document_title: List of best-selling fiction authors

question_text: who is the top selling author of all time

text: List of best-selling fiction authors

text: This is a list of best-selling fiction authors to date, in any language. While finding precise sales numbers for any given author is near-impossible, the list is based on approximate numbers provided or repeated by reliable sources. "Best-selling" refers to the estimated number of copies sold of all fiction books written or co-written by an author. To keep the list manageable, only authors with estimated sales of at least 100 million are included. Authors of comic books are not included unless they have been published in book format (for example: comic albums or Tankōbon).

text: Authors such as Miguel de Cervantes, Alexandre Dumas, Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, Arthur Conan Doyle, Victor Hugo, Jules Verne, Rick Riordan, Jack Higgins and Leon Uris have not been included in the table because no exact figures could be found—although there are indications that they too have more than 100 million copies of their work in print.[citation needed]

text:
Author
Min. estimated sales
Max. estimated sales
Original language
Genre or title
Number of books
Citizenship

Christie, AgathaAgatha Christie
2 billion[1]
4 billion[2]
English
Whodunits including the Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot series
85
British

Shakespeare, WilliamWilliam Shakespeare
2 billion[3]
4 billion[2]
English
Plays and poetry
42
English

Cartland, BarbaraBarbara Cartland
500 million[4]
1 billion[5]
English
Romance
723
British

Steel, DanielleDanielle Steel
500 million[6]
800 million[7]
English
Romance
120
American

Robbins, HaroldHarold Robbins
750 million[8]
750 million[9]
English
Adventure
23
American

Simenon, GeorgesGeorges Simenon
500 million[10]
700 million[11]
French
Detectives, Maigret, romans dur
570
Belgian

Sheldon, SidneySidney Sheldon
370 million[12]
600 million[13]
English
Suspense
21
American

Blyton, EnidEnid Blyton
300 million[14]
600 million[15]
English
Children's literature, Noddy, The Famous Five, The Secret Seven
800
British

Rowling, J. K.J. K. Rowling
450 million[16]
500 million[17]
English
Harry Potter
11
British

Seuss, Dr.Dr. Seuss
100 million[18]
500 million[19]
English
Children's literature
44
American

Patten, GilbertGilbert Patten
125 million[20]
500 million[21]
English
Adolescent adventures
209
American

Oda, EiichiroEiichiro Oda
320 million[22]
440 million[23]
Japanese
One Piece, Manga
88
Japanese

Tolstoy, LeoLeo Tolstoy

413 million[24]
Russian
War and Peace, Anna Karenina
48
Russian

Tellado, CorínCorín Tellado
400 million[25]
400 million[26]
Spanish
Romance
4,000
Spanish

Collins, JackieJackie Collins
250 million[27]
400 million[28]
English
Romance
25
British

Alger, HoratioHoratio Alger
200 million[29]
400 million[30]
English
Dime novels
135
American

Stine, R. L.R. L. Stine
100 million[31]
400 million[32]
English
Goosebumps series, Fear Street series, horror, comedy
430+
American

Koontz, DeanDean Koontz
325 million[33]
400 million[34]
English
Horror, thriller, science fiction, fantasy
91
American

Roberts, NoraNora Roberts
145 million[35]
400 million[36]
English
Romance
200+
American

Pushkin, AlexanderAlexander Pushkin

357 million[24]
Russian
Plays, poetry, prose, Eugene Onegin
17
Russian

King, StephenStephen King
300 million[37]
350 million[38]
English
Horror, science fiction, fantasy, It, The Shining, The Stand, Bag Of Bones, Needful Things, The Green Mile
70
American

Coelho, PauloPaulo Coelho
200 million[39]
350 million[40]
Portuguese
The Alchemist
28
Brazilian

L'Amour, LouisLouis L'Amour
230 million[41]
330 million[42]
English
Western
101
American

Gardner, Erle StanleyErle Stanley Gardner
100 million[43]
325 million[44]
English
Mystery, Perry Mason
140
American

Jin Yong
100 million[45]
300 million[46][47]
Chinese
Wuxia
15
Hong Kong Chinese

Akagawa, JirōJirō Akagawa

300 million[48]
Japanese
Mystery
500+
Japanese

Dailey, JanetJanet Dailey
300 million[49]
300 million[50]
English
Romance
93
American

Wallace, EdgarEdgar Wallace

300 million[51]
English
Detective
175
British

Ludlum, RobertRobert Ludlum
110 million[52]
290 million[53]
English
Espionage, Jason Bourne
40
American

Patterson, JamesJames Patterson
150 million[54]
275 million[55]
English
Thriller, Alex Cross
98
American

Dard, FrédéricFrédéric Dard
200 million[56]
270 million[57]
French
Detective, San Antonio
300
Swiss

Archer, JeffreyJeffrey Archer
120 million[58]
270 million[59]
English
Crime thriller The Clifton Chronicles
30
British

Berenstain, Stan and JanStan and Jan Berenstain
200 million[60]
260 million[61]
English
Berenstain Bears
300+
American

Dahl, RoaldRoald Dahl
200 million[62]
250 million[63]
English
Children's literature
50
British

Grisham, JohnJohn Grisham
100 million[64]
250 million[65]
English
Legal thriller
22
American

Grey, ZaneZane Grey

250 million[66]
English
Western

American

Wallace, IrvingIrving Wallace

250 million[67]
English
Suspense

American

Tolkien, J. R. R.J. R. R. Tolkien
200 million[68]
250 million[69]
English
The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, classical fantasy
36
British

Toriyama, AkiraAkira Toriyama

240 million[70]
Japanese
Dragon Ball, Dr. Slump, Manga
60
Japanese

Kishimoto, MasashiMasashi Kishimoto

235 million[71]
Japanese
Naruto, Manga
72
Japanese

May, KarlKarl May
100 million[72]
200 million[73]
German
Western, adventure
80
German

Spillane, MickeyMickey Spillane
100 million[74]
200 million[75]
English
Detective, Mike Hammer

American

Lewis, C. S.C. S. Lewis
100 million[76]
200 million[77]
English
The Chronicles of Narnia, fantasy, popular theology
38
British

Nishimura, KyotaroKyotaro Nishimura

200 million[78]
Japanese
Mystery
400+
Japanese

Adachi, MitsuruMitsuru Adachi

200 million[79]
Japanese
Manga

Japanese

Takahashi, RumikoRumiko Takahashi

200 million[79]
Japanese
Manga

Japanese

Aoyama, GoshoGosho Aoyama

200 million[80]
Japanese
Manga

Japanese

Brown, DanDan Brown
200 million
200 million[81]
English
Thriller, Robert Langdon
7[82]
American

Martin, Ann M.Ann M. Martin
172 million[83]
180 million[84]
English
The Baby-sitters Club
335
American

Shiba, RyōtarōRyōtarō Shiba

180 million[85]
Japanese
Historical
350
Japanese

Hailey, ArthurArthur Hailey
150 million[86]
170 million[87]
English
Thriller
11
British/Canadian

Villiers, Gérard deGérard de Villiers

150 million[88]
French
Detectives, SAS
170
French

Potter, BeatrixBeatrix Potter
100 million[89]
150 million[90]
English
Peter Rabbit
23
British

Crichton, MichaelMichael Crichton
150 million[91]
150 million[92]
English
Techno thriller
25
American

Scarry, RichardRichard Scarry
100 million[93]
150 million[94]
English
Illustrated children's books
250
American

Cussler, CliveClive Cussler
40 million[95]
150 million[96]
English
Adventure, Dirk Pitt
37
American

MacLean, AlistairAlistair MacLean

150 million[97]
English
Adventure, thriller, war stories
32
British

Follett, KenKen Follett
90 million[98]
150 million[99]
English
Spy thriller, historical thriller
30
British

Lindgren, AstridAstrid Lindgren
100 million[100]
145 million[101]
Swedish
Children's literature
100
Swedish

Macomber, DebbieDebbie Macomber
60 million[102]
140 million[103]
English
Romance

American

EL James
100 million
125 million
English
Fifty Shades of Grey
3
British

Tite Kubo

120 million[104]
Japanese
Bleach, Manga
74
Japanese

Yoshikawa, EijiEiji Yoshikawa

120 million[105]
Japanese
Musashi
7
Japanese

Cookson, CatherineCatherine Cookson
100 million[106]
120 million[107]
English
Romance
103
British

