document_title: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

question_text: who started st jude's children's hospital

question_tokens: who started st jude 's children 's hospital

text: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

text: History[edit]

text: St. Jude was founded by entertainer Danny Thomas in 1962, with help from Lemuel Diggs and close friend, Miami, Florida, automobile dealer Anthony Abraham, on the premise that "no child should die in the dawn of life".[3] This idea resulted from a promise that Thomas, a Maronite Catholic, had made to a saint years before the hospital was founded. Thomas was a comedian who was struggling to get a break in his career and living paycheck to paycheck. When his first child was about to be born, he attended Mass in Detroit and put his last $7.00 in the offering bin. He prayed to St. Jude Thaddeus for a means to provide for his family, and about a week later, he obtained a gig that paid 10 times what he had put in the offering bin. After that time, Thomas believed in the power of prayer.  He promised St. Jude Thaddeus that if he made him successful, he would one day build him a shrine. Years later, Thomas became an extremely successful comedian and built St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital as a shrine to St. Jude Thaddeus to honor his promise.[4]

text: In 1957, Thomas founded the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC), which helped him realize his dream. ALSAC is also the fundraising organization of St. Jude. Since St. Jude opened its doors in 1962, ALSAC has had the responsibility of raising the necessary funds to keep the hospital open.  Memphis was chosen at the suggestion of Roman Catholic Cardinal Samuel Stritch, a Tennessee native who had been a spiritual advisor to Thomas since he presided at Thomas's confirmation in Thomas's boyhood home of Toledo, Ohio.[5][6]

text: Although it was named after Thomas's patron saint, St. Jude is not a Catholic hospital and is not affiliated with any religious organization.[7]

text: In late 2007, the Chili's Care Center opened on the St. Jude campus. Chili's restaurant chain has pledged to provide $50 million to fund the construction of the center. The seven-story Chili's Care Center will house 340,000 square feet (32,000 m2) and will add 24 labs and 16 beds to the campus. It will house the department of radiological services, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium, two floors of outpatient clinics, one floor of inpatient clinics and rooms, two floors of laboratory space, an office floor and an unfinished level for future expansion.

text: In June 2008, Sterling Jewelers and St. Jude officially opened the new Kay Kafe (named after one of Sterling's jewelery chains), featuring a spacious lounge area, a significantly larger dining area and a variety of new dining options. More than ever, the cafeteria is the focal point of the campus where families and staff can escape and relax away from the treatment areas. The grand opening ceremony featured Marlo Thomas, national outreach director for St. Jude; Tony Thomas, member of the ALSAC/St. Jude Boards of Directors and Governors; Terry Burman, chairman of Sterling; Mark Light, CEO and president of Sterling; John P. Moses, CEO of ALSAC, the fundraising organization for St. Jude; Dr. William E. Evans, CEO of St. Jude; Joyce Aboussie, chair of the ALSAC Board of Directors, and Robert Breit, chair of the St. Jude Board of Governors.[8]

text: In 2014, the Marlo Thomas Center for Global Education and Collaboration was opened as part of the hospital.[9]

text: The hospital[edit]

text: Discoveries at St. Jude have profoundly changed how doctors treat children with cancer and other catastrophic illnesses.[10][11] Since St. Jude was established, the survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common type of childhood cancer, has increased from 4 percent in 1962 to 94 percent today.[11] During this time, the overall survival rate for childhood cancers has risen from 20 percent to 80 percent.[12] St. Jude has treated children from across the United States and from more than 70 countries. Doctors across the world consult with St. Jude on their toughest cases.[13] Also, St. Jude has an International Outreach Program to improve the survival rates of children with catastrophic illnesses worldwide through the transfer of knowledge, technology and organizational skills.[14]

text: Corporate structure[edit]

text: Donald Pinkel was the first director of St. Jude and served from 1962 until 1973. His successor, Alvin Mauer, was director from 1973 to 1983. Joseph Simone was the hospital's third director from 1983 to 1992. Arthur W. Nienhuis was CEO and director of St. Jude from 1993 until 2004. William E. Evans, the hospital's fifth director, served from 2004 to 2014. He was succeeded by current CEO and director James R. Downing on July 15, 2014.

text: As of  2018[update], St. Jude's scientific director was James I. Morgan, Ph.D.[15]

text: St. Jude's board of directors is chaired by Camille F. Sarrouf Jr. and includes Joyce Aboussie, Ruth Gaviria and Tony Thomas (producer).

text: Awards and achievements[edit]

text: St. Jude and over 46 of its staff members have been the recipients of numerous exemplary awards and achievements. For example, in 2010 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital was named the number one children's cancer hospital in the U.S by U.S. News & World Report.[16] It has also been named one of the top 10 companies to work for in academia by The Scientist for 7 successive years.[17] Most notably, Peter C. Doherty, Ph.D., of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital was co-recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work related to how the immune system kills virus-infected cells.

text: Affiliated hospitals[edit]

text: St. Jude is associated with several affiliated hospitals in the United States to further its efforts beyond its own physical walls. The hospital uses its Domestic Affiliates Program to form this partnership with the other pediatric programs. This program is a network of hematology clinics, hospitals, and universities that are united under the mission of St. Jude.

text: These sites are used as a means of referring eligible patients to St. Jude as well as a location to administer some care. Through the Domestic Affiliates Program staff at St. Jude work together and collaborate with those at the other institutions. Affiliated sites are expected to comply with standards set by St. Jude and are audited to ensure proper and quality care.[18]

text: Currently the Domestic Affiliate Clinic sites include:

text:
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Novant Health Hemby Children's Hospital, in Charlotte, North Carolina
Huntsville Hospital for Women & Children, in Huntsville, Alabama
Johnson City Medical Center, in Johnson City, Tennessee
St. Jude Midwest Affiliate, in Peoria, Illinois
Louisiana State University, Department of Pediatrics, in Shreveport, Louisiana
Mercy Children's Hospital, in Springfield, Missouri[19]
The Children’s Hospital at Saint Francis, in Tulsa, Oklahoma

tag: ol

text: St. Jude also works closely with Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, also located in downtown Memphis.  St. Jude patients needing certain procedures, such as brain surgery, may undergo procedures at LeBonheur Hospital.  Both St. Jude and Le Bonheur are teaching hospitals affiliated with the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. University of Tennessee physicians training in pediatrics, surgery, radiology, and other specialties undergo service rotations at St. Jude Hospital.

text: The Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon was established in Beirut on April 12, 2002. The center is an affiliate of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and works in association with the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC).[20]

text: A commitment has been made to establish a US$412 million research facility in Memphis, Tennessee, one purpose of which will be to serve as a collaborative hub.[15]

text: Funding[edit]

text: Funding for St. Jude comes from many sources, including government grants and insurance recoveries, but the principal source of funding (64% average over the past seven years) is from the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC) - a semi-independent entity that raises funds using the name of St. Jude.[21] Of a dollar donated to the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, about $0.52  makes its way through to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (averaged over seven years).[21]

text: All medically eligible patients who are accepted for treatment at St. Jude are treated without regard to the family's ability to pay. St. Jude is one of a few pediatric research organizations in the United States where families never pay for treatments that are not covered by insurance, and families without insurance are never asked to pay. In addition to providing medical services to eligible patients, St. Jude also assists families with transportation, lodging, and meals. Three separate specially-designed patient housing facilities— Tri Delta Place for short-term (up to one week), Ronald McDonald House for medium-term (one week to 3 months), and Target House for long-term (3 months or more)—provide housing for patients and up to three family members, with no cost to the patient. These policies, along with research expenses and other costs, cause the hospital to incur more than $2.4 million in operating costs each day.[22]

text: Philanthropic aid[edit]

text: From 2000 to 2005, 83.7% of every dollar received by St. Jude went to the current or future needs of St. Jude. In 2002 to 2004, 47% of program expenses went to patient care and 41% to research.[23] As of 2012, 81 cents of every dollar donated to St. Jude goes directly to its research and treatment.[12]

text: To cover operating costs, ALSAC conducts many fund-raising events and activities. The FedEx St. Jude Classic, a PGA Tour event, is one of the most visible fund-raising events for the hospital. Other fund-raising programs include the St. Jude Math-A-Thon, Up 'til Dawn, direct mailings, radiothons and television marketing.

text: St. Jude also has a merchandise catalog called the Hope Catalog. The catalog contains everything from shirts to office items, and from patient art to "Give Thanks" wristbands.

text: Thanks and Giving[edit]

text: In November 2004, St. Jude launched its inaugural Thanks and Giving campaign which encourages consumers to help raise funds at participating retailers by adding a donation at checkout or by purchasing specialty items to benefit St. Jude. The campaign is supported by network television spots, advertisements in major publications, interactive marketing on Yahoo! and a movie trailer that runs on 20,000 screens nationwide, runs from Thanksgiving until the New Year. The campaign was created by St. Jude National Outreach Director Marlo Thomas and her siblings Terre Thomas and Tony Thomas, children of hospital founder Danny Thomas. Customers nationwide are asked to help raise funds at participating retailers by adding a donation at check out or by purchasing specialty items to benefit St. Jude.

