document_title: List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters

question_text: who played roberts police partner in everybody loves raymond

text: Main characters

text:
Actor
Role
Seasons
Episodes

Ray Romano
Raymond "Ray" Barone
All 9
210

Patricia Heaton
Debra Barone
209

Brad Garrett
Robert Charles Barone

Doris Roberts
Marie Barone
210

Peter Boyle
Frank Barone
206

Madylin Sweeten
Alexandra "Ally" Barone
146

Sullivan and Sawyer Sweeten
Michael and Geoffrey Barone
136

Monica Horan
Amy MacDougall-Barone
64

text: Ray Barone

text:
Raymond Albert Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"The Finale"
Final character appearance: King of Queens – "Raygin' Bulls"

Created by
Ray Romano & Philip Rosenthal

Portrayed by
Ray Romano

Number of episodes
210

Information

Occupation
Sportswriter

Family
Frank Barone (father)
Marie Barone (mother)
Robert Barone (brother)
Mel Barone (uncle)

Spouse(s)
Debra Barone (since 1988)

Children
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (daughter)
Geoffrey Barone (twin son)
Michael Barone (twin son)

Relatives
Warren Whelan (father-in-law)
Lois Whelan (mother-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (sister-in-law)
Jennifer Whelan (sister-in-law)
Gerard (maternal cousin)

text: Raymond Albert "Ray" Barone (Ray Romano) is the protagonist of the sitcom. Most of the series’ storylines revolve around him, hence the title of the show. He lives on Long Island, with his wife Debra and their three children Ally and twin boys, Michael and Geoffrey Barone. He attended St. Johns University (New York) in Queens, New York. Ray is well-known through the community due to his profession as a writer for a sports column. In some episodes, he is seen reviewing a famous sportsperson. However, this is shown to have subsided in the later seasons. Due to the nature of his work, Ray is often seen on the couch, watching sports, rather than assisting Debra with household duties and the children.

text: At times Raymond appears rather introverted. He often rants in a nasal, whiny voice. His fears include not being liked by everyone and confronting his parents, particularly his mother. He often gets annoyed because he feels that he and Debra lack intimacy. He is also promoted as chief sports writer.

text: Parts of the backstory of his childhood have explained Raymond’s attitude and personality as an adult. Raymond and Robert were spoiled by their mother. However, their father, who worked long hours, had been neglectful in showing them affection and instead showed verbal abuse. Ray has sometimes shown this pattern of behavior in his reluctance to participate with his own children.

text: A running gag in the show is how much Ray was mothered and spoiled by his mother, while Robert was neglected. Raymond was pampered by Marie, which in turn, made him lazy and causing him to act like a child, and very often, to defend himself to Debra, he goes to Marie for advice and protection. He is also very scared of her and often sides with her instead of Debra.

text: In 2004, TV Guide ranked Ray Barone number 10 on its '50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time' list.[1]

text: The character has made several crossover appearances:

text:
1997: Cosby – "Lucas Raymondicus"
1998: The Nanny – "The Reunion Show"
1998–2005: The King of Queens (4 episodes)
1999: Becker – "Drive, They Said"

text: Debra Barone

text:
Debra Louise Whelan Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"The Finale"

Portrayed by
Patricia Heaton

Number of episodes
209

Information

Occupation
Homemaker

Family
Warren Whelan (father)
Lois Whelan (mother)
Jennifer Whelan (sister)

Spouse(s)
Raymond Barone (since 1988)

Children
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (daughter)
Geoffrey Barone (twin son)
Michael Barone (twin son)

Relatives
Frank Barone (father-in-law)
Marie Barone (mother-in-law)
Robert Barone (brother-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (sister-in-law)
Mel Barone (uncle-in-law)
Gerard (cousin-in-law)

text: Debra Louise Whelan-Barone (Patricia Heaton), is the wife of Ray. She was raised by wealthy parents, Lois (Katherine Helmond) and Warren Whelan (Robert Culp), and grew up in an upper-class background, unlike the other major characters in the sitcom. She has a sister, Jennifer Whelan (Ashley Crow), who is seen only once in the entire series. Following her graduation from high school, she traveled a lot and dated many famous sportspeople. Before marrying Ray, she worked in public relations for the New York Rangers hockey team.

text: Debra is vulnerable and emotionally sensitive. She is unhappy as a housewife, having to put up not only with Ray’s immature jokes and lazy behavior, but more with his intrusive family members, who often barge in uninvited, leaving havoc in their wake. Though Ray's parents frustrate her, she rarely shows her feelings to them, resulting in occasional bursts in private of yelling, stomping, and throwing objects.

text: Debra has a feud with Marie, who shows a large amount of distaste of her ability to be a mother and a wife. Throughout the series, Debra often finds Robert the most patient of the Barones, and at times she is shown to get along well with Frank, who thinks of her as a daughter and understands Debra's intolerance towards Marie.

text: She is also depressed about her parents when they were in an argument, and she was distraught when they were divorcing. Even though she grew up in a traditional conservative family, she was a free-spirited and a popular teen in her early years. Ray once noted that, during college, she went to Mardi Gras and flashed her breasts to many people who gave her beads and also ended up topless in the newspaper.

text: Her main catchphrase is, usually addressed to Ray in an ominous voice when he has done something bad, "What did you do?"

text: The character has also appeared in the King of Queens episode "Dire Strayts".

text: Barone children

text:
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (154 episodes; played by Madylin Sweeten) – Ray and Debra's only daughter. She is six years old at the beginning of the series, and is fourteen by the series finale. She was named for Romano's real-life daughter. In the beginning, she is somewhat mischievous and naughty much like her brothers, but becomes loyal and helpful by the end. However, she still occasionally fibs and answers back to her parents if she doesn't get what she wants, such as a $250 silk dress which would only be worn once.
Geoffrey and Michael Barone (130 episodes; played by Sullivan and Sawyer Sweeten) – Ray and Debra's identical twin sons. They are two years old at the beginning of the series and are ten years old by the series finale. A running joke is Frank's insistence that Geoffrey may have homosexual tendencies, such as when he walks in on the two boys rehearsing to play fairies in a school production. The two are stereotypically playful, energetic, and prone to causing chaos even without trying but in general are well-behaved. (In the pilot episode, they were played by a different set of twins plus a set of triplets and were called "Gregory" and "Matthew" after Romano's real-life twin sons.)

text: Marie Barone

text:
Marie Janella Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"Finale"

Portrayed by
Doris Roberts

Number of episodes
210

Information

Occupation
Homemaker

Spouse(s)
Frank Barone (since 1957)

Children
Raymond "Ray" Barone (son)
Robert Barone (son)

Relatives
Debra Barone (daughter-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (daughter-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (granddaughter)
Geoffrey Barone (grandson)
Michael Barone (grandson)
Mel Barone (brother-in-law)
Gerard (nephew)

text: Marie Janella Barone (Doris Roberts) is the wife of Frank, and matriarch of the Barone family. As a housewife, she excels in household duties, including cooking, cleaning, and generally keeping and maintaining a good household. Marie appears to have narcissistic personality disorder, and her treatment of people due to this becomes a focal point of several episodes of the show. She is very nosy, snobbish, arrogant, insulting, and has a strong hold over her family due to her penchant for her likely narcissistic abuse, bullying those around her with guilt and a victim complex to get her way. She has very high self-esteem and believes herself as a positive example of what every wife, mother and woman should be. She takes special pride in her Italian background and even arranges a tour of Italy for the whole family out of her own savings.

text: Throughout the series, she is shown to have favorites with certain people, with her son Raymond being the first and Debra being possibly the last. Other than Frank, everyone has a hard time standing up to Marie due to her ability of making people feel guilty, although Debra does occasionally take a stand. She is well aware of Raymond’s reluctance to stand up to her, and in many situations takes advantage of this to achieve her own interests.

text: It is established in the flashbacks of "How They Met" that she has never liked Debra ever since Debra asked Ray to fix her futon at dinner time, but Marie has never admitted her dislike of Debra outright and is careful about not saying it out loud, but she never ceases the chance to annoy her or indirectly insult her on many occasions just for her own pleasure.

text: She has saved a little money on the side every day and admitted to Debra that she collected over $46,000 since her wedding. She also sends money to South America to a fundraiser. She is also shown to actually control the family's finances in front of Frank, who always thought he was the one in charge and remained oblivious to much of her savings or expenses.

text: As her boys were growing up, she spoiled her younger son while completely cutting Robert out of the picture. However, in a later episode, she claims that this was because Robert was able to take care of himself and was independent, in contrast to Ray who was a sensitive, timid, needy little boy (this was likely said just to manipulate Robert into getting Amy pregnant, as both he and Raymond note and Marie herself winks to Ray, indicating this is another manipulation). In some cases, however, she is shown to care and be overprotective of Robert as well. This includes when he had nightmares growing up, when he was gored by a bull, when he was interviewing for an FBI position, and her frequent attempts to get Robert out of the police force in effort to keep him safe.

text: Marie is also seen constantly arguing with her husband Frank in nearly every episode, with them constantly fighting and annoying each other. However, in some situations, there have been times when they do evidence their love for one another, despite their reluctance to be open with it. Much to Debra's annoyance, even Debra's parents find them more interesting, since they are honest to each other.

text: Her catchphrase is "I don't like that, [insert name]." whenever anyone says anything inappropriate.

