacked by a xenomorph queen. Jerry, robotic in nature as well as legless, is seen to be in agony nearby. Suddenly, the door of the elevator opens, revealing a drunk Rick in a power loader, determined to take on the queen; he instead passes out and falls over, crushing the legless robotic Jerry. The episode parodies the climax of Aliens, with Rick Sanchez taking the role of Ellen Ripley, Morty taking the role of Newt, and Jerry taking the role of Bishop. The Rick and Morty franchise has had multiple canonical connections to the Alien franchise: Rick mentions facehuggers in the episode "Auto Erotic Assimilation", later encountering one with Morty upon travelling to the dimension in which the Alien films are set in Alien: Covenant - Rick and Morty.

11
"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial"[47]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, E.T. Rick takes cans of beer from Fridge and drinks them. At the same time, Morty, telepathically connected to E.T. Rick, is seen in a classroom being affected by the alcohol that Rick consumes. Upon trying to leave the Kitchen, E.T. Rick passes out; at the same time Morty vomits upon his desk.

12
"Gremlins"[48]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1984 film of the same name, an incredibly injured Morty is seen sitting beside Gizmo on a Couch. Rick shows up and places money on the couch, holding up a cage intended for Gizmo as Morty accepts the money. The episode parodies the conclusion of Gremlins, with Rick taking place of Mr. Wing and Morty taking place of Billy.

13
"A Clockwork Orange"[49]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)

Parodying the 1971 film of the same name, Rick is drinking with Birdperson, Mr. Meeseeks and Mr. Poopybutthole, surrounded by furniture and statues of Morty.

14
"Body Snatchers"[50]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)

Parodying the 1978 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Rick is seen fixing a television as Morty enters the room. A picture of Mr. Poopybutthole is on the wall behind him. Looking at each other, Rick points to Morty and starts emitting a piercing scream, shocking Morty. The screen turns to black then white as the Adult Swim logo hatches from a nearby pod.

15
"The Matrix"[51]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)

Parodying the 1999 film of the same name, Morty is on a roof of a building when Rick shows up in front of him. Rick pulls out a weapon and begins to shoot at Morty. Morty successfully avoids most of the bullets in slow-motion until one of them enters Morty's head through his sunglasses, causing Morty to fall off of the roof as it begins to rain. In this episode, a parody of a scene from The Matrix, Morty takes the place of Neo while Rick takes the place of Agent Smith.

16
"Ghostbusters"[52]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)

Parodying the 1984 film of the same name, Morty, employed as a Ghostbuster, walks through a hotel corridor and spots a ghost of Rick, who glides quickly towards him. Morty hides his face behind hands as Rick slimes him. Morty takes the place of Ray Stantz in this parody while Rick takes the place of Slimer.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11

1
1.10
1.51
1.30
1.32
1.61
1.75
1.76
1.48
1.54
1.75
2.13

2
2.12
2.19
1.94
1.96
2.12
1.91
1.97
1.79
1.89
1.84
N/A

3
0.68
2.86
2.31
2.66
2.29
2.47
2.38
2.51
2.49
2.60
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is "Tales from the Citadel".

tag: ol


document_title: History of longitude

question_text: who invented the latitude and longitude grid system

text: History of longitude

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC first proposed a system of latitude and longitude for a map of the world. By the 2nd century BC Hipparchus was the first to use such a system to uniquely specify places on the earth. He also proposed a system of determining longitude by comparing the local time of a place with an absolute time. This is the first recognition that longitude can be determined by accurate knowledge of time. In the 11th century Al-Biruni believed the earth rotated on its axis and this forms our modern notion of how time and longitude are related.[1]

text: Problem of longitude[edit]

text: Determining latitude was relatively easy in that it could be found from the altitude of the sun at noon (i.e. at its highest point) with the aid of a table giving the sun's declination for the day, or from many stars at night. For longitude, early ocean navigators had to rely on dead reckoning. This was inaccurate on long voyages out of sight of land and these voyages sometimes ended in tragedy as a result.

text: Determining longitude at sea was also much harder than on land. A stable surface to work from, a comfortable location to live in while performing the work, and the ability to repeat determinations over time made various astronomical techniques possible on land (such as the observation of eclipses) that were unfortunately impractical at sea. Whatever could be discovered from solving the problem at sea would only improve the determination of longitude on land.

text: In order to avoid problems with not knowing one's position accurately, navigators have, where possible, relied on taking advantage of their knowledge of latitude. They would sail to the latitude of their destination, turn toward their destination and follow a line of constant latitude. This was known as running down a westing (if westbound, easting otherwise).[2] This prevented a ship from taking the most direct route (a great circle) or a route with the most favourable winds and currents, extending the voyage by days or even weeks. This increased the likelihood of short rations,[3] which could lead to poor health or even death for members of the crew due to scurvy or starvation, with resultant risk to the ship.

text: Errors in navigation have also resulted in shipwrecks. Motivated by a number of maritime disasters attributable to serious errors in reckoning position at sea, particularly such spectacular disasters as the Scilly naval disaster of 1707, which took Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell and his fleet, the British government established the Board of Longitude in 1714:

text: "The Discovery of the Longitude is of such Consequence to Great Britain for the safety of the Navy and Merchant Ships as well as for the improvement of Trade that for want thereof many Ships have been retarded in their voyages, and many lost..." [and there will be a Longitude Prize] "for such person or persons as shall discover the Longitude."

text: The prizes were to be awarded for the discovery and demonstration of a practical method for determining the longitude of a ship at sea. Prizes were offered in graduated amounts for solutions of increasing accuracy. These prizes, worth the equivalent of millions of pounds in today's currency, motivated many to search for a solution.