text: Corporations such as Target, Best Buy, Domino's Pizza, the Williams-Sonoma family of brands, CVS/pharmacy, Kmart, Kay Jewelers, New York & Company, 7-Eleven, Inc., American Airlines, American Kiosk Management, AutoZone, Brooks Brothers, Busch Gardens, Catherines, Diane von Fürstenberg, Dollar General, DXL Group, Easy Spirit, General Nutrition Centers, Gymboree, HSN, J. P. Morgan Chase, Marshall's, Alor, The Melting Pot, Memphis Grizzlies (NBA), Nine West, Rochester, Sag Harbor, Saks Fifth Avenue, SeaWorld, St. Louis Rams (NFL), West Elm, Westfield Shoppingtowns, and Yahoo! give customers a host of opportunities to support St. Jude.[24] The ultimate goal is to increase awareness with the hope that people will come to identify Thanksgiving with St. Jude, said Joyce Aboussie, vice chairwoman of the nonprofit’s board.[25] The official kick-off event for the Thanks and Giving campaign is the Give Thanks Walk. This event is a noncompetitive 5K that is now held in 75 cities across the country. Those participating in the race are encouraged to form teams, invite family and friends, and raise money for St. Jude. These walks have raised over $11 million to date.[26]

text: Other funding initiatives[edit]

text: One of the hospital's most recent and successful fund-raising efforts has been the Dream Home Giveaway."About St. Jude Dream Home Giveaway". St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Retrieved January 29, 2008.  The giveaway allows contest entrants to reserve tickets for $100 each to qualify to win homes valued between $300,000 and $600,000. The Dream Home Giveaway, one of the largest national fund-raising programs, is conducted in cities across the United States.

text:
Many high schools around the country are creating student-led and student-run organizations called Team Up for St. Jude. These programs consist of high school students putting on events that raise funds and awareness for St. Jude while showing their school spirit. One of the main events is a letter writing campaign in which the students are sent pre-written letters that include stories of a patient and ask for donations. The high school students often have a "letter writing party" to address and send the letters to their family and friends asking them to support St. Jude.[27]
Hoover High School (Hoover, AL) has a program that has brought in many fundraising ideas including "Team Up Week" which consists of prize wheels, inflatables, karaoke, cake walk, etc. to raise funds and awareness for the hospital.[28] Though this program is done on a much a smaller scale than the college program Up 'til Dawn, it has the potential to grow and increase awareness.

text:
At various college campuses, some student organizations, fraternities and sororities raise funds in a program called Up 'til Dawn[29]
Phi Mu Delta National Fraternity is partnered with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The fraternity's second core belief, "I Believe in Service... service to the college; service to every group organized for the common good; service to the individual. I believe in service defined in the terms of voluntary sacrifice for the welfare of those with whom I come in contact." has helped shape many young men of admirable quality and exceptional character towards a dedication to St. Jude and other equally important causes.[30]
Tau Kappa Epsilon (TKE) Fraternity partnered with St. Jude in the 1970s and 1980s to help raise money to fight childhood cancer. The fraternity renewed its link to St. Jude as its philanthropy of emphasis in 2008.[31][32]

text: St. Jude is an International Philanthropic Project of Epsilon Sigma Alpha International, a co-ed service sorority. As of April 2013, ESA has raised more than $160 million in cash and pledges for St. Jude.[33][34]

text: In 1999, the Delta Delta Delta collegiate sorority formed a philanthropic partnership with St. Jude.[35] Tri Delta supports St. Jude nationally and supports cancer charities at a local level.[36]  At the hospital in Memphis, the sorority donated the Teen Room for teenage patients to relax and spend time with each other. In July 2010, Tri Delta completed its "10 by 10" goal, raising over $10 million in less than four years, six years short of the original goal. Those funds were used to sponsor the Tri Delta Patient Care Floor in the Chili’s Care Center. Upon completion of the "10 by 10" campaign, the sorority announced a new fundraising goal of $15 million in 5 years to name the Specialty Clinic located in the Patient Care Center.[37] Three and a half years later, Delta Delta Delta had raised $15 million and completed its goal ahead of schedule.[38] In July 2014, the on-campus residence center was renamed Tri Delta Place as a result of Tri Delta's pledge of $60 Million in 10 years.[39]

text: In July 2005, Kappa Alpha Psi (ΚΑΨ) fraternity announced St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital as its national philanthropic partner. Since that time, members across the country have joined in the fight against pediatric cancer, sickle cell disease, and other catastrophic illnesses. Kappa Alpha Psi has answered the call to service by raising more than $400,000—representing the largest contribution that Kappa Alpha Psi has donated to any charity. Members of Kappa Alpha Psi have committed to raise $500,000 in support of the hospital’s sickle cell program. St. Jude has one of the largest pediatric sickle cell research and treatment programs in the world. St. Jude is the first known hospital in the world to cure sickle cell disease through bone marrow transplantation. Today, bone marrow transplantation still offers the only cure for sickle cell disease. Members of Kappa Alpha Psi reach out to churches in their local communities to host a Sunday of Hope each January in support of St. Jude. January was selected because this is the month of Kappa’s founding. During the Sunday of Hope, churches will take up a special offering in honor of the patients and families of St. Jude. At the 2008 ALSAC/St. Jude Board and Awards Dinner, Kappa Alpha Psi received the Volunteer Group of the Year Award for their efforts in the inaugural year of the Sunday of Hope program which secured more than 130 churches to participate and raised more than $280,000.[40]

text: Lambda Theta Alpha sorority serves thousands of hours each year to a variety of philanthropic causes and needs. In the effort to create a more united and bigger impact nationally, Lambda Theta Alpha selected a national philanthropy. In January 2010, LTA became an official collegiate partner to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, becoming the first individual Latino Greek organization to commit fully to the hospital's efforts. With this partnership, LTA provides our resources of community service and activism and more importantly, another direct link to the Hispanic community for St. Jude. LTA has pledged to raise awareness about childhood cancer and St. Jude in the Latin community, as well as fundraise for the hospital through a variety of events and programs.[41][42]

text: Past events have included: sporting tournaments, charity galas, informational meetings, and much more.[42]

text: Another successful event is the Country Cares for St. Jude Kids radio-thon. During these events, country radio stations around the country allow those touched by St. Jude to share stories with listeners, highlighting patient stories, and having exciting promotions. Listeners are encouraged to call in and become a Partner In Hope by making either a one-time or monthly donation to the hospital. The 200 stations involved have helped raise over $400 million since 1989. Country artists have also supported St. Jude through concerts, hospital visits, call-ins, and other forms of support.[43]

text: Eagles for St. Jude is a program created during Stanford Financial Group’s inaugural sponsorship year of the Stanford St. Jude Championship out of the desire to provide a season-long fundraising component to the Memphis PGA tournament.

text: McDonald's Monopoly[edit]

text: In 1995, St. Jude received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece.  McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen,  and verified it as a winner.[44] Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and has made the annual $50,000 annuity payments, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's.[45]

text: Celebrity visitors[edit]

text: St. Jude Children’s Research celebrity visitors are individuals that are in the entertainment industry who visit the children in the hospital. Over the years, many celebrities such as musicians, political figures, actors and others have become involved with this foundation. Hollywood actors visit the hospital to meet some of the kids and try to get involved. Other celebrities have filmed commercials to encourage individuals to donate to St. Jude. Some of the most recognized celebrities that have visited St. Jude to see the effort going on daily in order to combat catastrophic illnesses are:[46]

text:
Tim Allen
Jennifer Aniston
Jim Carrey
Daisy Fuentes
Anne Hathaway
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Lecrae
Dennis Quaid
Steven Seagal
Sofia Vergara
Robin Williams


document_title: King cake

question_text: what is the name of the special cake eaten in france on 6 january

root

text: King cake

text: History[edit]

text: The "king cake" takes its name from the biblical kings. In Western Christian liturgical tradition, the Solemnity of Epiphany—commemorated on January 6—celebrates the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child. The Eve of Epiphany (the night of January 5) is popularly known as Twelfth Night (the Twelve Days of Christmas are counted from Christmas Eve until this night). The season for king cake extends from the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Twelfth Night and Epiphany Day), up until the end of Shrovetide: Mardi Gras, "Fat Tuesday," or Shrove Tuesday; the day before the start of Lent. Some organizations or groups of friends may have "king cake parties" every week through the Carnival season. In Portugal and France, whoever gets the King cake trinket is expected to buy the next cake for these get-togethers.

tag: p

text: It is a popular food item during the Christmas season (Christmas Eve to Epiphany) in Belgium, France, Quebec and Switzerland (galette or gâteau des Rois or galette des rois), Portugal (bolo rei), Spain and Latin America (roscón or rosca de reyes) and, Greece and Cyprus (vasilopita) and Bulgaria (banitsa). In the United States, Carnival is traditionally observed in the Southeastern region of the country, particularly in New Orleans, Bay Saint Louis, Mobile, Pensacola, Galveston, and other towns and cities of the Mississippi Gulf Coast.

text: In these regions, the king cake is closely associated with Mardi Gras traditions and is served throughout the Carnival season, which lasts from Epiphany Eve to Fat Tuesday.[3] The King Cake tradition is thought to have been brought to New Orleans from France in 1870.[4] Now, as part of the celebration, it is traditional to bake a cake (King Cake) in honor of the three kings. The official colors of Mardi Gras – created in 1872 by the Krewe of Rex – are purple for justice, green for faith, and gold for power.[3]

text: Related culinary traditions are the tortell of Catalonia, the gâteau des Rois or reiaume in Provence or the galette des Rois in the northern half of France, and the Greek and Cypriot vasilopita. The galette des Rois is made with puff pastry and frangipane (while the gâteau des Rois is made with brioche and candied fruits). A little bean was traditionally hidden in it, a custom taken from the Saturnalia in the Roman Empire: the one who stumbled upon the bean was called "king of the feast." In the galette des Rois, since 1870 the beans have been replaced first by porcelain and now by plastic figurines.

