document_title: The Client List (TV series)

question_text: who plays lacey's husband on the client list

question_tokens: who plays lacey 's husband on the client list

text: The Client List (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Riley Parks (Jennifer Love Hewitt), who begins work in a day spa in a local town after her husband abandons her and their children, leaving her in financial debt. She quickly realizes that the spa gives much more than massages, but works with the parlor's owner in order to keep food on the table. While helping to run the business, she struggles to discreetly balance two lives – a single mother who must provide for her family and a strong businesswoman working in a unique and frowned-upon business.[9]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Riley Parks (née Campbell), the main character whose husband leaves her during a financial crisis when they risk losing their house to foreclosure. Riley is hired at The Rub as a massage therapist and soon realizes the only way to make enough money to catch up financially is to give "extras" to some of the clients. Although hesitant at first, she soon accepts this as a way to save their house and provide for her family. She has a supportive brother-in-law, Evan, who is always looking after her children when she is out and is a close friend to her. Riley and Evan soon develop a relationship, which upsets Riley's husband, Kyle, when he returns later in the series. Riley's best friend Lacey tells her that Kyle planned on leaving her after Lacey finds out the truth about the job's extra services.
Cybill Shepherd as Lynette Montgomery,[10] Riley's mother who works at a hair salon and has been married many times. She tries to look out for Riley's and her grandchildren's best interests.
Loretta Devine as Georgia Cummings-Clemens,[11] the former owner of the massage parlor, The Rub, in Sugar Land.
Colin Egglesfield as Evan Parks,[12] Riley's brother-in-law, her husband's brother, who also harbors secret feelings for her.
Rebecca Field as Lacey Jean Locklin,[13] Riley's best friend since childhood who has discovered the truth about what Riley and most of the other massage therapists do and wants her to quit.
Alicia Lagano as Selena Ramos,[14] a masseuse at the parlor, who often offers "extra services" to her clients. Selena also recommended the masseuse job to Riley. She is shown to be jealous of Riley's relationship with Georgia, who gives her extra responsibilities at the shop, and later becomes her boss. She and Evan had a brief romance, but it did not last.
Brian Hallisay as Kyle Parks (recurring role, season 1; main role, season 2), Riley's husband and Evan's brother, who ran away from his family. He is arrested for stealing copper wire and wants Riley back. She hires a defense attorney for him solely because he is the father of her children.
Naturi Naughton as Kendra (season 1),[15] a hard-working masseuse at the parlor. Kendra quit The Rub along with Jolene in the beginning of the second season.
Kathleen York as Jolene (season 1),[16] another masseuse working at the parlor, who does not give "extras". She only gives "straight" massages. Jolene quit The Rub along with Kendra in the beginning of the second season.
Laura-Leigh as Nikki Shannon (season 2), the newly hired masseuse at The Rub.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Tyler Champagne as Travis Parks, Kyle and Riley's son
Cassidy Guetersloh as Katie Parks, Kyle and Riley's daughter
Greg Grunberg as Dale Locklin, Lacey's husband
Elisabeth Röhm as Taylor Berkhalter,[17] a woman who continually competes with Riley and ends up buying the hair salon where Lynette and Lacey both work.
Bart Johnson as Beau Berkhalter, Taylor's husband, who later cheated on her.
Rob Mayes as Derek Malloy (season 2), a masseur working at the parlor, who has sexual relations with Selena.
T.V. Carpio as Shelby Prince (season 2), a fellow police officer who met Evan at the police academy, later becoming his girlfriend.
Michael Beach as Harold Clemens (season 2), Georgia's boyfriend and later husband.
Brian Howe as Judge Overton (season 2), one of the names on the client list, working on the inside with Riley.
Marco Sanchez as Graham Sandoval (season 2), Kyle's attorney.
Johnathon Schaech as Greg Carlyle (season 2), a strip club owner that Nikki used to work for, before becoming a masseuse.
Tammy Townsend as Karina Lake (season 2)
Sunny Mabrey as Lisa Munsey (season 2)
Michelle Faraone as Michelle (season 2)
Desi Lydic as Dee Ann (season 1), a masseuse working at the parlor.
Brian Kerwin as Garrett (season 1), Lynette's ex-boyfriend, whom Lynette almost considered marrying.
Jon Prescott as Dr. Mark Flemming (season 1), a single-father widower who asked Riley on a date.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The show is based around Lifetime's 2010 television film of the same name, with Jennifer Love Hewitt reprising the lead role. The series, however, is a re-imagining of the film and is not a direct continuation of the film's storyline.[2] The most notable change is that the husband of Hewitt's character abandons his family in the television series before she becomes involved in prostitution, whereas in the film he leaves with their children after the scandal is exposed.

text: The pilot was written by Jordan Budde, and the film's producers all executive-produced the series alongside Hewitt.[5] Budde got the job because Suzanne Martin was busy working on Hot in Cleveland at the time. Upon being given the assignment Budde watched the original movie and felt that the story had ended and also that it was "super depressing" instead he decided to reimagine the show and pitched it that way to Lifetime who accepted. [18] At one point the network toyed with the idea of calling the show "The Rub" and have no connection to the original movie although they eventually decided against this. [18] > Early on Hewitt was involved in the casting of her masseuse clients, although as the show went on she dialed back her involvement in this. This, in part, led to a complaints that that " the guys were all so good looking" later the team tried to cast "t more real guys" although by this point the network refused insisting on "hot guys" [18]

text: Three promotional materials were filmed in October 2011[19] and released before the series premiered.[20] The first of these materials, released on January 26, 2012, featured Hewitt performing Shirley Bassey's "Big Spender" in a music video-style advert, in reference to the true nature of the work at the massage parlor.[21] The video received much interest from the media due to Hewitt's risqué role, who noted that "based on this new promo, the show is going to be seriously hot."[22][23]

text: Filming and premiere[edit]

text: Season 1 consists of 10 episodes. The series began filming on January 17, 2012.[24] Filming of Season 1 ended on May 2, 2012.[25] Season 1 premiered on April 8, 2012 and ended on June 17, 2012.[26]

text: Filming for the second season began on November 1, 2012.[27] Filming of Season 2 ended on April 18, 2013.[28] The season 2 premiered on March 10, 2013 and ended on June 16, 2013.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17)

