document_title: American Horror Story: Hotel

question_text: who does lady gaga play in ahs hotel

question_tokens: who does lady gaga play in ahs hotel

text: American Horror Story: Hotel

text: Plot[edit]

text: The fifth season of American Horror Story focuses on the Downtown Los Angeles Hotel Cortez which has been recently purchased by a New York fashion designer, Will Drake (Cheyenne Jackson). The 90 year old hotel is haunted by demons and mysterious ghosts including the founder, James Patrick March (Evan Peters); heroin junkie Sally (Sarah Paulson); and the strap-on-wielding Addiction Demon. Staff and residents of the hotel include the 111-year-old "vampire", Elizabeth/The Countess (Lady Gaga), and her longtime paramour, the former drug-addict Donovan (Matt Bomer), as well as Donovan's mother, the manager and front desk clerk Iris (Kathy Bates); the eccentric transgender bartender Liz Taylor (Denis O'Hare); and the Countess' vengeance-obsessed lover, Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett).

text: As the season unfolds, the information and backstory of each character is revealed. Elizabeth was married to James March and had an illegal abortion at the Murder House (of AHS Season One) back in 1926. Ramona was a Hollywood actress who had a romantic past with Elizabeth, before the latter killed Ramona's new boyfriend in a jealous rage. Liz was formerly known as Nick Pryor and lived in Topeka, Kansas up until 1984 when she was given a makeover and christened as Liz Taylor by Elizabeth. Sally, after supplying Donovan heroin, was shoved out a window by an angered Iris. Finally, James tortured and murdered many visitors to his hotel, which he built with a series of secret chutes and hallways used primarily for covertly disposing the bodies of his victims.

text: The present and past stories of the Hotel are interwoven with the present tale of Detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley), who is first drawn to the hotel by a series of murders committed by a serial killer the victims of whom each exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments, and his wife, Dr. Alex Lowe (Chloe Sevigny). As the season unfolds, it is revealed that certain past events — including the earlier disappearance of Lowe's young son Holden — are also entangled in the stories of the Countess and the Hotel Cortez.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kathy Bates as Iris
Sarah Paulson as Sally McKenna and Billie Dean Howard
Evan Peters as James Patrick March
Wes Bentley as Det. John Lowe
Matt Bomer as Donovan
Chloë Sevigny as Dr. Alex Lowe
Denis O'Hare as Liz Taylor
Cheyenne Jackson as Will Drake
Angela Bassett as Ramona Royale
Lady Gaga as Elizabeth Johnson / The Countess

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers
Finn Wittrock as Tristan Duffy and Rudolph Valentino
Naomi Campbell as Claudia Bankson
Lily Rabe as Aileen Wuornos
Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe
Richard T. Jones as Det. Andrew Hahn
Shree Crooks as Scarlett Lowe
Lyric Lennon as Lachlan Drake
Jessica Belkin as Wren
Max Greenfield as Gabriel
Helena Mattsson as Agnetha
Kamilla Alnes as Vendela
Anton Lee Starkman as Max Ellison
Darren Criss as Justin

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Mädchen Amick as Mrs. Ellison
Christine Estabrook as Marcy
Alexandra Daddario as Natacha Rambova
Roxana Brusso as Dr. Kohan
David Naughton as Mr. Samuels
John Carroll Lynch as John Wayne Gacy
Seth Gabel as Jeffrey Dahmer
Anthony Ruivivar as Richard Ramirez
Nico Evers-Swindell as Craig
Robert Knepper as Lieutenant
Jessica Lu as Babe
Kristen Ariza as Mrs. Pritchard
Mouzam Makkar as Nurse Leena
Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery
Charles Melton as Mr. Wu
David Barrera as Dr. Kaplan

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Checking In"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
5ATS01
5.81[1]

Two female Swedish tourists check into the Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles. They are attacked by a disfigured creature who was inside their room's mattress. Meanwhile, Detective John Lowe is investigating the torture-murder of a couple and goes to the Cortez for clues. He sees a vision there of his missing son Holden, who was abducted five years earlier. Heroin addict Gabriel checks in and is violently raped by the Addiction Demon. The resident couple, Countess Elizabeth and Donovan have a foursome with a couple they met, murdering them after and savoring their blood. In a 1994 flashback, it is revealed that the hotel manager Iris shoved Hypodermic Sally out a window to her death after Sally drugged Donovan to death. John arrives at the hotel and checks into Room 64.

53
2
"Chutes and Ladders"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
5ATS02
4.06[2]

Will Drake, a designer and the new owner of the Cortez, hosts a fashion show in the hotel, which model and actor Tristan Duffy, a drug addict and narcissist, stars in. Elizabeth turns Tristan into a vampire and the two engage in a relationship. Donovan becomes jealous, resulting in Elizabeth ending their relationship. Iris tells John about the hotel: The sadistic James Patrick March built the hotel in 1926 as a place for him to torture and murder people. Eventually, the police find him, so he and his loyal laundress Miss Evers commit suicide. Will's son Lachlan shows John's eight-year-old daughter Scarlett a room that contains coffins for Elizabeth's vampire children. Scarlett recognizes her brother, Holden, in one of the coffins and later takes a photo with him to prove to her parents that he is alive; however, Holden is blurry in the photo.

54
3
"Mommy"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
5ATS03
3.20[3]

Tristan meets March and promises to murder Will. Elizabeth stops Tristan from killing Will and reveals that she plans to marry the designer and murder him to gain his entire estate. Iris is rejected as a mother by Donovan who convinces her to kill herself. Donovan is kidnapped by Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett), an ex-lover of Elizabeth. Ramona aims to kill Elizabeth's children in revenge for her murdering Ramona's male lover. She releases Donovan when he reveals he and Elizabeth broke up. Iris decides to end her life by overdosing on heroin supplied to her by Sally. Donovan bursts in and turns her by feeding her his vampire blood to save her. John's doctor wife Alex (Chloë Sevigny) gives him divorce papers at the Cortez. There, she is shocked to see Holden, who greets her.

55
4
"Devil's Night"
Loni Peristere
Jennifer Salt
October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
5ATS04
3.04[4]

On Devil's Night (Oct. 30), serial killer Richard Ramirez checks in and goes on a murder spree. More serial killers check in, including Aileen Wuornos, who tries to kill John. The hotel's transgender bartender Liz Taylor informs John of March's annual Devil's Night dinner, where the spirits of the most notorious American serial killers, who had checked into the hotel prior to their death, come together to celebrate their crimes. John is introduced to Ramirez, John Wayne Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer, and the masked Zodiac Killer. During the dinner, he witnesses the guests murdering a man for "dessert." Alex takes Holden home, but then Holden leads her to Elizabeth, who explains that she took Holden away to "save him". Elizabeth offers Alex the opportunity to become a vampire so she can spend eternity with her son and she agrees.