text: Samuel Pepys recorded a party in London on Epiphany night, 6 January 1659/1660, and described the role the cake played in the choosing of a "King" and "Queen" for the occasion: "...to my cousin Stradwick, where, after a good supper, there being there my father, mothers, brothers, and sister, my cousin Scott and his wife, Mr. Drawwater and his wife, and her brother, Mr. Stradwick, we had a brave cake brought us, and in the choosing, Pall was Queen and Mr. Stradwick was King. After that my wife and I bid adieu and came home, it being still a great frost."[5] The choosing of King and Queen from the pie, usually by the inclusion of a bean and a pea, was a traditional English Twelfth Night festivity. The cake was called a "Twelfth Cake", "Twelfth-night cake", or "Twelfth-tide cake".[6]

text: French king cake[edit]

text: The cake traditionally celebrating Epiphany in France and Quebec is sold in most bakeries during the month of January. Three versions exist: in northern France, Quebec, and Belgium the cake called galette des rois in French or Koningentaart in Flemish/Dutch (which can be either circular or rectangular) consists of flaky puff pastry layers with a dense center of frangipane or apple. In the west of France a sablé galette is made, a form of sweetcrust pastry. In southern France—Occitania, Roussillon, Provence, Catalan where it is called tortell—the cake called gâteau des rois or royaume, is a torus-shaped brioche with candied fruits and sugar, similar in its shape and colors to a crown. This later version is also common to Spain and very similar to New-Orleans king cake.

text: Tradition holds that the cake is “to draw the kings” to the Epiphany. A figurine, la fève, which can represent anything from a car to a cartoon character, is hidden in the cake and the person who finds the trinket in his or her slice becomes king for the day and will have to offer the next cake. Originally, la fève was literally a broad bean (fève), but it was replaced in 1870 by a variety of figurines out of porcelain or—more recently—plastic.[7] These figurines have become popular collectibles and can often be bought separately. Individual bakeries may offer a specialized line of fèves depicting diverse themes from great works of art to classic movie stars and popular cartoon characters. The cakes are usually sold in special bags, some of which can be used to heat the cake in a microwave without ruining the crispness of the cake. A paper crown is included with the cake to crown the "king" who finds the fève in their piece of cake. To ensure a random distribution of the cake shares, it is traditional for the youngest person to place him- or herself under the table and name the recipient of the share which is indicated by the person in charge of the service.

text: Formerly, the cake was divided into as many shares as there were guests, plus one. The latter, called "the share of God," "share of the Virgin Mary," or "share of the poor" was intended for the first poor person to arrive at the home.[8]

text: King cake in Spanish-speaking countries[edit]

text: The roscón de reyes in Spain or rosca de reyes in Latin America is traditionally eaten on January 6, during the celebration of the Día de los reyes magos (Epiphany or the "Day of the Three Wisemen"). In most of Spain, Mexico and in Latino communities in the United States, this is the day when children get presents from the Three Wise Men. Before going to bed, children in Mexico leave a shoe outside their home, filled with hay or dried grass and a bowl of water as a present for the animals the reyes ride, along with a note for the reyes. The roscón de reyes has an oval shape to symbolize a crown. For decoration, people sometimes use dried and candied fruits such as figs, quince or cherries. The fruit symbolizes the many jewels that a crown would have.

text: The tradition of placing a bean, candy or figurine of the baby Jesus inside the cake is followed. Whoever finds it must take it to the nearest church on February 2, Día de la candelaria (Candlemas Day), which celebrates the presentation of Jesus in the Temple. According to the Jewish tradition, an infant was to be presented to God in the Temple forty days after his birth. The use of candles on Candlemas represents the light of Christ presented to the world. In Mexico and the Mexican diaspora in the United States, people who find the baby Jesus figurine in their piece of cake usually agree to host a party on Candlemas (February 2) and to provide the guests with tamales and atole.[9]

text: In Argentina, the tradition of consuming a rosca on January 6 is also followed, although no figurine is included. In addition, a similar version with whole cooked eggs on top of the cake is also served on Easter as rosca de Pascua.

text: In some places, the rosca de reyes is replaced by panettone.[10]

text: Gulf Coast king cake[edit]

text: In the southern United States, the tradition was brought to the area by Basque settlers in 1718.[11] Originally, it was a cinnamon-filled bready cake eaten to celebrate Epiphany, but it is now associated with Carnival (also known as Mardi Gras). Celebrated across the Gulf Coast region from the Florida Panhandle to East Texas, King cake parties are documented back to the 18th century.

text: The king cake of the Louisiana tradition comes in a number of styles. The most simple, said to be the most traditional, is a ring of twisted cinnamon roll-style dough. It may be topped with icing or sugar, which may be colored to show the traditional Mardi Gras colors of green, yellow, and purple. King cakes may also be filled with additional foodstuffs, the most common being cream cheese, praline, cinnamon, or strawberry. A so-called "Zulu King Cake" has chocolate icing with a coconut filling, because the Krewe of Zulu parade's most celebrated throw is a coconut. Some bakers now offer king cakes for other holidays that immediately surround the Mardi Gras season, such as king cakes with green and red icing for Christmas, cakes with pink and red icing for Valentine's Day, and cakes with green and white icing for St. Patrick's Day. Others have gone a step further and produce specialty king cakes from the beginning of football season for Louisiana State University and New Orleans Saints tailgate parties, then for Halloween, then Thanksgiving—and do not cease until after Mardi Gras season, when they produce an Easter holiday king cake.

text: In the Southern culture, whoever finds the trinket must provide the next king cake or host the next Mardi Gras party.

text: New Orleans[edit]

text: Starting on Epiphany on January 6, residents begin holding parties especially dedicated to King Cake. King Cake parties bring families and community members together to celebrate the season of Mardi Gras, with its krewe parades and festivals. King Cake is so symbolic of the Mardi Gras celebration for residents it is believed that consuming King Cake outside of the Carnival season will result in rain on Mardi Gras day.[12] The dessert’s “search for the baby,” the small figurine located inside the cake, is a fun way for residents of New Orleans to celebrate their Christian faith.[13]

text: The dessert’s significance to the city was evident in the first Mardi Gras season (2006) after Hurricane Katrina: thousands of King Cake orders flooded bakeries both inside and outside of Louisiana, an example of how significant the dessert’s tradition is both inside and outside of the region.[14]

text: Some sports teams around the area have also infused the tradition of the king cake baby into their teams. The Miami Marlins AAA minor league baseball affiliate, formerly known as the New Orleans Zephyrs, changed their name to the New Orleans Baby Cakes, starting in the 2017 season. The New Orleans Pelicans introduced the King Cake Baby as a second mascot during games around Mardi Gras, to accompany their main mascot, Pelican Pierre.

text: Trinket[edit]

text: Traditionally, a small plastic or porcelain baby[15] is hidden into the king cake. Originally, the baby was placed into the cake to symbolize baby Jesus. Fava beans were also used to represent Jesus.

text: Today, the baby symbolizes luck and prosperity to whoever finds it in his/her slice of cake. In some traditions, the finder of the baby is designated “king” or “queen” for the evening. That person is also responsible for purchasing next year’s cake,[16] or for throwing the next Mardi Gras party.

text: Many bakers have recently been placing the baby outside of the cake, and leaving the hiding to the customer because there is a potential of customers choking on or swallowing the baby, and bakers want to stay clear of this liability.[17]

text: Ingredients and recipes[edit]

text: There are many different recipes for king cake. However, the most common ones include: milk, butter, yeast, water, brown and white sugar, eggs, salt, nutmeg, flour and cinnamon. The frosting is typically made from confectioner's sugar, water, lemon juice, and colored sugar crystals.[18]

text: The colors of the king cake originally came from the Christian religion. The purple symbolizes justice, the green symbolizes faith, and the gold symbolizes power. The three colors honor the three kings who visited the Christ child (Jesus) on Epiphany, the 12th day after Christmas.[3]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
French Galette des Rois with cardboard "crowns"

Galette des Rois

Kings' Cake (βασιλόπιτα) of Greece

Kringle from Racine, Wisconsin

Kings' Cake in Spain

Rosca de reyes in Mexico

Dreikönigskuchen in Switzerland

Bolo Rei of Portugal

Black bun of Scotland

tag: ul


document_title: Atomium

question_text: original plan for the atomium after expo 58

text: Atomium

text: Subject[edit]

text: In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting atoms was chosen to embody this. The Atomium depicts nine iron atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic unit cell of an iron crystal, magnified 165 billion times.[3]

text: Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the balls were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–2007 renovations, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron. Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the Atomic Age, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in nuclear reactions.

text: Construction[edit]

text: The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 World Fair of Brussels. The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. Of the nine spheres, six are accessible to the public, each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. The central tube contains the fastest elevator of the time (5 m/s), installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm Schlieren (subsequently taken over by Schindler). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The escalators installed in the oblique tubes are among the longest in Europe. The biggest is 35 m long.

text: Three of the four top spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons, although the sphere at the pinnacle is open to the public. The original design called for no supports; the structure was simply to rest on the spheres. Wind tunnel tests proved that the structure would have toppled in an 80 km/h wind (140 km/h winds have been recorded in Belgium). Support columns were added to achieve enough resistance against overturning.[4]

text: The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of the Brussels landscape. Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done.

text: Renovation[edit]

text: By the turn of the millennium, the state of the building had become quite deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovations included replacing the faded aluminium sheets on the spheres with stainless steel. On 21 December 2005, the new Atomium outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which LED lighting was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolizing the range of an electron around its core.

text: On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then Prince Philippe, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public.