text: Britain was not alone in the desire to solve the problem. France's King Louis XIV founded the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1666. It was charged with, among a range of other scientific activities, advancement of the science of navigation and the improvement of maps and sailing charts. From 1715, the Académie offered one of the two Prix Rouillés specifically for navigation.[4] Spain's Philip II offered a prize for the discovery of a solution to the problem of the longitude in 1567; Philip III increased the prize in 1598. Holland added to the effort with a prize offered in 1636.[1] Navigators and scientists in most European countries were aware of the problem and were involved in finding a solution. Due to the international effort in solving the problem and the scale of the enterprise, it represented one of the largest scientific endeavours in history.

text: Time equals longitude[edit]

text: Since the Earth rotates at a steady rate of 360° per day, or 15° per hour (in mean solar time), there is a direct relationship between time and longitude. If the navigator knew the time at a fixed reference point when some event occurred at the ship's location, the difference between the reference time and the apparent local time would give the ship's position relative to the fixed location. Finding apparent local time is relatively easy. The problem, ultimately, was how to determine the time at a distant reference point while on a ship.

text: Proposed methods of determining time[edit]

text: The first publication of a method of determining time by observing the position of the Earth's moon was by Johannes Werner in his In hoc opere haec continentur Nova translatio primi libri geographiae Cl. Ptolomaei, published at Nuremberg in 1514. The method was discussed in detail by Petrus Apianus in his Cosmographicus liber (Landshut 1524).

text: It appears that Johannes Werner inspired by Amerigo Vespucci's letter written in 1502 where he wrote: "...I maintain that I learned [my longitude] ... by the eclipses and conjunctions of the Moon with the planets; and I have lost many nights of sleep in reconciling my calculations with the precepts of those sages who have devised the manuals and written of the movements, conjunctions, aspects, and eclipses of the two luminaries and of the wandering stars, such as the wise King Don Alfonso in his Tables, Johannes Regiomontanus in his Almanac, and Blanchinus, and the Rabbi Zacuto in his almanac, which is perpetual; and these were composed in different meridians: King Don Alfonso's book in the meridian of Toledo, and Johannes Regiomontanus's in that of Ferrara, and the other two in that of Salamanca."2 The best "clock" to use for reference, is the stars. In the roughly 27.3 solar days of a lunar orbit, the Moon moves a full 360 degrees around the sky, returning to its old position among the stars. This is 13 degrees per day, or just over 0.5 degree per hour. So, while the rotation of the Earth causes the stars and the Moon to appear to move from east to west across the night sky, the Moon, because of its own orbit around the Earth, fights back against this apparent motion, and seems to move eastward (or retrograde) by about 0.5 degree per hour. In other words, the Moon "moves" west only 11.5 degrees per day."

text: Galileo's proposal — Jovian moons[edit]

text: In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's four brightest satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto), Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, which would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life.

text: To be successful, this method required the observation of the moons from the deck of a moving ship. To this end, Galileo proposed the celatone, a device in the form of a helmet with a telescope mounted so as to accommodate the motion of the observer on the ship.[5] This was later replaced with the idea of a pair of nested hemispheric shells separated by a bath of oil. This would provide a platform that would allow the observer to remain stationary as the ship rolled beneath him, in the manner of a gimballed platform. To provide for the determination of time from the observed moons' positions, a Jovilabe was offered — this was an analogue computer that calculated time from the positions and that got its name from its similarities to an astrolabe.[6] The practical problems were severe and the method was never used at sea. However, it was used for longitude determination on land.

text: Halley's proposals — lunar occultations and appulses, magnetic deviation[edit]

text: Around 1683, Edmund Halley proposed using a telescope to observe the time of occultations or appulses of a star by the moon as a means of determining time while at sea.[7] He had accumulated observations of the moon's position and of certain stars to this end, and had deduced the means of correcting errors in predictions of the moon's position.

text: Upon succeeding John Flamsteed in the post of Astronomer Royal, Halley had undertaken the task of observing both stellar positions and the path of the moon, with the intention of supplementing existing knowledge and advancing his proposal for determining longitude at sea.[7] By this time, he had abandoned the use of occultations in preference for appulses exclusively. No reason was given by Halley for abandoning occultations. However, there are few bright stars occulted by the moon, and the task of documenting the dim stars' positions and training navigators to recognize them would be daunting. Appulses with brighter stars would be more practical.

text: While he had tested the method at sea, it was never widely used or considered as a viable method. His observations did contribute to the lunar distance method.

text: Halley also hoped that careful observations of magnetic deviations could provide a determination of longitude. The magnetic field of the Earth was not well understood at the time. Mariners had observed that magnetic north deviated from geographic north in many locations. Halley and others hoped that the pattern of deviation, if consistent, could be used to determine longitude. If the measured deviation matched that recorded on a chart, the position would be known. Halley used his voyages on the pink Paramour to study the magnetic variance and was able to provide maps showing the halleyan or isogonic lines. This method was eventually to fail as the localized variations from general magnetic trends make the method unreliable.

text: Mayer's proposal — lunar distance method[edit]

text: A Frenchman, the Sieur de St. Pierre, brought Werner's technique to the attention of King Charles II of England in 1674.[8] Being enthusiastic for the proposed technique, the king contacted his royal commissioners, who included Robert Hooke. They in turn consulted the astronomer John Flamsteed. Flamsteed supported the feasibility of the method but lamented the lack of detailed knowledge of the stellar positions and the moon's movement. At the same time, Sir Jonas Moore had suggested to King Charles the establishment of an observatory and proposed Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. With the creation of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich and a program for measuring the positions of the stars with high precision, the process of gathering the data for a working method of lunar distances was under way.[9] To further the astronomers' ability to predict the moon's motion, Isaac Newton soon published his theory of gravitation, which could be applied to the motion of the moon.