56
5
"Room Service"
Michael Goi
Ned Martel
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
5ATS05
2.87[5]

Donovan and Ramona decide to get revenge on Elizabeth by making Iris their inside man. The newly-turned vampire Alex saves her dying kid patient Max by turning him, not knowing the consequences. Max feeds on his parents and starts a strain of virus at school, infecting his classmates, who then feed on the teachers. At the Cortez, John awakes in bed with Sally. She claims he practically dragged her into his room, where they had sex but John denies doing any of it. A pair of arrogant hipsters check in and provoke Iris to the point of tears. She receives comfort from Liz Taylor, who details how she came to be at the hotel. Iris brutally murders and feeds on the hipsters in a rage, feeling better after. Alex starts working as the vampire children's new governess under Elizabeth's rules.

57
6
"Room 33"
Loni Peristere
John J. Gray
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
5ATS06
2.64[6]

In 1926 in the Murder House (from Season One), Dr. Charles Montgomery meets with Elizabeth to perform an abortion. During the process, the baby attacks Charles' nurse. He tells Elizabeth she had a boy. In present day, it is revealed that Elizabeth keeps him in Room 33. John discovers Alex in the coffin and faints. Realizing he is losing his sanity, he checks out and returns home. Donovan, Ramona and Iris plan to murder Elizabeth's vampire children but Donovan backs out. He meets Agnetha and Vendela, the two Swedish tourists, who are now ghosts unable to leave the hotel, and he explains to them that they must find their purpose. Tristan and Liz fall in love but worry about Elizabeth's reaction. They ask her if they can be together, but Elizabeth kills Tristan in retaliation.

58
7
"Flicker"
Michael Goi
Crystal Liu
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
5ATS07
2.64[7]

In present day, two ghoulish figures are found in a barricaded corridor in Hotel Cortez. In 1925 Los Angeles, a young human Elizabeth gets into a relationship with actor Rudolph Valentino and his wife Natacha. He dies suddenly and Elizabeth heartbrokenly marries James March. Valentino later returns and explains he faked his death and is now a vampire. He changes Elizabeth, but a jealous March traps Valentino and his wife in the corridor, where they have been for years: they are the ghoulish figures who were found. John Lowe checks into a mental health hospital and meets a child named Wren, who was an accomplice to The Ten Commandments Killer. He and Wren escape and she reveals to him that the killer is at the Cortez. Wren then darts into traffic, not wanting to live forever anymore, and is run over.

59
8
"The Ten Commandments Killer"
Loni Peristere
Ryan Murphy
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
5ATS08
2.31[8]

John heads to the Cortez, where Sally leads him to Room 64 and unveils a secret room that March had built. She reveals that John has been the murderer all along: he was repressing his memories of the murders, but believes he is doing them to correct the injustice he sees everywhere. Through flashbacks, it is shown that John had first visited the Cortez in 2010. He met March, who decided John was the perfect protege to continue his work. To get him to truly fall into darkness and stop holding back, March had Elizabeth kidnap Holden. Distraught, John's first murder is Martin Gamboa, a child molester. John almost kills himself after realizing what he has done, but March saves him.

60
9
"She Wants Revenge"
Michael Uppendahl
Brad Falchuk
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
5ATS09
2.14[9]

Elizabeth reflects on her situation and realizes she only has space for those she can feel love for. She tracks down Valentino and Natacha and reunites with them. She plans to construct the Cortez as a shelter against the modern world for her and Valentino, but only once she murders Will and inherits his fortune. Alex tracks down the kids from the school massacre and finds the bodies of their parents. She attempts to bring them back to the Cortez but they refuse help. Donovan and Ramona enact their plan of vengeance but just as Ramona is about to stab Elizabeth, Donovan betrays her and traps her in the blocked hallway. Will marries Elizabeth in a private ceremony and immediately after, Elizabeth imprisons Will with Ramona and watches on a camera as Ramona slashes Will and drinks his blood.

61
10
"She Gets Revenge"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
5ATS10
1.85[10]

Elizabeth kills Natacha so she and Valentino can be together while Donovan kills Rudolph out of jealousy. John and Alex rekindle their relationship now that they have Holden back, and find the rogue vampire children turned because of Alex saving Max. They take the children back to the hotel and trick them into being sealed in with Ramona. Sally does not like that John and Alex are back together, feeling used because she'd been there for John when Alex wasn't. Miss Evers helps Liz reconnect with her son, Douglas, whom she has not seen for 31 years, and they invite him to come to the hotel. Douglas admits he wants his father in his life, regardless if she is a woman, changing Liz's decision about committing suicide with Iris. Instead, Liz and Iris team up to take over the hotel, starting with shooting up the penthouse with Donovan and Elizabeth inside.

62
11
"Battle Royale"
Michael Uppendahl
Ned Martel
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
5ATS11
1.84[11]

Liz and Iris shoot Elizabeth and Donovan, and Elizabeth escapes while Donovan lies dying. At his request, Iris and Liz move him outside the hotel to die so his spirit will not be trapped inside forever. Sally saves Elizabeth, reviving her with blood from her vampire children, and reveals her past. Iris and Liz free Ramona to use as a weapon against Elizabeth. Ramona confronts a now-weak Elizabeth, but is seduced by her old lover. Elizabeth packs and is about to leave the hotel for good but she is gunned down by John as his final kill: "Thou Shalt Not Commit Murder." Now trapped in the hotel forever, Elizabeth's ghost arrives at March's suite, where he tells her that he can finally forgive Elizabeth for turning him in to the police; she reveals that she did not. Hazel admits she was the one who called the police so that she could have March to herself. March banishes Hazel from his presence, who feels oddly free now that she is not bound to him.