2
15
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
June 16, 2013 (2013-06-16)

text: Season 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
1
"The Rub of Sugarland"
Wendey Stanzler
Jordan Budde
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
2.79[29]

Riley Parks, a single mom from Texas, is left alone with her children after her husband Kyle abruptly leaves. In financial trouble and desperate for a job, Riley gets hired at a massage parlor called The Rub. It's not long before she discovers that The Rub has a client list concerning men who expect "extras". Faced with a tough decision, she decides that in order to protect her family, she must do what she has to do. Soon, Riley realizes that the job comes with many secrets and much danger; which is a risk she is going to have to take.

2
2
"Turn the Page"
Allan Arkush
Barbara Nance
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
2.85[30]

Riley finds the phone number of a woman from Kyle's past and begins to investigate her with the help of Lacey. At the massage parlor, Riley meets an interesting client nicknamed The Camel. Meanwhile, Georgia takes all the girls out for drinks, where Riley discovers the fun side of her new job. Also, Lynette begins a romance with someone from church. Riley finds out her husband didn't cheat on her with the woman from his past, but learns something new about his addiction to painkillers.

3
3
"Tough Love"
John Behring
Laurie Arent
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
2.75[31]

Riley's work and family lives become too much to handle. Riley bails on a client twice. Katie gets in trouble in school for swearing, after a boy teases about her father. Georgia promotes Riley to the manager position, which causes a rift between Riley and Selena. Riley learns from Evan that Kyle is somewhere in Mexico. Lynette introduces her new boyfriend Garrett to the family.

4
4
"Ring True"
Patrick Norris
Efrem Seeger
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
2.41[32]

Riley unintentionally gives "extra service" to a good friend of Kendra's fiance. Kendra, who has not told her fiance about what really goes on at her job, fears that it will ruin her relationship. Riley also aids Kendra in preventing the truth from coming out. Riley pleases her friends and family, by going to a party since Kyle left town.

5
5
"Try, Try Again"
Timothy Busfield
Dawn DeKeyser
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
2.51[33]

Riley goes on her first date since Kyle left town, with a client she met. Riley begins to worry about Lynette's blossoming relationship with Garrett, after Garrett asks for Riley's blessing for Lynette's hand in marriage. Jolene reunites with her teenage son, who she gave up for adoption when she was a young struggling mother.

6
6
"The Cold Hard Truth"
Norman Buckley
Marc Halsey
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
2.27[34]

Georgia is worried that the police will raid the parlor. Lacey finds out about what Riley really has been doing at the parlor and does not take the news well.

7
7
"Life of Riley"
Bethany Rooney
John Tinker
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
2.55[35]

Riley helps a client overcome his fear of speaking to women. Riley finds out that Lacey did not tell her that Kyle planned on leaving her. Riley and Selena's rivalry continues, when Riley learns that Evan has been dating Selena.

8
8
"Games People Play"
Patrick Norris
Laurie Arent
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
2.10[36]

Selena runs into Evan at a lunch spot, and also get unwanted attention from a former client, who call her a whore in front of Evan. Causing him to punch him in the face and defend Selena name.Riley gets involved with a rodeo cowboy's romantic life. Riley and Selena clash over Selena's relationship with Evan. Riley offers to help Lynette out-bid Taylor for ownership of the salon.

9
9
"Acting Up"
Wendey Stanzler
Hollie Overton
June 10, 2012 (2012-06-10)
2.19[37]

Riley goes on her first date with Mark. Dee Ann's relationship with a councilman gets her in hot water with Georgia; she is then fired. Katie runs away while Riley is on her date. Once Riley and Evan find her, they share a kiss. Kyle returns home.

10
10
"Past Is Prologue"
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Story by: Jennifer Love Hewitt & Barbara Nance
Teleplay by: Barbara Nance
June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17)
2.73[38]

Kyle returns home, but his homecoming is anything but warm. Georgia goes on vacation and leaves Riley in charge of the parlor, which doesn't sit well with Selena. Riley re-hires Dee Ann. An elderly client dies under the care of Riley. A corrupt police officer continues to put pressure on Riley.

text: Season 2 (2013)[edit]

text: On May 7, 2012, Lifetime renewed the series for a second season of 15 episodes. Filming for the season began on November 1, 2012,[39] and it premiered on March 10, 2013.[40]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

11
1
"'Till I Make it On My Own"
Allan Arkush
Story by: Ed Decter
Teleplay by: Natalie Chaidez
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
2.21[41]

In the middle of their argument the police arrive, Riley apologizes thinking that she is the one that is going to get arrested, only for the police to arrest Kyle. Georgia comes back to the spa after she hears about Kyle and find that Kendra and Jolene quit, forcing Selena and Riley to work together so they don't lose clients; Riley finds it hard to find time for her and Evan. While she tries to get Kyle out of jail, she finds out that he stole a truck that was traveling with copper, and the only way for Kyle to get out of jail is to give up his partner in crime, but he won't do it. Riley goes to Georgia with the idea of having Riley own The Rub so that Georgia can keep her new man, and she can still help out if the girls need her; Georgia finds that there is a search warrant for The Rub and that the police are looking at Riley. Kyle promises his attorney that he has something worth more to the police than his partner; while Kyle and Evan fight over the fact that Evan and Riley are growing closer.