Meyer, StephenieStephenie Meyer
100 million[108]
116 million[109]
English
The Twilight Saga, The Host, romance
6
American

Bridwell, NormanNorman Bridwell
100 million[110]
110 million[111]
English
Clifford the Big Red Dog
80
American

Baldacci, DavidDavid Baldacci

110 million[112]
English
Thriller
25
American

Nicholas Sparks
90 million[113]
105 million[114]
English
Romance
22
American

Araki, HirohikoHirohiko Araki

100 million[115]
Japanese
Jojo's Bizarre Adventure, Manga

Japanese

Hunter, EvanEvan Hunter
100 million[116]
100 million[117]
English
Detective (Ed McBain)
94
American

Neiderman, AndrewAndrew Neiderman
100 million[118]
100 million[119]
English
V. C. Andrews, The Devil's Advocate
60
American

Hargreaves, RogerRoger Hargreaves
100 million[120]
100 million[121]
English
Children's literature, Mr. Men

British

Rice, AnneAnne Rice
75 million[122]
100 million[123]
English
Gothic fiction, vampires, Interview with the Vampire (The Vampire Chronicles)
27
American

Cook, RobinRobin Cook
100 million[124]
100 million[125]
English
Medical thriller Coma
27
American

Smith, WilburWilbur Smith
80 million[126]
100 million[127]
English
African adventure
32
South African/British

Caldwell, ErskineErskine Caldwell
80 million[128]
100 million[129]
English
Literature
25
American

Judith Krantz
80 million[citation needed]
100 million[citation needed]
English
Romance
12
American

Hibbert, EleanorEleanor Hibbert
100 million[130]
100 million[131]
English
Romance, historical, suspense
200
British

Carroll, LewisLewis Carroll

100 million[132]
English
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, absurdist literature
5
British

Robins, DeniseDenise Robins

100 million[133]
English
Romance
200
British

Xueqin, CaoCao Xueqin

100 million[134]
Chinese
Dream of the Red Chamber

Chinese

Fleming, IanIan Fleming
100 million[135]
100 million[136]
English
James Bond
14
British

Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse
100 million[137]
100 million[138]
German
Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, The Glass Bead Game
45
German-Swiss

Stout, RexRex Stout
100 million[139]
100 million[140]
English
Nero Wolfe
50
American

Golon, AnneAnne Golon
100 million[141]
100 million[142]
French
Angélique
14
French

Slaughter, Frank G.Frank G. Slaughter

100 million[143]
English
Medical
62
American

Burroughs, Edgar RiceEdgar Rice Burroughs
100 million[144]
100 million[145]
English
Tarzan, Barsoom and Pellucidar series, science fantasy

American

Creasey, JohnJohn Creasey

100 million[146]
English
Crime thriller
600
British

Michener, James A.James A. Michener

100 million[147]
English
Historical
47
American

Uchida, YasuoYasuo Uchida

100 million[148]
Japanese
Mystery
130+
Japanese

Morimura, SeiichiSeiichi Morimura

100 million[148]
Japanese
Mystery
350+
Japanese

Higgins Clark, MaryMary Higgins Clark
100 million[149]
100 million[150]
English
Thriller

American

Jordan, PennyPenny Jordan
90 million[151]
100 million[152]
English
Romance
200+
British

Cornwell, PatriciaPatricia Cornwell

100 million[153]
English
Thriller
34+
American

Clancy, TomTom Clancy

100 million[154]
English
Thriller

American


document_title: Enclosed R

question_text: what is the r in a circle symbol

question_tokens: what is the r in a circle symbol

root

text: Enclosed R

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Enclosed R
Punctuation apostrophe ’  ' brackets [ ]  ( )  { }  ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma ,  ،  、 dash ‒  –  —  ― ellipsis  …  ...  ⋯  ᠁  ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop, period . guillemets ‹ ›  « » hyphen ‐ hyphen-minus - question mark ? quotation marks ‘ ’  “ ”  ' '  " " semicolon ; slash, stroke, solidus /  ⧸  ⁄
Word dividers interpunct · space
General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ basis point ‱ bullet • caret ^ dagger † ‡ ⹋ degree ° ditto mark ” equals sign = inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi, kome, reference mark ※ multiplication sign × number sign, pound, hash # numero sign № obelus ÷ ordinal indicator º ª percent, per mil % ‰ plus, minus + − plus-minus, minus-plus ± ∓ pilcrow ¶ prime ′  ″  ‴ section sign § tilde ~ underscore, understrike _ vertical bar, pipe, broken bar |  ‖  ¦
Intellectual property copyright © copyleft 🄯 sound-recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark ℠ trademark ™
Currency currency sign ¤
currency symbols

؋ ₳
฿ ₿
₵ ¢ ₡ ₢
$ ₫ ₯ ֏
₠ €
ƒ ₣
₲
₴
₭
₺ ₾
₼ ℳ ₥
₦
₧ ₱ ₰ £
元 圆 圓 ﷼ ៛ ₽ ₹ ₨
₪
৳ ₸ ₮
₩
¥ 円

Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron, hedera ❧ index, fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀Related

DiacriticsLogic symbols
Whitespace characters
In other scripts
ChineseHebrewJapaneseKorean
 Category
 Portal
 Book
vte

text: Enclosed R or circled Latin R (Ⓡ or ⓡ) is a typographical symbol.  As one of many enclosed alphanumerics, the symbol is an "R" within a circle. Its most notable usage is as the registered trademark symbol (®), however, that has a different unicode because some fonts place the RTM symbol in superscript by default, but not enclosed R.

tag: p

text: Encodings[edit]

text: The symbols can be generated with the unicode definitions U+24C7 Ⓡ Circled Latin capital letter R (HTML Ⓡ) and U+24E1 ⓡ CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER R (HTML ⓡ)

text:
hidevteThe letter RGeneral
Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)
Pronunciation of English /r/
Rhoticity in English
R-colored vowel
Rhotacism
Guttural R
Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations
Voiceless alveolar trill [r̥]
Voiced alveolar trill [r]
Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant [ɹ]
Voiceless alveolar flap [ɾ̥]
Voiced alveolar flap [ɾ]
Voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
Voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ]
Voiced retroflex flap [ɽ]
Voiced retroflex trill [ɽɽ]
Voiceless velar fricative [x]
Voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
Voiceless uvular trill [ʀ̥]
Voiced uvular trill [ʀ]
Voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]
Voiceless glottal fricative [h]
Voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
Variations
Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda)
Ꞃꞃ (Insular)
Ɽɽ (R with tail)
Ɍɍ (R with stroke)
Ʀʀ
Ȑȑ
Ŕŕ
Ŗŗ
Řř
Ȓȓ
Ṙṙ
Ṛṛ
R̄r̄
Ṝṝ
Ṟṟ
Rd
Rh
Rl
Rn
Rr
Rt
Rnd
ᚱ (Raidô)
ℝ (Real number)
® (Registered trademark symbol)
Ⓡ (Enclosed R)
℞ (Medical prescription)

text: This typography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

text: Typographical symbolsTypography stubs

tag: ul

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sourcesAll stub articles


document_title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

question_text: who plays the voice of gaston in beauty and the beast

text: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones. She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls.

text: Some years later, in the small town of Villeneuve, Belle, the book-loving daughter of a music box maker and artist Maurice, dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston, an arrogant former soldier. On his way to a convention and lost in the forest, Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast's castle, but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a gift to Belle. When Maurice's horse returns without him, Belle ventures out in search for him, and finds him locked in the castle dungeon. The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice's place.

text: Belle befriends the castle's servants, who invite her to a spectacular dinner. When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose, the Beast scares her into the woods. She is ambushed by a pack of wolves, but the Beast rescues her, and is injured in the process. As Belle nurses his wounds, a friendship develops between them. The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress, a book that transports readers wherever they want. Belle uses the book to visit her childhood home in Paris, where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave when her mother succumbed to the plague.