text: The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, the Belgian government financed two thirds. To help pay for renovations, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about 2 metres (7 ft) long sold for €1,000.[5]

text: On the occasion of the reopening, a 2 euro commemorative coin depicting the building was issued, in March 2006, to celebrate the renovation.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Some spheres in frog view

Escalator in the Atomium connecting spheres

View from the inside

The illuminated spheres of the Atomium at night

text: Worldwide copyright claims[edit]

text: SABAM, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide intellectual property rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States Artists Rights Society (ARS).[6] For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages.[7] The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue if you show them to anyone.[7][8] SABAM confirmed that permission is required.[7]

text: Ralf Ziegermann remarked[9] on the complicated copyright instructions on the Atomium's website specific to "private pictures".[10] The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo[11] (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of Mechelen announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 photoshoppers to paint over the balls.[12][13] SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes.[12]

text: Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM.[14] Mechelen's Mayor, Bart Somers, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.[15]

text: On 23 February 2009, Axel Addington, web content manager for Atomium, emailed a clarification to the Glass Steel and Stone website, which some years earlier redacted its photographs of the Atomium after being threatened. He stated:

text: The royalties are perceived  [sic] by the descendants of André Waterkeyn, the engineer who conceived Atomium in 1955, and not by the A.S.B.L Atomium. So, you've probably been sued by the SABAM (Belgian Copyright Company) because of the Waterkeyn Family.

text: From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions:[16]

text: This is the case where photographs are taken by private individuals and shown on private websites for no commercial purpose (the current trend for photo albums).In accordance with legislation, usage rights for the image of the Atomium would naturally extend to 1st January 2076, in other words, the seventieth anniversary of André Waterkeyn's death.

text: In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party Open Vld, proposed a bill to enable Freedom of Panorama in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.[17][18]


document_title: Father's Day

question_text: when did father's day begin in uk

question_tokens: when did father 's day begin in uk

text: Father's Day

text: History and traditions[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: A customary day for the celebration of fatherhood in Catholic Europe is known to date back to at least the Middle Ages, and it is observed on 19 March, as the feast day of Saint Joseph, who is referred to as the fatherly Nutritor Domini ("Nourisher of the Lord") in Catholicism and "the putative father of Jesus" in southern European tradition. This celebration was brought to the Americas by the Spanish and Portuguese, and in Latin America, Mother's Day is still celebrated on 19 March. The Catholic Church actively supported the custom of a celebration of fatherhood on St. Joseph's day from either the last years of the 14th century or from the early 15th century[citation needed], apparently on the initiative of the Franciscans[citation needed].

text: In the Coptic Church, the celebration of fatherhood is also observed on St Joseph's Day, but the Copts observe this celebration on July 20. This Coptic celebration may date back to the fifth century.[citation needed]

text: In the United States[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Father's Day was not celebrated in the US, outside Catholic traditions, until the 20th century. As a civic celebration in the US, it was inaugurated in the early 20th century to complement Mother's Day by celebrating fathers and male parenting.

text: After Anna Jarvis' successful promotion of Mother's Day in Grafton, West Virginia, the first observance of a "Father's Day" was held on July 5, 1908, in Fairmont, West Virginia, in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South, now known as Central United Methodist Church.[1] Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father, when  in December 1907, the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men, 250 of them fathers, leaving around a thousand fatherless children. Clayton suggested that her pastor Robert Thomas Webb honor all those fathers.[2][3][4][5]

text: Clayton's event did not have repercussions outside Fairmont for several reasons, among them: the city was overwhelmed by other events, the celebration was never promoted outside the town itself and no proclamation of it was made by the city council. Also, two events overshadowed this event: the celebration of Independence Day July 4, 1908, with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event, which took over the headlines in the following days, and the death of a 16-year-old girl on July 4. The local church and council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event, and it was not celebrated again for many years. The original sermon was not reproduced by the press and it was lost. Finally, Clayton was a quiet person, who never promoted the event and never talked to other persons about it.[3][4][5]

text: Failed attempts at establishing a Father's Day[edit]

text: In 1911, Jane Addams proposed that a citywide Father's Day celebration be held in Chicago, but she was turned down.[6]

text: In 1912, there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J.J. Berringer of the Irvington Methodist Church. They mistakenly believed that they had been the first to celebrate such a day.[1] They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian.[6]

text: Harry C. Meek, a member of Lions Clubs International, claimed that he had first come up with the idea for Father's Day in 1915.[1][6] Meek said that the third Sunday in June was chosen because it was his birthday.[6] The Lions Club has named him the "Originator of Father's Day".[1] Meek made many efforts to promote Father's Day and make it an official holiday.[1][6]

text: Establishment of the holiday[edit]

text: On June 19, 1910, a Father's Day celebration was held at the YMCA in Spokane, Washington by Sonora Smart Dodd.[7][8] Her father, the civil war veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there.[7] She was also a member of Old Centenary Presbyterian Church (now Knox Presbyterian Church),[9] where she first proposed the idea. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909 at Central Methodist Episcopal Church, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday to honor them.[7] Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday in June.[1][6] Several local clergymen accepted the idea, and on June 19, 1910, the first Father's Day, "sermons honoring fathers were presented throughout the city".[10]

text: However, in the 1920s, Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying at the Art Institute of Chicago, and it faded into relative obscurity, even in Spokane.[11] In the 1930s, Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again, raising awareness at a national level.[12] She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday, for example the manufacturers of ties, tobacco pipes, and any traditional present for fathers.[13] By 1938, she had the help of the Father's Day Council, founded by the New York Associated Men's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the holiday's commercial promotion.[14] Americans resisted the holiday for its first few decades, viewing it as nothing more than an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother's Day, and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes.[15] However, the said merchants remained resilient and even incorporated these attacks into their advertisements.[16] By the mid-1980s, the Father's Day Council wrote, "(...) [Father's Day] has become a Second Christmas for all the men's gift-oriented industries."[17]

text: A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913.[18] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak at a Father's Day celebration[19] and he wanted to make it an officially recognized  federal holiday, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would become commercialized.[20] US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed throughout the entire nation, but he stopped short at issuing a national proclamation.[19] Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress.[19][21] In 1957, Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a Father's Day proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers, thus "[singling] out just one of our two parents".[21] In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the third Sunday in June as Father's Day.[20] Six years later, the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972.[19][20][21][22]

text: In addition to Father's Day, International Men's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 in honor of men and boys who are not fathers.

text: Spelling[edit]

text: In the United States, Dodd used the "Fathers' Day" spelling on her original petition for the holiday,[7] but the spelling "Father's Day" was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday,[18] and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress.[23]

text: Dates around the world[edit]

text: The officially recognized date of Father's Day varies from country to country. This section lists some significant examples, in order of date of observance.

text:
Gregorian calendar

Occurrence

Dates

Country

February 23

 Russia (Defender of the Fatherland Day[24])*

Father's day Аавуудын баяр

March 18

 Mongolia

March 19

 Andorra (Dia del Pare)
 Angola
 Belgium (Antwerp)
 Bolivia
 Croatia[25]
 Honduras[26]
 Italy (Festa del papà)
 Liechtenstein
 Mozambique (Dia do Pai)
 Portugal (Dia do Pai)
 Spain (Día del Padre)
  Switzerland (Canton Ticino)

May 7

 Kazakhstan

May 8

 South Korea (Parents' Day)

Second Sunday in May

May 14, 2017
May 13, 2018
May 12, 2019

 Romania[27] (Ziua Tatălui)

Third Sunday in May

May 21, 2017
May 20, 2018
May 19, 2019

 Tonga

Ascension Day

May 25, 2017
May 10, 2018
May 30, 2019

 Germany

First Sunday in June

Jun 4, 2017
Jun 3, 2018
Jun 2, 2019

 Lithuania (Tėvo diena)
  Switzerland

June 5

 Denmark[28] (also Constitution Day)

Second Sunday in June

Jun 11, 2017
Jun 10, 2018
Jun 9, 2019

 Austria
 Belgium

Third Sunday in June

Jun 18, 2017
Jun 17, 2018
Jun 16, 2019
Jun 21, 2020

 Afghanistan
 Algeria
 Albania
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Argentina[29]
 Aruba
 Bahamas
 Bahrain
 Bangladesh
 Barbados
 Belize
 Bermuda
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Brunei
 Bulgaria
 Burkina Faso
 Cambodia
 Canada
 Chad
 Chile[30]
 Colombia
 Comoros
 Costa Rica[31]
 Cuba[32]
 Curaçao
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 Dominica
 Ecuador
 Ethiopia
 France
 Georgia
 Ghana
 Greece
 Guyana
 Hong Kong
 Hungary
 India
 Ireland
 Isle of Man
 Ivory Coast
 Jamaica
 Japan
 Kenya
 Kuwait
 Laos
 Macao
 Mali
 Madagascar
 Malaysia
 Maldives
 Malta
 Mauritius
 Mexico[33]
 Mozambique (Nao e o dia)
 Myanmar
 Namibia
 Netherlands
 Nigeria
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Panama[34]
 Paraguay
 Peru[35]
 Philippines[36]
 Puerto Rico
 Qatar
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Saudi Arabia
 Senegal
 Singapore
 Sierra Leone
 Slovakia
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukraine[37]
 United Kingdom[38]
 United States
 Venezuela
 Vietnam
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe[39]

June 17

 El Salvador[40]
 Guatemala[41]

