document_title: FernGully: The Last Rainforest

question_text: who does the voice of hexxus in ferngully

text: FernGully: The Last Rainforest

text: Plot[edit]

text: Crysta is a fairy with a curious nature living in FernGully, a pristine rainforest free from human intervention. The fairies of FernGully once lived in harmony with humans, but believe them to have gone extinct after having been driven away by a dark spirit named Hexxus. Crysta is the apprentice of Magi, a motherly-figure fairy who imprisoned Hexxus in a tree. One day Crysta explores a new part of the forest and meets Batty, a bat who claims to have been experimented on by humans, giving him a cocky and unstable personality. However, fairies refuse to believe him, except for Crysta, who volunteers to investigate the situation. She sees Zak, a young lumberjack whom Crysta accidentally shrinks when she tries to save him from being crushed by a falling tree, though does not know how to restore him to normal size.

text: The tree that Hexxus is imprisoned in is cut down by Tony and Ralph, Zak's superiors. Hexxus quickly begins to regain his powers by feeding on pollution. He manipulates the humans to drive to FernGully. In FernGully, Zak meets Pips, a fairy envious of Zak's relationship with Crysta. Zak begins to fall in love with Crysta, but hides the true reason that the humans had returned. When the signs of Hexxus's resurrection begin to manifest themselves in poisoned trees and rivers, he finally admits that humans are destroying the forest. The fairies mount an attempt to defend their homes, but knowing their fight is hopeless, Zak convinces Batty to aid him in stopping the machine before it destroys them. When Zak makes his presence known to Tony and Ralph, Hexxus takes over the machine and begins to wildly destroy the forest.

text: Magi sacrifices herself to give the fairies a chance, and she tells Crysta to remember everything she's learned. Zak manages to stop the machine, depriving Hexxus the source of his power, but he manifests himself within the oil in the machine and begins to ignite the forest ablaze. Crysta seemingly sacrifices herself by allowing herself to be devoured by Hexxus and all seems lost, until he begins to sprout limbs and leaves like a tree. Pips and the rest of the fairies rally to the powers they have been given, which causes the seed that Crysta fed him to start growing wildly. Hexxus is imprisoned by the newly grown tree at the very border of FernGully which bursts into bloom. Crysta appears after the fight, having survived her ordeal and successfully succeeded Magi as a magical fairy. She gives Zak a seed, begging him to remember everything that has transpired and she sadly restores him to his human size. Remembering the seed in his hand, Zak promises to remember his adventure, and buries the seed in the soil before telling Tony and Ralph that things need to change as they leave the forest behind. The seed sprouts new growth for FernGully, as Crysta follows Pips with Batty behind her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Samantha Mathis as Crysta
Jonathan Ward as Zak
Tim Curry as Hexxus
Christian Slater as Pips
Robin Williams as Batty Koda
Grace Zabriskie as Magi Lune
Geoffrey Blake as Ralph
Robert Pastorelli as Tony
Cheech Marin as Stump
Tommy Chong as Root
Tone Lōc as Goanna
Townsend Coleman as Knotty
Danny Mann as Ash
Kathleen Freeman as Elder #1

text: Themes[edit]

text: In the book Disney, Pixar, and the Hidden Messages of Children's Films, M. Keith Booker states that FernGully "focuses on the theme of the destruction of the Earth’s rainforests. In this case the rainforest is located near Mount Warning, on the eastern coast of Australia, but the theme is global and the specific location is not particularly emphasized". Despite the environmental theme Booker stated the film was "somewhat vague in its explanation of the dire consequences of rainforest destruction and it addresses the economic impetus behind this destruction hardly at all"; the fact that the rainforest was saved at the end of the film "diminishes the urgency of its environmentalist message" and that the character of Hexxus "displaces the real blame for environmental destruction from its real perpetrators onto nonexistent supernatural perpetrators, further diluting the political message." The character of Batty was said to introduce "the secondary theme of animal experimentation, though with a light touch that presents this potentially horrifying motif as essentially humorous."[3]

text: In the book Eco-Impacts and the Greening of Postmodernity, Tom Jagtenberg and David McKie comment that radical views of ecology flourished in the film, perhaps because it was "aimed at a younger generation ... and belong[s] to relatively discredited genres". As Zak is shrunk to fairy size and integrated into the fairy world, more similarities rather than differences are implied with the nonhuman characters. Crysta is said to defeat the evil Hexxus "in the manner of classic western genre heroes", though with the key difference that her weapon is a seed rather than a revolver, allowing the produce of nature to share the heroic role with her.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Producer Wayne Young said his passion for the environment was his motivation for making the film, saying the film was "blatantly environmental, although we have gone to a lot of trouble to avoid preaching. We also want it to be viewed as entertainment." The inspiration for FernGully came from stories written by his former wife, Diana Young.[5] Diana first wrote the story of FernGully 15 years before the film's release. Wayne said the couple planned a film adaptation for five years, then spent "seven years of dreaming and hustling, followed by another three years of production". Wayne stated their dream was not possible until the success of Walt Disney Feature Animation's 1989 film The Little Mermaid, which brought popularity back to animation.[2] Hand drawn scenes in the film were complemented by computer animation, which was used to create elements such as flocks of birds that would have taken much longer to animate traditionally. Kroyer states 40,000 frames of computer generated graphics were used in the film, and that the use of such animation halved the production time.[6] Most of the film's $24 million budget was spent on the animation and the soundtrack.[2]

text: The film marked Robin Williams' first animation role, with the character Batty Koda being created specifically for him. Williams provided 14 hours worth of improvised lines for the part which was originally only supposed to be an 8-minute role. Director Bill Kroyer was so impressed with the voice work he ended up tripling the screen time given to the character. Williams went on to provide the critically applauded voice of the Genie in Disney's Aladdin later the same year.[7] Williams accepted the role in FernGully because he agreed with the film's message,[8][9] as did the rest of the voice cast, who all worked for scale wages.[2] The film marked the first time that both members of Cheech & Chong had worked together in six years, with the two voicing beetle brothers Stump and Root. Cheech Marin said "It was just like old times, but we only worked for two or three hours, had a pizza and split."[10]

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: The soundtrack album was released by MCA Records. Peter Fawthrop from Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars, commenting that the songs were "lighter and more pop-driven than Disney soundtracks from the '90s, but they are not childish."[11] The score of FernGully, which was composed by Alan Silvestri,[12] was also released for sale. It consisted of 14 tracks and ran just under 44 minutes in length.[13]

text:
FernGully: The Last Rainforest – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Life Is A Magic Thing"
Johnny Clegg (written by Thomas Dolby)
4:30

2.
"Batty Rap"
Robin Williams (written by Thomas Dolby)
2:52

3.
"If I'm Gonna Eat Somebody (It Might As Well Be You)"
Tone Lōc
4:01

4.
"Toxic Love"
Tim Curry (written by Thomas Dolby)
4:39

5.
"Raining Like Magic"
Raffi
3:18

6.
"Land of a Thousand Dances"
Guy
2:58

7.
"A Dream Worth Keeping"
Sheena Easton
4:18

8.
"Some Other World"
Elton John (written by Elton John and Bruce Roberts)
4:42

Total length:
31:17[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: FernGully was released in the United States on April 10, 1992 and in Australia on September 17. The film was shown at the United Nations General Assembly on Earth Day, April 22, 1992.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: FernGully grossed US$32,710,894 worldwide, including $24,650,296 from the United States,[15] and A$3.4 million in Australia.[16] The box office performance was described as a moderate success[17][18] though it was considered to have done less well than expected, possibly due to its ecological message.[9] Joseph Gelmis from Newsday, however, described FernGully's box office performance as "dismal", though noted it was the most successful recent non-Disney animated film.[19] Co-executive producer Jaime Willett and Josh Baran who worked on the film's marketing both spoke of the difficulties of getting attention to an animated film that was not produced by Disney, with Willett stating box office revenue would have at least doubled by simply having the headline "Walt Disney presents" on the film.[17] An article in USA Today noted that the combined box office gross of FernGully and the five other non-Disney animated films released in 1992 did not even equal a third of the gross for Disney's 1991 film Beauty and the Beast.[20]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: FernGully received generally positive reviews. The film holds an approval rating of 71% at Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews.[21] Film critic Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, saying the film was visually "very pleasing," told a "useful lesson", "and although the movie is not a masterpiece it's pleasant to watch for its humor and sweetness."[22] Hollis Chacona from The Austin Chronicle added that the film was "funny, pretty, touching, scary, magical stuff."[23] Janet Maslin of The New York Times had an unfavourable impression of the film, describing it as "[a]n uncertain blend of sanctimonious principles and Saturday-morning cartoon aesthetics".[12] According to Wayne Young, Jeffrey Katzenberg, then-chairman of The Walt Disney Studios, called the producers of FernGully to tell them that he loved the film.[5]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Wayne Young stated that portions of the film's gross would be donated to Greenpeace, the Rainforest Foundation Fund, and the Sierra Club, as well as a special fund benefiting environmental projects worldwide that was administered by the Smithsonian Institution,[2] though he did not disclose exact figures.[5]

text: The film was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue. None of the original voice cast reprised their roles, and the film was less critically successful than the original. For the original film's 5th anniversary in 1997, this sequel was originally planned to be released in December of the same year, but it was pushed back to March 17, 1998 to avoid competition with other VHS releases during the Christmas sales, including 1492 Pictures' Jingle All the Way, DIC Entertainment's A Christmas Carol, Hallmark Entertainment's Annabelle's Wish and Walt Disney Home Video's Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas. Mike Boon from the Calgary Herald gave a negative review, lamenting the loss of Robin Williams and the originality of the first film.[24] Some reviewers have commented that the 2009 James Cameron film Avatar plagiarised thematic and plot elements from FernGully,[25][26] though others have stated it is simply one of many films that are similar to Avatar,[27] or have dismissed the comparison entirely.[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Four months after the theatrical release, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, under its previous name "Fox Video", released FernGully on VHS and Laserdisc on August 26, 1992. Sales were strong,[17] with approximately five million units sold by 1998,[18] including 125,000 in Australia.[16]

text: Fox re-released the film on DVD in 2001. Christopher Simons from DVD Talk gave the 2001 DVD three and a half stars out of five for both audio and video, though only one star for special features, noting that the only extras included were trailers for other films.[29] A "Family Fun Edition" DVD was released in 2005. Special features included commentary with director Bill Kroyer, art director Ralph Eggleston, and co-ordinating art director Susan Kroyer, several featurettes including the original featurette from 1992, the music video for If I'm Gonna Eat Somebody (It Might As Well Be You) by Tone Lōc, as well as trailers and TV spots. Scott Weinberg from DVD Talk gave this version four stars out of five for both audio and video, and also four stars for special features.[30]

text: For its 20th anniversary, FernGully was released on Blu-ray Disc on March 6, 2012, containing the same special features as the "Family Fun Edition". Aaron peck from High Def Digest gave it three out of five stars for video quality, four stars for audio and three and a half stars for extras.[31] Brian Orndorf from Blu-ray.com gave the release three out of five stars for video quality, three and a half stars for audio and four stars for special features.[32]


document_title: I Saw the Light (film)

question_text: who played hank williams in the movie i saw the light

root

text: I Saw the Light (film)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The film revolves around country music singer Hank Williams' rise to fame and sudden death at the age of 29.[6]

