document_title: This Is the End

question_text: who goes to heaven in this is the end

question_tokens: who goes to heaven in this is the end

text: This Is the End

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jay Baruchel arrives in Los Angeles to visit old friend and fellow Canadian actor Seth Rogen, who invites him to attend a housewarming party hosted by James Franco. Jay is uncomfortable at the crowded party, so Seth accompanies him to a convenience store for cigarettes, but beams of blue light come down and suck numerous people into the sky. Seth and Jay flee back to Franco's house, only to find the party unharmed, until an earthquake strikes and the party goers rush outside. Michael Cera demands to know who stole his cell phone but he gets impaled by a lamppost and a large hole opens in James' yard, swallowing himself, Rihanna, Mindy Kaling, Jason Segel, Christopher Mintz-Plasse and Martin Starr. Seth, James, Jonah Hill and Craig Robinson survive and run back inside the house. James' assistant Karen gets accidentally crushed by Paul Rudd. Aziz Ansari grabs Kevin Hart's foot but he gets hit in the face by the other foot, then gets his arm cut off and falls into the sinkhole. Kevin tries to get Aziz's arm off, but he also falls into the sinkhole. Jay tries to help David Krumholtz escape the sinkhole, but he falls into the sinkhole as well. Jay escapes the sinkhole and runs back to the house. After learning the biggest earthquake has struck Los Angeles on the news, the group take inventory of their supplies, set up a ration system, board up the house and await help.

text: The next morning, Danny McBride, also in the house and unaware of the crisis, wastes much of their food and water. The others tell him of the previous night's events, which he initially does not believe until a man (Brian Huskey) outside is decapitated as they watch. Tensions rise due to various conflicts, including Jay and Seth's growing estrangement, and the others' scepticism of Baruchel's belief that the disaster might be the Apocalypse predicted in the Book of Revelation. Later, Emma Watson, another survivor of the party, returns. However, due to a misunderstanding, she believes the group is planning to rape her and leaves, taking the group's remaining drinks with her. Craig is chosen to travel outside to the basement for water, but finds the door is locked and returns after an encounter with an unknown being.

text: The experience causes Craig to believe Jay's theory that the Apocalypse has arrived. Jay and Seth reach the basement by digging through the floor and find the water, but Danny ends up wasting most of it out of spite, prompting him to be kicked out of the house. Before he leaves, Danny reveals that Jay was in town two months prior but stayed at a hotel, instead of at Seth's house, because of their strained friendship. Jonah makes a remark that annoys Jay, causing him to punch him and giving him a nasty nosebleed. Later that night, Jonah prays for Jay to die, but is possessed by a demon shortly after. The next day, Jay and Craig go to a neighboring home for supplies, and escape a demonic bull. Meanwhile, Seth and James are attacked by the possessed Jonah. The group subdues Jonah and tie him up, but during an exorcism attempt, Jay and Seth get into a fight and knock a candle over. A fire starts, engulfing Jonah and the house in flames and forcing the others outside.

text: James suggests taking his car to his home in Malibu, but finds the car guarded by a demon. Craig volunteers to sacrifice himself. The plan succeeds and Craig is raptured into Heaven, leading the others to realize they can be saved if they do a selfless act. They are then captured by cannibals led by Danny and his Gimp Channing Tatum. James volunteers to sacrifice himself to save the others, but taunts Danny and flips him off as he ascends to Heaven, causing his beam to vanish and himself to get eaten alive by Danny and his cannibals. Seth and Jay escape, but they encounter a gigantic satanic being. Jay apologises to Seth for his actions as the being attempts to eat them. A beam strikes Jay, and he begins to ascend while Seth does not. Jay grabs Seth's hand, but Seth's presence prevents him from ascending into Heaven. As a result, Seth lets him go and is saved by another beam, which slices off the being's crotch.

text: In Heaven, Seth and Jay meet Craig, who tells them that Heaven is a place where any desire comes true. Jay wishes for the Backstreet Boys and the band performs "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" as everyone dances.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Most of the film's cast portray fictional, exaggerated versions of themselves:[4]

text:
Jay Baruchel
Seth Rogen
Craig Robinson
Danny McBride
James Franco
Jonah Hill
Emma Watson
Kevin Hart
Paul Rudd
Rihanna
Christopher Mintz-Plasse
Mindy Kaling
David Krumholtz
Michael Cera
Martin Starr
Aziz Ansari
Channing Tatum
Backstreet Boys
Jason Segel (uncredited)
Brian Huskey (headless man)

text: Production[edit]

text: Rogen and Goldberg told interviewers, "We always wanted to do a movie where people played themselves and something extraordinary happened; the initial version of the film was Seth Rogen and Busta Rhymes were filming a music video and a film respectively, on the Sony lot, and Antmen attacked from the center of the earth."[5] The film is also based on Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse, a short film created by Goldberg and Jason Stone in 2007.[6]

text: In an interview with The Guardian, Goldberg commented on influences contributing to the film, "If you drilled down to the core of what I do, it's just ripping off little bits of Charlie Kaufman. Seth and I always loved The Larry Sanders Show too. And the popularity of reality television now also feeds into that idea of whether what we're watching is actually real. We thought working with our friends in that situation would be awesome because they're all comedians willing to take stabs at themselves."[7] The actors play exaggerated versions of themselves, with only James Franco having no objections to doing what the script wanted him to do.[8]

text: While set in Los Angeles, principal photography was in New Orleans due to financial incentives from that city. Filming rolled from February to early July 2012.[9] Modus FX made 240 visual effects for the film, including natural disasters, set extensions for the house, computer-generated demons, and the Rapture beams.[10] After filming wrapped, Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending; they considered putting Morgan Freeman in Heaven, but he declined.[11] Since "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" already played in a scene and the directors wanted to close on an over-the-top note, the directors decided to feature the Backstreet Boys in the scene instead.[12]

text: During production, the film was titled The Apocalypse, later changed to The End of the World.[6][13] The name changed to This Is the End on December 20, 2012, upon the release of its first trailer and poster.[14][15] This was done at the request of Rogen's Paul co-star Simon Pegg, who wrote to Rogen in concern that The End of the World was too similar a title to his comedy film The World's End, also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast. As The World's End was the name of a key location in that film, Pegg worried he could not change the name of his film.[16]

text: On April 1, 2013, Sony released an April Fools' Day trailer for Pineapple Express 2, which was in fact a teaser trailer for This Is the End.[17] According to Rogen and Goldberg, however, the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
This Is the End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
June 11, 2013

Recorded
2013

Genre
Film soundtrack

Length
48:43

Label
RCA

text: This Is the End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack of the film. It was released on June 11, 2013[19][20] by RCA Records.

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Take Yo Panties Off"
Snoop Dogg & Craig Robinson
5:06

2.
"Step Into a World (Rapture's Delight)"
KRS-One
4:50

3.
"Tipsy (Club Mix)"
J-Kwon
4:05

4.
"A Joyful Process"
Funkadelic
6:17

5.
"Love in the Old Days"
Daddy
4:18

6.
"When the Shit Goes Down"
Cypress Hill
3:11

7.
"Watchu Want"
Belief & Karniege
2:57

8.
"Easy Fix"
K.Flay
3:36

9.
"Spirit in the Sky"
Norman Greenbaum
3:58

10.
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)"
Backstreet Boys
3:45

11.
"Please Save My Soul"
Church Friends Choir featuring Pamela Landrum
2:07

12.
"I Will Always Love You"
Whitney Houston
4:33

Total length:
48:43

text:
"Gangnam Style" by Psy
"Rapture" by Blondie
"Hole in the Earth" by Deftones
"Disco 2000" by Pulp
"Spiteful Intervention" by Of Montreal
"Paper Planes" by M.I.A.
"End of the Beginning" and "War Pigs" by Black Sabbath
"The Next Episode" by Dr. Dre.

text: Score[edit]

text: The score by Henry Jackman,[21] with additional material by Dominic Lewis and Matthew Margeson and conducted by Nick Glennie-Smith, was not officially released on its own, not even as bonus tracks on the CD or digital releases on RCA's album. Despite that, a promotional album for the score does exist, according to Soundtrack.net.[22]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Rapture on Melrose"
1:47