June 21

 Egypt
 Jordan
 Kosovo
 Lebanon
 Syria
 United Arab Emirates

June 22

 Guernsey
 Jersey

June 23

 Nicaragua
 Poland

Last Sunday in June

Jun 25, 2017
Jun 24, 2018
Jun 30, 2019

 Haiti

Second Sunday in July

Jul 9, 2017
Jul 8, 2018
Jul 14, 2019

 Uruguay

Last Sunday in July

Jul 30, 2017
Jul 29, 2018
Jul 28, 2019

 Dominican Republic

August 8

 China**
 Taiwan

Second Sunday in August

Aug 13, 2017
Aug 12, 2018
Aug 11, 2019

 Brazil
 Samoa

Last Monday in August

Aug 28, 2017
Aug 27, 2018
Aug 26, 2019

 South Sudan

First Sunday in September

Sep 3, 2017
Sep 2, 2018
Sep 1, 2019

 Australia
 Fiji
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea

Second Sunday in September

Sep 10, 2017
Sep 9, 2018
Sep 8, 2019

 Latvia

First Sunday in October

Oct 1, 2017
Oct 7, 2018
Oct 6, 2019

 Luxembourg

Second Sunday in November

Nov 12, 2017
Nov 11, 2018
Nov 10, 2019

 Estonia (Isadepäev)
 Finland (Isänpäivä)
 Iceland
 Norway
 Sweden

November 12

 Indonesia

December 5

 Thailand (The birthday of King Bhumibol)[42]

Hindu calendar

Definition

Sample dates

Country/territory

Bhadrapada Amavasya(Gokarna Aunsi)

Between August 30 and September 30

   Nepal[43]

Islamic calendar

Occurrence

Sample dates

Country/territory

13 Rajab, Ali Ibn Abi Talib birthday

April 21, 2016
April 10, 2017

 Iran  Kuwait  Bahrain  Iraq  Oman  Qatar  Egypt  Yemen  Syria  Lebanon  Somalia  Sudan  Mauritania

tag: table

text:
*Officially, as the name suggests, the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces (both men and women). But the congratulations are traditionally, nationally accepted by all fathers, other adult men and male children as well.
**There is no official Father's Day of the P.R. China. During the Republican period prior to 1949, Father's Day on August 8 was first celebrated in Shanghai in 1945.

text: International history and traditions[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: Father's Day in Argentina is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.

text: There have been attempts to change the date to August 24, to commemorate the day on which the Father of the Nation José de San Martín became a father.[29] In 1953, the proposal to celebrate Father's Day in all educational establishments on August 24, in honor of José de San Martín, was raised to the General Direction of Schools of Mendoza Province. The day was celebrated for the first time in 1958, on the third Sunday of June, but it was not included in the school calendars due to pressure from several groups.[44]

text: Schools in the Mendoza Province continued to celebrate Father's Day on August 24, and, in 1982, the provincial governor passed a law declaring Father's Day in the province to be celebrated on that day.[44]

text: In 2004, a proposal to change the date to August 24 were presented to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies as a single, unified project.

text: Aruba[edit]

text: In Aruba, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, Father's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September, which is the first Sunday of Spring in Australia, and is not a public holiday.  At school, children handcraft their present for their fathers. Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers: socks, ties, electronics, suits, and men's healthcare products. Most families present fathers with gifts and cards, and share a meal to show appreciation, much like Mother's Day.

text: YMCA Victoria continues the tradition of honouring the role fathers and father figures play in parenting through the annual awarding of Local Community Father of the Year in 32 municipalities in Victoria. The Father's Day Council of Victoria annually recognises fathers in the Father of the Year Award.[45]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: In Belgium, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil Father's Day (Dia dos Pais, in Portuguese) is celebrated three months after Mother's Day, on the second Sunday of August. Publicist Sylvio Bhering picked the day in honor of Saint Joachim, patron of fathers. While it is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's father or father figure.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Father's Day typically involves spending time with one's father or the father figures in one's life. Small family gatherings and the giving of gifts may be part of the festivities organized for Father's Day.

text: China[edit]

text: In People's Republic of China, there is no official Father's Day. Some people celebrate on the third Sunday of June, according to the tradition of the United States.

text: Prior to the People's Republic, when the Republic of China governed from Nanjing, Father's Day was celebrated on August 8. This was determined by the fact that the eighth (ba) day of the eighth (ba) month makes two "eights" (八八, ba-ba), which sounds similar to the colloquial word for "daddy" (ba-ba，爸爸). It is still celebrated on this date in areas still under the control of the Republic of China, including Taiwan.

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: In Costa Rica, the Unidad Social Cristiana party presented a bill to change the celebration of Father's Day from the third Sunday of June to March 19, the day of Saint Joseph.[46] That was in order to give tribute to this saint, who gave his name to the capital of the country San José, Costa Rica, and so family heads will be able to celebrate the Father's Day at the same time as the Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker.[31] The official date is still the third Sunday of June.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, according to the Roman Catholic tradition, fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day (Dan svetog Josipa), March 19. It is not a public holiday.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, Father's Day is celebrated on June 5.[28] It coincides with Constitution Day.

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, Father's day ("Isadepäev") is celebrated on the second Sunday of November. It is an established flag day and a national holiday.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, Father's Day (Isänpäivä, Fars dag) is celebrated on the second Sunday of November. It is an established flag day.

text: France[edit]

text: In France lighter manufacturer "Flaminaire" introduced the idea of father's day first in 1949 for commercial reasons. Director "Marcel Quercia" wanted to sell their lighter in France. In 1950, they introduced "la Fête des Pères", which would take place every third Sunday of June (following the American example). Their slogan « Nos papas nous l'ont dit, pour la fête des pères, ils désirent tous un Flaminaire » (Our fathers told us, for father's day, they all want a Flaminaire). In 1952, the holiday was officially decreed. A national father's day committee was set up to give a prize for fathers that deserved it most (originally, candidates were nominated by the social services of each town hall's/mayor's office); This complements "la Fête des Mères" (Mother's day) which was made official in France in 1928 and added to the calendar in Vichy in 1941.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, Father's Day (Vatertag) is celebrated differently from other parts of the world.[47] It is always celebrated on Ascension Day (the Thursday forty days after Easter), which is a federal holiday. Regionally, it is also called men's day, Männertag, or gentlemen's day, Herrentag. It is a tradition for groups of males (young and old but usually excluding pre-teenage boys) to do a hiking tour with one or more smaller wagons, Bollerwagen, pulled by manpower. In the wagons are wine or beer bottles (according to the region) and traditional regional food, Hausmannskost. Many men use this holiday as an opportunity to get drunk.[47] According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, alcohol-related traffic accidents multiply by three on this day.[48] The tradition of Father's Day is especially prevalent in Eastern Germany.[47]

text: These traditions are probably rooted in Christian Ascension Day's processions to the farmlands, which has been celebrated since the 18th century.[49][50] Men would be seated in a wooden cart and carried to the village's plaza, and the mayor would award a prize to the father who had the most children, usually a big piece of ham.[49] In the late 19th century the religious component was progressively lost, especially in urban areas such as Berlin, and groups of men organized walking excursions with beer and ham.[49] By the 20th century, alcohol consumption had become a major part of the tradition.[49][51] Many people will take the following Friday off at work, and some schools are closed on that Friday as well; many people then use the resulting four-day-long weekend for a short vacation.

text: Greece[edit]

text:
Father's Day, is observed on the feast day of Fathers, It is celebrated as a public international day, like in many other countries including the U.S., on the third Sunday of June.
In Europe like in the rest of the world, it became a manifestation of divorced fathers, and the day was inaugurated by Professor Dr Nicolas Spitalas (http://spitalas.blogspot.com) who created
also the International Movement of Dads. His Association SYGAPA (Men's and Fathers' Dignity (www.sos-sygapa.eu) is the biggest movement in the world (35.000 members).
In Greece, like in other European countries, this day is named (Fête des Peres/Feast of Fathers)

text: Haiti[edit]

text: In Haiti, Father's Day (Fête des peres) is celebrated on the last Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Fathers are recognized and celebrated on this day with cards, gifts, breakfast, lunch brunch or early Sunday dinner; whether enjoying the day at the beach or mountains, spending family time or doing favourite activities .

text: Children exclaim "bonne fête papa", while everyone wishes all fathers "bonne Fête des Pères". (Happy Father's Day)

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: India[edit]

text: Father's Day [[(Telugu: ఫాదర్స్ డే)], Tamil: Thanthaiyar Thinam, தந்தையர் தினம்]is not celebrated in all of India. But is observed the third Sunday of June by mostly westernized urban centers. The event is not a public holiday.  The day is usually celebrated only in bigger cities of India like Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kanpur, Bengaluru, Kolkata and others. After this day was first observed in the United States in 1908 and gradually gained popularity,[52] Indian metropolitan cities, much later, followed suit by recognising this event. In India, the day is usually celebrated with children giving gifts like greeting cards, electronic gadgets, shirts, coffee mugs or books to their fathers.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, Father's Day is celebrated on November 12 and is not a public holiday. Father's Day in Indonesia was first declared in 2006 in Solo City Hall attended by hundreds of people from various community groups, including people from community of inter-religion communication. Because of its recent declaration, there is not very much hype about the celebration, compared to the celebration of Mother's Day on December 22.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, Father's Day is usually celebrated on May 1 together with Workers' Day or Labour Day.[citation needed]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, according to the Roman Catholic tradition, Father's Day is celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, commonly called Feast of Saint Joseph (Festa di San Giuseppe), March 19. It was a public holiday until 1977.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Kazakhstan[edit]

text: Kazakhstan continues the Soviet Union's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father's Day like in Russia and other former soviet countries. It is usually called "Man's Day" and it is considered equivalent of Father's Day. It is still celebrated on February 23.

text: Kenya[edit]

text: In Kenya, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, Parents' day is celebrated on May 8 and is not a public holiday.

text: Latvia[edit]

text: In Latvia, Father's Day (Tēvu diena) is celebrated on the second Sunday of September and is not a public holiday. In Latvia people did not always celebrate this day because of the USSR's influence with its own holidays. This day in Latvia was 'officially born' in 2008 when it was celebrated and marked in the calendar for the first time on September 14 (second September Sunday) to promote the idea that man as the father must be satisfied and proud of his family and children, also, the father is important to gratitude and loving words from his family for devoted to continuous altruistic concerns. Because this day is new to the country it does not have established unique traditions, but people borrow ideas from other country's Father's Day traditions to congratulate fathers in Latvia.