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hiddleston as Hank Williams[7]
Elizabeth Olsen as Audrey Sheppard Williams, Hank's wife, manager, and duet partner[8]
Cherry Jones as Lillie Skipper Williams, Hank's mother[9]
Bradley Whitford as Fred Rose, co-owner of Acuff-Rose song publishing in Nashville, who produced Hank's records and co-wrote several songs with Hank[9]
Maddie Hasson as Billie Jean, a 19-year-old pursued by Hank after his divorce from Audrey and eventually becomes his second wife and widow.[10]
Wrenn Schmidt as Bobbie Jett, had a short relationship with Hank after his divorce from Audrey. She gave birth to their daughter, Jett Williams[11]
David Krumholtz as James Dolan, a New York journalist[12]
Josh Pais as Dore Schary, a movie director, producer and former head of MGM Studios[11]
James DuMont as WB Nolan, a music promoter and small-town mayor[11]
Casey Bond as Jerry Rivers[13]
Michael Rinne as Lum York, bass player in Hank's band, Drifting Cowboys[14]
Joshua Brady as Sammy Pruett, lead guitarist in Hank's band, Drifting Cowboys[14]
Wes Langlois as Don Helms, steel guitarist in Hank's band, Drifting Cowboys[14]
Von Lewis as Ray Price, a Country singer and roommate of Hank Williams[15]
Fred Parker Jr. as Faron Young[16]
Rob Boltin as Frank Walker, President of Hank's record label, MGM Records

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Director Marc Abraham began developing the film in 2009 and adapted the screenplay himself.[17] In June 2014, producers secured the rights to Williams' music for the film after making a deal with Sony ATV.[7][18] Aaron L. Gilbert with Bron Studios will produce alongside Brett Ratner's production company RatPac Entertainment, G. Marq Roswell and Abraham.[18] Creative Wealth Media Finance will finance the film.[19] On 12 June 2014, British actor Tom Hiddleston who was set to play Hank Williams, posted an image of himself on his Twitter account, dressed as Williams with the title of the film as the caption.[20]

text: Hiddleston will sing his own music for the film, also taking on Williams' southern accent.[21] To prepare for the film and work on his singing and guitar playing, Hiddleston practiced with country singer Rodney Crowell.[22] In July 2014, Crowell signed on to be the executive music producer for the film while Carter Little, who has worked with the Black Keys on The Man With the Iron Fists, signed on to serve as music supervisor.[23] Crowell said of Hiddleston, "After nearly a month spent collaborating with this gifted artist, I'm as respectful of the man's work ethic as I'm mystified by his transformational skills. Without a doubt, the filmmakers chose the right actor for the job."[24]

text: At the 2014 Wheatland Music Festival, Hiddleston sang "Move It on Over" and "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)", promoting the film.[25][26]

text: Casting for the film for extras and additional actors begin in September 2014. Casting was done by Legacy Casting and Tracy Kilpatrick of The Casting Office.[27] On September 12, Rolling Stone announced that Elizabeth Olsen would be playing Audrey Williams, Hank's wife, manager, duet partner.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in Shreveport, Louisiana, starting in October 2014 and ending in December 2014.[7][28][29][30]

text: Criticism and controversy[edit]

text: Williams' grandson, singer Hank Williams III, has publicly expressed his displeasure for Hiddleston's singing skills.[31] Soon after Hiddleston's performance of "Move It on Over" at the Wheatland Music Festival, Hank III posted on Facebook, "here is how you do it Tom, You got no moan or soul in your voice," along with a video of himself singing his grandfather's hit.[32]

text: Hank III went on to critique Hiddleston's role, saying "To do a Hank Williams movie the way it should be done you need certain aspects in the mix to make right. It goes way beyond having an American to play the role of Hiram Hank Williams, Sr. for it to be somewhat natural, it needs to be an American from the South who has eaten, lived and breathed these kind of roles before to make more respectable movie on Hank Sr."[32][33] On September 11, 2015, soon after Hiddleston posted a film clip on social media, Hank III made another statement on Facebook, saying that the film seemed to lack "justice and real foundation."[34]

text: Conversely, Holly Williams, granddaughter of Hank Williams, Sr. and half-sister of Hank Williams III, praised Hiddleston's performance, stating in an interview with Rolling Stone, "Tom really put his whole heart and soul into it. He worked so hard to embody everything about Hank, all of the nuances and who Hank really was. Tom put all his passion into his performance."[35]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
I Saw the Light (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
March 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)

Length
32:54

Label
Legacy Recordings

tag: table

text: The soundtrack for I Saw the Light was released on March 25, 2016[36] by Legacy Recordings. Seven of the songs are performed by Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys.[37]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Hey Good Lookin'"
Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys
2:49

2.
"Move It on Over"
Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys
2:18

3.
"Anytime"
Eddy Arnold
2:52

4.
"Field Hand Man"
The Delmore Brothers
2:58

5.
"Jambalaya"
Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys
2:47

6.
"The Tennessee Waltz"
Jo Stafford
2:25

7.
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys
2:14

8.
"That's What's Knockin' Me Out"
Jimmy Liggins
2:07

9.
"Santa Baby"
Eartha Kitt
3:25

10.
"Why Don't You Love Me"
Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys
2:19

11.
"Please Don't Let Me Love You"
George Morgan
2:36

12.
"Honky Tonkin'"
Tom Hiddleston and the Saddle Spring Boys
2:41

13.
"Lovesick Blues" (Soundtrack Edit)
Emmett Miller
1:23

Total length:
32:54

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 27, 2015, by Sony Pictures Classics.[38] However, on October 16, the release date was pushed back to March 25, 2016.[5]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: I Saw the Light received mixed to negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 20% score based on 131 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's consensus states: "I Saw the Light boasts a terrifically talented cast, but their performances aren't enough to enliven an unfocused biopic that never comes close to capturing its subject's timeless appeal."[39] Metacritic reports a 47 out of 100 rating based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[40]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club criticized I Saw the Light for not having "a spark of insight or psychology to it," and stated "no character in the film ever comes across as more than an accent."[41] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one of four stars, stating "Not even a singin', boozin' Tom Hiddleston can save this tepid Hank Williams biopic from itself."[42]


document_title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen

question_text: transformers the revenge of the fallen heroine name

text: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 17,000 B.C., the Seven Primes travel across the galaxy to create Energon with star-absorbing machines named Sun Harvesters. One of them, later known as The Fallen, defies their sole rule to never destroy planets with life by establishing a Sun Harvester on Earth. He is confronted by the other Primes, who stop him before he can harvest the planet's Sun using the Matrix of Leadership. The Primes then sacrifice themselves to hide the Matrix in an unknown location.

text: In the present, two years after Megatron's defeat, the Autobots and the U.S. military have formed the Non-biological Extraterrestrial Species Treaty (NEST), a classified international task force, to eliminate the surviving Decepticons. In Shanghai, the Autobots intercept two Decepticons, Demolisher and Sideways. Sideways is killed by the Autobot Sideswipe, while Optimus Prime kills Demolisher, but not before he warns them of the Fallen's return. At NEST's secure headquarters in Diego Garcia, National Security Adviser Theodore Galloway concludes the Decepticons are still on Earth to hunt the Autobots, since Megatron's corpse is at the bottom of the Laurentian Abyss and the last known AllSpark shard is secured in the base. Soundwave hacks into a military satellite, overhears the information, and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard.

text: Meanwhile, Sam Witwicky is preparing to attend college, leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes and guardian Bumblebee behind. He finds a smaller AllSpark shard and picks it up, causing him to start seeing Cybertronian symbols. The shard's energy pulse turns the appliances in the kitchen into murderous Transformers, who attack Sam and his family. After Bumblebee destroys the rampaging appliances, Sam gives the shard to Mikaela, who later captures the Decepticon Wheelie when he attempts to steal it. The Constructicons, upon discovering Megatron's location, travel to the Laurentian Abyss and resurrect Megatron using the stolen shard and parts torn off from one of their own allies. Megatron then travels to one of Saturn's moons, where he reunites with his master, the Fallen, who orders him to capture Sam alive and kill Optimus, the only Transformer who can defeat the Fallen.

text: Sam, Mikaela, and his college roommate Leo are attacked by Alice, a Decepticon Pretender posing as a college student. After killing her, they are captured by Megatron, Starscream, and the Decepticon Grindor, but Optimus and Bumblebee arrive and rescue the humans. Optimus fights Megatron, Starscream, and Grindor alone as Megatron reveals that the symbols in Sam's mind will lead the Decepticons to a new Energon source. After killing Grindor, Optimus is killed by Megatron. The other Autobots arrive and repel Megatron and Starscream before they could recapture Sam. As Sam goes into hiding with Mikaela, Leo, Bumblebee, Wheelie, and the Autobot twins Skids and Mudflap, the Decepticons launch devastating simultaneous attacks around the world, destroying ships in the Second Fleet and damaging Paris. The Fallen hijacks Earth's telecommunications systems, demanding that Sam be handed to him.