2.
"Hills on Fire/The Sinkhole"
3:36

3.
"Foreboding News Report"
0:22

4.
"Can't Sleep"
0:43

5.
"Head Guy"
0:30

6.
"The Sinkhole Remains"
0:35

7.
"This Shit is Biblical"
0:58

8.
"Boredom Montage"
0:36

9.
"Emma Returns"
0:15

10.
"Drawing Matches Part 1"
0:42

11.
"Craig Gets the Water"
1:37

12.
"Creepy Basement Memorabilia"
0:25

13.
"The Devil Rapes Zac"
1:17

14.
"Drawing Matches Part 2"
1:05

15.
"Jay & Craig Go Outside"
1:22

16.
"Something's Wrong with Jonah"
0:37

17.
"Jonah is Possessed"
0:35

18.
"Demonic Chase Sequence"
4:01

19.
"Lights Out, Jay's Got a Plan"
0:22

20.
"The Exorcism of Jonah Hill"
0:37

21.
"Fire Chase"
1:12

22.
"Craig's Last Stand"
2:15

23.
"Franco's Demise"
1:31

24.
"The Rapture of Seth & Jay"
2:25

Total length:
29:30

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: This Is the End grossed $101.5 million in the United States and Canada and $24.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $126 million, against a production budget of $32 million.[2] It made a net profit of $50 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[23]

text: The film was released in North America on June 14, 2013, alongside Man of Steel, and was projected to open to around $12 million from 3,055 theaters.[24] The film made $7.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $20.7 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $33 million), finishing second at the box office behind Man of Steel ($116.6 million).[25] In its second weekend it grossed $13.3 million, dropping to 4th.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This Is the End met with positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 83% based on 212 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Energetic, self-deprecating performances and enough guffaw-inducing humor make up for the flaws in This Is the End's loosely written script."[27] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 67 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[28] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[29]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a letter grade of "A", saying, "You could sit through a year's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that's genuinely knock-your-socks-off audacious. But This Is the End . . truly is. It's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest, the most fearlessly inspired and the snort-out-loud funniest."[30] Brian D. Johnson of Maclean's wrote, "There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco's house. For one thing, his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and zombies. That's the screwball scenario of This Is the End...The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody. But with perfect timing, it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex: the apoca-blockbuster."[31] At the other end of the spectrum, Canada's The Globe and Mail compared the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus, giving it one and a half stars out of five. The critic referred to the actors in the film as "the lazy, the privileged and the mirthless".[32]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 1, 2013.[33] It was the last movie to be officially rented by Blockbuster Video before they went out of business at 11 p.m. on November 9, 2013.[34]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: When asked whether a sequel to the film was probable, director and co-writer Evan Goldberg said, "If you ask me, I'd say there's a pretty good chance of a sequel. If you ask Seth Rogen, he'd say no." In June 2013, Goldberg announced ideas for a sequel in which the apocalypse occurs at the premiere of This Is the End. "Seth's a cokehead in this version, Michael Cera is a calm dude with a boyfriend, Rihanna and The Backstreet Boys are back," Goldberg said in an interview. "We have a lot of ideas: a heaven and hell, for example, and a garden of Eden version where Danny [McBride] is Adam."[35] Despite this, Goldberg has stated it would be difficult to re-create the casting conditions from the first film due to different schedules, believing them to be a stroke of luck, saying, "I honestly don't know if we could get the guys together [again]." In May 2014, Seth Rogen posted a status on Twitter saying, "I don't think we'll make a sequel to This Is the End, but if we did, it would be called No, THIS Is the End.[36]

text: Attraction[edit]

text: This Is The End was adapted into a 3D maze entitled This Is The End: 3D at Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2015. The maze served as the event's first comedy-horror based attraction.[37]


document_title: Kuroshio Current

question_text: kuroshi is a warm ocean current which runs from

root

text: Kuroshio Current

text: Physical properties[edit]

text: It begins off the east coast of Luzon, Philippines, Taiwan and flows northeastward past Japan, where it merges with the easterly drift of the North Pacific Current. It is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, transporting warm, tropical water northward toward the polar region. It is sometimes known as the Black Stream — the English translation of kuroshio and an allusion to the deep blue of its water — and also as the "Japan Current" (日本海流, Nihon Kairyū).

tag: p

text: The path of Kuroshio south of Japan is reported every day.[1] Its counterparts are the North Pacific Current to the north, the California Current to the east, and the North Equatorial Current to the south. The warm waters of the Kuroshio Current sustain the coral reefs of Japan, the northernmost coral reefs in the world. The branch into the Sea of Japan is called Tsushima Current (対馬海流, Tsushima Kairyū).

text: Biological properties[edit]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Western boundary currents transport organisms long distances rapidly and a variety of commercially important marine organisms migrate in these currents in the course of completing their lives.[2] Subtropical gyres occupy a large fraction of the world's ocean and are more productive than originally thought. In addition, their fixation of carbon dioxide is an important factor in the global budget for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

text: Satellite images of the Kuroshio Current illustrate how the current path meanders and forms isolated rings or eddies on the order of 100 to 300 kilometres (60 to 190 mi). Eddies retain their unique form for several months and have their own biological characteristics that depend on where they form. If the eddies are formed between the current and coastline of Japan, they may impinge on the continental shelf; their high kinetic energy has the effect of drawing large volumes of water off the shelf on one side of the ring, while adding water to the other side. The eddies size and strength decline with distance from major ocean currents. The amount of energy decreases from the rings associated with the major currents and down to eddies remote from those currents. Cyclonic eddies have the potential to cause upwelling that would affect the global primary-production budget.[2] Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface resulting in an increase in productivity. The biological consequences for young fish populations that inhabit the shelf are quite large.

text: Production[edit]

text: Impact of eddies[edit]

text: The Kuroshio is a warm current—24 °C (75 °F) annual average sea-surface temperature—about 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide and produces frequent small to meso-scale eddies. The Kuroshio Current is ranked as a moderately high productivity ecosystem—with primary production of 150 to 300 grams (5 to 11 oz)—of carbon per square meter per year—based on SeaWiFS global primary productivity estimates. The coastal areas are highly productive and the maximum chlorophyll value is found around 100 metres (330 ft) depth.[3]

text: There are indications that eddies contribute to the preservation and survival of fish larvae transported by the Kuroshio.[4] Plankton biomass fluctuates yearly and is typically highest in the eddy area of the Kuroshio’s edge. Warm-core rings are not known for having high productivity. However, the biology of the warm-core rings from the Kuroshio Current show results of productivity equally distributed throughout for a couple of reasons. One is upwelling at the periphery; the other is the convective mixing caused by the cooling of surface water as the ring moves north of the current. The thermostad is the deep mixed layer that has discrete boundaries and uniform temperature. Within this layer, nutrient-rich water is brought to the surface, which generates a burst of primary production. Given that the water in the core of a ring has a different temperature regime than the shelf waters, there are times when a warm-core ring is undergoing its spring bloom while the surrounding shelf waters are not.[2]

text: There are many complex interactions with the warm-core ring and thus lifetime productivity is not very different from the surrounding shelf water. A study in 1998[2] found that the primary productivity within a warm-core ring was almost the same as in the cold jet outside it, with evidence of upwelling of nutrients within the ring. In addition, there was discovery of dense populations of phytoplankton at the nutricline in a ring, presumably supported by upward mixing of nutrients.[2] Furthermore, there have been acoustic studies in the warm-core ring, which showed intense sound scattering from zooplankton and fish populations in the ring and very sparse acoustic signals outside of it.

text: Copepods have been used as indicator-species of water masses. It has been suggested that copepods have been transported from the Kuroshio Current into southwest Taiwan through the Luzon Strait.[5] The Kuroshio intrusion through the Luzon Strait and further into the South China Sea may explain why copepods show a very high diversity in adjacent waters of the intrusion areas. The Kuroshio Current intrusion has a major influence on C. sinicus and E. concinna, which are two copepod species with higher index values for winter and originate from the East China Sea. During the southwestern monsoon, the South China Sea Surface Current moves northward during the summer toward the Kuroshio Current. As a result of this water circulation, the zooplankton communities in the boundary waters are unique and diverse.[5]

text: Fish[edit]

text: The biomass of fish stocks depends on the biomass of lower trophic levels, primary production and on oceanic and atmospheric conditions.[4] In the Kuroshio-Oyashio region, the fish catches depend on oceanographic conditions, such as the Oyashio’s southward intrusion and the Kuroshio’s large meander south of Honshu. The Oyashio Current contains subarctic water that is much colder and fresher than the resident water east of Honshu. Thus, the fish intrusion affects recruitment, biomass, and catch of species such as pollock, sardine, and anchovy. When the Oyashio is well developed and protrudes southward, the cold waters are favorable for sardine production. The Kuroshio large meander development correlates with sardine recruitment and catch due to the proximity of the Kuroshio meander to the southern spawning grounds of sardine.[4]

text: Squid[edit]

text: The Japanese squid Todarodes pacificus has three stocks that breed in winter, summer, and autumn. The winter spawning group is associated with the Kuroshio Current. After spawning in January to April in the East China Sea, the larvae and juveniles travel north with the Kuroshio Current. They are turned inshore and are caught between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido during the summer. The summer spawning is in another part of the East China Sea, from which the larvae are entrained into the Tsushima current that flows north between the islands of Japan and the mainland. Afterward, the current meets a southward flowing cold coastal current, the Liman Current, and the summer-spawned squid are fished along the boundary between the two.[2] This illustrates the use of these western boundary currents as a rapid transport that enable the eggs and larvae to develop during winter in warm water, while the adults travel with minimum energy expenditure to exploit the rich northern feeding grounds.[2] Studies have reported that annual catches in Japan have gradually increased since the late 1980s and it has been proposed that changing environmental conditions have caused the autumn and winter spawning areas in the Tsushima Strait and near the Goto Islands to overlap.[6] In addition, winter spawning sites over the continental shelf and slope in the East China Sea are expanding.[2]


question_text: who wrote declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen

text: History[edit]

text: The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment.[5] The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson.[6][7] In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]

text: The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 26 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau[clarify],[9][10] led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé. The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted.[11]

text: Philosophical and theoretical context[edit]

text: The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).

