document_title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom

question_text: when did all day drinking start in england

text: History[edit]

text: In the mid-18th century, gin became extremely popular as it was much cheaper to buy than beer. This was known as the 'gin epidemic'. By 1740, six times more gin than beer was being produced, and of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, half were gin-shops. The Gin Act 1736 imposed a prohibitively high duty on gin, but this caused rioting, and so the duty was gradually reduced and then abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful: instead of a tax it restricted gin producers to selling only to licensed premises.

text: During the 19th century, licensing laws began to restrict the opening hours of premises. The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 required the closure of all public houses in Wales on Sundays.

text: After the outbreak of World War I the Defence of the Realm Act was passed by Parliament in 1914. One section of the Act concerned the hours pubs could sell alcohol, as it was believed that alcohol consumption would interfere with the war effort.[2] It restricted opening hours for licensed premises to luncheon (12:00 to 14:40) and supper (18:30 to 21:30). In the late 1980s the licensing laws in England and Wales became less restricted and allowed pubs to allow the consumption of alcohol on the premises from 11:00 until 23:00,[2] although nightclubs were allowed to stay open much later. Significantly revised rules were introduced in November 2005, when hour limits were scrapped, and pubs were allowed to apply for licences as permissive as "24 hours a day".[3] In practice, most pubs chose to apply for more restrictive licences.

text: Traditionally, the phrase "Last orders!" is still often used to announce the last opportunity to purchase drinks, typically ten or fifteen minutes in advance and is often announced via a bell. At the point when the bar will no longer serve drinks, the bar staff will announce "Time at the bar!", or "Time, gentlemen, please!" (again, either shouted or by use of a bell).

text: The wartime restrictions in Scotland were repealed in 1976. As a result, Scottish laws were generally less restrictive, with local authorities being allowed to determine opening hours. Most Scottish pubs now open until midnight, though this is not universal.

text: On-licence[edit]

text: On-licence describes an establishment where alcohol must be consumed at the point of sale, such as a pub, bar, nightclub or café.

text: The name derives from the distinction between types of licence which could be granted—a distinction now repealed in England and Wales, and repealed in Scotland in 2009.[needs update] In England and Wales, the magistrates would formerly grant either an "off" licence permitting the sale of intoxicating liquor for consumption only off the premises, or an "on" licence permitting sale for consumption on the premises—which permitted, to a limited extent, off sales too: many public houses were permitted off sales, to sell sealed alcoholic drinks (e.g., unopened bottles of wine) for consumption elsewhere. A restaurant licence was an on-licence with a restaurant condition attached. Until 2009, in Scotland the types of licence were Hotel, Public House, Restricted Hotel, Restaurant, Entertainment, Off-Sale, and Refreshment licences. In Northern Ireland, there are numerous types of licence.

text: Under the Licensing Act 2003 and the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005, there is only one type of premises licence, though the conditions placed on each one will determine whether on sales or off sales (or both) are permitted.

text: The premises licence is granted to a person, and not to the establishment.Before the Licensing Act 2003 came into effect, there was a legal requirement to display the name of the licensee above the entrance to an on-licence location. The sign would typically say "NAME OF LANDLORD licensed for the sale of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises". Under the 2003 Act, that requirement has been repealed (though such signs are still often seen). Instead, the premises licence holder must ensure that the official summary of the licence (or a certified copy) is prominently displayed at the premises, as well as the name and position of any person nominated as the custodian of the summary premises licence.[4]

text: Off-licence[edit]

text: Off-licence (sometimes known as off-sales or informally offie) is a term used in the United Kingdom and Ireland for a shop licensed to sell alcoholic beverages for consumption off the premises, as opposed to a bar or public house which is licensed for consumption at the point of sale (on-licence). The term also applies to the licence granted to the establishment itself.

text: Off-licences typically are specialist shops, convenience stores, parts of supermarkets, or attached to bars and pubs. Prices are usually substantially lower than in bars or pubs.

text: In the United Kingdom, the "off-licence" status of a shop could once be used as a device to circumvent restrictive trading laws, particularly those concerning Sunday trading. Depending on local by-laws, shops might be either required to close at 12:00 once a week, or else not be allowed to trade in the evening. Shops with an off-licence made their hours similar to those of public houses, opening during lunch hours and from early evening to the mandatory closing time, usually 22:30 or 23:00. The Sunday Trading Act 1994 altered the situation somewhat.[how?]

text: Licensing law in Northern Ireland[edit]

text: In Northern Ireland, legislation is more restrictive than in Great Britain—a reaction to social problems at the beginning of the 20th century. Only a limited number of licences are available for pubs and off-licences; any new pub or off-licence wanting to sell alcohol must wait until an existing one surrenders its licence (known as the surrender principle).

text: Licences are granted and administered by the courts, not elected local authorities; the courts have no guidance to assist in the practical application of the law. A new licence is granted by the County Court and will only be granted on the surrender principle, and only if the court is satisfied that the existing number of licensed premises is not already adequate (the need principle). The transfer of a licence is a matter for the magistrates' courts.

text: There are currently twelve categories of premises that may be licensed to sell alcohol, amongst which are pubs, off-licences, and certain businesses where the sale of alcohol is ancillary to the main business.

text: Licensing law in Scotland[edit]

text: Scotland has had separate licensing laws dating back to the 18th century. The current legislation is the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005, which replaced the Licensing (Scotland) Act 1976 on 1 September 2009.[5] The replaced licensing laws provided for seven types of liquor licence, and were administered by licensing boards, made up of councillors elected to the local authority. There were approximately 30 licensing boards in Scotland and each had its own distinct approach; for example, whilst there is a set "permitted hours" across Scotland, these were frequently extended in order to take account of early morning and late night trading, and each licensing board had its own views on what sort of extra hours a premises should be given.

text: As of 1 February 2008, Scotland entered a "transitional period" in the run-up to the commencement of new licensing legislation—the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005. The 2005 Act is, in many respects, similar to the English Licensing Act 2003: it features the four English licensing objectives, but adds another: "protecting and improving public health". The Act creates one class of licence—the premises licence—and also introduces personal licences for those working in the trade. The administration continues to be carried out by licensing boards, but the Act has created new "Licensing Forums" in order to increase community involvement, and "Licensing Standards Officers" who have an information, mediation, and compliance role.[6]

text: The legislation in Scotland regarding the sale of alcohol is different from the rest of the UK and England in particular. The Alcohol etc. (Scotland) Act 2010 has amended the core hours during which stores and supermarkets can sell alcohol. Scotland currently restricts the purchase of alcohol to between the hours of 10:00 and 22:00.

text: One major change is that Sunday opening hours can be changed to match the rest of the UK, allowing sales from 10:00, rather than 12:30 with the 1976 Act.

text: Changes since 2005[edit]

text: On 10 July 2003 the Licensing Act 2003 was granted Royal Assent and replaced the previous licensing laws for England and Wales, regulated under several different Acts, with a single unified system covering a range of "regulated activities". Rules as to when establishments can open, for how long, and under what criteria are now not laid down in statute but are individual to the premises and are contained in the conditions on each premises licence. The powers of the 2003 Act came fully into force on 24 November 2005.

