document_title: Mona Lisa

question_text: where was the mona lisa kept during ww2

question_tokens: where was the mona lisa kept during ww2

root

text: Mona Lisa

text: Title and subject

text: The title of the painting, which is known in English as Mona Lisa, comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who wrote "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife."[10][11] Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as "ma donna" – similar to "Ma’am", "Madam", or "my lady" in English. This became "madonna", and its contraction "mona". The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled "Mona" (as used by Vasari[10]), is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa ("mona" being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects) but this is rare in English.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Vasari's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1524, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo.

text: That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero. Dated October 1503, the note was written by Leonardo's contemporary Agostino Vespucci. This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles, who is mentioned in the text, and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo.[12]

text: In response to the announcement of the discovery of this document, Vincent Delieuvin, the Louvre representative, stated "Leonardo da Vinci was painting, in 1503, the portrait of a Florentine lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo. About this we are now certain. Unfortunately, we cannot be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre."[13]

text: The model, Lisa del Giocondo,[14][15] was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany, and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo.[16] The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea.[17] The Italian name for the painting, La Gioconda, means "jocund" ("happy" or "jovial") or, literally, "the jocund one", a pun on the feminine form of Lisa's married name, "Giocondo".[16][18] In French, the title La Joconde has the same meaning.

text: Before that discovery, scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting. Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait, identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari.[19][20] Several other women have been proposed as the subject of the painting.[21] Isabella of Aragon,[22] Cecilia Gallerani,[23] Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla,[21] Isabella d'Este, Pacifica Brandano or Brandino, Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza—even Salaì and Leonardo himself—are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting.[24][25] The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long-held traditional opinion, that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo.[12]

text: History

text: Leonardo da Vinci is thought by some to have begun painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy.[26] Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506",[9] the art historian Martin Kemp says there are some difficulties in confirming the actual dates with certainty.[16] In addition, many Leonardo experts, such as Carlo Pedretti [3] and Alessandro Vezzosi[4] are of the opinion that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo’s style in the final years of his life, post-1513. Other academics argue that, given the historical documentation, Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513.[6] According to Leonardo's contemporary, Giorgio Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished".[11] Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted "never having completed a single work".[27]

text: Circa 1504, Raphael executed a pen and ink sketch, today in the Louvre museum, in which the subject is flanked by large columns,. Experts universally agree it is based on Leonardo’s portrait of Mona Lisa.[28][29][5][30] Other later copies of the Mona Lisa, such as that in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo, and The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore also display large flanking columns. As a result, it was originally thought that the Mona Lisa in the Louvre had side columns and had been cut.[31][32][3][33][34] However, as early as 1993, Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed.[35] This was confirmed through a series of tests conducted in 2004.[36] In view of this, Vincent Delieuvin, curator of 16th century Italian painting at the Louvre museum states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version,[37] while Frank Zöllner states that the sketch brings up the possibility that Leonardo executed another work on the subject of Mona Lisa.[35]

text: It is unclear as to who commissioned the painting. Giorgio Vasari states that the work was painted for Francesco del Giocondo, the husband of Lisa del Giocondo.[38] However, Antonio de Beatis, following a visit with Leonardo in 1517, records that the painting was executed at the instance of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici.[39]

text: In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king's castle in Amboise. It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France.[24] Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517.[40]

text: The fate of the painting around Leonardo’s death and just after it has divided academic opinion. Some, such as Kemp, believe that upon Leonardo’s death, the painting was inherited with other works by his pupil and assistant Salaì and was still in the latter’s possession in 1525.[16][41] Others believe that the painting was sold to Francis I by Salaì, together with The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and the St. John the Baptist in 1518.[42] The Louvre Museum lists the painting as having entered the Royal collection in 1518.[43]

text: Given the issue surrounding the dating of the painting, the presence of the flanking columns in the Raphael sketch, the uncertainty concerning the person who commissioned it and its fate around the time of Leonardo’s death, a number of experts have argued that Leonardo painted two versions of the Mona Lisa.[30][5][44] The first would have been commissioned by Francesco del Giocondo circa 1503, had flanking columns, have been left unfinished and have been in Salai’s possession in 1525. The second, commissioned by Giuliano de Medici circa 1513, without the flanking columns, would have been sold by Salai to Francis I in 1518 and be the one in the Louvre today. [30][5][44]

text: The painting was kept at the Palace of Fontainebleau, where it remained until Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles. After the French Revolution, it was moved to the Louvre, but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the Tuileries Palace.

text: During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) it was moved from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal.[45] During World War II, the painting was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely, first to Château d'Amboise, then to the Loc-Dieu Abbey and Château de Chambord, then finally to the Ingres Museum in Montauban.

text: In December 2015, it was reported that French scientist Pascal Cotte had found a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting using reflective light technology.[46] The portrait is an underlying image of a model looking off to the side.[47] Having been given access to the painting by Louvre in 2004, Cotte spent ten years using layer amplification methods to study the painting.[46] According to Cotte, the underlying image is Leonardo's original Mona Lisa.[46][48]

text: However, this portrait does not fit with the description of the painting in the historical records: Both Giorgio Vasari [10] and Gian Paolo Lomazzo[49] describe the subject as smiling; the subject in Cotte’s portrait displays no smile. In addition, the portrait lacks the flanking columns drawn by Raphael in his c.1504 sketch of Mona Lisa. Moreover, Cotte admits that his reconstitution had been carried out only in support of his hypotheses and should not be considered a real painting; he stresses that the images never existed.[50] Kemp is also adamant that Cotte’s images in no way establish the existence of a separate underlying portrait.[41]

text: Theft and vandalism

text: On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre.[51] The theft was not discovered until the next day, when painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years, only to find four iron pegs on the wall. Béroud contacted the head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation.

text: French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who had once called for the Louvre to be "burnt down", came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned. Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso, who was brought in for questioning. Both were later exonerated.[52][53] Two years later the thief revealed himself. Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia had stolen the Mona Lisa by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet, and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed.[18] Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed Leonardo's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum.

text: Peruggia may have been motivated by an associate whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting's theft. A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear.[54] However, the original painting remained in Europe. After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914.[55] Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy.[53] Before its theft, the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world. It was not until the 1860s that some critics, a thin slice of the French intelligentsia, began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting.[56]

text: In 1956, part of the painting was damaged when a vandal threw acid at it.[57] On 30 December of that year, a rock was thrown at the painting, dislodging a speck of pigment near the left elbow, later restored.[58]

text: The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from subsequent attacks. In April 1974, a woman, upset by the museum's policy for disabled people, sprayed red paint at it while it was being displayed at the Tokyo National Museum.[59] On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure.[60][61] In both cases, the painting was undamaged.

text: Aesthetics

text: The Mona Lisa bears a strong resemblance to many Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, who was at that time seen as an ideal for womanhood.[62]

text: The depiction of the sitter in three-quarter profile is similar to late 15th-century works by Lorenzo di Credi and Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere.[62] Zöllner notes that the sitter's general position can be traced back to Flemish models and that "in particular the vertical slices of columns at both sides of the panel had precedents in Flemish portraiture."[63] Woods-Marsden cites Hans Memling's portrait of Benededetto Portinari (1487) or Italian imitations such as Sebastiano Mainardi's pendant portraits for the use of a loggia, which has the effect of mediating between the sitter and the distant landscape, a feature missing from Leonardo's earlier portrait of Ginevra de' Benci.[64]

text: The woman sits markedly upright in a "pozzetto" armchair with her arms folded, a sign of her reserved posture. Her gaze is fixed on the observer. The woman appears alive to an unusual extent, which Leonardo achieved by his method of not drawing outlines (sfumato). The soft blending creates an ambiguous mood "mainly in two features: the corners of the mouth, and the corners of the eyes".[65]

text: The painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter in front of an imaginary landscape, and Leonardo was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective.[67] The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side. Behind her, a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence. Leonardo has chosen to place the horizon line not at the neck, as he did with Ginevra de' Benci, but on a level with the eyes, thus linking the figure with the landscape and emphasizing the mysterious nature of the painting.[64]

text: Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly.[68][69] In 2007, French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning.[70] Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times, with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa's face and the direction of her gaze. He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted.[71]

text: There has been much speculation regarding the painting's model and landscape. For example, Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty is not seen as being among the best, "even when measured by late quattrocento (15th century) or even twenty-first century standards."[72] Some art historians in Eastern art, such as Yukio Yashiro, argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by Chinese paintings,[73] but this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence.[73]

text: Research in 2003 by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University said that Mona Lisa's smile disappears when looked with direct vision, known as foveal. Because of the way the human eye processes visual information, it is less suited to pick up shadows directly; however, peripheral vision can pick up shadows well.[74]

text: Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist-photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisa's landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro, Urbino and Rimini.[75][76]

text: Conservation

text: The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that "the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation."[36] This is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone. A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had "acted with a great deal of restraint."[36] Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. Despite the treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators "some worry",[77] the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.[36]