text: The declaration is in the spirit of "secular natural law", which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority, in contrast with traditional natural law theory, which does.[12]

text: The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good."[13] They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, government should be carried on by elected representatives.[12]

text: At the time of writing, the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men. Furthermore, the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality. The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time. The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution. It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion. The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future.[14]

text: Substance[edit]

text: The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being "natural, unalienable and sacred" and consisting of "simple and incontestable principles" on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all "Men", and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed.[15]

text: The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, "All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents," eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.[16]

text: Articles:

text: Article I – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good.

text: Article II – The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.

text: Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.

text: Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.

text: Article V – The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.

text: Article VI – The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.

text: Article VII – No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders, must be punished; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once; he renders himself culpable by resistance.

text: Article VIII – The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary, and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied.

text: Article IX – Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him, any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law.

text: Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.

text: Article XI – The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law.

text: Article XII – The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted.

text: Article XIII – For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay.

text: Article XIV – Each citizen has the right to ascertain, by himself or through his representatives, the need for a public tax, to consent to it freely, to know the uses to which it is put, and of determining the proportion, basis, collection, and duration.

text: Article XV – The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration.

text: Article XVI – Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no Constitution.

text: Article XVII – Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of private usage, if it is not when the public necessity, legally noted, evidently requires it, and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity.

text: Active and passive citizenship[edit]

text: While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population, there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not. Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens. Active citizenship was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days work, and could not be defined as servants (Thouret).[17] This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights.[18] The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions.[19] This distinction directly affects articles 6, 12, 14, and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government. With the decree of 29 October 1789, the term active citizen became embedded in French politics.[20]

text: The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Because of the requirements set down for active citizens, the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen[20] out of a population of around 29 million.[21] These omitted groups included women, slaves, children, and foreigners. As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly, they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic (1792–1804).[19] This legislation, passed in 1789, was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen.[22] The power to vote was then, however, to be granted solely to substantial property owners.[22]

text: Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution. This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights, or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens. This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences.[23] In the cartoon, a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work. The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place.

text: Women, in particular, were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution. Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality.[24] By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women, she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen. Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution. She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles; "inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events."[25] By working with men, as opposed to working separate from men, she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women. As players in the French Revolution, women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs, allowing them societal influence, despite their lack of direct political influence.[26]

text: Women's rights[edit]

text: The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens (who could only be male). This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, women presented the Women's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights.[27] In 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women.[28] Condorcet declared that "he who votes against the right of another, whatever the religion, color, or sex of that other, has henceforth abjured his own".[29] The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791.[30]

text: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that:

text: “This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights, they have lost in society”.

text: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as "almost a parody... of the original document". The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility." The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied: "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility".

text: De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights, declaring "Women have the right to mount the scaffold, they must also have the right to mount the speaker's rostrum".[31]

text: Slavery[edit]

text: The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery, as lobbied for by Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac.[32] Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration, slave uprisings in Saint-Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words, as discussed in C. L. R. James' history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins.[33]

text: Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint-Domingue, the most profitable slave colony in the world, led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World. Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794. However, Napoleon reinstated it in 1802. In 1804, the colony of Saint-Domingue became an independent state, the Republic of Haiti.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights-based liberal democracy throughout the world. It was translated as soon as 1793–1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño, who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so. In 2003, the document was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register.

text: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic[edit]

text: According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic (adopted on 4 October 1958, and the current constitution), the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value. Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ("Constitutional Council of France") or by the Conseil d'État ("Council of State").

text:
Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional.
Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would, by birth, enjoy greater rights.

tag: ul


document_title: Arya Stark

question_text: who gets arya out of king's landing

question_tokens: who gets arya out of king 's landing

text: Arya Stark

text: Character[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Arya is the third child and younger daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark, and is nine years old at the beginning of the book series. She has four siblings: an older brother, Robb, two younger brothers Bran and Rickon, and an older sister, Sansa. She also grows very close to her bastard half-brother Jon Snow, who resembles her in looks and is also regarded socially as an outcast.

text: Description[edit]

text: Arya is left-handed and talented in sums and housekeeping, and is excellent at horse-riding. In contrast to her more praised sister Sansa, who favors activities traditionally befitting a noblewoman and expresses disdain for outdoor activities, Arya shows no interest in dancing, singing and sewing, and revels in fighting and exploring, much to the chagrin of her mother and household tutor Septa Mordane. She is described as "wolf-blooded", blunt, impulsive and "always difficult to tame" by her mother, and was given the nickname "Arya Underfoot" by the guards of Winterfell. She is particularly close to her bastard half-brother Jon Snow, who encourages her to learn how to fight and gives her the smallsword Needle.[7] The sword is well suited to Arya's slender build and her favored "Water Dance" (fencing) style which emphasizes speed and agility with a thin, light rapier used in quick thrusting attacks. Throughout her travels, Arya displays great resourcefulness and cunning, and also becomes increasingly ruthless.

text: Arya is the only one out of her full-siblings to inherit the Stark features and is said to resemble her late aunt Lyanna in both looks and temperament.[8] At the start of the series, she is generally regarded as messy and plain-looking, and often mistaken for a boy; but there are multiple instances in the books of her (favorable) comparison to the beautiful Lyanna,[8] and catching the eye of men later on in the series. She is also a skinchanger, capable of telepathically possessing her direwolf Nymeria in dreams, as well as psychically bonding with a street cat in Braavos.[9]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: Arya is in love with her adopted direwolf cub, which she names Nymeria after a legendary warrior queen. She travels with her father, Eddard, to King's Landing when he is made Hand of the King. Before she leaves, her half-brother Jon Snow has a smallsword made for her as a parting gift, which she names "Needle" after her least favorite ladylike activity.

text: While taking a walk together, Prince Joffrey and her sister Sansa happen upon Arya and her friend, the low-born butcher apprentice Mycah, sparring in the woods with broomsticks. Arya defends Mycah from Joffrey's torments and her direwolf Nymeria helps Arya fight off Joffrey, wounding his arm in the process. Knowing that Nymeria will likely be killed in retribution, Arya chases her wolf away;[10] but Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed in Nymeria's stead and Mycah is hunted down and killed by Sandor Clegane, Joffrey's bodyguard.[11]

text: In King's Landing, her father discovers Arya's possession of Needle, but instead of confiscating it he arranges for fencing lessons under the Braavosi swordsmaster Syrio Forel, who teaches her the style of fighting known as "water dancing". After her father's arrest, Syrio is killed protecting her and Arya narrowly escapes capture. She later witnesses the public execution of her father before falling under the protection of the Night's Watch recruiter Yoren.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Arya escapes King's Landing with Yoren and his party of recruits; and on the road, she clashes with the other Night's Watch child recruits Lommy, Gendry, and Hot Pie but eventually befriends them.[12] On the way, the party is attacked by Amory Lorch when Yoren refuses to yield Gendry, who is actually a bastard son of the late King Robert, to the Lannisters. The Night's Watch convoy is overrun and massacred, but Arya and the other children escape through a tunnel. Before escaping, she rescues three prisoners locked in a wagon cage, among them a mysterious man named Jaqen H'ghar.[13]

text: Arya and her friends are later captured by Ser Gregor Clegane and taken to Harrenhal as slave laborers.[14] After witnessing the torture death of her fellow prisoners, Arya begins nightly reciting the names of the people upon whom she wishes to exact revenge. At Harrenhal she re-encounters Jaqen, now under the employ of the Lannisters, who offers to kill for her any three people she names;[15] whereupon she names two people who hurt her at Harrenhal. When Jaqen asks her to name the last target, Arya extorts him to help her free northern prisoners by naming Jaqen himself as the third person. In order to get Arya to retract the name, Jaqen stages a massive prison riot that overwhelms the Lannister garrison. Afterwards, Jaqen offers to take Arya with him, but Arya expresses wish to go home, so he gives Arya a strange Braavosi iron coin to ensure her induction into his guild, the Faceless Men, and tells her to remember the passphrase "Valar Morghulis" ("All men must die" in High Valyrian) before leaving. The next morning, Roose Bolton captures the castle, and Arya becomes his personal cupbearer. Eventually, Arya escapes Harrenhal with her friends Gendry and Hot Pie after killing a guard.[16]