text: Permitted hours[edit]

text: Some long-standing traditions (indeed, legal requirements) have disappeared as a consequence. First, "permitted hours" gained a new meaning. Until the 2003 Act came into force on 24 November 2005,[7] permitted hours were a standard legal constraint: for example, serving alcohol after 23:00 meant that a licensing extension had to exist—either permanent (as for nightclubs, for example), or by special application from the licensee concerned for a particular occasion. There was also a customary general derogation permitting a modest extension on particular dates, such as New Year's Eve and some other Public Holidays. Licensees did not need to apply for these and could take advantage of them if they wished without any formality. Now, permitted hours are theoretically continuous: it is possible for a premises licence to be held which allows 24-hour opening, and indeed some do exist.

text: Most licensed premises do not go this far, but many applied for licences in 2005 that allowed them longer opening hours than before. However, as in the past, there is no obligation for licensees to use all the time permitted to them. Premises that still close (for commercial reasons) at 23:00 during most of the week may well have licences permitting them to remain open longer, perhaps for several hours. Staying open after 23:00 on the spur of the moment is therefore legal at such premises if the licensee decides to do so—perhaps because custom happens to be good. Of course, the service of alcohol must still cease when the actual licence closing time arrives. Only the holder of the comparatively rare true "24-hour" licence has complete freedom in this respect.

text: Drinking-up time[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The consumption of alcohol itself is not considered a "licensable activity" under the new Licensing Act. Therefore, "drinking-up time" (DUT) has no legal meaning and has disappeared. For many years ten minutes (and later extended to twenty minutes) was the legal dispensation which allowed the consumption of alcohol to continue after the official closing time, which in recent times meant that customers could still drink what they had already bought until 23:20, subject to the licensee's discretion. After that time consumption had to also stop.

text: With the end of standard permitted hours, this concession became irrelevant and there is no mention of DUT in the 2003 Act. Instead, applicants for premises licences can specify the maximum period (their "Opening Hours") for which they wish to allow their customers to stay after the time at which the sale of alcohol ends ("the terminal hour") within their Operating Schedule. Some licences do not specify opening hours at all, which allows an unspecified drinking up time, determined only by the licensee's discretion. In contrast, some licensees call for "last orders" twenty minutes (or more) before the end of the opening hours specified on their premises' licence.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Licensing law in Scotland was overhauled by the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005,[8] which came into force in September 2009 following a transition period starting in February 2008. The new system covers alcohol sales only, but otherwise is, in most particulars, identical to the system created in England and Wales by the Licensing Act 2003. There are a number of significant differences, such as a "duty to trade" and attempts to control the irresponsible sale of alcohol through curbs on price discounting and other promotions which may lead to excessive consumption.

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: Licensing proposals in Northern Ireland were first announced by the Northern Ireland Office in 2004, leading to a consultation in 2005,[9] again very similar to the Scottish and English Acts. The proposals triggered much initial opposition, even from some parts of the licensed trade.[10][11][12][13] These proposals are not currently proceeding.[14]

text: Under the proposed rules, all premises where regulated activities are carried out must be authorised by a premises licence. Where alcohol is sold the premises must have a designated premises supervisor, who himself must hold a personal licence. There is a parallel system for the registration of private clubs which sell alcohol to members, and which require a club registration certificate.

text: Serving after 23:00[edit]

text: Part of the changes since 2005 allow pubs to serve alcohol past 23:00; this particular part of the legislation was, and remains, very controversial due to the perceived increase in potential for binge drinking and the effects the change will have on social dynamics. However, the new law's defenders have claimed that the relatively early 23:00 closing time itself contributed to binge drinking, as patrons hurried to drink before closing time. Labour also claimed that the fixed closing time contributed to social disorder, as drunken pub patrons were forced into the street at the same time.[citation needed] Both the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats unsuccessfully called for a delay in the implementation of this law.

text: Licensing policies[edit]

text: Each licensing authority must adopt a licensing policy, which gives guidance on when licences will be granted and the conditions and permitted hours likely to be imposed on a premises licence in various circumstances.

text: Licensable activities (England and Wales)[edit]

text: The Licensing Act 2003 defines "licensable activities" as:

text:
the retail sale of alcohol,
the supply of alcohol in clubs,
the provision of late night refreshment, and
the provision of regulated entertainment

tag: ul

text: In turn, "regulated entertainment" is defined as:

text:
a performance of a play,
an exhibition of a film,
an indoor sporting event,
a boxing or wrestling entertainment (both indoors and outdoors),
a performance of live music,
any playing of recorded music, or
a performance of dance
entertainment of a similar description to that falling in the previous three categories listed above.

text: There are many exemption categories and qualifications to the above definitions, particularly in respect of Regulated Entertainment and Late Night Refreshment. As a result of changes by the Live Music Act 2012, for example, live music in on-licensed premises is no longer a licensable activity between 08:00 and 23:00 hours before audiences of up to 200 people. Similarly performances of plays and of dance are not licensable before audiences of up to 500 people and indoor sporting events up to 1000 people. These changes, brought in from 2013, coupled with the Live Music Act in 2012, display a readiness by the Coalition Government to deregulate the prescriptive and sometimes confusing definitions of Regulated Entertainment stated above (although it should be noted that the Live Music Act was a Private Members’ Bill sponsored by Lord Clement-Jones and drafted by Poppleston Allen Solicitors which was subsequently supported by the Government).

text: "Late night refreshment" is defined as:

text: the supply of hot food or drink (that is, food or drink that is either served at, or has been heated on the premises to, a point above ambient temperature) to the public for consumption, both on or off the premises, between 23:00 and 05:00.

text: Licensing objectives[edit]

text: The licensing authority, in considering any application for a licence or for a variation must have regard to “the licensing objectives”:

text:
England and Wales
Scotland
(Northern Ireland proposals)

The prevention of crime and disorder;
Public safety;
The prevention of public nuisance; and
The protection of children from harm.

Preventing crime and disorder.
Securing public safety.
Preventing public nuisance.
Protecting and improving public health.
Protecting children from harm.