63
12
"Be Our Guest"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
5ATS12
2.24[12]

A year later, Liz reflects on the reinvention of the Hotel Cortez under her and Iris's new management. The two lament the problems that the murderous ghosts are leaving them with. Sally and Will don't want to stop killing the guests but March agrees that they need to stop until the Cortez becomes a historical landmark. Liz and Iris inspire Sally and Will to release their urges through other means. Liz discovers she is terminally ill and decides to die in the Hotel so she will be with the other ghosts and vampires, whom she considers her family. After becoming a ghost, Liz visited by Tristan, who stayed invisible while she was alive so that she could live her life. Psychic Billie Dean Howard begins investigating the Cortez with her TV show, making the residents worry. John takes Billie Dean to Devil's Night, where they threaten to kill her if she mentions the Cortez again. Elizabeth proceeds to seduce a man who looks like Donovan, finding a new lover in his image, implying she loved Donovan after all.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Conception and writing[edit]

text: On October 13, 2014, FX renewed the series for a fifth season for an October 2015 premiere.[13] Network president John Landgraf stated that the season would necessitate a "huge reinvention" for the series.[14] The season's subtitle was confirmed as Hotel in February 2015. The theme and Gaga's involvement were hinted in the previous installment as an image of a top hat, an arcane clue alluding to the 1935 screwball musical comedy film Top Hat, which is set in a hotel and features a song called "Cheek to Cheek", also the title of Gaga's duet album with Tony Bennett.[15] Co-creator Ryan Murphy explained that the casting included a number of actors and singers, but would be a much darker season compared to the previous ones. Inspiration came from old hotel horror films and actual hotels situated in downtown Los Angeles, with horrific reputations. This included The Cecil, where the death of 21-year-old Canadian student Elisa Lam occurred. Murphy had watched a surveillance video of Lam in the hotel, in which she displayed erratic behavior just hours prior to her supposed death.[16][17] It was around this time that the writing for Hotel was conceptualized,[18][19] which included Murphy's personal phobia and fears, a fear that had not been explored since the first season.[20]

text: The upcoming season that we're doing is much more horror-based; it's much more dark. It's about a theme and an idea that's very close to my heart that I've always wanted to do that's a little bloodier and grislier, I think, than anything that we've done before; it's straight horror this year. Murder House, I thought, was a very primal season because everybody's great fear is about the bogeyman under the bed in their house, and this feels similar to me in that when you check into a hotel, there are certain things beyond your control... Other people have the keys to your room; they can come in there. You're not exactly safe, it's a very unsettling idea.[18]

text: Murphy and some of the cast appeared at the 2015 Comic-Con International and revealed further information about the series. "[Angela Bassett, Kathy Bates, Matt Bomer, Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters] are bad boys and girls this time."[21] Regarding the season having no primary character, Murphy confessed that "the thing that's different about the season is that before we've always been very driven by the Jessica Lange character. She was always the lead character... This year, it's a true ensemble and I think we have more male parts and more male stories. The Wes Bentley part is really big, the Matt Bomer part is really big; Evan Peters and Finn Wittrock are really big. [But] that's not to say that the women aren't either."[20][22]

text: Co-creator Brad Falchuk explained that like the first and second season of the series, Hotel would explore the "trapped" horror trope, though the actions would not be limited to just within the premises. "This season, the horror is sneaking out of the hotel," he added explaining that the plot would revolve around the hotel in the center, with a more noir like ambience.[23] Named as Hotel Cortez, the titular structure was built by James March in 1930, who was created as a rich and charming but deeply psychotic character. The season features two tormentors, The Ten Commandments Killer, who is inspired by biblical teachings, and The Addiction Demon, who wields a drill bit dildo. They are in the vein of previous seasons' Bloody Face and Rubber Man, respectively.[24] The Halloween episode, "Devil's Night", features a dinner with "the biggest serial killers of all time", including Wuornos and John Wayne Gacy.[25]

text: Set design[edit]

text: The Hotel's two-story lobby set, along with a working elevator, was constructed over the course of seven weeks. While no particular hotel served as inspiration, production designer Mark Worthington was influenced by Timothy Pflueger and William Van Alen when selecting patterns and schemes, stating, "Tonally, I thought Art Deco would make sense for the horror genre because it can be dark and spiky and odd and the composition is strange. It's beautiful, but it isn't necessarily inviting." The hotel consists of labyrinthine structures housing March's murderous fantasies with dead ends, secret rooms and includes plot-lines corresponding to it. A painting of Hernán Cortés, after whom the establishment is named, hangs in the reception area. Worthington and his team had a hand in creating even the smallest of details; such as hotel insignias for the light fixtures, bar coasters, and a venus flytrap column carving that reflects the nature of Gaga's character. The staircase was structured in such a way as to not pull focus from the elevator, which will serve as prime location.[26] The exterior of the set was inspired by the James Oviatt Building in Downtown Los Angeles, while the interior decorations were modeled from the Cicada restaurant situated inside the Oviatt.[27]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2015, it was announced that American singer Lady Gaga had joined the show.[29][30] Murphy stated she wanted her role in the series to be "evil". He also explained that Hotel would be devoid of any musical numbers. Instead Gaga's character, Elizabeth/The Countess, is a fashion icon and owner of the Hotel Cortez.[31][32] Created as a glamorous socialite character, The Countess maintains her beauty by imbibing human blood.[24] Murphy was so pleased with Gaga's performance that he invited her back for the yet-to-be-confirmed sixth season of the series, before Hotel had even made its debut.[33] In March 2015, series star Jessica Lange definitively announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season.[34][35] During PaleyFest 2015, it was announced that Matt Bomer and Cheyenne Jackson would co-star.[36] Afterwards, more castings were confirmed, including Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Kathy Bates, and Angela Bassett.[37] Murphy tweeted about the latter's involvement in Hotel, including a plotline with Gaga, as a character called Ramona Royale, an actress and former lover of The Countess returning to the titular hotel for revenge.[31][38] Chloë Sevigny, who was a recurring special guest in Asylum, returned to the series for Hotel, playing the wife of Wes Bentley's character, a detective.[31][39]

text: In May 2015, it was announced that Max Greenfield would also be joining the cast, in a role later revealed to be that of an addict. Greenfield had to dye his hair platinum blond for the role.[31][40] His is intertwined to that of Sally's (Paulson) and together with The Addiction Demon feature "the most disturbing scene" the show had ever produced, according to Murphy.[41] In an interview with Vanity Fair, Paulson described Sally as someone who is "selfish and greedy", with hygiene problems.[42] The next month, Murphy announced that Denis O'Hare would return as a cross-dressing bar worker in the hotel.[43] He also confirmed that Finn Wittrock would return in the new role of Tristan Duffy, a male model who is involved in a love triangle with Gaga and Bomer, and later a fated love of Liz's.[22][37] Wittrock explained that the character might have similarities to his previous Freak Show character, Dandy Mott.[44] In July 2015, Murphy stated that Coven alum Emma Roberts would return for a few episodes toward the finale, after completing filming on her Fox series, Scream Queens. Her character would be associated with James March (Peters).[45] While promoting Queens in September 2015, Roberts spoke about her role with less certainty, but optimism, stating, "...it's just everything you could dream of and more. Everything you could nightmare about and more. Granted, things over there are always changing, but I definitely want to go back to it. If it still stands, what Ryan told me, everyone's in for a great shock."[46] However, she later confirmed that she would be unable to return, due to her demanding feature schedule. Furthermore, she did state that Murphy and her had already discussed about a "devilish" role for her in the forthcoming season six.[47]