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: While Arya and her companions are making their way north, she begins dreaming of her lost direwolf, Nymeria.[9] Later, she and her companions are discovered by the guerrilla group, the Brotherhood Without Banners, and is recognized as Arya Stark.[17] At the Brotherhood's secret base, Arya encounters Sandor Clegane, where she accuses him of Mycah's murder; but the Hound survives a trial by combat and is released.[18]

text: Arya eventually escapes the Brotherhood alone, but is captured by the Hound,[19] who plans to return her to her family for a ransom.[20] They reach the Twins just as her brother and mother are killed during the Red Wedding, and Sandor knocks her unconscious to prevent her from being killed.[21] That night, Arya skinchanges into Nymeria during sleep and pulls her mother's corpse out of the river for the Brotherhood to find. Later, Sandor plans to ransom her to her aunt Lysa at the Vale, but is unable to proceed due to the weather. Sandor decides to instead take her to her great-uncle Brynden Tully. On their way to Riverrun, they encounter two men on Arya's death list, Tickler and Polliver, who were both Gregor Clegane's men-at-arms at Harrenhal. In the ensuing fight, Arya personally stabs Tickler to death and reclaims her sword Needle from Polliver's corpse, but Sandor is severely injured. When Sandor becomes gravely ill from his wounds, Arya refuses to give him the gift of mercy and abandons him to die under a tree by the Trident river. She travels to the port town Saltpan and gains passage to Braavos on a merchant galleass, Titan's Daughter, by presenting the ship's captain with the iron coin that Jaqen gave her along with the Valyrian phrase "Valar Morghulis."[22]

text: A Feast for Crows[edit]

text: Arriving in Braavos, Arya makes her way to the headquarters of the Faceless Men, the House of Black and White,[23] where she is initiated into the guild by a priest in charge, whom she calls "the Kindly Man". The Kindly Man demands her to dispose of all her past possessions, and she complies by throwing in the river but still secretly hides her sword Needle, which is the one thing reminding of her sweet childhood memories. For her training, Arya adopts the identity of "Cat of the Canal", a street child who helps selling seafood, and continues having increasing more frequent and vivid wolf-dreams, which further prevents her from discarding her old identity.[24] During her training, she briefly meets Samwell Tarly and later vigilantely murders the Night's Watch deserter Dareon.[25] After admitting her unauthorized killing to her mentor, she is given a milk potion to drink; the next morning, she wakes up blind.[26]

text: A Dance with Dragons[edit]

text: Arya remains blind in the service of the House of Black and White for half a year. She continues to dream through the eyes of her direwolf, Nymeria, but speaks of it to no one. While she is blind, Arya wanders the streets of Braavos under the identity of "Beth", a blind beggar girl, and becomes better at sensing without her eyes, as well as lying and detecting the lies of others.[27]

text: After skinchanging into a stray tomcat that followed her back to the temple, Arya is able to identify the Kindly Man as the person who sneak-attacks her with a stick every night and later surprise-hits him. For this achievement she passes the test and regains her vision,[27] and is given her first assassination assignment. When she successfully poisons a crooked insurance salesman without rousing any suspicion or collateral damage, the Kindly Man gives Arya an acolyte's robe and assigns her to begin her first apprenticeship inserted within a theatrical group.[28]

text: Family tree of House Stark[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Descendants of Rickard Stark

Rickard[a]

Lyarra[b]

Brandon[a]

Catelyn
Tully[c]

Eddard[a]

Lyanna[a][d]

Benjen[a]

Robb[c]

Jeyne
Westerling[e]

Sansa[c]

Tyrion
Lannister[f]

Arya[c]

Brandon[c]

Rickon[c]

Jon
Snow[c][d]

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 4: Eddard". A Game of Thrones. pp. 36–45. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Stark Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Martin. "Appendix: House Stark". A Game of Thrones. pp. 785–786.
^ Jump up to: a b In the TV series Game of Thrones, Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 14: Catelyn". A Storm of Swords. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 28: Sansa". A Storm of Swords. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.

text: Television series[edit]

text: Arya Stark is played by British actress Maisie Williams in the television adaption of the book series, this being Williams' first role as an actress.[29]

text: First season[edit]

text: Arya accompanies her father Ned and her sister Sansa to King's Landing. Before their departure, Arya's half-brother Jon Snow gifts Arya a sword which she dubs "Needle". On the Kingsroad, Arya is sparring with a butcher's boy, Mycah, when Sansa's betrothed Prince Joffrey Baratheon attacks Mycah, prompting Arya's direwolf Nymeria to bite Joffrey. Arya shoos Nymeria away so she is not killed, but is furious when Sansa later refuses to support her version of events. Mycah is later killed by Joffrey's bodyguard Sandor "The Hound" Clegane, earning him Arya's hatred. Ned arranges for Arya to have sword lessons with the Braavosi Syrio Forel, who later defends her from Ser Meryn Trant after Joffrey ascends to the throne and kills the Stark household. Arya flees the Red Keep, accidentally killing a stable boy in her escape, hiding out as a beggar in the streets of King's Landing. Ned is eventually taken to the Great Sept of Baelor to face judgment; he spots Arya in the crowd, and alerts the Night's Watch recruiter Yoren to her presence. Yoren prevents Arya from witnessing Ned's execution and has her pose as a boy as she joins Yoren's recruits on the march north.

text: Second season[edit]

text: The recruits are attacked by Lannister soldiers under Ser Amory Lorch, who have been ordered by Cersei Lannister to kill Robert Baratheon's bastard Gendry, who is part of the party. Needle is confiscated by a soldier, Polliver, who then uses it to kill Arya's friend Lommy Greenhands (who Arya later claims is Gendry). The recruits are taken to Harrenhal, where Tywin Lannister recognises her as a girl and takes her as his cupbearer. Jaqen offers to kill three people for Arya as reward for saving his life and those of his cellmates during the attack; Arya picks Harrenhal's torturer The Tickler and Ser Amory. When Arya is unable to have Tywin killed before his departure, she has Jaqen help her, Gendry and her friend Hot Pie escape. Jaqen offers to take Arya to Braavos to join the Faceless Men assassin guild, and although she declines he gives her an iron coin that will allow her to obtain passage to Braavos.

text: Third season[edit]

text: Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie encounter Thoros of Myr, a Red Priest who is a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners, a group of men sent by Ned to restore order in the Riverlands. As Thoros takes them to the Brotherhood's hideout they encounter the Hound, a captive of other Brotherhood men. The Hound is brought before the Brotherhood's leader, Ser Beric Dondarrion, and after Arya accuses him of Mycah's murder Beric sentences him to trial by combat. The Hound wins, to Arya's fury, and is released by Dondarrion. Arya is further enraged when the Brotherhood sells Gendry to Melisandre and escapes the Brotherhood. She is captured by the Hound, who intends to take her to The Twins to ransom her to her brother Robb. However, as they arrive the Freys betray the Starks and slaughter their forces, with Arya barely escaping the massacre. In the aftermath of their escape, Arya encounters a Frey soldier bragging about his role in desecrating Robb's corpse. Arya stabs the soldier to death, marking the first time she has deliberately killed another person.

text: Fourth season[edit]

text: Arya and the Hound encounter Polliver in a tavern; Arya reclaims Needle and uses it to kill Polliver to avenge Lommy. They also encounter Rorge and Biter, Jaqen's fellow prisoners, and Arya kills Rorge after recalling he had threatened to rape her. The Hound takes Arya to the Vale to ransom her to her aunt Lysa Arryn, only to be turned away at the Bloody Gate when they are informed that Lysa has apparently committed suicide. Returning from the Bloody Gate, they are approached by Brienne of Tarth, who had sworn to Catelyn Stark to take Arya to safety. Distrusting Brienne's allegiances, the Hound attempts to kill her but is severely beaten and is seemingly mortally wounded. Arya manages to hide from Brienne in the confusion, and after Brienne leaves Arya takes the Hound's silver, leaving him to die. She then encounters a Braavosi captain, who offers her passage to Braavos after she gives him the iron coin.

text: Fifth season[edit]

text: Arya arrives in Braavos and is accepted into the House of Black and White by a man who wears Jaqen H'ghar's face. After impressing Jaqen with her ability to lie undetected by convincing a terminally ill girl to drink poison, she is given the assignment of assassinating a corrupt insurance salesman. However, she is distracted from her mission by the arrival in Braavos of Ser Meryn Trant. Assuming the identity of the girl she had poisoned, Arya disguises herself as a prostitute and infiltrates a brothel, where she kills Meryn. However, when she returns to the House of Black and White she is caught by Jaqen, who chides that Arya has not dissociated from her identity and that as a result wearing another person's face will poison her. Arya is subsequently struck blind.

text: Sixth season[edit]

text: Arya is forced to beg on the streets of Braavos, with her fellow acolyte the Waif arriving daily to attack her. Eventually, Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and restores her vision. She is tasked to assassinate an actress named Lady Crane, but Arya has a change of heart at the last minute, instead warning Lady Crane of the attempt on her life. The Waif witnesses this disobedience, and is given permission by Jaqen to kill Arya. Aware that she is now in danger, Arya retrieves her sword Needle from its hiding place and arranges for passage out of Braavos, but is stabbed by the Waif and barely escapes. Lady Crane nurses her back to health, but the Waif reappears, kills Lady Crane and pursues a recovering Arya. Arya leads the Waif to her quarters underneath Braavos and extinguishes the only candle in the room, her experience fighting blind ultimately giving her the advantage and allowing her to kill the Waif. She removes the Waif's face and adds it to the Hall of Faces before telling an impressed Jaqen that she is Arya Stark, and returns to Westeros.