text: In 1755, Tobias Mayer, the German astronomer and superintendent of the observatory at Göttingen, who had been working on a method to determine accurately positions on land based on lunar distances, sent a proposal to the Admiralty. He had corresponded with Leonhard Euler, who contributed information and equations to describe the motions of the moon.[10] Based on this work, Mayer had produced a set of tables predicting the position of the Moon more accurately than ever before. The Admiralty passed them on to the Board of Longitude for evaluation and consideration for the Longitude Prize. James Bradley, the Astronomer Royal at that time, evaluated the tables, and found their predictions to be accurate to within half a degree. The calculations themselves, however, were extremely laborious and time-consuming.

text: A decade later, Nevil Maskelyne, who as the newly appointed Astronomer Royal was on the Board of Longitude, armed with Mayer's tables and after his own experiments at sea trying out the lunar distance method, proposed annual publication of pre-calculated lunar distance predictions in an official nautical almanac for the purpose of finding longitude at sea.

text: Being very enthusiastic for the lunar distance method, Maskelyne and his team of computers worked feverishly through the year 1766, preparing tables for the new Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris. Published first with data for the year 1767, it included daily tables of the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets and other astronomical data, as well as tables of lunar distances giving the distance of the Moon from the Sun and nine stars suitable for lunar observations (ten stars for the first few years).[11] [12] This publication later became the standard almanac for mariners worldwide. Since it was based on the Royal Observatory, it helped lead to the international adoption a century later of the Greenwich Meridian as an international standard.

text: Harrison's proposal — marine chronometer[edit]

text: Another proposed solution was to use a mechanical timepiece, to be carried on a ship, that would maintain the correct time at a reference location. The concept of using a clock can be attributed to Gemma Frisius. Attempts had been made on land using pendulum clocks, with some success. In particular, Huygens had made accurate pendulum clocks that made it possible to determine longitude on land. He also proposed the use of a balance spring to regulate clocks. There is some dispute as to whether he or Robert Hooke first proposed this idea.[13] However, many, including Isaac Newton, were pessimistic that a clock of the required accuracy could ever be developed. At that time, there were no clocks that could maintain accurate time while being subjected to the conditions of a moving ship. The rolling, pitching and yawing, coupled with the pounding of wind and waves, would knock existing clocks out of the correct time.

text: In spite of this pessimism, a group felt that the answer lay in chronometry—developing an improved time piece that would work even on extended voyages at sea. A suitable timepiece was eventually built by John Harrison, a Yorkshire carpenter, with his marine chronometer; that timepiece was later known as H-4.

text: Harrison built five, two of which were tested at sea. His first, H-1, was not tested under the conditions that were required by the Board of Longitude. Instead, the Admiralty required that it travel to Lisbon and back. It performed excellently, but the perfectionist in Harrison prevented him from sending it on the required trial to the West Indies. He instead embarked on the construction of H-2. This chronometer never went to sea, and was immediately followed by H-3. Still not satisfied with his own work, Harrison produced H-4, which did get its sea trial and satisfied all the requirements for the Longitude Prize. However, he was not awarded the prize and was forced to fight for his reward.

text: Though the British Parliament rewarded John Harrison for his marine chronometer in 1773, his chronometers were not to become standard. Chronometers such as those by Thomas Earnshaw were suitable for general nautical use by the middle of the 19th century (1836).[14] However, they remained very expensive and the lunar distance method continued to be used for some decades.

text: Lunars or chronometers?[edit]

text: The lunar distance method was initially labour-intensive because of the time-consuming complexity of the calculations for the Moon's position. Early trials of the method could involve four hours of effort.[9] However, the publication of the Nautical Almanac starting in 1767 provided tables of pre-calculated distances of the Moon from various celestial objects at three-hour intervals for every day of the year, making the process practical by reducing the time for calculations to less than 30 minutes and as little as ten minutes with some efficient tabular methods.[15] Lunar distances were widely used at sea from 1767 to about 1905. With the new tables with Haversines from Josef de Mendoza y Ríos (1805), computation time was reduced to a few minutes.

text: Between 1800 and 1850 (earlier in British and French navigation practice, later in American, Russian, and other maritime countries), affordable, reliable marine chronometers became available, with a trend to replace the method of lunars as soon as they could reach the market in large numbers. It became possible to buy three or more chronometers, serving for checking on each other (redundancy), although according to Nathaniel Bowditch, their use was precluded because they were very expensive, [16] obviously much higher than a single sextant of sufficient quality for lunar distance navigation which continued in use until 1906.[17]

text: Two chronometers provided dual modular redundancy, allowing a backup if one should cease to work, but not allowing any error correction if the two displayed a different time, since in case of contradiction between the two chronometers, it would be impossible to know which one was wrong (the error detection obtained would be the same of having only one chronometer and checking it periodically: every day at noon against dead reckoning). Three chronometers provided triple modular redundancy, allowing error correction if one of the three was wrong, so the pilot would take the average of the two with closer readings (average precision vote). There is an old adage to this effect, stating: "Never go to sea with two chronometers; take one or three."[18] At one time this observation or rule was an expensive one as the cost of three sufficiently accurate chronometers was more than the cost of many types of smaller merchant vessels.[19] Some vessels carried more than three chronometers – for example, the HMS Beagle carried 22 chronometers.[20]

