document_title: Legends of Tomorrow

question_text: who plays sarah on dc legends of tomorrow

text: Legends of Tomorrow

text: Premise[edit]

text: Time Master Rip Hunter goes rogue after Vandal Savage murders Hunter's family. Intending to stop Savage, Hunter recruits a team consisting of Ray Palmer / Atom, Sara Lance / White Canary, Martin Stein and Jefferson "Jax" Jackson, who combine to form the hero Firestorm, Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl, Carter Hall / Hawkman, Leonard Snart / Captain Cold, and Mick Rory / Heat Wave. They discover that the Time Masters are backing Savage in his domination of the world in 2166 to facilitate a successful repulsion of a Thanagarian invasion. Due to Snart's sacrifice, the Time Masters are destroyed.

text: In season two, with the Time Masters defeated, the team guard the timeline themselves, and cope with Rip's absence after he disappears. However, they are plagued by the Legion of Doom, a time-travelling team led by Reverse Flash (Eobard Thawne), who has recruited versions of Damien Darhk, Malcolm Merlyn, and Leonard Snart to find the Biblical Spear of Destiny, with which they can alter their fates. The team is joined by Amaya Jiwe / Vixen, an African superhero from the Justice Society of America, and Nate Heywood / Steel, a modern-day historian who acquires the power to become solid metal and reverse to normal skin.

text: In season three, the team discover that they created anachronisms throughout time, and Rip has formed the Time Bureau to help fix them. Rip tells the team of the demon Mallus, whose follower Nora Darhk has resurrected her father Damien and Amaya's granddaughter Kuasa, also recruiting Gorilla Grodd so that they can release Mallus from his prison by perverting history. The team loses both members of Firestorm, but is joined by Zari Tomaz, a hacktivist from 2042 whose air-controlling amulet is connected to Amaya's totem, and Wally West / Kid Flash, a speedster formerly under the tutelage of the Flash.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewership
(in millions)

1
16
January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
135
3.16[2]

2
17
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
141
2.57[3]

3
18
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)
170
2.24[4]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm:
A nuclear physicist focused on transmutation and also half of the superhero Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson. During “Crisis on Earth-X” he sacrifices himself to help the heroes escape Earth-X.[5][6][7] Graeme McComb portrays a young Stein in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[8] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Brandon Routh as Ray Palmer / Atom:
A scientist, inventor, businessman and former CEO of Palmer Technologies who developed a power-suit that is now capable of size manipulation.[5][6] The character was first introduced on Arrow.
Arthur Darvill as Rip Hunter:
A roguish time traveler and leader of the team, who hides the strains of being responsible for history itself behind a façade of charm and wit.[5][9] His goal is to defeat Vandal Savage, his archenemy throughout time, in order to save the world and his family. Aiden Longworth portrays a young Rip Hunter.[10] In the second season, Rip disappears and gives command of the Waverider to the Legends. He later returns, first as a film student in the 1960s who has no recollection of his past life, then as a brainwashed killer working for the Legion and later back to his original self. He remains with the team for a while but departs when he realizes that the Legends no longer need him as their captain. In the third season, he is the founder and leader of the Time Bureau.
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary:
A Star City vigilante and former League of Assassins member suffering from rage issues after being resurrected by the mystical Lazarus Pit.[5][6][11] In the second season, Sara becomes the leader of the Legends and captain of the Waverider. The character is partially based on the Black Canary and was first introduced on Arrow.
Franz Drameh as Jefferson "Jax" Jackson / Firestorm:
A former Central City high school athlete whose pro career was derailed by an injury and now works as an auto mechanic.[5][12][13] He serves as the other half of the superhero Firestorm with Martin Stein. After Stein dies, Jax decides to leave the Waverider and return to the present as he is no longer a metahuman.[7] The producers decided to create Jax as the other half of Firestorm to have him be someone in his early 20s and different from Ronnie's Firestorm, bringing comedy and camaraderie with Stein.[14] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Ciara Renée as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl:
A young woman who is just beginning to learn that she has been repeatedly reincarnated over the centuries. When provoked, her ancient warrior persona manifests itself along with wings that grow out of her back.[5][15][16] She chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season.[17] Saunders is also known by her Egyptian name Chay-Ara, and Edith Boardman in the series. Anna Deavere Smith portrays an older Kendra in 1871, known as Cinnamon.[18][19] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Falk Hentschel as Carter Hall / Hawkman:
The latest reincarnation of the Egyptian prince Khufu who is fated to reincarnate throughout time along with his soulmate Kendra, with powers similar to hers.[16][20][21][22] A reincarnated version is recruited by Vandal Savage where he is known as Scythian Torvil before remembering his life as Carter Hall. He chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season.[17] Hall is also known by the name Joe Boardman in the series. Hentschel received guest credit in his subsequent appearances in season one after the character's death in "Pilot, Part 2." The character was first introduced on The Flash.[17][23]
Amy Pemberton (credited as Amy Louise Pemberton since season 3) voices Gideon:
The artificial intelligence of the Waverider.[24] Pemberton portrays a physical version of the character in the second season episode, "Land of the Lost" and the third season episode "Here I Go Again".[25] An alternate version of Gideon (voiced by Morena Baccarin) was first introduced in The Flash.[24]
Dominic Purcell as Mick Rory / Heat Wave:
An arsonist, career criminal, and accomplice of Leonard Snart who, in contrast to his partner, uses a heat gun capable of burning almost anything.[5][26] After being deserted in the past by Snart, he is recruited by the Time Masters and becomes the bounty hunter Chronos, who hunts the Legends, but later rejoins the team. Mitchell Kummen portrays a young Rory.[27] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold:
The son of a career criminal who turns to the quick and easy life of crime, and uses a cryonic gun to freeze objects and people on contact.[5][6] Trestyn Zradicka portrays a young Leo. At the end of the first season, Snart sacrifices himself to save his team. In the second season, the Legion of Doom[28] recruits a past version of Snart from before he joined the team with the promise of averting his future death. Following the Legion's defeat, Mick returns Snart to the exact moment where he was recruited by the Legion, wiping his memories in the process and ensuring that Snart will eventually join the Legends. During the "Crisis on Earth-X" event, a parallel universe version from Earth-X, Leonard "Leo" Snart / Citizen Cold is introduced; Leo temporarily joins the Legends. The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Matt Letscher as Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash:
A supervillain speedster from the future and the archenemy of the Flash. He is the leader of the Legion of Doom. His goal was to keep himself from being killed by Eddie Thawne back on The Flash. In the season 2 finale, he is defeated by the Legends and the Black Flash, apparently erasing Thawne from existence once again. The character was first introduced on The Flash.[29]
Maisie Richardson-Sellers as Amaya Jiwe / Vixen:
A member of the Justice Society of America in the 1940s who is able to magically channel the abilities of the animal kingdom thanks to the mysterious Tantu Totem. She is the grandmother of Mari McCabe, who is portrayed by Megalyn Echikunwoke in other Arrowverse series.[30] It was originally intended for the McCabe version of Vixen to be used in Legends as well, but Echikunwoke was unable to reprise the role due to previous commitments.[31]
Nick Zano as Nathaniel Heywood / Steel:
A historian from Star City who gains the ability to transform himself into a steel-like form, and is the grandson of Commander Steel, a member of the Justice Society of America.[32][33]
Tala Ashe as Zari Adrianna Tomaz:
An American Muslim computer hacker from the year 2042 who possesses aerokinesis powers from a mystical amulet.[34]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash:
A speedster from Keystone City, and later Central City, who was mentored by Barry Allen. He is the son of Joe West and the brother of Iris West. He returned to Central City at the end of The Flash episode "We Are The Flash".[35] The character was first introduced on The Flash.