text: Arya travels to the Twins, assuming the identity of a servant girl. She kills Lord Walder Frey's sons, Black Walder Rivers and Lothar Frey, before cooking them in a pie that she serves to Walder Frey. After revealing her subterfuge and her true identity to Walder, she cuts his throat, avenging Robb and Catelyn.

text: Seventh season[edit]

text: Taking the face of Walder Frey, Arya gathers the men of House Frey for a feast before killing them all with poisoned wine. Arya then journeys south, intending to travel to King's Landing to assassinate Cersei (now Queen of the Seven Kingdoms following the extinction of House Baratheon). However, Arya changes her mind after learning from Hot Pie that Jon has ousted House Bolton from Winterfell and has been crowned King in the North, and decides to return to her ancestral home. Along the way she encounters a wolf pack led by her long-lost direwolf Nymeria. Nymeria recognizes Arya, but she has grown feral and ignores Arya when she asks her to come North with her.

text: Arriving at Winterfell, Arya finds that Jon has traveled to Dragonstone but is reunited with Sansa and Bran, the latter of whom reveals his knowledge of Arya's kill list through greenseeing and presents her with a Valyrian steel dagger, which had been given to him by Littlefinger. Arya is also reunited with Brienne, who continues to serve the Starks, and manages to equal the female warrior during sparring despite her smaller size.

text: Littlefinger seeks to increase his influence on Sansa by driving a wedge between the Stark sisters. To this end, he allows Arya to witness him receiving a confidential message obtained from Maester Luwin's records. Arya breaks into Littlefinger's quarters to steal the message, which is a plea sent by Sansa following Ned's imprisonment to Robb imploring him to bend the knee to Joffrey. Arya, outraged, confronts Sansa, and is unconvinced by her explanation that she did so to try and save Ned's life. Later, Arya catches Sansa looking at her collection of faces, and threatens Sansa before leaving. Sansa summons Arya to the great hall and begins an accusation of treason and murder; however, the accusation is directed towards Littlefinger, whose crimes have been discovered by Bran's greenseeing. Despite Littlefinger's pleas for mercy, Arya cuts his throat. The Stark sisters resolve their differences, and acknowledge that the Starks must stay together to survive winter.

text: Recognition and awards[edit]

text: Maisie Williams has received several award nominations for her portrayal of Arya. For her performance in the series she received two Portal Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Young Actor in 2012,[30] an EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014,[31] and a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series in 2015.[32]

text: Williams was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016.[33] Other nominations include the Portal Award for Best Young Actor in 2011,[34] the SFX Awards for Best Actress in 2012 and 2015,[35][36] the Gold Derby TV Awards for Breakthrough Performer of the Year in 2012,[37] the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series by a Supporting Young Actress in 2013,[38] the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015,[39] and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series in 2016.[40]


document_title: Jenna Lee

question_text: where did jenna lee from fox news go

question_tokens: where did jenna lee from fox news go

text: Jenna Lee

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Lee, a San Francisco native, was born to Janice and Bob Lee, a former National Football League quarterback.[3] Her brother, Zac Lee, was also a professional quarterback.[4][5] Lee's grandfather, Paul Kern Lee, was a war correspondent for the Associated Press in San Francisco.[6]

text: Lee attended college at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she played collegiate softball for the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos during the 1999 season.[7] She graduated in 2002 with a B.A. in English and global studies.[8] She later attended Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, graduating in 2005 with a master's degree.[9]

text: Career[edit]

text: Career beginnings[edit]

text: After graduating from UC Santa Barbara, Lee worked from 2002 to 2004 at Marina Times, a San Francisco community newspaper, as a freelance reporter on her spare time.[8] Later, she enrolled at Columbia University, where she worked at NY1 and did freelance writing for Forbes.com.[8] She left NY1 and joined Forbes full-time.[8]

text: While at Forbes, Lee tried to orchestrate a permanent move in front of the camera.[10] Using some on-camera work she compiled from her time at Forbes, she was hired by Fox Business Network.[10]

text: Fox Business Network[edit]

text: Lee was hired by FOX News Chairman & CEO Roger Ailes in 2007.[11] With Nicole Petallides, the duo were the original anchors of Fox Business Morning on Fox Business Network when the channel made its debut on October 15, 2007.[12][8]

text: FOX later added Lee as a contributor to Money for Breakfast and as an anchor to the web-only FoxBusiness.com Live Morning Edition, which launched in February 2009.[8][10][13] Upon the cancellation of Money for Breakfast in December 2009, Lee gained a role on Imus in the Morning, the show that took its time slot.[14]

text: The last airing of Fox Business Morning was in May 2010, after which it was replaced by Best of Imus as the lead-in to Imus in the Morning.[15]

text: Transition to Fox News Channel[edit]

text: Lee left Fox Business Network in July 2010 and joined Fox News Channel, where she replaced Jane Skinner as Jon Scott's co-anchor on Happening Now.[16][17][11] She was the first personality to go from Fox Business Network to Fox News Channel.[16][11]

text: On June 2, 2017, Lee announced on Happening Now that she was leaving Fox News immediately to pursue other projects and opportunities.

text: In the media[edit]

text: Lee appeared in the October 2009 edition of Cosmopolitan with an accompanying photo spread detailing her wardrobe strategy.[18][19][20]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: On July 3, 2011, Lee married Lieutenant Commander Leif Babin, a former Navy SEAL officer, in Wimberley, Texas.[21] Babin, a recipient of a Silver Star, a Bronze Star, and a Purple Heart for service in Anbar Province, Iraq, in 2006, is the son of US Congressman Brian Babin.[21] The couple met at the 2008 Navy SEAL Warrior Fund dinner held in the Waldorf Astoria New York.[21]

text: Lee and Babin have two children, Brian Marc Babin and Liberty Josephine Babin.[22][23][24] Through social media she announced she now lives in Texas.[citation needed]


document_title: Top of the Lake

question_text: where is bbc top of the lake filmed

question_tokens: where is bbc top of the lake filmed

text: Top of the Lake

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Elisabeth Moss as Robin Griffin, a Sydney detective specialising in sexual assault who is visiting her remote New Zealand hometown of Laketop, agrees to investigate the pregnancy and disappearance of a local 12-year-old girl, Tui Mitcham. Her ability to empathise with Tui's circumstances is based on a horrific event during her own teenage years.
David Wenham as Al Parker, an old-school and well-liked detective sergeant, based in Queenstown, who also manages a café where young offenders are given a second chance.
Peter Mullan as Matt Mitcham, a Scotsman and head of the Mitcham family. The informal leader of the town, feared by the townspeople, but with a complex inner life.
Tom Wright as Johnno Mitcham, Matt's estranged youngest son, and Robin's teenage sweetheart. He recently returned to Laketop after serving eight years in Bangkwang, a Thai prison, for drug possession.
Holly Hunter as GJ, an androgynous Swiss spiritual leader, arriving at Paradise with a group of troubled women, who hope GJ and Laketop will help them rediscover themselves.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Kip Chapman and Jay Ryan as Luke and Mark Mitcham, Matt's brute sons.
Jacqueline Joe as Tui Angel Mitcham, Matt's 12-year-old daughter who disappears after it is discovered that she is five months pregnant.
Robyn Nevin as Jude Griffin, Robin's mother, who is suffering from cancer.
Calvin Tuteao as Turangi, Jude's caring Māori boyfriend, who has a violent temper.

text:
Alison Bruce as Anne-Marie
Georgi Kay as Melissa
Lucy Lawless as Caroline Platt
Genevieve Lemon as Bunny
Robyn Malcolm as Anita
Griz Pomirska as "the Naked Lady"
Sarah Valentine as Prue
Skye Wansey as Grishina

text:
Ben Barrington as Terry
James Blake as Shotover
Byron Coll as Penguin
Cohen Holloway as Mike
Oscar Redding as Sarge
Edwin Wright as Scuzz

text:
Luke Buchanan as Jamie
Sam Dickson as Jase
Connor Olivia Moore as Kayla
Layne Opetaia as Daniel
Alice Ward as Gemma

text:
Stephen Lovatt as Officer Pete
Gavin Rutherford as Officer Joy
Madeleine Sami as Zena the secretary

text:
Edward Campbell as Putty, the "village idiot".
Lauren Dawes as Mandy, Johnno's girlfriend.
Erica Englert as Narelle, Matt's housekeeper.
Mirrah Foulkes as Simone, Jamie's mother.
Dra McKay as Delia, Tui's teacher.