text: Poplar panel

text: At some point, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity, and as a result, a crack developed near the top of the panel, extending down to the hairline of the figure. In the mid-18th century to early 19th century, two butterfly-shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about one third the thickness of the panel. This intervention was skilfully executed, and successfully stabilized the crack. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth.[citation needed]

text: The picture is kept under strict, climate-controlled conditions in its bulletproof glass case. The humidity is maintained at 50% ±10%, and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 °C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity, the case is supplemented with a bed of silica gel treated to provide 55% relative humidity.[36]

text: Frame

text: Because the Mona Lisa's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honour the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects. In 2004–05, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp.[citation needed]

text: The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. In 1909, the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame,[78] a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed.[36]

text: Cleaning and touch-up

text: The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch-up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch-up of colour, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa. Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent, and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa's left elbow with watercolour.[36]

text: In 1977, a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping. This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride, and later with an ethylene oxide treatment. In 1985, the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure.[36]

text: Display

text: On 6 April 2005—following a period of curatorial maintenance, recording, and analysis—the painting was moved to a new location within the museum's Salle des États. It is displayed in a purpose-built, climate-controlled enclosure behind bulletproof glass.[79] Since 2005 the painting has been illuminated by an LED lamp, and in 2013 a new 20 watt LED lamp was installed, specially designed for this painting. The lamp has a colour rendering index up to 98, and minimizes infrared and ultraviolet radiation which could otherwise degrade the painting.[80] The renovation of the gallery where the painting now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television.[81] About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year.[24]

text: Fame

text: Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world, but until the 20th century it was simply one among many highly regarded artworks.[82] Once part of King Francis I of France's collection, the Mona Lisa was among the very first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre, which became a national museum after the French Revolution. From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting's popularity grew from the mid-19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that it was somehow mysterious and a representation of the femme fatal.[83] The Baedeker guide in 1878 called it "the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre",[84] but the painting was known more by the intelligentsia than the general public.[citation needed]

text: The 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa and its subsequent return, however, was reported worldwide, leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting. During the 20th century it was an object for mass reproduction, merchandising, lampooning and speculation, and was claimed to have been reproduced in "300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements".[84] It has been said that the Mona Lisa was regarded as "just another Leonardo until early last century, when the scandal of the painting's theft from the Louvre and subsequent return kept a spotlight on it over several years."[85]

text: From December 1962 to March 1963, the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington, D.C.[86] It was shipped on the new liner SS France. In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued "in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so."[84] In 1974, the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow.[87]

text: In 2014, 9.3 million people visited the Louvre,[88] Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that "80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa."[89]

text: Financial worth

text: Before the 1962–63 tour, the painting was assessed for insurance at $100 million. The insurance was not bought. Instead, more was spent on security.[90] Adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index, $100 million in 1962 is around $782 million in 2015[91] making it, in practice, by far the most valued painting in the world.

text: In 2014 a France 24 article suggested that the painting could be sold to help ease the national debt, although it was noted that the Mona Lisa and other such art works were prohibited from being sold due to French heritage law, which states that "Collections held in museums that belong to public bodies are considered public property and cannot be otherwise."[92]

text: Legacy

text: Before its completion the Mona Lisa had already begun to influence contemporary Florentine painting. Raphael, who had been to Leonardo's workshop several times, promptly used elements of the portrait's composition and format in several of his works, such as Young Woman with Unicorn (c. 1506[93]), and Portrait of Maddalena Doni (c. 1506). Celebrated later paintings by Raphael, La velata (1515–16) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (c. 1514–15), continued to borrow from Leonardo's painting. Zollner states that "None of Leonardo's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa. It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not just as the likeness of a real person, but also as the embodiment of an ideal."[94]

text: Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism, but by the Victorian era writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance. In 1859 Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a "sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously" and that "Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague, infinite, inexpressible. One is moved, troubled ... repressed desires, hopes that drive one to despair, stir painfully." Walter Pater's famous essay of 1869 described the sitter as "older than the rocks among which she sits; like the vampire, she has been dead many times, and learned the secrets of the grave; and has been a diver in the deep seas, and keeps their fallen day about her."[95] By the early 20th century some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories,[96] and upon the painting's theft in 1911, Renaissance historian Bernard Berenson admitted that it had "simply become an incubus, and I was glad to be rid of her."[96][97]

text: The avant-garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. Already in 1883, Le rire, an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the "Incoherents" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created L.H.O.O.Q., a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like "Elle a chaud au cul" meaning: "she has a hot ass", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke.[98] According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.[99]

text: Salvador Dalí, famous for his surrealist work, painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954.[100] In 1963 following the painting's visit to the United States, Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One, like his works of Marilyn Monroe (Twenty-five Coloured Marilyns, 1962), Elvis Presley (1964) and Campbell's soup (1961–62).[101] The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists around the world. A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using his trademark mosaic style.[102] A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube.[103] A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an animation showing progressively maniacal smiles.

text: Early versions and copies

text: Prado Museum La Gioconda

text: A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ("Leonardo da Vinci's handy-woman") held in Madrid's Museo del Prado was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo. However, since its restoration in 2012 it is considered to have been executed by one of Leonardo's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted.[104] Their conclusion, based on analysis obtained after the picture underwent extensive restoration, that the painting is probably by Salaì (1480–1524) or by Melzi (1493–1572). This has been called into question by others.[105]

text: The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic pair.[106][107][108] However, a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.[109]

text: Isleworth Mona Lisa

text: A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa and also known as the Earlier Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation.[110] It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The painting is claimed by a majority of experts to be mostly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century: a survey of all published opinions shows that 22 experts are certain that the major parts of the Isleworth Mona Lisa are the work of Leonardo da Vinci,[111][28][112][113][114][115][116][30][117][5][6][44] while only four, including Zöllner and Kemp, deny the attribution,[118] but they have never seen the painting [115]

text:
Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì

The Prado Museum La Gioconda

The Isleworth Mona Lisa

16th century copy at the Hermitage by unknown artist

tag: ul


question_text: how many members are there in the insolvency and bankruptcy board of india

text: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) is the regulator for overseeing insolvency proceedings and entities like Insolvency Professional Agencies (IPA), Insolvency Professionals (IP) and Information Utilities (IU) in India. It was established on 1 October 2016 and given statutory powers through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, which was passed by Lok Sabha on 5 May 2016. It covers Individuals, Companies, Limited Liability Partnerships and Partnership firms. The new code will speed up the resolution process for stressed assets in the country. It attempts to simplify the process of insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings.It handles the cases using two tribunals like NCLT(National company law tribunal) and Debt recovery tribunal.

text: Mrs. Suman Saxena former Deputy CAG of India appointed as Whole Time Member of IBBI

text: Navrang Saini appointed as whole time member of IBBI. Mrs. Mukulita Vijayawargiya appointed as whole time member of IBBI.

text: IBBI Governing Board[edit]

text: IBBI will have 10 members, including representatives from the Ministries of Finance and Law, and the Reserve Bank of India.

text: The Governing Board[edit]

text:
Sl. No.
Position
Name and Designation

1.
Chairperson
Dr. M. S. Sahoo, Chairperson, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India

2.
Whole Time Member
Mrs Suman Saxena, Whole Time Member, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.

3.
Whole Time Member
Sh.Navrang Saini, Whole Time Member, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.

4.
Whole Time Member
Mrs. Mukulita Vijayawargiya, Whole Time Member, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.

tag: table


document_title: List of death row inmates in the United States

question_text: how many inmates are on death row in kansas

question_tokens: how many inmates are on death row in kansas

text: List of death row inmates in the United States

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Ethnicity of defendants on death row[edit]

text:
White: 1,181 (42.30%)
Black: 1,162 (41.62%)
Latino/Latina: 367 (13.18%)
Asian: 53 (1.90%)
Native American: 27 (0.97%)
Unknown: 1 (0.04%)[1]

text: Comparatively, the U.S. population is 66.9% non-Hispanic white, 9% black, 16.3% Hispanic or Latino, 4.7% Asian, 0.9% Native American, and 2.1% mixed or other.

text: Gender of defendants on death row[edit]

text:
Male: 2,738 (98.07%)
Female: 54 (1.93%)[1]

text: Comparatively, 50.79% of the U.S. population is female, and 49.21% is male (2014).

text: Education[edit]

text: 69.75% have less than a high school diploma or GED.[3]

text: Comparatively, 12.19% of U.S. adults have less than a high school diploma or GED.[3]

text: Mental illness[edit]

text: 4% of death row inmates have been diagnosed with a serious mental illness.[4]

text: Comparatively, it is estimated that 4.2% of American adults have a serious mental illness.[5]

text: Time on death row[edit]

text:
Median time, in years, a death row prisoner has been awaiting execution: 7[3]
Average time, in years, between imposition of a death sentence and execution: 12[3]

For 2016: 20 years on average between offense and execution.

text: Guilt[edit]

text: 1.6% of death row prisoners since 1972 have been exonerated.[6]

text: Prior prison sentence[edit]

text:
Applies to 80% of male death row inmates
Applies to 65% of female death row inmates

text: List of death row inmates by jurisdiction[edit]

text: Federal[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 61 (as of December 2017)
Total number executed: 37 (1927–2003)

text: Due to the high number of federal death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed on this page. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of federal death row inmates

text:
Name
Crime
Time on death row
Notes

Joseph E. Duncan III
Murders of the Groene family in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
7003356200000000000♠9 years, 275 days
Duncan was convicted of the 2005 kidnappings and murders of members of the Groene family and sentenced to three death sentences and three life sentences. He is also serving 11 life sentences in conjunction with the same crimes as well as the 1997 murder of Anthony Martinez of Beaumont, California.[7] Duncan has confessed to, but not been charged, with the 1996 murder of two girls in Seattle, Washington.[8]

Marvin Gabrion
Kidnapping and murder of 19-year-old Rachel Timmerman of Cedar Springs, Michigan
7003591800000000000♠16 years, 74 days
The murder took place in Michigan, which does not have the death penalty, but the body was found in Manistee National Forest, which is federal land. On appeal, his defense team argued that they should consider any reasonable doubt they have that the murder took place outside of the forest before being moved into the forest after death, which would make him ineligible for the death penalty.