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: In Lithuania, Father's Day (Tėvo diena) is celebrated on the first Sunday of June and is a public holiday.

text: Macao[edit]

text: In Macau, Father's Day (Dia do Pai) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, Father's Day falls on the third Sunday of June.

text: Malta[edit]

text:
Malta has followed the international trend and celebrates Father’s Day on the third Sunday in June.
As in the case of Mother’s Day, the introduction of Father’s Day celebrations in Malta was encouraged by Frans H Said (Uncle Frans of the children’s radio programmes).  The first mention of Father’s Day was in June 1977, [53] and the day is now part of the local events calendar. (The Times of Malta 11 June 2017)  ( Il-Mument - Maltese newspaper- 18 June 2017)

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: The Mongolian Men's Association began the celebration of Father's Day on 8 of August since 2005.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: The Newar population (natives of Kathmandu valley) in Nepal honors fathers on the day of kusa aunsi, which occurs in late August or early September, depending on the year, since it depends on the lunar calendar. The Western-inspired celebration of Father's Day that was imported into the country is always celebrated on the same day as Gokarna Aunsi.

text: The rest of the population has also begun to celebrate the Gokarna Aunsi day[54] It is commonly known as Abu ya Khwa Swoyegu in Nepal Bhasa or Buwaako mukh herne din (बुवाको मुख हेर्ने दिन)  in Nepali (literally "day for looking at father's face").[43][55] On the new moon day (Amavasya) it is traditional to pay respect to one's deceased father; Hindus go to the Shiva temple of Gokarneswor Mahadev, in Gokarna, a suburb of Kathmandu[56] while Buddhists go to Jan Bahal (Seto Machhendranath or white Tara) temple in Kathmandu.

text: Traditionally, in the Kathmandu Valley, the south-western corner is reserved for women and women-related rituals, and the north-eastern is for men and men-related rituals. The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi ("Mother Pilgrimage New Moon") is located in Mata Tirtha in the south-western half of the valley, while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi is located in the north-eastern half. This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in the Kathmandu Valley.[57]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, Father's Day (Vaderdag) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Traditionally, as on Mother's Day, fathers get breakfast in bed made by their children and families gather together and have dinner, usually at the grandparents' house. In recent years, families also started having dinner out, and as on Mother's Day, it is one of the busiest days for restaurants. At school, children handcraft their present for their fathers. Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers: socks, ties, electronics, suits, and men's healthcare products.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In New Zealand, Father's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September and it is not a public holiday. Fathers' Day seems to have been first observed at St Matthew's Church, Auckland on 14 July 1929[58] and first appeared in commercial advertising the following year.[59] By 1931 other churches had adopted the day. In 1935 much of Australia moved to mark the day at the beginning of September[60] and New Zealand followed, with a Wellington advert in 1937,[61] a Christchurch Salvation Army service in 1938[62] and in Auckland from 1939.[63]

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, Father's day (Farsdag), is celebrated on the second Sunday of November. It is not a public holiday.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. The Rutgers WPF launched a campaign titled 'Greening Pakistan – Promoting Responsible Fatherhood' on Father's Day (Sunday June 18, 2017) across Pakistan to promote active fatherhood and responsibility for the care and upbringing of children.[64][65] Father's Day is not a public holiday in Pakistan.

text: Peru[edit]

text: In Peru, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. People usually give a present to their fathers and spend time with him mostly during a family meal.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, Father's Day is officially celebrated every first Monday of December, but it is not a public holiday.[66] It is more widely observed by the public on the 3rd Sunday of June perhaps due to American influence.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, Father's Day (in Polish: Dzień Ojca) is celebrated on June 23 and is not a public holiday.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Father's Day ("Dia do Pai") is celebrated on March 19 (see Roman Catholic tradition below) in Portugal. Father's Day is not a bank holiday.

text: Roman Catholic tradition[edit]

text: In the Roman Catholic tradition, Fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, commonly called the Feast of Saint Joseph, March 19, though in certain countries Father's Day has become a secular celebration.[67] It is also common for Catholics to honor their "spiritual father," their parish priest, on Father's Day.[68]

text: Romania[edit]

text:
The Law instituting the Father's day celebration in Romania passed on September 29th, 2009 and stated that Father's day will be celebrated annually on the second Sunday of May. First time it was celebrated on May 9th 2010. This year it was celebrated on 13 May 2018. The next dates this celebration will take place are: 12 May 2019, 10 May 2020, 9 May 2021, 8 May 2022, 14 May 2023, 12 May 2024 and 11 May 2025.
[27].

text: Russia[edit]

text: Russia continues the Soviet Union's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father's Day. It is usually called "Man's Day" and it is considered the Russian equivalent of Father's Day.[24]

text: American Samoa and Samoa[edit]

text: In Samoa, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in August, and is a recognised national holiday on the Monday following.

text: Seychelles[edit]

text: In Seychelles, Father's Day is celebrated on June 16 and is not a public holiday.[69]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June but is not a public holiday.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: In Slovakia, Father's Day (In slovak: deň otcov) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. It is not a public holiday

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. It is not a public holiday.

text: South Sudan[edit]

text: In South Sudan, Father's Day is celebrated on the last Monday of August. President Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed it before August 27, 2012. First celebrated on August 27, 2012, Father's Day was not celebrated in South Sudan in 2011 (due to the country's independence).

text: Spain[edit]

text: Father's Day, El Día del Padre, is observed on the feast day of Saint Joseph, which is March 19.[70] It is celebrated as a public holiday in some regions of Spain.[71]

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Father's Day (In sinhala : Piyawarunge dhinaya, පියවරුන්ගේ දිනය & in Tamil: Thanthaiyar Thinam, தந்தையர் தினம்), is observed on the third Sunday of June. It is not a public holiday. Many schools hold special events to honor fathers.

text: Sudan[edit]

text: In Sudan, Father's Day (عيد الأب), is celebrated on the twenty-first of June.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, Father's day (Fars dag), is celebrated on the second Sunday of November, but is not a public holiday.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, Father's Day is not an official holiday, but is widely observed on August 8, the eighth day of the eighth month of the year. In Mandarin Chinese, the pronunciation of the number eight is bā, and the pronunciation is very similar to the character "爸" "bà", which means "Pa" or "dad".  The eighth day of the eighth month (bā-bā) is a pun for dad (爸爸 or "bàba").  The Taiwanese, therefore, sometimes refer to August 8 as "Bābā Holiday" as a pun for "Dad's Holiday" (爸爸節) or the more formal "Father's Day" (父親節).

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand, the birthday of the king, is set as Father's Day.[42] December 5 is the birthday of the late king Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). Traditionally, Thais celebrate by giving their father or grandfather a canna flower (ดอกพุทธรักษา Dok Buddha Ruksa), which is considered a masculine flower; however, this is not as commonly practiced today. Thai people will wear yellow on this day to show respect for the late king, because yellow is the color of the day for Monday, the day King Bhumibol Adulyadej was born. Thais flood the Sanam Luang, a massive park in front of the palace, to watch the king give his annual speech, and often stay until the evening, when there is a national ceremony. Thais will light candles and show respect to the king by declaring their faith. This ceremony happens in almost every village in Thailand, and even overseas at Thai organizations.

text: It first gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s as part of a campaign by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's royal family.[42] Mother's Day is celebrated on the birthday of Queen Sirikit,[42] August 12.

text: Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

text: In Trinidad and Tobago, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In Turkey, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: In United Arab Emirates, Father's Day is celebrated on June 21, generally coinciding with midsummer's day.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.[38] The day does not have a long tradition; The English Year (2006) states that it entered British popular culture "sometime after the Second World War, not without opposition".[72]

text: United States of America[edit]

text:
In the US, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.[73] Typically, families gather to celebrate the father figures in their lives.
In recent years, retailers have adapted to the holiday by promoting greeting cards and gifts such as electronics and tools. Schools (if in session) and other children's programs commonly have activities to make Father's Day gifts. The U.S. Open golf tournament is scheduled to finish on Father's Day, as was the 2016 NBA Finals.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: In Ukraine, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Traditionally, as on Mother's Day, families gather together and have lunch, usually at the grandparents' house. In recent years, families also started having lunch out, and as on Mother's Day, it is one of the busiest days for restaurants. At school, children handcraft their present for their fathers. Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers: electronics, suits, and men's healthcare products.