text: The final episode reveals that her birthday is December 9 (this was one of Frank's classic "one-liners" as he adds "1802").

text: The character has also appeared in the King of Queens episode "Rayny Day".

text: Frank Barone

text:
Frank Oscar Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"Finale"

Portrayed by
Peter Boyle

Number of episodes
207

Information

Occupation
Bookkeeper (retired)

Spouse(s)
Marie Barone (since 1957)

Children
Raymond "Ray" Barone (son)
Robert Barone (son)

Relatives
Debra Barone (daughter-in-law)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (daughter-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (granddaughter)
Geoffrey Barone (grandson)
Michael Barone (grandson)
Mel Barone (older brother)
Gerard (nephew by marriage)

text: Francis Oscar "Frank" Barone (Peter Boyle) is the husband of Marie and a retired bookkeeper. In the episode "The Gift" (season 2), it is Frank's 65th birthday, making his year of birth 1932. He can be seen as aggressive, selfish, uncaring, and masculine. Although it is briefly mentioned that he has a sensitive side, Frank refuses to accept it. In episodes like "Pet the Bunny", "Christmas Present", "Fathers Knows Least" and "Frank Goes Downstairs", he indicates that, though capable of patience and kindness, he deliberately cultivates a tough guy persona. However, Frank is sometimes shown to be a good family man, such as taking the fall for Debra when Marie's prized canister goes missing or even trying to console Robert after he becomes morose from a breakup.

text: He is always seen at Ray and Debra’s house on the black armchair with his pants unbuttoned and zipper open watching sports or at home ordering Marie to prepare his meals while sitting and reading the paper. During his sons’ childhood, Frank was virtually absent and had refused to show any sign of affection and love to either boy. He was constantly at loggerheads with his wife Marie to how the boys were to be raised. He is very opinionated, outspoken, and has no problem insulting family members and strangers out in the open (this applies in particular to his wife, Marie). He calls men names like "Nancy", "Shirley", "Peaches", and "Mary" who do not live up to his standards to what it takes to be a man. His main catchphrase on the show is "Holy crap".

text: Throughout the sitcom, Frank is shown to have socially conservative values, particularly regarding minority groups such as gays and lesbians, and ethnic groups such as the Koreans and Japanese to which he occasionally mutters "Japanese crap". He doesn’t follow or accept anything outside the social norms, to which Marie proclaims "Frank lives in blissful ignorance". Despite Marie’s constant self-regard, she is accepting of these minority groups. Much to other characters' dismay, he's not above engaging in illegal or dubious activities such as gambling or stealing cable from Ray.

text: In his spare time, Frank is a skilled handyman and a history buff, with a particular interest in the American Civil War. He's frequently seen making repairs in Ray and Debra's house, and in "Frank Goes Downstairs" is injured while fixing their staircase. His regular get-away activity is having naked pool bath with his elderly friends at a community center referred to as "the lodge". On every other Saturday, he takes Raymond's children to The Happy Zone.

text: Frank is also a war veteran. He fought in the Korean War and he uses this as a reference for recounting stories of survival and how he came to be a "man". In one particular incident, where all three Barone men were pretending to go to counseling sessions it was revealed that Ray and Robert had a long line of physically disciplinarian grandparents. However, Frank vowed to never be physically abusive towards his sons, never enforcing corporal punishment on them and never engaging in anything more than yelling at them.

text: Though for the most part largely anti-social and honest in his relationships with others, he is often depicted as the only member of the family who is not only unafraid of Marie, but the only one who will put his foot down and stand up to her, much to the combined relief and horror of the other characters. Many of their arguments revolve around trivial and even irrational subjects, such as who invented the lawn and literally comparing apples and oranges.

text: They also come into conflict over Debra, whom Frank, unlike Marie, overwhelmingly loves, and even tends to be more affectionate with than he is with either of his sons. True to his blunt personality, in one episode in which the entire family (the adults) were at a counseling session with their church priest Father Hubley, he yelled out in front of everyone that the main reason why Marie looks down on Debra – "She [Debra] married him [Raymond], and [Marie] still can't deal with it."

text: Robert Barone

text:
Robert Charles Barone

First appearance
"Pilot"

Last appearance
"Finale"

Portrayed by
Brad Garrett

Number of episodes
209

Information

Gender
Male

Occupation
Police Officer (NYPD)

Family
Frank Barone (father)
Marie Barone (mother)
Raymond "Ray" Barone (brother)
Mel Barone (uncle)

Spouse(s)
Joanne Glotz (1994–1995; divorced)
Amy MacDougall-Barone (since 2003)

Relatives
Debra Barone (sister-in-law)
Hank MacDougall (father-in-law)
Pat MacDougall (mother-in-law)
Peter MacDougall (brother-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (niece)
Geoffrey Barone (nephew)
Michael Barone (nephew)
Gerard (maternal cousin)

text: Robert Charles Barone (Brad Garrett) is Raymond's older brother (4 years older than Ray) and the first-born son of Frank and Marie. His birthday is April 6 and his birth weight was 12 pounds (5443 g). Standing at 6' 8½" (204 cm), he is the tallest Barone, and has several quirks, the biggest being a nervous habit of touching food to his chin before eating it, commonly known as the "Crazy Chin", which he developed to cope with anxiety which started when Raymond was born and all of Marie's attention turned to Raymond. Robert is a loving uncle and still deeply cares for his little brother Raymond. Robert has been a police officer with the N.Y.P.D for 27 years, eventually attaining the rank of Sergeant and then, by the end of the series, Lieutenant. His height, appearance and demeanor are the source of much humor, but despite his imposing size, Robert is a very skilled dancer.

text: After divorcing his first wife Joanne in 1995, Robert moved back in with his parents, became a workaholic, and was acknowledged by the NYPD for never being absent one day of his career for three years straight. Robert's advanced skills as a police officer even got him an interview with the FBI, but his mother intentionally interfered in the interview process. Robert was passed over but simply because the other candidates were more qualified. He was injured on the job when he was gored in the bottom by a bull. When he returned, he left the police force out of a lack of self-confidence, and became a telemarketer. Later, he took a side job as an alarm salesman for a brief time (one episode) but returned to the NYPD, mainly with Raymond's help.

text: Robert dated Debra's best friend Amy MacDougall for several years, despite a number of breakups. After a bad date with yet another woman, Robert ran into Amy in a bar and they soon got back together and married in 2003. In 2004, they purchased Frank and Marie's home for $26,000, but they had to welcome them back in when the elder Barones were kicked out of a retirement community in New Jersey in the episode "Not So Fast."

text: Robert is very jealous of his brother Raymond, who was favored by their mother, and though Robert is four years older than Ray and much taller, he constantly feels as if he's stuck in Ray's shadow. Despite the obvious favoring of Ray, Marie has claimed that there was never any favoritism. He has a very dark sense of humor and will make fun of Raymond to no end to get a little belated revenge. He is also known for being very passive-aggressive.

text: While he enjoys taunting Ray himself, Robert is very protective of his younger brother; in one episode, he overhears a radio sports show host insulting Ray at length and angrily humiliates the man in retaliation. He also respects Ray as a well-meaning, if generally absent, father, in the pattern of Frank. Robert serves as the moral conscience in the family, as the most virtuous of the characters, and often pleads with others when they are considering doing something questionable.

text: Robert's catchphrase in the show is when he finds the family gathered together silent and says: "Is this about me?"

text: Robert also appears in the King of Queens episode "Road Rayge".

text: Amy MacDougall-Barone

text:
Amy Louise MacDougall-Barone

First appearance
"Who's Handsome?"

Last appearance
"The Finale"

Portrayed by
Monica Horan

Number of episodes
66

Information

Gender
Female

Family
Hank MacDougall (father)
Pat MacDougall (mother)
Peter MacDougall (brother)

Spouse(s)
Robert Barone (since 2003)

Relatives
Frank Barone (father-in-law)
Marie Barone (mother-in-law)
Ray Barone (brother-in-law)
Debra Whelan-Barone (sister-in-law)
Alexandra "Ally" Barone (niece by marriage)
Geoffrey Barone (nephew by marriage)
Michael Barone (nephew by marriage)
Mel Barone (uncle-in-law)
Gerard (cousin in-law)

text: Amy Louise MacDougall (Monica Horan) is Robert's on-and-off girlfriend, and eventual wife. They met because Amy is Debra's best friend. She and Debra share the same middle name. Although Amy marries Robert in Season 7, Episode 24: "Robert's Wedding", she also appears in the previous seasons. Many issues have caused Amy and Robert to break up in the first six seasons, with one being caused by Raymond and another being that Robert had sex with another woman. Frequently, Amy apologizes to someone even if she didn't do anything wrong.

text: She is a confident woman who was raised in a family of devout Protestants, who live in Pennsylvania. She describes her parents as "people who wouldn't yell if they were on fire." Amy was a virgin when she met Robert, which Ray had a hard time understanding, as Amy was 33 at the time. She eventually lost her virginity to Robert before they were married, but they were spotted having sex by their neighbors, causing Robert's neighbors to sign a sheet mandating bedroom curtains in the apartment building.

text: Recurring

text: Hank and Pat MacDougall (13 episodes; played by Fred Willard and Georgia Engel) are Amy's parents. They first appear in "Just a Formality" (episode 7.14). Devout conservative Presbyterians, they oppose their daughter's marriage because of Robert's previous marital status and Catholic faith. These matters are not helped as they soon learn that the MacDougalls and the Barones are not the most compatible of families; the two sides still do not like each other after many tries at truce, although the Barones have always loved Amy, and the MacDougalls come to tolerate Robert.