Jurijus Kadamovas
Ransom-related kidnapping and murder of five people.
7003409600000000000♠11 years, 78 days
Jurijus Kadamovas and Iouri Mikhel are sentenced to death row for ransom related kidnapping and murder of five people. The men allegedly demanded a total of more than $5.5 million from relatives and associates, and received more than $1 million from victim's relatives.[9][10] Prosecutors said the victims were killed regardless of whether the ransoms were paid. The bodies were tied with weights and dumped in a reservoir near Yosemite National Park.[11]

Iouri Mikhel
Ransom-related kidnapping and murder of five people
7003409600000000000♠11 years, 78 days
See above entry for Jurijus Kadamovas, Mikhel's accomplice.

Lisa M. Montgomery
2004 murder of Bobbie Jo Stinnett, who was pregnant, and stealing her unborn child.
7003370700000000000♠10 years, 55 days
As of February 9, 2018 Montgomery is the only woman on federal death row.

Alfonso Rodriguez, Jr.
Rape and murder of Dru Sjodin in Grand Forks, North Dakota.
7003426700000000000♠11 years, 249 days
Crossed state lines into Minnesota, making this a federal case.

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Terrorism
7003107000000000000♠2 years, 339 days
Boston Marathon bombing

Dylann Roof
Hate crimes
7002504000000000000♠1 year, 139 days
American mass murderer and white supremacist convicted of perpetrating the June 17, 2015 Charleston church shooting. During a prayer service at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Roof killed nine people, all African Americans. Roof is the first person on death row for federal hate crimes.

Gary Lee Sampson
3 counts of murder during the course of a carjacking or kidnapping in Massachusetts and New Hampshire
7003527100000000000♠14 years, 157 days (Since initial death sentence)
7002505000000000000♠1 year, 140 days (since re-sentencing after appeal)
Prosecuted under federal law that allows for the death penalty in the course of a carjacking or kidnapping. Sampson plead guilty and during the trial for sentencing, received a death sentence for the two murders in Massachusetts and life for New Hampshire killing. The initial sentence was thrown out due to jury misconduct.

Kaboni Savage
12 counts of murder in aid of racketeering and one count of retaliating against a witness by murder.
7003182100000000000♠4 years, 360 days

text: Military[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 5[12]
Total number executed: 135 (1916 to present)[12]

text:
Name
Crime
Time on death row
Notes

Nidal Malik Hasan[13]
Perpetrator of the Fort Hood shooting on November 5, 2009. Convicted on 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted murder.
7003173500000000000♠4 years, 274 days

Hasan Karim Akbar[14] (born Mark Fidel Kools)
Hand grenade and shooting attack killing two commissioned officers and injuring 11 other servicemen in Kuwait on March 23, 2003
7003477600000000000♠13 years, 28 days

Ronald Adrin Gray
Multiple rape and murders of women at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, from December 15, 1986, to January 6, 1987
7004109260000000000♠29 years, 334 days
Longest time on the military's death row

Timothy B. Hennis[15]
Triple murder by stabbing of a North Carolina woman and two of her children in 1985
7003296600000000000♠8 years, 44 days
Previously convicted in 1986 by the State of North Carolina, retried and acquitted in 1989, and widely reported as exonerated; recalled to active duty for military court martial (as he had been in the U.S. Army at the time of the murders) under separate sovereignty (see Double jeopardy)

Andrew Paul Witt[16]
Double murder by stabbing of Senior Airman, Andy Schliepsiek, and his wife, Jamie Schliepsiek.
7003461100000000000♠12 years, 228 days
Currently the only airman to sit on death row at the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas.

text: Alabama[edit]

text: Currently on death row: 181 (as of May 27, 2018)

text: Due to the high number of death row inmates in Alabama, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Alabama

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Shonelle Jackson
Murder during the commission of a robbery
7003622000000000000♠17 years, 11 days

text: Arizona[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 117[17]
Total number executed: 126 (1800–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of death row inmates in Arizona, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Arizona

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Sammantha Allen
Murder of her cousin, Ame Deal
9 months and 22 days
On July 12, 2011, police officers were called to Ame Deal's home, where she was found dead in a small foot locker, having suffocated. Ame lived with a number of relatives, including her aunt and legal guardian, Cynthia Stoltzmann. Allen was Stoltzmann's daughter. The family first told the police officers that Ame was playing hide-n-seek and locked herself in the trunk the night before, after the adults went to sleep. During interrogation, Sammantha and her husband John confessed to locking Ame in the trunk as a form of punishment, because she took a popsicle without permission.
Ame, who was 4 feet, 2 inches and 59 pounds had to be squeezed into the trunk since its dimensions were only 3 feet by 1 foot 2 inches and a foot deep. Before Ame was squeezed into the trunk, she was forced to do jumping jacks, backbends and run around in 103 degree heat for over an hour. Then the trunk was padlocked. The state alleges that Ame Deal suffered horrific abuse throughout her life.[19]

Wendi Andriano
Murder of her husband Joe
7003490600000000000♠13 years, 158 days
During the early morning hours of October 8, 2000, Wendi Andriano bludgeoned her 33-year-old husband Joe to death with a bar stool and stabbed him in the neck with a 13-inch knife in the couple's Ahwatukee, Arizona apartment. His autopsy revealed that he had sustained 23 blows to the skull, and traces of sodium azide were also found in his system.[20]
Approximately one hour before Joe's murder, his wife Wendi had called 911 at the behest of a co-worker, claiming that her terminally ill husband was dying. When paramedics arrived however, Wendi turned them away, stating that Joe had a do-not-resuscitate order, and that his wish was to die. Paramedics left the scene. One hour later, Wendi called 911 again, reporting that she had stabbed and beaten her husband to death in self-defense. She also made claims that her husband was physically and psychologically abusive toward her. However, being that Joe was weak from chemotherapy and the sodium azide poisoning, he was unable to defend himself. Wendi was charged with murder.[20]

Richard Djerf
Murder of the Luna family
7003804100000000000♠22 years, 6 days
Djerf and Albert Luna, Jr. met and became friends while working at a Safeway supermarket. In January 1993, Luna burglarized Djerf's apartment. Djerf told police he suspected Luna, but they took no action. In September of that year, Djerf entered the Luna home and killed Luna's father, mother, and two siblings over the course of several hours.[21]

Shawna Forde
On May 30, 2009, 29-year-old Raul Flores and his daughter, Brisenia, 9, of Arivaca, Arizona, were killed during a home invasion by Forde, Jason Eugene Bush and Albert Gaxiola.[22]
7 years, 3 months and 7 days
Forde was active in the Minuteman movement, a grassroots anti-illegal immigration group that would station themselves along the U.S. southern border and keep watch for Mexicans crossing the border illegally and alert the Border Patrol. Forde allegedly boasted of robbing drug dealers to finance the movement. Prosecutors alleged Forde and her associates entered the trailer disguised as government officials looking for fugitives. No drugs were found in the trailer.[23]

Mark Goudeau
Series of rapes and murders
7003237200000000000♠6 years, 180 days
Goudeau is a serial killer and rapist, referred to as the Baseline Killer by law enforcement and media prior to his identification. Goudeau is believed to have committed nine counts of first degree murder (8 women, 1 man), in addition to 15 sexual assaults on women and young girls, 11 counts of kidnapping, and a number of armed robberies.[24][25]

text: Arkansas[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 29 (as of March 13, 2018)[26]
Total number executed: 200 (1913–2017)[27]

text: Due to the high number of Arkansas death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Arkansas

text: California[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 743 (as of May 25, 2018)[28]
Total number executed: 719 (1700–2002)[18][29]

text: Due to the high number of California death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in California

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Lawrence Bittaker
Serial killer in 1979, killed 5 teenage girls.
7004136150000000000♠37 years, 101 days
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Lewis Norris are two American serial killers and rapists known as the Tool Box Killers. Together they committed the kidnap, rape, torture and murder of five teenage girls over a period of five months in southern California in 1979. Norris was sentenced to 45 years to life, with possibility of parole after thirty years.