text: In Villeneuve, Maurice tries to convince the other villagers of the Beast and Belle's imprisonment but no one believes him. Gaston, seeing rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage, agrees to help Maurice. When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him, Gaston abandons him to be eaten by the wolves. Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe, but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston's crime and is unable to provide solid evidence, Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum.

text: After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast, Belle discovers her father's predicament using a magic mirror. The Beast releases her to save Maurice, giving her the mirror to remember him with. At Villeneuve, Belle reveals the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk, proving her father's sanity. Realizing that Belle loves the Beast, a jealous Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic, and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father. He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village. Maurice and Belle escape, and Belle rushes back to the castle.

text: During the battle, Gaston abandons his companion LeFou, who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers. Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower, who is too depressed to fight back, but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return. He defeats Gaston, but spares his life before reuniting with Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge, but it collapses when the castle crumbles, and he falls to his death. The Beast dies as the last petal falls, and the servants become inanimate. As Belle tearfully professes her love to the Beast, Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse, repairing the crumbling castle, and restoring the Beast's and servants' human forms and the villagers' memories. The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom, where they dance happily.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Emma Watson as Belle, a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him.
Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle.
Dan Stevens as Beast, a cold-hearted, selfish, unkind prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return, as well as to give rather than take. Stevens portrays the character through motion-capture.[13][14]
Adam Mitchell[1] portrays the younger version of the prince.
Luke Evans as Gaston, a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife.
Kevin Kline as Maurice, Belle's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist.[15]
Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice.
Josh Gad as LeFou, Gaston's flamboyant and long-suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend's ego but gets very little in return.[16]
Ewan McGregor as Lumière, the Beast's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra.[17]
Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza, the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord.[18]
Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe, a world-renowned opera singer and Cadenza's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe.[19]
Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Plumette, one of the castle maids and Lumière's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster.[20]
Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, the Beast's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock.[21]
Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, the castle's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot.[15]
Hattie Morahan as Agathe, an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who, in reality, is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince.[22] Morahan also narrates the prologue.
Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form. The film was released posthumously after Davies' death.
Nathan Mack as Chip, Mrs. Potts' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup.[23]
Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque, the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized.[22]
Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts, an absent-minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts' husband and Chip's father.
Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde, a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth's wife.
Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper, the owner and keeper of Villeneuve's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink.
Ray Fearon as Père Robert, Villeneuve's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel's meager library.
Sophie Reid, Rafaëlle Cohen, and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses, a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle.
Jimmy Johnston, Dean Street, and Alexis Loizon as Tom, Dick, and Stanley, a trio of men who serve as Gaston's henchmen.
Zoe Rainey as Belle's mother, Maurice's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant.
Clive Rowe as Cuisinier, the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove.
Gizmo as Frou-Frou, Maestro Cadenza's and Madame de Garderobe's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool.
Thomas Padden as Chapeau, the prince's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack.
Tom Turner[2] as The King, the prince's father who, following his wife's death, raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was.
Harriet Jones as The Queen, the prince's mother who died of an illness when he was a child.
Dale Branston as Villeneuve's residential baker.
Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster, the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read.
Vivian Parry as the Village Lass' mother, an unnamed seamstress.

text: Cast notes[edit]

text: ^  In the initial theatrical release, Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast, but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits

text: ^  In the initial theatrical release, Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast.[24]

text: Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette, a servant who was turned into a toilet. This character was cut from the film, but is featured in the deleted scenes.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical.[26][27] However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical "was canned".[28]

text: By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of Beauty and the Beast after making other live-action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland, Maleficent, Cinderella and The Jungle Book.[29] In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos.[30] Later in September of that same year, Stephen Chbosky (who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower) was hired to re-write the script.[31]

text: Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman (2012). Condon later explained that "after Frozen opened, the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old-school-musical approach. But initially, they said, 'We're interested in a musical to a degree, but only half full of songs.' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium—live-action—as a full-on musical movie. So I backed out for a minute, and they came back and said, 'No, no, no, we get it, let's pursue it that way.'"[32] Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical: "We worked on this for five or six years, and for 18 months to two years, Beauty was a serious dramatic project, and the scripts were written to reflect that. It wasn't a musical at that time. But we just couldn't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all. We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs. What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again?"[33]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle, the female lead.[34] She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn, as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger.[33] Two months later, Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively,[35][36] and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets.[13][37] The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively.[16][15][19][21][20][17][18][38]

text: Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as "perfect".[39] Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered to help Watson with her singing lessons.[40]

text: According to The Hollywood Reporter, Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent's $759 million worldwide gross.[41]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom, on May 18, 2015.[15][42][43] Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21.[44][45] Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.[46]

text: The Beast was portrayed with a "more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation", where actor Dan Stevens was "in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to "communicate the subtleties of the human face" and "[capture the] thought that occurs to him" which gets "through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast." The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation.[8]

text: Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the "Days of the Sun" number, due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Agathe. In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince (now played by Adam Mitchell). The King was also recast to Tom Turner, although Harriet Jones was still the Queen, albeit with dark hair. Both Goodman and Garrett's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases.[24]

text: Music[edit]

text: When released in 1991, Beauty and the Beast, marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. "That score had more to reveal", he says, "You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991. The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales. Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play. It's not just having real actors do it".[47]

text: Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a "straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical".[48] Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice.[49] Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs.[50] However, an instrumental version of the song "Home", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle.[51]

text: On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the original 1991 "Beauty and the Beast" duet song, with singer Peabo Bryson—that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs "How Does a Moment Last Forever" to play over the end titles.[52] She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil, who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet. While ultimately accepting the opportunity, she said: "[The] first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband. Now I'm making decisions on my own. It's a little bit harder. I couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career. According to Dion, "I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song "Evermore" on January 26, 2017.[53][54][55][56]

text:
The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.[57][58] Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film.[59]
Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service.[60]

text: Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film.[60]

text: Release[edit]

text: On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17, 2017.[15] The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015.[61]

text: The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place at Spencer House in London, United Kingdom on February 23, 2017;[62] and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube.

text: A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017.[63] The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017.[64]

text: The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up.[65]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide.[66] Following an announcement on May 22, 2016,[67] Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day.[68] In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time.[69] This record has since been broken by Thor: Ragnarok,[70] It and Avengers: Infinity War.[71][72] The first official teaser poster was released on July 7, 2016.[73] On November 2, 2016, Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine, along with nine new photos.[74][75] One week later, Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster.[76] On November 14, 2016, the first theatrical trailer was released, again on Good Morning America.[77] This reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours, setting a new record for the most views in one day, beating Fifty Shades Darker;[78] this record has since been broken by The Fate of the Furious.[79] A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards.[80] Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017.[81]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017.[82] The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as Beauty and the Beast.[83] The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release.[84] The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion.[6] With a production budget of $254 million, it is the most expensive musical ever made.[86][5] In just ten days, it became the highest-grossing live-action musical of all time, beating the nine-year-old record held by Mamma Mia!. It is currently the second-biggest musical ever overall, behind Disney's Frozen (2013).[87] Worldwide, the film proved to be a global phenomenon, earning a total of $357 million over its four-day opening weekend from 56 markets. Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women. It was the second-biggest March global opening, behind only Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, the thirteenth-biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh-biggest for Disney.[88] This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens, a new record for an IMAX PG title.[89] It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days.[90][91]

text: Beauty and the Beast was the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company's history, which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002. Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time,[92] and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings.[93][94][95][96] On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since Rogue One (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release.[97][98][99] It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi),[100] the highest-grossing March release,[101] the highest-grossing remake of all time,[102] and the sixth-biggest Disney film.[103] Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ($760 million in 2017 dollars) of the original film.[102] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the second-most profitable release of 2017.[104]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year. Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend, with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million.[105][106][107] By the time the film's release was 10 days away, analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million.[108][109] It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night, marking the biggest of 2017 (breaking Logan's record), the biggest ever for a Disney live-action film (breaking Maleficent's record), the second-biggest ever for both a G- or PG-rated film (behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince which also starred Watson), and the third-biggest ever in the month of March (behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games).[110] An estimated 41% of the gross came from IMAX, 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm, while the rest—59%—came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm.[111] The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week.[112]