text: Matt Ryan was announced as being promoted to a series regular for the fourth season ahead of its renewal, reprising his role as John Constantine, an English exorcist and conman from the short-lived series Constantine.[36] Jes Macallan has also been promoted to a series regular for the fourth season, after recurring as Ava Sharpe.[37] Lonsdale will not be a series regular in the fourth season.[38]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2015, co-creator Greg Berlanti stated that there were "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer / Atom (Brandon Routh), from Arrow and The Flash.[39] In February 2015, it was reported that a spin-off series, described as a superhero team-up show, was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015–16 midseason release. Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Marc Guggenheim, and Sarah Schechter would serve as executive producers. The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash, including Palmer, Leonard Snart (Wentworth Miller), and Dr. Martin Stein (Victor Garber). Caity Lotz was also mentioned to be among the main cast. There would be potential for other Arrow/Flash characters to cross over to the new series, and the series would be casting "three major DC Comics characters who have never appeared in a TV series".[6]

text: In March 2015, Stephen Amell, who portrays Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on Arrow, confirmed the series would air in the 2015–16 midseason. Additionally, Kreisberg stated more would be revealed about the nature of the series by the end of Arrow's third season, specifically why Lotz is slated to appear, given her previous character, Sara, was killed at the start of Arrow season three.[40] Berlanti also stated there was a particular reason for the other half of Firestorm—Ronnie Raymond (Robbie Amell), as seen on The Flash—not being mentioned in the initial cast announcement.[41] On the purpose of the series, Berlanti said it was designed to be "most similar to our crossover episodes, where you feel that 'event-iness', but all the time. For us, first and foremost, with all of [our shows], it's about 'how is it its own thing?' Because we don't just want to do it to do it." He also revealed the producers were focusing on "making sure that the villain that we have on [the] show is distinct too... another big character who hasn't been used yet."[42] Also in March, Dominic Purcell was revealed to be reprising his role as Heat Wave in the series,[26] and Blake Neely, composer of Arrow and The Flash, would serve as composer.[43] At the end of the month, Arthur Darvill was cast as Rip Hunter, one of the "new to TV" DC characters,[9] while Ciara Renée was cast as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl.[15] In April 2015, in a Variety article on the recent MipTV event, it noted the title for the series would be Legends of Tomorrow, despite it still being unconfirmed by those involved with the series.[44] Also in the month, Franz Drameh was cast as Jax Jackson.[12]

text: In May 2015, actor Victor Garber said that The CW was impressed with what was shown to them, giving the project a straight-to-series order.[45] The network officially confirmed the order for the series on May 7, 2015, as well as the official title, DC's Legends of Tomorrow.[5] Later in the month, it was confirmed that Lotz would reprise her role as Sara Lance, who would be taking the name White Canary,[11] as well as revealing the antagonist as Vandal Savage.[46] In June 2015, it was announced that Phil Klemmer had been made the series showrunner as well as executive producer;[47] Chris Fedak serves as executive producer and co-showrunner with Klemmer.[48] At the end of the month, Grant Gustin stated he would appear in the series as Barry Allen / Flash,[49] though he ultimately did not appear in the first season. In August 2015, Casper Crump was cast as Vandal Savage.[50]

text: On March 11, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season,[51] which debuted in October 2016.[52] The producers have considered adjusting the Legends team for additional seasons, with Joseph David-Jones' Connor Hawke and Megalyn Echikunwoke's Vixen potential additions.[53][54] For the second season, Klemmer revealed that Arrow writer Keto Shimizu and The Flash writer Grainne Godfree would be working on Legends in order to "make our stories work in concert" with Arrow and The Flash. Klemmer also noted the challenges of creating more crossover elements, since Amell and Gustin work full days for their respective shows. In terms of working within the Arrowverse, Klemmer said that the death of Laurel Lance on Arrow would "resonate into Season 2... [since] something that happens on Arrow can create ripples that appear on our show in a huge way. It fundamentally alters the DNA of our series."[55] The second season initially consisted of 13 episodes,[56] with four more ordered in November 2016 to bring the season total to 17.[57]

text: Teasing the premise of season two in April 2016, Klemmer stated, "We're coming at it from a completely different angle. We're determined to make every part of season two feel like its own show. [The first episode of season two] will very much be a new pilot with new good guys, new bad guys, new stakes, new dynamics, new goals. The team will basically have to find a new purpose. Once you save the world, what do you do then?... The fact that the world was in peril sort of forced our team to fall into its own dysfunctional version of lockstep. Season two, they're no longer going to be hunted by Time Masters. They're no longer going to be burdened with having to save the world. It's no longer going to be about saving Miranda and Jonas. The interesting thing about season two is I think it's going to have a much, much different tone because our Legends are going to have a totally different purpose. They're actually going to have a totally different constitution. There will be new faces and new everything."[55] The season also introduced members of the Justice Society of America.[58] The Society consisted of Hourman, Vixen, Commander Steel, Obsidian, Stargirl and Dr. Mid-Nite.[59] The season also featured a version of the Legion of Doom, composed of the Reverse-Flash, Malcolm Merlyn, Damien Darhk and Captain Cold.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In May 2015, Garber revealed filming would begin in August 2015, for a January 2016 premiere.[45] The series shot a presentation for the network's upfront showcase, which was filmed over the course of one night, and directed by Arrow and The Flash veteran Dermott Downs.[7] Filming of the series began on September 9, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[60][61][62] Director/producer Glen Winter discussed in a January 2016 interview with Comic Book Resources the process of filming key elements of the series' pilot,

text: The new facet for Legends was that there's no #1 [actor] on the call sheet. There are seven or eight leads. For me, that was the intimidating part. I wasn't as worried about the action and tone as I was with wrangling all these personalities and finding out how they all work together. Or, how to shoot a scene with eight people in the Waverider, day after day.[63]

text: He stated of the series style of shooting on location as opposed to predominantly shooting on a soundstage,

text: As is typical with any pilot, most of the time you are going to shoot more on location. Because you don't necessarily know if you are going to have a show that's been picked up, they don't want to invest a lot of money in the infrastructure, so you end up shooting more on location. The only set that was built was the Waverider. That being said, because we knew there was a pickup for the show, it wasn't a conventional pilot. All the resources of construction went into the Waverider. That's continuing into the series. I don't think they tend to build much. I think they tend to adapt locations because there's so much time travel and so many eras to create.[63]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Legends of Tomorrow premiered in the United States on January 21, 2016,[64] and the first season consisted of sixteen episodes.[65] The series premiere in Australia was originally announced as January 20, 2016,[66][67] however it was pushed back until January 22.[68] It started airing in the United Kingdom on March 3, 2016.[69]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The pilot was well reviewed for its potential. Russ Burlingame from ComicBook.com praised it saying, "The series delivers a sharp, enjoyable pilot that's arguably the most attention-grabbing and entertaining from any of the current crop of superhero shows."[70] Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave the first part of the pilot episode a 7.7/10, praising the show's "epic scope", "fun character dynamics", and Arthur Darvill's performance;[71] and gave the second part of the pilot a 8.4/10, saying it "improved in its sophomore episode thanks to great character dynamics and superhero action".[72]