12
2
"Who's Cheatin' Who?"
Andy Wolk
Natalie Chaidez
March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
2.08[42]

Riley is overwhelmed with the amount of massages she's giving per day, so she decides to hire another massuese. She ends up hiring an ex-stripper community college student in need of money for tuition. Georgia becomes manager at her boyfriend's bar and insists Riley make her first payment to her in a check. Riley learns that Kyle's bail hearing was moved up and was set at $7,500. At home, suddenly Georgia calls and tells Riley to make sure the client list is "good and hidden". Riley quickly reacts, but when the police show up they are looking for money. That night, one of Kyle's buddies from prison shows up at her house and hands her a bag full of $100 bills. Later, the police turn up at the spa and want to search. Riley demands a search warrant they don't have and they leave. Afterwards, Riley takes the bag of cash to the construction site to try and bargain Kyle's way out of jail. The man accepts the money but refuses to drop charges. Nervous because the feds are around, Riley drives to the middle of nowhere and buries the client list in the ground. The next morning while she and Evan are trying to spend quality time together, the police show up once more and inform her that her mother has been in an accident.

13
3
"Cowboy Up"
Rick Wallace
Hollie Overton
March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
2.00[43]

With both Riley and Evan finding themselves burdened by Kyle's actions, Evan accepts a perilous job in order to help Riley financially. Meanwhile, Linette has a car accident and, at the spa, Riley tries to please a veteran client and hires a male masseur.

14
4
"My Main Trial Is Yet to Come"
Timothy Busfield
Michael Reisz
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
1.85[44]

At the spa, Riley is surprised at what a client asks for and Selena is suspicious of one of the new girls. Meanwhile, Riley learns that Derek is not all that he seems and struggles to make any alone-time for her and Evan.

15
5
"Hell on Heels"
Jonathan Kaplan
Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
2.19[45]

At the spa, Riley discovers that her new client is an 18-year-old virgin and the locker room becomes the venue for uncomfortable situations between Derek and Selena. Meanwhile at home, Evan offers to take Travis to visit his dad and Linette encourages Katie to enter a pageant. Also, frustrated that she is still not pregnant, Lacey convinces Dale decide to see a fertility specialist.

16
6
"Unanswered Prayers"
Allan Arkush
Shaina Fewell
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
1.96[46]

While Riley works on Kyle's defense, Evan continues his police academy training and Lacey becomes suspicious of Dale, who's band is rocking out with a girl named Honey (Skyler Day). Meanwhile at the spa, Derek gets teased by Selena his frequent client.

17
7
"I Ain't Broke But I'm Badly Bent"
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Natalie Chaidez
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
2.11[47]

At the spa, Riley forms a close bond with a client and the girls have to get creative when there is a power outage. Meanwhile, Riley is shocked when, after fighting with an inmate, Kyle loses his visitation privileges and Lacey and Georgia organise a baby shower for Dale's sister. Riley is offered $50,000 to sleep with a client.

18
8
"Heaven's Just a Sin Away"
Debbie Allen
Nikki Schiefelbein
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
2.39[48]

While Kyle prepares to testify against his former employer, Riley and Lacey go to church with Georgia and Harold and Evan goes on his first date with Shelby. Meanwhile at the spa, Derek receives a warning from Selena about his client.

19
9
"Save A Horse, Ride A Cowboy"
Norman Buckley
Wendy Straker Hauser
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
2.11[49]

Kyle tries best to work his way back into Riley and his kids' lives. Selena fights her ex-husband over custody of a horse.

20
10
"What Part of No"
John Whitesell
Michael Reisz
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
1.79[50]

Lacey is attacked at Riley's house by someone that Riley believes was looking for the client list. Selena and Nikki fight over Derek.

21
11
"I Miss Back When"
Timothy Busfield
Shaina Fewell
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
2.08[51]

Lacey copes with the aftermath of the break-in and her attack. Attempting to cheer her up, Riley convinces her to attend their high school reunion. When Taylor sees her soon to be ex-husband, Beau, moving on with another woman at the reunion, Taylor reacts causing Riley to intervene. Meanwhile at the Rub of Sugarland, Selena warns Derek that his client, Lisa wants to take their relationship to the next step, outside the spa. Evan tries to focus on his relationship with Shelby but his past with Riley keeps intruding. Linette struggles with rehab and leans on Kyle for support.

22
12
"When I Say I Do"
Michael Fields
Story by: Sarah Wise
Teleplay by: Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
2.12[52]

Georgia is having doubts hours before she's due to marry Harold. At the wedding, Selena seems to have finally warmed up to the possibility of a serious relationship with Derek. Kyle continues to impress Riley and finally succeeds in persuading Riley to allow him back into the house. Dale proposes to Lacey again at the ball diamond to cheer her up after her miscarriage. Meanwhile, Evan is involved in police raids of massage parlors in the area. A Russian prostitute is arrested and admits to working for Carlyle. Riley is worried that "The Rub" might be next after she hears about the raids on the radio.