text: On its opening day, the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens, marking the third biggest in the month of March, trailing behind Batman v Superman ($81.5 million) and The Hunger Games ($67 million).[113][114] It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that wasn't PG-13, displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Its opening day alone (which includes Thursday's previews) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live-action films, Maleficent ($69.4 million) and Cinderella ($67.9 million).[115] Unlike all previous four Disney live-action films witnessing a hike on their second day, Saturday, Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2% but, nevertheless, the dip was paltry, and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles.[92] Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend, it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records.[116] This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer/spring opening, beating Batman v Superman,[117][118] the biggest start ever for a PG title (also for a family film), surpassing Finding Dory which later surpassed by Incredibles 2,[119] the biggest debut of all time for a female-fueled film, ahead of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire,[120] the biggest for a Disney live-action adaptation, ahead of Alice in Wonderland[120] and the biggest musical debut ever, supplanting Pitch Perfect 2. Furthermore, it is also Watson's highest-opening, beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 same with Emma Thompson, director Bill Condon's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer, save for Star Wars: The Force Awakens, not accounting for inflation.[116]

text: It became the forty-third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million. Its three-day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ($146 million; before the 3D re-release), instantly becoming the second-biggest film of the year, behind Logan ($184 million), and also the second-highest-grossing musical, behind Grease's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978.[121] Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who don't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film. About 26% of the remaining tickets were for 3D. IMAX accounted for 7% ($12.5 million) of the total weekend's gross, setting a new record for a PG title, ahead of Alice in Wonderland ($12.1 million) while PLF repped 11% of the box office.[92] Seventy percent of the film's opening day demographic was female, dropping to 60% through the weekend.[120] According polling service PostTrak, about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would "definitely" recommend it for families.[122][123] The film's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences, good reviews from critics, effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama, the cast's star power (especially Emma Watson), lack of competition, being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier, nostalgia, and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney's brand.[122][123]

text: On Monday, its fourth day of release, the film fell precipitously by 72% earning $13.5 million. The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11% K-12 and 15% colleges were off per ComScore. Nevertheless, it is the second-biggest March Monday, behind Batman v Superman ($15 million).[124] This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million, a 32% increase from its previous day. The same day, the film passed $200 million in ticket sales.[125] It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release, the sixth-biggest seven-day gross of all time.[126] In its second weekend, the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48% earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth-biggest second weekend of all time, and the third-biggest for Disney.[127] In terms of percentage drop, its 48% decline is the third-smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million (behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens).[87] The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases: Power Rangers, Life, and CHiPs.[128] As a result, it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark.[129] The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend, finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ($50.2 million).[130] On April 4, 2017, its nineteenth day of release, it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so.[131] By its fourth weekend, the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas, a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend. Of those, approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing-along versions. It earned $26.3 million (−48%) and retained second place. By comparison, previous Disney films Moana (−8%) and Frozen (−2%) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing-alone versions were released.[132] Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson-starring new film The Circle.[133] That weekend, The Circle was number four, while Beauty and the Beast was at number six.[134] By May 28, the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 (until it was later surpassed by The Last Jedi),[135][136] the third female-fueled film (after The Force Awakens and Rogue One: A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman and The Last Jedi) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark.[137][138][139][140]

text: It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning The Hunger Games (2012),[141] the biggest musical film (both animated and live-action),[142] as well as the biggest film of 2017 (alongside The Last Jedi).[143]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Outside the US and Canada, the film began playing on Thursday, March 16, 2017. Through Sunday, March 19, it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets, 44 of which were major territories, far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam, Turkey, and India. Its launch is the second-biggest for the month of March, behind Batman v Superman ($256.5 million). In IMAX, it recorded the biggest debut for a PG-rated title (although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets) with $8.5 million from 649 screens, the second-biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book.[144] In its second weekend, it fell just by 35% earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold. It added major markets like France and Australia.[145] It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends[146] before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend. Despite the fall, the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017.[147][99]

text: It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines, the biggest March Thursday in Italy ($1 million, also the biggest Disney Thursday debut), the biggest March opening day in Austria, and the second-biggest in Germany ($1.1 million), Disney's biggest March in Denmark, the biggest Disney live-action debut in China ($12.6 million), the UK ($6.2 million), Mexico ($2.4 million) and Brazil ($1.8 million) and the third-biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million, behind only Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.[148][149] In terms of opening weekend, the largest debut came from China ($44.8 million), followed by the UK ($24.3 million), Korea ($11.8 million), Mexico ($11.8 million), Australia ($11.1 million), Brazil ($11 million), Germany ($10.7 million), France ($8.4 million), Italy ($7.6 million), Philippines ($6.3 million), Russia ($6 million), and Spain ($5.8 million).[144][145]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG-rated film, the biggest Disney live-action opening of all time, the biggest March opening weekend, the biggest opening for a musical (ahead of 2012's Les Misérables), the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth-biggest-ever overall with £19.7 million ($24.5 million) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book (£9.9 million).[150] This included the second-biggest Saturday ever (£7.9 million), only behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[151] It witnessed a decline in its second weekend, earning £12.33 million ($15.4 million). Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book, it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third-biggest ever (behind the two James Bond films Skyfall (2012) and Spectre).[152][145] In India, despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases, two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release, the film managed to take an occupancy of 15% on its opening day, an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions.[153][154][155] It earned around ₹15 million (US$220,000) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases—Machine, Trapped, and Aa Gaya Hero—combined.[156] Disney reported a total of ₹92.6 million (US$1.3 million) gross for its opening weekend there. It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania.[157][158][159] In Russia, despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating, the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million.[160]

text: In China, expectations were high for the film. The release date was announced on January 24, giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time—around two months—to market the film nationwide. The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day. Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40–60 million in its opening weekend. Largely driven by young women, its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book.[161] The original film was, however, never widely popular in the country.[162] Although China has occasionally blocked gay-themed content from streaming video services, in this case, Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact. According to local box office tracker Ent Group, the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day (Friday), representing 70% of the total receipts. Including previews, it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings, which is 43% of all screenings in the country.[163] It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday (102,700 showings) for a three-day total of $42.6 million, securing 60% of the total marketplace. Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million.[164][165] Either ways, it recorded the second-biggest opening for a Disney live-action film,[162] with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens.[144] Japan—a huge Disney market—served as the film's final market and opened there on April 21.[145] It debuted with a better-than-expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold. An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings, the fourth-biggest ever in the country.[166][167] The two-day gross was $9.7 million, outstripping Frozen's previous record of $9.5 million.[168] Due to positive reviews, good word-of-mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week, the film saw a 9% increase on its second weekend. The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot. The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends[169][170][171] and is the biggest film release of the year and, overall, the eleventh-biggest of all time.[172] It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends.[173][174]

text: The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam (behind Kong: Skull Island), Turkey (with two local movies and Logan ahead) and India (where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1).[144] It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany, Korea, Austria, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Switzerland and the UK (exclusive of previews).[147][175] In the Philippines, it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time—both local and foreign—with over $13.5 million.[176] In just five weeks, the film became one of the top 10 highest-grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland, ahead of all but one Harry Potter film (Deathly Hallows – Part 2) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies (which also starred Ian McKellen).[177] It is currently the eighth-biggest grosser with £70.1 million ($90 million), overtaking Mamma Mia! to become the biggest musical production ever there.[166][178] The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ($108 million), China ($85.8 million), Brazil ($41.5 million), Korea ($37.5 million), and Australia ($35 million).[173] In Europe alone, the cumulative total is $267 million, which led it to become the second-highest-grossing film in the past year (behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story).[166][169][179]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews, with praise for its ensemble cast, visuals, production values, musical score, songs, and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version, while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms received mixed reviews.[11][12] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, as of April, 2018, the film had an approval rating of 70% based on 322 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus read, "With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material."[180] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[181] In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[182][183]

text: Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours." Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects, costume designs and the sets, while commending the inclusion of Gad's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney.[184] Owen Gleiberman of Variety, in his positive review of the film, wrote: "It's a lovingly crafted movie, and in many ways a good one, but before that it's an enraptured piece of old-is-new nostalgia." Gleiberman compared Steven's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau's original adaptation.[185] A. O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens, and wrote: "It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste. I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy."[186]