text: Sam, Mikaela, and Leo enlist the help of former Sector Seven agent, Seymour Simmons, who reveals that the Transformers visited Earth eons ago and the most ancient, known as Seekers, remained on Earth, hiding in secret. With help from Wheelie, they track down a Decepticon Seeker named Jetfire at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. They use their shard to revive Jetfire, who teleports the group to Egypt and explains the story of the Fallen. Jetfire and Wheelie turn against the Decepticons, and order them to locate the Matrix, which could revive Optimus. Sam's group finds the Matrix in Petra, but it disintegrates into dust in Sam's hands. Undeterred, Sam stuffs the Matrix's remains into his sock.

text: Meanwhile, NEST forces and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority of the Decepticon ground forces. However, Megatron manages to shoot Sam, seemingly killing him, before retreating upon getting attacked. Nearing his death, the Primes contact Sam through a vision, telling him the Matrix is earned, not found, and that he earned the right to bear it. They restore Sam's life and the Matrix, which he uses to revive Optimus.

text: The Fallen teleports to their location and steals the Matrix from Optimus, then returns to the pyramid with Megatron and activates the Sun Harvester. Jetfire, who was gravely wounded during the battle by Scorponok but did manage to kill his attacker, sacrifices himself in order to transplant his parts to Optimus, which give him immense strength and the ability to fly. Optimus knocks the Fallen and Megatron off the pyramid, destroying the Sun Harvester in the process. In the battle, Optimus disables Megatron and kills the Fallen; vowing vengeance, Megatron retreats with Starscream. The victorious Autobots and their allies then return to the United States at the aircraft carrier.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky
A recent high school graduate who is unwittingly drawn again into the Autobot cause to unravel an ancient mystery implanted into his mind by the now-destroyed Allspark.
Megan Fox as Mikaela Banes
Sam's girlfriend who he trusted the Allspark fragment to begin unravel.
Josh Duhamel as William Lennox
An Army Rangers Major who establishes the NEST movement to help the Autobots with their battle against the remaining Decepticons.
Tyrese Gibson as Robert Epps
A U.S. Air Force sergeant in Lennox's team who leads NEST's SWAT unit.
John Turturro as Seymour Simmons
A former agent of the recently terminated Sector 7 who now runs a meat shop in New York City with his mother.
Ramón Rodríguez as Leo Spitz
A college roommate of Sam's who runs an online conspiracy blog and is obsessed with the Transformers.
Kevin Dunn as Ron Witwicky
Sam's father.
Julie White as Judith Witwicky
Sam's mother.
Isabel Lucas as Alice
A female pretender sent to spy on Sam in college who transforms into an Alice in Wonderland android.
John Benjamin Hickey as Theo Galloway
A national security adviser who often chastises NEST for their destructive tactics.
Glenn Morshower as U.S. Marine Corps General Morshower
The supervisor of NEST.
Matthew Marsden as Graham
A NEST officer.
Rainn Wilson as Prof. R. A. Colan
Sam and Leo's astronomy teacher.
Marc Evan Jackson as Commander
U.S. Central Command
Katie Lowes as April the Residential Assistant

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime
The leader of the Autobots who transforms into a blue and red 1994 Peterbilt 379 semi-trailer truck. He is said to be the only Transformer capable of defeating The Fallen.
Mark Ryan as Jetfire
An ancient Decepticon-turned-Autobot Seeker who transforms into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.[a]
Reno Wilson as Mudflap
An Autobot infiltrator and Skids' twin who transforms into a red 2007 Chevrolet Trax.
Jess Harnell as Ironhide
The Autobot weapons specialist and Optimus' new second-in-command who transforms into a black 2006 GMC Topkick C4500.
Robert Foxworth as Ratchet
The Autobot medical officer who transforms into a yellow 2004 search and rescue Hummer H2 ambulance.
André Sogliuzzo as Sideswipe
The Autobot combat instructor who transforms into a silver 2009 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray concept car.
Grey DeLisle as Arcee
A female Autobot who transforms into a pink Ducati 848.[b]
Hugo Weaving as Megatron
The Fallen's apprentice and the leader of the Decepticons who transforms into a Cybertronian hover tank.
Tony Todd as The Fallen
A rogue Prime who is the first and founder of the Decepticons, as well as the master of Megatron.
Charlie Adler as Starscream
Megatron's second-in-command who transforms into a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.
Frank Welker as:

Soundwave
The Decepticon communications officer who transforms into a Cybertronian satellite.
Devastator
A massive Decepticon who is the combination of eight Constructicons.
Reedman, a razor-thin Decepticon composed of thousands of minuscule bead-like Decepticons.[c]

Tom Kenny as:

Wheelie
A former Decepticon drone and later an Autobot who transforms into a blue radio-controlled toy monster truck.
Skids
An Autobot messenger and Mudflap's twin who transforms into a green 2007 Chevrolet Beat.

Calvin Wimmer voices Demolishor (credited as "Wheelbot")
A huge Constructicon who transforms into a red and white Terex O&K RH 400 excavator. He hides out in Shanghai with the Decepticon Sideways.
John DiCrosta as Scalpel (credited as "Doctor")
A spider-like Decepticon who transforms into a microscope.
Michael York as Prime #1
One of the Seven Primes.
Kevin Michael Richardson as:

Prime #2
One of the Seven Primes.
Rampage (credited as "Skipjack")
A Constructicon who transforms into a red Caterpillar D9T bulldozer. He forms the left leg of Devastator.

Robin Atkin Downes as Prime #3
One of the Seven Primes

text: Non-speaking characters[edit]

text:
Jolt
An Autobot technician who transforms into a blue Chevrolet Volt.
Sideways
A Decepticon surveillance agent who transforms into a silver Audi R8; he hides out in Shanghai alongside Demolishor.
Scorponok
A scorpion-like Decepticon who was a minion of Blackout in the previous installment; he makes a cameo in this film.
Scrapper
A Constructicon who transforms into a yellow Caterpillar 992G scoop loader. He forms the right arm of Devastator.
Mixmaster
A Constructicon who transforms into a black and silver Mack concrete mixer truck. He forms the head of Devastator.
Scrapmetal
A Constructicon who transforms into a yellow Volvo EC700C crawler excavator fitted with a Stanley UP 45SV attachment. His spare parts are used to resurrect Megatron.
Long Haul
A Constructicon who transforms into a green Caterpillar 773B dump truck. He forms the right leg of Devastator.
Scavenger
A large Constructicon who shares the same model of Demolishor; Scavenger is not seen in robot mode. He forms the torso of Devastator.
Hightower
A Constructicon who transforms into a yellow KOBELCO CKE2500 II crawler crane; Hightower is not seen in robot mode. He forms the left arm of Devastator.
Overload
A Constructicon who transforms into a red KW Dart D4661 Tractor Truck articulated dump truck; Overload is not seen in robot mode. He forms the lower torso of Devastator.
Ravage
A feline-like beast sent down by Soundwave to steal the spark from the NEST HQ in order to revive Megatron.

text: Several clones of Scrapper, Mixmaster, Bonecrusher, Long Haul and Rampage are seen during the final battle in Egypt. An unnamed Decepticon bulldozer and dump truck, possibly clones of Rampage and Long Haul, were seen combining to form Devastator's left hand and left leg, respectively.

text:
Jump up ^ Mark Ryan also voices Bumblebee, but the character is not listed in the credits.
Jump up ^ Grey DeLisle also voices Chromia and Elita-One, but the characters are not listed in the credits.
Jump up ^ Frank Welker also voices Ravage and Grindor, but the characters are not listed in the credits.

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Major hurdles for film's initial production stages included the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike as well as the threat of strikes by other guilds. Prior to a potential Directors Guild of America strike, Bay began creating animatics of action sequences featuring characters rejected for the 2007 film. This would allow animators to complete sequences if the Directors Guild of America went on strike in July 2008, which ultimately did not happen.[4][5] Bay considered making a small project in between Transformers and its sequel, but decided against the idea, saying "you have your baby and you don't want someone else to take it".[6]

text: Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, who had written the first film, originally passed on the opportunity to write a sequel due to schedule conflicts. The studio began courting other writers in May 2007, but were unimpressed with other pitches and eventually convinced Orci and Kurtzman to return.[4] The studio also hired Ehren Kruger, who had impressed Bay and Hasbro president Brian Goldner with his knowledge of the Transformers mythology.[7] The writing trio were paid $8 million.[4] Screenwriting was interrupted by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, but to avoid production delays, the writers spent two weeks writing a treatment, which they handed in the night before the strike began.[8] Bay then expanded the outline into a 60-page scriptment,[9] which included more action, humor, and characters.[8][10] The three writers spent four months finishing the screenplay while "locked" in two hotel rooms by Bay; Kruger wrote in his own room and the trio would check on each other's work twice a day.[11]

text: Orci described the film's theme as "being away from home", with the Autobots contemplating living on Earth as they cannot restore Cybertron, while Sam goes to college.[12] He wanted the focus between the robots and humans "much more evenly balanced",[13] "the stakes [to] be higher", and more focused on the science fiction elements.[14] Orci added he wanted to "modulate" the humor more,[15] and felt he managed the more "outrageous" jokes by balancing them with a more serious plot approach to the Transformers' mythology.[16] Bay concurred that he wanted to please fans by making the tone darker,[17] and that "mums will think it[']s safe enough to bring the kids back out to the movies."[18] Two elements were added late into the film: the Autobot Jolt—as General Motors wanted to advertise the Chevrolet Volt—and the railgun that kills Devastator, a new acquisition by the U.S. Military.[19]

text: In September 2007, Paramount announced a late June 2009 release date for the sequel to Transformers.[20] The film was given a $200 million budget, which was $50 million more than the first film,[21] and some of the action scenes rejected for the original were written into the sequel.[22] Producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura later stated the studio proposed filming two sequels simultaneously, but he and Bay agreed that the idea was not the right direction for the series.[23]

text: Prior to the first film's release, producer Tom DeSanto had "a very cool idea" to introduce the Dinobots,[24] while Bay was interested in including an aircraft carrier, which was dropped from the 2007 film.[25] Orci claimed they did not incorporate these characters into Revenge of the Fallen because they could not think of a way to justify the Dinobots' choice of form,[12] and were unable to fit in the aircraft carrier.[26] Orci also admitted he was dismissive of the Dinobots because he does not like dinosaurs, saying "I recognize I am weird in that department."[27] However, he became fonder of them during filming because of their popularity with fans.[28] He added "I couldn't see why a Transformer would feel the need to disguise himself in front of a bunch of lizards. Movie-wise, I mean. Once the general audience is fully on board with the whole thing, maybe Dinobots in the future."[29] When asked on the subject, Michael Bay said he hated the Dinobots and they had never been in consideration for being featured in the movies.[30]