23
13
"Whatever It Takes"
Andy Wolk
Hollie Overton
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
1.95[53]

Kyle moves back in with Riley and the kids. Derek and Selena are officially together. Dale and Lacey are looking into adoption. Riley tries to drum up some more "legitimate" clients for The Rub as a back up plan now that Riley and Kyle are in a better place. She sets up a free massage promotion at a local golf tournament. Travis lies to Kyle to get him to agree to host Travis' team sleep-over at the house. Dale and Lacey walk in on Kyle and Riley arguing over the sleep-over arrangements, so Lacey volunteers herself and Dale to help with the sleep-over in order to defuse the situation. Riley finds out at the golf tournament that Judge Overton is the head of the prostitution busting task force Evan's on and she accosts the Judge over it in the massage chair. Later that evening Riley gets a call from her security company that The Rub has been breached. Riley and Derek check it out and find that Riley's office has been ransacked but nothing appears to be taken. Riley heads to the ranch to check on the client list and discovers it's missing from the box. Nikki confronts Carlyle about trashing Riley's office. He rebuffs her, telling her he had her followed and knows she didn't go to The Rub like she said she had. Carlyle hits Nikki and demands her to leave. Kyle finds out from his lawyer that Vandermeyer put in a plea so Kyle doesn't have to testify.

24
14
"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Nikki Schiefelbein
June 16, 2013 (2013-06-16)
1.90[54]

With the Client List missing, Riley begins preparing for the worst by making a video for her kids and cleaning out her personal and business' bank accounts. Riley stresses over the missing Client List. As she tries to think of who may have taken the list, she is confronted by Judge Overton who is upset over a threat he received from The Rub. Riley then believes the threat came from Nikki since she was connected to Carlyle, who had been after the Client List. Before she can confront Nikki about the list, Evan and detective Monroe show up to bring Nikki in for questioning since the task force is moving in on Carlyle's establishments. Meanwhile, Dale and Lacey are candidates in adopting a child. Riley goes to the police station to find out that Nikki was connected to Carlyle. She later confronts Nikki and Nikki says she has it. She goes to retrieve the list but finds a note that says Carlyle has it. Riley goes into a panic and begins trying to come up with a plan. Riley ends up at the hospital where Dale and Lacey are because they were chosen as a child's adoptive parents. Carlyle corners here when she leaves and tells her that she better have an exit strategy. She goes home and is confronted by Kyle who Evan told Riley was connected to Nikki and Carlyle. Feeling overwhelmed she runs into the street as it's raining as Evan almost runs into her.

25
15
"Wild Nights are Calling"
Allan Arkush
Story by: Ed Decter
Teleplay by: Michael Reisz
June 16, 2013 (2013-06-16)
2.09[54]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Client List was the subject of a nationwide campaign by licensed massage therapists to stop the show before it aired. The group, "Massage Therapists Against The Client List", asserts that:

text: The Client List is a series that perpetuates the misconception that Massage Therapy includes inappropriate sexual contact. Massage Therapists are trained healthcare professionals and in most states are licensed and regulated by state medical boards. They adhere to a code of ethics and in some cases are under higher ethical standards than other healthcare professionals – because of these very same misconceptions. Many therapists are now working in doctor's offices and hospitals and providing valuable therapeutic services. The Client List is a huge step backwards."[55]

text: A&E responded to the controversy with the following press release:

text: We appreciate your feedback concerning the new Lifetime Television series entitled, The Client List. For many years, Lifetime television has explored the complexity of women's lives and their stories through fiction and non-fiction movies, series and programs. The Client List is a fictionalized story about the experiences of a single mother as she unexpectedly faces dire economic circumstances. The series also features a broad range of characters with alternative points of view who make different choices. The Client List is not intended to depict any specific spa or massage entity, nor in any way demean or disparage the therapeutic massage profession and its benefits and contributions to the health and wellness industry.[56]

text: Renewal delay and show cancellation[edit]

text: An expected third season renewal for the series was put on hold after the announcement of Jennifer Love Hewitt's pregnancy in June 2013. Hewitt reportedly wanted/insisted the real father of her child, co-star and fiancé Brian Hallisay, to also be the father of a fictional baby to be born by her character in the third season, while the show's executives and writers wanted Colin Egglesfield's character to be the father. Lifetime was undecided, which led to a renewal delay that lasted into October 2013.[57] Due to creative differences between Hewitt, Lifetime, Sony Pictures Television, and ITV Studios America, the show was officially canceled on November 1, 2013 after two seasons.[7][8]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The first season of The Client List, consisting of 10 episodes, was watched by an average of 2.51 million viewers per week.[58] The second season, consisting of 15 episodes, was watched by an average of 2.05 million viewers.[59]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations for The Client List

Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2012
California on Location Awards[60]
Assistant Location Manager of the Year – Television
Eva M. Schroeder
Won

2013
Young Artist Awards[61]
Best Performance in a TV Series – Recurring Young Actor Ten and Under
Tyler Champagne
Nominated


document_title: Daylight saving time

question_text: when does day light savings start and end

question_tokens: when does day light savings start and end

root

text: Daylight saving time

text: Rationale[edit]

text: Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours[8][9] and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater the further one moves away from the tropics.

tag: p

text: By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time, individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities.[10][11] However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.[12][13]

text: While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine to five" workday.[14][15] Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

text: The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of phase with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock.[16] DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.[17] The effect also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone, with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone.[18]

text: History[edit]

text: Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of daytime, so that (for example) each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn.[19] For example, the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes.[20] From the fourteenth century onwards, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos[21] and all Jewish ceremonies.[22]

text: During his time as an American envoy to France (1776-1785), Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise",[23][24] anonymously published a letter in the Journal de Paris suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight.[25] This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise.[26] Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.[27]

text: In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly, Cortes of Cádiz, issued a regulation that moved the sitting of certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes but did not actually change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions but did so on their own volition.[28][29]

text: The New Zealand entomologist George Hudson first proposed modern DST. Hudson's shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight.[3] In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift,[10] and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up with an 1898 paper.[30] Many publications credit DST proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett,[31] who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day.[15] An avid golfer, Willett also disliked cutting short his round at dusk.[32] His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later.[33] The Liberal Party member of parliament (MP) Robert Pearce took up Willett's proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on February 12, 1908.[34] A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

text: Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST on July 1, 1908.[35][36] This was followed by Orillia, Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912.[37]

text: The first states to adopt DST (German: Sommerzeit) nationally were those of the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary commencing April 30, 1916  as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918.