Promotion of public health.
Promotion of public safety.
Prevention of crime and disorder.
Prevention of public nuisance.
Protection of children from harm.
Fair treatment of all stakeholders[15]

text: Licensing authorities[edit]

text: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority.

text: For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives.

text: The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue of a Personal Licence.

text: Personal Licence[edit]

text: The Personal Licence allows an individual to sell alcohol or authorise its sale by others. A Personal Licence applicant must, prior to making an application, pass an exam, known as the Award for Personal Licence Holders (APLH) The APLH exam is a 40-question, multiple-choice paper, in which the applicant must achieve a score of 28 out of 40, or 70 percent. The applicant must also obtain “Basic Disclosure” which details any unspent convictions.

text: Upon application and if the applicant has no unspent relevant convictions the licensing authority must grant a Personal Licence, now with no expiry date attached . If relevant convictions are disclosed then the Licensing Authority must send a copy of the application to the local Police, who can object within 14 days. A hearing may then follow.

text: The applicant must make his application to the licensing authority where he ordinarily resides. Any changes to the Personal Licence thereafter (for example, name or address) must be notified to that original licensing authority, even if the Personal Licence Holder (“PLH”) has subsequently moved out of the area. Failure to do so is a criminal offence.

text: A PLH, if charged with a relevant criminal offence, must tell the court at the first appearance that he/she is a Holder of a Personal Licence. Failure to do so is a criminal offence. If the PLH is convicted of the original offence the Court can suspend or forfeit the personal licence. A Personal Licence is valid:

text:
In England and Wales, for 10 years. The Government has announced also an intention to remove the requirement to renew personal licences which, if enacted before 2015 will eliminate the need for any renewals.
In Scotland, also 10 years but after 5 years the licence holder must satisfy the local licensing board that he or she has passed a refresher course.
In Northern Ireland, also 10 years and under substantially stricter conditions as the Licensing Authorities in England, Wales, and Scotland. A Personal Licence granted in one jurisdiction is not valid in another.

text: A Designated Premises Supervisor (DPS) is required to be a PLH. The DPS (or Designated Premises Manager in Scotland) is responsible for the day-to-day running of the licensed premises.

text: Local variations[edit]

text: Local authorities have decided whether or not on a local basis to exercise their power to introduce specific restrictions on outdoor drinking. For example, Reading Borough Council is among authorities to have emulated the conditions of Transport for London that ban drinking in certain locations and the carrying of open alcohol in parts of Reading town centre.[16] The open alcohol container ban and ban on alcohol consumption outright sets a lower threshold than being drunk or drunk and disorderly in a public place.

text: Concerns[edit]

text: While the reforms from 2005 were intended to reduce "binge drinking", reports have variously claimed that the situation in England and Wales has not improved, or that it has become even worse. This has prompted a Parliamentary investigation.[17] The Department of Culture, Media and Sport concludes that the position presents "a mixed picture".[18]

text: Perceived problems in England and Wales shaped a slightly different approach in the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005.

text: Most licensed premises are now following the Challenge 21 rule, which helps with avoiding selling to under age people. When a shop assistant believes that the person may be under 21, then they will ask the customer to prove that they are over 18. Challenge 25 (or older) was made mandatory in Scotland by the Alcohol etc. (Scotland) Act 2010.


document_title: The Sinner (TV series)

question_text: who plays harry's wife on the sinner

question_tokens: who plays harry 's wife on the sinner

root

text: The Sinner (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the first season, Detective Harry Ambrose (Bill Pullman) delves into the past of a troubled young mother (Jessica Biel) in order to determine why she fatally stabbed a man during a beach outing but has no memory of why she committed the crime.

tag: p

text: In the second season, Ambrose returns to his hometown, in the burned-over district of western New York, after a 13-year-old boy confesses to poisoning his parents and learns secrets that the town's inhabitants are determined to keep buried.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jessica Biel as Cora Tannetti[1] (season 1)
Christopher Abbott as Mason Tannetti[2] (season 1)
Dohn Norwood as Detective Dan Leroy[2] (season 1; guest season 2)
Abby Miller as Sergeant Caitlin Sullivan[2] (season 1)
Joanna Adler as Captain Anne Farmer (season 1)
Bill Pullman as Detective Harry Ambrose[3]
Carrie Coon as Vera Walker (season 2)[4]
Natalie Paul as Detective Heather Novack (season 2)[4]
Hannah Gross as Marin (season 2)[4]
Elisha Henig as Julian Walker (season 2)
Tracy Letts as Jack Novack (season 2)

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Danielle Burgess as Maddie[5]
Patti D'Arbanville as Lorna Tannetti, Mason's mother[6]
Kathryn Erbe as Fay Ambrose, Harry's wife[6]
Enid Graham as Elizabeth Lacey, Cora's mother[7]
Jacob Pitts as J. D.[8]
Nadia Alexander as Phoebe Lacey, Cora's sister[5]
Rebecca Wisocky as Margaret Lacey, Cora's aunt[7]
Eric Todd as Frankie Belmont[6]
Robert Funaro as Ron Tannetti, Mason's father[9]

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Ellen Adair as Bess McTeer, one of Julian's victims, who died by poisoning
Adam David Thompson as Adam Lowry, one of Julian's victims, who died by poisoning
David Call as Andy "Brick" Brickowski, an officer working with Heather
Jay O. Sanders as Chief Tom Lidell, the police department's chief
Brady Jenness as young Harry Ambrose