text: By 1850, the vast majority of ocean-going navigators worldwide had ceased using the method of lunar distances. Nonetheless, expert navigators continued to learn lunars as late as 1905, though for most this was a textbook exercise since they were a requirement for certain licenses. They also continued in use in land exploration and mapping where chronometers could not be kept secure in harsh conditions. The British Nautical Almanac published lunar distance tables until 1906 and the instructions until 1924.[21] Such tables last appeared in the 1912 USNO Nautical Almanac, though an appendix explaining how to generate single values of lunar distances was published as late as the early 1930s.[12] The presence of lunar distance tables in these publications until the early 20th century does not imply common usage until that time period but was simply a necessity due to a few remaining (soon to be obsolete) licensing requirements. The development of wireless telegraph time signals in the early 20th century, used in combination with marine chronometers, put a final end to the use of lunar distance tables.

text: Modern solutions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Time signals were first broadcast by wireless telegraphy in 1904, by the US Navy from Navy Yard in Boston. Another regular broadcast began in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1907, and time signals that became more widely used were broadcast from the Eiffel Tower starting in 1910.[22] As ships adopted radio telegraph sets for communication, such time signals were used to correct chronometers. This method drastically reduced the importance of lunars as a means of verifying chronometers.

text: Modern sailors have a number of choices for determining accurate positional information, including radar and the Global Positioning System, commonly known as GPS, a satellite navigation system. With technical refinements that make position fixes accurate to within meters, the radio-based LORAN system was used in the late 20th Century but has been discontinued in North America. Combining independent methods is used as a way to improve the accuracy of position fixes. Even with the availability of multiple modern methods of determining longitude, a marine chronometer and sextant are routinely carried as a backup system.

text: Further refinements for longitude on land[edit]

text: For the determination of longitude on land, the preferred method became exchanges of chronometers between observatories to accurately determine the differences in local times in conjunction with observation of the transit of stars across the meridian.

text: An alternative method was the simultaneous observation of occultations of stars at different observatories. Since the event occurred at a known time, it provided an accurate means of determining longitude. In some cases, special expeditions were mounted to observe a special occultation or eclipse to determine the longitude of a location without a permanent observatory.

text: From the mid-19th century, telegraph signalling allowed more precisely synchronization of star observations. This significantly improved longitude measurement accuracy. The Royal Observatory in Greenwich and the U.S. Coast Survey coordinated European and North American longitude measurement campaigns in the 1850s and 1860s, resulting in improved map accuracy and navigation safety. Synchronization by radio followed in the early 20th century. In the 1970s, the use of satellites was developed to more precisely measure geographic coordinates (GPS).

text: Notable scientific contributions[edit]

text: In the process of searching for a solution to the problem of determining longitude, many scientists added to the knowledge of astronomy and physics.

text:
Galileo - detailed studies of Jupiter's moons, which proved Ptolemy's assertion that not all celestial objects orbit the Earth
Robert Hooke - determination of the relationship between forces and displacements in springs, laying the foundations for the theory of elasticity.
Christiaan Huygens - invention of pendulum clock and a spring balance for pocket watch.
Jacob Bernoulli, with refinements by Leonhard Euler - invention of the calculus of variations for Bernoulli's solution of the brachistochrone problem (finding the shape of the path of a pendulum with a period that does not vary with degree of lateral displacement). This refinement created greater accuracy in pendulum clocks.
John Flamsteed and many others - formalization of observational astronomy by means of astronomical observatory facilities, further advancing modern astronomy as a science.
John Harrison - invention of the gridiron pendulum and bimetallic strip along with further studies in the thermal behavior of materials. This contributed to the evolving science of Solid mechanics. Invention of caged roller bearings contributed to refinements in mechanical engineering designs.

tag: ul


document_title: Wreck-It Ralph

question_text: who does the voice of wreck it ralph

question_tokens: who does the voice of wreck it ralph

text: Wreck-It Ralph

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade closes at night, the various video game characters leave their normal in-game roles and socialize in a power strip. Wreck-It Ralph, the antagonist of the game Fix-It Felix Jr., is ostracized by its other characters for just doing his job, while the titular hero Felix is praised. Tired of being mistreated, Ralph announces at the game's thirtieth anniversary party that he will earn his neighbors' respect by winning a medal.

text: Ralph learns he can obtain a medal from the first-person shooter, Hero's Duty. After disrupting a game session, Ralph scales the game's central beacon and obtains a medal, only to hatch a Cy-Bug, one of the game's monsters, which can adapt to and devour other environments. Ralph and the Cy-Bug stumble into an escape pod, which is launched out of the game, and crash land in Sugar Rush, a candy-themed kart racing game.

text: With Ralph missing, his game is labelled as malfunctioning and faces being unplugged. Felix, upon learning from Q*Bert that Ralph has "gone Turbo"—alluding to a rogue character of the same name who abandoned his own game and destroyed another out of jealousy, resulting in both being unplugged—ventures to Hero's Duty, allying with the game's heroine, Sergeant Calhoun, to retrieve Ralph and the Cy-Bug.