text: However, review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the complete first season only a 57% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.05/10 based on 37 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Fancy effects, comic-book nostalgia, and an alluring cast help keep it afloat, but DC's Legends of Tomorrow suffers from an overloaded cast of characters that contribute to a distractingly crowded canvas."[73] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[74]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a 77% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.06/10 based on 13 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Though the narrative remains too ambitious, DC's Legends of Tomorrow enjoys a freer creative arc with the removal of problem characters."[75]

text: The third season holds an approval rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.98/10 based on 11 reviews.[76] while IGN gave the season an approval rating of 8.1 /10, stating : "When Legends of Tomorrow works, it's easily among the best superhero shows on television (if not shows in general). Unfortunately, while Season 3 reached some impressive highs, it also gave us some of the weakest installments of the series. Season 3 ultimately suffered from its inability to create a conflict worthy of this cast of misfit heroes, and that casts a shadow that will linger when the series returns for Season 4."

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 8:00 pm
16
January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)
3.21[77]
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1.85[78]
2015–16
135
3.16
1.2[79]

2
Thursday 8:00 pm (1–8)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (9–17)
17
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
1.82[80]
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
1.52[81]
2016–17
141
2.57
0.9[3]

3
Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–9)
Monday 8:00 pm (10–18)
18
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
1.71[82]
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)
1.41[83]
2017–18
170
2.24
0.8[84]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
Saturn Awards
Best Superhero Adaption Television Series
Legends of Tomorrow
Nominated
[88]

The Joey Awards
Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 6–10 Years
Glen Gordon
Won
[89]

Young Actor in an Action TV Series Guest Starring/Principal Role
Aiden Longworth
Nominated

Cory Gruter-Andrew
Nominated

Mitchell Kummen
Won

Young Actor in a TV Series Recurring Role 6–9 Years
Kiefer O'Reilly
Won

2017
Leo Awards
Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
David Geddes
Nominated
[90]

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
Armen V. Kevorkian, Meagan Condito, Rick Ramirez, Andranik Taranyan, James Rorick
Nominated

Best Sound in a Dramatic Series
Kristian Bailey
Won

2018
Saturn Awards
Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series
Legends of Tomorrow
Pending
[91]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Action
Caity Lotz
Pending

text: Home release[edit]

text:
Complete Season
DVD/Blu-ray Release dates
Additional info

Region 1/A
Region 2/B
Region 4/C

1
August 23, 2016[92]
August 29, 2016[93]
August 31, 2016[94]
The Blu-ray/DVD box-sets include featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reels and highlights from Comic-Con.

2
August 15, 2017[95]
August 14, 2017[96]
August 16, 2017[97]

text: Arrowverse[edit]

text: In May 2015, Renée made a cameo in the final episode of The Flash's first season, "Fast Enough", and later made appearances in the show's second season in November 2015.[98][99][100] In July 2015, Guggenheim revealed that the resurrection of Sara Lance would be launched in the first few episodes of Arrow's fourth season, with the events of the eighth episodes of Arrow and The Flash—which were a crossover event—being used to set up the other characters of Legends of Tomorrow.[101] Franz Drameh was introduced as the new other half of Firestorm in the fourth episode of the second season of The Flash. Crump, Hentschel and James debut in the crossover episodes for the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow.[21][50][102] In November 2016, the cast of Legends of Tomorrow appeared on The Flash and Arrow as part of the three-part "Invasion!" crossover event; the crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist, reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series Supergirl.


document_title: Pseudopeptidoglycan

question_text: this group of prokaryotes has a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall

root

text: Pseudopeptidoglycan

text: Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein[1]) is a major cell wall component of some Archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles bacterial peptidoglycan in function and physical structure. The basic components are N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (peptidoglycan has N-acetylmuramic acid instead), which are linked by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds.

tag: p

text: Lysozyme, a host defense mechanism present in human secretions (e.g. saliva and tears), is ineffective against organisms with pseudopeptidoglycan cell walls. Lysozyme can break β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to degrade peptidoglycan; however, pseudopeptidoglycan has β-1,3-glycosidic bonds, rendering lysozyme useless.

text: Pseudomurein can be degraded by pseudomurein endoisopeptidase found in two prophages.[2]


document_title: List of German inventors and discoverers

question_text: which woodwind instrument was invented by a german inventor

text: Before adding more names, please read the Criteria for inclusion section on the article's Talk page.

tag: table

text: This is a list of German inventors and discoverers. The following list comprises people from Germany or German-speaking Europe, and also people of predominantly German heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.

text:
Existing:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
 I
 J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

See also
Notes
References
External links

text: A[edit]

text:
Ernst Abbe: Invented the first refractometer, and many other devices. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, still in existence today.
Franz Carl Achard: Developed a process to produce sugar from sugar beet. Built the first factory for the process in 1802.
Robert Adler: Invented a better television remote control.
Konrad Adenauer: Invented soya sausage (1916; "Kölner Wurst")[1] and, together with Jean and Josef Oebel, [coarse] wholemeal bread (1917; Kölner Brot).[2]
Georgius Agricola: Named "the father of mineralogy".
Wilhelm Albert: Invented the wire rope 1834.
Kurt Alder: Discovery of the Diels–Alder reaction, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.
Richard Altmann: Discovery of the Mitochondrion
Alois Alzheimer: Psychiatrist who discovered Alzheimer´s disease, a degeneration of the brain in old age.
Momme Andresen (1857-1951): industrial research chemist who made inventions relating to photography
Ottomar Anschütz: in 1883 he patented a camera with an internal roller blind shutter mechanism, just in front of the photographic plate. Thus the focal-plane shutter in modern recognizable form was born.
Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe: Invented the gyrocompass in 1907.
Manfred von Ardenne: Self-taught researcher, applied physicist and inventor. 600 patents in fields including television and radio, electron microscopy, medical technology, nuclear technology, and plasma physics.
Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander: catalogued all stars brighter than approximately magnitude 9.5 and north of -2 degrees in the Bonner Durchmusterung, the first large-scale modern star catalogue.
Leo Arons: Mercury-vapor lamp together with Peter Cooper Hewitt.
Leopold Auerbach: Discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's plexus.
Max Abraham: Physicist. Worked as Max Planck's assistant for three years. Developed theories on electrons.