Rosie Alfaro
Murder of nine-year-old Autumn Wallace
7003945000000000000♠25 years, 319 days
Alfaro was the first woman sentenced to death by gas chamber and the first woman in Orange County, California to get the death penalty.

Richard Allen Davis
Murder of Polly Klaas
7003796700000000000♠21 years, 297 days

Charles Ng
Serial killer in 1985
7003690800000000000♠18 years, 333 days
He is believed to have raped, tortured and murdered between 11 and 25 victims with his accomplice Leonard Lake at Lake's cabin in Calaveras County, California, in the Sierra Nevada foothills 150 miles east of San Francisco.

Scott Peterson
Murder of his pregnant wife Laci Peterson and unborn child, Conner.
7003482200000000000♠13 years, 74 days

Timothy Joseph McGhee
Serial killer from 1997 to 2003, killed 12 people
7003342700000000000♠9 years, 140 days
McGhee was a Toonerville Rifa 13 gang member of Scottish and Mexican descent from the Atwater Village neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. He is alleged to have been responsible for at least 12 homicides between 1997 and 2001, three of which led to convictions. McGhee is also suspected of at least 10 attempted murders, four of which led to convictions.

Ryan Hoyt
Murder of Nicholas Markowitz in 2000
7003602400000000000♠16 years, 180 days

Randy Steven Kraft
Rape, torture, mutilation and murder of a minimum of 16 young men in a series of killings spanning between 1972 and 1983, the majority of which had been committed in California.
7004104080000000000♠28 years, 181 days

Richard Farley
Shot and killed 7 people and wounded 4 others
7003962900000000000♠26 years, 132 days

Rodney Alcala
Five murders committed between 1977 and 1979.
7003298200000000000♠8 years, 60 days
Alcala's victim count is unknown. He has been convicted of 7 homicides. Some sources estimate the number to be as high as 130.[30][31]

Vincent Brothers
Murdered his wife, mother-in-law and three children.
7003389700000000000♠10 years, 244 days
In 2003, Vincent Brothers drove from Columbus, Ohio to Bakersfield, California nonstop to murder his family. He then drove back to Columbus and then flew back to California to find his family murdered. He was on trial 2 years later and convicted on all counts.

Albert Greenwood Brown
Brown was convicted for the abduction, rape, and murder of 15-year-old Susan Louise Jordan on her way to school. Brown posed as a jogger and dragged her into the woods, and then strangled her with her shoelace. Brown then made numerous calls to the Riverside Police Department and the Jordan residence. One of Brown's subsequent calls was recorded by a police officer. "Hello, Mrs. Jordan, Susie isn't home from school yet, is she? You will never see your daughter again. You can find her body on the corner of Victoria and Gibson." Brown was arrested after witnesses identified his license plate number. In his residence, police found Susan's books, a newspaper article about the case, and a Riverside telephone book bookmarked to the page of the Jordan home. Brown was late to work on the day she disappeared, a bloody jogging suit was found in his locker and Brown's shoes were matched to footprints from the crime scene.
7004132370000000000♠36 years, 88 days
Prior to his arrest for Jordan's murder, he was previously convicted of molesting an 11-year-old and a 14-year-old girl. The latter of which he was on parole for at the time of Jordan's murder.

David Carpenter
Carpenter was convicted of the murders of four women and one man in 1979-1980 on hiking trails near San Francisco, California. He is known as the Trailside Killer. He is suspected in the murders of at least two other women. In 2009, DNA evidence on evidence from another murder victim, Mary Frances Bennett, was identified as matching Carpenter's DNA.
7004123800000000000♠33 years, 327 days

Dean Carter
Carter was convicted of raping and strangling five women in April 1984.
1985

Steven David Catlin
Catlin was convicted of poisoning two of his wives and his adoptive mother.
7004101850000000000♠27 years, 323 days

Doug Clark
Rape, murder, necrophilia, seven female victims, six convictions.
7004128500000000000♠35 years, 66 days
Along with accomplice Carol M. Bundy known as the Sunset Strip Killers.

Cynthia Coffman
Convicted along with her boyfriend James Marlow of the murders of four women from October to November 1986
7004104980000000000♠28 years, 271 days
Coffman admits to committing the murders, but insists she suffered from battered-woman syndrome.

Kevin Cooper (inmate)
Cooper was convicted of axing and stabbing Douglas and Peggy Ryen, their daughter Jessica, and their son Joshua's friend Christopher Hughes. 8-year-old Joshua survived the attack.
7004120610000000000♠33 years, 8 days

Tiequon Cox
Cox was convicted of shooting four relatives of former NFL player Kermit Alexander.
7004117100000000000♠32 years, 22 days

Kerry Lyn Dalton
Dalton beat, stabbed, and tortured her former roommate before injecting her with battery acid.
7003840700000000000♠23 years, 6 days

Scott Erskine
In 1989, Erskine raped and drowned a woman. Four years later, he raped and strangled two young boys.
7003501200000000000♠13 years, 264 days

Wayne Adam Ford
Confessed to killing four women in 1997 and 1998 but is thought to have killed others.
7003431900000000000♠11 years, 301 days
Ford was arrested after he walked into the Humboldt County Sheriff Department in Eureka, California in November 1998 with a woman's severed breast in his pocket. He confessed to having killed four women in 1997 and 1998, and is thought to have killed others

Lonnie David Franklin Jr.
Committed ten murders between 1985 and 2007.
7002650000000000000♠1 year, 285 days
Serial killer known as the "Grim Sleeper". Committed ten murders between 1985 and 2007.

Michael Hughes
Raped and strangled at least four women between 1986 and 1993.
7003215700000000000♠5 years, 331 days
In 1998, Hughes was originally sentenced to life without parole.

Phillip Carl Jablonski
Murdered five women (including two of his wives and his mother-in-law).
1994
In January 2006, the California Supreme Court upheld Jablonski's death sentence on appeal.

Gunner Lindberg
Stabbed a Vietnamese immigrant 22 times.
7003746300000000000♠20 years, 158 days

Andrew Mickel
Shot a police officer.
7003477900000000000♠13 years, 31 days

Michael Morales
Morales' cousin, Richard Ortega, hired him to murder Ortega's lover's girlfriend. She was raped, hammered and stabbed.
7004127520000000000♠34 years, 333 days
Richard Ortega was sentenced to life without parole.

Joseph Naso
Drugged, raped and strangled four women between 1977 and 1994.
7003164500000000000♠4 years, 184 days

Gerald Parker
Parker raped and murdered five women in their homes, as well as killing an unborn child of another woman.
7003706100000000000♠19 years, 121 days

Cleophus Prince Jr.
Burglarized several homes and murdered six women, one of which he raped.
7003897100000000000♠24 years, 205 days

Angelina Rodriguez
Convicted of murdering her fourth husband by antifreeze poisoning. In jail she attempted to hire a fellow inmate to murder a witness who tried to testify against her. She is also suspected of suffocating her infant daughter with a pacifier.
7003524100000000000♠14 years, 127 days

Ramon Salcido
Murdered his wife, two of his three daughters, his mother in-law, the mother-in-law's other two daughters, and his work supervisor.
7004100250000000000♠27 years, 163 days

Morris Solomon, Jr.
Raped and murdered 6 or 7 prostitutes between 1986 and 1987.
7003937900000000000♠25 years, 248 days

Cary Stayner
In 1999, Stayner strangled a woman and her daughter's friend from Argentina, and slit the daughter's throat. Five months later, he beheaded another woman.
7003564700000000000♠15 years, 168 days

William Suff
Raped, stabbed, strangled and/or mutilated at least 12 prostitutes between 1986 and 1991.
7003824500000000000♠22 years, 209 days
Suff and his ex-wife were previously convicted of beating their infant daughter to death.

Regis Deon Thomas
3 murders between 1992 and 1993.
7003832300000000000♠22 years, 287 days

Chester Turner
15 murders between 1987 and 1998.
7003397600000000000♠10 years, 323 days

Billy Ray Waldon
In December 1985, Waldon shot a woman during a robbery and set her home on fire, killing her daughter inside. Two weeks later, he shot a man who was working on a car.
7003957900000000000♠26 years, 83 days

Marcus Wesson
Convicted of incest and the mass shooting of nine of his children.
7003468300000000000♠12 years, 300 days

Daniel Wozniak

7002603000000000000♠1 year, 238 days

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 3 (as of 2013)[18]
Total number executed: 102 (1800–1997)[18][29]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Nathan Dunlap[32]
Murdered 4 people and committed armed robbery at a Chuck E. Cheese.
7003804700000000000♠22 years, 12 days
Responsible for a shooting at a Chuck E. Cheese restaurant, Dunlap killed four employees and wounded another. He also stole $1,500 from the safe and some arcade tokens. His motive was revenge for being fired from the restaurant.