text: A little girl, Vanellope Von Schweetz, steals Ralph's medal to buy her way into the daily races to determine which characters players can choose as their avatar. King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush, forbids her from racing because she has glitches. Ralph and Vanellope agree to work together to retrieve his medal and help her win her a race. They build a kart and hide out at Diet Cola Mountain, an unfinished race track, where Ralph teaches her to drive. King Candy hacks the game's code, obtaining Ralph's medal, which he offers to Ralph in exchange for preventing Vanellope from racing. He claims that if Vanellope wins and becomes playable, her glitches will be brought to the attention of players, Sugar Rush will be unplugged and Vanellope will die, unable to leave the game because she is a glitch. Ralph reluctantly agrees and destroys Vanellope's kart. On returning to his own game, which has been evacuated, he notices Vanellope's image on the side of the Sugar Rush cabinet and realizes she was meant to be a playable character.

text: Meanwhile, Felix and Calhoun search Sugar Rush for Ralph. Felix falls in love with Calhoun, but she abandons him when he inadvertently reminds her of her late fiancé. Felix is later imprisoned in King Candy's castle, but Ralph frees him and Vanellope, and Felix fixes the kart. Calhoun discovers a swarm of Cy-Bug eggs underground, which hatch and start devouring the game.

text: Vanellope participates in the race, but is attacked by King Candy. Vanellope's glitch reveals he is actually Turbo, who took over Sugar Rush, displacing Vanellope as the main character. Ralph, Felix, and Calhoun evacuate the game, but Vanellope cannot leave due to her glitch. When Calhoun points out that the Cy-Bugs can be destroyed by a beacon of light as in Hero's Duty, Ralph decides to make Diet Cola Mountain erupt to replicate it. Ralph is confronted by Turbo, now fused with a Cy-Bug that devoured him, and Turbo carries him away. Ralph breaks free, hits the mountain, and causes it to erupt, but Vanellope saves him using her glitch. The volcanic beacon destroys the Cy-Bugs and Turbo.

text: Vanellope crosses the finish line, rebooting Sugar Rush and restoring her status and memory as Princess Vanellope, the main character of the game, but she still uses her glitching ability to her advantage. Ralph and Felix return home and their game is spared. Felix and Calhoun marry, while a content Ralph gains respect from his fellow characters.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
John C. Reilly as Wreck-It Ralph, a gigantic but soft-hearted man who is the villain of the fictional arcade game Fix-It Felix Jr.[5]
Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz, a racer/glitch in Sugar Rush.[5]
Jack McBrayer as Fix-It Felix Jr., a repairman who is the hero of Fix-It Felix Jr.[5][14]
Jane Lynch as Sergeant Tamora Jean Calhoun, the lead character of Hero's Duty.[5]
Alan Tudyk as King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush. King Candy's vocal stylings are based on comedian Ed Wynn, and his physical mannerisms are modeled from Wynn's Mad Hatter character in Alice in Wonderland.[15]
Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge, a racer in Sugar Rush.[16]
Joe Lo Truglio as Markowski, a soldier from Hero's Duty that Ralph meets in Tapper.
Ed O'Neill as Mr. Stan Litwak, owner of Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade.[16]
Dennis Haysbert as General Hologram, a holographic general in Hero's Duty.
Adam Carolla as Wynnchel, a Long John who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department.[16]
Horatio Sanz as Duncan, a doughnut who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department.[16]
Rich Moore as Sour Bill, King Candy's sour ball henchman.[17][18]

text: The cast also includes the Fix-It Felix Jr. Nicelanders, Edie McClurg as Mary,[16] Raymond S. Persi as Mayor Gene,[19] Jess Harnell as Don, Rachael Harris as Deanna,[16] and Skylar Astin as Roy; Katie Lowes as Candlehead, Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter, Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing-Bing, and Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello, racers in Sugar Rush; Phil Johnston as Surge Protector, Game Central Station security;[20] Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl, a young arcade-game player;[16] John DiMaggio as Beard Papa, the security guard at the Sugar Rush candy-kart factory; Raymond Persi as a Zombie, Brian Kesinger as a Cyborg (based on Kano from Mortal Kombat) and Martin Jarvis as Saitine, a devil-like villain, who attends the Bad-Anon support group; Tucker Gilmore as the Sugar Rush Announcer; Brandon Scott as Kohut, a soldier in Hero's Duty; and Tim Mertens as Dr. Brad Scott, a scientist and Sgt. Calhoun's deceased fiancé in Hero's Duty (voiced by Nick Grimshaw in the UK version but not in the UK home release).[21]

text: The film features several cameos from real-world video game characters including: Root Beer Tapper (Maurice LaMarche), the bartender from Tapper;[22] Sonic the Hedgehog (Roger Craig Smith);[16][20] Ryu (Kyle Hebert), Ken Masters (Reuben Langdon), M. Bison (Gerald C. Rivers), and Zangief (Rich Moore) from Street Fighter II;[1][16][23] Clyde (Kevin Deters) from Pac-Man;[24] and Yuni Verse (Jamie Sparer Roberts) from Dance Dance Revolution.[25]

text: A character modeled after dubstep musician Skrillex makes an appearance in the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. as the DJ at the anniversary party of the game.[26]

text: Video game cameos and references[edit]