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Part I"Antonio CamposDerek SimondsAugust 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)1.63[10]
Cora Tannetti, raised by religious zealots in upstate New York, is now married to Mason and mother of a toddler, Laine. At the lake with her husband and son, Cora almost drowns herself, but changes her mind. Back on the beach while cutting up a pear for Laine, she sees an amorous couple kissing and playing music. She uses a paring knife to repeatedly stab the man, a young doctor named Frankie Belmont, killing him, while shouting, "Get off her!" Detectives Harry Ambrose and Dan Leroy are assigned the case. With Cora's confession, Dan views the case as closed, while Harry wishes to learn why she committed a random murder. He must hurry, as she is soon to be arraigned in court.
22"Part II"Antonio CamposDerek SimondsAugust 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)1.41[11]
Cora pleads guilty to second-degree murder to avoid a trial, but the judge orders a competency evaluation after a call from Harry. Cora reflects on her childhood, when her little sister, Phoebe, was chronically ill and their mother was obsessed with sin, convincing her that Phoebe's illness was God's punishment for Cora's sins. After learning that Frankie seemed to recognize Cora at the lake, Cora admits that, in 2012, she had sex with Frankie after meeting him in a bar, only he called himself "J. D." She claims it resulted in her getting pregnant and that she walked in front of a car and had a miscarriage. There is no record of a hospital stay, and Cora claims a man found her and took care of her himself. Frankie's father insists his son was in California in the summer of 2012. Harry, who is separated from his wife but undergoing marital counseling, regularly visits a prostitute who inflicts pain on him. Harry confronts Cora, forcing her to listen to the music that caused her to stab Frankie, and she violently attacks Harry.
33"Part III"Antonio CamposDerek SimondsAugust 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)1.64[12]
Harry realizes the pattern of his bruises from Cora's punches are identical to the stab wounds she inflicted on Frankie Belmont. Harry visits Cora's parents, who Cora had claimed were dead. They tell him about Cora's late sister, Phoebe, who died of cancer a month after Cora disappeared in 2012. Cora has dreams of a foot crushing a woman's sternum and wakes up screaming. While attempting to sedate Cora, the prison staff expose scars on her arms. When Harry visits Cora, she admits she had a heroin addiction, but begs him not to tell Mason, who thinks the scars were from a bacterial infection. Harry visits the detox center Cora was taken to after she reappeared and is surprised to hear she had clean hair and new clothes when she arrived, in contrast to the homeless addicts typically found at the state-run facility. He finds the man who checked her into rehab, confirming her story of being taken in and cared for after being found in the street. Harry confronts Cora with drug paraphernalia to see if she actually knows how to shoot up; she has no idea how it is done. Mason's friend points out the real J. D. at a bar, and the two provoke each other into a fistfight.
44"Part IV"Brad AndersonLiz W. GarciaAugust 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)1.76[13]
Both Mason and J. D. are arrested and questioned. Mason tells Dan that J. D. is a drug dealer. J. D. tells Harry he has never met Cora, even though Harry says Cora remembers meeting him in a bar on the third of July. J. D.'s lawyer, Mr. Herting, who Dan recognizes as an affluent hedge fund lawyer, ends the interview. Dan and Harry wonder why J. D. has such a high-powered lawyer. Harry questions Cora and realizes she does not remember anything between July 3, 2012, and waking up in an alley in Poughkeepsie two months later. Harry convinces Dr. Chang, one of Cora's competency evaluators, to try memory recovery work with Cora. Harry looks for J. D.'s ex-girlfriend, Madeline Beecham, and Mason tries to get J. D. arrested for drug-dealing. Cora begins to remember pieces of her missing two months during recovery therapy, including a room with strange wallpaper and a man in a balaclava. Harry reunites with his estranged wife, Faye. They go on a hike to survey the woods he believes Cora was remembering, and he discovers an abandoned school bus Cora has mentioned in therapy and what looks to be a grave.
55"Part V"Cherien DabisJesse McKeownAugust 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)1.84[14]
The police uncover a body buried in the woods, believed to be Maddie Beecham, last seen in 2012. Harry wanders from the crime scene and discovers an exclusive country club, the Beverwyck Club. He is later reprimanded by his chief, who is friends with the club's lawyer, Mr. Harding, who also represents J. D. State Police Captain Farmer takes the lead on the investigation and unsuccessfully attempts to get Cora to confess to both murders. After Mason's father is beaten with a baseball bat by J. D., Mason goes to J. D.'s house with a gun. Faye tells Harry she wants him out of the house again. In 2012, Cora and Phoebe secretly plot to move to Naples, Florida, and Phoebe pushes Cora to meet men online and steal from them. The repressed Phoebe tries to live vicariously through Cora. When one man gets angry when Cora tries to leave, J. D. intervenes. She loses her virginity to J. D. that night. She doesn't come home until the next day, upsetting Phoebe and their mother, who calls her a whore.
66"Part VI"Jody Lee LipesTom PabstSeptember 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)1.84[15]
Two men quickly leave J. D.'s house, and Mason enters to find him dead. He anonymously calls 911 from J. D.'s phone and quickly disposes of the gun. Security cameras lead the police to Mason, though they suspect drug dealers. DNA on the blanket wrapped around the body believed to be Maddie matches Cora. Cora convinces Harry to take her to the Beverwyck Club in an attempt to recall her memories. Cora is convinced the basement is not the place she remembers. After briefly stopping at her parents' former house, Cora remembers Phoebe celebrating a birthday and asks Harry to return to the Beverwyck Club, where she finds a separate building on the grounds, which she remembers. In 2012, Cora's relationship with J. D. intensifies. Phoebe, jealous of Cora, urges her to share intimate details of their relationship but accuses her of abandoning their plans to move to Florida.
77"Part VII"Tucker GatesLiz W. GarciaSeptember 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)1.84[16]
Cora remembers the events of the 4th of July 2012. On her 19th birthday, Phoebe convinces Cora to take her out for the night. Maddie attempts to warn Cora about J. D. with the story of his previous ex-girlfriend, who walked into traffic and had a miscarriage after J. D. abandoned her – the same story Cora previously told Harry as her own. Cora later discovers Maddie is the one who had the miscarriage. Phoebe takes drugs before Cora can stop her. Cora confesses to Phoebe that she plans to move in with J. D. and leave home for good. At the Beverwyck Club, they are welcomed by Frankie, who is hiding at the club, and who immediately connects with Phoebe. The group does drugs in the basement, and Cora realizes it was Phoebe in her hallucinations instead of Maddie. Phoebe overdoses while having sex with Frankie, as his song plays. He tries to perform CPR but breaks her sternum. Cora attacks him in the same manner as the murder before J. D. knocks her out as Phoebe dies.
88"Part VIII"Tucker GatesJesse McKeown & Tom PabstSeptember 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)2.44[17]
Harry tracks the men suspected of killing J. D. to a fake medical clinic.  One of the men, Duffy, is killed and the other admits Duffy killed J. D., who was running a major opioid ring.  Harry then finds Maddie alive, who tells him J. D. started the ring immediately after the night Phoebe was killed.  All of the doctors whose licenses were fraudulently used by J. D. were colleagues of Dr. Patrick Belmont, Frankie's father.  The body found in the woods is confirmed as Phoebe, disposed of by J. D. and Dr. Belmont.  Harry takes Cora to the Belmonts' house, where she remembers the remaining events. Unable to kill Cora, Dr. Belmont held her captive for two months in the wallpapered room, giving her drugs to prevent her from remembering and hiding his identity with the mask. J. D. blackmailed Dr. Belmont to support his opioid ring. Cora's sentence is reduced due to extreme emotional disturbance. The judge orders her transfer from prison to a psychiatric facility where her case will be reviewed every two years until she is deemed fit to be released where she will not be of harm to herself or others.