text: Later in July, Richard T. Jones joined the cast as Detective Hahn, a homicide detective,[48] for an eight-episode arc. That same day, Helena Mattsson announced that she had also joined the series in an unspecified role.[49] Series alum Lily Rabe portrayed infamous serial killer Aileen Wuornos during the Halloween installment and the finale.[31] With her appearance in the season, Rabe is one of three cast members to appear in all five seasons (along with Paulson and Peters) of the show.[50] Naomi Campbell was cast as a fashion editor who does not get along with Gaga's character.[51] In August 2015, Murphy revealed that Mädchen Amick joined the season as a "mother of a boy who becomes ill", and shares screen time with Alex Lowe (Sevigny). Later in the month, Darren Criss was announced to guest star as a hipster that has conflicts with Iris (Bates),[52] while Mare Winningham joined as the laundress of the Cortez, who works closely with Mr. March, in the 1920s.[53] Christine Estabrook returned to the series as Marcy; the realtor who sold the first season's Murder House to the Harmons.[54] Gabourey Sidibe appeared in the eleventh episode as her Coven persona Queenie. Paulson also reprised her first season role of psychic Billie Dean Howard, appearing in the final episode of the season.[55]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the season began on July 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, marking a return to where the series shot its first two cycles (Murder House and Asylum).[56] According to the Los Angeles Times, creative reasons, not economic factors, was the deciding key for moving the series from Louisiana back to Los Angeles since Hotel's story is connected to the city.[57] Murphy revealed a six-story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot. A dummy set of the hotel was built at Comic-Con, showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s, inspired by the old Hollywood era.[58] Murphy announced at the TCA Summer Press Tour in August 2015 that he would be directing the season's Halloween episode, "Devil's Night", marking the first time in series history that he will helm more than the premiere. He stated he would direct it "because I love the script so much, when we finished it I said, 'I can't give this to anybody else'."[31] However, ultimately Murphy did not direct the episode. In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Murphy spoke about Gaga's entrance scene, confirming it to be about six minutes long and describing it as "like a silent movie with no dialogue, and lots of blood and nudity".[59]

text: Greenfield recalled that Murphy wanted to push the limits of the scenes between him, Paulson and The Addiction Demon, while admitting that it was scary. Paulson described it as a normal day of shooting for her since she was accustomed to the theatrics surrounding the show. She added, "None of it's crazy to me. I walk in and I'm like 'Hello conical dildo demon person'. I don't even think twice."[41] For The Countess and Donovan, who both suffer from blood lust, Murphy was insistent on chainmail gloves being used as their weapons of choice. Costume designer Lou Eyrich created the custom gloves in the mold of armor, deriving inspiration from artist Daphne Guinness; "We wanted it to look both rock-n-roll but old at the same time. But then the nail that pops out with diamonds on the edge to slice you," said Eyrich.[60]

text: Filming also took place at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, in front of Chris Burden's art installation called Urban Light, where Gaga was seen in a floor length pink gown shooting scenes. Media reported that the filming involved a party scene with Gaga walking through the installation while singer Dinah Washington's "Coquette" played in the background.[61][62] Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack spent three days on set, where he witnessed the filming of a foursome/murder scene, involving Gaga and Bomer's characters. Murphy recounted Gaga's day of filming stating, "You write a foursome for her and you expect a lot of questions. She never did that. She showed up and she was wearing diamond pasties, a Band-Aid on her hoo-ha, heels, and a black veil that Alexander McQueen made for her on the day before his death."[63] Additional filming for the exterior shots of the Hotel Cortez took place outside the James Oviatt Building.[27][64] Other locations include the lower level of the Los Angeles Theatre at 615 South Broadway, The Majestic Downtown at 650 South Spring Street acting as John Lowe's office, the Loews Hollywood Hotel at 1755 Highland Avenue filming The Ten Commandments Killer murder scene, and Hollywood Forever Cemetery, where scenes with Gaga and Bomer were shot.[27] Also used was the house from the first season located at 1120 Westchester Place.[65]

text: O'Hare revealed that he had filmed three episodes by September 2015, with his scenes involving Bomer, Sevigny and Bates mostly. "We're kind of doing it piecemeal. You'll do five days on this one, three days on that one. You know, they always start out rocking. There's no warm-up. You're in it," the actor explained.[66][67] He later went on to compare the aesthetic to Murder House, stating, "It feels like season 1 in many ways... and I think it's because we're back in LA. You can't help it!" He also revealed that his character, Liz Taylor, would be wearing a dress that Lange was supposed to wear in Coven.[68] The actor explained that for his part, he had to shave his body including his head, and wear eye make-up, since the character was inspired by actress Elizabeth Taylor's films like BUtterfield 8 (1960) and Cleopatra (1963).[69]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In February 2015, Gaga tweeted a link to the first promotional video for the upcoming season with the caption "Make your reservation now. #GagaAHSHotel" announcing her presence in the season and the official title.[70] In July 2015, a promotional trading card was unveiled by Entertainment Weekly, available at Comic-Con, where after entering the hotel set built there, one could receive the trading card with a promotional key.[58][71] The first official teaser for the season was released later that month, showing Gaga's long-nailed hand ringing the bell at the front desk.[72] In August 2015, FX revealed the premiere date of the season along with a new teaser poster, showing an Art Deco peephole on a wooden door, beyond which an obscure image revealed a blond woman putting a body to bed.[73] Later that month, Entertainment Weekly exclusively unveiled two teaser trailers of the season, entitled "Beauty Rest" and "Do Not Disturb", set to singer Heidi Feek's cover of Elvis Presley's 1956 single, "Heartbreak Hotel".[74]

text: On August 26, Entertainment Weekly revealed exclusive cast photos, along with character descriptions.[75] Gaga also took to her Twitter account to release another photo, showing her as The Countess with three cherubic blond boys, who are seemingly sucking on bottles of blood. The singer captioned the image: "We are family. Meet my magical children. HOTEL #AHS."[76] Murphy released three new teasers through his Twitter account, titled "Towhead", "Sleepwalk", and "Jeepers Peepers", all set to "Heartbreak Hotel".[77] Jef Rouner from Houston Press complimented the teasers, describing them as "things of fleeting, awful beauty. So far I've seen six for this season and at least one of them is creepier than every episode of Coven combined... Each one of these is usually less than 15 seconds long and they are murderously effective. I find myself wanting to watch the show again."[78] On September 10, 2015, an extended teaser was released, featuring a psychedelic tour of the hotel, with cameos by most of the cast.[79] Few days later, two more trailers were released, one showed the hand of an addict, with a keyhole in place of the needle point, while the other, titled "Above & Below", portrays Gaga as The Countess, with several psychedelic intercuts inside a hotel, featuring Rammstein's "Du hast".[80][81]