Sir Mario Owens[32]
Murdered a witness and his fiancé who was going to testify against his friend for a murder.
7003363400000000000♠9 years, 347 days

Robert Ray[32]
Ordered the killing of witnesses in his pending murder trial, Co-defendant of Sir Mario Owens
7003294600000000000♠8 years, 24 days

text: Delaware[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 0 (as of 2016)[33]
Total number executed: 75 (1800–2002)[18][29]

text: Florida[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 348 (as of May 5, 2018)[34]
Total number executed: 367 (1800–2002)[18][29]

text: Due to the high number of Florida death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Florida

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Gary Ray Bowles
Serial killer who beat and strangled six men and stole their credit cards.
7003683900000000000♠18 years, 264 days
Bowles was first sentenced to death on September 6, 1996.

Lucious Boyd
Kidnapped, raped and stabbed a 21-year-old woman with a screwdriver.
7003582100000000000♠15 years, 342 days

Tiffany Cole
Kidnapped and buried an elderly couple alive.
7003373600000000000♠10 years, 84 days
Two of Cole's companions, Michael Jackson and Alan Wade, were also sentenced to death. Another companion, Bruce Nixon, was sentenced to 45 years after testifying against Cole and leading police to the couple's bodies.

Daniel Conahan
Kidnapped, tortured, raped and strangled a 21-year-old man, tied him to a tree, then removed his genitals.
7003704800000000000♠19 years, 108 days
Conahan is also a suspect in the deaths of twelve other men.

Rory Enrique Conde
Strangled six prostitutes (including a male crossdresser), then had anal sex with their corpses.
7003665700000000000♠18 years, 83 days

Donald Dillbeck
In 1990, Dillbeck attempted to steal a car and stabbed the driver repeatedly.
7003993700000000000♠27 years, 75 days
Dillbeck was sentenced to life in prison in 1979 for shooting a deputy. He escaped from prison in June 1990.

Paul Durousseau
Raped and strangled seven women, two of whom were pregnant.
7003382000000000000♠10 years, 167 days

Franklin Delano Floyd
Murder of Cheryl Ann Commesso
7003566700000000000♠15 years, 188 days
Commesso was working as an exotic dancer in Florida when she disappeared in 1989. Floyd, whose wife worked with Commesso, was a prime suspect in her disappearance. Floyd's wife, Sharon Marshall (aka Suzanne Sevakis), died soon after in a mysterious hit-and-run incident and their son, Michael, was put into foster care. In September 1994, Floyd kidnapped and murdered Michael; his body has never been found and was presumably eaten by wild hogs on Interstate 35. Floyd is also the prime suspect in the death of Sharon. It was discovered that his wife Sharon was raised as his daughter and is herself a kidnap victim of Floyd's. Floyd was convicted of Commesso's murder after photos of her beaten body were found in Floyd's vehicle.

Kevin Foster
Shot a high school music teacher, with three members of his gang in attendance.
7003731700000000000♠20 years, 12 days
Two of Foster's accomplices were sentenced to life without parole. Another was sentenced to 32 years.

Eddie James
Strangled a girl and raped her corpse, and repeatedly stabbed her grandmother.
7003832000000000000♠22 years, 284 days

Bobby Joe Long
Serial killer who murdered 10 women in Tampa, Florida area. Also linked to dozens of rapes in Florida and California that were never prosecuted.
7004116610000000000♠31 years, 338 days
Also received numerous life sentences for some of his murders and rapes

Renaldo McGirth
Murder of Diana Miller and attempted murder of James Miller
7003367600000000000♠10 years, 24 days
Crime occurred in 2006 with McGirth being sentenced to death in 2008. He became the youngest person on death row in Florida at the time of his sentence.

Phillup Partin
Strangled a hitchhiker.
7003346600000000000♠9 years, 179 days

Glen Edward Rogers
Serial killer convicted of two murders

Randy Schoenwetter
Murders of Ronald and Virginia Friskey
7003528900000000000♠14 years, 175 days
At the time of his sentencing, he became the youngest person on death row.

Nelson Serrano
Murder in the first degree (four counts)
7003399000000000000♠10 years, 337 days

Tommy Zeigler
Quadruple murder of Eunice Zeigler, Perry and Virginia Edwards, and Charlie Mays.
7004105120000000000♠28 years, 285 days
Zeigler was first sentenced to death in 1976. In 1989, Zeigler received the death penalty for a second time in a re-sentencing.

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 55 (as of May 5, 2018)[35]
Total number executed: 976 (1700–2002)[18][29]

text: Due to the high number of Georgia death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Georgia

text: Idaho[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 9[36]
Total number executed: 29 (since 1864)[36][37]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Azad Haji Abdullah[36][38]
Murder by arson of his wife and attempted murder of their four children in Boise on October 5, 2002.
7003493500000000000♠13 years, 187 days

David Leslie Card[36][39]
Murder by shooting of a Nampa newscarrier couple on June 5, 1988
7004104970000000000♠28 years, 270 days
Denied retrial in 2010.[40][41]

Thomas Eugene Creech[36][42]
Murder by beating of a fellow inmate on May 13, 1981
7004129320000000000♠35 years, 148 days
Previously on Idaho's death row; in 1977 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Idaho's previous death penalty on his appeal.

Timothy Alan Dunlap[36][43]
Murder by shooting of a Soda Springs bank teller during a robbery on October 16, 1991
7003953500000000000♠26 years, 39 days
Also sentenced by Ohio for murdering his girlfriend.[44]

James Harvey Hairston[36][45]
Murder by shooting and robbery of an elderly Downey couple on January 6, 1996
7003787900000000000♠21 years, 209 days
Denied retrial in 2010.[40][41]

Erick Virgil Hall[36][46]
Murder and rape of two women on September 24, 2000 and one in 2003
7003504900000000000♠13 years, 301 days

Gerald Ross Pizzuto, Jr.[36][47]
Murder by beating of a Marsing woman and her nephew in July 1985
7004117160000000000♠32 years, 28 days
Denied retrial in 2010.[40][41]

Jonathan Daniel Renfro[36][48][49]
Murder by shooting of Coeur dAlene Police Sgt. Greg Moore on May 5, 2015
352 days

Robin Lee Row[36][50]
Murder by arson of her husband and their two children in February 1992
7003894500000000000♠24 years, 179 days
Only woman on Idaho's death row; housed at the Pocatello Women's Correctional Center.

text: Indiana[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 12 (March 23, 2018)[51]
Total number executed: 151 (1800–2009)[18]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

William Gibson
Gibson pleaded guilty in 2013 for the sexual assault and bludgeoning death of Christine Whitis, a family friend who had come to his New Albany home to console Gibson after his mother's death.[52]
7003166000000000000♠4 years, 199 days
Gibson has pleaded guilty to three murders. After he was arrested for Whitis' murder, police excavated Gibson's yard to recover the body of Stephanie Kirk, a 35-year-old Charlestown woman who disappeared in 2012. He also admitted to fatally stabbing Karen Hodella of Port Orange, Florida, in October 2002. At sentencing, in response to being sentenced to death, he replied "I deserve what I’m getting. It ain’t no big deal." He is known for his signature handlebar mustache.[53][54]

Frederick M. Baer
Convicted of the murder of 26-year-old Cory Clark and her 4-year-old daughter. Baer later admitted that he intended to rape Clark, but decided not to go through with it in fear of disease. He decided to go through with the murders to avoid being identified.[52]
7003473700000000000♠12 years, 354 days
Baer appealed the verdict on the basis that he suffers from multiple serious mental illnesses, cognitive impairments, substance induced psychotic disorder, and schizotypal, paranoid, and borderline personality disorders. Dr. Philip Harvey, a neuropsychologist with a specialty in psychosis, diagnosed Baer with persisting dementia, most likely the result of his substance abuse as well as substance induced psychosis. Baer contends the combination of these illnesses meant he was under an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the crime which affected his ability to conform his conduct. Dr. George Savarese concluded that Baer could understand his conduct, but had no ability to control his behavior.[52][55]

Debra Brown
Along with Alton Coleman, Brown was convicted of several murders as part of a midwestern crime spree. Coleman was executed in 2002.[52]
7004116630000000000♠31 years, 340 days
Despite being on death row in Indiana, Brown is being held in Ohio on unrelated murder charges.[52]

Joseph Edward Corcoran
Corcoran was living with his brother, sister, and his sister's fiancé. He became enraged when he heard his brother, future brother in law, and two of his brother's friends talking about him. After putting his 7-year-old niece in an upstairs bedroom to protect her, he loaded his semiautomatic rifle and fatally shot the four men. He then went to a neighbor's house and asked them to call police.[52]
7003685100000000000♠18 years, 276 days
Corcoran suffers from paranoid schizophrenia and has had ongoing issues with delusions and auditory hallucination. When asked why he was not pursuing post conviction relief, he stated: "I want to waive my appeals because I am guilty of murder. I think that I should be executed for what I have done...I am guilty of murder. I should be executed. That is all there is to it. That is what I believe. I believe the death penalty is a just punishment for four counts of murder, and I believe that I should be executed since I am guilty of four counts of murder."[56]

Eric D. Holmes
Holmes was fired from his job at a restaurant after an argument with co-worker Amy Foshee. At closing on the day of his firing, Holmes waited in the parking lot with Michael Vance. Holmes and Vance attacked Foshee and 2 managers as they exited the building, stabbing them multiple times, and stealing the bank deposit money. The restaurant managers (Theresa Blosl and Charles Ervin) died; Foshee survived. Vance was tried separately and sentenced to 190 years.[52]
7003919500000000000♠25 years, 64 days