text: Hank is a former professor and is now a high school principal. He is known to be opposed to smoking, and his line when he sees someone smoking is "Why don't you just drink poison?". Pat is a housewife, and has a high-pitched, gentle voice. She is shown to be a protective and loving mother.

text:
Peter MacDougall (10 episodes; played by Chris Elliott) is Amy's older brother. He has a strange, psychologically unstable personality (Robert once stated that "There are squirrels juggling knives in his head") and a duplicitous, quick-witted mind. Opposed to his sister's marriage, he insists that he will keep trying to break it up, which explains the reason why during Robert's wedding that Robert and Ray looked at him when the pastor asked if anyone objected to Robert and Amy's marriage. Peter is single but lives with his pet house cat, Miss Puss. At first, Peter and Robert hate each other, but in "Peter on the Couch," the two find common ground in the fact that they both suffered from being the overshadowed older sibling and living with their parents. He is fond of Ray, although the feeling isn't mutual. Peter was originally introduced as "Russell", the owner of a comic book shop (played by comedian Paul Reubens) in a one-time appearance. Russell abruptly became Peter because in "Just a Formality" (episode 7.14), Peter mentions meeting Ray at the comic book store (which was Russell).
Lois and Warren Whelan (14 and 11 episodes, played by Katherine Helmond and Robert Culp) are Debra's parents. Even though they are an authoritarian conservative family, they are shown to have a breakdown and actually hate their marriage and hobbies. They are from Connecticut. They are also upper class, and have different beliefs from the middle class Barones. However, the Whelans have a huge amount of respect towards them for their bluntness and start to imitate them, angering Debra.

text: Lois is a housewife, and traveled around on fundraisers. Her line of work was not mentioned. She is friendly and patient, but easily insulted. She also appears to be nervous around Robert, who feels the same way. She has a struggling relationship with Warren, and even though she suggested and went to counseling in New Jersey, he eventually files in for a divorce, which she accepts, since she cannot find love in her marriage anymore.

text: Warren is a businessman, achieving success at a young age, and a caring, happy-go-lucky father. He is very passionate about antiques, and, in a running joke on the show, is often referred to as having a problem with alcohol. He had problems with Lois about their marriage. They agreed to go on counseling in New Jersey, but they eventually divorced. Debra was distraught and furious with Lois because she thought that she filed it, but Warren tells her the truth.

text:
Andy (26 episodes; played by Andy Kindler) – A fellow sportswriter and friend of Raymond's, and a bachelor. He is known to have bad luck with women.
Gianni (25 episodes; played by Jon Manfrellotti) – A contractor, ex-futon repairman, and friend of Raymond's. He briefly dated Amy, much to Robert's consternation, and is disliked by Debra as immature. He worked with Ray when they were younger. He also appeared on The King of Queens. Jon Manfrellotti first appeared as a cable guy from Lynbrook cable in "The Game" (episode 1.17).
Bernie and Linda Gruenfelder (17 and 11 episodes; played by Tom McGowan and Maggie Wheeler) – Married couple, friends of Ray and Debra. They are very happy together and express their love in public.
Kevin Daniels (9 episodes; played by Kevin James) – Announcer for the Mets, and friend and golf buddy of Raymond. He also hosts "Sports Talk with Roy Firestone" in "Ray's on TV" (episode 2.1).
Stan (9 episodes; played by Victor Raider-Wexler) – Friend of Marie and Frank.
Garvin (9 episodes; played by Len Lesser) – A friend of Frank's. A running gag is that when he sees Raymond, he shouts, "Hey, Ray's here! Ha-ha-ha!" while shaking his arms in the air. Lesser used a similar gag on Seinfeld when he portrayed Uncle Leo, enthusiastically saying "Jerry! Hello!" while holding out his arms every time he greeted his nephew Jerry.
Sgt. Judy Potter (9 episodes; played by Sherri Shepherd) – Robert's NYPD patrol partner.

text: Minor

text:
Nemo (7 episodes; played by Joseph V. Perry, Robert Ruth) – Pizza restaurant owner. Disappears when Marco takes over his pizzeria and calls it Marco's.
Gerard (7 episodes; played by Fred Stoller) – Ray and Robert's annoying, unintelligent and hypochondriacal cousin who makes several appearances. He plays the accordion.
Father Hubley (6 episodes; played by Charles Durning) – The local parish priest. He loves Marie's lasagna. Very wary of the Barones, his long-time parishioners, but usually has helpful advice to offer.
Stefania Fogagnolo (6 episodes; played by Alex Meneses) – Robert's hot and jilted Italian ex-girlfriend he met while vacationing with the Barone clan in Italy. He had a fling with her in Italy while he was still with Amy, which later causes breakups with both girlfriends.
Marco Fogagnolo (6 episodes; played by David Proval) – The intimidating and threatening Italian father of Stefania, who takes over Nemo's Pizza after the family moves to America, jokingly implying that he "did away with" Nemo. Although he dislikes Robert, he befriends Frank and Marie but the two end up fighting for his friendship.
Molly Ardolino (6 episodes; played by Ray Romano's actual daughter, Alexandra Romano) – Daughter of Peggy Ardolino (Ray's archenemy and Debra's friend) and Ally's best friend. However, she was first seen as a flower girl in a flashback of Ray and Debra's wedding.
Max (5 episodes; played by executive producer and main writer Phil Rosenthal's real-life father, Max Rosenthal) – A lodge friend of Frank, seen in various lodge-related episodes.
Angelina (4 episodes; played by Tina Arning) – a very attractive waitress from Nemo's. Ray often goes to the restaurant just to fantasize about her beauty. She appears in four episodes.
Uncle Mel Barone (4 episodes; played by Phil Leeds) – Frank's older brother. Mel is mean and always seems agitated. A running gag is since he was never married, and sometimes shows up at family events with other men, he mentions at least once in every episode he is in fact, not gay.
Bill Parker (3 episodes; played by David Hunt) – Ray's nemesis neighbor. Parker is often seen showing-up Ray as a father, and Ray often makes jokes that Debra wishes she had married him instead, (the in-joke being that he is played by Patricia Heaton's real-life husband). Ray's character has said lines that has him thinking out loud that his kids are possibly Bill Parker's doing, because all the kids playing his children on the show are blond, like Bill Parker.
Albert (3 episodes; played by Ray Romano's real-life father, Albert Romano) – A lodge friend of Frank, seen in various lodge-related episodes.
Lee (3 episodes; played by Debra Mooney) – Friend of Marie and Frank's
Dave (2 episodes; played by Dave Attell) – A friend of Raymond and a member of the Nemo's sponsored basketball team in "Captain Nemo" (episode 1.11).
Joanne Glotz (2 episodes; played by Suzie Plakson) – Robert's first wife, who is depicted very negatively. She and Robert divorced before the beginning of the series. She formerly worked as a stripper in Atlantic City named Cinnamon. Marie knew about her former job since she appeared on the show, but kept quiet for Robert's sake until Joanne asked for a divorce.
Bryan Trenberth (2 episodes; played by Dan Castellaneta) – The T-ball "healthy snacks" overseer that Debra tangled with and Ray finally blew up on in "T-Ball" (episode 2.42). He was also Coach Bryan in "It's Supposed To Be Fun" (episode 6.8).
Harriet Lichtman – Marie's bridge partner, and Frank's fantasy woman. Often talked about but only appears in Season 7, Episode 20: "Who's Next".
Abe Warchiser aka "Bullethead" (John David Conti) – Frank's worst enemy at his lodge, seen in various lodge-related episodes. He proved he hated Frank in the episode "Franks Tribute" by telling Robert and Raymond "I don't like Frank Barone!"
Peggy Ardolino (Amy Aquino) – Single mother of Ally's best friend who has bullied Ray and later becomes Peter's girlfriend. Referred to as "The Cookie Lady" and "Peggy Hitler" by Ray. Whenever they see each other, Peggy says, "Hello, Ally's dad," while he just says "Hello... Peggy," in a very intimidating way. Debra ends up scaring Peggy off so she would leave Ray alone saying, "Nobody beats up my husband." Her characteristics are similar to Hitler, according to Ray.
Shamsky II – the bulldog Robert gets in Season 1, Episode 19: "The Dog" after having him neutered and later finding out he was a pure bred used for breeding stock. Shamsky II, named for Robert's favourite baseball player Art Shamsky, makes brief cameos in other episodes.
Jennifer Whelan (Ashley Crow) – Debra's wayward sister who finally becomes a nun in "The Sister" (episode 4.6).


document_title: Symbol (chemistry)

question_text: what does the symbol c stand for in the periodic table

root

text: Symbol (chemistry)

text: Symbols for chemical elements[edit]

text:
[hide]List of chemical elements

Z[I]
Symbol
Element
Origin of name[1][2]
Group
Period
Atomic weight[3][4] (u (±))
Density (g/cm3)
Melt (K) [5]
Boil (K)
C[I] (J/g · K)
χ[I]
Abundance in Earth's crust[II] (mg/kg)

1
H
Hydrogen
composed of the Greek elements hydro- and -gen meaning 'water-forming'
1
1
001 !1.008[III][IV][V][VI]
0.00008988
0014 !14.01
20.28
14.304
2.20
1400