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text:
Gwendoline Christie as Miranda Hilmarson, a 35-year-old Constable in the Sydney Police Force, who becomes Robin's partner.[5]
David Dencik as Alexander "Puss" Braun, a 42-year-old charismatic East German, who is associated with a brothel, known as Silk 41. He is also Mary's boyfriend. Puss's grooming of Mary frightens Robin, Pyke and Julia.[6]
Ewen Leslie as Pyke Edwards, a successful lawyer and Mary's adoptive father.[7]
Alice Englert as Mary Edwards, Robin's 17-year-old daughter, whom she gave up for adoption. She has begun to act out, due to the separation of her parents.[5]
Nicole Kidman as Julia Edwards, Mary's adoptive mother. She has recently become estranged from her husband and daughter, due to having an affair with a female teacher from Mary's school.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Top of the Lake[edit]

text: Actress Jennifer Ehle auditioned for the role of GJ, which went to Holly Hunter. Jane Campion originally offered the role of Robin to Anna Paquin, who had worked with her on The Piano (1993). Paquin declined due to her pregnancy, and the role went to Elisabeth Moss.[8]

text: The series was originally intended as a co-production with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. But after American-born Elisabeth Moss was cast, the network pulled their funding before production began, citing a prior agreement to put an Australian actress in the lead.[9] Australian-based channel UKTV, owned by BBC Worldwide, filled the funding gap left by the ABC.[10] Philippa Campbell was the New Zealand-based producer.

text: Filming took 18 weeks and was shot entirely on location in Queenstown and Glenorchy, in Otago, on the South Island of New Zealand. While Queenstown is referred to during the series, Glenorchy doubles as the fictitious town of Laketop. The scenes in the women's commune were filmed at Moke Lake.[8]

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text: In early 2013, co-creator Jane Campion said that Top of the Lake comes to a distinct ending, and there would be no additional series.[11] Despite this, it was announced in October 2014 that the series had been renewed for a second season.[12] China Girl began shooting on location in Sydney, Australia in December 2015.[13][14]

text: Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts.[15] Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl, which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman "plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin", played by Elisabeth Moss.[16] Christie, a fan of Campion's The Piano, joined the cast after sending a letter through a mutual friend.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Top of the Lake screened in its entirety at the January 2013 Sundance Film Festival, in a single seven-hour session with one intermission and a break for lunch. This was the first such screening in the history of the festival.[18] Top of the Lake was additionally shown at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival.

text: The US premiere was on the Sundance Channel on 18 March 2013,[19] in Australia on BBC UKTV on 24 March 2013,[20] and in New Zealand on 25 March, also on BBC UKTV.[21]

text: China Girl was screened in its entirety at the May 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[22] In the UK, it premiered on BBC Two on 27 July 2017, and the entire series was released on the BBC iPlayer immediately afterwards. [23] In the US, it premiered in September 2017, on Sundance TV,[24] and each episode will be available on Hulu the day after its screening on SundanceTV.[25] In Canada, China Girl will premiere on Wednesday, October 25, 2017, on CBC Television.[26]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Sundance episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Episode 1"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)

In the small town of Laketop, New Zealand, a young girl named Tui Mitcham is discovered standing chest-deep in the icy, glacial waters of the titular lake. Afterwards, a school nurse notices that the girl is pregnant. Robin Griffin, who grew up in the area, is now a police inspector in Sydney who specializes in cases involving children. While home visiting her sick mother, she agrees to interview Tui at the local police station.

2
2
"Episode 2"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)

Robin encounters two women from Paradise. They tell her Tui was with them the day before she disappeared but was gone in the morning. Robin organizes the local authorities to search for Tui. During the search, Robin walks into the lake and has a vision of Tui doing the same, the latter clenching her fists in the water.

3
3
"Episode 3"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
25 March 2013 (2013-03-25)

Matt Mitcham goes to Paradise and sits in on a session with GJ, the enigmatic leader of the camp. In a mocking tone, Matt asks the group about the human mind. GJ tells Matt that the human mind schemes. Later, Al meets Matt in the middle of the lake for a secret meeting.

4
4
"Episode 4"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
1 April 2013 (2013-04-01)

Robin has dinner at Al's ultramodern, immaculate, lakeside house. Robin tells Al she thinks Tui's note, that said "No One", meant there were multiple rapists. Al counsels Robin she is getting too involved in Tui's case, likely because of Robin's own history of having been gang raped, at age 15.

5
5
"Episode 5"
Jane Campion with Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
8 April 2013 (2013-04-08)

Robin asks Johnno what he wanted to tell her about the night she was raped. Johnno describes how he heard Robin screaming and he peed himself. He says he found a latch to get out of the dog cage in the back of the truck but was too afraid to persist in trying to stop the men from raping her.

6
6
"Episode 6"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)

Robin reveals to Johnno that she plans to make a case against Matt Mitcham, in hopes of encouraging Tui to come home. Robin shares that she caught Jamie attempting to take Tui with rohypnol, a "date rape" drug that Robin suspects Matt manufactures. Johnno warns Robin against bringing a case against Matt, as Matt's drug business provides much of the town with a livelihood.

7
7
"Episode 7"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)

Robin goes to work at the police station the next day and tells Al that Matt said he was her father. Matt, certain that Tui could not be pregnant, searches for and finds her with her newborn baby. As he is about to kill the baby, Tui appears and kills Matt. Robin discovers that Al has been pimping young boys and girls from the barista training, including Tui, to other men for sex.

text:
BBC episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[27] viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Paradise Sold"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
13 July 2013 (2013-07-13)
2.70

Tui's pregnancy is discovered, and the Paradise community moves in.

2
2
"Searchers Search"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
20 July 2013 (2013-07-20)
1.92

Robin's search for Tui begins.

3
3
"The Edge of the Universe"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
27 July 2013 (2013-07-27)
1.57

Robin makes a breakthrough. Over dinner at Al's place he warns her about her past being known.

4
4
"A Rainbow Above Us"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
3 August 2013 (2013-08-03)
1.32

Al dismisses Robin from the case. Her passionate affair with Johnno intensifies.

5
5
"The Dark Creator"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
10 August 2013 (2013-08-10)
1.50

Robin is back on the case. Matt gathers troops to hunt Tui down. Tui's friends celebrate her birthday in the mountains.

6
6
"No Goodbyes Thanks"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
17 August 2013 (2013-08-17)
1.72

Matt reveals his secret about Robin, and the investigation concludes.

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text:
BBC episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[28] viewers
(millions)

7
1
"China Girl"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
27 July 2017 (2017-07-27)
3.39

Robin tries to adjust back to life in Sydney while dealing with residual PTSD from shooting Al Parker, who has now filed a civil suit against her. She has also received a letter from her daughter, Mary, who is now 17 and, unbeknownst to Robin, is engaged to a 41 year old man, Alexander "Puss", who works and lives in a brothel. Meanwhile, a prostitute is thrown into a suitcase which is tossed into the ocean, and she washes up on Bondi Beach. Robin and her new co-worker, Miranda, are assigned to the case.

8
2
"The Loved One"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
3 August 2017 (2017-08-03)
2.38

A flashback reveals that Robin left Johnno on their wedding day because he was cheating on her. In the present, Robin is forced to team up with Miranda on the “China Girl” case. They learn that China Girl was pregnant at the time of her death. Robin finally works up the courage to contact Mary and is able to meet her for the first time. At the meeting Mary reveals she assumed that she was the product of rape, which Robin confirms.

9
3
"Surrogate"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
10 August 2017 (2017-08-10)
1.97

Robin gets a lead on the China girl case after potentially finding the biological parents she was a surrogate for. Pyke and Julia confront Mary’s boyfriend Puss with the fact that he is already married, causing a further rift between them and Mary. Robin’s mediation with Al does not go as planned when he assaults her before it begins.

10
4
"Birthday"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
17 August 2017 (2017-08-17)
1.92

Robin gets a lead on who China girl is via a John who was in love with her. Puss becomes more erratic and convinces Mary that she should begin work as a prostitute when she turns 18. She eventually agrees. Mary takes a group of the prostitutes to the beach with her, Pyke and Robin. Puss comes along and, after bringing up Robin's rape, attacks her by biting her in the face. Mary convinces her not to press charges.

11
5
"Who's Your Daddy"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24)[29]
N/A

Mary leaves the safety of Robin's home to reconnect with Puss, who learns from her that Robin is looking into the murder of Cinnamon. Brett is able to officially connect China Girl to Puss's brothel but becomes unhinged after seeing her corpse. After Miranda discloses a secret about her pregnancy, Robin is able to come closer to tying Cinnamon's disappearance to a surrogacy ring. Connected by concern over Mary and Puss, Robin and Pyke grow closer, much to Julia's annoyance.