Kevin Isom
In response to learning his wife was planning to leave him, Isom shot his wife and his two stepchildren. He then barricaded himself in the family's apartment and shot at police officers attempting to take him into custody.[52]
7003190800000000000♠5 years, 82 days
Isom's defense attorney argued that a death sentence was inappropriate given the emotional state of his client, who suffered an extreme emotional disturbance from losing his job and then being left by his wife. He also pointed out that Isom had a stressful upbringing growing up in the gang-ridden projects in Chicago. Despite this, Isom had no significant criminal history and lived a productive life.[57]

Wayne D. Kubsch
Kubsch's wife, Elizabeth, was found stabbed to death in the basement of the family home along with the bodies of her ex-husband and one of her sons. Kubsch took out a $575,000 life insurance policy on Elizabeth two months before the murders. Prosecutors found that Kubsch had more than $400,000 in debt and alleged that this was a motive for the murders.[52]
7003648300000000000♠17 years, 274 days

Michael Dean Overstreet
Kelly Eckart, an 18-year-old freshman at Franklin College, was last seen on September 27, 1997 after leaving work. The next morning, her car was found abandoned in a rural area, with its lights on and keys in the ignition. She was found in a ravine in Brown County four days later. She had been shot and strangled. Semen found on the body was matched to Overstreet.
7003651100000000000♠17 years, 302 days
Overstreet suffers from schizoaffective disorder and suffered from hallucination as a child including "demons". He was discharged from the marines on the basis of mental illness.[52] A judge determined Overstreet was not competent to be executed in November 2014. The Indiana Attorney General chose not to appeal the decision. He remains on death row indefinitely.[58]

Benjamin Ritchie
Ritchie was involved in a police chase after he was spotted driving a stolen vehicle. The chase ended when he wrecked the vehicle and proceeded on foot before shooting officer William Toney in the chest.[52]
7003570500000000000♠15 years, 226 days
Ritchie suffers from a number of cognitive and emotional disorders. He has bipolar disorder and a non-specified cognitive disorder. The cause of the physiological defect was not identified, but experts speculated that several past serious head injuries, his mother's heavy use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy, his own history of drug use, and a history of abuse throughout his childhood were to blame.[59]

John M. Stephenson
Stephenson was convicted of the murders of Jay Tyler, 29, his wife Kathy, 29, and another woman named Brandy Southard, 21. Prosecutors allege that the trio were chased in their car to an intersection in rural Warrick County, where they were shot and then stabbed. Stephenson also was convicted of an earlier burglary at Southard's residence. His 8-month trial was, at the time, the longest and most expensive in Indiana history. Sister Helen Prejean, who was portrayed in the movie "Dead Man Walking", testified at his sentencing hearing.
7003765100000000000♠20 years, 346 days
Stephenson maintains his innocence, alleging that the witnesses who testified against him are lying and that a surveillance tape proving he was at a convenience store was hidden by police. In his statement to police, Stephenson claimed that he spoke to the victims at a convenience store, went to another residence, and then went home. The investigating officer visited the Circle S to view surveillance footage to corroborate his statement. The officer testified at trial that the footage had been erased by the time he arrived. Lisa Huddleston, the clerk at Circle S, claims she indeed reviewed the footage with a police officer and saw both Stephenson and one of the victims on the tape. His appeal was denied.[60]

Roy Lee Ward
Ward was convicted of the rape and murder of a 15-year-old girl in her home. Her 14-year-old sister was sleeping upstairs when she heard the screams of her sister. She called 911. Police found Ward still in the home when they arrived.
7003564100000000000♠15 years, 162 days
Ward's first conviction was overturned in 2004 on the basis that pretrial publicity tainted the jury pool. He was again convicted and sentenced to death. Ward has been diagnosed with a number of psychiatric disorders including exhibitionism, antisocial personality disorder, and ADHD.[61]

Jeffrey A. Weisheit
Weisheit was convicted for setting a fire that killed the two children of his girlfriend. After his arrest, Weisheit admitted stuffing a dish towel in Caleb's mouth and using duct tape to bind his arms behind his back. Two flares were found near the boy's body. Autopsies revealed the children were alive when the fire was set. He told police he did it because Caleb was misbehaving on the night before the fire.[62]
7003178300000000000♠4 years, 322 days
Weisheit suffers from bipolar disorder.[52]

text: Kansas[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 10[63]
Total number executed: unknown (1800–1965)[18]
List of death row inmates in Kansas

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Reginald Carr
2000 murders of Jason Befort, Brad Heyka, Heather Muller, and Aaron Sander as well as Ann Walenta four days earlier
7003567400000000000♠15 years, 195 days
After the Kansas Supreme Court overturned his death sentence, the United States Supreme Court reinstated it on January 20, 2016.

Jonathan Carr
Convicted of the same five murders as his brother Reginald
7003567400000000000♠15 years, 195 days
After the Kansas Supreme Court overturned his death sentence, the United States Supreme Court reinstated it on January 20, 2016.

John E. Robinson, Sr.
Capital murder convictions for the deaths of Izabel Lewicka and Suzette Trouten and first degree murder in the case of Lisa Stasi, who disappeared in 1985.
7003560700000000000♠15 years, 128 days

Sidney Gleason
Deaths of Miki Martinez and Darren Wormkey in February 2004
7003429200000000000♠11 years, 274 days
After the Kansas Supreme Court overturned his death sentence, the United States Supreme Court reinstated it on January 20, 2016.

Scott Cheever
Murder of Sheriff Matt Samuels in January 2005
7003377900000000000♠10 years, 126 days

Gary Kleypas
1996 rape-murder of Carrie Williams in Pittsburg, Kansas
7003346400000000000♠9 years, 177 days
The Kansas Supreme Court, in its review of his case, found serious errors with the state's death penalty statute and ordered that the penalty phase of his trial be redone. The sentence was overturned in 2001. In 2008, he was sentenced to death again.

Justin Thurber
2007 killing of 19-year-old college student Jodi Sanderholm
7003335700000000000♠9 years, 70 days

James Kraig Kahler
Murders of his wife, Karen Kahler, his two daughters, Lauren and Emily Kahler, and his wife's grandmother, Dorothy Wight
7003242200000000000♠6 years, 230 days

Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.
Convicted of killing three people at a Jewish Community Center in Overland Park, Kansas.
7002962000000000000♠2 years, 231 days

Kyle Trevor Flack
Shot two men, and a mother and daughter in spring 2013.
7002741000000000000♠2 years, 11 days

text: Kentucky[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 33[64]
Total number executed: 426 (as of 2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of Kentucky death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Kentucky

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Ralph Baze
Convicted of shooting two police officers at his home.
7003888000000000000♠24 years, 114 days
He sued the Kentucky State Department of Corrections on the grounds that execution by lethal injection using the cocktail prescribed by Kentucky law constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court heard the case but rejected his challenge by a vote of 7–2. See Baze v. Rees

Shawn Windsor
Convicted in the stabbing deaths of his estranged wife and their son.
7003421100000000000♠11 years, 193 days

text: Louisiana[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 73 (2017)
Total number executed: 658 (1700–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of death row inmates in Louisiana, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list of Louisiana death row inmates is not available.

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Antoinette Frank
Murdered 3 people at a restaurant where she worked as a security guard.
7003825700000000000♠22 years, 221 days
Was a police officer

text: Mississippi[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 44[65]
Total number executed: 357 (1800–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of death row inmates in Mississippi, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Mississippi

text: Missouri[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 30 (2018)[66]
Total number executed: 340 (1800–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of death row inmates in Missouri, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Missouri

text: Montana[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 2[67]
Total number executed: 74 (1800–2006)[18]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

William Jay Gollehon[67]
Murder by bludgeoning of an inmate during a riot in 1991.
1992

Ronald Allen Smith[67]
Kidnap and murder by shooting of two Native American men in the fall of 1982.
March 1983
Only Canadian on death row in the United States[68]

text: Nebraska[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 11[69]
Total number executed: 40 (1862–1997)[18]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Carey Dean Moore
Murdered two cab drivers in the course of two separate robberies.
7004138570000000000♠37 years, 343 days

John Lotter
Murdered three people including Brandon Teena, who days prior had reported to police that Lotter and his accomplice Tom Nissen had beat and raped him upon discovering he was transgender.
7003813300000000000♠22 years, 97 days

Raymond Mata
Murdered and dismembered his ex-girlfriend's son.
7003657100000000000♠17 years, 362 days

Arthur Gales
Beat a woman (who survived), strangled and drowned her son, and raped and strangled her daughter.
7003604800000000000♠16 years, 204 days

Jeffrey Hessler
Kidnapped, raped and murdered a teenage girl.
7003475900000000000♠13 years, 11 days

Jose Sandoval
For his involvement in the shooting of four people in a failed bank robbery.
7003486600000000000♠13 years, 118 days
Convicted alongside Erick Vela and Jorge Galindo.