text: Likewise, The Washington Post's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson's performance, describing it as "alert and solemn" while noting her singing ability as "serviceable enough to get the job done".[187] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three and a half stars, lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara's and Angela Lansbury's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated: "Almost overwhelmingly lavish, beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast".[188] Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast, production design and the new songs while noting the film doesn't try anything different, saying: "There's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast (well, except it isn't a cartoon anymore), but it's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die-hards satisfied."[189] In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: "There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways."[190] James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as "enthralling".[191]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice, particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[192] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an "exhilarating gift" while he remarked that "Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney's animated classic, even if some of the magic is M.I.A (Missing in Action)".[193] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as "Wild, Vivid and Crazy-Beautiful" as she wrote "Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life, to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming." and added that "it's loaded with feeling, almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls (and some boys, too) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version."[194] The San Francisco Chronicle's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone, calling it one of the joys of 2017, stating that "Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments, one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along" while referring the film as "beautiful" and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven's motion capture performance.[195]

text: Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that "It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad.[196] Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that "it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations, establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original" and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences.[197] Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it "this year's best new old musical" and "the most magical thing of all" while describing Watson's performance of Belle as "breakthrough".[198]

text: Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor. David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film "feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice".[199] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film "takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly." Phillips wrote that the film featured some "less conspicuously talented" performers who are "stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality", though he praised Kline's performance as the "best, sweetest thing in the movie; he brings a sense of calm, droll authority".[200] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson's performance and wrote that the film was "lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey-glow light, and it runs smoothly on rails—the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version." In the same newspaper, Wendy Ide criticized the film as "ornate to the point of desperation" in its attempt to emulate the animated film.[201][202]

text: Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B-, writing that while the film looks "exceptionally great", he said the new songs were "not transporting". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's and Steven's performances as the "film's stronger elements".[203] Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to "advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.[204]

text: Accolades and awards[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Academy Awards

March 4, 2018

Best Production Design

Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer

Nominated

[205]

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Nominated

Art Directors Guild Awards

January 27, 2018

Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film

Sarah Greenwood

Nominated

[206]

British Academy Film Awards

February 18, 2018

Best Production Design

Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer

Nominated

[207]

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Nominated

Casting Society of America

January 18, 2018

Big Budget – Comedy

Lucy Bevan, Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield

Nominated

[208]

Chicago Film Critics Association

December 12, 2017

Best Art Direction

Sarah Greenwood

Nominated

[209][210]

Costume Designers Guild Awards

February 20, 2018

Excellence in Fantasy Film

Jacqueline Durran

Nominated

[211]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards

January 11, 2018

Best Art Direction

Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer

Nominated

[212]

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Nominated

Best Hair & Makeup

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

Best Song

"Evermore"

Nominated

Empire Awards

March 18, 2018

Best Actress

Emma Watson

Nominated

[213][214]

Best Soundtrack

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

Best Make-up and Hairstyling

Won

Golden Trailer Awards

June 6, 2017

Best Animation/Family

Nominated

[215]

Best Original Score

Nominated

Best Animation/Family TV Spot

Nominated

Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot

Nominated

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

February 8, 2018

Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars

Matt Sullivan

Nominated

[216]

Hollywood Film Awards

November 5, 2017

Costume Design Award

Jacqueline Durran[a]

Won

[217]

Make-Up & Hair Styling Award

Jenny Shircore

Won

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

November 16, 2017

Best Original Song – Animated Film

"How Does a Moment Last Forever" – Alan Menken and Tim Rice

Nominated

[218][219]

Best Original Song – Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Horror Film

Won

"Evermore" – Alan Menken and Tim Rice

Nominated

Best Soundtrack Album

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

Hollywood Post Alliance

Outstanding Color Grading – Feature Film

Stefan Sonnenfeld

Nominated

[220][221]

Outstanding Visual Effects – Feature Film

Kyle McCulloch, Glen Pratt, Richard Hoover, Dale Newton, Neil Weatherley and Framestore

Nominated

Houston Film Critics Society

January 6, 2018

Best Original Song

"Evermore" – Alan Menken and Tim Rice

Nominated

[222]

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild

February 24, 2018

Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Hair

Jenny Shircore, Marc Pilcher and Charlotte Hayward

Nominated

[223]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

May 7, 2017

Movie of the Year

Beauty and the Beast

Won

[224]

Best Actor in a Movie

Emma Watson

Won

Best Kiss

Emma Watson and Dan Stevens

Nominated

Best Duo

Josh Gad and Luke Evans

Nominated

NAACP Image Awards

January 15, 2018

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture

Audra McDonald

Nominated

[225]

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Movie

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

[226]

Favorite Movie Actress

Emma Watson

Nominated

Publicists Guild Awards

March 2, 2018

Motion Picture

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

[227][228]

San Diego Film Critics Society

December 11, 2017

Best Production Design

Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer

Nominated

[229][230]

Best Visual Effects

Beauty and the Beast

Runner-up[b]

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Won[c]

Best Use of Music

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

Satellite Awards

February 10, 2018

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Nominated

[231]

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Fantasy Film

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

[232]

Best Actress

Emma Watson

Nominated

Best Production Design

Sarah Greenwood

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Won

Seattle Film Critics Society

December 18, 2017

Best Costume Design

Jacqueline Durran

Nominated

[233][234]

St. Louis Film Critics Association

December 17, 2017

Best Production Design

Sarah Greenwood

Nominated

[235]

Best Visual Effects

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

August 13, 2017

Choice Movie: Fantasy

Won

[236][237]

Choice Movie: Fantasy Actor

Dan Stevens

Nominated

Choice Movie: Fantasy Actress

Emma Watson

Won

Choice Movie Villain

Luke Evans

Won

Choice Movie Ship

Emma Watson and Dan Stevens

Won

Choice Liplock

Won

Choice Scene Stealer

Josh Gad

Nominated

Choice Hissy Fit

Luke Evans

Nominated

Dan Stevens

Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards

February 13, 2018

Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project

Shannon Justison, Casey Schatz, Neil Weatherley and Claire Michaud for "Be Our Guest"

Nominated

[238]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association

December 8, 2017

Best Motion Capture Performance

Dan Stevens

Nominated

[239]

Best Production Design

Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer

Nominated

Women Film Critics Circle

December 17, 2017

Best Family Film

Beauty and the Beast

Nominated

[240][241]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Gay character[edit]

text: Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a "gay moment" in the film, when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley, one of Gaston's friends.[242] Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com, Condon stated, "Can I just say, I'm sort of sick of this. Because you've seen the movie—it's such a tiny thing, and it's been overblown." Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked-about LeFou: "That was so important. We have interracial couples—this is a celebration of everybody's individuality, and that's what’s exciting about it.”[243] GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating, "It is a small moment in the film, but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry."[244]

text: In Russia, Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film,[245] but instead it was given a 16+ rating (children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults).[246] Additionally, a theater in Henagar, Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot.[247] In Malaysia, the Film Censorship Board insisted the "gay moment" scene be cut, prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney, followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored.[248][249][250] The studio moved the release date to March 30, to allow more time for Malaysia's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes.[251] The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia, which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that "the gay element was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film".[252][253] In Kuwait, the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it.[254]

text: The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes[255] and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation.[256] LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men.[257] Furthermore, the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three-second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film. Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences.[258]

text: Belle and the Beast's relationship[edit]

text: Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman,[259] but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner, and whether this is a problematic theme, has resulted.[260] As was the case with the original animated film, one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome (a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity). Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale.[261][262] Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as "where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor. Belle actively argues and disagrees with [Beast] constantly. She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence, she keeps that freedom of thought", also adding that Belle defiantly "gives as good as she gets" before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast.[263]

text: Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg, who coined the term "Stockholm syndrome", said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die.[264] Some therapists, while acknowledging that the pairing's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome, argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers.[265][266] Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version.[267] Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong.[268]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Also credited for Darkest Hour.

Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk.

Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread.

tag: ol


document_title: Chyme

question_text: where does the chyme go when it leaves the stomach

text: Chyme

text: Properties[edit]

text: Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. Chyme is part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and small intestine during digestion. Chyme also contains cells from the mouth and esophagus that slough off from the mechanical action of chewing and swallowing.

text: Path of chyme[edit]

text: After hours of mechanical and chemical digestion, food has been reduced into chyme. As particles of food become small enough, they are passed out of the stomach at regular intervals into the small intestine, which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate. This fluid neutralizes the gastric juices, which can damage the lining of the intestine, resulting in duodenal ulcer. Other secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion.

text: When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down proteins and starches in chyme that were not digested fully in the small intestine.

text: When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme, the remaining waste material changes into semisolids that are called feces. The feces pass to the rectum, to be stored until ready to be discharged from the body during defecation.

text: Uses[edit]

text: The chyme of an unweaned calf is the defining ingredient of pajata, a traditional Roman recipe.


document_title: XOR gate

question_text: xor gate using minimum number of nand gates

text: XOR gate

text: Symbols[edit]

text: There are two symbols for XOR gates: the traditional symbol and the IEEE symbol. For more information see Logic Gate Symbols.

text:
Traditional XOR Symbol

IEEE XOR Symbol

text: The logic symbols ⊕, Jpq, and ⊻ can be used to denote XOR in algebraic expressions.

text: C-like languages use the caret symbol ^ to denote bitwise XOR. (Note that the caret does not denote logical conjunction (AND) in these languages, despite the similarity of symbol.)

text: Pass-gate-logic wiring[edit]

text: An XOR gate can be constructed using MOSFETs. Here is a diagram of a pass transistor logic implementation of an XOR gate.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

text: Note: The "Rss" resistor prevents shunting current directly from "A" and "B" to the output. Without it, if the circuit that provides inputs A and B does not have the proper driving capability, the output might not swing rail to rail or be severely slew-rate limited. The "Rss" resistor also limits the current from Vdd to ground which protects the transistors and saves energy when the transistors are transitioning between states.

text: Alternatives[edit]

text:
If a specific type of gate is not available, a circuit that implements the same function can be constructed from other available gates. A circuit implementing an XOR function can be trivially constructed from an XNOR gate followed by a NOT gate. If we consider the expression

A
⋅

B
¯

+

A
¯

⋅
B

{\displaystyle A\cdot {\overline {B}}+{\overline {A}}\cdot B}

, we can construct an XOR gate circuit directly using AND, OR and NOT gates. However, this approach requires five gates of three different kinds.

text:
As an alternative, if different gates are available we can apply Boolean algebra to transform

A
⋅

B
¯

+

A
¯

⋅
B
≡
(
A
+
B
)
⋅

{\displaystyle A\cdot {\overline {B}}+{\overline {A}}\cdot B\equiv (A+B)\cdot }

(

A
¯

+

B
¯

)

{\displaystyle ({\overline {A}}+{\overline {B}})}

 as stated above, and apply de Morgan's Law to the last term to get

(
A
+
B
)
⋅

{\displaystyle (A+B)\cdot }

(
A
⋅
B
)

¯

{\displaystyle {\overline {(A\cdot B)}}}

 which can be implemented using only three gates as shown on the right.

text:
An XOR gate circuit can be made from four NAND gates. In fact, both NAND and NOR gates are so-called "universal gates" and any logical function can be constructed from either NAND logic or NOR logic alone. If the four NAND gates are replaced by NOR gates, this results in an XNOR gate, which can be converted to an XOR gate by inverting the output or one of the inputs (e.g. with a fifth NOR gate). An alternative arrangement is of five NOR gates in a topology that emphasizes the construction of the function from

(
A
+
B
)
⋅

{\displaystyle (A+B)\cdot }

(

A
¯

+

B
¯

)

{\displaystyle ({\overline {A}}+{\overline {B}})}

 (noting from de Morgan's Law that a NOR gate is, in effect, an inverted-input AND gate). Two possible configurations constructed from NAND gates and two possible configurations constructed from NOR gates are shown below.

text:
Desired gate
NAND construction
NOR construction

text: For the NAND constructions, the upper arrangement requires fewer gates. For the NOR constructions, the lower arrangement offers the advantage of a shorter propagation delay (the time delay between an input changing and the output changing).

text: More than two inputs[edit]

text: Strict reading of the definition of exclusive or, or observation of the IEC rectangular symbol, raises the question of correct behaviour with additional inputs. If a logic gate were to accept three or more inputs and produce a true output if exactly one of those inputs were true, then it would in effect be a one-hot detector (and indeed this is the case for only two inputs). However, it is rarely implemented this way in practice.

text: It is most common to regard subsequent inputs as being applied through a cascade of binary exclusive-or operations: the first two signals are fed into an XOR gate, then the output of that gate is fed into a second XOR gate together with the third signal, and so on for any remaining signals. The result is a circuit that outputs a 1 when the number of 1s at its inputs is odd, and a 0 when the number of incoming 1s is even. This makes it practically useful as a parity generator or a modulo-2 adder.

text: For example, the 74LVC1G386 microchip is advertised as a three-input logic gate, and implements a parity generator.[8]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Uses in addition[edit]

text: The XOR logic gate can be used as a one-bit adder that adds any two bits together to output one bit. For example, if we add 1 plus 1 in binary, we expect a two-bit answer, 10 (i.e. 2 in decimal). Since the trailing sum bit in this output is achieved with XOR, the preceding carry bit is calculated with an AND gate. This is the main principle in Half Adders. A slightly larger Full Adder circuit may be chained together in order to add longer binary numbers.

text: Pseudo-random number generation[edit]

text: Pseudo-random number (PRN) generators, specifically Linear feedback shift registers, are defined in terms of the exclusive-or operation. Hence, a suitable setup of XOR gates can model a linear feedback shift register, in order to generate random numbers.

text: Correlation and sequence detection[edit]

text: XOR gates produce a 0 when both inputs match. When searching for a specific bit pattern or PRN sequence in a very long data sequence, a series of XOR gates can be used to compare a string of bits from the data sequence against the target sequence in parallel. The number of 0 outputs can then be counted to determine how well the data sequence matches the target sequence. Correlators are used in many communications devices such as CDMA receivers and decoders for error correction and channel codes. In a CDMA receiver, correlators are used to extract the polarity of a specific PRN sequence out of a combined collection of PRN sequences.

text: A correlator looking for 11010 in the data sequence 1110100101 would compare the incoming data bits against the target sequence at every possible offset while counting the number of matches (zeros):

text: In this example, the best match occurs when the target sequence is offset by 1 bit and all five bits match. When offset by 5 bits, the sequence exactly matches its inverse. By looking at the difference between the number of ones and zeros that come out of the bank of XOR gates, it is easy to see where the sequence occurs and whether or not it is inverted. Longer sequences are easier to detect than short sequences.


document_title: Frost line (astrophysics)

question_text: where is the frost line in the solar system

text: Frost line (astrophysics)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
In astronomy or planetary science, the frost line, also known as the snow line or ice line, is the particular distance in the solar nebula from the central protostar where it is cold enough for volatile compounds such as water, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide to condense into solid ice grains. This condensation temperature depends on the volatile substance and the partial pressure of vapor in the protostar nebula.
The actual temperature and distance for the snow line of water ice depend on the physical model used to calculate it and on the theoretical solar nebula model:

text:
170 K at 2.7 AU (Hayashi, 1981)[1]
143 K at 3.2 AU to 150 K at 3 AU (Podolak and Zucker, 2010)[2]
3.1 AU (Martin and Livio, 2012)[3]
≈150 K for μm-size grains and ≈200 K for km-size bodies (D'Angelo and Podolak, 2015)[4]

text:
The radial position of the condensation/evaporation front varies over time, as the nebula evolves.
Occasionally, the term snow line is also used to represent the present distance at which water ice can be stable (even under direct sunlight). This current snow line distance is different from the formation snow line distance during the formation of the Solar System, and approximately equals 5 AU.[5] The reason for the difference is that during the formation of the Solar System, the solar nebula was an opaque cloud where temperatures were lower close to the Sun,[citation needed] and the Sun itself was less energetic. After formation, the ice got buried by infalling dust and it has remained stable a few meters below the surface. If ice within 5 AU is exposed, e.g. by a crater, then it sublimates on short timescales. However, out of direct sunlight ice can remain stable on the surface of asteroids (and the Moon) if it is located in permanently shadowed craters, where temperature may remain very low over the age of the Solar System (e.g. 30–40 K on the Moon).