text: In addition to the spoken roles, Wreck-It Ralph contains a number of other video game references, including characters and visual gags. The video game villains at the support meeting, in addition to those mentioned above, include Bowser from the Mario franchise,[1][14][23] Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog,[1][23] and Neff from Altered Beast.[27] Additionally, the game cabinet of the fictional Fix It Felix Jr. arcade game is stylized to strongly resemble the cabinet of the original Nintendo Donkey Kong arcade game,[28] with Ralph and Felix taking similar poses as Donkey Kong and Mario, respectively. The Hero's Duty game is a reference to the hugely successful first-person shooter games Halo and Call of Duty. Characters from Q*bert, including Q*bert, Coily, Slick, Sam, and Ugg, are shown as "homeless" characters and later taken in by Ralph and Felix into their game (Q*bert also speaks to Felix at one point using the signature synthesized gibberish and word-balloon symbols from his game, called Q*bert-ese).[22][29] Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper's bar include Chun-Li, Cammy and Blanka from Street Fighter,[23][30] Pac-Man, Blinky, Pinky, and Inky from Pac-Man,[22][31] the Paperboy from Paperboy,[27][32] the two paddles and the ball from Pong,[33] Dig Dug, a Pooka, and a Fygar from Dig Dug,[33] The Qix from Qix,[31] Frogger from Frogger, and Peter Pepper from BurgerTime.[34] Lara Croft and Mario are also mentioned.[35]

text: Additional references are based on sight gags. The residents of Niceland and the bartender from Tapper are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited animation cycles of the sprites of many eight- and sixteen-bit arcade games.[36] King Candy uses the Konami Code on an NES controller to access the programming of Sugar Rush.[37] Throughout Game Central Station is graffiti that includes "Aerith lives" (referencing the character of Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII),[32][38] "All your base are belong to us" (an Engrish phrase popularized from the game Zero Wing), "Sheng Long Was Here" (referencing an April Fool's joke around a made-up character Sheng Long from Street Fighter), and "Jenkins" (a nod to the popular Leeroy Jenkins meme from World of Warcraft).[39] There is also a reference to the Metal Gear series when Ralph is searching for a medal in Tapper's Lost and found, finding first a Super Mushroom from the Mario franchise, and then Metal Gear Solid's "Exclamation point" (with the corresponding sound effect from the game).[36] Mr. Litwak wears a black and white striped referee's shirt, a nod to the iconic outfit of Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day.[36] One of the songs in the credits is an original work from Buckner and Garcia, previously famous for writing video game-themed songs in the 1980s.[36] The Walt Disney Animation Studios opening logo is animated in an 8-bit pixelated fashion,[40] whereas the Walt Disney Pictures closing production logo appears in a glitched state, a reference to the kill screen from many early arcade games such as Pac-Man.[39]

text: Production[edit]

text: The concept of Wreck-It Ralph was first developed at Disney in the late 1980s, under the working title High Score. Since then, it was redeveloped and reconsidered several times: In the late 1990s, it took on the working title Joe Jump, then in the mid-2000s as Reboot Ralph.[41][42]

text: John Lasseter, the head of Walt Disney Animation Studios and executive producer of the film, describes Wreck-It Ralph as "an 8-bit video-game bad guy who travels the length of the arcade to prove that he's a good guy."[29] In a manner similar to Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the Toy Story films, Wreck-It Ralph featured cameo appearances by a number of licensed video-game characters.[29] For example, one scene from the film shows Ralph attending a support group for the arcade's various villain characters, including Clyde from Pac-Man, Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Bowser from Super Mario Bros.[29] Rich Moore, the film's director, had determined that for a film about a video-game world to feel authentic, "it had to have real characters from real games in it."[43] Moore aimed to add licensed characters in a similar manner as cultural references in Looney Tunes shorts, but considered "having the right balance so a portion of the audience didn't feel they were being neglected or talked down to."[44] However, Moore avoided creating the movie around existing characters, feeling that "there's so much mythology and baggage attached to pre-existing titles that I feel someone would be disappointed," and considered this to be a reason why movies based on video game franchises typically fail.[44] Instead, for Ralph, the development of new characters representative of the 8-bit video game was "almost like virgin snow," giving them the freedom to take these characters in new directions.[44]

text: Before production, the existing characters were added to the story either in places they would make sense to appear or as cameos from a list of characters suggested by the film's creative team, without consideration if they would legally be able to use the characters.[43] The company then sought out the copyright holders' permissions to use the characters, as well as working with these companies to assure their characters were being represented authentically.[43] In the case of Nintendo, the writers had early on envisioned the Bad-anon meeting with Bowser as a major character within the scene; according to Moore, Nintendo was very positive towards this use, stating in Moore's own words, "If there is a group that is dedicated to helping the bad guy characters in video games then Bowser must be in that group!"[32] Nintendo had asked that the producers try to devise a scene that would be similarly appropriate for Mario for his inclusion in the film. Despite knowing they would be able to use the character, the producers could not find an appropriate scene that would let Mario be a significant character without taking away the spotlight from the main story and opted to not include the character.[32][45] Moore debunked a rumor that Mario and his brother character Luigi were not included due to Nintendo requesting too high a licensing fee, stating that the rumor grew out of a joke John C. Reilly made at Comic-Con.[35] Dr. Wily from Mega Man was going to appear but was cut from the final version of the film.[46] Overall, there are about 188 individual character models in the movie as a result of these cameo inclusions.[43]

text: An earlier draft of the screenplay had Ralph and Vanellope spending time going around the game world to collect the pieces for her kart for Sugar Rush, and at times included Felix traveling with the pair. During these scenes, Ralph would have lied to Felix regarding his budding relationship with Calhoun, leading eventually to Ralph becoming depressed and abandoning his quest to get his medal back. At this point, a fourth game world, Extreme Easy Living 2, would have been introduced and was considered a "hedonistic place" between the social nature of The Sims and the open-world objective-less aspects of Grand Theft Auto, according to Moore.[47] Ralph would go there too, wallowing in his depression, and would find happiness by gaining "Like It" buttons for doing acceptable actions in the party-like nature of the place. Moore stated that while it was difficult to consider dropping this new game world, they found that its introduction in the second half of the film would be too difficult a concept for the viewer to grasp.[47] They further had trouble working out how a social game would be part of an arcade, and though they considered having the game be running on Litwak's laptop, they ultimately realized that justifying the concept would be too convoluted. Line art sketches and voice-over readings of the scene were included on the home media release of the film.[47]