Erick Fernando Vela
For his involvement in the shooting of four people in a failed bank robbery.
7003415500000000000♠11 years, 137 days
Convicted alongside Jose Sandoval and Jorge Galindo.

Jorge Galindo
For his involvement in the shooting of four people in a failed bank robbery.
7003494800000000000♠13 years, 200 days
Convicted alongside Vela and Sandoval.

Marco Torres
Shot two men, with one of the victims also being strangled and bound.
7003304200000000000♠8 years, 120 days

Roy Ellis
Abducted a girl, beat her to death, and threw her body into a ravine.
7003339900000000000♠9 years, 112 days

Nikko Jenkins
Shot four people in August 2013.
7002364000000000000♠364 days

text: Nevada[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 86[70]
Total number executed: 74+[71]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Scott Dozier
Murder by shooting of Jeremiah Miller in on April 18, 2002
Convicted in December 2007
This is the first execution scheduled in Nevada since the scheduled execution of Tamir Hamilton in August 2010 (which was stayed). Assuming Dozier does not reverse his decision to waive his appeals and is executed, his execution will be the first in Nevada since that of Daryl Linnie Mack in April 2006.

text: New Hampshire[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 1 (2014)
Total number executed: 24 (1700–1939)[18]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Michael "Stix" Kiser Addison[72]
Murder by shooting of an on-duty police officer on October 16, 2006
7003344900000000000♠9 years, 162 days
Only death row inmate in New Hampshire

text: New Mexico[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 2 (2014)
Total number executed: 73 (1800–2001)[18]

text: Note: On March 18, 2009, New Mexico became the 15th state without a death penalty when then-Governor Bill Richardson signed the law replacing New Mexico's death penalty with life without parole.[73] The law was not made retroactive; the two inmates on death row at the time remain there.

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Timothy Allen[73]
Kidnapping, rape, and murder by strangulation of a teenage girl in 1994
7003819800000000000♠22 years, 162 days
Confined at the Penitentiary of New Mexico in Santa Fe.

Robert Ray Fry[73]
Murder by bludgeoning and stabbing of a Shiprock mother in 2000
2002
Confined at the Penitentiary of New Mexico in Santa Fe. He has also three other murder convictions.

text: North Carolina[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 143[74]
Total number executed: 802 (1608–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of North Carolina death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in North Carolina

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Blanche Taylor Moore
Poisoned her boyfriend with arsenic.
7003999300000000000♠27 years, 131 days
Moore has also been linked to the deaths of her father, mother in law, and first husband.

Henry Louis Wallace[75]
Raped and killed nine women between 1990 - 1994.
21 years, 64 days
Known also as "The Taco Bell Strangler". Wallace confessed to the murders of 11 women.

text: Ohio[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 137 (April 18, 2018)[76]
Total number executed: 443 (1700–2002)[18][29]

text: Due to the high number of Ohio death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Ohio

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Romell Broom
Kidnapped, raped and strangled a teenage girl, and attempted to kidnap two of her friends.
7004119050000000000♠32 years, 217 days[77]
Broom was originally scheduled to be executed on September 15, 2009, but he survived the lethal injection after the executioners failed to find a suitable vein.

Anthony Sowell
Committed 11 murders between 2007 and 2009.
7003244900000000000♠6 years, 257 days[78]

Anthony Kirkland
Between 2006 and 2009, Kirkland strangled, raped, and burned the bodies of four females.
7003298000000000000♠8 years, 58 days[79]
Kirkland previously served 16 years for the beating, choking and burning murder of his girlfriend. For the 2006-2009 murders, Kirkland was handed two death sentences, plus two sentences of 70 years to life.

Michael Madison
Madison kidnapped, raped and strangled three women in 2012-2013.
7002715000000000000♠1 year, 350 days[80]

Donna Roberts
Shot her ex-husband in order to collect his life insurance.
7003545100000000000♠14 years, 337 days[81]

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 48 (As of February 28, 2018)[82]
Total number executed: 183 (1800–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of Oklahoma death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Oklahoma

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Kevin Ray Underwood
Murder of 10 year old Jamie Rose Bolin.
7003370800000000000♠10 years, 56 days

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 33 (August 10, 2017)[83]
Total number executed: 124 (1800–1997)[18]

text: Due to the high number of Oregon death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Oregon

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Gary Haugen
Murder of fellow prison inmate, David Polin, while serving a previous life sentence for murder of Mary Archer, his former girlfriend's mother
7003238400000000000♠6 years, 192 days[84]
Confined at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem
Former Oregon Governor, John Kitzhaber, placed a moratorium on all executions for the duration of his term as 37th governor,[85] which has upset the victims of Haugen,[86] Gary Haugen himself,[87] as well as Oregonians who voted in favor of Ballot Measures 6 and 7 in the 1984 General Elections.[88] It is estimated that the case of Gary Haugen cost Oregon tax payers over $1.2 million, according to the Statesman Journal.[89]

Christian Longo
Murder of his wife and three children.
7003552200000000000♠15 years, 43 days

Bruce Turnidge (Father)
Woodburn bank bombing which killed Oregon State Trooper Bill Hakim and Woodburn Police Captain Tom Tennant
7003271500000000000♠7 years, 158 days[90]

Joshua Turnidge (Son)
Woodburn bank bombing which killed Oregon State Trooper Bill Hakim and Woodburn Police Captain Tom Tennant
7003271500000000000♠7 years, 158 days[90]

Dayton Leroy Rogers
Rogers was convicted in May 1989 for the murders of 23-year-old Lisa Marie Mock, 26-year-old Maureen Ann Hodges, 35-old Christine Lotus Adams, 20- year-old Cynthia Devore, 26-year-old Nondace "Noni" Cervantes, and 16-year-old Riatha Gyles.
7004105810000000000♠28 years, 354 days[90]

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 151 (May 24, 2018)[91]
Total number executed: 1043 (1608–1999)[18]

text: Due to the high number of Pennsylvania death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Pennsylvania

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

George Banks
Killed 13 and wounded 1 in 1982.
7004127600000000000♠34 years, 341 days
On May 12, 2010, Banks was declared incompetent to be executed.

Richard Baumhammers
Former attorney who began a racially motivated crime spree on April 28, 2000 in Pittsburgh, killing five and paralyzing one
7003622700000000000♠17 years, 18 days
Baumhammers was given five death sentences plus 112 years.

Eric Frein
State police attack and manhunt —September 2014
7002389000000000000♠1 year, 24 days

Richard Andrew Poplawski
Shot and killed three Pittsburgh Police officers on April 4, 2009.
7003252700000000000♠6 years, 335 days

Harvey Miguel Robinson
Serial killer who killed three women
7003858200000000000♠23 years, 181 days
Initially sentenced to death for all three murders. The death sentences for the first two murders were later changed to life sentences.

Christopher Roney
First-degree murder for the shooting death of police officer Lauretha Vaird
7003783700000000000♠21 years, 167 days

text: South Carolina[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 36 (2018)[92][93]
Total number executed: 668 (1700–2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of South Carolina death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in South Carolina

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Stephen Stanko
Murdered his girlfriend, librarian Laura Ling, and library patron Henry Lee Turner. He also raped and violently assaulted Ling's daughter, who survived the attack.
2007/2009
Stanko was sentenced to death in 2007 for the Ling murder, then in 2009 for the Turner murder.

text: South Dakota[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 3 [94]
Total number executed: 18 [94]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Charles Russell Rhines[94]
Murder by torture of store clerk Donnivan Schaeffer during a robbery in 1992.
7003925400000000000♠25 years, 123 days

Briley Piper
Torture and murder of Chester Allan Poage[95]
7003249500000000000♠6 years, 303 days, in addition to time served before an initial conviction was overturned[96]

Rodney Berget
Murder of correctional officer Ronald "RJ" Johnson during a prison escape attempt, assisted by Eric Robert[95]
7003230400000000000♠6 years, 112 days[95]

text: Tennessee[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 61[97]
Total number executed: 335[18]

text: Due to the high number of Tennessee death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article. A full list is externally linked:

text: List of death row inmates in Tennessee

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Christa Pike
Murdered Job Corps student Colleen Slemmer by crushing her skull with asphalt. Pike believed that Slemmer was trying to steal her boyfriend.
7003809500000000000♠22 years, 60 days
Two of Pike's accomplices were also sentenced. Tadaryl Shipp was sentenced to life without parole, while Shadolla Peterson was sentenced to probation after testifying against Pike. In 2001, Pike and another inmate attempted to strangle fellow inmate Patricia Jones with a shoestring; Jones survived.

text: Texas[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 228 [98]
Total number executed: 1,040 (1800-2002)[18]

text: Due to the high number of Texas death row inmates, only prisoners with Wikipedia pages are listed in this article.The full list is externally linked:

text:
Faces of Death Row: The Texas Tribune
List of death row inmates in Texas

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Linda Carty
Carty was convicted for the abduction and murder of 25-year-old Joana Rodriguez to steal her newborn son. Prosecutors alleged that Carty orchestrated the crime, which was committed by three masked men who abducted Rodriguez and her son. Rodriguez was later found dead in the trunk of a car. Her 3-day-old son was rescued from a car parked nearby. The other three men were arrested, but only Carty was prosecuted for capital murder.
7003592700000000000♠16 years, 83 days
Carty claims she was framed by drug dealers in response to her work as an informant and has appealed her conviction. Her appeals have been unsuccessful and the appeal procedure has been exhausted. Barring the granting of clemency, she stands to become the first female British national to be executed since Ruth Ellis in 1955, and the first British black woman executed in more than a century.