text: American retail chain Hot Topic announced on their Instagram account that starting September 28, 2015, they will launch a clothing and apparel line based on Hotel, that will be sold in-store and online.[82] On September 16, 2015, a featurette was released, giving more details about the season and showing some footage.[83] An actual scene from the season, released in October 2015, showed Bentley's character resting in the Hotel, while Greenfield's character hiding underneath his bed.[84] Same day the title sequence of the season was released by Murphy, consisting of the same soundtrack like previous seasons, intercut with scenes of a dirty hotel and the Ten Commandments written across a wall.[69] Jacob Bryant from Variety was impressed with the clip, saying that "The opening credits for [American Horror Story] have always managed to be unsettling, but season five's creepy credits might top the list."[85]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: American Horror Story: Hotel initially received mixed reviews from critics, but, as the season progressed, the reviews became more positive. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 63% approval rating (average episode score of 75%) with an average rating of 6.38/10 based on 43 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Favoring garish style over effective storytelling, the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy's Hotel."[86] On Metacritic, the season was given a score of 60 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[87]

text: Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review, writing, "Early on, Hotel hasn't hooked me with its storytelling, but it's always fun to see what the series does with its repertory acting company and with new additions. Throw in the normal grotesquerie and visual panache and that should keep me going for a while, even if all of the humor appears to have been funneled into Scream Queens."[88] Amber Dowling of TheWrap also gave a positive review, saying, "It's a visual, visceral romp into what is being set up to be another haphazard foray into the world of horror, as imagined by Murphy and his writing counterpart Brad Falchuk. The show has rarely made sense in terms of story, and this is no exception."[89] Willa Paskin of Slate called this season a "promising new start", saying, "AHS: Hotel more obviously resembles the first two, better seasons of American Horror Story than it does the latter, lesser two."[90]

text: On the other hand, Matt Zoller Seitz of New York Magazine found the season "confusing, tedious, annoyingly precious, and often ostentatiously brutal", but also praised it for being "darkly beautiful, deeply weird, and (sometimes) exhilarating."[91] Although Scott D. Pierce from The Salt Lake Tribune praised the production design and the cinematography, he said "the storytelling is derivative; the scares are non-existent; and it's all about style without much substance."[92] Mike Hale from The New York Times complained that it "suffers from the absence of Jessica Lange".[93] IGN's Matt Fowler gave a rating of 5.9 out of 10, criticizing the season as "mediocre" and concluding "all weight and meaning is gone".[94]

text: Gaga's performance has received mixed reviews from critics. Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture called Gaga "terrible here in the way that Madonna was terrible in a lot of her '90s films, at once too poised and too blank."[95] David Weiland of San Francisco Chronicle said Gaga "makes an enormous visual impact, but the minute she opens her mouth to deliver a line, it's obvious that acting just isn't one of her many talents."[96] Ben Travers of Indiewire wrote that he "wouldn't go so far as to say Gaga's talent adds much to the proceedings, but her presence — and the manner in which its captured — certainly does."[97] On the other hand, Emily L. Stephens from The A.V. Club and Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly both gave a B- rating. Stephens praised Gaga's first appearance as "slickly exploitative and hellishly effective"[98] while Jensen described her as "the show's most potent symbol for all of its themes about our Bad Romance with fame, fortune, sex, sex, and more sex, materialism and consumerism, the denial of death and the corrupt want for cultural immortality".[99] Brian Lowry of Variety praised the look of Gaga's character as "gloriously photographed" and felt her addition to the show was "extraordinarily well-timed".[100]

text:
American Horror Story (season 5): Critical reception by episode

Season 5 (2015–16): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[101]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: In its fifth season, the series has been nominated for 64 awards, 20 of which were won.

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2015
MTV Fandom Awards[102]
Feels Freakout of the Year
Lady Gaga joins American Horror Story: Hotel
Nominated

2016
20th ADG Awards[103]
TV Movie or Limited Series
Mark Worthington (for "Checking In")
Won

Short Format — Web Series, Music Video or Commercial
Zach Mathews (for "Hallways")
Nominated

47th NAACP Image Awards[104]
Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Angela Bassett
Nominated

42nd People's Choice Awards[105]
Favorite Cable Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Show
American Horror Story: Hotel
Nominated

Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress
Lady Gaga
Nominated

20th Satellite Awards[106]
Best Actress – TV Series Drama
Nominated

Best TV Series – Genre
American Horror Story: Hotel
Nominated

68th WGA Awards[107]
Long Form - Original
Brad Falchuk, John J. Gray, Todd Kubrak, Crystal Liu, Ned Martel, Tim Minear, Ryan Murphy, Jennifer Salt, James Wong
Nominated

73rd Golden Globe Awards[108]
Best Actress – Mini-Series or TV Film
Lady Gaga
Won

Best Mini-Series or TV Film
American Horror Story: Hotel
Nominated

6th Critics' Choice TV Awards[109]
Best Actor in a Movie or Limited Series
Wes Bentley
Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie or Limited Series
Kathy Bates
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series
Sarah Paulson
Nominated

27th PGA Awards[110]
Outstanding Producer of Long-Form TV
Brad Falchuk, Ryan Murphy, Brad Buecker, Tim Minear, Jennifer Salt, James Wong, Alexis Martin Woodall, Robert M. Williams Jr.
Nominated

18th CDG Awards[111]
Outstanding Contemporary TV Series
Lou Eyrich
Won

52nd CAS Awards[112]
TV Movie or Mini-Series
Brendan Beebe, CAS (Production Mixer)
Joe Earle, CAS (Re-recording Mixer)
Vicki Lemar (Re-recording Mixer)
(for "Room Service")
Nominated

Brendan Beebe, CAS (Production Mixer)
Joe Earle, CAS (Re-recording Mixer)
Doug Andham, CAS (Re-recording Mixer)
Judah Getz (ADR Mixer)
John Guentner (Foley Mixer)
(for "Checking In")
Nominated

Make-Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2016[113]
Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and/or Character Make-up
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Kim Ayers, Sarah Tanno
Won

Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and/or Character Hair Styling
Monte C Haught, Darlene Brumfield, Frederic Asperas
Won

Mini-Series or TV Movie Period Special Make-up Effects
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Michael Mekash, David Anderson
Won

Commercials and Music Videos – Best Make-up
Kerry Herta, Jason Collins
Won

Commercials and Music Videos – Best Hair Styling
Nicole Alkire, Marissa Smith
Won

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 2016[114]
Best TV Actress
Lady Gaga
Nominated