2
He
Helium
the Greek helios, 'sun'
18
1
004 !4.002602(2)[III][V]
0.0001785
0.1 !—[VII]
4.22
5.193
–
0.008

3
Li
Lithium
the Greek lithos, 'stone'
1
2
007 !6.94[III][IV][V][VIII][VI]
0.534
0454 !453.69
1560
3.582
0.98
20

4
Be
Beryllium
beryl, a mineral
2
2
009 !9.0121831(5)
1.85
1560 !1560
2742
1.825
1.57
2.8

5
B
Boron
borax, a mineral
13
2
011 !10.81[III][IV][V][VI]
2.34
2349 !2349
4200
1.026
2.04
10

6
C
Carbon
the Latin carbo, 'coal'
14
2
012 !12.011[III][V][VI]
2.267
3800 !3800
4300
0.709
2.55
200

7
N
Nitrogen
the Greek nitron and '-gen' meaning 'niter-forming'
15
2
014 !14.007[III][V][VI]
0.0012506
0063 !63.15
77.36
1.04
3.04
19

8
O
Oxygen
from the Greek oxy-, both 'sharp' and 'acid', and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming'
16
2
016 !15.999[III][V][VI]
0.001429
0054 !54.36
90.20
0.918
3.44
461000

9
F
Fluorine
the Latin fluere, 'to flow'
17
2
019 !18.998403163(6)
0.001696
0053.5 !53.53
85.03
0.824
3.98
585

10
Ne
Neon
the Greek neos, meaning 'new'
18
2
020 !20.1797(6)[III][IV]
0.0008999
0024.56 !24.56
27.07
1.03
–
0.005

11
Na
Sodium
the English word soda (natrium in Latin)
1
3
023 !22.98976928(2)
0.971
0371 !370.87
1156
1.228
0.93
23600

12
Mg
Magnesium
Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece
2
3
024 !24.305[VI]
1.738
0923 !923
1363
1.023
1.31
23300

13
Al
Aluminium
from alumina, a compound (originally alumium)
13
3
027 !26.9815385(7)
2.698
0933.5 !933.47
2792
0.897
1.61
82300

14
Si
Silicon
from the Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium)
14
3
028 !28.085[V][VI]
2.3296
1687 !1687
3538
0.705
1.9
282000

15
P
Phosphorus
the Greek phoosphoros, 'carrying light'
15
3
031 !30.973761998(5)
1.82
0317.3 !317.30
550
0.769
2.19
1050

16
S
Sulfur
the Latin sulphur, 'fire and brimstone'
16
3
032 !32.06[III][V][VI]
2.067
0388.4 !388.36
717.87
0.71
2.58
350

17
Cl
Chlorine
the Greek chloros, 'greenish yellow'
17
3
035 !35.45[III][IV][V][VI]
0.003214
0171.6 !171.6
239.11
0.479
3.16
145

18
Ar
Argon
the Greek argos, 'idle'
18
3
040 !39.948(1)[III][V]
0.0017837
0083.8 !83.80
87.30
0.52
–
3.5

19
K
Potassium
New Latin potassa, 'potash' (kalium in Latin)
1
4
039 !39.0983(1)
0.862
0336.5 !336.53
1032
0.757
0.82
20900

20
Ca
Calcium
the Latin calx, 'lime'
2
4
041 !40.078(4)[III]
1.54
1115 !1115
1757
0.647
1
41500

21
Sc
Scandium
Scandia, the Latin name for Scandinavia
3
4
045 !44.955908(5)
2.989
1814 !1814
3109
0.568
1.36
22

22
Ti
Titanium
Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology
4
4
048 !47.867(1)
4.54
1941 !1941
3560
0.523
1.54
5650

23
V
Vanadium
Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja
5
4
051 !50.9415(1)
6.11
2183 !2183
3680
0.489
1.63
120

24
Cr
Chromium
the Greek chroma, 'color'
6
4
052 !51.9961(6)
7.15
2180 !2180
2944
0.449
1.66
102

25
Mn
Manganese
corrupted from magnesia negra, see Magnesium
7
4
055 !54.938044(3)
7.44
1519 !1519
2334
0.479
1.55
950

26
Fe
Iron
English word (ferrum in Latin)
8
4
056 !55.845(2)
7.874
1811 !1811
3134
0.449
1.83
56300

27
Co
Cobalt
the German word Kobold, 'goblin'
9
4
059 !58.933194(4)
8.86
1768 !1768
3200
0.421
1.88
25

28
Ni
Nickel
from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel
10
4
058 !58.6934(4)
8.912
1728 !1728
3186
0.444
1.91
84

29
Cu
Copper
English word (Latin cuprum)
11
4
064 !63.546(3)[V]
8.96
1357.77
2835
0.385
1.9
60

30
Zn
Zinc
German word Zinke (prong, tooth)
12
4
065 !65.38(2)
7.134
0693 !692.88
1180
0.388
1.65
70

31
Ga
Gallium
Gallia, the Latin name for France
13
4
070 !69.723(1)
5.907
0302.9 !302.9146
2673
0.371
1.81
19

32
Ge
Germanium
Germania, the Latin name for Germany
14
4
073 !72.630(8)
5.323
1211.40
3106
0.32
2.01
1.5

33
As
Arsenic
English word (Latin arsenicum)
15
4
075 !74.921595(6)
5.776
1090 !1090 [IX]
887
0.329
2.18
1.8

34
Se
Selenium
the Greek selene, 'moon'
16
4
079 !78.971(8)[V]
4.809
0453 !453
958
0.321
2.55
0.05

35
Br
Bromine
the Greek bromos, 'stench'
17
4
080 !79.904[VI]
3.122
0265.8 !265.8
332.0
0.474
2.96
2.4

36
Kr
Krypton
the Greek kryptos, 'hidden'
18
4
084 !83.798(2)[III][IV]
0.003733
0115.8 !115.79
119.93
0.248
3
.0001 !1×10−4

37
Rb
Rubidium
the Latin rubidus, 'deep red'
1
5
085 !85.4678(3)[III]
1.532
0312.5 !312.46
961
0.363
0.82
90

38
Sr
Strontium
Strontian, a small town in Scotland
2
5
087 !87.62(1)[III][V]
2.64
1050
1655
0.301
0.95
370

39
Y
Yttrium
Ytterby, Sweden
3
5
089 !88.90584(2)
4.469
1799
3609
0.298
1.22
33

40
Zr
Zirconium
Persian Zargun, 'gold-colored'; German Zirkoon, 'jargoon'
4
5
091 !91.224(2)[III]
6.506
2128
4682
0.278
1.33
165

41
Nb
Niobium
Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology
5
5
093 !92.90637(2)
8.57
2750
5017
0.265
1.6
20

42
Mo
Molybdenum
the Greek molybdos meaning 'lead'
6
5
096 !95.95(1)[III]
10.22
2896
4912
0.251
2.16
1.2

43
Tc
Technetium
the Greek tekhnètos meaning 'artificial'
7
5
098 ![98][X]
11.5
2430
4538
–
1.9
.000000003 !~ 3×10−9[XI]

44
Ru
Ruthenium
Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia
8
5
101.07(2)[III]
12.37
2607
4423
0.238
2.2
0.001

45
Rh
Rhodium
the Greek rhodos, meaning 'rose coloured'
9
5
102.90550(2)
12.41
2237
3968
0.243
2.28
0.001

46
Pd
Palladium
the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time
10
5
106.42(1)[III]
12.02
1828.05
3236
0.244
2.2
0.015

47
Ag
Silver
English word (argentum in Latin)
11
5
107.8682(2)[III]
10.501
1234.93
2435
0.235
1.93
0.075

48
Cd
Cadmium
the New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos
12
5
112.414(4)[III]
8.69
0594.22 !594.22
1040
0.232
1.69
0.159

49
In
Indium
indigo
13
5
114.818(1)
7.31
0429.75 !429.75
2345
0.233
1.78
0.25

50
Sn
Tin
English word (stannum in Latin)
14
5
118.710(7)[III]
7.287
0505.08 !505.08
2875
0.228
1.96
2.3

51
Sb
Antimony
uncertain: perhaps from the Greek anti, 'against', and monos, 'alone', or the Old French antimoine, 'Monk's bane' (stibium in Latin)
15
5
121.760(1)[III]
6.685
0903.78 !903.78
1860
0.207
2.05
0.2

52
Te
Tellurium
Latin tellus, 'earth'
16
5
127.60(3)[III]
6.232
0722.66 !722.66
1261
0.202
2.1
0.001

53
I
Iodine
French iode (after the Greek ioeides, 'violet')
17
5
126.90447(3)
4.93
0386.85 !386.85
457.4
0.214
2.66
0.45

54
Xe
Xenon
the Greek xenos, 'strange'
18
5
131.293(6)[III][IV]
0.005887
0161.4 !161.4
165.03
0.158
2.6
.00003 !3×10−5

55
Cs
Caesium
the Latin caesius, 'sky blue'
1
6
132.90545196(6)
1.873
0301.59 !301.59
944
0.242
0.79
3

56
Ba
Barium
the Greek barys, 'heavy'
2
6
137.327(7)
3.594
1000
2170
0.204
0.89
425

57
La
Lanthanum
the Greek lanthanein, 'to lie hidden'
3
6
138.90547(7)[III]
6.145
1193
3737
0.195
1.1
39

58
Ce
Cerium
the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres, considered a planet at the time

6
140.116(1)[III]
6.77
1068
3716
0.192
1.12
66.5

59
Pr
Praseodymium
the Greek praseios didymos meaning 'green twin'

6
140.90766(2)
6.773
1208
3793
0.193
1.13
9.2

60
Nd
Neodymium
the Greek neos didymos meaning 'new twin'

6
144.242(3)[III]
7.007
1297
3347
0.19
1.14
41.5

61
Pm
Promethium
Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans

6
145 ![145][X]
7.26
1315
3273
–
1.13
.0000000000000000002 !2×10−19[XI]