Gabriel Hall
Shot an elderly man and stabbed his wife in the throat (who survived).
7002963000000000000♠2 years, 232 days

Brittany Holberg
Holberg robbed and murdered an 80-year-old white male in his home. The victim was struck with a hammer and stabbed nearly 60 times. The weapons used were a paring knife, a butcher knife, a grapefruit knife, and a fork. A lamp pole had been shoved more than 5 inches down the victim's throat.
7003733200000000000♠20 years, 27 days

Rodney Reed
On April 23, 1996, during the nighttime, Reed strangled and killed 19-year-old Stacey Stites during an aggravated sexual assault. Reed was identified by DNA taken from the crime scene.
7003730500000000000♠20 years, 0 days

Raymond Riles
Murder and robbery of a Houston used-car salesman in 1974
7004154550000000000♠42 years, 114 days
Riles has been on death row longer than anyone in Texas. Because of mental illness, he is considered ineligible to be executed. In 1985, Riles attempted suicide by setting his prison cell on fire.

Darlie Routier
Murder of her two sons in 1996
7003778300000000000♠21 years, 113 days
Routier's case has attracted the attention of wrongful conviction advocacy groups in recent years. She is currently in the process of raising funds to test evidence found at the scene for DNA.[99][100]

Víctor Saldaño

7003792900000000000♠21 years, 259 days

Hank Skinner
Beat his girlfriend with an ax handle, then stabbed her two sons.
7003846000000000000♠23 years, 59 days

Andre Thomas
Murdered his estranged wife, four-year-old son, and 13-month-old daughter on March 27, 2004.
7003477600000000000♠13 years, 28 days
He removed his right eye on April 1, 2004. He removed and consumed his left eye on December 9, 2008.

Charles Victor Thompson
Murdered his girlfriend Dennise Hayslip and her lover, Darren Cain. Thompson made headlines in 2005 by escaping from Harris County Jail in Houston after a parole meeting using a forged ID badge. He was captured three days later.
7003696400000000000♠19 years, 24 days
Thompson alleges that his death penalty conviction is unjust, stating he acted in self-defense as he had been shot by Cain. The killings could be viewed as a crime of passion which would exclude the Capital Murder sentence. Thompson alleges that Dennise Hayslip died a week later due to medical malpractice, not the actual shooting.

Faryion Wardrip
Raped and murdered five women in the 1980s.
7003677600000000000♠18 years, 201 days
Sentenced to 35 years in prison in 1986. Released on December 11, 1997. Sentenced to death on November 9, 1999; which was overturned in 2010. Resentenced to life in prison without parole.

Jeffery Lee Wood
On January 2, 1996, Wood and Daniel Earl Reneau attempted to rob a Kerrville gas station. While Wood waited outside, Reneau shot clerk Kris Keeran between the eyes. Wood was not present when Reneau shot Keeran.
7003739200000000000♠20 years, 87 days
Reneau was executed on June 13, 2002. Jeff Wood's death row conviction has been regarded as controversial, as he did not murder Keeran.

text: Utah[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 8
Total number executed: 50 (1800–2010),[18][101]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Michael Anthony Archuleta[93]
Torture, rape, and murder of a Cedar City man on November 21, 1988. Assigned Lethal Injection.[102]

Douglas Stewart Carter[93]
Murder by stabbing and shooting of an elderly woman during a burglary of her Provo home on February 27, 1985, Assigned Lethal Injection.
7004118410000000000♠32 years, 153 days

Taberone Dave Honie[93]
Murder and sexual assault of his ex-girlfriend's mother on July 9, 1998.
7003694900000000000♠19 years, 9 days
Has selected firing squad as his method of execution.[103]

Troy Kell[93]
Murder by stabbing of an inmate on July 6, 1994
7003796400000000000♠21 years, 294 days
Has selected firing squad as his method of execution.[103]

Ronald Watson Lafferty[93]
Murder by stabbing of his sister-in-law and infant niece in American Fork on July 24, 1984. Overturned in 1996. Resentenced to Death the same year.
7004120750000000000♠33 years, 22 days

Floyd Eugene Maestas[93]
Sexual assault and murder by stabbing, strangulation, beating, and stomping of an elderly woman on September 28, 2004. Mandated Lethal Injection.
7003376500000000000♠10 years, 112 days

Ralph Leroy Menzies[93]
Kidnapping and murder by strangulation of a female gas station attendant in Kearns on February 23, 1986.
7004110240000000000♠30 years, 67 days
Has selected firing squad as his method of execution.[103]

Von Lester Taylor[93]
Murder of a woman and her mother near Beaver Springs, attempted murder by shooting and arson of the young woman's husband, and kidnapping of the two daughters of the man and younger woman on December 22, 1990, chose Lethal Injection as his method of execution.
7003986700000000000♠27 years, 5 days

Douglas Anderson Lovell
Aggravated kidnapping and murder of a woman in order to prevent her from testifying against him in a rape case.
7003115400000000000♠3 years, 58 days
Lovell was originally sentenced to death for this murder in 1993, but on appeal was allowed to withdraw his guilty plea and was granted a new trial. He was again convicted of the murder and sentenced to death in 2015.[104]

text: Virginia[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 3[105]
Total number executed: 1363 (1608–2017)[18]

text:
Name
Crime
Time on death row
Notes

Anthony Juniper
Murdered his ex-girlfriend, her brother and her two daughters
7003524700000000000♠14 years, 133 days

Thomas A. Porter
Capital murder (two counts)
7003397000000000000♠10 years, 317 days

Mark E. Lawlor
Capital murder
7003253200000000000♠6 years, 340 days

text: Washington[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 8 (as of 2017)[106]
Total number executed: 78 (since 1904)[107][108]

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Dayva Michael Cross[106]
Triple murder by stabbing of his wife and two teen stepdaughters on March 6, 1999.
7003618500000000000♠16 years, 341 days

Cecil Emile Davis[106]
Rape and murder by asphyxiation and suffocation of an elderly woman while burglarizing her home on January 25, 1997.
7003741700000000000♠20 years, 112 days

Clark Richard Elmore[106]
Rape and murder of his girlfriend's teen daughter on April 17, 1995.
7003836300000000000♠22 years, 327 days

Jonathan Lee Gentry[106]
Murder by bludgeoning of a 12-year-old female on June 13, 1988.
7003983400000000000♠26 years, 337 days

Allen Eugene Gregory[106]
Rape and murder of a 43-year-old woman on July 26, 1996.
7003217600000000000♠5 years, 350 days
Originally convicted and sentenced to death on May 25, 2001, Gregory’s case was overturned by the Washington Supreme Court on November 30, 2006. The original charge was upheld in a retrial and the death sentence was reissued on June 13, 2012.

Byron Eugene Scherf[106]
Murdered a correctional officer on January 29, 2011.
7003184600000000000♠5 years, 20 days

Conner Michael Schierman[106]
Murders of a mother, her two young children, and the woman's sister on July 16, 2006.
7003296900000000000♠8 years, 47 days

Robert Lee Yates, Jr.[106]
Murders of two women in 1997 and 1998.
7003571700000000000♠15 years, 238 days
Concurrently serving 408 years for the murders of 13 other women[109]

text: Wyoming[edit]

text:
Currently on death row: 1 [110]
Total number executed: 23 (1866–1992)

text:
Name
Description of crime
Time on death row
Other

Dale Wayne Eaton
Kidnapped, raped, and murdered an 18-year-old hitchhiker in 1988. Crime went unsolved for 14 years.
7003518300000000000♠14 years, 70 days
Eaton is the only person currently on Wyoming's death row. His death sentence is currently being challenged at federal court level.

text: Jurisdictions without the death penalty[edit]

text: Nineteen states have abolished capital punishment. Crimes committed in these states are still eligible for the death penalty if they are convicted in federal court for violation of certain federal crimes. Capital punishment has been abolished in New Mexico but only for new sentences. Prisoners who are already sentenced to death in that state remain on death row.

text: States and the date of abolition of capital punishment:

text:
Michigan (1846)
Wisconsin (1853)
Maine (1887)
Minnesota (1911)
Hawaii (1948; prior to statehood)
Alaska (1957; prior to statehood)
Vermont (1964)
Iowa (1965)
West Virginia (1965)
North Dakota (1973)
Massachusetts (1984)
Rhode Island (1984)
New Jersey (2007)
New York (2007)
New Mexico (2009)
Illinois (2011)
Connecticut (2012)
Maryland (2013)
Delaware (2016)

text: Territories:

text:
Washington, D.C. (1981)
Puerto Rico (1929)[111]
Guam (1978) [112]
Northern Mariana Islands (before 1970; prior to Commonwealth status) [113]
United States Virgin Islands (1991)