Best TV Supporting Actor
Evan Peters
2nd place

Denis O'Hare
Write-in

Best TV Supporting Actress
Kathy Bates
Write-in

Best TV Makeup/Creature FX
Eryn Krueger Mekash, David LeRoy Anderson
3rd place

Best TV Series
American Horror Story: Hotel
Write-in

7th Dorian Awards[115]
Campy TV Show of the Year
Nominated

42nd Saturn Awards[116]
Best Horror TV Series
Nominated

68th Primetime Emmy Awards[117]
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Sarah Paulson
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Kathy Bates
Nominated

68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[117]
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More)
Mark Worthington, Denise Hudson, Ellen Brill
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series or Movie
Lou Eyrich, Helen Huang, Marisa Aboitiz
(for "Chutes and Ladders")
Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series Or a Movie
Monte C. Haught, Fredric Aspiras, Darlene Brumfield, Kelly Muldoon, Gina Bonacquisti
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series, Movie or Special
Gary Megregian, Steve M. Stuhr, Jason Krane, Timothy A. Cleveland, Paul Diller, David Klotz, Noel Vought, Ginger Geary
(for "Checking In")
Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Kim Ayers, Michael Mekash, Silvina Knight, Sarah Tanno
Won

Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie or Special
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Mike Mekash, Bradley A. Palmer, Bart Mixon, James MacKinnon, Kevin Kirkpatrick, David Leroy Anderson, Glen Eisner
Nominated

20th OFTA Television Awards[118]
Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series
Lady Gaga
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series
Kathy Bates
Nominated

Sarah Paulson
Nominated

Best Limited Series
American Horror Story: Hotel
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Limited Series
Nominated

Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Limited Series
Nominated

Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Limited Series
Nominated

Best Music in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Editing in a Non-Series
Won

Best Cinematography in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Production Design in a Non-Series
Won

Best Costume Design in a Non-Series
Won

Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Non-Series
Won

Best Sound in a Non-Series
Won

Best Visual Effects in a Non-Series
Won

Poppy Awards 2016[119]
Best Limited Series/Movie
Won

Best Lead Actress, Limited Series/Movie
Lady Gaga
Won

Best Supporting Actor, Limited Series/Movie
Denis O'Hare
Won

63rd MPSE Golden Reel Awards[120][121]
TV Short Form – Dialogue / ADR
Gary Megregian (Supervising Sound Editor)
Steve Stuhr (Supervising Dialogue Editor)
Jason Krane (Dialogue Editor)
(for "Checking In")
Nominated

TV Short Form – Music
David Klotz (Supervising Music Editor)
(for "Checking In")
Nominated

Gold Derby TV Awards 2016[122]
Best Movie/Miniseries Supporting Actor
Denis O'Hare
Nominated

Best Movie/Miniseries Supporting Actress
Sarah Paulson
Nominated

38th Jupiter Awards[123]
Best International TV Series
American Horror Story: Hotel
Won

16th Black Reel Awards[124][125]
Outstanding Supporting Actress, TV Movie or Limited Series
Angela Bassett
Nominated

37th Young Artist Awards[126]
Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actor (13 and Under)
Thomas Barbusca
Nominated

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Hotel's premiere episode, "Checking In", was initially watched by 5.81 million viewers. After factoring in delayed viewing, the episode rose to 9.1 million, with 6.13 million in the 18-49 demographic, while combined linear, nonlinear and encore viewing, it drew 12.17 million viewers through October 11. Variety stated that "Checking In" could become FX's most-watched telecast, with the 60 full data tabulated.[127] Through its first four episodes, Hotel averaged at 3.7 rating in 18-49 adult zone and 6.9 million viewers total, which is up by 7% and 1% from previous installment, Freak Show, respectively, pacing ahead of the average ratings of all prior installments on a Live +3 basis.[128] The season finale, "Be Our Guest", initially watched by 2.24 million viewers, more than doubled its 18-49 rating with three days of delayed viewing, going from 1.1 million to 2.3 million, an 109% of increase. The episode increased 94% in total viewers, upping to 4.3 million.[129]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
2.07
2.06
1.48
1.82
1.97
N/A


document_title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

question_text: where is the seminole tribe located in florida

root

text: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: History[edit]

text: The Seminole emerged in a process of ethnogenesis from various Native American groups who settled in Florida in the 18th century, most significantly Creeks from what is now Georgia and Alabama.[3] These settlers distanced themselves increasingly from other Creek groups, and expanded and prospered owing to their thriving trade network during Florida's British and second Spanish periods (c. 1767–1821).[4] During this period, they developed alliances with African-American maroons, mostly self-emancipated former slaves from the South's Low Country and some free blacks from the Spanish period of rule. These people became known as Black Seminoles, establishing towns near Indian settlements.[5]

tag: p

text: During the Seminole Wars against the United States in the 19th century, however, particularly after the second war, most Seminole and Black Seminole were forced by the US to relocate west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory. A smaller group – possibly fewer than 200 – refused to leave Florida and moved deep into the Everglades, where they resisted US forces and were never defeated. They fostered a culture of staunch independence. The modern Florida Seminole, Miccosukee and Traditionals descend from these survivors.[6]

text: The Florida Seminole re-established limited relations with the United States and Florida governments in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century were concentrated in five camps in the Everglades. The portion who spoke more Muskogee consolidated in the northern part of the Everglades near the Cow Creek Camp, becoming known as the Cow Creek Seminole. The Miccosukee, who spoke the Mikasuki language, were located to the south, in an area cut through by completion of the Tamiami Trail in 1928.[7]

text: The Cow Creek Seminole eventually received 5,000 acres (20 km2) of reservation land in the 1930s, beginning with Brighton Reservation. At first, few Seminoles had any interest in relocating to reservations, preferring their traditional lifestyle to a more sedentary reservation life. Following the efforts of Creek Christian missionaries, more Seminole moved to reservations in the 1940s to form their own churches.[8] Other factors in the move include Florida's drainage of the wetlands and shift toward wide-scale agriculture. This contributed to the depletion of game and other resources by the state's expanding population, reducing the tribal people's ability to live in traditional ways.[9]

text: Tribal reorganization[edit]

text: During the 1920–1940 period many changes took place in the habitat which the Seminole had lived.[10] Settlers and developers wanting to convert wetlands to farms and residential communities had built drainage projects, which altered the wetlands ecosystem and damaged many species that it supported.[11] As early as 1916, Royal Palm State Park, which would be incorporated into the Everglades National Park in 1947, was set aside as a conservation area.[12] Construction of the Tamiami Trail across the center of the Everglades,[10] the Civilian Conservation Corps projects from 1933 to 1934,[13] and the eventual opening of the National Park, all served to displace many Seminole families who had lived throughout the area.[10]