document_title: Xbox

question_text: when did the first x box come out

question_tokens: when did the first x box come out

text: Xbox

text: Consoles

text: Xbox

text: The original Xbox was released on November 15, 2001, in North America, February 22, 2002, in Japan, and March 14, 2002, in Australia and Europe. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market. As part of the sixth-generation of gaming, the Xbox competed with Sony's PlayStation 2, Sega's Dreamcast (which stopped American sales before the Xbox went on sale), and Nintendo's GameCube. The Xbox was the first console offered by an American company after the Atari Jaguar stopped sales in 1996. The name Xbox was derived from a contraction of DirectX Box, a reference to Microsoft's graphics API, DirectX.[7][8]

text: The integrated Xbox Live service launched in November 2002 allowed players to play games online with or without a broadband connection.[9] It first competed with Dreamcast's online service but later primarily competed with PlayStation 2's online service. Although these two are free while Xbox Live required a subscription, as well as broadband-only connection which was not completely adopted yet, Xbox Live was a success due to better servers, features such as a buddy list, and milestone titles like Halo 2 released in November 2004, which is the best-selling Xbox video game and was by far the most popular online game for years.

text: Xbox 360

text: The Xbox 360 was released as the successor of the original Xbox in November 2005, competing with Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. As of June 30, 2013, 78.2 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide.[10] The Xbox 360 was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12, 2005, with detailed launch and game information divulged later that month at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). The console sold out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan.[11][12][13]

text: The Xbox 360 showed an expanded Xbox Live service (which now included a limited "Free" tier called Silver), the ability to stream multimedia content from PCs, while later updates added the ability to purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video services, along with access to third-party content services through third-party media streaming applications. Microsoft also released Kinect, a motion control system for the Xbox 360 which uses an advanced sensor system.

text: At their E3 presentation on June 14, 2010, Microsoft announced a redesigned Xbox 360 that would ship on the same day.[14] The redesigned console is slimmer than the previous Xbox 360 model and features integrated 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi, TOSLINK S/PDIF optical audio output, five USB 2.0 ports (compared to the three from older versions) and special port designed for the Kinect peripheral.[15] Older models of the Xbox 360 have since been discontinued.[16] The first new console to be released features a 250 GB hard drive, while a later less expensive SKU features 4 GB internal storage.

text: Xbox One

text: The Xbox One was released on November 22, 2013 in North America, as the successor of the Xbox 360. The Xbox One competes with Sony's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

text: Announced on May 21, 2013,[17] the Xbox One now has a large emphasis on internet-based features; including the ability to record and stream gameplay, and the ability to integrate with a set-top box to watch cable or satellite TV through the console with an enhanced guide interface and Kinect-based voice control.[18][19][20][21]

text: Following its unveiling, the Xbox One proved controversial for its original digital rights management and privacy practices; while Microsoft touted the ability for users to access their library of games (regardless of whether they were purchased physically or digitally) on any Xbox One console without needing their discs, and the ability to share their entire library with 10 designated "family" members, all games would have to be tied to the user's Xbox Live account and their Xbox One console, and the console would be required to connect to the Internet on a periodic basis (at least once every 24 hours) in order to synchronize the library, or else the console would be unable to play any games at all.[22][23] After an overwhelmingly negative response from critics and consumers (who also showed concerns that the system could prevent or hinder the resale of used games), Microsoft announced that these restrictions would be dropped.[24] Microsoft was also criticized for requiring the Xbox One to have its updated Kinect peripheral plugged in to function, which critics and privacy advocates believed could be used as a surveillance device. As a gesture toward showing a commitment to user privacy, Microsoft decided to allow the console to function without Kinect.[25][26][27]

text: On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced the Xbox One S, a slimmer version of the Xbox One, at E3 2016.[28]

text: Xbox One X

text: Phil Spencer, head of Xbox, announced Project Scorpio at E3 2016 on June 13, 2016, an addition to the Xbox One family, saying it would release in Holiday 2017.[29] At E3 2017, Microsoft revealed the final name of the console to be Xbox One X, and that it would start shipping worldwide on November 7, 2017 for a final retail price of $499.[30]

text: Comparison

text:
Xbox
Xbox 360
Xbox One
Xbox One X

Console

Xbox One w/Kinect

Xbox One S

Console Launch price

US$299.99
GB£299.99
€479,99

US$299.99 (Core) (discontinued)
US$399.99 (Premium – 20 GB) (discontinued)
US$249.99 (Premium – 60 GB) (discontinued)
US$479.99 (Elite) (120 GB) (discontinued)
US$299.99 (Arcade – 256 MB internal memory) (discontinued)
US$199.99 (Arcade – 512 MB internal memory) (discontinued)
US$299.99 ("Super Elite") (250 GB) (discontinued)
US$399.99 (Xbox 360 S – 250 GB + Kinect) (discontinued)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 S – 250 GB) (discontinued)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 S – 4 GB internal memory + Kinect) (discontinued)
US$199.99 (Xbox 360 S – 4 GB internal memory) (discontinued)
US$199.99 (Xbox 360 E – 4 GB internal memory)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 E – 250 GB)
US$299.99 (Xbox 360 E – 4 GB internal memory + Kinect)

US$499.99 (Kinect Bundle)
US$399.99 (Standalone)
US$499.99 (Xbox One Elite - 1 TB + Elite controller)
US$299.99 (Xbox One S)

US$499.99 (Black 1 TB version)

Release date

NA: November 15, 2001

JP: February 22, 2002

EU: March 14, 2002

NA: November 22, 2005

EU: December 2, 2005

JP: December 10, 2005

AU: March 23, 2006

Further information: Xbox 360 launch#Release dates and pricing
November 22, 2013[31]

WW: November 7, 2017

Discontinued

JP: June 4, 2006

NA: March 2, 2009

EU: March 11, 2007

WW: April 20, 2016

N/A
N/A

Units sold
24+ million (as of May 10, 2006)[1]
77.2 million (as of April 18, 2013[update])[2](details)
26+ million (estimate, as of January 18, 2017[update])[32]
N/A

Best-selling game
Halo 2, 8 million (as of May 9, 2006)[33][34]
Kinect Adventures (pack-in with Kinect peripheral), 24 million[35]
Best selling non-bundled game: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, 14.23 million[36]

Call of Duty: Black Ops III, 7.24 million (As of October 16, 2016)[37]

Media
CD, DVD
CD, DVD, HD DVD (movies only) with add-on drive
CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, USB Drive with supported media, DLNA Servers[38]
CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, UHD Blu-ray Disc, USB Drive with supported media, DLNA Servers[39]

Accessories (retail)

Xbox Live Starter Kit
Xbox Media Center Extender
DVD Playback Kit
Xbox Music Mixer
Memory Unit (8 MB)
Logitech Wireless Controller (2.4 GHz)
More...

see Xbox 360 accessories

Media Remote
Stereo Headset Adapter
Official Stereo Headset
Digital TV Tuner (EU Only)
Play and Charge Kit

see Xbox One accessories

CPU
733 MHz x86 Intel Celeron/Pentium III Custom Hybrid CPU
3.2 GHz IBM PowerPC tri-core CPU codenamed "Xenon"
1.75 GHz AMD x86-64 eight-core CPU codenamed "Jaguar"[40]
2.3 GHz semi-custom AMD x86-64 eight-core CPU code named "Jaguar Enhanced"[39]

GPU
233 MHz nVidia custom GeForce 3 NV2A DirectX 8.0 based GPU
500 MHz ATi custom Radeon X1800 DirectX 9.0c based GPU codenamed "Xenos"
853 MHz AMD Radeon HD 7000 series DirectX 11.1, DirectX 12 based GPU codenamed "Durango"
1172 MHz customized AMD GCN based GPU with 40 compute units

Memory
64 MB DDR SDRAM @ 200 MHz; in dual-channel 128-bit configuration giving 6400 MB/s
512 MB of GDDR3 RAM @ 700 MHz 22.4 GB/s, 10 MB EDRAM GPU frame buffer memory
8 GB of DDR3 RAM @ 2133 MHz 68.3 GB/s,[38] 32 MB ESRAM GPU frame buffer memory
12 GB of GDDR5 RAM @ 326 GB/s[39]

Video I/O

VGA, Component (YPbPr), SCART, S-Video, Composite
1080i, 720p, 576p, 576i, 480p, 480i

HDMI (on models manufactured after August 2007), VGA, Component/D-Terminal (YPbPr), SCART, S-Video, Composite
1080p, 1080i, 720p, 576p, 576i, 480p, 480i

Various monitor resolutions available via VGA and HDMI/DVI (640×480, 848×480, 1024×768, 1280×720, 1280×768, 1280×1024, 1360×768, 1440×900, 1680×1050 & 1920×1080)

HDMI (one in, one out)
4K 2160p, 1080p, 720p, Xbox One does not support any interlaced resolutions.