tag: table

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)91"Part I"Antonio CamposDerek SimondsAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)1.15[18]
After almost 15 years, Detective Harry Ambrose returns to his hometown of Keller, Upstate New York, to help investigate a double murder with Heather Novack, an old acquaintance's daughter who has just made detective. A couple were found dead, apparently poisoned, in a motel room. The man is identified as Adam Lowry, but the woman has no ID. Their 13-year-old son, Julian, tells the police they were on their way to Niagara Falls when their car broke down. After Harry notices Julian has a rash, he admits he used jimson weed to poison his parents' tea — but won't say why. Harry asks the DA's office for more time before arresting Julian. No identification can be found for Julian's mother, and Harry realizes that, among all the luggage, there is not a single item related to Julian. At his foster home, Julian has flashbacks of a woman, apparently his therapist. The same woman later appears in the police station claiming to be Julian's real mother.
102"Part II"Antonio CamposEllen FaireyAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)1.10[19]
Vera Walker, who claims to be Julian's mother, says that Adam and Bess (the second victim) lived with her and helped watch Julian and were taking him to Niagara Falls. Heather is shocked to hear that Vera lives at Mosswood Grove, a notorious "utopian" commune in Keller. Flashbacks reveal that Heather and her girlfriend, Marin, snuck onto Mosswood out of curiosity. In the present, Vera visits Julian and whispers intensely in his ear; he changes his story and claims no memory of making the poisoned tea. In court, Vera shows Julian's birth certificate, but, with no record of residency, is denied guardianship. After Harry reveals to Julian that he was also in a foster home, Julian shares his nightmares of a hooded figure visiting him. Police search Mosswood, where Harry realizes Adam and Bess were actually fleeing from the commune, and that the Niagara Falls story is a lie. Heather spots a ponytailed man she also saw at the motel following the murders. Plagued by memories of Marin and watching her go into a large outbuilding on the property, Heather sneaks into the building and finds a large stone column.
113"Part III"John David ColesBradford WintersAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)1.01[20]
Julian is arrested and sent to a juvenile detention center, awaiting to be tried as an adult for second-degree murder. After Harry tells Vera that Julian will undergo a psychological evaluation, she tells Harry that Julian was abducted by Adam and Bess and that Julian "defended himself". Julian admits that he liked Bess more, but that she died because she lied, which causes one to be "split in two". Meanwhile, Heather collects a box of Marin's belongings from her mother and finds a book inside with the name "Julian" circled throughout. She deduces that Marin was Julian's biological mother. Heather and Harry question Dr. Poole, a pediatrician that handled Mosswood births; but Poole later commits suicide, and a miniature stone column is found in his attic.
124"Part IV"Jody Lee LipesJessie McKeownAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)1.09[21]
A journal from Poole's attic bears an emblem, and a passage mentions entering the "labyrinth". A woman, currently institutionalized, is the only connection between Mosswood and Poole through a  dropped malpractice lawsuit. She mentions "The Beacon", founder of Mosswood. Heather's father draws a tattoo that he recalls seeing on Marin's wrist. The tattoo matches the emblem (the labyrinth), which leads Heather to discover "The Beacon" is disgraced psychiatrist Lionel Jeffries and that Marin was present during his group Mosswood meeting. Vera plays Harry a recording of Bess's therapy. He requests a session, and she leads him into the woods but abandons him. He finds her in a cabin that Jeffries once used as an office. Harry's "session" results in him blacking out and waking in the same motel room where the murders occurred.
135"Part V"[22]TBATBAAugust 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)TBD
146"Part VI"[22]TBATBASeptember 5, 2018 (2018-09-05)TBD
157"Part VII"[22]TBATBASeptember 12, 2018 (2018-09-12)TBD
168"Part VIII"[22]TBATBASeptember 19, 2018 (2018-09-19)TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series, described as a "close-ended series"[23] by the network, was adapted from the novel of the same name by Petra Hammesfahr; however, the book's darker outlook was toned down and the location shifted from Germany to Upstate New York in the United States.[24] It is the first time that Biel has served as an executive producer on a series, a role she said was "gold".[25] Biel stated that she moved into production so that she could develop projects with challenging and interesting roles rather than wait for them to happen.[26]

text: The series was ordered on January 17, 2017,[27] and the eight episodes were broadcast on USA Network between August 2 and September 20, 2017.[28] Originally, the series was created as a miniseries; however, in March 2018, it was announced that The Sinner would return for a second season.[29] The second season premiered on August 1, 2018, and is set to comprise eight episodes.[30][31]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In May 2018, Carrie Coon, Natalie Paul and Hannah Gross were cast for the second season as Vera, Heather and Marin respectively.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The series received critical acclaim, with Biel's performance being praised. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 94% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Smartly unpredictable and led by powerful performances from a talented cast, the darkly compelling The Sinner sinks its hooks in fast and doesn't let go."[32] Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, gave the series an average weighted score of 71 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33] In August 2017, it was announced as the No. 1 new cable series of 2017, according to Nielsen delayed viewing data.[34]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: A 100% approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.54/10 based on 22 reviews, and a critical consensus reading, "In its second season, The Sinner establishes itself as an engrossing why-dunnit thriller series with staying power."[35] Metacritic assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 16 critics for the second season, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[36]

text: Once again praising the writing and performances, several critics noting that the follow-up series surpassed expectations for season two, as star Jessica Biel's character is not returning from the first season, which also used up the source material from the original book.

text: Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club wrote a rave review of the first few episodes, in particular the performance of Carrie Coon as the mysterious Vera Walker. McLevy wrote that the second season could be even better than the first, noting, "Two things keep it from feeling like a rehash of season one: the excellent choices in new narrative twists made by writer-creator Derek Simonds, and the caliber of talent involved in bringing it to life. Chief among the latter group is Carrie Coon, who... brings a wonderful fusion of frazzled humanism and sinister duplicity to the part, another magnetic performance by the actor that elevates the material and lends gravitas to some of the more daffily implausible turns."[37]

text: Ben Travers of indieWire wrote, "Derek Simonds assembled a helluva team for an intriguing follow-up season. The first three episodes of Season 2 match the tone and intensity of the writer's gripping debut, while new cast members Tracy Letts, Natalie Paul, and Carrie Coon more than make up for any holes left by the original cast. ... Season 2 has enough going on it could spin off the rails, but the mere fact it has so much working for it thus far is a big win for everyone involved. The Sinner is no one-hit wonder."[38]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Part I"

August 2, 2017
0.4
1.63[10]
0.8
2.35
1.2
3.98[39]

2

"Part II"

August 9, 2017
0.4
1.41[11]
0.9
2.52
1.3
3.93[40]

3

"Part III"

August 16, 2017
0.5
1.64[12]
0.8
2.37
1.3
4.02[41]

4

"Part IV"

August 23, 2017
0.5
1.76[13]
0.9
2.58
1.4
4.34[42]

5

"Part V"

August 30, 2017
0.5
1.84[14]
1.0
2.78
1.5
4.62[43]

6

"Part VI"

September 6, 2017
0.6
1.84[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7

"Part VII"

September 13, 2017
0.5
1.84[16]
0.8
2.55
1.3
4.39[44]

8

"Part VIII"

September 20, 2017
0.8
2.44[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Part I"

August 1, 2018
0.3
1.15[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2

"Part II"

August 8, 2018
0.3
1.10[19]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3

"Part III"

August 15, 2018
0.3
1.01[20]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

4

"Part IV"

August 22, 2018
0.3
1.09[21]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Ceremony

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries

Bill Pullman

Nominated

[45]

Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries

Jessica Biel

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film

Jessica Biel

Nominated

[46]

Best Miniseries or Television Film

The Sinner

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie

Jessica Biel

Pending

[47]

Saturn Awards

Best Television Presentation

The Sinner

Nominated

[48]


document_title: Ark of the Covenant

question_text: who brought the ark of the covenant to jerusalem

text: Ark of the Covenant

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: Construction and description[edit]

text: According to the Book of Exodus, God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40-day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was[4][5] and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone. Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark.[6][7] In Deuteronomy, however, the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab.[8]

text: The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed. It is to be 2½ cubits in length, 1½ in breadth, and 1½ in height (approximately 131×79×79 cm or 52×31×31 in). Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold, and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it. Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners, two on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim-wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted; and these are not to be removed.[9] A golden lid, the kapporet (traditionally "mercy seat" in Christian translations) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. Instructions missing from the biblical account include the thickness of the mercy seat, but instruct that the cherubim cover be beaten out the ends of it and details concerning the cherubim except that they form the space that God will appear. The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering.

text: Mobile vanguard[edit]

text: The biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.

text: When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance (Joshua 3:3, 6). During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over (Josh. 3:15-17; 4:10, 11, 18). As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood (Josh. 4:1-9).

text: In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns (Josh. 6:4-15). On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city (Josh. 6:16-20). After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark (Josh. 7:6-9). When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (Judges 20:26f, where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version). According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later, however, the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 10 miles north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship (1 Samuel 3:3), where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli (1 Samuel 4:3f).