text: During production, Bay attempted to create a misinformation campaign to increase debate over what Transformers would be appearing in the film, as well as to try to throw fans off from the story of the film; however, Orci confessed it was generally unsuccessful.[26] The studio went as far as to censor MTV and Comic Book Resources interviews with Mowry and Furman, who confirmed Arcee and The Fallen would be in the picture.[31] Bay told Empire that Megatron would not be resurrected, claiming his new tank form was a toy-only character,[21] only for Orci to confirm Megatron would return in the film in February 2009.[32] Bay also claimed he faked the leaking of daily call sheets from the first week of filming, that revealed Ramón Rodríguez's casting,[33] and the appearance of Jetfire and the twins.[34]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Inspired by its use in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight, three action sequences in Revenge of the Fallen were shot using IMAX cameras.[17] Although screenwriter Roberto Orci suggested that the IMAX footage would be 3D,[35] Bay later said he found 3D too "gimmicky". Bay added that shooting in IMAX was easier than using stereoscopic cameras.[36]

text: The majority of interior scenes for the film were shot in the former Hughes Aircraft soundstages at Playa Vista.[37] From June 2–4, the production filmed an action sequence at the Bethlehem Steel site in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, which was used to represent a portion of Shanghai.[9][38] Afterwards, they shot at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.[39] The crew moved to Philadelphia on June 9, where they shot at a defunct PECO Richmond power station, the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, the Eastern State Penitentiary, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia City Hall, Rittenhouse Square, historic Chancellor Street (which represents a street near Place de la Concorde in Paris), and Wanamaker's.[40][41][42][43] The production moved to Princeton University on June 22.[44] Filming there angered some students at the University of Pennsylvania, believing Bay had chosen to reshoot scenes at Princeton and script Princeton's name in the film. One shot that was filmed in the University of Pennsylvania was the party scene, filmed at what students call "The Castle". "The Castle" is home to the prestigious Psi Upsilon Fraternity. However, neither the University of Pennsylvania nor Princeton gave Bay permission to be named in the film because of a scene that both institutions felt "did not represent the school" in which Sam's mother ingests marijuana-laced brownies.[45]

text: Bay scheduled a break for filming beginning on June 30, turning his attention to animation and second unit scenes because of the potential guild strike.[46] Shooting for the Shanghai battle later continued in Long Beach, California.[47] In September, the crew shot at Holloman Air Force Base and White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The two locations were used for Qatar in Transformers and stood in for Egypt in this film.[48] A scale model in Los Angeles was also used for some close-ups of the pyramids.[21] Shooting at Tucson International Airport and the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group's aircraft boneyard took place in October under the fake working title Prime Directive (a reference to Star Trek).[49] Filming also took place at Camp Pendleton and Davis–Monthan Air Force Base.[37]

text: The first unit then shot for three days in Egypt at the Giza pyramid complex and Luxor. The shoot was highly secretive, but according to producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura, a crew of 150 Americans and "several dozen local Egyptians" ensured a "remarkably smooth" shoot.[50] Bay earned the Egyptian government's approval to film at the pyramids by contacting Zahi Hawass, whom Bay said "put his arm around me and said, 'Don't hurt my pyramids.'"[37] A 50-foot-tall (15 m) camera crane was used at the location.[21] Bay stated he found the climax of the first film to be weak, partly because it was shot across five different city blocks, making the action confusing and hard to follow. On this film, the final battle in Egypt was devised to make it easier to follow the action.[51]

text: Four days were then spent in Jordan; the Royal Jordanian Air Force aided in filming at Petra, Wadi Rum and Salt because King Abdullah II is a big fan of science fiction movies.[52][53] Filming continued at the Place de la Concorde in Paris with second unit shots of the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe.[54] The cast and crew finished principal photography on the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis on November 2, 2008.[55]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Hasbro became more involved in the designs of the robots than the company was for Transformers.[15] The company, along with Takara Tomy, suggested to the filmmakers that combining robots be the main draw for the sequel.[56] They insisted on keeping the alternate modes of some of the returning characters similar so that consumers would not have to buy toys of the same characters.[57] Bay used real F-16 Fighting Falcon and tank fire when filming the battles.[23] Many of the new Autobot cars supplied by General Motors were brightly colored to look distinctive on screen.[58] Revenge of the Fallen features 46 robots, while the original movie had 14.[59]

text: Scott Farrar returned as visual effects supervisor and anticipated moodier use of lighting as well as deeper roles for the Decepticons.[clarification needed] He stated that with the bigger deadline, post-production would become a "circus".[60] The producers expected that with a bigger budget and the special effects worked out, the Transformers would have a larger role. Peter Cullen recalled, "Don Murphy mentioned to me, 'Only because of the tremendous expense to animate Optimus Prime, he'll be in just a certain amount of [Transformers].' But he said, 'Next time, if the movie is a success, you're gonna be in it a ton.'"[61] Michael Bay hoped to include more close-ups of the robots' faces.[62] The heads had to be designed with more pieces in order to express emotions in a more convincing way.[59] Farrar said the animators implemented more "splashes and the hits and the fighting on dirt or moving, banging into trees, [...] things splinter and break, [the robots] spit, they outgas, they sweat, they snort." Shooting in the higher resolution of IMAX required up to 72 hours to render a single frame of animation.[63][64] While ILM used 15 terabytes for Transformers, they used 140 for the sequel.[53] Particularly problematic effects were the lighting, with scenes such as Jetfire inside the Smithsonian requiring 41 light sources, and the destruction of the pyramid, which appears in about five shots and required seven months to simulate the behavior of the blocks.[59] Orci hinted the majority of the Decepticons were entirely computer-generated in both robot and alternate modes, making it easier to write additional scenes for them in post-production.[65] Rendering the Devastator took over 85% of ILM's render farm capacity, and the complexity of the scene and having to render it at IMAX resolution caused one computer to "explode".[66]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score to Revenge of the Fallen was composed by Steve Jablonsky, who reunited with director Michael Bay to record his score with a 71-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage.[67] Jablonsky and his score producer Hans Zimmer composed various interpretations of a song by Linkin Park called "New Divide" for the score.[68]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: An additional $150 million was spent to market the film globally.[69] Hasbro's Revenge of the Fallen toy line included new molds of new and returning characters, as well as 2007 figures with new mold elements or new paint schemes.[70] The first wave was released on May 30, although Bumblebee and Soundwave debuted beforehand.[71] The second wave came in August 2009, which introduced toys such as 2¼-inch human action figures that fit inside the transforming robots, and non-transforming replicas of the cars that can be used on a race track. Product placement partners on the film include Burger King, 7-Eleven, LG phones, Kmart, Wal-Mart, YouTube, Nike, Inc. and M&M's, as well as Jollibee in the Philippines.[72] General Motors' financial troubles limited its involvement in promotion of the sequel, although Paramount acknowledged with or without GM, their marketing campaign was still very large and had the foundation of the 2007 film's success.[73][74][75] Kyle Busch drove a Revenge of the Fallen decorated car at Infineon Raceway on June 21, 2009,[76] while Josh Duhamel drove a 2010 Camaro at the Indianapolis 500.[77] At the movie's launch in China, a version of Bumblebee was constructed using a Volkswagen Jetta.[78]

text: Printed media[edit]

text: Chris Mowry and artist Alex Milne, who had collaborated on The Reign of Starscream comic book, reunited for IDW Publishing's prequel to the film. Originally set to be a five-part series entitled Destiny,[79] it was split into two simultaneously published series, titled Alliance and Defiance. Alliance is drawn by Milne and began in December 2008; it focuses on the human and Autobot perspectives.[80] Defiance, which started the following month, is drawn by Dan Khanna and is set before either film, showing the beginnings of the war.[81]

text: After the 2007 film, and serving as a bridge between the two films, Alan Dean Foster wrote Transformers: The Veiled Threat,[82] originally titled Infiltration. During the writing, Foster collaborated with IDW to make sure their stories did not contradict each other.[83]

text: The first printed media directly related to the second film was a 32-page coloring and activity book by publisher HarperCollins, which became available on May 5, 2009 and was the first official source to openly give out key plot points to the film.[84] On June 1, 2009 DK Publishing published a 96-page book entitled Transformers: The Movie Universe, which intended to provide factual data on the characters of the film.[85]

text: On June 10, 2009, the comic book adaptation of the film, written by Simon Furman was released.[86] Additionally, Alan Dean Foster also wrote the novelization for the film.[87] Meanwhile, Dan Jolley wrote Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: The Junior Novel, a 144-page book oriented at a younger audience than the one by Foster.[88] Lastly, a book titled Transformers: The Art of the Movies was released, documenting behind-the scenes aspects of the making of the film.

text: Other minor tie-in publications include Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: The Last Prime, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: The Reusable Sticker Book, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: Made You Look!, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: Rise of the Decepticons, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: Spot the 'Bots', Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: Mix and Match, Operation Autobot, When Robots Attack and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2010 Wall Calendar.