62
Sm
Samarium
Samarskite, the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated

6
150.36(2)[III]
7.52
1345
2067
0.197
1.17
7.05

63
Eu
Europium
Europe

6
151.964(1)[III]
5.243
1099
1802
0.182
1.2
2

64
Gd
Gadolinium
Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist

6
157.25(3)[III]
7.895
1585
3546
0.236
1.2
6.2

65
Tb
Terbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
158.92535(2)
8.229
1629
3503
0.182
1.2
1.2

66
Dy
Dysprosium
the Greek dysprositos, 'hard to get'

6
162.500(1)[III]
8.55
1680
2840
0.17
1.22
5.2

67
Ho
Holmium
Holmia, the New Latin name for Stockholm

6
164.93033(2)
8.795
1734
2993
0.165
1.23
1.3

68
Er
Erbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
167.259(3)[III]
9.066
1802
3141
0.168
1.24
3.5

69
Tm
Thulium
Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia

6
168.93422(2)
9.321
1818
2223
0.16
1.25
0.52

70
Yb
Ytterbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
173.045(10)[III]
6.965
1097
1469
0.155
1.1
3.2

71
Lu
Lutetium
Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris

6
174.9668(1)[III]
9.84
1925
3675
0.154
1.27
0.8

72
Hf
Hafnium
Hafnia, the New Latin name for Copenhagen
4
6
178.49(2)
13.31
2506
4876
0.144
1.3
3

73
Ta
Tantalum
King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology
5
6
180.94788(2)
16.654
3290
5731
0.14
1.5
2

74
W
Tungsten
the Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (W is wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite)
6
6
183.84(1)
19.25
3695
5828
0.132
2.36
1.3

75
Re
Rhenium
Rhenus, the Latin name for the river Rhine
7
6
186.207(1)
21.02
3459
5869
0.137
1.9
.0007 !7×10−4

76
Os
Osmium
the Greek osmè, meaning 'smell'
8
6
190.23(3)[III]
22.61
3306
5285
0.13
2.2
0.002

77
Ir
Iridium
Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow
9
6
192.217(3)
22.56
2719
4701
0.131
2.2
0.001

78
Pt
Platinum
the Spanish platina, meaning 'little silver'
10
6
195.084(9)
21.46
2041.4
4098
0.133
2.28
0.005

79
Au
Gold
English word (aurum in Latin)
11
6
196.966569(5)
19.282
1337.33
3129
0.129
2.54
0.004

80
Hg
Mercury
the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, 'water', and argyros, 'silver')
12
6
200.592(3)
13.5336
0234.43 !234.43
629.88
0.14
2
0.085

81
Tl
Thallium
the Greek thallos, 'green twig'
13
6
204.38[VI]
11.85
0577 !577
1746
0.129
1.62
0.85

82
Pb
Lead
English word (plumbum in Latin)
14
6
207.2(1)[III][V]
11.342
0600.61 !600.61
2022
0.129
1.87
14

83
Bi
Bismuth
Uncertain, possibly Arabic or German
15
6
208.98040(1)[X]
9.807
0544.7 !544.7
1837
0.122
2.02
0.009

84
Po
Polonium
Named after the home country of Marie Curie (Polonia, Latin for Poland), who is also the discoverer of Radium
16
6
209 ![209][X]
9.32
0527 !527
1235
–
2.0
.0000000002 !2×10−10[XI]

85
At
Astatine
the Greek astatos, 'unstable'
17
6
210 ![210][X]
7
0575 !575
610
–
2.2
0.000000000000000000003 !3×10−20[XI]

86
Rn
Radon
From radium, as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay
18
6
222 ![222][X]
0.00973
0202 !202
211.3
0.094
2.2
.0000000000004 !4×10−13[XI]

87
Fr
Francium
Francia, the New Latin name for France
1
7
223 ![223][X]
1.87
0300 !300
950
–
0.7
0.000000000000000001 !~ 1×10−18[XI]

88
Ra
Radium
the Latin radius, 'ray'
2
7
223 ![226][X]
5.5
0973 !973
2010
0.094
0.9
.0000009 !9×10−7[XI]

89
Ac
Actinium
the Greek aktis, 'ray'
3
7
227 ![227][X]
10.07
1323
3471
0.12
1.1
.00000000055 !5.5×10−10[XI]

90
Th
Thorium
Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder

7
232.0377(4)[X][III]
11.72
2115
5061
0.113
1.3
9.6

91
Pa
Protactinium
the Greek protos, 'first', and actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium

7
231.03588(2)[X]
15.37
1841
4300
–
1.5
.0000014 !1.4×10−6[XI]

92
U
Uranium
Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System

7
238.02891(3)[X]
18.95
1405.3
4404
0.116
1.38
2.7

93
Np
Neptunium
Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System

7
237 ![237][X]
20.45
0917 !917
4273
–
1.36
0.000000000003 !≤ 3×10−12[XI]

94
Pu
Plutonium
Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar System (then considered the ninth planet)

7
244 ![244][X]
19.84
0912.5 !912.5
3501
–
1.28
0.00000000003 !≤ 3×10−11[XI]

95
Am
Americium
The Americas, as the element was first synthesized on the continent, by analogy with europium

7
243 ![243][X]
13.69
1449
2880
–
1.13
0 !0[XII]

96
Cm
Curium
Pierre Curie, a physicist, and Marie Curie, a physicist and chemist, named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium

7
247 ![247][X]
13.51
1613
3383
–
1.28
0 !0[XII]

97
Bk
Berkelium
Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with terbium

7
247 ![247][X]
14.79
1259
2900
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

98
Cf
Californium
California, where the element was first synthesized

7
251 ![251][X]
15.1
1173
1743 !(1743)[XIII]
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

99
Es
Einsteinium
Albert Einstein, physicist

7
252 ![252][X]
8.84
1133
1269 !(1269)[XIII]
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

100
Fm
Fermium
Enrico Fermi, physicist

7
257 ![257][X]
9.7 !(9.7)[XIII]
1125 !(1125)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

101
Md
Mendelevium
Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist and inventor

7
258 ![258][X]
10.3 !(10.3)[XIII]
1100 !(1100)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

102
No
Nobelium
Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer

7
259 ![259][X]
9.9 !(9.9)[XIII]
1100 !(1100)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

103
Lr
Lawrencium
Ernest O. Lawrence, physicist

7
266 ![266][X]
15.6 !(15.6)[XIII]
1900 !(1900)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

104
Rf
Rutherfordium
Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist
4
7
267 ![267][X]
23.2 !(23.2)[XIII]
2400 !(2400)[XIII]
5800 !(5800)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

105
Db
Dubnium
Dubna, Russia
5
7
268 ![268][X]
29.3 !(29.3)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

106
Sg
Seaborgium
Glenn T. Seaborg, scientist
6
7
269 ![269][X]
35.0 !(35.0)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

107
Bh
Bohrium
Niels Bohr, physicist
7
7
270 ![270][X]
37.1 !(37.1)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

108
Hs
Hassium
Hesse, Germany, where the element was first synthesized
8
7
277 ![277][X]
40.7 !(40.7)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

109
Mt
Meitnerium
Lise Meitner, physicist
9
7
278 ![278][X]
37.4 !(37.4)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

110
Ds
Darmstadtium
Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesized
10
7
281 ![281][X]
34.8 !(34.8)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

111
Rg
Roentgenium
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist
11
7
282 ![282][X]
28.7 !(28.7)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

112
Cn
Copernicium
Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer
12
7
285 ![285][X]
23.7 !(23.7)[XIII]
–
357 !~357[XIV]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

113
Nh
Nihonium
the Japanese name for Japan, Nihon, where the element was first synthesized
13
7
286 ![286][X]
16 !(16)[XIII]
0700 !(700)[XIII]
1400 !(1400)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

114
Fl
Flerovium
Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR where the element was synthesized; itself named for Georgy Flyorov, physicist
14
7
289 ![289][X]
14 !(14)[XIII]
–
210 !~210
–
–
0 !0[XII]

115
Mc
Moscovium
Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesized
15
7
290 ![290][X]
13.5 !(13.5)[XIII]
0700 !(700)[XIII]
1400 !(1400)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

116
Lv
Livermorium
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (in Livermore, California) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis
16
7
293 ![293][X]
12.9 !(12.9)[XIII]
0709 !(709)[XIII]
1085 !(1085)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

117
Ts
Tennessine
Tennessee, United States
17
7
294 ![294][X]
7.2 !(7.2)[XIII]
0723 !(723)[XIII]
0883 !(883)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

118
Og
Oganesson
Yuri Oganessian, physicist
18
7
294 ![294][X]
5.0 !(5.0)[XIII][XV]
–
350 !(350)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

show
Notes

^ Jump up to: a b c Z is the standard symbol for atomic number; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale.
Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l The value listed is the conventional atomic-weight value suitable for trade and commerce. The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample. Since 2009, IUPAC provides the standard atomic-weight values for these elements using the interval notation. The corresponding standard atomic weights are:

Hydrogen: [1.00784, 1.00811]
Lithium: [6.938, 6.997]
Boron: [10.806, 10.821]
Carbon: [12.0096, 12.0116]
Nitrogen: [14.00643, 14.00728]
Oxygen: [15.99903, 15.99977]
Magnesium: [24.304, 24.307]
Silicon: [28.084, 28.086]
Sulfur: [32.059, 32.076]
Chlorine: [35.446, 35.457]
Bromine: [79.901, 79.907]
Thallium: [204.382, 204.385]

Jump up ^ Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero.
Jump up ^ The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
Jump up ^ This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, four such elements, bismuth, thorium, protactinium, and uranium, have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus their standard atomic weights are given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This element is transient – it occurs only through decay.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x This element is synthetic – the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur naturally, but they can all be produced artificially.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj The value has not been precisely measured, usually because of the element's short half-life; the value given in parentheses is a prediction.
Jump up ^ With error bars: 357+112
−108 K.
Jump up ^ This predicted value is for liquid oganesson, not gaseous oganesson.

tag: table

text: Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

tag: p

text:
Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal
Unknown
chemical
properties

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Reactive nonmetal
Noble gas

text: Antimatter atoms are denoted by a bar above the symbol for their matter counterpart, so e.g. H is the symbol for antihydrogen.

text: Symbols and names not currently used[edit]

text: The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols for placeholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

text:
Chemical symbol
Name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol
Why not used
Refs

A
Argon
18
A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol is Ar.
[nb 2]
[6]

Ab
Alabamine
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
[nb 3]
[7]

Ad
Aldebaranium
70
Former name for ytterbium.
[nb 3]

Am
Alabamium
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. The symbol is now used for americium.
[nb 3]
[7]

An
Athenium
99
Proposed name for einsteinium.
[nb 4]

Ao
Ausonium
93
Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Az
Azote
7
Former name for nitrogen.
[nb 2]

Bo
Boron
5
Current symbol is B.
[nb 2]

Bv
Brevium
91
Former name for protactinium.
[nb 2]

Bz
Berzelium

Baskerville wrongly believed berzelium to be a new element. Was actually thorium.
[nb 4]
[8]

Cb
Columbium
41
Former name for niobium.
[nb 2]
[7][8]

Ch
Chromium
24
Current symbol is Cr.
[nb 2]

Cl
Columbium
41
Former name for niobium. The symbol is now used for chlorine.
[nb 2]

Cn
Carolinium

Baskerville wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actually thorium. The symbol is now used for copernicium.

[8]

Cp
Cassiopeium
71
Former name for lutetium.
[nb 2]

Cp
Copernicium
112
Current symbol is Cn.
[nb 2]

Ct
Celtium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]

Ct
Centurium
100
Proposed name for fermium.
[nb 4]

D
Didymium

Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.

[9]

Da
Davyum
43
Discredited claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Db
Dubnium
104
Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105.
[nb 2][nb 4]
[7]

Di
Didymium

Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.

[9]

Ds
Dysprosium
66
Current symbol is Dy. The symbol is now used for darmstadtium.
[nb 2]

E
Einsteinium
99
Current symbol is Es.
[nb 2]

E
Erbium
68
Current symbol is Er.
[nb 2]

Ea
Ekaaluminium
31
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]

Eb
Ekaboron
21
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

El
Ekaaluminium
31
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Em
Ekamanganese
43
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Em
Emanation
86
Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of radium).
[nb 2]
[7]

Em
Emanium
89
Alternate name formerly proposed for actinium.
[nb 4]

Es
Ekasilicon
32
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Es
Esperium
94
Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Fa
Francium
87
Current symbol is Fr.
[nb 2]

Fl
Florentium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
[nb 3]

Fl
Fluorine
9
Current symbol is F. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
[nb 2]

Fr
Florentium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

G
Glucinium
4
Former name for beryllium.
[nb 2]

Gl
Glucinium
4
Former name for beryllium.
[nb 2]
[7]

Ha
Hahnium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]

Hn
Hahnium
108
Proposed name for hassium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Hv
Helvetium
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
[nb 3]
[8]

Hy
Mercury
80
Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol is Hg.
[nb 2]
[6]

I
Iridium
77
Current symbol is Ir. The symbol is now used for iodine.
[nb 2]

Il
Illinium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium.
[nb 3]
[7]

J
Jodium
53
Former name for iodine.
[nb 2]

Jg
Jargonium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Jl
Joliotium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Ka
Potassium
19
Current symbol is K.
[nb 2]

Ku
Kurchatovium
104
Proposed name for rutherfordium.
[nb 4]
[7]

L
Lithium
3
Current symbol is Li.
[nb 2]

Lw
Lawrencium
103
Current symbol is Lr.
[nb 2]

M
Muriaticum
17
Former name for chlorine.
[nb 2]

Ma
Manganese
25
Current symbol is Mn.
[nb 2]

Ma
Masurium
43
Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Md
Mendelevium
97
Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101.
[nb 2][nb 4]

Ml
Moldavium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[8]

Ms
Magnesium
12
Current symbol is Mg.
[nb 2]

Ms
Masurium
43
Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]

Mv
Mendelevium
101
Current symbol is Md.
[nb 2]

Ng
Norwegium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]

No
Norium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. The symbol is now used for nobelium.
[nb 3]

Np
Nipponium
43
Discredited claim to discovery of technetium. The symbol is now used for neptunium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Ns
Nielsbohrium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Ns
Nielsbohrium
107
Proposed name for bohrium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Nt
Niton
86
Former name for radon.
[nb 2]
[7]

Ny
Neoytterbium
70
Former name for ytterbium.
[nb 2]

P
Lead
82
Current symbol is Pb. The symbol is now used for phosphorus.
[nb 2]

Pa
Palladium
46
Current symbol is Pd. The symbol is now used for protactinium.
[nb 2]

Pe
Pelopium
41
Former name for niobium.
[nb 2]

Pl
Palladium
46
Current symbol is Pd.
[nb 2]

Po
Potassium
19
Current symbol is K. The symbol is now used for polonium.
[nb 2]

R
Rhodium
45
Current symbol is Rh.
[nb 2]

Rd
Radium
88
Current symbol is Ra.
[nb 2]

Rf
Rutherfordium
106
Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104.
[nb 2][nb 4]
[7]

Ro
Rhodium
45
Current symbol is Rh.
[nb 2]

Sa
Samarium
62
Current symbol is Sm.
[nb 2]
[7]

So
Sodium
11
Current symbol is Na.
[nb 2]

St
Antimony
51
Current symbol is Sb.
[nb 2]

St
Tin
50
Current symbol is Sn.
[nb 2]

Tn
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

Tr
Terbium
65
Current symbol is Tb.
[nb 2]

Tu
Thulium
69
Current symbol is Tm.
[nb 2]

Tu
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

Unb
Unnilbium
102
Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Une
Unnilennium
109
Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unh
Unnilhexium
106
Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uno
Unniloctium
108
Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unp
Unnilpentium
105
Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unq
Unnilquadium
104
Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uns
Unnilseptium
107
Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unt
Unniltrium
103
Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unu
Unnilunium
101
Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uub
Ununbium
112
Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuh
Ununhexium
116
Temporary name given to livermorium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uun
Ununnilium
110
Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuo
Ununoctium
118
Temporary name given to oganesson until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uup
Ununpentium
115
Temporary name given to moscovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuq
Ununquadium
114
Temporary name given to flerovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uus
Ununseptium
117
Temporary name given to tennessine until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uut
Ununtrium
113
Temporary name given to nihonium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuu
Unununium
111
Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Ur
Uranium
92
Current symbol is U.
[nb 2]

Vi
Virginium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Vm
Virginium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Va
Vanadium
23
Current symbol is V.
[nb 2]

Wo
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

X
Xenon
54
Current symbol is Xe.
[nb 2]

Yt
Yttrium
39
Current symbol is Y.
[nb 2]
[7]

text: Pictographic symbols[edit]

text: The following is a list of pictographic symbols employed to symbolize elements known since ancient times (for example to the alchemists). Not included in this list are symbolic representations of substances previously called elements (such as certain rare earth mineral blends and the classical elements fire and water of ancient philosophy) which are known today to be multi-atomic. Also not included are symbolic representations currently used for elements in other languages such as the Chinese characters for elements. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

text:
Chemical symbol
Original name
Modern name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol

☉
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
1
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⬤
Carbon
Carbon
6
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⦶
Azote
Nitrogen
7
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

◯
Oxygen
Oxygen
8
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⦷
Soda
Sodium
11
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⊛
Magnesium
Magnesium
12
Alchemical symbol.

Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

Pallas
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

🜍
Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

ⴲ
Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♂
Mars
Iron
26
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓘ
Iron
Iron
26
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Stellae Fixae
Copper
29
Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.

♀
Venus
Copper
29
Alchemical symbol.

Copper
Copper
29
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓒ
Copper
Copper
29
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Ⓩ
Zinc
Zinc
30
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Arsenic
Arsenic
33
Alchemical symbol.

🜺
Arsenic
Arsenic
33
Alchemical symbol.

☽
Luna
Silver
47
Alchemical symbol.

🜛
Silver
Silver
47
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓢ
Silver
Silver
47
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♃
Iupiter
Tin
50
Alchemical symbol.