tag: ul

text: B[edit]

text:
Walter Baade: astronomer. With Fritz Zwicky, he identified supernovae as a new category of astronomical objects
Karl Ernst von Baer: discovered mammal ovum.
Ralph Baer: Inventor of the first home video game console.
Adolf von Baeyer: Chemist. Synthesized indigo, discovered the phthalein dyes, and investigated polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, nitroso compounds (1869) and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864). Nobel laureate 1905.
Albert Ballin: Father of modern cruise ship travel
Heinrich Band: Developed a musical instrument and called it bandoneón in 1846. It is used in most tango orchestras until today.
Heinrich Barkhausen: Discovered what is now called the Barkhausen effect, to describe the phenomenon, which is caused by rapid changes of size of magnetic domains in 1919, and Barkhausen stability criterion.
Oskar Barnack: The father of the first mass marketed 35mm camera and Leica.
Heinrich Anton de Bary: Father of Phytopathology, the science of plant diseases and modern Mycology. Coined the word symbiosis in 1879.
Karl Adolph von Basedow: Discovery and description of Graves-Basedow disease
Andreas Friedrich Bauer: first functional steam-powered printing press with his colleague Friedrich Koenig)
Wilhelm Bauer: Inventor and engineer, who built several hand-powered submarines.
Eugen Baumann: He was one of the first people to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and, together with Carl Schotten, he discovered the Schotten-Baumann reaction.
Carl Baunscheidt: Inventor of the Lebenswecker ("life awakener") or "artificial leech".
Hans Beck: Inventor of the toy Playmobil.
Georg Bednorz: Physicist, discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramics, shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Martin Behaim: Inventor of the first globe of the world (Erdapfel) between 1491 and 1493.
Alexander Behm: Inventor of echo sounding. The patent was granted in 1913.
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen: Navigator and explorer. Discovered the land mass of Antarctica on January 28, 1820.
Friedrich Bessel: astronomer; he is credited with being the first to use parallax in calculating the distance to a star.
Hans Bethe: Nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate in physics 1967. During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs.
Emil Adolf von Behring: physiologist. Discovered the diphtheria antitoxin. It was the world's first cure for a disease (1891).[3] He was awarded history's first Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine in 1901.
Melitta Bentz: entrepreneur. She is an inventor of the coffee filter, 1908.
Karl Benz: industrialist. Father and inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, 1885, and pioneering founder of automobile manufacturing.
Albrecht Berblinger: engineer. Inventor of the spring prosthesis and hang-glider (1811).[a]
Hans Berger: a German neurologist, best known as the inventor of electroencephalography (EEG) (the recording of "brain waves") in 1924, coining the name, and the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm known as "Berger's wave"
Emil Berliner: He is best known for developing the microphone and disc recording gramophone.
Albert Betz: physicsist. Betz's law, 1913
Friedrich Bessel: astronomer, he is credited with being the first to use parallax in calculating the distance to a star.
Heinz Billing: Computer scientist. He invented the magnetic drum memory and built prototype laser interferometric gravitational wave detector in Garching, Munich.
Gerd Binnig: Physicist. Design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with Heinrich Rohrer. Nobel laureate 1986.
Ludwig Blattner: developed the Blattnerphone, the first magnetic tape recorder (using steel tape) whilst working in Britain in the late 1920s.[4]
Günter Blobel: biologist, discovered signal peptides. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1999.
Walter Bock: chemist, Styrene-butadiene
Max Bockmühl: chemist, he developed Methadone together with German Gustav Ehrhart in 1937 in Germany, working for I.G. Farbenindustrie AG at the Farbwerke Hoechst
Johann Elert Bode: astronomer, Discovered the Titus-Bode Law
Ludwig Bölkow: Aeronautical pioneer. Was instrumental in the development of the Me 262, developed a new rotorhead concept for helicopters.
Max Born: Physicist and mathematician. Groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics. Nobel laureate 1954 with Walther Bothe. His Ph.D. student Delbrück, and six of his assistants (Fermi, Heisenberg, Goeppert-Mayer, Herzberg, Pauli, Wigner) went on to win Nobel Prizes. His Ph.D. student J. Robert Oppenheimer led the project to develop the atomic bomb.
Manfred Börner: Physicist. Developed the first working fiber-optical data transmission system in 1965. Received a patent for an "electro-optical transmission system utilizing lasers".
Carl Bosch: Chemist and Nobel laureate, discovered the processes of industrial high pressure chemistry.
Robert Bosch: industrialist, engineer. He invented, engineered and launched various innovations for the motor vehicle.
Walther Bothe: Nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born.
Johann Friedrich Böttger: alchemist. He was generally acknowledged as the inventor of European porcelain although more recent sources ascribe this to Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus. Böttger is still credited with developing the manufacture of porcelain in Europe.
Theodor Boveri: biologist, described Centrosome.
Karlheinz Brandenburg: Inventor and audio engineer; father of audio compression format MPEG Audio Layer 3, more commonly known as MP3.
Karl Ferdinand Braun: Inventor of the CRT oscilloscope in 1897. Braun contributed significantly to the development of radio and television technology: he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Wernher von Braun: The preeminent rocket engineer of the 20th century. Developed the V-2 rocket for Germany. Built Saturn V rocket in USA which put man on the moon.
Korbinian Brodmann: neurologist, Brodmann area in brain
Walter Bruch: PAL, colour encoding system for analogue television
Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn: Inventor of Taximeter
Ernst Büchner: Chemist and inventor of Büchner flask and Büchner funnel.
Robert Bunsen: Chemist who developed the Bunsen burner, and with Gustav Kirchhoff he discovered caesium (1860) and rubidium (1861).
Wilhelm Busch: Caricaturist, painter and poet; father of comics.
Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann: musical instrument maker. Pioneer and promoter of the harmonica.
Adolf Busemann: aerospace engineer. Discovered the effect of swept wing for modern aircraft in 1935.
Adolf Butenandt: biochemist. Discovered primary female sex hormones. Shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Leopold Ruzicka in 1939.
Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes: Founder of synoptic meteorology. As an astronomer, he was noted for demonstrating that meteors occur in the upper atmosphere and thus not really a meteorological phenomenon.
Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer: German chemist, who, together with Paul Harteck, discovered the spin isomers of hydrogen, orthohydrogen and parahydrogen in 1929.

text: C[edit]

text:
Georg Cantor: Mathematician, discoverer of the set theory (1870s), which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.
Ernst Boris Chain: biochemist, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin (together with Fleming).
Carl von Clausewitz: The father of modern military theory.
Rudolf Clausius: Mathematician and physicist known for the Second law of thermodynamics.
Justus Claproth: Jurist and inventor of recyclable paper and deinking.
Nicolaus Copernicus: Astronomer, formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the centre.
Manfred Curry: German American yachtsman, developed the cam cleat used on sailboats to easily and quickly secure a rope, discoverer of the pseudoscientific phenomenon of "geomagnetic lines" called the Curry Grid.

text: D[edit]

text:
Gottlieb Daimler: Invented the first high-speed internal combustion petrol engine and the first four-wheel automobile, also the first internal combustion motorcycle, the Reitwagen.
Adolf "Adi" Dassler: Sports shoes with and without spikes; founder of Adidas.
Rudolf Dassler: First sport shoes with screw-in shoe spikes, 1949; founder of Puma.
Hans Georg Dehmelt: Physicist. Co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an ion trap. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1989.
Max Delbrück: German American biophysicist. He was awarded the Nobel prize for discovering that bacteria become resistant to viruses (phages) as a result of genetic mutations.
Johann Christoph Denner: Woodwind instrument maker, inventor of the clarinet.
Jürgen Dethloff: Inventor and engineer, co-inventor of the Smart card (together with Helmut Gröttrup).
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach: Pioneer of skin transplantation and cosmetic surgery.
Ernst Dickmanns: Developer of the first driverless car.
Otto Diels: Diels–Alder reaction (together with Kurt Alder), a method for diene synthesis. The pair was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950 for their work.
Rudolf Diesel: Inventor of the diesel engine 1893.
Gerhard Domagk: Discovery of what would become the first commercially available antibiotic.
Christian Doppler: Discovered the Doppler effect.
Walter Robert Dornberger: Co-inventor of the V-2 rocket.
Karl Drais: Inventor of the bicycle and typewriter (1821) among other things.
Peter Ferdinand Drucker: Invented the science of modern management.