12
6
"The Battle of the Mothers"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)[29]
N/A

Robin searches for Mary after Brett takes her hostage. Puss reveals to Robin the truth of what happened to Cinnamon and discloses the location of the missing surrogates.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews of Top of the Lake have been positive, referring to the series as "masterfully made", "beautiful", "mysterious", "riveting", and "a masterpiece".[30][31][32][33][34] It received a score of 86 out of 100 from Metacritic[35] and a score of 93 per cent from Rotten Tomatoes.[36]

text: There were also some less positive reviews. Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized the "elaborately introduced plotlines" and described Tui's disappearance as "less a story element than a metaphor for the kind of armed resistance to male hegemony that constitutes the central idea of Ms Campion’s body of work."[37]

text: Top of the Lake was lauded by feminist critics[38] for its explicit effort to analyse rape culture[39] as well as its radical construction of narratives entirely foregrounding the experiences of single women.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: AACTA Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series
Emile Sherman, Iain Canning, Jane Campion and Philippa Campbell
Won

Best Direction in a Drama or Comedy
Garth Davis for "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actor in a Television Drama
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama
Robyn Nevin
Nominated

Best Cinematography in Television
Adam Arkapaw for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Won

Best Sound in Television
Richard Flynn, Tony Vaccher, John Dennison, Craig Butters, Danny Longhurst and Blair Slater, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Won

Best Original Music Score in Television
Mark Bradshaw, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Production Design in Television
Fiona Crombie for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Costume Design in Television
Emily Seresin for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Editing in Television
Scott Gray for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

text: Critics' Choice Television Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2013
Best Movie/Miniseries
—
Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
David Wenham
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Thomas M. Wright
Nominated

text: Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2013
Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Miniseries or Movie

Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Jane Campion, Garth Davis
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Jane Campion, Gerard Lee
Nominated

Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie
Episode: "Part 1"
Won

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie
Episode: "Part 5"
Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Miniseries or Television Film
—
Nominated

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Elisabeth Moss
Won

text: Golden Nymph Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Miniseries
—
Won

Best Actor — Miniseries
Peter Mullan
Won

Best Actress — Miniseries
Elisabeth Moss
Won

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

2014
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Holly Hunter
Nominated

text: New Zealand Film Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Best Television Feature or Drama Series
Won
[40]

text: Screen Producers Australia Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Drama Television Production of the Year
Won
[41]

text: Equity Ensemble Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Miniseries or Telemovie
Won
[42]


document_title: List of supermarket chains in Ireland

question_text: how many lidl stores in republic of ireland

text: List of supermarket chains in Ireland

text: This is the list of supermarket chains in Ireland.

text: Large supermarkets and multiples[edit]

text:
Name
Stores
Parent

SuperValu
222
 Musgraves

Tesco
149
 Tesco plc

Lidl
150[1]
 Schwarz Gruppe

Aldi
129
 Aldi

Dunnes Stores
116
 Dunnes Stores

Eurospar
60
 BWG Foods

M&S FoodHall
15
 Marks & Spencer plc

Iceland
12
 Iceland Foods Ltd

Donnybrook Fair
6
 Donnybrook Fair

Joyces 365
5
 Joyces 365

Fresh[citation needed]
5
 Fresh

text: Smaller supermarkets and convenience stores[edit]

text:
Name
Stores
Parent

SPAR
460
 SPAR

Centra
458
 Musgrave Group

Londis
360
 ADM Londis plc

Mace
240
 BWG Foods

Gala
200
 Gala

Costcutter
120
 James A. Barry and Co

Applegreen
39
 Petrogas

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

List of supermarket chains in Europe

Sovereign states

Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland

Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition

Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities

Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard


document_title: Dime (United States coin)

question_text: when was the last year dimes were made of silver

text: Dime (United States coin)

text: History[edit]

text: The Coinage Act of 1792 established the dime (spelled "disme" in the legislation), cent, and mill. as subdivisions of the dollar equal to 1⁄10, 1⁄100 and 1⁄1000 dollar respectively.

text: The first known proposal for a decimal-based coinage system in the United States was made in 1783 by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and David Rittenhouse. Hamilton, the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury, recommended the issuance of six such coins in 1791, in a report to Congress. Among the six was a silver coin, "which shall be, in weight and value, one tenth part of a silver unit or dollar".

text: From 1796 to 1837, dimes were composed of 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper,[2] the value of which required the coins to be physically very small to prevent their intrinsic value being worth more than face value.[3] Thus dimes are made small and thin. The silver percentage was increased to 90.0 percent with the introduction of the Seated Liberty dime; the use of a richer alloy was offset by reducing the diameter from 18.8 millimeters (0.740 inch) to its current figure of 17.9 millimeters (0.705 inch).[2]

text: With the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the dime's silver content was removed. Dimes from 1965 to the present are composed of outer layers of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel, bonded to a pure copper core. Starting in 1992, the U.S. Mint began issuing Silver Proof Sets annually, which contain dimes composed of the pre-1965 standard of 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. These sets are intended solely for collectors, and are not meant for general circulation.[2]

text: Design history[edit]

text: Since its introduction in 1796, the dime has been issued in six different major types, excluding the 1792 "disme". The name for each type (except for the Barber dime) indicates the design on the coin's obverse.

text:
Draped Bust 1796–1807
Capped Bust 1809–1837
Seated Liberty 1837–1891
Barber 1892–1916
Winged Liberty Head (Mercury) 1916–1945
Roosevelt 1946–present

text: "Disme" (1792)[edit]

text: The Coinage Act of 1792, passed on April 2, 1792, authorized the mintage of a "disme", one-tenth the silver weight and value of a dollar. The composition of the disme was set at 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper. In 1792, a limited number of dismes were minted but never circulated. Some of these were struck in copper, indicating that the 1792 dismes were in fact pattern coins. The first dimes minted for circulation did not appear until 1796, due to a lack of demand for the coin and production problems at the United States Mint.[4]

text: Draped Bust (1796–1807)[edit]

text: The first dime to be circulated was the Draped Bust dime, in 1796. It featured the same obverse and reverse as all other circulating coins of the time, the so-called Draped Bust/Small Eagle design. This design was the work of then-Chief Engraver Robert Scot. The portrait of Liberty on the obverse was based on a Gilbert Stuart drawing of prominent Philadelphia socialite Ann Willing Bingham, wife of noted American statesman William Bingham. The reverse design is of a small bald eagle surrounded by palm and olive branches, and perched on a cloud. Since the Coinage Act of 1792 required only that the cent and half cent display their denomination, Draped Bust dimes were minted with no indication of their value.[5]

text: All 1796 dimes have 15 stars on the obverse, representing the number of U.S. states then in the Union. The first 1797 dimes were minted with 16 stars, reflecting Tennessee's admission as the 16th state. Realizing that the practice of adding one star per state could quickly clutter the coin's design, U.S. Mint Director Elias Boudinot ordered a design alteration, to feature just 13 stars (for the original Thirteen Colonies). Therefore, 1797 dimes can be found with either 13 or 16 stars.[5]

text: Also designed by Robert Scot, the Heraldic Eagle reverse design made its debut in 1798. The obverse continued from the previous series, but the eagle on the reverse was changed from the widely criticized "scrawny" hatchling to a scaled-down version of the Great Seal of the United States. The Draped Bust/Heraldic Eagles series continued through 1807 (although no dimes dated 1799 or 1806 were minted). Both Draped Bust designs were composed of 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper.[6] There are 31 varieties of Draped Bust dimes.

text: Capped Bust (1809–1837)[edit]

text: The Draped Bust design was succeeded by the Capped Bust, designed by Mint Assistant Engraver John Reich. Both the obverse and reverse were changed extensively. The new reverse featured a bald eagle grasping three arrows (symbolizing strength) and an olive branch (symbolizing peace). Covering the eagle's breast is a U.S. shield with six horizontal lines and 13 vertical stripes.[7] Also on the reverse is the lettering "10C," making it the only dime minted with the value given in cents (subsequent issues are inscribed with the words "ONE DIME"). The lack of numeric value markings on subsequent dime coins causes some confusion amongst foreign visitors, who may be unaware of the value of the coin. Also, the Capped Bust dime was the first dime to have its value written on the coin. Previous designs of the dime had no indication of its value, the way people determined its value was by its size[citation needed]

text: Capped Bust dimes minted through 1828 are known as the Large type. This is partially because they were struck without a restraining collar, which gave them a broader appearance. In 1828, Chief Engraver William Kneass introduced the close collar method of coining (which automated the process of placing reeds on a coin's edge). In addition to standardizing the diameter of coins, the new method allowed the Mint to produce thicker coins. To maintain a standard weight and alloy, the diameter of most coins was reduced. In particular, the dime was reduced in diameter from 18.8 to 18.5 millimeters. This new Capped Bust dime, which began production in 1828, is known as the Small type.[8] There are 123 varieties known of Capped Bust Dimes.