text: Observations of the asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter, suggest that the water snow line during formation of the Solar System was located within this region. The outer asteroids are icy C-class objects (e.g. Abe et al. 2000; Morbidelli et al. 2000) whereas the inner asteroid belt is largely devoid of water. This implies that when planetesimal formation occurred the snow line was located at around 2.7 AU from the Sun.[3]

text: For example, the dwarf planet Ceres with semi-major axis of 2.77 AU lies almost exactly on the lower estimation for water snow line during the formation of the Solar System. Ceres appears to have an icy mantle and may even have a water ocean below the surface.[6][7]

text: Each volatile substance has its own snow line, e.g. carbon monoxide[8]  and nitrogen,[9] so it is important to always specify which material's snow line is meant. A tracer gas may be used for materials that are difficult to detect; for example diazenylium for carbon monoxide.

text:
The lower temperature in the nebula beyond the frost line makes many more solid grains available for accretion into planetesimals and eventually planets. The frost line therefore separates terrestrial planets from giant planets in the Solar System.[10]
However, giant planets have been found inside the frost line around several other stars (so-called hot Jupiters). They are thought to have formed outside the frost line, and later migrated inwards to their current positions.[11][12]  Earth, which lies less than a quarter of the distance to the frost line but is not a giant planet, has adequate gravitation for keeping methane, ammonia, and water vapor from escaping it. Methane and ammonia are rare in the Earth's atmosphere only because of their instability in an oxygen-rich atmosphere that results from life forms (largely green plants) whose biochemistry suggests plentiful methane and ammonia at one time, but of course liquid water and ice, which are chemically stable in such an atmosphere, form much of the surface of Earth.

text: Researchers Rebecca Martin and Mario Livio have proposed that asteroid belts may tend to form in the vicinity of the frost line, due to nearby giant planets disrupting planet formation inside their orbit. By analysing the temperature of warm dust found around some 90 stars, they concluded that the dust (and therefore possible asteroid belts) was typically found close to the frost line.[13]

text: The term is borrowed from the notion of "frost line" in soil science.


document_title: List of roller coaster rankings

question_text: what's the biggest wooden roller coaster in the world

question_tokens: what 's the biggest wooden roller coaster in the world

text: List of roller coaster rankings

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key

Key
Meaning

1
Record holder

**
Under construction

*
Still exists but not operating

text: Height rankings[edit]

text: Tallest steel roller coasters[edit]

text:
Tallest steel roller coasters

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Height
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Kingda Ka
Six Flags Great Adventure
United States
456 ft (139 m)
Intamin
May 2005 – Present

2
Top Thrill Dragster
Cedar Point
United States
420 ft (130 m)
Intamin
May 2003 – May 2005

3
Superman: Escape from Krypton[note 1]
Six Flags Magic Mountain
United States
415 ft (126 m)
Intamin
March 1997 – May 2003

4
Tower of Terror II[note 1]
Dreamworld
Australia
377 ft (115 m)
Intamin
January 1997 – March 1997

5
Red Force
Ferrari Land
Spain
367.4 ft (112.0 m)
Intamin
N/A

6
Fury 325
Carowinds
United States
325 ft (99 m)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

7
Steel Dragon 2000
Nagashima Spa Land
Japan
318.3 ft (97.0 m)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
N/A

8
Millennium Force
Cedar Point
United States
310 ft (94 m)
Intamin
N/A

9
Leviathan
Canada's Wonderland
Canada
306 ft (93 m)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

10
Intimidator 305
Kings Dominion
United States
305 ft (93 m)
Intamin
N/A

text: Longest steel roller coaster drops[edit]

text:
Longest steel roller coaster drops

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Drop length
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Kingda Ka
Six Flags Great Adventure
United States
418 ft (127 m)
Intamin
May 2005 – present

2
Top Thrill Dragster
Cedar Point
United States
400 ft (120 m)
Intamin
May 2003 – May 2005

3
Superman: Escape from Krypton[note 1]
Six Flags Magic Mountain
United States
328.1 ft (100.0 m)
Intamin
March 1997 – May 2003

Tower of Terror II[note 1]
Dreamworld
Australia
328.1 ft (100.0 m)
Intamin
January 1997 – May 2003

5
Fury 325
Carowinds
United States
320 ft (98 m)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

6
Steel Dragon 2000
Nagashima Spa Land
Japan
306.8 ft (93.5 m)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
N/A

7
Leviathan
Canada's Wonderland
Canada
306 ft (93 m)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

8
Intimidator 305
Kings Dominion
United States
300 ft (91 m)
Intamin
N/A

Millennium Force
Cedar Point
United States
300 ft (91 m)
Intamin
N/A

**
Hyperion
Energylandia
Poland
265.8 ft (81.0 m)
Intamin
N/A

10
Coaster Through the Clouds
Nanchang Wanda Park
China
255.9 ft (78.0 m)
Intamin
N/A

Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya
PortAventura
Spain
255.9 ft (78.0 m)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

text: Tallest wooden roller coasters[edit]

text:
Tallest wooden roller coasters[note 2][note 3]

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Height
Manufacturer
Record held

*
Colossos
Heide Park
Germany
196.8 ft (60.0 m)
Intamin
June 2009 – July 2016

1
Wildfire
Kolmården Wildlife Park
Sweden
183.8 ft (56.0 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
July 2016 – present

T Express
Everland
South Korea
183.8 ft (56.0 m)
Intamin
July 2016 – present

3
El Toro
Six Flags Great Adventure
United States
181 ft (55 m)
Intamin
N/A

4
Goliath
Six Flags Great America
United States
165 ft (50 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

*
Mean Streak
Cedar Point
United States
161 ft (49 m)
Dinn Corporation
May 1991 – March 1992

5
The Voyage
Holiday World & Splashin' Safari
United States
159 ft (48 m)
The Gravity Group
N/A

6
White Cyclone
Nagashima Spa Land
Japan
139 ft (42 m)
Intamin
N/A

7
Hades 360
Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park
United States
136 ft (41 m)
The Gravity Group
N/A

8
Wodan Timbur Coaster
Europa-Park
Germany
131.3 ft (40.0 m)
Great Coasters International
N/A

9
Le Monstre
La Ronde
Canada
130.9 ft (39.9 m)
William Cobb & Associates
N/A

10
American Eagle
Six Flags Great America
United States
127 ft (39 m)
Intamin
N/A

text: Longest wooden roller coaster drops[edit]

text:
Longest wooden roller coaster drops[note 3]

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Drop length
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Goliath
Six Flags Great America
United States
180 ft (55 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
June 2014 – Present

2
El Toro
Six Flags Great Adventure
United States
176 ft (54 m)
Intamin
June 2009 – June 2014

3
Lightning Rod
Dollywood
United States
165 ft (50 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

4
Outlaw Run
Silver Dollar City
United States
162 ft (49 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

5
Wildfire
Kolmården Wildlife Park
Sweden
160.8 ft (49.0 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

*
Colossos
Heide Park
Germany
159.1 ft (48.5 m)
Intamin
N/A

*
Mean Streak
Cedar Point
United States
155 ft (47 m)
Dinn Corporation
May 1991 – May 2000

6
The Voyage
Holiday World & Splashin' Safari
United States
154 ft (47 m)
The Gravity Group
N/A

7
T Express
Everland
South Korea
150.9 ft (46.0 m)
Intamin
N/A

8
The Boss
Six Flags St. Louis
United States
150 ft (46 m)
Custom Coasters International
N/A

9
American Eagle
Six Flags Great America
United States
147 ft (45 m)
Intamin
May 1981 – May 1991

10
The Beast
Kings Island
United States
141 ft (43 m)
Charles Dinn / Al Collins
April 1979 – May 1981

text: Speed rankings[edit]

text: Fastest steel roller coasters[edit]

text:
Fastest steel roller coasters

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Speed
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Formula Rossa
Ferrari World
United Arab Emirates
149 mph (240 km/h)
Intamin
November 2010 – present