text: The film introduced Disney's new bidirectional reflectance distribution functions, with more realistic reflections on surfaces, and new virtual cinematography Camera Capture system, which makes it possible to go through scenes in real-time.[48] To research the Sugar Rush segment of the film, the visual development group traveled to trade fair ISM Cologne, a See's Candy factory, and other manufacturing facilities. The group also brought in food photographers, to demonstrate techniques to make food appear appealing. Special effects, including from "smoke or dust," looks distinct in each of the segments.[49]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled for a release on March 22, 2013, but it was later changed to November 2, 2012, due to it being ahead of schedule.[50][51] The theatrical release was accompanied by Disney's animated short film, Paperman.[52][53]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer for Wreck-It Ralph was released on June 6, 2012, debuting with Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Rock of Ages.[54] This also coincided with the 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo, for which Disney constructed a mock aged arcade cabinet for the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. game on display on the show floor.[55] Disney also released a browser-based Flash-based version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game as well as iOS, Android, and Windows Phone versions, with online Unity-based versions of Sugar Rush and Hero's Duty.[56] A second trailer for the film was released on September 12, 2012, coinciding with Finding Nemo 3D and Frankenweenie.

text: To promote the home media release of Wreck-It Ralph, director Rich Moore produced a short film titled Garlan Hulse: Where Potential Lives. Set within the movie's universe, the mockumentary film was designed as a parody of The King of Kong.[57]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Wreck-It Ralph was released on Blu-ray Disc (2D and 3D) and DVD in North America on March 5, 2013, from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[58] The film was made available for digital download in selected regions on February 12, 2013.[59] Wreck-It Ralph debuted at #1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales in the United States.[60]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Wreck-It Ralph grossed $189.4 million in North America and $281.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $471.2 million.[3] It was the 14th-highest-grossing film of 2012,[61] and the fourth-highest-grossing 2012 animated film.

text: In North America, the film debuted with $13.5 million, an above-average opening-day gross for an animated film released in November.[62] During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $49 million, making it the largest opening for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film at the time.[63][64]

text: Outside North America, Wreck-It Ralph earned $12 million on its opening weekend from six markets.[65] Among all markets, its three largest openings were recorded in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($7.15 million), Brazil ($5.32 million with weekday previews), and Russia and the CIS ($5.27 million).[66] In total grosses, the three largest markets were the UK, Ireland and Malta ($36.2 million), Japan ($29.6 million), and Australia ($24.0 million).[66]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 87% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 171 reviews with an average score of 7.5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Equally entertaining for both kids and parents old enough to catch the references, Wreck-It Ralph is a clever, colorful adventure built on familiar themes and joyful nostalgia."[67] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 72 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[68] The film earned an "A" from audiences polled by CinemaScore.[69]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "More than in most animated films, the art design and color palette of Wreck-It Ralph permit unlimited sets, costumes, and rules, giving the movie tireless originality and different behavior in every different cyber world."[70] A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "The movie invites a measure of cynicism – which it proceeds to obliterate with a 93-minute blast of color, noise, ingenuity and fun."[71] Peter Debruge of Variety stated, "With plenty to appeal to boys and girls, old and young, Walt Disney Animation Studios has a high-scoring hit on its hands in this brilliantly conceived, gorgeously executed toon, earning bonus points for backing nostalgia with genuine emotion."[2] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said, "The movie's subversive sensibility and old-school/new-school feel are a total kick,"[72] while Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "With a mix of retro eye-candy for grown-ups and a thrilling, approachable storyline for the tykes, the film casts a wide and beguiling net."[73] Conversely, Christopher Orr of The Atlantic found it "overplotted and underdeveloped."[74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards[12]
Best Animated Feature
Rich Moore
Nominated

Annie Awards[75][10]
Best Animated Feature

Won

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Brett Albert
Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Bill Schwab, Lorelay Bove, Cory Loftis, Minkyu Lee
Nominated

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Rich Moore
Won

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Henry Jackman, Skrillex, Adam Young, Matthew Thiessen, Jamie Houston, Yasushi Akimoto
Won

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Leo Matsuda
Nominated

Lissa Treiman
Nominated

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Alan Tudyk
Won

Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Phil Johnston, Jennifer Lee
Won

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Tim Mertens
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[76]
Best Animated Feature

Won

Golden Globe Awards[77]
Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards[78]
Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in an Animation Feature Film

Won

Golden Trailer Awards[79]
Best Animation/Family
"Dreams"
Won

IGN's Best of 2012 Awards
Best Movie

Nominated

Best Animated Movie

Won

IGN People's Choice Award for Best Animated Movie

Won

Best 3D Movie

Nominated

Best Movie Poster

Nominated

National Board of Review Awards[80]
Best Animated Feature

Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie

Won

Online Film Critics Society Award
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Award
Best Animated Motion Picture
Clark Spencer
Won

Satellite Awards[81]
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Rich Moore
Nominated

Saturn Awards[82]
Best Animated Film
Rich Moore
Nominated

Visual Effects Society[83][84]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Sean Jenkins, Scott Kersavage, Rich Moore, Clark Spencer
Nominated