text: Video game[edit]

text: Revenge of the Fallen video games are available on the following platforms:

text:
PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 (Developed by Luxoflux and published by Activision)[89][90]
Games for Windows (Developed by Beenox), which is similar to the PS3 and Xbox 360 version[91]
Wii and PlayStation 2 (Developed by Krome Studios)[92]
PlayStation Portable (Developed by Savage Entertainment)[93]
Nintendo DS (Developed by Vicarious Visions), which is separated into two games, Autobots and Decepticons.[94]

text: Release[edit]

text: Revenge of the Fallen premiered on June 8, 2009 in Tokyo, Japan.[95] After its UK release on June 19, 2009, it was released in regular and IMAX theaters in North America on June 24[96] (though some theaters held limited-access advance screenings on June 22). The IMAX release featured additional scenes of extended robot fighting sequences, which were not seen in the regular theatre version.[97]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Revenge of the Fallen has an approval rating of 19% based on 244 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a noisy, underplotted, and overlong special effects extravaganza that lacks a human touch."[98] On Metacritic gave the film an average score of 35 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[99] In CinemaScore polls, however, users gave the film a "B+", compared to the "A" that the original film had scored.[100]

text: Actor Shia LaBeouf was unimpressed with the film, stating "We got lost. We tried to get bigger. It's what happens to sequels. It's like, how do you top the first one? You've got to go bigger. Michael Bay went so big that it became too big, and I think you lost the anchor of the movie...You lost a bit of the relationships. Unless you have those relationships, then the movie doesn't matter. Then it's just a bunch of robots fighting each other."[101] Bay has admitted his disappointment with the film and has apologized, saying the film was "crap" and blaming the 2007–2008 Writers' Strike, saying "It was very hard to put (the sequel) together that quickly after the writers' strike (of 2007–08)".[102]

text: According to The Washington Post, Revenge of the Fallen was Bay's worst-reviewed film at the time of release, faring even worse than Pearl Harbor (2001).[103] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times described the film as "in-your-face, ear-splitting and unrelenting. It's easy to walk away feeling like you've spent 2 hours in the mad, wild, hydraulic embrace of a car compactor".[104]

text: Roger Ebert, who had given the 2007 film three stars,[105] gave the sequel only one, calling it "...a horrible experience of unbearable length", a phrase which later became the title of his third bad-movie-reviews collection. Later in his review, Ebert discouraged movie-goers from seeing the film by saying "If you want to save yourself the ticket price, go into the kitchen, cue up a male choir singing the music of hell, and get a kid to start banging pots and pans together. Then close your eyes and use your imagination."[106] He later wrote on his blog about the film, "The day will come when Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen will be studied in film classes and shown at cult film festivals. It will be seen, in retrospect, as marking the end of an era. Of course there will be many more CGI-based action epics, but never again one this bloated, excessive, incomprehensible, long (149 minutes) or expensive ($200 million)."[107] Ebert would continue to lambast the film (and, sometimes, the Transformers franchise in general) in other movie reviews and responses to letters and emails sent to him. Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers did not give the film any stars, considering that "Revenge of the Fallen has a shot at the title 'Worst Movie of the Decade'."[108] Which he later did name it the "worst film of the decade". Other reviewers, while still critical, were less damning of the film, The A.V. Club gave the film a "C-", complaining about the writing and length, but mentioning the effects and action scenes were impressive.[109] Among positive reviews, Robbie Collin of News of the World remarked "It's bigger. Badder. Boobier. And many other words beginning with B, including boneheadedly brilliant.",[110] Amy Biancolli of The Houston Chronicle called it "a well-oiled, loudly revving summer action vehicle that does all that's required, and then some",[111] Jordan Mintzer from Variety said it "takes the franchise to a vastly superior level of artificial intelligence",[112] and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Revenge of the Fallen may be a massive overdose of popcorn greased with motor oil. But it knows how to feed your inner 10-year-old's appetite for destruction."[113]

text: On a year-end poll administered by Moviefone, the film was voted the "worst film of 2009", and Fox's performance the worst by an actress that year.[114] Comcast ranked the film as the 4th worst sequel of all time.[115] Empire named the film the 25th worst movie ever made.[116] In June 2009, David Germain from the Associated Press called the film the "worst-reviewed $400 million hit ever".[117]

text:
"On every level this movie is as bankrupt as GM. [...] Transformers: The Revenge of The Fallen is beyond bad, it carves out its own category of godawfulness."

— Peter Travers, American film critic[108]

text: There was considerable negative reaction to the characters Mudflap and Skids, who some perceived as embodying racist stereotypes. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that "the characters [...] indicate that minstrelsy remains as much in fashion in Hollywood as when, well, Jar Jar Binks was set loose by George Lucas".[118] Critic Scott Mendelson said "To say that these two are the most astonishingly racist caricatures that I've ever seen in a mainstream motion picture would be an understatement."[119] Harry Knowles, founder of Ain't It Cool News, went further, asking his readers "not to support this film" because "you'll be taking [your children] to see a film with the lowest forms of humor, stereotypes, and racism around."[120] Bay (the director) has attempted to defend the film as "good clean fun" and insisted that "We're just putting more personality in."[121] Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman responded to the controversy with "It's really hard for us to sit here and try to justify it. I think that would be very foolish, and if someone wants to be offended by it, it's their right. We were very surprised when we saw it, too, and it's a choice that was made. If anything, it just shows you that we don't control every aspect of the movie."[122]

text: Another major complaint about the film was Bay's usage of the IMAX format. Instead of using IMAX for complete unbroken sequences similar to director Christopher Nolan's approach for The Dark Knight, Bay chose to use the format primarily on a shot-by-shot basis, combining conventional 35mm footage and IMAX shots in the same sequence. That approach, combined with rapid cutting, created a jarring, highly unpleasant experience for most moviegoers.[123]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Despite mostly negative reviews from critics, the film was a box office success. Revenge of the Fallen grossed $16 million from midnight showings, at the time the most ever for a Wednesday midnight debut.[124] The film proceeded to beat Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix's record ($44.2 million) for the biggest Wednesday opening in history,[125] bringing in $62 million in total receipts on its first day (until The Twilight Saga: Eclipse topped this record with $68.5 million in 2010),[126] additionally ranking it as the second biggest opening day ever at the time, behind The Dark Knight.[127] The film grossed $108.9 million on its first weekend, the seventh-largest in history at the time, and brought in $200 million in its first five days, putting it in second place behind The Dark Knight's $203.7 million for the all-time biggest five-day opening.[128] Its gross from Friday to Sunday was also the biggest June opening weekend for one year, breaking Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's record ($93.7 million), until Toy Story 3 claimed that record the following year ($110.3 million).[129]

text: Revenge of the Fallen remained #1 at the box office for two weeks straight by a close margin. Initial studio estimates showed a tie between it and that weekend's new release Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, but the actual totals showed Revenge of the Fallen taking the #1 spot yet again with $42.3 million.[130] Also, it was the first film of 2009 to reach the $300 million mark in North America.[131] On July 27, a month after its release, the movie reached $379.2 million in the US, which brought it into the top 10 highest-grossing movies ever in that country as of August 2009.[132] Revenge of the Fallen closed its box office run with $402.1 million in the US & Canada and $836.3 million worldwide, being the twenty-fifth highest-grossing film of all time domestically, and the 84th highest-grossing film of all time.[133] Among 2009 films, it was the second highest grossing in the United States and Canada, behind Avatar,[134] and fourth globally behind Avatar, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs.[135] As of 2013, the film marks as the second highest-grossing Hasbro film of all time, behind only its sequel Transformers: Dark of the Moon. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 53 million tickets in the US.[136]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on October 20, 2009 in two-disc Blu-ray and DVD editions, and a single-disc DVD version.[137] Michael Bay has revealed that the Blu-ray release of the film, produced by Charles de Lauzirika, will feature variable aspect ratio for the scenes shot in IMAX format. A special IMAX edition is available exclusively at Wal-Mart.[138] Home versions include over three hours of bonus content and several interactive features, including "The AllSpark Experiment", which reveals Michael Bay's plans for a third movie in the series. At Target, the DVD and Blu-ray versions includes a transformable Bumblebee case. Both two-disc editions are the first to include Paramount's Augmented Reality feature, which allows the user to handle a 3D model of Optimus Prime on a computer by moving the package in front of a webcam.[139] First week sales of the DVD reached 7.5 million copies, making it the best-selling DVD of 2009. The Blu-ray version had the best first-week sales of 2009, with 1.2 million units.[140]

text: Transformers: Revenge Of The Fallen was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on December 5 2017.[141]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Revenge of the Fallen was among the films shortlisted for the Best Visual Effects at the 82nd Academy Awards,[142] but was only nominated for Best Sound Mixing (Greg P. Russell, Gary Summers and Geoffrey Patterson), eventually losing to The Hurt Locker.[143] The film won five Scream Awards, for Best Actress (Megan Fox), Breakout Performance-Female (Isabel Lucas), Best Sequel, Best F/X, and Scream Song of the Year ("New Divide");[144] and two Teen Choice Awards, for Choice Summer Movie Star: Female (Megan Fox) and Choice Summer Movie Star: Male (Shia LaBeouf).[145] Revenge of the Fallen was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film but lost to Avatar,[146] Satellite Awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound,[147] a VES Award for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture,[148] a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble,[149] and an MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment (Isabel Lucas turning into a Decepticon).[150] Shia LaBeouf, the film and Megan Fox was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor, Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actress, but all lost to Taylor Lautner, Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel and Miley Cyrus, respectively.

text: On the other hand, it was nominated for seven Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Megan Fox (also for Jennifer's Body), Worst Supporting Actress for Julie White, Worst Screen Couple (for Shia LaBeouf and Megan Fox) and Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-Off or Sequel,[151] winning three in the Worst Picture, Worst Director, and Worst Screenplay categories at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards.[152]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The third film, Dark of the Moon was released June 29, 2011. The fourth film, Age of Extinction was released June 27, 2014. The fifth film, The Last Knight was released on June 21, 2017.


document_title: List of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 1 of girlfriends guide to divorce

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Rule No. 23: Never Lie to the Kids"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)1.04[6]
Abby McCarthy, a self-help author who writes about marriage and childcare, struggles to hide the truth about her marriage as she continues to spend time with divorced moms Phoebe and Lyla. Taking advantage of the separation, Abby goes out to a club and later hooks up with a younger man. Lyla gets back at her ex-husband Dan after having sex with him. During a book signing, Abby breaks down and declares her book a lie, exposing the truth about her marriage.
22"Rule No. 174: Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)0.84[7]
After her breakdown at the book signing, Abby tries to do damage control. While working out the particulars of the divorce with Jake, such as finding a place for him to live, Abby meets with Delia, a divorce attorney and Lyla's business rival. Phoebe tries to pick an idea for her next business venture, deciding upon infant jewelry. Lyla gets payback on Dan after he has her car impounded with tickets, resulting in him asking for full custody.
33"Rule No. 47: Always Take Advantage of "Me" Time"Leslie LibmanLiz Kruger & Craig ShapiroDecember 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)0.70[8]
Abby has the weekend to herself and uses it to come up with book ideas. However, after getting drunk and wrecking Lilly's poster, Abby, Phoebe and Lyla go out to find a new poster. Jake finally settles into his new place and has the kids over for the weekend. When the kids get bored, he calls Max for help and has Becca Riley come over to liven the evening. Lyla sends her nanny to story time at her kids school, but gets reprimanded by the principal.
44"Rule No. 426: Fantasyland: A Great Place to Visit"Robert Duncan McNeillPaul AdelsteinDecember 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)0.77[9]
Abby pursues a relationship with Nate, but has trouble trying to connect with him on a deeper level. At the suggestion of everyone around her, Lyla tries to find methods of de-stressing. She later fights with Phoebe after trying a special massage without warning of what it entails. Max and Ford are honored at the Family Equality Gala, but Max has trouble getting with the program. Phoebe pursues a relationship with a married man as a way of "saving the relationship".