text: Broadly speaking, most jurisdictions abandoned daylight saving time in the years after the war ended in 1918 (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, Ireland, and the United States). However, many different places adopted it for periods of time during the following decades and it became common during World War II. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe, starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.

text:
Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals.[38]
For specific details, see Daylight saving time by country.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: Clock shifts are usually scheduled at, or soon after, midnight and on a weekend to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. [39] A one-hour shift is customary but twenty minute and two hour shifts have been used in the past. In all countries that use daylight saving, the clock is advanced in spring and set back in autumn; the spring change reduces the length of that day and the autumn change increases it. For a midnight shift in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 11:59:59.9 to 01:00:00.0.

text: The time at which clocks are to be shifted differs across jurisdictions. The European Union has a coordinated shift, shifting all zones at the same instant, at 01:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 Central European Time (CET) or 03:00 Eastern European Time (EET), the result is that the time differences across European time zone remain constant.[40] [41] North America shifts at 02:00 but at the local time and is consequently uncoordinated so that, for example, Mountain Time is, for one hour, zero hours ahead of Pacific Time instead of one hour ahead in the autumn and two hours instead of one ahead of Pacific Time in the spring.

text: The dates on which clocks are to be shifted also vary with location and year, consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout the year. For example, Central European Time is usually six hours behind North American Eastern Time, except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours a few weeks per year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union.[41] Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year.[42] Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile observes DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time.[43] In some countries time is governed by regional jurisdictions within the country so that some jurisdictions shift and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the United States.[44][45]

text: From year to year, the shift dates may change for political and social reasons. The 2007 U.S. change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done.[46] Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change—to provide extra daylight on October 31. In the past, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing states shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26.[47]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began.[1] Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country"[48] and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time".[49] Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crises and war.[50]

text: The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour, Churchill, David Lloyd George, Ramsay MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham or "Sandringham time"), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a parliamentary committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail.[51] The U.S. was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the United States House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.[52]

text: After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on May 21, 1916.[53] U.S. retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The U.S.'s 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.[54]

text: The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. Now under a European Community directive summer time begins annually on the last Sunday in March, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016).[41] The U.S. was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden.[55] Only a few U.S. cities retained DST locally thereafter,[56] including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York.[57] Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.[11]

text: Since Germany's adoption in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved.[58]

text: The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966.[59][60] In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law.[61] In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to U.S. DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.[62]

text: In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor.[63] In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to U.S. DST.[64] In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time.[65] DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.[66] After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed.[67] On April 14, 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement.[68] The Bill was defeated in the Queensland parliament on June 15, 2011.[69]

text: In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.[9]

text: In some Muslim countries, DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco,[70][71] although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan.[72] Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

text: The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus.[73] Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014.[74] The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on October 26, 2014 and intends to stay there permanently.[75]

text: Dispute over benefits and drawbacks[edit]

text: Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from having more hours of light after the end of a typical workday in the warmer months.

text: Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive,[77] that DST increases health risks such as heart attack,[77] that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.[78][79]

text: Having a common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard schedule over whole countries or large areas has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts in which some people get up earlier and others do not.[80] The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight.[81] DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because the days are shorter then; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and students may need to leave for school in the dark.[12] Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate.  Because of this variation, it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice.  The costs and benefits may differ from place to place.  Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

text: Energy use[edit]

text: A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of only 0.34% during the days when DST applies.[82][83] The meta-analysis furthermore found that "electricity savings are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while subtropical regions consume more electricity because of DST."[82][83]  This means that DST may conserve electricity in some countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, but be wasteful in other places, such as Mexico, the southern United States, and northern Africa.  The savings in electricity may also be offset by extra use of other types of energy, such as heating fuel.

text: The period of Daylight Saving Time before the longest day is shorter than the period after, in several countries including the United States and Europe. For example, in the U.S. the period of Daylight Saving Time is defined by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The period for Daylight Saving Time was extended by changing the start date from the first Sunday of April to the second Sunday of March, and the end date from the last Sunday in October to the first Sunday in November.

text: DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada.[84] (For comparison, air conditioning uses 16.5% of energy in the United States.[85])  Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, once a primary use of electricity.[86] Although energy conservation remains an important goal,[87] energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of a study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate.[84]

text:
In the United States, high-quality research indicates that DST reduces residential lighting costs but usually increases total energy consumption, especially when non-electricity sources of energy consumption are considered.[88][89]  These non-electricity sources of energy consumption include extra heating fuel on the colder, darker mornings and extra gasoline used to drive to shopping and sporting activities.  In some cases, DST increases residential electricity consumption, such as when people use more air conditioning in the longer, hotter evenings.[90]
A 2007 study estimated that winter daylight saving would prevent a 2% increase in average daily electricity consumption in Great Britain.[91] This paper was revised in October 2009.[92]
In 2000, when parts of Australia began DST in late winter, overall electricity consumption did not change, but the morning peak load and prices increased.[93]  The overall consumption was the same because people used more electricity in the dark mornings, and correspondingly less electricity in the brighter evenings.  In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.[94]
Although a 2007 study estimated that introducing DST to Japan would reduce household lighting energy consumption,[95] a 2007 simulation estimated that DST would increase overall energy use in Osaka residences by 0.13%, with a 0.02% decrease due to less lighting more than outweighed by a 0.15% increase due to extra cooling; neither study examined non-residential energy use.[96] This is probably because DST's effect on lighting energy use is mainly noticeable in residences.[84]

tag: ul

text: Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption.[84] The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.[97]