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
John Kahwaty, Suzan Kim, Michelle Robinson, Tony Smeed (for Vanellope)
Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Henry Jackman. The soundtrack also features original songs by Owl City, AKB48, Skrillex, and Buckner & Garcia.[85][86] Early in the development process, Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote an original song for the film; it was later cut out.[87]

text:
Wreck-It Ralph: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
October 30, 2012

Recorded
2012

Studio
Sony Scoring Stage (Score)

Length
70:36

Label
Walt Disney

Producer

Chris Montan
Tom MacDougall

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

Winnie the Pooh
(2011) Winnie the Pooh2011
Wreck-It Ralph
(2012) Wreck-It Ralph2012
Frozen
(2013) Frozen2013

Henry Jackman chronology

Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter
(2012) Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter2012
Wreck-It Ralph
(2012) Wreck-It Ralph2012
G.I. Joe: Retaliation
(2013) G.I. Joe: Retaliation2013

Singles from Wreck-It Ralph

"When Can I See You Again?"
Released: 2012

text: All music composed by Henry Jackman (except 1–6)[88].

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"When Can I See You Again?"

Adam Young
Matt Thiessen
Brian Lee

Owl City
3:38

2.
"Wreck-It, Wreck-It Ralph"
Jamie Houston
Buckner & Garcia
2:59

3.
"Celebration"

Ronald Bell
Claydes Smith
George Melvin Brown
James "J.T." Taylor
Robert Mickens
Earl Eugene Toon Jr.
Dennis Ronald Thomas
Robert Bell
Eumir Deodato

Kool & the Gang
3:40

4.
"Sugar Rush"

Yasushi Akimoto
Jamie Houston

AKB48
3:14

5.
"Bug Hunt (Noisia Remix)" (featuring John C. Reilly)
Skrillex
Skrillex
7:04

6.
"Shut Up and Drive"

Evan Rogers
Carl Sturken
Stephen Morris
Peter Hook
Bernard Sumner
Gillian Gilbert

Rihanna
3:32

7.
"Wreck-It Ralph"

1:33

8.
"Life in the Arcade"

0:43

9.
"Jumping Ship"

1:06

10.
"Rocket Fiasco"

5:48

11.
"Vanellope von Schweetz"

2:57

12.
"Royal Raceway"

3:23

13.
"Cupcake Breakout"

1:12

14.
"Candy Vandals"

1:39

15.
"Turbo Flashback"

1:42

16.
"Laffy Taffies"

1:35

17.
"One Minute to Win It"

1:17

18.
"Vanellope's Hideout"

2:33

19.
"Messing with the Program"

1:20

20.
"King Candy"

2:11

21.
"Broken-Karted"

2:49

22.
"Out of the Penthouse, Off to the Race"

2:51

23.
"Sugar Rush Showdown"

4:15

24.
"You're My Hero"

4:16

25.
"Arcade Finale"

3:19

Total length:
70:36

text: Video games[edit]

text: In addition to the Flash version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game, Disney released a tie-in side-scrolling platform game called Wreck-It Ralph for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo DS, to mostly negative reviews.[89][90] The arcade style side-scrolling game was produced in collaboration between Disney Interactive and Activision and serves as a "story extension" to the film. Taking place following the events of the film, players may play as Wreck-It Ralph or Fix-It Felix, causing or repairing damage, respectively, following another Cy-Bug incident. Game levels are based on the locations in the film like the Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush games as well as Game Central Station. It was released in conjunction with the film's release, in November 2012.[91]

text: In October 2012, Disney released fully playable browser-based versions of the Hero's Duty and Sugar Rush games on the new official film site.[92] A mobile game titled Wreck-it Ralph was released in November 2012 for iOS and Android systems,[93] with a Windows Phone 8 version following almost a year later.[94] Initially, the game consisted of three mini-games, Fix-it Felix Jr., Hero's Duty and Sweet Climber, which were later joined by Turbo Time and Hero's Duty: Flight Command.[95][96] The game was retired on August 29, 2014.[97]

text: Ralph also appears in Sega's Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed as a playable guest character.[98]

text: Ralph and Vanellope appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity as well (voiced by Brian T. Delaney and Sarah Silverman, respectively); the Disney Store released their individual figures on January 7, 2014.[99][100][101] A combo "toy box pack" of the two figures with Sugar Rush customization discs was released April 1, 2014, from the Disney Store.[102]

text: Wreck-It Ralph is a playable world on the mobile game Disney Crossy Road.[citation needed] Ralph will make his debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts video game series in the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III, serving as a summon.[103]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In an interview on October 25, 2012, director Rich Moore said that he and Disney have ideas about a sequel that would bring the characters up to date and explore online gaming and console gaming.[104] Moore stated that many of the crew and voice cast are open to the sequel, believing that they have "barely scratched the surface" of the video game world they envisioned.[32] He also stated that he plans to include Mario and Tron in the sequel.[105][106] In a 2014 interview, the film's composer Henry Jackman said that a story for the sequel is being written.[107] In July 2015, John C. Reilly said he had signed on to reprise his role of Ralph in a projected sequel.[108]

text: On March 24, 2016, Rich Moore stated that a sequel is still being planned. Moore also hopes to specifically include an appearance from Mario, citing a "good relationship with Nintendo".[109] On June 30, 2016, Walt Disney Animation Studios announced that the sequel would be released on March 9, 2018, with John C. Reilly, Rich Moore, and writer Phil Johnston attached. John C. Reilly and Sarah Silverman will reprise their roles as Wreck-It Ralph and Vanellope von Schweetz, respectively. The plot will focus on "Ralph leaving the arcade and wrecking the Internet".[110][111] In April 2017, the sequel was pushed to November 21, 2018.[13]