Paul Adelstein does not appear in this episode.
55"Rule No. 21: Leave Childishness to Children"David KatzenbergEd RoeDecember 30, 2014 (2014-12-30)0.87[10]
Abby runs into Will and tries dating him, and begins experiencing some youthfulness as a result. Lyla's mother (Bernadette Peters) visits during the weekend when she has her first dinner with a court-appointed caseworker. Phoebe's relationship with Vika and Merete reaches a new level. Jake has the kids for the weekend, but loses Lilly, who runs out to the same club Abby is at.
66"Rule No 33: When in Doubt, Run Away"Victor Nelli, Jr.Marti Noxon & Ilene RosenzweigJanuary 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)0.87[11]
Phoebe takes Abby, Lyla and Delia to Vegas to promote her infant jewelry line. After being called out by rising author Cleo Stevens, Abby uses the trip to gain some inspiration. Lyla uses the trip to de-stress following an embarrassing dinner with a social worker. Jake and Becca go on a retreat to a visit a shaman to help Jake make a deeper connection in their relationship. Jake stumbles out of the retreat, high, and goes back home, where he and Abby have sex.
77"Rule No. 67: Don't Kill the Princess"Daisy MayerJanine NabersJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)0.77[12]
Abby holds Lilly's birthday party at the house. She also sets the boundaries for the party, initially forbidding Becca from coming, but yields when the party turns out to be a bust. The party suffers a complication when the girls get drunk and put vodka-laced tampons on. Delia handles the divorce of a wealthy businessman (Matthew Glave), but soon becomes enamored with him, starting a secret affair. Becca breaks up with Jake after finding out about his and Abby's tryst.
88"Rule No. 17: Ask the Answer Lady"Brian DannellyAshley CardiffJanuary 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)0.69[13]
Abby's friend Jo (Alanna Ubach) comes to visit during a very hectic time for Abby. She preps for the proposal of her next book while trying to take care of Charlie as Jake takes a directing job for Blood Sisters. Phoebe preps for her baby jewelry launch event while consorting with Ralf's new girlfriend. Delia's affair with Gordon comes to a head when she reaches an impasse on a condition of his divorce with his ex-wife. After experiencing some discourse, Max and Ford try to reconnect on a date.
99"Rule No. 32: F-You, Rob Frumpkis"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti NoxonJanuary 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)0.91[14]
Abby's pitch leads to an opportunity with Huffington Post in which she goes on ten dates and writes about them, one of them with former flame Will. Looking for a new path in life, Phoebe helps out at a home grown foods farm while eyeing the head farmer, Marco (Brandon Jay McLaren). Delia convinces Courtney to give up Asia in the divorce, but breaks up with Gordon after finding out he slept with Courtney. Jo accompanies Abby on several of her dates, and goes home with one of them, which leads to a fight between her and Abby. Meanwhile, her daughter Zooey flies over to stay with her. Max and Ford settle their issues by reverting to their old arrangement.
1010"Rule No. 3: Don't Stand in the Doorway"Silver TreeLiz Kruger & Craig ShapiroFebruary 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)0.74[15]
Abby's article trends all over Twitter, so much that she is offered a job as senior editor. However, the article also creates problems for Lilly as her name appears on a slut list circulating throughout the school. Delia struggles to let Gordon into her life while Phoebe helps make Marco's business more successful. When Jo tries to settle her financials and send Zooey to school, she finds out that her husband has a second wife.
1111"Rule No. 46: Keep the Holidays Low Key"Robert Duncan McNeillEd RoeFebruary 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)0.83[16]
Abby hosts a Thanksgiving dinner for her friends and boyfriend, but has to add the kids to the mix when Jake gets sick, and Jake soon after when Charlie begs for him to come. Delia deals with her difficult father while Phoebe invites Marco to the Thanksgiving dinner. Meanwhile, Abby and Jo look through a box found in the backyard containing photos and letters of a former tenant.
1212"Rule No. 92: Don't Do the Crime If You Can't Do the Time"Millicent SheltonIlene RosenzweigFebruary 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)0.74[17]
Abby and Jake's divorce is coming to a close, but Abby gets cold feet when Jake starts making strides in his career. After Gordon pulls his business of the law firm, Delia must face her unresolved issues with Gordon to save her job. Phoebe has trouble facing a person from her past while defining the limitations of her relationship with Marco. Jo tries to help Zooey become more social at school while helping out with the school fundraiser.
1313"Rule No. 101: Know When It's Time to Move On"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti NoxonFebruary 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)0.79[18]
Abby and Jake finalize the divorce and go out on a divorce signing date to sign it together. Towards the end of the date, Jake proposes that they don't file the papers, expressing that he still loves her. Delia is offered a partner position at the firm, but upon learning the terms of deal, she demands full equity partnership. Meanwhile, Delia reconciles with Gordon but when confronted with the idea of marriage, becomes apprehensive and breaks up with Gordon. Jo holds a divorce party to celebrate Abby's divorce, while going to therapy with her embattled daughter. After blowing up at Kori at school, Phoebe confides in Abby and Marco what Kori did to her when she was younger. Max and Ford continue their arrangement, but soon find out how complicated it is. Becca tells Jake that she is pregnant.