text: Economic effects[edit]

text: The undisputed winners of DST are the retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses that benefit from extra afternoon sunlight.[88]  Having more hours of sunlight in between the end of the typical workday and bedtime induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports.[98]  People are more likely to stop by a store on their way home from work if the sun is still up.[88]  In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million.[99] A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.[84]

text: Conversely, DST can harm some farmers,[77][100] young children, who have difficulty getting enough sleep at night when the evenings are bright,[77] and others whose hours are set by the sun.[101]  One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer, their labor is less valuable.[8] Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems.[79][102] Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.[103]

text: DST also hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings,[104][77] drive-ins and other theaters.[105]

text: Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion,[106] and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around US$1.7 billion.[77] Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on U.S. stock exchanges,[107] the estimated numbers depend on the methodology.[108] The results have been disputed,[109] and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.[110]

text: Public safety[edit]

text: In 1975 the U.S. DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%,[111] but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities.[12] In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians.[112] Others have found similar reductions.[113] Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST.[114] However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time.[115] It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts.[116] A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities.[117] A 2009 U.S. study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.[118]

text: DST likely reduces some kinds of crime, such as robbery and sexual assault, as fewer potential victims are outdoors after dusk.[119][89]  Artificial outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.[120]

text: In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations.[121] Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.[122]

text: A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually," primarily by increasing sleep deprivation.[123]

text: Health[edit]

text: DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise.[125] It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer.[126] DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier,[127] but some argue the reverse.[128] The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for U.S. DST extensions.[62][64] DST shifts are associated with higher rates of ischemic stroke in the first two days after the shift, though not in the week thereafter.[129]

text: Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent,[77] and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency.[6] Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks.[130] A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season.[131] A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition.[132] A 2013 review found little evidence that people slept more on the night after the fall DST shift, even though it is often described as allowing people to sleep for an hour longer than normal. The same review stated that the lost hour of sleep resulting from the spring shift appears to result in sleep loss for at least a week afterward.[133] In 2015, two psychologists recommended that DST be abolished, citing its disruptive effects on sleep as one reason for this recommendation.[134]

text: The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005.[135] In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.[136]

text: An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.[137]

text: In 2017, researchers at the University of Washington and the University of Virginia reported that judges who experienced sleep deprivation as a result of DST tended to issue longer sentences.[138]

text: Complexity and disadvantages[edit]

text: DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely.[139] People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive.[140] During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.[141]

text: Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured.[5] Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care.[142] These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules or manually adjust the devices' clocks.[7] A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

text: Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously[143] or at least more gradually[144]—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

text: DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies.[145] Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.[146]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.")[147] The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving(s) time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.[148] The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style explains the development and current situation as follows: "Although the singular form daylight saving time is the original one, dating from the early 20th century—and is preferred by some usage critics—the plural form is now extremely common in AmE. [...] The rise of daylight savings time appears to have resulted from the avoidance of a miscue: when saving is used, readers might puzzle momentarily over whether saving is a gerund (the saving of daylight) or a participle (the time for saving). [...] Using savings as the adjective—as in savings account or savings bond—makes perfect sense.  More than that, it ought to be accepted as the better form."[149]

text: In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal[33] used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation.[76] The same or similar expressions are used in many other languages: Sommerzeit in German, zomertijd in Dutch, kesäaika in Finnish, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spanish, and heure d'été in French.[53]

text: The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

text: The North American English mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember in which direction to shift the clocks.[1]

text: Computing[edit]

text: Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required that many computer systems be upgraded, with the greatest impact on e-mail and calendar programs. The upgrades required a significant effort by corporate information technologists.[150]

text:
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences.[151]
Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.[152][153]

text: However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require external leap second updates and time zone information to correctly calculate local time as needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the tz database also known as zoneinfo.

text: IANA time zone database[edit]

text: The tz database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS;[154] HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible.[155] When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable is not set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

text: Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.[156]

text: Microsoft Windows[edit]

text: As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows.[157] Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.[158]

text: These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year[159] and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically.[160] In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.[161]

text: Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained.[162] Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.[163][164]

text: The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).  A ready clue is if the time stamps differ by precisely 1 hour.

text: Permanent daylight saving time[edit]

text: A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus,[79] Canada (e.g. Saskatchewan), Iceland, Turkey, Namibia, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It could be a result of following the timezone of a neighbouring region, political will, or other causes. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails.[13]

text: Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to standard time in 2014 for the whole Russian Federation.[165] The United Kingdom and Ireland also experimented with year-round summer time between 1968 and 1971, and put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II.[166]

text: In the IANA time zone database, permanent daylight saving time is considered standard time that has been added by an hour.

text: By country and region[edit]

text:
Daylight saving time by country
Africa
Asia
Europe
North and South America
Oceania


document_title: Reed (mouthpiece)

question_text: where does the reed go on a clarinet

question_tokens: where does the reed go on a clarinet

text: Reed (mouthpiece)

text: Single reeds[edit]

text: Single reeds are used on the mouthpieces of clarinets and saxophones. The back of the reed is flat and is placed against the mouthpiece, the rounded top side tapers to a thin tip. These reeds are roughly rectangular in shape except for the thin vibrating tip, which is curved to match the curve of the mouthpiece tip. All single reeds are shaped similarly but vary in size to fit each instrument's mouthpiece.

text: Reeds designed for the same instrument may look identical to each other, but may vary in thickness ("hardness" or "strength"). Hardness is generally measured on a scale of 1 through 5 from softest to hardest. This is not a standardized scale and reed strengths vary by manufacturer. The thickness of the tip and heel and the profile in between affect the sound and playability. Cane of different grades (density, stiffness), even if cut with the same profile, will also respond differently.This is due to the natural differences in the density of the cane fibers.