HDMI 2.1 Output
HDMI 1.4b Input
4K 2160p @ 60fps, 1080p, 720p
HDR10
AMD FreeSync

Audio I/O

Optical Toslink, Stereo RCA
DTS, Dolby Digital Live, Dolby Digital, Dolby Surround, Stereo

HDMI, Optical Toslink, Stereo RCA
DTS, WMA Pro, Dolby Digital, Dolby Surround, Stereo

HDMI (one in, one out), Optical Toslink
DTS-HD Master Audio, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, Dolby Digital Plus, DTS, Dolby Digital, Dolby Atmos

HDMI 2.1 Output
HDMI 1.4b Input
Optical Toslink
DTS-HD Master Audio, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, Dolby Digital Plus, DTS, Dolby Digital, Dolby Atmos

Online service
Xbox Live (2002–10) XLink Kai (2003-present)
Xbox Live
Xbox Live Arcade
Xbox Live Marketplace
Xbox Live Vision (webcam), headset
Xbox Live Video Marketplace
Windows Live Messenger
Internet Explorer
VideoKinect (Kinect sensor is no longer needed)
Xbox Live
Xbox Store
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Edge
Skype

Backward compatibility
N/A
50% of Xbox Library
Select Xbox 360 and Xbox titles[41]

System software
Xbox Music Mixer
DVD Playback Kit, Xbox Linux
see Xbox 360 system software
see Xbox One system software

System software
features
Audio CD playback

Audio file playback (non-DRM AAC, MP3, WMA)
Video file playback (MPEG4, WMV, DivX, XviD[42])
Image slideshows
Connectivity with Windows PCs for more codec support and external playback (compatible natively with Windows XP Media Center Edition and Windows Vista, with Windows XP with downloadable utility)[43]
Keyboard support

3D Blu-ray Support
DLNA Server Support
External Hard Drive Support

Consumer programmability
Via Softmods and/or modchips; Modified Windows CE 2.x, Linux.
Development on PC with XNA Game Studio ($99/year subscription, binary distribution with XNA 1.0 Refresh).[44]
ID@Xbox and approved Windows Store; UWP apps.

text: Games

text: Each console has a variety of games. Most games released on the original Xbox are backwards compatible and can be played directly on its successor, Xbox 360. Backward compatibility with Xbox 360 titles was added to Xbox One in June 2015, although titles requiring Kinect or USB peripherals will not be supported.

text: Online services

text: Xbox Live

text: Xbox Live is an online service with over 40 million users worldwide (as of January 10, 2012).[45] It comprises an online virtual market, the Xbox Live Marketplace, which allows the purchase and download of games and various forms of multimedia. Online gaming on the Xbox first started on November 15, 2002 worldwide. The service is still active and continues to be played by gamers.

text: Xbox Live Marketplace

text: The Xbox Live Marketplace (XBLM) is a virtual market designed for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console that allows Xbox Live members to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, Video Store, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games, Xbox Live Indie Games (Previously Community Games), Games on Demand (Xbox 360 and Xbox Originals), downloadable content such as map packs, gamer pictures, and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes.

text: The August 11, 2009 update added Xbox 360 games for download, the Avatar Marketplace, and renamed Community Games to Indie Games.

text: The Spring 2007 update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard relocated the Marketplace to its own "blade" in order to bring more attention to the service and make it more accessible to users. Although this has been obsoleted by the NXE update, the section has been implemented into three separate sections in the Dashboard: the Game Marketplace, Video & Music Marketplace, and Avatar Marketplace.

text: Downloaded content requires enough space on either the Xbox 360's hard drive, or an Xbox 360 Memory Unit. Selected downloads are placed in a queue and are downloaded whilst the console is powered on and is connected to Xbox Live. Users can choose to send certain downloads to the front of the queue to be downloaded first. Downloads are temporarily halted during certain times where games make use of Xbox Live's features (e.g. online multiplayer).

text: Xbox SmartGlass

text: Xbox SmartGlass is a companion application for Xbox 360 available for Windows 8, Windows 10, Windows Phone, iOS, Android (version 4.0 and above)[46] and Windows Server 2012. It was announced by Microsoft during E3 2012 and released on October 26, 2012, coinciding with the release of Windows 8.[47] It connects with the Xbox 360 and allows more interactive entertainment, allowing mobile devices to potentially serve as second screens and remote controller. Currently[when?] Windows 8 and Windows RT Tablets and PCs, Windows Phone (7.5 and 8) iOS devices, and Android smartphones (4.x) are compatible with SmartGlass,[48] providing information such as Halo 4 stats and Forza Horizon GPS.[49] Users of Windows Server 2012 can currently download the application from the Windows Store after installing the Windows Desktop Experience feature in the Server Manager.[50]

text: Software

text: Xbox 360 Dashboard

text: The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five "Blades" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on. A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. This simplified version showed the user's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game.

text: Xbox One Dashboard

text: Controllers

text: Xbox Controller

text: Released in 2001, the Xbox control pad was the first controller made for the original Xbox. The Xbox controller features two analog sticks, a pressure-sensitive directional pad, two analog triggers, a Back button, a Start button, two accessory slots and six 8-bit analog action buttons (A/Green, B/Red, X/Blue, Y/Yellow, and Black and White buttons).[51] The standard Xbox controller (originally nicknamed the "Fatty"[52] and later the "Duke"[53]) was originally the controller bundled with Xbox systems for all territories except Japan.

text: Xbox 360 Controller

text: Released in 2005, the Xbox 360 controller for the Xbox 360 succeeded its predecessor. A standard Xbox 360 controller features eleven digital buttons, two analog triggers, two analog sticks and a digital D-pad. The right face of the controller features four digital actions buttons; a green "A" button, red "B" button, blue "X" button and yellow "Y" button. The lower right houses the right analog stick, in lower left is a digital D-pad and on the left face is the left analog stick. Both analog sticks can also be "clicked in" to activate a digital button beneath. In the center of the controller face are digital "Start", "Back" and "Guide" buttons. The "Guide" button is labelled with the Xbox logo, and is used to turn on the console/controller and to access the guide menu. It is also surrounded by the "ring of light", which indicates the controller number, as well as flashing when connecting and to provide notifications. The left and right "shoulders" each feature a digital shoulder button, or "bumper", and an analog trigger.

text: Xbox 360 Kinect

text: Kinect (stylized as KINECT) is a motion sensing input device by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 video game console and Windows PCs. Based around a webcam-style add-on peripheral for the Xbox 360 console, it enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without the need to touch a game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and spoken commands.[54] The project is aimed at broadening the Xbox 360's audience beyond its typical gamer base.[55] Kinect competes with the Wii Remote Plus and PlayStation Move with PlayStation Eye motion controllers for the Wii and PlayStation 3 home consoles, respectively. A version for Windows was released on February 1, 2012.[56]

text: Kinect was launched in North America on November 4, 2010,[57] in Europe on November 10, 2010,[58] in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore on November 18, 2010,[59][60][61] and in Japan on November 20, 2010.[62] Purchase options for the sensor peripheral include a bundle with the game Kinect Adventures and console bundles with either a 4 GB[63][64][65] or 250 GB[66] Xbox 360 console and Kinect Adventures.[63][64][65][66]

text: The Kinect claimed the Guinness World Record of being the "fastest selling consumer electronics device" after selling a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days.[67][68][69] 24 million units of the Kinect sensor had been shipped as of January 2012.[35]

text: Microsoft released Kinect software development kit for Windows 7 on June 16, 2011.[70][71][72] This SDK was meant to allow developers to write Kinecting apps in C++/CLI, C#, or Visual Basic .NET.[73][74]

text: Additional information on the Xbox One Kinect was released on June 6, 2013, including information on how to turn off the "always on" feature.[75]

text: Xbox One Controller

text: The Xbox One console has a revised controller with forty improvements over the 360's controller. This new controller is built to work with Kinect. The Start and Back buttons are replaced with Menu and View buttons. It has impulse triggers that replace the regular triggers. The button with the Xbox logo will no longer bring up the Xbox Guide as the Xbox Guide Button on the Xbox 360 controller did. The button will now open up the dashboard without interrupting the game currently being played by the user. Once pressed again, the Xbox will resume the game.[76]

text: Xbox One Kinect

text: Although featuring improved performance over the original Kinect, its successor has been subject to mixed responses. It has been praised for its wide angle, its fast response time and high quality camera. However, the Kinect's inability to understand some accents in English was criticized. Furthermore, controversies surround Microsoft's intentional tying of the sensor with the Xbox One console despite the initial requirements for the sensor being plugged in at all times having been revised since its initial announcement. There have also been a number of concerns regarding privacy.

text: Marketing

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)

text: In 2016, Microsoft announced that it would hold its own Xbox FanFest instead of a press conference at the Gamescom annual European video game convention.[77] Microsoft held an Xbox FanFest in Sydney in September 2016.[78]


document_title: International Bureau of Weights and Measures

question_text: where is the bureau responsible for regulating the international system of measurement located

text: History[edit]

text: The BIPM was created on 20 May 1875, following the signing of the Metre Convention, a treaty among 51 nations (as of August 2008[update]).[3] It is based at the Pavillon de Breteuil in Sèvres, France, a 4.35 ha (10.7-acre) site (originally 2.52 ha (6.2 acres))[4] granted to the Bureau by the French Government in 1876, where it enjoys extraterritorial status,[5][dubious – discuss] a status that was clarified by the French decree No 70-820 of 9 September 1970.[4]

text: Function[edit]

text: Under the authority of the Metric Convention, the BIPM helps to ensure uniformity of SI weights and measures around the world. It does so through a series of consultative committees, whose members are the national metrology laboratories of the Convention's member states, and through its own laboratory work.

text: The BIPM carries out measurement-related research. It takes part in and organises international comparisons of national measurement standards and performs calibrations for member states.

text: The BIPM has an important role in maintaining accurate worldwide time of day. It combines, analyses, and averages the official atomic time standards of member nations around the world to create a single, official Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[6]

text: The BIPM is also the keeper of the international prototype of the kilogram.[7]

text: Directors of the BIPM[edit]

text: Since its establishment, the directors of the BIPM have been:[8]

text:
1875–1877 Gilbert Govi (Italy)
1877–1879 J. Pernet (Switzerland)
1879–1889 Ole Jacob Broch (Norway)
1889–1915 J.-René Benoît (France)
1915–1936 Charles Édouard Guillaume (Switzerland)
1936–1951 Albert Pérard (France)
1951–1961 Charles Volet (Switzerland)
1962–1977 Jean Terrien (France)
1978–1988 Pierre Giacomo (France)
1988–2003 Terry J. Quinn, CBE FRS (United Kingdom)
2004–2010 Andrew J. Wallard (United Kingdom)
2011–2012 Michael Kühne (Germany)
2013– Martin J. T. Milton (United Kingdom).[9]