text: E[edit]

text:
Paul Ehrlich: Scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. Developed an effective treatment against syphilis.
Albert Einstein: Theoretical physicist, key 20th century scientist and cultural icon.
Ludwig Elsbett: Developed new concepts for Diesel engines which drastically enhanced efficiency.
Douglas Engelbart: German American inventor of the computer mouse.
Evaristo Conrado Engelberg: Inventor in 1885 of a machine used to remove the husks from rice and coffee, the Engelberg huller.
Friedrich Engels: He invented together with Karl Marx the economic and sociopolitical worldview Marxism.
Hugo Erdmann: Chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor Jacob Volhard, the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term noble gas (the original noun is Edelgas in German).[5]
Hugo Erfurt: Ingrain wallpaper
Gerhard Ertl: German physicist who laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. Nobel laureate as of 2007.
Leonhard Euler: Swiss mathematician and physicist. One of the most influential mathematicians of the 18th century.
Emil Erlenmeyer: German chemist known for contributing to the early development of the theory of structure, formulating the Erlenmeyer rule, and designing the Erlenmeyer flask or the conical flask, a type of chemical flask, which is named after him.

text: F[edit]

text:
Gerd Faltings: Mathematician known for his work in arithmetic algebraic geometry, Fields Medal in 1986 for proving the Mordell conjecture.
Otto Feick: Wheel gymnastics in 1925.
Wilhelm Emil Fein: Invented the electrically-driven hand drill in 1895.
Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick: Glass Contact lenses
Richard Fiedler: Invented the modern flamethrower in 1901.
Artur Fischer: Invented the (split) wallplug made of plastic in 1958. He invented flash light photography. Fischer held over 1100 patents and currently holds the records for most patents for any single human, even more than Thomas Alva Edison. Further inventions are (bone-)plugs for fixing bone fractures and one of Fischer’s most recent inventions is a gadget that makes it possible to hold and cut the top off an egg of any size.
Hermann Emil Fischer: German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He discovered the Fischer esterification. He developed the Fischer projection, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms. He is known for study of sugars & purines.
Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch: Invented a process in 1925 to turn coal into synthesis gas, and still further into liquid hydrocarbons. The process is a key component in modern gas to liquids processes.
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig: He discovered the pinacol coupling reaction, mesitylene, diacetyl and biphenyl.
Irmgard Flügge-Lotz: She worked on what she called "discontinuous automatic control", which laid the foundation for automatic on-off aircraft control systems in jets.
Werner Forssmann: Performed the first human cardiac catheterisation. Shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine 1956
Joachim Frank: co-invented cryo-electron microscopy. Shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2017
Joseph von Fraunhofer: Discovery of the dark absorption lines known as Fraunhofer lines in the Sun's spectrum, and for making excellent optical glass and achromatic telescope lenses.
Gottlob Frege: He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy. Had influence on Carnap, Russell, and Wittgenstein
Otto Frenzl: Aeronautical pioneer, developed the area rule in 1943, a design technique for airfoils used to reduce an aircraft's drag at transonic and supersonic speeds. Later it was independently developed again by Richard T. Whitcomb in 1952.
Sigmund Freud: Neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
Nikolaus Friedreich: Discovery of Friedreich-Auerbach disease (together with Leopold Auerbach)
Friedrich Fröbel: Pedagogue, who laid the foundation for modern education. He created the concept of the kindergarten.
Klaus Fuchs: Theoretical physicist involved with the Manhattan Project; at the same time Soviet spy.
Johann Carl Fuhlrott: Had the insight to recognize the Neanderthal bones for what they were: the remains of a previously unknown type of humans. He (together with Schaafhausen) is considered to be the father of paleoanthropology.

text: G[edit]

text:
Johann Galle: astronomer, discovery of planet Neptune
Hermann Ganswindt: Inventor and spaceflight scientist, whose inventions (such as the dirigible, the helicopter, and the internal combustion engine) are thought to have been ahead of his time.
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss: German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics. Sometimes referred to as "the Prince of Mathematicians".
Hans Geiger: Inventor of the Geiger–Müller counter in 1928. It detects the emission of nuclear radiation through the ionization produced in a low-pressure gas in a Geiger–Müller tube. Further improved by Walther Müller.
Heinrich Geißler: Inventor of the Geissler tube.
Reinhard Genzel: Astrophysicist, he and his group were the first to track the motions of stars at the centre of the Milky Way and show that they were orbiting a very massive object, probably a supermassive black hole.
Walter Gerlach: Physicist who co-discovered spin quantization in a magnetic field, the Stern–Gerlach effect.
Edmund Germer: Inventor of the neon lamp (Neonlampe).
Max Giese: Inventor of the first concrete pump in 1928.
Heinrich Göbel: Inventor of Hemmer for Sewing Machines, 1865,[6] Vacuum Pump (Improvement of the Geissler-System of vacuum pumps, 1881[7] and Electric Incandescent Lamp (sockets to connect the filament of carbon and the conducting wires), 1882[8]
Kurt Gödel: Important discoveries in math and logic, such as the incompleteness theorems

text:
Maria Goeppert-Mayer: Physicist. Nobel laureate in Physics 1963 for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus together with J. Hans D. Jensen. The unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert-Mayer (GM) unit.
Peter Carl Goldmark: Engineer who was instrumental in developing the long-playing (LP) microgroove 33-1/3 rpm vinyl phonograph disc.
Konrad Grebe: Coal-machine (Kohlenhobel)
Heinrich Greinacher: German-Swiss physicist. He is regarded as an original experimenter and is the developer of the magnetron and the Greinacher multiplier; Cockcroft-Walton-Generator in 1914.
Brothers Grimm: Academic pioneers of philology, linguistics, and storytelling. Worked together on the most comprehensive dictionary of the German language Deutsches Wörterbuch. Jacob Grimm: Philologist and linguist. Described first what is now known as Grimm's law, the first scientific research into sound change in 1822.
Georg Friedrich Grotefend: Deciphering of cuneiform
Alexander Grothendieck: Mathematician and the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of algebraic geometry; Fields Medalist (1966).
Helmut Gröttrup: smart card (together with Jürgen Dethloff)
Walter Gropius: Pioneer of modern architecture. Founder of the Bauhaus. First modern industrial building designed in 1910.
Peter Grünberg: Physicist. Discovered giant magnetoresistance with Albert Fert. The discovery is used in gigabyte hard disk drives for computers. Nobel laureate 2007.
Heinz Guderian: The father of modern mechanized warfare, inventor of the Blitzkrieg strategy.
Otto von Guericke: Groundbreaking research into air pressure. Invented the vacuum pump in 1650.
Beno Gutenberg: Together with American Charles Francis Richter he invented Richter magnitude scale.
Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the technology of printing with movable type in 1439. The first book so printed was the Gutenberg Bible.
Aristid von Grosse: He was able to isolate protactinium oxide and was later able to produce metallic protactinium by decomposition of protactinium iodide.
Johann Rudolf Glauber: German-Dutch alchemist who was one of the first chemical engineers. His discovery of sodium sulfate in 1625 led to the compound being named after him: "Glauber's salt".