♁
Antimony
Antimony
51
Alchemical symbol.

☉☾
Platinum
Platinum
78
Alchemical symbol.

⛢
Uranus
Platinum
78
Alchemical symbol.

☼
Sol
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol from the 16th century.

☉
Sol
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.

🜚
Gold
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol.

♓
Pisces
Mercury
80
Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.

♆
Neptunus
Mercury
80
Alchemical symbol from the 17th century.

☿
Mercurius
Mercury
80
Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.

♄
Saturnus
Lead
82
Alchemical symbol circa 1783.

Ⓛ
Lead
Lead
82
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♉
Taurus
Bismuth
83
Alchemical symbol.

text: Symbols for named isotopes[edit]

text: The following is a list of isotopes of elements given in the previous tables which have been designated unique symbols. By this it is meant that a comprehensive list of current systematic symbols (in the uAtom form) are not included in the list and can instead be found in the Isotope index chart. The symbols for the named isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (D) and tritium (T) are still in use today, as is thoron (Tn) for radon-220 (though not actinon; An is usually used instead for a generic actinide). Heavy water and other deuterated solvents are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d6-benzene and C6D6 can be used instead of [2H6]C6H6.[10]

text: The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer in use within the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of radiochemistry, and several isotopes (namely those in the actinium decay family, the radium decay family, and the thorium decay family) bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford.[11]

text:
Chemical symbol
Name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol

Ac
Actinium
89
From the Greek aktinos. Name restricted at one time to 227Ac, an isotope of actinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.

AcA
Actinium A
84
From actinium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 215Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcB
Actinium B
82
From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC
Actinium C
83
From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC'
Actinium C'
84
From actinium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC"
Actinium C"
81
From actinium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 207Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcK
Actinium K
87
Name given at one time to 223Fr, an isotope of francium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcU
Actino-uranium
92
Name given at one time to 235U, an isotope of uranium.

AcX
Actinium X
88
Name given at one time to 223Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

An
Actinon
86
From actinium and emanation. Name given at one time to 219Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of actinium.

D
Deuterium
1
From the Greek deuteros. Name given to 2H.

Io
Ionium
90
Name given to 230Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

MsTh1
Mesothorium 1
88
Name given at one time to 228Ra, an isotope of radium.

MsTh2
Mesothorium 2
89
Name given at one time to 228Ac, an isotope of actinium.

Pa
Protactinium
91
From the Greek protos and actinium. Name restricted at one time to 231Pa, an isotope of protactinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 91.

Ra
Radium
88
From the Latin radius. Name restricted at one time to 226Ra, an isotope of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 88.

RaA
Radium A
84
From radium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 218Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaB
Radium B
82
From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC
Radium C
83
From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC'
Radium C'
84
From radium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC"
Radium C"
81
From radium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 210Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaD
Radium D
82
From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaE
Radium E
83
From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaE"
Radium E"
81
From radium and E". Placeholder name given at one time to 206Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaF
Radium F
84
From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RdAc
Radioactinium
90
Name given at one time to 227Th, an isotope of thorium.

RdTh
Radiothorium
90
Name given at one time to 228Th, an isotope of thorium.

Rn
Radon
86
From radium and emanation. Name restricted at one time to 222Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 86 in 1923.

T
Tritium
1
From the Greek tritos. Name given to 3H.

Th
Thorium
90
After Thor. Name restricted at one time to 232Th, an isotope of thorium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 90.

ThA
Thorium A
84
From thorium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 216Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThB
Thorium B
82
From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC
Thorium C
83
From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC'
Thorium C'
84
From thorium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC"
Thorium C"
81
From thorium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 208Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThX
Thorium X
88
Name given at one time to 224Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

Tn
Thoron
86
From thorium and emanation. Name given at one time to 220Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of thorium.

UI
Uranium I
92
Name given at one time to 238U, an isotope of uranium.

UII
Uranium II
92
Name given at one time to 234U, an isotope of uranium.

UX1
Uranium X1
90
Name given at one time to 234Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UX2
Uranium X2
91
Name given at one time to 234mPa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UY
Uranium Y
90
Name given at one time to 231Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UZ
Uranium Z
91
Name given at one time to 234Pa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

text: Other symbols[edit]

text: General:

text:
A: A deprotonated acid or an anion
An: any actinide
B: A base, often in the context of Lewis acid–base theory or Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
E: any element or electrophile
L: any ligand
Ln: any lanthanide
M: any metal
Mm: mischmetall (occasionally used)[12]
Ng: any noble gas (Rg is sometimes used, but that is also used for the element roentgenium: see above)
Nu: any nucleophile
R: any unspecified radical (moiety) not important to the discussion
St: steel (occasionally used)
X: any halogen

tag: ul

text: From organic chemistry:

text:
Ac: acetyl – (also used for the element actinium: see above)
Ad: adamantyl
Ar: aryl – (also used for the element argon: see above)
Bn: benzyl
Bu: butyl
Bz: benzoyl
Cp: cyclopentadienyl
Cy: cyclohexyl
Et: ethyl
i-Pr, iPr, Pri: isopropyl
Me: methyl
Mes: mesityl (2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)
Ms: mesyl (methylsulfonyl)
Np: neopentyl – (also used for the element neptunium: see above)
Ph: phenyl
Pr: propyl – (also used for the element praseodymium: see above)
s-Bu: sec-butyl
R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be an alkyl group
t-Bu: tert-butyl
Tf: triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
Tr: trityl (triphenylmethyl)
Ts (occasionally Tos): tosyl (para toluenesulfonyl) – (also used for the element tennessine: see above)

text: Exotic atoms:

text:
Mu: muonium
Pn: protonium
Ps: positronium


document_title: Draw-a-Person test

question_text: who introduced the technique of sign drawing of a man as a measure of intelligence

text: Draw-a-Person test

text: History[edit]

text: Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in 1926, this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw-a-Man test. It is detailed in her book titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Dr. Dale B. Harris later revised and extended the test and it is now known as the Goodenough–Harris Drawing Test. The revision and extension is detailed in his book Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity (1963). Psychologist Julian Jaynes, in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wrote that the test is "routinely administered as an indicator of schizophrenia," and that while not all schizophrenic patients have trouble drawing a person, when they do, it is very clear evidence of a disorder. Specific signs could include a patient's neglect to include "obvious anatomical parts like hands and eyes," with "blurred and unconnected lines," ambiguous sexuality and general distortion.[1] There has been no validation of this test as indicative of schizophrenia. Chapman and Chapman (1968), in a classic study of illusory correlation, showed that the scoring manual, e.g., large eyes as indicative of paranoia, could be generated from the naive beliefs of undergraduates.

text: Administration[edit]

text: Test administration involves the administrator requesting children to complete three individual drawings on separate pieces of paper. Children are asked to draw a man, a woman, and themselves. No further instructions are given and the child is free to make the drawing in whichever way he/she would like. There is no right or wrong type of drawing, although the child must make a drawing of a whole person each time — i.e. head to feet, not just the face. The test has no time limit; however, children rarely take longer than about 10 or 15 minutes to complete all three drawings. Harris's book (1963) provides scoring scales which are used to examine and score the child's drawings. The test is completely non-invasive and non-threatening to children, which is part of its appeal.

text: To evaluate intelligence, the test administrator uses the Draw-a-Person: QSS (quantitative scoring system). This system analyzes fourteen different aspects of the drawings (such as specific body parts and clothing) for various criteria, including presence or absence, detail, and proportion. In all, there are 64 scoring items for each drawing. A separate standard score is recorded for each drawing, and a total score for all three. The use of a nonverbal, nonthreatening task to evaluate intelligence is intended to eliminate possible sources of bias by reducing variables like primary language, verbal skills, communication disabilities, and sensitivity to working under pressure. However, test results can be influenced by previous drawing experience, a factor that may account for the tendency of middle-class children to score higher on this test than lower-class children, who often have fewer opportunities to draw. To assess the test-taker for emotional problems, the administrator uses the Draw-a-Person: SPED (Screening Procedure for Emotional Disturbance) to score the drawings. This system is composed of two types of criteria. For the first type, eight dimensions of each drawing are evaluated against norms for the child's age group. For the second type, 47 different items are considered for each drawing.

text: The purpose of the test is to assist professionals in inferring children's cognitive developmental levels with little or no influence of other factors such as language barriers or special needs. Any other uses of the test are merely projective and are not endorsed by the first creator.

text: Validity as a measure of intelligence[edit]

text: The Draw-a-Person test is commonly used as a measure of intelligence in children, but this has been criticized. Harlene Hayne et al. compared scores on the Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test to scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in 100 children and found a very low correlation (r=0.27).[2] Similarly, results found with child and youth psychiatric inpatients failed to support the hypothesized relationship between human figure drawings and IQ.[3] This suggests that the Draw-a-Person test should not be used as a substitute for other well-established intelligence tests.


document_title: Viet Cong

question_text: what name is given to the series of roads used by communist forces during the vietnam war

text: Viet Cong

text: Names

text: The term Việt Cộng appeared in Saigon newspapers beginning in 1956.[7] It is a contraction of Việt Nam Cộng-sản (Vietnamese communist),[7] or alternatively Việt gian cộng sản ("Communist Traitor to Vietnam").[8] The earliest citation for Việt Cộng in English is from 1957.[9] American soldiers referred to the Việt Cộng as Victor Charlie or V-C. "Victor" and "Charlie" are both letters in the NATO phonetic alphabet. "Charlie" referred to communist forces in general, both Việt Cộng and North Vietnamese.