text: How single reeds are made[edit]

text: The cane used to make reeds for saxophone, clarinet, and other single-reed instruments is grown in the southern coastal regions of France, Spain and in the last 30 years in the area of Cuyo in Argentina which has become one of the most important in the world. Once the cane is cut, it must lay out and dry in direct sunlight for about a month. The cane is rotated regularly to ensure proper and complete drying. Once dry, they are taken to be stored in a warehouse. As the cane is needed, it is pulled from the warehouse and taken to the factory. Once at the factory, the cane is taken to the cutting department where it is cut into tubes. The tubes are graded by diameter and wall density.[1] The tubes are then cut into "splits" which are transformed into reed blanks. The blanks are tapered and profiled using blades or CNC machines into reeds. After the reeds are completed, they are taken to a machine that grades them for strength.

text: Double reeds[edit]

text: Double reeds are used on the oboe, oboe d'amore, English horn, bass oboe, Heckelphone, bassoon, contrabassoon, sarrusophone, shawm, bagpipes, nadaswaram and shehnai. They are typically not used in conjunction with a mouthpiece; rather the two reeds vibrate against each other. However, in the case of the crumhorn, bagpipes, and Rauschpfeife, a reed cap that contains an airway is placed over the reeds and blown without the reeds actually coming in contact with the player's mouth. Reed strengths are graded from hard to soft.

text: How double reeds are made[edit]

text: The making of double reeds begins in the same way as how single reeds are made. The cane is collected from Arundo donax, dried, processed and cut down to manageable sizes for reed-making. Similar to single reed production, the cane is separated into various diameters.[1] The most common diameters for American-style oboe reeds are as follows: 9.5–10 mm (0.37–0.39 in), 10–10.5 mm (0.39–0.41 in), and 10.5–11 mm (0.41–0.43 in).[2] Many American oboists prefer a specific diameter at one time of the year and a different diameter at other times, depending on the season and the weather.[3]

text: The tubes are then split into three equal parts. Special attention is made to pick the pieces that are not warped. If a piece of tube cane is warped and made into a reed, the reed will not vibrate consistently on both sides, thus affecting the finished sound quality.[4] After the cane is split, the pieces will be gouged in a gouging machine to remove many cane layers to drastically decrease the thickness. This eases the process of scraping for the reed-maker and helps to maintain sharper knives. Reed makers not only masterfully learn to make reeds, but also learn how to sharpen knives with great mastery.[5]

text: Finally, the gouged pieces of cane soaked and "shaped" on a shaper with razor blades and allowed to dry before the final steps. The shaped piece of cane is then re-soaked and tied onto a "staple" for oboe reeds and formed on a mandrel for bassoon reeds. Bassoon reeds are wrapped with nylon thread or cotton thread, depending on the musician's preference. Oboe reeds are most commonly tied with nylon thread. Finishing both bassoon and oboe reeds requires the reed-maker to scrape along the cane section of the reed with a scraping knife to specific dimensions and lengths depending on the reed style and the musician's preference. Bassoon and oboe reeds are finished when the reeds play in tune or can make a sufficient "crow"-like noise.[6]

text: Quadruple reeds[edit]

text: Quadruple reed instruments have four reeds, two on top and two on bottom. Examples of this include an archetypal instrument from India, the Shehnai, as well as the Pi from Thailand, and the Cambodian Sralai. Having four reeds instead of two produces a very different tone and set of harmonics.

text: Free reeds[edit]

text: There are two types of free reeds: framed and unframed. Framed free reeds are used on ancient Asian instruments such as the Chinese shēng, Japanese shō, and Laotian khene, and modern European instruments such as the harmonium or reed organ (consisting of reed pipes), harmonica, concertina, bandoneón, accordion, and Russian bayan. The reed is made from cane, willow, brass or steel, and is enclosed in a rigid frame. The pitch of the framed free reed is fixed.

text: The ancient bullroarer is an unframed free reed; it consists simply of a stone or board of wood tied to a rope which is swung around through the air to make a whistling sound. Another primitive unframed free-reed instrument is the leaf (the bilu), used in some traditional Chinese music ensembles. A leaf or long blade of grass is stretched between the sides of the thumbs and tensioned slightly by bending the thumbs to change the pitch. The tone can be modified by cupping the hands to provide a resonant chamber.[7]

text: Materials[edit]

text: Most reeds for woodwind instruments are made from cane, but synthetic reeds are used by a small number of clarinetists, saxophonists, and double reed players, as well as by bagpipers. Synthetic reeds are generally more durable than their natural counterparts and do not need to be moistened prior to playing. Many players consider them to have inferior tone quality.

text: Recent developments in synthetic reed technology have produced reeds made from synthetic polymer compounds [1], and as technology in this area has progressed, synthetic reeds have gained more acceptance. Synthetic reeds are useful when the instrument is played intermittently with long breaks in between, during which time a natural reed might become dry.

text: The dizi, a Chinese transverse flute, has a distinctive kind of reed (a di mo), which is made from a paper-like bamboo membrane.

text: Commercial vs. handmade[edit]

text: Musicians originally crafted reeds from cane using simple tools, a process which was time-consuming and painstaking. Specialized tools for cutting and trimming reeds by hand reduce the time needed to finish a reed. Today, nearly all players of single-reed instruments buy manufactured reeds, although many players adjust them by shaving or sanding. Some professionals make single reeds from "blanks", but this is time-consuming and can require expensive equipment. Among double reed players, advanced and professional players typically make their own reeds, while beginners and students often buy reeds either from their teachers or from commercial sources.