text: H[edit]

text:
Fritz Haber: German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered synthetic ammonia and chemical warfare.
Theodor W. Hänsch: Physicist, developed laser-based precision spectroscopy further to determine optical frequency extremely accurately. Nobel laureate in 2005.
Otto Hahn: German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. Considered to be "the father of nuclear chemistry" and the "founder of the atomic age". Discovered many isotopes, Protactinium and nuclear fission.
Samuel Hahnemann: Physician, best known for creating a system of alternative medicine called homeopathy.
Harald zur Hausen: Virologist, discovered the role of papilloma viruses in the development of cervical cancer. His research made the development of a vaccine against papilloma possible, which will drastically reduce cervical cancer in future. Nobel laureate as of 2008.
Werner Heisenberg: Theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics. Discovered a particle's position and velocity cannot be known at the same time. Discovered atomic nuclei are made of protons and neutrons.
Wolfgang Helfrich: Co-inventor of Twisted nematic field effect.
Rudolf Hell: Inventor of the first fax machine (Hellschreiber).
Richard Hellmann: Hellmann's (Blue Ribbon) Mayonnaise, 1905.

text:
Hermann von Helmholtz: Discovered the principle of conservation of energy.
Peter Henlein: Inventor of the portable watch.
Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (William Herschel): Discovered the planet Uranus and infrared radiation among other things.
Heinrich Hertz: Physicist, Discoverer of electromagnetic/radio waves.
Otto Herzog: First use of the Carabiner in mountain climbing which substantially enhanced security for mountaineers.
Victor Francis Hess: Discovered Cosmic rays. Also won the Nobel Prize.
David Hilbert: Influential mathematician who discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in math.
Albert Hofmann: German-Swiss; Discovered the chemical properties of chitin and lysergic acid diethylamide.
Wilhelm Hofmeister: Discovery of the Alternation of generations
Felix Hoffmann: Isolated acetylsalicylic acid, a painkiller marketed under the name Aspirin (Bayer), 1897. In some English speaking countries marketed under the name disprin.
Herman Hollerith: a German American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards
Gottlob Honold: Inventor of the spark plug and the modern internal combustion engine, as well as headlights.
Horten brothers: Designed some of the most advanced aircraft of the 1930s and '40s, including the world's first jet-powered flying wing, the Horten Ho 229.
Christian Hülsmeyer: German inventor of the Telemobilskop, a radio-based detector of remote objects; a 1904 precursor of radar.
Alexander von Humboldt: Naturalist and explorer. His quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography.
Wilhelm von Humboldt: Originator of the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
Erich Huzenlaub: Huzenlaub Process for parboiling
Johannes Heidenhain: Invented the Metallur process. This lead-sulfide copying process made it possible for the first time to make exact copies of an original grating on a metal surface for industrial use. By 1943, Heidenhain was producing linear scales with accuracy of ± 15 µm and circular scale disks with accuracy of ± 3 angular seconds.
Karl Andreas Hofmann: German inorganic chemist who is best known for his discovery of a family of clathrates which consist of a 2-D metal cyanide sheet, with every second metal also bound axially to two other ligands. These materials have been named 'Hofmann clathrates' in his honour.

text: I[edit]

text:
Ernst Ising: physicist who developed Ising model.
Otmar Issing: Economist who invented the "pepet pillar" decision algorithm now used by the ECB.

text: J[edit]

text:
J. Hans D. Jensen: Nuclear physicist, proposed the nuclear shell model, shared 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Hugo Junkers: Pioneer of all-metal aircraft construction with the Junkers J 1 (1915–16).

text: K[edit]

text:
Donald J. Kessler: Astrophysicist, known for developing the Kessler syndrome.
Hermann Kemper: Invented the magnetic levitation train. Patent granted in 1934.
Johannes Kepler: Discovered the laws of planetary motion.
Wolfgang Ketterle: German-American physicist who developed an "atom laser", amongst other breakthroughs. Nobel laureate 2001.
Erhard Kietz: Pioneer discoverer of video technology.
Gustav Kirchhoff: Discovery of the principles upon which spectroscopy is founded. He contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects. He coined the term "black body" radiation in 1862, and two different sets of concepts (one in circuit theory, and one in spectroscopy) are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him; there is also a Kirchhoff's Law in thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert Bunsen.
Martin Heinrich Klaproth: Discovered the element Uranium.
Klaus von Klitzing: Physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Ludwig Knorr: Chemist, who together with Carl Paal, discovered the Paal-Knorr synthesis, and the Knorr quinoline synthesis and Knorr pyrrole synthesis.
Robert Koch: Physician, discoverer, inventor and Nobel Prize winner. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the Vibrio cholera (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates.
Friedrich Koenig: first functional steam-powered printing press with his colleague Andreas Friedrich Bauer)
Alfred Körte and Gustav Körte: discovered Gordium, 1900
Franz Kolb: Plasticine
Arthur Korn: Inventor involved in development of the fax machine, specifically the transmission of photographs or telephotography, known as the Bildtelegraph.
Albrecht Kossel: determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids
Max Kramer: Aircraft engineer. Developed the first operational guided bomb in 1942/43. This first smart bomb was radio controlled and joy-stick operated.
Hans Adolf Krebs: discovered two important chemical reactions in the body, namely the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle.
Wilhelm Krische: Galalith
Julius H. Kroehl: Inventor and engineer, who built the first functioning submarine in the world.
Herbert Kroemer: Physicist, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics.
Werner Krüger: Developed the Krueger flap, a lift enhancement device in modern aircraft wings in 1943.
Alfred Krupp: Pioneer in metal casting and metal working process and procedures.
Adam Johann von Krusenstern: Navigator and explorer, led the first Russian expedition to circumnavigate the earth.
Dietrich Küchemann: Aeronautical pioneer, developed wings for supersonic speed, such as delta wings as used in the Concorde.
Heinz Kunert: Defogger for automobiles.
Felix Klein: Invented the Erlangen Program, classifying geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a highly influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day. Also invented the Klein bottle, Beltrami-Klein model and wrote Klein's encyclopedia.