text: In the 1930s, the US government established a reservation at Brighton and tried to recruit Seminole to resettle there. The government fenced in the reservation and introduced cattle, which had been part of Seminole culture for three centuries. The first government shipment of cattle arrived from Arizona in 1934 and, by the late 1930s, the cattle business was a way of life for many Seminole.[14]

text: Cattle Trustees[edit]

text: With the introduction of cattle to Brighton, the Seminoles were introduced to democratic ideas and tribal organization. The trust agreement established by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on 12 September 1939, required that the tribe elect three trustees to transact the business of the cattle program. The first "election" was largely guided by the Florida Agricultural Extension Agent, Fred Montsdeoca, and a local missionary. They promoted men who knew English and were good at white-Indian cooperation, as opposed to allowing the tribe to select those most skilled in animal husbandry. Montsdeoca was extremely influential in making decisions regarding the cattle program and, next to the Indian Affairs official at the reservation, was the most important local white man for the Seminole.[10]

text: Given their success at Brighton, in 1941, the Seminole acquired 150 head of cattle from Florida for the Big Cypress Reservation. By 1944, the Big Cypress Seminole wanted their own trustees and drafted an agreement with the government. Approved by the Commissioner of BIA on 8 August 1945, this agreement called for the establishment of the Brighton Agricultural and Livestock Enterprise and the Big Cypress Agricultural and Livestock Enterprise, each with their own 3-trustee cattle managers. It said that the tribal trustees would be appointed, with each of the cattle trustee groups and the BIA agent to appoint a tribal trustee. The three appointees on each reservation would also serve as tribal representatives. In essence, this requirement ensured that those adept at navigating between the Indian and white worlds would gain the positions. According to Covington, men who were adept at developing consensus decisions and had converted to Christianity were most likely to be selected.[10]

text: Although such tribal organization was relatively weak, the tribe used it as a basis for their team to file a land claim with the Indian Claims Commission, seeking compensation for lands taken by the federal government.[10]

text: Land Claims[edit]

text: In October 1948, the two livestock associations met with the Bureau of Indian Affairs superintendent to discuss pursuing a land claim against the U.S. Government through the newly formed Indian Claims Commission.[10] They contacted Jacksonville attorney Roger J. Waybright, who initially was reluctant to take the case because the tribe had limited funding and the government dictated the amounts the attorneys could charge. Waybright was soon persuaded of the merits of the case and agreed to represent the tribe,[15] signing a contract with his partner John O. Jackson on 15 October 1949. The 12 representatives who made the claim were the 6 trustees for the livestock associations and the 6 tribal representatives: Josie Billie, Jimmy Cypress, John Cypress, Junior Cypress, John Henry Gopher, Little Charlie Micco, Bill Osceola, Frank Shore, Jack Smith, Morgan Smith, Ben Tommie, and Sammy Tommie.[10]

text: The claim was filed 14 August 1950 and represented land taken under the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, land taken under the Treaty of Payne's Landing in 1832, land taken in the Macomb Treaty of 1839, and land taken in 1944 for the Everglades National Park —– in all totaling nearly $48,000,000. In July, 1951 the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma had also filed a petition before the Indian Claims Commission for claims involving their removal to Oklahoma and substantially the same land takings under Moultrie and Payne's Landing as the Florida Seminoles. Because of the overlapping of claims, the commission split the Florida claim into 2 cases, one sharing the Oklahoma claims in the treaties and the other, dealing with Florida's sole claim to land taken for the Everglades National Park.[15]

text: Government delays; tribal re-organization, which caused Waybright to resign from the case; resignation of the female replacement for Waybright, Effie Knowles, who felt the tribe would be happier with male representation; the hiring of Roy Struble of Miami and Charles Bragman of Washington, DC; and the death of attorney John Jackson all contributed to the claim dragging into the 1960s. Then in 1962, the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida organized their tribe and gained federal recognition. They sought to intervene in the case in 1968, but were not allowed. Finally on 13 May 1970, the Claims Commission awarded $12,262,780, which was promptly appealed by both the Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles. In 1975, in a compromise settlement to prevent further delays, the two groups agreed to $16,000,000 as a final settlement, but were required to have general meetings with their tribes to confirm the amount.[15]

text: In January 1976, the Florida Seminole were presented with the terms of settlement; it was translated into both the Mikasuki language and Muscogee language. Only seven tribemembers opposed accepting the agreement. In March 1976, the unorganized Traditionals in Florida filed an injunction to stop the award. On 11 March 1977 the Traditionals' complaint was dismissed. On 20 April 1977 the Macomb claim was disallowed, but an additional $50,000 was awarded for land in the Everglades. With those final decisions the awards were completed, but it took another fourteen years before the funds were distributed. The Claims Commission gave no direction as to how the judgment was to be split between the tribes of Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles, the Miccosukee and Traditionals.[15]

text: The groups had to negotiate as to how the settlement would be apportioned, leading to the most contact among them in a century. During this period, the money was put in trust and earning interest. In 1990, the groups finally agreed to the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma receiving three-quarters of the settlement, based on early population records from 1906 to 1914, when members had blood quantum; and the Florida Seminole in total to receive one-quarter, based on reconstructed early 20th-century censuses. At the time of the settlement, the two Florida tribes and Traditionals had a higher percentage of full-bloods due to their endogamous marriage practices. They also had blood quantum requirements for tribal membership. By 1990, the total value of the trust had reached $46 million.[16]

text: Threats of termination[edit]

text: In 1953, the Seminole were informed they were on the congressional list for termination of their tribal status and federal benefits, under the federal Indian termination policy to reduce costs and the determination that some tribes no longer needed any special relationship with the federal government. But termination would result in their eviction from the three existing reservations. Few of the Seminole at the time had gained formal education or graduated from high school, and they worried about being able to organize as a tribe in order to deal with the government.

text: The federal government persisted in classifying all the 918 Native Americans in the Florida agency area as Seminole, although the 305 Miccosukee and Traditionals closer to the Tamiami Trail did not identify with the reservation Seminole. They had asserted their independence from the reservation group since the 1920s.[17] The Seminole appealed to have federal supervision continued so they could better prepare to manage their affairs.

text: The superintendent of the Seminole Agency in Florida asked tribal leaders to elect representatives from the reservations to have people at hearings: Dania (now Hollywood) was represented by Sam Tommie and Laura Mae Osceola; Brighton by Billy Osceola and Toby Johns; Big Cypress by Josie Billie and Jimmie Cypress; and the Trail people by Henry Cypress and Curtis Osceola, as the founding representatives.[17] Creek (Muscogee) and Mikasuki language interpreters were appointed. Although the Traditionals or Trail people wanted to continue with their Tribal Council, the Seminole continued to develop an alternative form of government.