text: Capture by the Philistines[edit]

text: A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines, after being defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer (1 Sam. 4:3-11). They were, however, heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head." The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received, named him Ichabod — explained as "The glory has departed Israel" in reference to the loss of the Ark (1 Sam. 4:12-22). The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth. (1 Sam. 4:20)

text: The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them (1 Sam. 5:1-6). At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors; a plague of mice was sent over the land (1 Sam. 6:5). The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed (1 Sam. 5:8-12).

text: After the Ark had been among them for seven months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings (1 Sam. 6:1-15). Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and as a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand and seventy in some translations) were smitten by the Lord (1 Samuel 6:19). The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed (1 Samuel 6:21); and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years. Under Saul, the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines, but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle. In 1 Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.

text: In the days of King David[edit]

text: At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy, King David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amid great rejoicing. On the way to Zion, Uzzah, one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark, put out his hand to steady the Ark, and was struck dead by God for touching it. The place was subsequently named "Perez-Uzzah", literally "Outburst Against Uzzah",[10] as a result. David, in fear, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and there it stayed three months (2 Samuel 6:1-11; 1 Chronicles 13:1-13).

text: On hearing that God had blessed Obed-edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, "girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might" and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem - a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife, Saul's daughter Michal (2 Sam. 6:12-16, 20-22; 1 Chron. 15). In Zion, David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it, offered sacrifices, distributed food, and blessed the people and his own household (2 Sam. 6:17-20; 1 Chron. 16:1-3; 2 Chron. 1:4).

text: The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark (1 Chron. 16:4). David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God (2 Sam. 7:1-17; 1 Chron. 17:1-15; 28:2, 3). The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah (2 Sam. 11:11); and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem (2 Sam. 15:24-29).

text: In Solomon's Temple[edit]

text: When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark (1 Kings 2:26). Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom (1 Kings 3:15).

text: During the construction of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark (1 Kings 6:19); and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein (1 Kings 8:6-9). When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord" (1 Kings 8:10-11; 2 Chron. 5:13, 14).

text: When Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark (2 Chron. 8:11). King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple (2 Chron. 35:3), from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors (cf. 2 Chron. 33-34 and 2 Kings 21-23).

text: The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath[edit]

text: In 587 BC, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple. There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles. An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra, 1 Esdras, suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God, but does not mention taking away the Ark:

text: And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord, both great and small, with the vessels of the ark of God, and the king's treasures, and carried them away into Babylon

text: In Rabbinic literature, the final disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[11] A late 2nd-century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the king of Judah, stored away the Ark, along with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines.[12] This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the same rabbinic work, state that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own place, meaning, somewhere on the Temple Mount.

text: References in Scripture[edit]

text: Tanakh[edit]

text: The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Psalms and Jeremiah.

text: In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah (Jer. 3:16), prophesied a future time, possibly the end of days, when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again:

text: And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land, in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it will not come to mind; they will not mention it, and will not recall it, and it will not be used any more.

text: Rashi comments on this verse that "The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God's Presence will rest upon them collectively, as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant."[13]

text: Second Book of Maccabees[edit]

text: According to Second Maccabees, at the beginning of chapter 2:

text: The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah found a cave-dwelling; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, then blocked up the entrance. Some of his companions came to mark out the way, but were unable to find it. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. "The place shall remain unknown", he said, "until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light again, and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud, as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated."

text: II Maccabees 2:4–8 (Douay-Rheims, 1899)

text: The "mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land" would be Mount Nebo, located in what is now Jordan.

text: The Ark in Islamic sources[edit]

text: Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Verse 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:

text: And their prophet said to them, "Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest (tābūt) will come to you in which is assurance (sakīnatun) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses (Mūsā) and the family of Aaron (Hārūn) had left, carried by the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers."[14]

text: The Arabic word sakīna (variously translated "peace of reassurance" or "spirit of tranquility") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah, meaning "dwelling or presence of God".

text: The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat, the Books of Moses.[15] According to Al-Jalalan, the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitres of Moses and the vase of manna.[15] Al-Tha'alibi, in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.

text: According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam, and Islam gives it special significance.[16]

text: Possible locations[edit]

text: Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, there have been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places have been suggested for its location.

text: Mount Nebo[edit]

text: 2 Maccabees 2:4-10, written around 100 BC, says that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Altar of Incense, and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo, informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown "until the time that God should gather His people again together, and receive them unto mercy."[17] Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible (Deuteronomy 34) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land, and apparently also is his final burial place. Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km (29 miles) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem, near the east bank of the Jordan River.

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant, or Tabot, in Axum. The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church, each with its own dedication to a particular saint; the most popular of these include Mary, George and Michael.[18]

text: The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270. It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, it predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, and, after a description of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year, "on the feast of the great nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the feast of the illuminating Cross."[19]

text: In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal, British writer Graham Hancock suggests, contrary to the Kebra Nagast, that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River, where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum.[20] Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock's theory "garbage and hogwash," while Edward Ullendorff, a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London, said he "wasted a lot of time reading it."[21]

text: On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum, Ethiopia.[22] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[23]

text: Southern Africa[edit]

text: The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "voice of God", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[24][25]

text: On 14 April 2008, in a UK Channel 4 documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not allowed to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used as a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.[26]

text: In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen. One Lemba clan, the Buba, which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa, have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype. This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant. Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen. Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests constructed a new one. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare.[25] Parfitt had this artifact radio-carbon dated to about 1350, which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization.[27]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Chartres Cathedral, France[edit]

text: French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar.[28][29]

text: Rennes-le-Château, then to the United States[edit]

text: One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes-le-Château in Southern France. Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne, who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes-le-Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States.[30]

text: Rome[edit]

text: The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned.[31][32]

text: "Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy-seat of the temple. There was a bloodstain on it. On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement."[33]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 2003, author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees. Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s, when Ralph de Sudeley, the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, England taking the treasure with him.[34]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant—the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.[35]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Tutankhamun's tomb[edit]

text: In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (KV62) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. Among the artifacts was a processional ark, listed as Shrine 261, the Anubis Shrine. Almost immediately after publication of the photographs[36] of this sensational archaeological find, some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant. John M. Lundquist, author of The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future (2008), discounts this idea. The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres (37 in) long, 37 centimetres (15 in) wide, and 54.3 centimetres (21.4 in) high in the shape of a pylon. The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres (52 in) long, 80 centimetres (31 in) wide, and 80 centimetres (31 in) high in the shape of a rectangular chest.

text: Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant; it can only be said that the it is "ark-like", constructed of wood, gessoed and gilded, stored within a sacred tomb, "guarding" the treasury of the tomb (and not the primary focus of that environment), that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects, that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid, and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun's tomb. Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt.[37]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark, which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936. It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).[38]

text: In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from charged static electricity from different metal plates like a giant battery.[39]

text: Yom HaAliyah[edit]

text: Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.


document_title: Subsidiary alliance

question_text: when was the subsidiary alliance imposed on awadh

text: Subsidiary alliance

text: Terms[edit]

text: An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British would accept British forces within his territory and to pay for their maintenance.