text: L[edit]

text:
Albert Ladenburg: isolated hyoscine
Eugen Langen: Entrepreneur, engineer and inventor, involved in the development of the petrol engine and the Wuppertal monorail.
Paul Langerhans: Islets of Langerhans, Langerhans cells
Max von Laue: Discoveries regarding the diffraction of X-rays in crystals.
Ernst Lecher: He is remembered for developing an apparatus— "Lecher lines"—to measure the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Philosopher known for discovering the mathematical field of calculus and coherently laying down its basic operations in 1684. The modern binary number system, the basis for binary code, was invented by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679 and appears in his article Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire.
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg: German scientist credited with the development of the electrophorus. he is remembered for his posthumously published notebooks, which he himself called Sudelbücher, a description modeled on the English bookkeeping term "scrapbooks", and for his discovery of the strange tree-like electrical discharge patterns now called Lichtenberg figures.
Justus von Liebig: German chemist who made contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry.
Otto Lilienthal: Father of Aviation and first successful aviator. Main discovery was the properties and shape of the wing.
Carl von Linde: Engineer who, among other things, developed refrigeration and gas separation technologies.
Alexander Lippisch: Pioneer of aerodynamics, his most famous design is the Messerschmitt Me 163.
Ernst Litfaß: free-standing cylindrical advertising column.
Friedrich Loeffler: discovered the organism causing diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and the cause of foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus). His description of the diphtheria bacillus, published in 1884.
Johann Benedict Listing: German mathematician who was a doctoral student under Carl Friedrich Gauss, he first introduced the term "topology", in a famous article published in 1847, although he had used the term in correspondence some years earlier. He (independently) discovered the properties of the half-twisted strip at the same time (1858) as August Ferdinand Möbius, and went further in exploring the properties of strips with higher-order twists (paradromic rings). He discovered topological invariants which came to be called Listing numbers. He also framed the Listing's law.

text: M[edit]

text:
Georg Hans Madelung: Academic and aeronautical engineer; a participant in the development of the Junkers F.13.
Karl Marx: Political economist and philosopher, who defined the political/economical background of capitalism and discovered the mechanics of Marxism.
J. Heinrich Matthaei: Together with Marshall Nirenberg, they show that a sequence of nucleotide can encode particular amino acid, laying the foundations for deciphering the genetic code.
Wilhelm Maybach: Together with Gottlieb Daimler the first gasoline-powered motorcycle, power-engine boat and later, 1902, the Mercedes car model.
Ottomar von Mayenburg: Inventor of "Chlorodont", the first commercial brand of toothpaste.
Georg Meissner: Discovered Meissner's plexus.
Lise Meitner: Nuclear physicist, who, together with Otto Frisch, provided a theoretical account of nuclear fission.
Julius Lothar Meyer: With Mendeleev he developed the periodic classification of the elements in order of their atomic weight.
Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer: He discovered the Triassic predator Teratosaurus, the earliest bird Archaeopteryx lithographica (1861), the pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, and the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus
Gregor Mendel: Discoveries in genetics. Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. First published in 1865.
Ottmar Mergenthaler: Inventor who has been called a second Gutenberg because of his invention of the Linotype machine.
Rudolf Mössbauer: physicist, discovered Mössbauer effect, shared Nobel Prize in Physics 1961.
Johannes Peter Müller: Discoveries in physiology.
August Ferdinand Möbius: German mathematician and theoretical astronomer. He is best known for his discovery of the Möbius strip, independently discovered by Johann Benedict Listing around the same time. The Möbius configuration, formed by two mutually inscribed tetrahedra, is also named after him. Möbius was the first to introduce homogeneous coordinates into projective geometry. Many mathematical concepts are named after him, including the Möbius plane, the Möbius transformations, important in projective geometry, and the Möbius transform of number theory. His interest in number theory led to the important Möbius function μ(n) and the Möbius inversion formula. In Euclidean geometry, he systematically developed the use of signed angles and line segments as a way of simplifying and unifying results.
Karl Mollweide: German mathematician and astronomer. In trigonometry, he discovered the formula known as Mollweide's formula. He invented a map projection called the Mollweide projection.
Walther Meissner: He established the world's third largest helium-liquifier, and discovered in 1933 the Meissner effect, damping of the magnetic field in superconductors.

text: N[edit]

text:
Thomas Nast: The German American "Father of the American Cartoon".
Walther Nernst: Inventor of the Nernst lamp and Nobel laureate 1920 in Chemistry.
Karl Nessler: Inventor of the permanent wave.
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow: Technician and inventor, the "spiritual father" of the core element of first generation television technology.
Emmy Noether: Mathematician. Groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics (Noether's theorem). Considered by many as the most influential woman in the history of mathematics.

text: O[edit]

text:
Hermann Oberth: Pioneer of rocket science and discoverer of the Oberth effect.
Georg Ohm: physicist and mathematician, discoverer of the Ohm's law and Ohm's acoustic law
August Oetker: Pharmacist. He was the first to sell baking powder in small packets to households instead of bakeries (as others before him) and thus made it the popular product we know today.
Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain: The modern jet engine in 1933, patented in 1936. Frank Whittle had developed a similar concept independently in 1928/1929.
Wilhelm Ostwald: German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities. Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, and Svante Arrhenius are usually credited with being the modern founders of the field of physical chemistry.
Nikolaus August Otto: Inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber.

text: P[edit]

text:
Wolfgang Paul: Physicist. Co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an ion trap. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1989.
Hans von Pechmann: Chemist, renowned for his discovery of diazomethane in 1894. Pechmann condensation and Pechmann pyrazole synthesis.
Rudolf Peierls: nuclear physicist.
Julius Richard Petri: Bacteriologist who is generally credited with inventing the Petri dish while working as assistant to Robert Koch.
Emil Pfeiffer: Discovery of Infectious mononucleosis
Fritz Pfleumer: Inventor of magnetic tape for recording sound. He built the world's first practical tape recorder, called Magnetophon K1.
Max Planck: Physicist, Scientist. He is considered to be the founder of the quantum theory, and one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century.
Robert Wichard Pohl: In 1938, together with Rudolf Hilsch, built first functioning solid-state amplifier using salt as the semiconductor.
Ludwig Prandtl: First to explain the boundary layer and its importance for drag and streamlining in aircraft in 1904. He established and headed the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt in Göttingen, now Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization. During his tenure the first wind tunnel in Germany was built here, thereby establishing a specific design for wind tunnels (Göttingen type).
Johann Friedrich Pfaff: One of Germany's most eminent mathematicians during the 19th century. He studied mathematical series and integral calculus, and is noted for his work on partial differential equations of the first order (Pfaffian systems as they are now called) which became part of the theory of differential forms.
Julius Plücker: Framed the Plücker formula. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves.

text: Q[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)

text: R[edit]

text:
Adolf Rambold: Inventor of modern tea bag.
Johann Philipp Reis: Inventor of the first phone transmitter in 1861, he also invented the term Telephone.
Josef Rodenstock: Founder of Rodenstock, manufacturer of optical systems, ophthalmic lenses and spectacles frames.
Ralf Reski: Moss bioreactor (1998).
Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter: Communications pioneer.
Fritz Reiche: Was a student of Max Planck and a colleague of Albert Einstein, who was active in, and made important contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics including co-authoring the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule.
Hans Reichel: Musical instrument inventor. Inventor of the daxophone and various overtone guitars.
Bernhard Riemann: Mathematician, who made lasting contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
Johann Wilhelm Ritter: Physicist and discoverer of Ultraviolet.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Physicist and discoverer of x-rays/Röntgen rays (8 November 1895), this earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Arthur Rudolph: Rocket engineer who, together with Wernher von Braun, played a key role in the development of the V-2 rocket.
Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff: German instrument maker who commercialized the induction coil (often referred to as the Ruhmkorff coil).
Ernst Ruska: Physicist, developed the first electron microscope in 1933. Nobel laureate 1986.
Karl Wilhelm Rosenmund: He discovered the Rosenmund reduction, which is the reduction of acyl chlorides to aldehydes over palladium-on-carbon catalyst. The Rosenmund-von Braun reaction, the conversion of an aryl bromide to an arylnitrile is also named after him.