2
Kingda Ka
Six Flags Great Adventure
United States
128 mph (206 km/h)
Intamin
May 2005 – November 2010

3
Top Thrill Dragster
Cedar Point
United States
120 mph (190 km/h)
Intamin
May 2003 – May 2005

4
Do-Dodonpa
Fuji-Q Highland
Japan
112 mph (180 km/h)
S&S Worldwide
December 2001 – May 2003

Red Force
Ferrari Land
Spain
112 mph (180 km/h)
Intamin
N/A

6
Superman: Escape from Krypton[note 1]
Six Flags Magic Mountain
United States
100 mph (160 km/h)
Intamin
March 1997 – December 2001

Tower of Terror II[note 1]
Dreamworld
Australia
100 mph (160 km/h)
Intamin
January 1997 – December 2001

*
ring°racer
Nürburgring
Germany
99.4 mph (160.0 km/h)
S&S Worldwide
N/A

8
Steel Dragon 2000
Nagashima Spa Land
Japan
95 mph (153 km/h)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
N/A

Fury 325
Carowinds
United States
95 mph (153 km/h)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

10
Millennium Force
Cedar Point
United States
93 mph (150 km/h)
Intamin
N/A

text: Fastest wooden roller coasters[edit]

text:
Fastest wooden roller coasters[note 3]

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Speed
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Lightning Rod
Dollywood
United States
73 mph (117 km/h)
Rocky Mountain Construction
June 2016 – present

2
Goliath
Six Flags Great America
United States
72 mph (116 km/h)
Rocky Mountain Construction
June 2014 – June 2016

3
Wildfire
Kolmården Wildlife Park
Sweden
70.2 mph (113.0 km/h)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

4
El Toro
Six Flags Great Adventure
United States
70 mph (110 km/h)
Intamin
June 2009 – June 2014

*
Colossos
Heide Park
Germany
68.4 mph (110.1 km/h)
Intamin
N/A

5
Outlaw Run
Silver Dollar City
United States
68 mph (109 km/h)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

6
The Voyage
Holiday World & Splashin' Safari
United States
67.4 mph (108.5 km/h)
The Gravity Group
N/A

7
The Boss
Six Flags St. Louis
United States
66.3 mph (106.7 km/h)
Custom Coasters International
April 2000 – May 2000

8
American Eagle
Six Flags Great America
United States
66 mph (106 km/h)
Intamin
May 1981 – April 2000

*
Mean Streak
Cedar Point
United States
65 mph (105 km/h)
Dinn Corporation
N/A

9
The Beast
Kings Island
United States
64.8 mph (104.3 km/h)
Charles Dinn / Al Collins
April 1979 – May 1981

10
T Express
Everland
South Korea
64.6 mph (104.0 km/h)
Intamin
N/A

text: Length rankings[edit]

text: Longest steel roller coasters[edit]

text:
Longest steel roller coasters

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Length
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Steel Dragon 2000
Nagashima Spa Land
Japan
8,133 ft (2,479 m)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
August 2000 – present

2
The Ultimate
Lightwater Valley
United Kingdom
7,442 ft (2,268 m)
British Rail
July 1991 – August 2000

3
Fujiyama
Fuji-Q Highland
Japan
6,709 ft (2,045 m)
TOGO
N/A

4
Fury 325
Carowinds
United States
6,602 ft (2,012 m)
Bolliger & Mabillard
N/A

5
Millennium Force
Cedar Point
United States
6,595 ft (2,010 m)
Intamin
N/A

6
Formula Rossa
Ferrari World
United Arab Emirates
6,562 ft (2,000 m)
Intamin
N/A

7
California Screamin'
Disney California Adventure
United States
6,072 ft (1,851 m)
Intamin
N/A

*
Vertigorama
Parque de la Ciudad
Argentina
5,958 ft (1,816 m)
Intamin

8
Desperado
Buffalo Bill's
United States
5,843 ft (1,781 m)
Arrow Dynamics
N/A

**
Steel Vengeance
Cedar Point
United States
5,740 ft (1,750 m)
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

9
Mamba
Worlds of Fun
United States
5,600 ft (1,700 m)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
N/A

Steel Force
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
United States
5,600 ft (1,700 m)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
N/A

text: Longest wooden roller coasters[edit]

text:
Longest wooden roller coasters

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Length
Manufacturer
Record held

1
The Beast
Kings Island
United States
7,359 ft (2,243 m)
Charles Dinn / Al Collins
April 1979 – present

2
The Voyage
Holiday World & Splashin' Safari
United States
6,442 ft (1,964 m)
The Gravity Group
N/A

3
White Cyclone
Nagashima Spa Land
Japan
5,577 ft (1,700 m)
Intamin
N/A

4
T Express
Everland
South Korea
5,383.8 ft (1,641.0 m)
Intamin
N/A

5
Shivering Timbers
Michigan's Adventure
United States
5,383 ft (1,641 m)
Custom Coasters International
N/A

6
Jupiter
Kijima Amusement Park
Japan
5,249 ft (1,600 m)
Intamin
N/A

7
Python in Bamboo Forest
Nanchang Wanda Park
China
5,111 ft (1,558 m)
Great Coasters International
N/A

8
The Boss
Six Flags St. Louis
United States
5,051 ft (1,540 m)
Custom Coasters International
N/A

9
Wood Coaster
Knight Valley
China
4,817 ft (1,468 m)
Great Coasters International
N/A

10
Hades 360
Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park
United States
4,746 ft (1,447 m)
The Gravity Group
N/A

text: Inversion rankings[edit]

text: This listing contains all types of roller coaster inversions.

text: Steel roller coasters[edit]

text:
Most inversions on a steel roller coaster

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Inversions
Manufacturer
Record held

1
The Smiler
Alton Towers
United Kingdom
14
Gerstlauer
May 2013 – Present

2
10 Inversion Roller Coaster
Chime-Long Paradise
China
10
Intamin
February 2006 – May 2013

Altair
Cinecittà World
Italy
10
Intamin
N/A

Colossus
Thorpe Park
United Kingdom
10
Intamin
March 2002 – May 2013

Crazy Coaster
Locajoy Holiday
China
10
Intamin
N/A

**
unknown
Hopi Hari
Brazil
10
Intamin

**
unknown
Movie Animation Park Studios
Malaysia
10
Intamin

**
unknown
Wonder Island
Russia
10
Intamin

**
unknown
Ankapark
Turkey
10
Intamin

6
Avalancha
Xetulul
Guatemala
8
Intamin
N/A

Dragon Khan
PortAventura Park
Spain
8
Bolliger & Mabillard
May 1995 – March 2002

Flight of the Phoenix
Harborland
China
8
Intamin
N/A

**
unknown
Mirabilandia
Brazil
8
Intamin

text: Wooden roller coasters[edit]

text:
Most inversions on a wooden roller coaster[note 3]

Rank
Name
Park
Country
Inversions
Manufacturer
Record held

1
Outlaw Run
Silver Dollar City
United States
3
Rocky Mountain Construction
March 2013 – present

Wildfire
Kolmården
Sweden
3
Rocky Mountain Construction
June 2016 – present

3
Goliath
Six Flags Great America
United States
2
Rocky Mountain Construction
N/A

4
Hades 360
Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park
United States
1
The Gravity Group
N/A

Jungle Trailblazer
Oriental Heritage, Ningbo
China
1
The Gravity Group
N/A

Jungle Trailblazer
Oriental Heritage, Wuhu
China
1
The Gravity Group
N/A

Jungle Trailblazer
Oriental Heritage, Jinan
China
1
The Gravity Group
N/A

Mine Blower
Fun Spot America: Kissimmee
United States
1
The Gravity Group
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f A shuttle roller coaster, not complete-circuit
Jump up ^ Record was held by The Rattler from March 1992 – May 2000. Its height was 179 feet (55 m).[11]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Record was held by Son of Beast from May 2000 – June 2009. Its height was 218 feet (66 m), its drop distance was 214 feet (65 m) and its speed was 78 miles per hour (126 km/h).[12]