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)141"Rule No. 58: Avoid the Douchemobile"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)0.70[19]
Abby and Jake are secretly hooking up with each other while at the time she has a meeting with an online magazine called SheShe. In her meeting with the people from SheShe, Abby goes on to tell how divorce can be fun but one of the editors Barbara (Retta) who is also divorced disagrees. Delia gets engaged to Gordon. Kori puts out a restraining order against Phoebe after Phoebe attacked her. To retaliate Phoebe wants to make public all she went through with Kori when she was younger. Jo asks Abby if she and Zooey can move in permanently. Becca tells Jake that she has decided to keep the baby and not have an abortion. Will gets mad when he figures out that Abby and Jake are sleeping with each other.
152"Rule No. 77: Don't Blow The Bubble"Brian DannellyCarol BarbeeDecember 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)0.62[20]
After walking in on Abby and Jake making out, Zooey promises to not tell anyone what she saw. The two continue to keep their relationship a secret from everyone else. One of the SheShe people tell Abby that she is the sexy face of divorce and needs go to events such as fashion shows. Jo prepares for the opening of her vegan bakery, Rize, and has a problem when her chef, Scott uses butter in one of the pastries. The two talk and then she decides to sell both vegan food and non vegan food, and says that if anyone has a problem with it, there are plenty of other vegan restaurants in Los Angeles. Delia meets with a wedding planner, Jo finds a new place to live, and Phoebe and Marco break up.
163"Rule No. 8: Timing Is Everything"Randy ZiskMarti Noxon and Lisa EdelsteinDecember 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)0.59[21]
Abby goes on a date with a TV doctor, Dr. Harris. Everyone plans for Delia and Gordon's engagement party. Jo decides to take some time off from seeing Abby. Jake tells Becca that he is back together with Abby but he hasn't told her yet about Becca's pregnancy. Delia asks Gordon's mom to help plan the wedding. Abby gets angry at Jake when she finds out that he went a month without telling her about Becca.
174"Rule No. 65: You Can Go Home Again"Robert Duncan McNeillPaul AdelsteinDecember 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)0.57[22]
After sending the kids away, Abby and Jake spend the weekend together completely alone at home to evaluate their relationship. When Delia and Gordon go house hunting they find out that they have different tastes and don't want the same things. Jo finds out that Zooey gets along well with her step-mother. Zooey then returns from visiting her father and step-mother in Kentucky. After spending the weekend together Abby and Jake both come to the same agonizing conclusion about their relationship. Even though they still love each other, their insecurities will prevent them from being a couple again.
185"Rule No. 72: It's Never Too Late to Be a Mean Girl"Millicent SheltonAdam MilchDecember 29, 2015 (2015-12-29)0.68[23]
A 1990s-themed prom is thrown for Phoebe to celebrate her getting her GED. Abby goes on a second date with Dr. Harris. Frumpkis comes to Los Angeles to spend time with Zooey. After seeing a totally reformed Rob Frumpkis, Jo discovers that she wants him back.
196"Rule No. 25: Beware the Second Chance"J. Miller TobinIlene RosenzweigJanuary 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)0.60[24]
While in New York trying to sell her 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' book to a publisher, Abby runs into Dr. Harris. TMZ has learned about Becca's pregnancy and is going to announce it to the public. Jo finally meets Frumpkis' new wife Charlene, Phoebe takes a class on Gender Studies.
207"Rule No. 14: No...Means No"Michael B. SilverJanine NabersJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)0.76[25]
Abby gets a visit from her parents George (Barry Bostwick) and Dina (Lesley Ann Warren). Abby and Becca talk. Jo is in risk of losing her bakery because of her custody battle with her ex so she has to prove that she got the bakery through inheritance. Her family also comes to town. Jo and Phoebe try out the dating scene with Jo online dating and Phoebe dating her college professor. Delia is getting cold feet and gets close to her boss, Albert. Jake leaves for Latvia to direct a movie there for a few months.
218"Rule No. 79: Labels Are For Canned Goods"Silver TreeAshley CardiffJanuary 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)0.65[26]
Abby and Barbara attend SplitCon, a convention for people who are broken up from relationships. Frumpkis ask Jo if Charlene can work at the store and be co-manager since he owns half of the store, much to her chagrin. The two fight on how to run the store. Delia tells her boss that she has to stop seeing him. Someone at the convention gets Abby to have her own line of merchandise. Phoebe's new beau(Niall Matter) introduces her to the LA art scene. Jo catches Charlene fooling around with Scott. Jo tells Frumpkis to leave the store alone until the judge decides who gets it. Abby confess to one of the guys at SheShe that she tried to reconcile with Jake. Someone sends Delia incriminating photos of her affair with Albert.
229"Rule No. 81: There's No Crying in Porn"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti Noxon & Vicki IovineJanuary 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)0.74[27]
Abby runs into Carl, the professional gigolo she met while in Las Vegas, who is currently in L.A. entertaining a client. Jo warns Charlene not to do anything nuts around Zooey or she's going after her. Delia worries about Gordon finding about her affair with Albert. She goes to Albert to talk about it and there she finds out that he is a serial cheater. A baby-shower for Becca is thrown by her friends at Abby's house. Phoebe meets J.D., an extremely shy artist, and is intrigued by both his work and him.
2310"Rule No. 36: If You Can't Stand the Heat, You're Cooked"Uta BriesewitzAdam MilchFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)0.69[28]
Abby's editor wants her to finish her book sooner, and to include details about her dates with Dr. Harris. Phoebe introduces J.D. to Ralph, who then helps put on an exhibit and auction for J.D.'s art. The girls question Abby about her taking care of Becca. Abby hosts a party at her house with disastrous results: Dr. Harris arrives, meeting Charlie and finding out that Becca is staying in the guest house, Delia gets embarrassed by Gordon's rude behavior, and Jo and Scott consummate their feelings for each other. Becca goes into labor with Abby at her side. Abby faints when she sees that the baby boy is black.
2411"Rule No. 118: Let Her Eat Cake"Andy WolkIlene RozenwwigFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)0.64[29]
Abby has been admitted to the hospital after she passed out. During her checkup the doctor tells her that she doesn't look too good and prescribes her with fluids, to eat a sandwich, and rest. Abby tells the kids that Jake is not the father of Becca's baby. Lily asks if she can still see the baby and maybe babysit for Becca sometime. Things get awkward between Jo and Scott at work so they talk about the night before. J.D. insults Phoebe in front of an art dealer. Delia gets surprised with a bachelorette party. At the party Abby gets drunk, out of control and outs Delia and Albert's affair to everyone. Albert tells Delia to marry him instead but tells him no, they're through.
2512"Rule No. 876: Everything Does Not Happen For a Reason"Robert Duncan McNeilAshley Cardiff & Janine NabersFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-016)0.64[30]
Delia's wedding day has arrived, and Abby says she's not going. Abby rushes to finish her book. Zooey tells Jo that Charlene left Frumpkis, and that she is worried about her dad's drinking problem. Jo, Phoebe, and Barbara stop by Abby's to check on her and drag her to the wedding. Before heading to the church, Gordon receives a package for him that has the pictures of Delia and Albert together. Abby's editor says her book is gibberish and wants her to re-write it. Gordon confronts Delia and has her go through the wedding as a punishment. Once the wedding is finished, Gordon leaves Delia once they walk out of the church.
2613"Rule No. 59: Happily Ever After Is An Oxymoron"Marti NoxonMarti NoxonFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)0.76[31]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) After Gordon walked out on Delia after the wedding, they try to make sure that people won't notice that he is missing during the reception. Delia lies and tells everyone that Gordon got sick and can't attend. Abby's editor Kat, reveals to her that Carl released the names of the women he has been with in an article. Abby tells her that she never paid to sleep with him, just paid to talk to him. In the article Carl says a whole bunch of stuff that Abby told him about her personal life. Jake returns from Latvia and visits Becca. Becca asks Jake to take care of the baby so she can rest. J.D. accidentally let it slip to a drunk Frumpkis that Gordon left Delia for what she did to him. Frumpkis then goes to the microphone and blurts out the real reason why Gordon left and that he is not sick. Jake takes the baby to pick up Lily from the reception and hears about Abby and goes to find her. Jake and Abby talk about their lives and Abby tells Jake about Carl. Together they both tell Lily about Carl. Barbra tells Abby that her brand has helped her. J.D. and Phoebe got married the day before. Kat wants Abby to write a tell all or she's finished. Abby refuses to write it and fires Kat. When Jake takes the baby home, they find out that Becca isn't there.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)271"Rule No. 43: When One Door Opens, There's An Icy Draft"Robert Duncan McNeilMarti Noxon & Emily FoxJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)0.44[32]
Jake has been stuck with Becca's baby Christopher for days, he's tired and suggests surrendering the baby at a fire station. Abby intervenes and offers to take care of him so that Jake can rest. Abby is called into work and Delia says she will baby-sit while she is gone. While in her meeting with her boss she is fired by Mitchell who wants "to go in a different direction." He has Barbara write Abby's article. Delia wants to move to New York for a fresh start. Abby discovers she is having hot flashes when she mistakes it for the baby having a fever. Jake is able to get the baby off their hands after getting in touch with Becca who fled to Florida. Abby thinks that Becca isn't ready to be a mother, and suggest that she and Jake raise Christopher because they work well together. Jake insists that neither he or she wants to raise any more kids.
282"Rule No. 137: Move Your Car"Brian DannellyAdam Milch & Vince CalandraJanuary 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)0.37[33]
Since Abby no longer has a job she doesn't know what to do now. Barbara is having a hard time writing Abby's article, she doesn't quite get the criticism of the article, plus her writing style is the opposite of what SheShe is looking for. Charlie starts playing baseball and Abby becomes one of those crazy baseball moms when Charlie gets benched. Scott's sex addiction gets the best of Jo and she breaks up with him. After a talk with Barbara she goes to make up with him but it's too late when she arrives to his empty trailer and sees that he's gone. Delia is ready to fight when she realizes that Albert tricked her into taking a clingy client. Phoebe is having some financial troubles due to her no longer getting alimony payments from Ralph. She wants to make things work with J.D., and has to sacrifice no longer buying the luxurious things she's accustom to.
293"Rule No. 188: Mind Your Side of the Plate"Michael B. SilverLisa EdelsteinJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)0.40[34]
Abby and Barbara spend the night out on the town where Barbara gets ideas for her column. The two get into it when Abby attacks her about her weight, Barbara answers right back and calls her a skinny bitch. They eventually apologize for their behavior. Abby fantasies about Charlie's baseball coach, Mike Brady when she's writing her book. Phoebe and JD takes her kids camping, Jo deals with Scott's departure.
304"Rule No. 225: What Happens in Bakersfield Stays in Bakersfield"Steven TsuchidaIlene RosenzweigFebruary 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)0.40[35]
Charlie's baseball team travels to Bakersfield for a tournament and Abby tries to make friends with the other moms. Delia, Jo and Phoebe head to Palm Springs where Delia runs into Gordon. All the baseball moms get carried away with heckling the umpire. Abby takes it too far, making the ump angry which later leads to Mike being thrown out from the game for his dispute with the ump. He blames Abby for it. Later that night the two end up fondling in the hotel's laundry room but he stops before things go any further because he doesn't want to go over the line. Jo has Frumpkis watch the store while she's gone and spies on him via a video surveillance app. He "broke" out of rehab which concerns her. While talking to her on the phone he sees the camera in the corner of the store and chastises her for spying on him. Gordon agrees to have breakfast with Delia but it doesn't happen since she gets arrested for a CUI (Cycling Under the Influence). Gordon bails her out, they talk where he says that he still loves her but he will never trust her again. He also doesn't want to see her again.
315"Rule No. 99: Cook Naked"Kat CoiroJanine NabersFebruary 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)0.42[36]
Abby hosts a party for Charlie's baseball team as a way to spend time with Mike. With everybody outside, the two use the laundry room to fool around, but Linda accidentally walks in on them. Barbara looks to get her kitchen remolded, and Phoebe introduces her to someone (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) to give her ideas, although Barbara is unimpressed with his slick style and high-end catalog of appliances. Phoebe continues to spend hours on end with Gemma. Zooey finds new strength in being assertive in a way to be noticeable to Ethan. However, all that comes crashing down after finding her dad collapsed at home with an empty liquor bottle by his side. Frumpkis is taken to the hospital, where he admits the true extent of his alcoholism to Jo, who tells him that he has to get clean for real this time.
326"Rule #No. 218: There's No Crying in Baseball"Andy WolkMatthew ShireFebruary 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)0.28[37]
Abby is processing that Mike is still living with his ex. She also tries to make it through Charlie's last baseball game of the season without creating any conflict. Lily and Zooey fight over Ethan which leads to Zooey bullying Lily. Standing up for their daughters, Abby and Jo end up fighting with themselves. Barbara steps in to up break up the fights. Phoebe worries about the art direction J.D. is going in after seeing the painting he painted for Gemma. When Jo tells Zooey that her behavior was not acceptable, Zooey quickly tells her mom that she learned that behavior from her. Delia's new client isn't helping her get her former reputation back at the firm. Mike comes over to tell Abby that he now has his own place, and with this they go up to her bedroom to have sex.
337"Rule No. 91: Run Toward What Scares You"Robert Duncan McNeillAdam Milch & Emily FoxFebruary 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)0.29[38]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)341"Rule No. 776: The Cat is Always on the Roof"Robert Duncan McNeillEmily FoxAugust 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)0.37[39]
352"Rule #No. 10: Just Survive"Scott WilliamsIlene RosenzweigAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)0.36[40]
363"Rule No. 706: Let Them Eat Cupcakes"Tanya WexlerJanine Nabers & Emmylou DiazAugust 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)0.37[41]
374"Rule No. 49: Let It Shine"Terrell CleggMatthew ShireSeptember 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)0.42[42]
385"Rule No. 930: Plan for New Plans"Jude WengMatthew Scott HunterSeptember 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)0.42[43]
396"Rule No. 155: Go with the Magician"Jonathan FrakesAdam MilchSeptember 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)0.32[44]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [45][5]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)401"Rule No. 73: Step and Repeat"Robert Duncan McNeillEmily FoxJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)0.42[46]
412"Rule No. 149: Don't Eat the Yellow Snow"Robert Duncan McNeillIlene RosenzweigJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)0.45[47]
423"Rule No. 97: It Takes Two to Stab Yourself in the Butt"Janice CookeJanine NabersJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)0.44[48]
434"Rule No. 63: It's a Marathon, Not a Sprint"Lisa EdelsteinEmmylou Diaz & Matt ShireJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)0.42[49]
445"Rule No. 303: Burn That S... to the Ground"Alysse Leite-RogersAdam Milch & Emily FoxJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)0.49[50]
456"Rule No. 1: Keep the Toast Short"Robert Duncan McNeillAdam Milch & Marti NoxonJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)0.52[51]