text:
The ruler would accept a British official (resident) in his state.
The ruler who entered into a subsidiary alliance would not join any alliance with any other power or declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
The ruler would dismiss any Europeans other than the British and avoid employing new ones.
The ruler would let the British rule on any conflict with any other state.
The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the paramount power in India.
The ruler would have his state be protected by the Company from external dangers and internal disorders.
If the rulers failed to make the payments that were required by the alliance, part of their territory would be taken away as a penalty.
Indian rulers have to maintain British troops in his state.

tag: ol

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Indian rulers under British protection surrendered the control of their foreign affairs to the British. Most subordinate disbanded their native armies and instead maintained British troops within their states to protect them from attack, but that became increasingly unlikely in most parts of India as British power grew.

text: The Nawab of Awadh was the first to enter into such an alliance after the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore refused to do so, but after the British victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was forced to become a subsidiary state. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept a well-framed subsidiary alliance. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Maratha ruler Baji Rao II also accepted a subsidiary alliance.

text: Other states Tanjore (1799), Avadh (1801), Peshwa (1802), Bhonsle (1803), and Scindhiya (1804) accepted this alliance.

text: However, the Holkar State of Indore never accepted the Subsidiary alliance.


document_title: Father of the Bride (1991 film)

question_text: how old is the daughter in father of the bride

text: Father of the Bride (1991 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: George Banks (Steve Martin) is the owner of a successful athletic shoe company called Side Kicks in San Marino, California. His 22-year-old daughter, Annie (Kimberly Williams) who just graduated from college, returns home from Europe, announcing that she is engaged to Bryan MacKenzie (George Newbern), a man from an upper-class family from Bel-Air, despite their only having known each other for six months. The sudden shock turns the warm reunion into a heated argument between George and Annie, but they quickly reconcile in time for Bryan to arrive and meet them. Despite Bryan's good financial status and likeable demeanour, George takes an immediate dislike to him while his wife, Nina (Diane Keaton), accepts him as a potential son-in-law. George does not want to let go of his daughter.

text: George and Nina meet Bryan's parents, John and Joanna MacKenzie. Though George feels comfort from John also expressing how shocked he had initially been at Bryan's engagement, he quickly gets into trouble when he begins nosing around and eventually ends up falling into the pool when cornered by the MacKenzies' vicious pet Dobermans. All is forgiven, however, and the Banks meet with an eccentric European wedding coordinator, Franck Eggelhoffer (Martin Short) and his assistant, Howard Weinstein (B. D. Wong), where George immediately begins complaining about the price of the extravagant wedding items. The high price, $250 a head, plus the problems of wedding invitations begin to take their toll on George and he becomes slightly insane. The last straw occurs when his wrongly sized suit, which he had struggled to put on, rips when he bends his back. He leaves the house to cool off, but ends up causing a disturbance at the supermarket. Fed up with paying for things he doesn't want, he starts removing hot dog buns from their 12-bun packets so as to match the 8-dog packets of hot dogs. He ends up getting arrested, but Nina arrives to bail him out on the condition that he stop ruining the wedding.

text: With help from Nina and Franck, George becomes more relaxed and accepting of the wedding, particularly when Annie and Bryan receive rather expensive gifts from extended family members, but the wedding plans are put on hold when they have a row over a blender he gave her as a gift, which only gets worse when she refuses to believe his story about George's antics at his parents' house when he fell in the pool. George takes Bryan out for a drink, initially intending to get rid of him for good, but seeing his heartbroken face and genuine claim that he loves Annie, George has a change of heart and finally accepts him. He confesses to Annie that what happened at the MacKenzies' house was true, and she and Bryan reconcile.

text: Despite some last minute problems with the weather, the wedding is finally prepared, almost one year after Bryan and Annie's first meeting. They marry and the reception is held at the house, despite a nosy police officer objecting to the number of parked cars in the street. Unfortunately, George misses Annie throwing her bouquet and is unable to see her before she and Bryan leave for their honeymoon in Hawaii. However, Annie calls him from the airport to thank and tell him that she loves him one last time before they board the plane.

text: With the house now empty and the wedding finished, George finds solace with Nina and dances with her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Martin as George Banks
Diane Keaton as Nina Banks
Kimberly Williams as Annie Banks-MacKenzie
Kieran Culkin as Matty Banks
George Newbern as Bryan MacKenzie
Peter Michael Goetz as John MacKenzie
Kate McGregor-Stewart as Joanna MacKenzie
Martin Short as Franck Eggelhoffer
B. D. Wong as Howard Weinstein
Richard Portnow as Al
David Pasquesi as Hanck
Chauncey Leopardi as Cameron
Eugene Levy as Singer at audition
Marissa Lefton as 3-year-old Annie
Sarah Rose Karr as 7-year-old Annie
Amy Young as 12-year-old Annie
Ira Heiden as Supermarket Stock Boy
Britt Leach as Assistant Manager of Supermarket (uncredited, his final film role to date)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack was scored by Alan Silvestri and was influenced by jazz and Christmas instrumentations. It contains the following tracks:

text:
"Main Title"
"Annie's Theme"
"Drive to Brunch"
"Snooping Around"
"Pool Cue"
"Annie Asleep"
"Basketball Kiss"
"The Wedding"
"Snow Scene"
"Nina at the Stairs"
"The Big Day"
"Annie at the Mirror
"Pachelbel Canon"
"The Way You Look Tonight" - Alan Silvestri, Fields, Dorothy
"My Annie's Gone"
"The Way You Look Tonight (Reprise)"
"End Credits"

text: The following songs are also featured in the film:

text:
"My Girl" - The Temptations
"(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Going to Marry" - Darlene Love
"Chapel of Love" - The Dixie Cups

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film opened to generally favorable reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of critics gave it a positive rating, based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 6/10. Its consensus states that "while it doesn't quite hit the heights of the original, this remake of the 1950 classic is pleasantly enjoyable, thanks in large part to winning performances from Steve Martin and Martin Short."[3] Contrastingly, it received 51/100 on Metacritic.[4]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four and called it "one of the movies with a lot of smiles and laughter in it, and a good feeling all the way through. Just everyday life, warmly observed."[5] Desson Howe of The Washington Post praised Martin for his performance in it, writing that "it is so funny, it's almost sublime. The explanation is simple: It's all Steve Martin."[6]

text: The film drew $15 million on its debut.[7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
1992; nominated, "Best Breakthrough Performance" - Kimberly Williams
1992; nominated, "Best Comedic Performance" - Steve Martin

text: 1993: won, "Best Movie" - Father of the Bride

text: 1993; nominated, "Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Motion Picture" - Kieran Culkin

text: Remake[edit]

text: In February of 2018, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that remakes of several films are in development as exclusive content for Walt Disney Studios' upcoming streaming service; with one of those named in the announcement being Father of the Bride.[8]


document_title: Sling Blade (film)

question_text: who's the main actor in sling blade

question_tokens: who 's the main actor in sling blade

text: Sling Blade (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Karl Childers is an intellectually disabled Arkansas man, who has been in the custody of the state mental hospital since the age of 12, for having killed his mother and her lover. Although he had been thoroughly institutionalized, Karl is deemed fit to be released into the outside world. Prior to his release, he is interviewed by a local college newspaper reporter, and he recounts committing the murders with a Kaiser blade, saying, "Some folks call it a sling blade. I call it a kaiser blade." Karl explains that he attended school with his father's boss' teenage son Jesse Dixon, who was a mean-spirited bully and pervert; he thought that Jesse was raping his mother, and decapitated him. When he discovered that his mother was a willing participant in the affair, he killed her too.