text: S[edit]

text:
Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), identification of molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen and chlorine
Arthur Scherbius: Developed the mechanical cipher machine Enigma. Patent granted in 1918.
Paul Schlack: Invented Nylon 6.
Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick: Was a German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.
Heinrich Schliemann: One of the fathers of modern archaeology, among other things he discovered Homeric Troy.
Hugo Schmeisser: Developed the first modern assault rifle StG 44 in 1942.
Bernhard Schmidt: Developed a photographic telescope with minimal optical errors: the Schmidt camera.
Paul Schmidt: Developed since 1928 his idea of a new drive, the "pulsating incineration", also used in the V-1 flying bomb (engine was called "Argus-Schmidtrohr"); pulsejet was a development by Schmidt.
Christian Friedrich Schönbein: Professor Schönbein is credited with four scientific advances: Ozone, Gun cotton, Collodion and Fuel cell[9]
Johann Lukas Schönlein: Professor of medicine, he discovered among other things the parasitic cause of ringworm or favus (Achorion Schönleinii).

text:
Otto Schoetensack: Named the Homo heidelbergensis.
Otto Schott: Inventor of borosilicate glass. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, still in existence today.
Walter H. Schottky: Played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena, invented the screen-grid vacuum tube and the pentode.
Marx Schwab: Silversmith, invented coining with the screw press around 1550.[10]
Theodor Schwann: Discovery of properties of cells in animals.
Karl Schwarzschild: astronomer, Schwarzschild metric, Deriving the Schwarzschild solution, Schwarzschild radius
Alois Senefelder: He invented the printing technique of lithography in 1796.
Friedrich Sertürner: First to isolate morphine from the opium poppy in 1803/1804, discovering morphine.
Philipp Franz von Siebold: Physician and naturalist, detailed description and collection of the Japanese flora and fauna. Introduced Western medicine to Japan and opened a medical school.
Ernst Werner von Siemens: Dynamo, pointer telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, first electric elevator, trolleybus.
Friedrich Soennecken: Invented Hole punch and ring binder.
Arnold Sommerfeld: Theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics.
Johannes Stark: Discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the Stark effect).
Jack Steinberger: German-American-Swiss physicist, co-discovered the muon neutrino, shared 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Georg Wilhelm Steller: Chief naturalist on Vitus Bering's expedition during which Alaska was discovered (1741) and pioneer of Alaskan Natural History. Steller's sea cow (now extinct) was named after him.
Otto Stern: Nobel laureate; contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the Stern–Gerlach experiment with Walther Gerlach in 1922.
Heinrich Stölzel: Developed the valve for brass instruments which is used today in 1818. Friedrich Blühmel had made a similar development independently at the same time.
Horst Ludwig Störmer: German-American physicist. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
Levi Strauss: The German American father of blue jeans.
Ernst Stromer: Discovery and Describing of Aegyptosaurus, Bahariasaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and the largest known theropod, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Stromer also described the giant crocodilian Stomatosuchus.
Friedrich Wilhelm "Fritz" Strassmann: German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in early 1939, identified barium in the residue after bombarding uranium with neutrons, results which, when confirmed, demonstrated the previously unknown phenomenon of nuclear fission.
Hubertus Strughold: German-born physiologist and prominent medical researcher. For his role in pioneering the study of the physical and psychological effects of manned spaceflight he became known as "The Father of Space Medicine".
Thomas C. Südhof: biochemist, discovered how molecule signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo in cell. Shared the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013.

text: T[edit]

text:
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus: He is considered to have been the inventor of European porcelain.
Oscar Troplowitz: He invented adhesive tape, Leukoplast.

text: U[edit]

text: Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn: Engineer, mechanic and inventor, who invented the first mechanical tachometer (1817), between 1817 and 1830 inventor of the Presse Monétaire (level coin press known as Uhlhorn Press) which bears his name.

text: V[edit]

text:
Abraham Vater: Professor of anatomy; Ampulla of Vater.
Richard Vetter: Developed the most fuel efficient condensing boiler for heating systems in 1980. Used in many houses in Europe.
Rudolf Virchow: "Father of modern pathology"; numerous discoveries in the area of medicine.
Hans Vogt: Invented sound-on-film (idea 1905) together with Jo Engl and Joseph Massolle, first sound-on-film for the public on 17 September 1922 in Filmtheater Alhambra, Berlin, Germany.
Woldemar Voigt (often: Waldemar Voigt): Physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. He worked on crystal physics, thermodynamics and electro-optics. He discovered the Voigt effect in 1898.
Waldemar Voigt (aerospace engineer): Chief designer at Messerschmitt's Oberammergau offices and pioneer of the Me 163 and Me 264, project leader of the development of Me P. 1101, Me P. 1106, Me P. 1110, Me P. 1111, Me P. 1112 and Me P. 1116.[11]
Jacob Volhard: Chemist who discovered, together with his student Hugo Erdmann, the Volhard–Erdmann cyclization.

text: W[edit]

text:
Martin Waldseemüller: Cartographer, used the name "America" on his map Universalis Cosmographia in honour of the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci. The map was drawn at St-Die in 1507 and it was the first time "America" was used on a map.
Otto Wallach: Chemist who researched, amongst others, alicyclic compounds. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910.
Hellmuth Walter: Engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines.
Felix Wankel: Inventor of the Rotary Motor.
Max Weber: Discovered the mass effects of capitalism and modernity.
Wilhelm Eduard Weber: Inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph together with Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Alfred Wegener: He is most notable for proposing continental drift in 1912
Wilhelm Weinberg: Hardy–Weinberg principle
Gustav Weißkopf: Aviation pioneer, designer and builder of early aircraft and engines, is reported to be the first flying a powered aircraft in 1901
Rainer Weiss: born in Berlin, American physiscist who invented laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Shared the Nobel Prize for Physics 2017.
Johan Wilcke: Inventor of the electrophorus
Hugo Winckler: Discovery of Hattusa
Clemens Alexander Winkler: Chemist who discovered the element germanium in 1886.
August Wöhler: Investigated fatigue phenomena in the behavior of materials
Friedrich Wöhler: The first to synthesize urea. Wöhler is regarded as a pioneer in organic chemistry.
Heinrich Wöhlk: Contact lenses in PMMA
Theodor Wulf: Cosmic ray (together with Austrian Victor Hess)

text: X[edit]

text: Y[edit]

text: Z[edit]

text:
Hermann Zapf: Pioneer of computer typography and creator of many well-known typefaces.
Carl Zeiss: Pioneered glass casting and allied procedures and processes for high quality optics.
Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin (1838–1917): Inventor of the airship named after him. Start of the airship LZ1 in 1900.
Karl Zimmer: Discovered the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA in 1935.
Karl Ziegler:He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963, with Giulio Natta, for work on polymers.
Konrad Zuse: Inventor of the first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer in 1941, and the first high-level programming language Plankalkül in 1942.