document_title: Anesthesiologist assistant

question_text: when was the first anesthesiology assistant graduate education program established in the us

text: Anesthesiologist assistant

text: General description[edit]

text: An anesthesiologist assistant (AA) is a non-physician anesthesia provider qualified by advanced education and clinical training to work cooperatively with an anesthesiologist in developing and implementing the anesthesia care plan.[1] The anesthesiologist assistant works under the medical direction of an anesthesiologist as an assistant in the Anesthesia Care Team (ACT). Anesthesiologist assistants obtain pre-anesthetic health history, perform preoperative physical exams, establish non-invasive and invasive monitors, administer medications, evaluate and treat life-threatening situations, and execute general and regional anesthetic techniques, as delegated by the anesthesiologist.[2]

text: Anesthesiologist assistants generally work in the hospital setting but can work at any location where they can be medically directed by anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologist assistants provide anesthesia in surgical environments such as cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, transplant surgery, and trauma surgery centers. The incorporation of anesthesiologist assistants into ACT teams across the country is a dynamic process, and currently there are sixteen states, as well as Washington D.C. and the Veteran’s Affairs Medical System, in which anesthesiologist assistants are able to work but none currently do.[2] In each of these states, the anesthesiologist assistant falls under the regulatory authority of the State Board of Medicine.[2]

text: As of 2017[update] there are twelve anesthesiologist assistant training programs in the United States[3] all of which offer degrees at the Master’s level.[citation needed] Approximately 97% of currently practicing anesthesiologist assistants hold a Master’s degree (some early anesthesiologist assistant graduates held Bachelor’s degrees).[citation needed] All newly credentialed and future anesthesiologist assistants must complete an accredited Master’s program for anesthesiologist assistants. Upon completion of the educational program, graduates must sit for a credentialing exam that is co-validated by the National Board of Medical Examiners and National Commission for Certification of Anesthesiologist Assistants. All anesthesiologist assistant programs are credentialed by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Educational Programs (CAAHEP).[4]

text: History of the profession[edit]

text: In the mid-1960s, the United States faced a shortage of qualified anesthesia professionals. This shortage prompted Doctors Joachim S. Gravenstein, John E. Steinhaus, and Perry P. Volpitto to evaluate the educational pathways of both anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists. After their study was completed, a new educational track was designed to train a new type of non-physician anesthesia provider, who would be called an anesthesiologist assistant. The physicians hoped to achieve two goals that would make their new educational paradigm unique from what already existed in the field of anesthesia. First, they wanted to train a non-physician anesthesia provider with a premedical background, so that the individual would be readily eligible for upward mobility into medical school later in their career. Second, the new anesthesia professional would always remain under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. The physicians’ plans came to fruition when the first AA training programs formed at Emory University in 1969. Today these goals are still upheld: 10% of AAs choose to later go to medical school and 100% of practicing AAs still work under the medical direction of an anesthesiologist.[5][6]

text: Education[edit]

text: A master’s level education is required to train anesthesiologist assistants to collect patient data, assist in the evaluation of patients’ physical and mental status, document the surgical procedures planned, and administer the therapeutic plan for patient care that has been formulated with the anesthesiologist.[7] There are eleven programs available for the Anesthesiologist Assistant Master Degree in the United States. All programs are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education (CAAHEP).

text:
Emory University in Atlanta, GA (Est. 1969)
Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH (Est. 1970)
South University in Savannah, GA (Est. 2004)
Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, FL (Est. 2005)
University of Missouri–Kansas City in Kansas City, MO (Est. 2008)
Nova Southeastern University in Tampa, FL (Est. 2009)
Case Western Reserve University in Houston, TX (Est. 2010)
Case Western Reserve University in Washington, D.C. (Est. 2012)
University of Colorado in Denver, Colorado (Est. 2013)
Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut
Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, Wi (Est. 2016)
Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, IN (Est. 2017)

text: To enroll in an AA program, candidates must complete a bachelor’s degree and obtain a minimum of eight hours of documented anesthesia exposure by observation in the operating room though absolutely no clinical background is required.[7][8] Additionally, some of these programs require premedical coursework and an entrance exam (either GRE or MCAT, MCAT preferred).[9][10][11]

text: Program lengths range from 24 to 28 months with didactic and clinical instruction.[7][8] Didactic training includes courses such as physiology, pharmacology, airway management, simulation laboratory, Basic Life Support (BLS) certification, Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) certification, Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification, anatomy, monitoring, and applied principles and practices. In addition to class work, programs include 2000 to 2700 clinical hours per student.[12] Students gain preoperative, intra-operative and post-operative experience with a variety of patients in a variety of surgical settings.[7][8][9] In addition, each program may have additional educational experiences; for example, Nova Southeastern University provides students with courses on scientific research and publishing.[9] All programs must have at least one board-certified, licensed anesthesiologist serving as a director. Additionally, each AA program must be based at, or in collaboration with, a university that has a medical school.[2]

text: Because in some cases a premedical undergraduate education is required for acceptance into an Anesthesiologist Assistant program, all AAs are readily eligible to apply to medical school. This facet of the AA educational pathway distinguishes AAs from other non-physician anesthesia providers.

text: Certification[edit]

text: Graduates from an accredited educational program are eligible to take the initial certifying examination and can do so up to 6 months before graduating from the program. The certifying examination for anesthesiologist assistants is a written exam administered by the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME), which is contracted by the National Commission for Certification of Anesthesiologist Assistants (NCCAA). Once successfully completed, the NCCAA will award a time-limited certificate to each candidate. In order to maintain certification, anesthesiologist assistants need to register for 40 hours of Continuing Medical Education (CME) every two years and successfully complete a Continued Demonstration of Qualifications (CDQ) examination every six years.[13][14]

text: Map of AA work states and educational program locations

text: Scope of practice[edit]

text: Anesthesiologist assistants are trained medical professionals who work under the direction of licensed anesthesiologists as a member of the Anesthesia Care Team (ACT).[15] The following list is obtained from the American Academy of Anesthesiologist Assistants (AAAA), which states anesthesiologist assistant responsibilities may include but are not limited to:[2]

text:
Obtain an appropriate and accurate pre-anesthetic health history; conduct a physical examination and document relevant information in the patient anesthesia records.
Perform necessary diagnostic laboratory and related studies, such as drawing arterial and venous blood samples.
Establish non-invasive and/or invasive monitoring when indicated
Implement regional anesthesia technique if appropriate
Administer induction drugs, maintain and adjust appropriate anesthetic depth, manage additional treatment and deliver continuous anesthesia care and monitoring into and during the postoperative recovery phase.
Operate and analyze advanced monitoring methods, such as pulmonary artery catheterization, electroencephalographic spectral analysis, echocardiography etc.
Apply advanced life support practices, such as high frequency ventilation and intra-arterial cardiovascular assist devices.
Perform post-anesthesia rounds by documenting patient progress notes, collecting and recording case summaries, and by transcribing standing and specific orders.
Evaluate life-threatening situations, such as cardiac arrest, and treat with protocols established within BLS, ACLS, and PALS.
Perform anesthetic functions in intensive care units, pain clinics, and other settings, as appropriate.
Train and supervise personnel in the calibration, troubleshooting, and employment of patient monitors.
Delegate administrative duties in an anesthesiology practice or anesthesiology department in such functions as the management of personnel, supplies, and devices.
Contribute in the clinical instruction of others.

text: The AA scope of practice may differ slightly in relation to local practice, and is usually defined by the medically directing anesthesiologist, the hospital's clinical protocol procedures, the state’s board of medicine, and state regulations.

text: Employment[edit]

text: The American Medical Association (AMA) states that "AAs are most commonly employed in larger facilities that perform procedures such as cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, transplant surgery, and trauma care."[4] Studies by the AMA found entry-level salaries for 2006 Anesthesiologist Assistant graduates to be between $95,000 and $120,000 for the 40-hour work week plus benefits and consideration of on-call activity. They also found the high end of the salary range to be around $160,000 to $180,000 for experienced anesthesiologist assistants.[16] Salaries vary by region and individual employer.

text: Anesthesiologist assistants are currently able to work in sixteen states plus Washington, D.C. and the US territory of Guam either by licensure or through physician delegation. AAs are recognized by the federal government and are authorized to work at all Veteran Affairs hospitals using the TRICARE insurance program.[17]

text: Licensure defines the practice of AAs and is achieved through state law or by approval of the individual state board of medicine. Physician delegation is achieved through recognition of AAs by the state board of medicine or through statutes included in the state's medical practice act. The board of medicine affords Anesthesiologist's the right to delegate the responsibilities of their realm of practice to qualified individuals. Delegating authority requires that the physician remain ultimately responsible for the patient. In all states, the practice of anesthesiologist assistants is guided by the board of medicine. Any attempt to employ AAs under delegating authority should be made through the individual state's board of medicine.[2]

text: States where AAs practice through license and certification:[17]

text:
Alabama
Colorado
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Indiana
Kentucky
Missouri
New Mexico
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Vermont
Wisconsin

text: States where AAs practice through physician delegation:

text:
Michigan
Texas

text: In the U.S. federal government[edit]

text: Anesthesiologist Assistants are employed at Veteran Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense facilities under the TRICARE health system since Dec 22, 2006.[5]

text: The Veterans Health Administration Handbook 1123 on Anesthesia Service, includes the profession of anesthesiologist assistant as an allied health professional. Information in regards to required qualifications, coverage criteria, billing, and payment for Medicare services under the TRICARE program for anesthesiologist assistants is published by the Department of Health and Human Services.[18]

text: AA's are currently classified as GS-0601, General Health Science Series employees, as defined by The Handbook of Occupational Groups and Families from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management.[19]