text: Seated Liberty (1837–1891)[edit]

text: Christian Gobrecht completed the design of the Seated Liberty dime, whose obverse was used with every circulating silver U.S. coin of the period. Mint Director Robert Maskell Patterson requested a new coin design, to be reminiscent of the Britannia image found on coinage of the United Kingdom. Chief Engraver William Kneass drew the original sketches, but suffered a stroke and was too ill to finish them or to oversee preparation of the dies. The task then fell to Gobrecht, who was promoted to Second Engraver.[9]

text: The obverse features an image of Liberty sitting on a rock, wearing a dress and holding a staff with a liberty cap on top. Her right hand is balancing a shield with the inscription "LIBERTY." The reverse featured the inscription "ONE DIME," surrounded by a wreath. All Seated Liberty dimes contain 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper, and are 17.9 millimeters (0.705 inch) in diameter. This size and metal composition would continue until 1965, when silver was permanently removed from circulating dimes.[9]

text: There were several minor varieties during the Seated Liberty's run. The initial design (1837) had no stars on the obverse and, further, the dates were minted in a Large Date and Small Date variety. These two types can be distinguished by noting the "3" and the "7" in the date. In the Large Date variety, the "3" has a pointed serif at top, and the horizontal element of the "7" is straight. In the Small Date variety, the "3" has a rounded serif, and there is small a knob, or bulge, in the "7" horizontal element.[9] Only the Philadelphia Mint made both varieties. The Small Date is slightly rarer. The New Orleans Mint also made the Seated Liberty Dime in this year, but only in the Small Date variety.[9]

text: Thirteen stars (symbolizing the 13 original colonies) were added to the perimeter of the obverse in 1838.[10] These were replaced with the legend "United States of America," which was moved from the reverse in mid-1860. At the same time, the laurel wreath on the reverse was changed to a wreath of corn, wheat, maple, and oak leaves and expanded nearly to the rim of the coin. This reverse design continued through the end of the series in 1891 and was changed only slightly in 1892, when the Barber dime debuted. Another variety is the 1838–40 dime minted with no drapery underneath the left elbow of Liberty.[2]

text: Arrows at the date in 1853 and 1873 indicated changes made in the coin's mass (from 2.67 grams to 2.49 grams in 1853, then to 2.50 grams in 1873). The first change was made in response to rising silver prices, while the latter alteration was brought about by the Mint Act of 1873 which, in an attempt to make U.S. coinage the currency of the world, added a small amount of mass to the dime, quarter, and half-dollar to bring their weights in line with fractions of the French 5-franc piece.[11] The change also ensured the quarter dollar (which is valued 2.5 times the dime) weighed 2.5 times the dime (6.25g), and the half dollar (twice the value of the quarter dollar) weighed twice what the quarter dollar weighed (12.5g). In this way, a specific weight of these coins, no matter the mixture of denominations, would always be worth the same. This relation in weight and value continued in the cupronickel coins from 1965 on.

text: This produced the greatest rarities in the Seated Dime Series, the 1873 & 1874 Carson City Dimes, with arrows and the unique 1873 Carson City Dime without arrows.[12]

text: Barber (1892–1916)[edit]

text: The Barber dime is named for its designer, Charles E. Barber, who was Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1879 to 1917. The design was shared with the quarter and half-dollar of the same period. Extensive internal politics surrounded the awarding of the design job, which had initially been opened to the public. A four-member committee (which included Barber), appointed by then-Mint Director James Kimball, accorded only two of more than 300 submissions an honorable mention. Kimball's successor, Edward O. Leech, decided to dispense with the committees and public design competitions and simply instructed Barber to develop a new design. It has been speculated that this is what Barber had wanted all along.[13]

text: The Barber dime, as with all previous dimes, featured an image of Liberty on the obverse. She is wearing a Phrygian cap, a laurel wreath with a ribbon, and a headband with the inscription "LIBERTY". This inscription is one of the key elements used in determining the condition of Barber dimes.[2] Liberty's portrait was inspired by two sources—French coins and medals of the period, as well as ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. The obverse also contains the long-used 13 stars (for the 13 colonies) design element. The reverse contained a wreath and inscription almost identical to the one used on the final design of the Seated Liberty dime.[13] Dimes were produced at all four of the mints that operated during the period. While circulated coins of the entire series are readily available to collectors there is one outstanding rarity, the 1894-S Barber Dime. Twenty-four were minted, with 9 currently known.

text: Winged Liberty Head ("Mercury") (1916–1945)[edit]

text: Although most commonly referred to as the "Mercury" dime, the Winged Liberty Head does not depict the Roman messenger god. The obverse figure is a depiction of the mythological goddess Liberty wearing a Phrygian cap, a classic Western symbol of liberty and freedom, with its wings intended to symbolize freedom of thought. Designed by noted sculptor Adolph A. Weinman, the Winged Liberty Head dime is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful U.S. coin designs ever produced.[14] The composition (90 percent silver, 10 percent copper) and diameter (17.9 millimeters) of the "Mercury" dime was unchanged from the Barber dime.

text: Weinman (who had studied under Augustus Saint-Gaudens) won a 1915 competition against two other artists for the design job, and is thought to have modeled his version of Liberty on Elsie Kachel Stevens, wife of noted poet Wallace Stevens.[14] The reverse design, a fasces juxtaposed with an olive branch, was intended to symbolize America's readiness for war, combined with its desire for peace. Although the fasces was later officially adopted by Benito Mussolini and his National Fascist Party, the symbol was also common in American iconography and has generally avoided any stigma associated with its usage in wartime Italy.[14]

text: The 1916-D issue of only 264,000 coins is highly sought after, due largely to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the dimes struck at the Denver Mint in 1916 carried the pre-existing Barber design.[14] Thus, the 1916-D is worth up to thousands of dollars if it is in relatively fine condition.[14] A considerable number of common 1916 Philadelphia mint dimes have been altered with a "D" added, so buyers should be careful to purchase only from reputable dealers or to accept only sealed and graded coins. Be aware that any dimes that bear the date "1922" are counterfeit. Having possession of a counterfeit coin is illegal and can lead to its forfeiture.[15]

text: Many coins in the "Mercury" series exhibit striking defects, most notably the fact that the line separating the two horizontal bands in the center of the fasces is often missing, in whole or in part; the 1945 issue of the Philadelphia Mint hardly ever appears with this line complete from left to right, and as a result, such coins (designated as "FSB" for "full split bands") are worth more than usual for uncirculated specimens. A valuable variety is an overdate, where 1942 was stamped over a 1941 die at the Philadelphia mint. A less obvious, but still quite valuable, example from the same year is from the Denver mint.[14]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1946–present)[edit]

text: Soon after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, legislation was introduced by Virginia Congressman Ralph H. Daughton that called for the replacement of the Mercury dime with one bearing Roosevelt's image.[16] The dime was chosen to honor Roosevelt partly due to his efforts in the founding of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (later renamed the March of Dimes), which originally raised money for polio research and to aid victims of the disease and their families.[17]

text: Due to the limited amount of time available to design the new coin, the Roosevelt dime was the first regular-issue U.S. coin designed by a Mint employee in more than 40 years. Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock was chosen, as he had already designed a Mint presidential medal of Roosevelt.[16] Sinnock's first design, submitted on October 12, 1945, was rejected, but a subsequent one was accepted on January 6, 1946.[18] The dime was released to the public on January 30, 1946, which would have been Roosevelt's 64th birthday.[19] Sinnock's design placed his initials ("JS") at the base of Roosevelt's neck, on the coin's obverse. His reverse design elements of a torch, olive branch, and oak branch symbolized, respectively, liberty, peace, and strength.[18]

text: Controversy immediately ensued, as strong anti-Communist sentiment in the United States led to the circulation of rumors that the "JS" engraved on the coin was the initials of Joseph Stalin, placed there by a Soviet agent in the mint.[16][20][21] The Mint quickly issued a statement denying this, confirming that the initials were indeed Sinnock's. The same rumor arose after the release of the Sinnock designed Franklin half dollar in April 1948.

text: Another controversy surrounding Sinnock's design involves his image of Roosevelt. Soon after the coin's release, it was claimed that Sinnock borrowed his design of Roosevelt from a bas relief created by African American sculptor Selma Burke, unveiled at the Recorder of Deeds Building in Washington, D.C. in September 1945. Sinnock denied this and stated that he simply utilized his earlier design on the Roosevelt medal.[16]

text: With the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the composition of the dime changed from 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper to a clad "sandwich" of pure copper inner layer between two outer layers of cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel) alloy[22] giving a total composition of 91.67% Cu and 8.33% Ni. This composition was selected because it gave similar mass (now 2.268 grams instead of 2.5 grams) and electrical properties (important in vending machines)—and most importantly, because it contained no precious metal.

text: Since 1946 the Roosevelt dime has been minted every year. Through 1955, all three mints, Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco produced circulating coinage; production at San Francisco ended in 1955, resuming in 1968 with proof coinage only. Through 1964 "D" and "S" mintmarks can be found to the left of the torch. From 1968, the mintmarks have appeared above the date. None were used in 1965–67, and Philadelphia did not show a mintmark until 1980 (in 1982, an error left the "P" off a small number of dimes, which are now valuable). To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the design, the 1996 mint sets included a "W" mintmarked dime made at the West Point Mint.[18] A total of 1,457,000 dimes were issued in the sets, making it the lowest mintage Roosevelt dime up to that time.[23] Since then, the "P" mint mark 2015 reverse proof dime and "W" mint mark 2015 proof dime, minted at Philadelphia and West Point for inclusion in the March of Dimes collector set,[24] have the lowest mintages with 75,000 pieces struck for each.