text: The official Vietnamese history gives the group's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLFSV; Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam).[6][nb 1] Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front (NLF).[nb 2] In 1969, the Việt Cộng created the "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" (Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam), abbreviated PRG.[nb 3] Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the Việt Cộng no longer used the name after PRG was created. Members generally referred to the Việt Cộng as "the Front" (Mặt trận).[7] Today's Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the "People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam (PLAF)" (Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam).[10]

text: History

text: Origin

text: By the terms of the Geneva Accord (1954), which ended the Indochina War, France and the Việt Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Việt Minh had become the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam since the Vietnamese 1946 general election, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat to China. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the past and Vietnam in the present did not and do not recognize the division of Vietnam into two countries. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Việt Minh.

text: About 90,000 Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation.[7] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Việt Cộng front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group.[7] Other front names used by the Việt Cộng in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, "Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front", which suggested affiliation with the Hòa Hảo sect, or "Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association".[7] Front groups were favored by the Việt Cộng to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over, prompting the expression "the faceless Việt Cộng".[7]

text: Led by Ngô Đình Diệm, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist-held territory, Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held. After subduing the Bình Xuyên organized crime gang in the Battle for Saigon in 1955, and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956, Diệm turned his attention to the Việt Cộng.[11] Within a few months, the Việt Cộng had been driven into remote swamps.[12] The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the "miracle man" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957.[12] France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.[13]

text: In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi.[14] He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification.[15] But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle.[14] Leadership divided into a "North first", or pro-Beijing, faction led by Trường Chinh, and a "South first" faction led by Lê Duẩn.

text: As the Sino-Soviet split widened in the following months, Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956.[16] Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959.[17] President Hồ Chí Minh stressed that violence was still a last resort.[18] Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South,[19] replacing Lê Duẩn, who was appointed North Vietnam's acting party boss. This represented a loss of power for Hồ, who preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp, who was defense minister.[15]

text: An assassination campaign, referred to as "extermination of traitors" [20] or "armed propaganda" in communist literature, began in April 1957. Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines.[7] Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in Châu Đốc in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight.[7] In October 1957, a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded.[7]

text: In a speech given on September 2, 1957, Hồ reiterated the "North first" line of economic struggle.[21] The launch of Sputnik in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding Indochina, long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line.[22] In early 1958, Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of "Inter-zone V" (northern South Vietnam) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas.[22] In June 1958, the Việt Cộng created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta.[23] French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun.[7]

text: Launches "armed struggle"

text: The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March.[13] In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[24] The first arms delivery via the trail, a few dozen rifles, was completed in August 1959.[25]

text: Two regional command centers were merged to create the Central Office for South Vietnam (Trung ương Cục miền Nam), a unified communist party headquarters for the South.[13] COSVN was initially located in Tây Ninh Province near the Cambodian border. On July 8, the Việt Cộng killed two U.S. military advisors at Biên Hòa, the first American dead of the Vietnam War.[nb 4] The "2d Liberation Battalion" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war.[7] This was considered the beginning of the "armed struggle" in communist accounts.[7] A series of uprisings beginning in the Mekong Delta province of Bến Tre in January 1960 created "liberated zones", models of Việt Cộng-style government. Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of "long-hair troops" (women).[26] The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in Laos (1960–61).[27] Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. presidency.[nb 5] Despite this, 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam, with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November.[7]

text: To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Việt Cộng was stressed in communist propaganda. The Việt Cộng created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a "united front", or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists.[28] The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, "overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration."[7] Thọ, a lawyer and the NLF's "neutralist" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. South Vietnam's Law 10/59, approved in May 1959, authorized the death penalty for crimes "against the security of the state" and featured prominently in Việt Cộng propaganda.[29] Violence between the Việt Cộng and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September.[30][31]

text: By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort.[32] For Chinese leader Mao Zedong, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his "anti-imperialist" credentials for both domestic and international audiences.[33] About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961–63.[34] The Việt Cộng grew rapidly; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in "liberation associations" (affiliated groups) by early 1962.[7] The ratio of Việt Cộng to government soldiers jumped from 1:10 in 1961 to 1:5 a year later.[35]

text: The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October.[36] U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam.[37] The USS Core arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961. By mid-1962, there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam.[38] The "special war" and "strategic hamlets" policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962, but in 1963 the Việt Cộng regained the military initiative.[35] The Việt Cộng won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at Ấp Bắc in January 1963.

text: A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of "quick victory" vs "protracted war" (guerrilla warfare).[39] After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and PAVN troop strength increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964.[39] The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi's ties to China.[40][nb 6] Even as Hanoi embraced China's international line, it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management, as opposed to mass mobilization.[40] The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the Việt Cộng, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse.[41] Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in February 1965.[42] Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles.[42] The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year.[43]

text: In January 1966, Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex which had been used by COSVN.[44] Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the Việt Cộng. COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia. As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966, weapons for the Việt Cộng were shipped to the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville and then trucked to Việt Cộng bases near the border along the "Sihanouk Trail", which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

text: Many People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam (PLAF) units operated at night,[45] and employed terror as a standard tactic.[46] Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Việt Cộng.[47] Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas.[48] Government employees, especially village and district heads, were the most common targets. But there were a wide variety of targets, including clinics and medical personnel.[49] Notable Việt Cộng atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế, 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965[50] and a massacre of 252 Montagnards in the village of Đắk Sơn in December 1967 using flamethrowers.[51] Việt Cộng death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967-72. They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps; in the peak war years, nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of Việt Cộng atrocities.[52] Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century".[53]

text: Logistics and equipment

text: Tet Offensive

text: Major reversals in 1966 and 1967, as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam, inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement.[54] Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory, General Nguyễn Chí Thanh, suggested an all-out offensive against urban centers.[55][nb 7] He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967.[55] After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the Tet Offensive. The Parrot's Beak, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations.[56] Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon.[56] Việt Cộng entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for Tết.[56] The U.S. and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven-day truce would be observed during Vietnam's main holiday.

text: At this point, there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam,[43] as well as 900,000 allied forces.[56] General William Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned, but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh, a remote U.S. base near the DMZ.[57] In January and February 1968, some 80,000 Việt Cộng struck more than 100 towns with orders to "crack the sky" and "shake the Earth."[58] The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents.[59] House-to-house fighting between Việt Cộng and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon, a section of Saigon, in ruins. The Việt Cộng used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population, including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders.[60] A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Việt Cộng in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war.[61] In an influential broadcast on February 27, newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a "stalemate" and could be ended only by negotiation.[62]

text: The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising, but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Việt Cộng anticipated. About 75,000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded, according to Trần Văn Trà, commander of the "B-2" district, which consisted of southern South Vietnam.[63] "We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors, but...on an illusion based on our subjective desires", Trà concluded.[64] Earle G. Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead[65] (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). "It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory. The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits", said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng.[65] Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war.[66] U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated.[67]

text: Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta, the Việt Cộng failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet, according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. CIA.[68] The breakup of larger Việt Cộng units increased the effectiveness of the CIA's Phoenix Program (1967–72), which targeted individual leaders, as well as the Chiêu Hồi Program, which encouraged defections. By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or "liberated zones", in South Vietnam, according to the official communist military history.[69] There were no predominantly southern units left and 70 percent of communist troops in the South were northerners.[70]

text: The Việt Cộng created an urban front in 1968 called the Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces.[71] The group's manifesto called for an independent, non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that "national reunification cannot be achieved overnight."[71] In June 1969, the alliance merged with the NLF to form a "Provisional Revolutionary Government." (PRG)

text: Vietnamization

text: The Tet Offensive increased public discontent with American participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called Vietnamization. Pushed into Cambodia, the Việt Cộng could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits.[70] In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" fraction may have revived at this time.[72] COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination."[73] The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam. Beginning in February 1970, Lê Duẩn's prominence in the official media increased, suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh.[74] After the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk in March 1970, the Việt Cộng faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April. However, the capture of the Plain of Jars and other territory in Laos, as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia, allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail.[75] Although 1970 was a much better year for the Việt Cộng than 1969,[75] it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN. The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South.[76] Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offense against Saigon.[77]

text: Fall of Saigon

text: In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974.[79] With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Việt Cộng headquarters in Lộc Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the monsoon.[80] Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now-excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war matériel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years.[69]

text: The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. When there was no U.S. response to a successful communist attack on Phước Bình in January 1975, South Vietnamese morale collapsed. The next major battle, at Buôn Ma Thuột in March, was a communist walkover. After the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the PRG moved into government offices there. At the victory parade, Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing, replaced by northerners years earlier.[70] The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN. People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to reeducation camps, despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng.[81] Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975.[82] North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. The NLF was merged with the Vietnamese Fatherland Front in February 1977.[81]

text: Relationship with Hanoi

text: Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Việt Cộng was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South.[84] They claimed that the Việt Cộng was composed of several parties—the People's Revolutionary Party, the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party[2]—and that NLF Chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist.[85]

text: Anti-communists countered that the Việt Cộng was merely a front for Hanoi.[84] They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi.[84] According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà, the Việt Cộng's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the "Military Commission of the Party Central Committee" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo.[nb 8] Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South.[86] The official Vietnamese history of the war states that "The Liberation Army of South Vietnam [Việt Cộng] is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam".[6]