text: Thanks to the doctor in charge of his institutionalization, Karl, who is highly skilled at repairing small engines, lands a job at a repair shop in the small town where he was born and raised. He befriends 12-year-old Frank Wheatley, and shares some of the details of his past, including the killings. Frank reveals that his father was killed when he was hit by a train, leaving him and his mother on their own. He later admits that he lied, and that his father committed suicide.

text: Frank introduces Karl to his mother, Linda, and her gay friend, Vaughan Cunningham. Vaughan is the manager of the dollar store where Linda works. Despite Vaughan's concerns about Karl's history in the mental hospital, Linda allows him to move into her garage, which angers Linda's abusive alcoholic boyfriend, Doyle Hargraves. Karl bonds with Linda, who makes him biscuits to eat. Vaughan invites Karl to lunch where he explains that a gay man and a mentally challenged man face similar obstacles of intolerance, and ridicule, in small-town America, before warning Karl about Doyle's violent demeanor, as well as his fears that Doyle might hurt or kill Linda and Frank.

text: Karl quickly becomes a father figure to Frank, who misses his father, and despises Doyle, who becomes increasingly abusive towards everybody including his own friends. Eventually, Doyle, who is also the frontman of his own band, has a drunken outburst towards his fellow band members and kicks them out, and attempts to do the same with Karl and Vaughan. Linda tries kicking Doyle out of the house, despite his threats to kill her if she ever left him, and this leads to a physical confrontation with Linda and Frank, angering the boy, who throws things at Doyle until he finally leaves.

text: Things begin to look up for Karl, as he becomes more and more successful at his job, and is even set up on a date with Melinda, a coworker of Linda and Vaughan's, at a dinner party at Vaughan's house in which Linda, Frank, and Vaughan's partner Albert also attend. Despite this however, Karl is haunted by an incident that happened when he was 6 or 8 years old. His parents performed an abortion of his unwanted baby brother, causing the baby to "come out too soon," and Karl was given a bloody towel wrapped around the baby, which survived the abortion. Karl was instructed to "get rid of it," but when Karl detected movement inside the towel, he inspected it, discovering "a little ol' boy" that "wasn't no bigger than a squirrel." While recounting this story to Frank, Frank asks why Karl did not just keep the baby, to which Karl replies that he had no way to care for a baby. He placed the baby, still in the bloody towel, inside a shoe box and buried the baby alive, saying he felt it was better to just "return him to the good Lord right off the bat," because of the abuse and neglect he received at the hands of his own parents.

text: A few days later, Linda and Doyle reconcile, who announces his plan to move into the house permanently, and to one day "pop the question" to Linda, much to Frank's anger. After a lot of thinking, Karl visits his father, who has become a mentally unbalanced hermit, living in the dilapidated home where Karl grew up. He tells his father that killing his baby brother was wrong, and that he had wanted to kill his father for making him do it, but eventually decided that he was not worth the effort.

text: Knowing that he has the upper hand again, Doyle confronts Karl and Frank shortly after Karl's baptism, and announces "big changes" including Karl's removal from the house; Doyle attempts to attack Frank when he retorts him, which is stopped by Karl who threatens Doyle never to touch Frank again, to no avail. Karl begins to realize that, eventually, either Frank is going to kill Doyle and end up just like him, or that Doyle's abuse will end up killing Frank and Linda. In order to prevent this, Karl makes Frank promise to spend the night at Vaughan's house. Karl then goes to Vaughan's house and asks to pick up Linda from her place, and have her stay over also; he then tells Vaughan that, even though homosexuality is a sin according to the Bible, that he doesn't think the Lord would ever send someone as nice as him to Hell, and that he doesn't have to "go with women" to be a good father to Frank.

text: Karl returns to Linda's house, but seems undecided about whether to enter. When confronted, a drunk Doyle asks what Karl is doing with the lawnmower blade he had sharpened and fashioned into a weapon. Karl replies, "I aim to kill you with it," but not before asking how to reach the police by telephone. Not taking Karl seriously, Doyle says he should dial 911 and request "an ambulance, or a 'hearst'." Karl kills Doyle with two chopping blows of the lawnmower blade to the head. Karl then phones the police to turn himself in, and requests a "hearst" be sent for Doyle. He eats biscuits while waiting for the police.

text: Returned to the state hospital, he seems to be a different person than he was during his previous institutionalization. He silences a sexual predator who had previously forced him to listen to tales of his horrible deeds, before standing to look out of the window towards a field, having learned the value of sacrificing one's self to save others.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Billy Bob Thornton as Karl Childers
Dwight Yoakam as Doyle Hargraves
J. T. Walsh as Charles Bushman
John Ritter as Vaughan Cunningham
Lucas Black as Frank Wheatley
Natalie Canerday as Linda Wheatley
James Hampton as Jerry Woolridge
Robert Duvall as Karl's father
Jim Jarmusch as Deke, the Frostee Cream employee
Vic Chesnutt as Terence
Brent Briscoe as Scooter Hodges
Mickey Jones as Johnson

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film garnered both critical and commercial success. It grossed $24,444,121 on a $1 million budget. The film received a 96% "Certified Fresh" rating by Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10, with 49 critics giving generally favorable reviews and only two negative reviews; the site's consensus states "You will see what's coming, but the masterful performances, especially Thornton's, will leave you riveted."[2]

text: The Washington Post called it a "masterpiece of Southern storytelling."[3] Kevin Thomas wrote in the Los Angeles Times that the film is "a mesmerizing parable of good and evil and a splendid example of Southern storytelling at its most poetic and imaginative".[4] The New York Times critic Janet Maslin praised the performances but said that "it drifts gradually toward climactic events that seem convenient and contrived".[5]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Academy Awards
Won for Best Adapted Screenplay (Thornton)
Nominated for Best Actor (Thornton)
Chicago Film Critics Awards
Won for Best Actor (Thornton)
Edgar Awards
Won for Best Motion Picture Screenplay (Thornton)
Independent Spirit Awards
Won for Best First Feature
Kansas City Film Critics Awards
Won for Best Actor (Thornton)
National Board of Review Awards
Won for Special Achievement in Filmmaking (Thornton)
Satellite Awards
Nominated for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama (Thornton)
Nominated for Best Original Screenplay (Thornton)
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Cast
Nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role (Thornton)
Writers Guild of America Awards
Won for Best Adapted Screenplay (Thornton)
Young Artist Award
Won for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film (Black)
YoungStar Award
Won for Best Young Actor in a Drama Film (Black)