text: Care and maintenance[edit]

text: Reeds made from cane, used on woodwind instruments such as saxophones, clarinets, oboes,  and bassoons, are  affected highly by climate changes. As the temperature and amount of humidity changes, the reed also changes. It is a common occurrence for a reed to behave vastly differently from the cold rehearsal room where they warm up to the stage which is often hot due to onstage lights. While these changes are unavoidable, there are certain things that can be done to alter the reed.

text: Reeds are sold in different strengths (most commonly 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5).[8] The strength is determined by a machine in the reed-making process that presses against the vamp (the part of the reed that includes the tip, where the tongue is placed, and the heart just behind the tip) of the reed and determines how stiff the reed is. Reeds are separated into boxes according to strength. A box of strength-3 reeds may include reeds of strengths ranging from 2.75 to 3.25. In a box of ten reeds, not every reed will be usable.

text: Because reeds change with climate, reeds that are too soft can be kept in the hopes that they will eventually become thicker, but there is nothing else that can be done to them. If a reed is too stiff, however, there are solutions. The most simple solution is to turn a piece of paper over so there is no ink and gently rotate the reed around it while gently placing the fingers at the tip and the butt to ensure even distribution on the paper. This works if the reed is just barely too stiff or warped (the tip is not flat). If the reed is more than a little too stiff, sandpaper can be used (preferably 300–500 grain) to repeat the process as described. Be careful not to damage the tip of the reed.

text: Sometimes a reed does not play well because it was not cut properly (machine error). This cannot always be fixed, but it can be helped with a reed pen. Reed pens are expensive, but can be used to realign or recut the filing on the reed.

text: In order to get the longest life from a reed,[9] the reed should be soaked in water for 2 minutes or until fully moist, but not soaked. It should be played for about 5 minutes the first day, 15 minutes the second, and 45 minutes on a third. After this, it should continue to be soaked, but can be played as long as needed.

text: "Reed players"[edit]

text: Especially in musical theatre orchestras, woodwind players are commonly referred to as "reed players" or "reeds". These players are not restricted to one particular woodwind instrument group, but play ("double on") several different instruments. (Although the flutes are not reed instruments, they are included as well.)

text: There are usually only four or five reed players in a pit orchestra who perform on all woodwind instruments (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone). A basic reed part usually has three or four instruments (flutes, clarinets and saxophones being the most common), but can include up to eight instruments, such as the "Reed 3" part in Bernstein's West Side Story, which calls for the player to use piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, clarinet, bass clarinet, and tenor and baritone saxophones. Through intricate doubling, the arranger can simulate the sound of a much larger woodwind section. (The West Side Story woodwind section would require twelve "classical" players instead of five "reed" players.)


document_title: Alt key

question_text: what is the equivalent of the alt key on a mac

text: Alt key

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The Alt key has come to replace the Meta key of the old MIT keyboards. In their original function, both Alt and Meta would set the high bit of the signal generated by the key to 1 (for example, A generates 01000001 while Alt+A generates 11000001). However, in modern software, due to the requirement of the high bit for internationalization, Alt no longer works in such a way.

text: Since the 1990s Alt has been printed on the Option key (⌥ Opt) on most Mac keyboards. Alt is used in non-Mac software, such as non-macOS Unix and Windows programs, but in macOS it is always referred as the Option key. The Option key's behaviour in macOS differs slightly from that of the Windows Alt key (it is used as a modifier rather than to access pull-down menus, for example).

text: Alt key combinations[edit]

text: The Alt key is well known as part of the key combinations:

text:
Ctrl+Alt+Delete brings up a task manager in some operating systems, see Control-Alt-Delete.
Alt+⌘ Cmd+Esc (rather ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc in native parlance) brings up the Force Quit window in Apple’s macOS, see Option key.
Ctrl+Alt+← Backspace usually causes the X display server to shut down or to restart, see Control-Alt-Backspace.
Alt+F4 closes the current window (or shuts down the computer if the desktop is in the foreground) on most windowing systems.
Alt+Tab ↹ switches between the currently opened windows on most windowing systems, see Alt-Tab.
Alt+↵ Enter allows for a new line when Enter does another command.

text: Alt key for special characters[edit]

text: Windows[edit]

text: In Microsoft Windows, holding down the Alt key while typing in numbers (often referred to as Alt codes) on the numeric keypad allows the user to type special characters not normally available on the keyboard. For example, holding down Alt while typing 0225 (Alt+0225) on the numeric keypad will result in á, the character at 225 in the codepage. These extended keyboard characters are useful for persons using foreign languages, mathematics, currency symbols, business use, etc. Some computers work the same if the Num Lock key is on.

text: macOS[edit]

text: On a Macintosh, the Alt key is called the Option key. It is not used to enter numeric character codes. Instead, keyboard letters and numbers are used. The diagram below shows the special characters a US Mac keyboard will produce when the Option key is pressed.[1]

text: The highlighted orange keys show the accents available from the combination of the Alt key and the keyboard characters e i u (on the top letters row) and ` n (on the bottom letters row). The accent then can be applied to associated letters both lower and uppercase. The additional characters a Mac will produce are a combination of both the ⌥ Option key and the ⇧ Shift key pressed down together. With this combination pressed the keyboard will now produce a different set or an uppercase version of the previous set in some cases.

text: Alt key pressed alone[edit]

text: When a user presses the Alt key by itself on Microsoft Windows, that moves keyboard focus to the menubar of the application having keyboard focus, and the key is not delivered to the application. In that state, another press of the Alt key will be delivered to the application.

text: On other platforms, for example Ubuntu, the Alt key pressed by itself may invoke another application and not be delivered to the application having keyboard focus. In Ubuntu 16.04, pressing the key opens the HUD, which is an input field that lets you do menu commands such as opening a file, or creating a new file.[2]