text: They went to Washington to testify to Congress, and solicited help from the women's groups who had formed to help the Seminole, such as The Friends of the Seminoles Florida Foundation, Inc., the Seminole Indian Association, Indian Welfare, and the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs. Their officers also testified for the Seminole.[17] The women had developed organizations to aid the Seminole; for instance, they helped support children to go to boarding schools, lobbied to get Seminole admitted to local public schools, which were racially segregated and classified the Seminole as among "colored" to attend with African Americans; and loaned money to men trying to buy homes.[17]

text: The Seminole consulted with other tribes and experts to help them develop their government structure. They wrote a constitution and corporate charter, modeled on the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The vote was opened in 1957 to the 448 reservation Seminole and any Trail Indians who wanted to participate; the Seminole approved the constitution and corporate charter on August 21, 1957.[17] The Seminole Tribe of Florida received federal recognition later that year.[8]

text: This process had heightened the differences among the groups. The Trail peoples, who were Mikasuki-language speakers, formed their own government, receiving state recognition in 1957 and federal recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida in 1962. Some Traditionals refused to affiliate with either tribe, as they wanted to avoid relations with the federal government.[8] The Miccosukee had reservation land taken into trust for them by the federal government. In addition, the two tribes made a long-term lease arrangement in 1983 with the state of Florida for access and use of nearly 200,000 acres of wetlands. This access greatly expanded their ability to maintain traditional fishing and hunting practices.[18]

text: Government and economy[edit]

text: The Seminole Tribe of Florida is led by an elected tribal council comprising representatives from each of its reservations. It elects a chairman and vice-chairman as leaders. The tribal headquarters are located in Hollywood, Florida.

text: In 1975 Howard Tommie was re-elected as chairman to a second term by a wide margin. He led the Tribe through 1979 in a number of important initiatives that created a new direction for the people, with assertion of sovereignty, significant revenue generation, and accelerated economic development. He urged acceptance of the US land claims settlement in 1976; the Florida and Oklahoma Seminole negotiated for more than a decade before reaching their final agreement in 1990 as to distribution of trust funds. He initiated negotiations with the state of Florida over water rights at the Seminole reservations, winning legal standing and protecting their resources.[19]

text: Learning from operations on the Colville reservation in Washington state, Tommie directed the establishment of a tax-free cigarette shop on the Hollywood Reservation, where the tribe started to generate more substantial income. Next they pursued a high-stakes bingo operation on their reservation, which also started to generate substantial revenues.[19]

text: Jim Billie, who was re-elected in 2011 with 58.4% of the council vote, after previously serving from 1979 to 2001,[20] led the tribe through a dramatic expansion of operations, with development of new programs and facilities as it invested the revenues generated from gaming and related entertainment. The 1979 plan for high-stakes bingo survived court challenges, and the first major Indian gaming establishment in the United States was opened in 1981 by the Seminole. Subsequent changes in federal and state laws have paved the way for dozens of other tribes to increase their revenues through development of gambling casinos, resorts and related hotels and retails shops.[21] All generate revenue as well for the states in which they are located, under compacts regulated by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988.

text: The Seminole tribe has six reservations.[22] They have developed more extensive hotels and related resorts for gaming on some of their reservations. Since 2007, the Tribe has owned the Hard Rock Cafe franchise, and established it in their hotels and casinos. They now have a total of seven casinos.[23] Tourism, both as related to the casinos and in terms of attracting people to the reservations for hunting, fishing, and guided tours, is also a part of their economy.

text: Other significant parts of their economy are based on production of the citrus groves and cattle farming on the Brighton and Big Cypress reservations, and forestry.[18] Beginning with a small group of cattle brought from the West in the 1930s, the Seminole Tribe has developed the 12th-largest cattle operation in the country. It is located primarily on the Big Cypress and Brighton reservations. In a related development, since 2008 the Seminole Tribe has marketed its beef under the brand, Seminole Beef. They are featuring it in their Hard Rock Cafe and hotels, and intend to market it to other Indian tribes, military installations, restaurants and supermarkets throughout the country.[24]

text: According to a tribal audit, in 2005 the tribe took in $1.1 billion in revenue.[2] They pay a dividend to tribal members on a monthly basis from a portion of the income to the tribe. In February 2012, the Tampa Bay Times reported that the Seminole Tribe employed a total of 12,000 people at its headquarters and six casino operations.[25]

text: Membership[edit]

text: In the early part of the 20th century, the Seminole were still mostly full bloods and had prohibitions against members going outside the tribe for marriage partners. In a 1999 interview, Betty Mae Tiger Jumper, chairwoman of the Tribe from 1967 to 1971, said that in the late 1920s, Seminole medicine men had threatened to kill her and her brother, then young children, because they were half-breeds with a white father. She learned that other half-breeds had been killed. Her great uncle moved her family to the Dania reservation for safety.[26]

text: Similarly, former chairman Jim Billie, who also had a white father, recounted that, as an infant, he was threatened in 1944 by tribal men because he was a half-breed; his mother and Betty Mae Tiger, then a young woman, saved his life.[27]

text: The tribe has since become more open to intermarriage. It also permits non-tribal spouses (including white or black) to live on the reservations, unlike in earlier times. It requires tribal members to have a documented blood quantum of at least one-quarter Seminole ancestry.[28]

text: As of 2000 there were around 2,000 enrolled members in the tribe,[1] with over 1,300 living on the reservations.[18] The Tribe includes some Black Seminoles, including 50 living on Fort Pierce Reservation.[28]

text: Reservations[edit]

text: The Seminole Tribe currently has six reservations:[22]

text:
Big Cypress Reservation, the largest territory, including 81.972 sq mi (212.306 km²)[24]
Brighton Reservation, 57.090 sq mi (147.862 km²)
Hollywood Reservation, 497 acres (2.01 km2) acres[29]
Immokalee Reservation, in Collier County
Tampa Reservation, in Hillsborough County
Fort Pierce Reservation, a 50 acres (0.20 km2) site in St. Lucie County, taken into trust for the tribe in 1995 by the U.S. Department of Interior. The tribe has constructed a modern housing development, known as Chupco's Landing, and a community center for members.

tag: ul

text: Language[edit]

text: Most members of the Tribe are bilingual, speaking the Mikasuki language (which is also spoken by the Miccosukee Tribe) and English. In the 1970s, all the members of Big Cypress Reservation still spoke Mikasuki, and most of the Seminole spoke it.[30] The Creek language is spoken by some Florida Seminole, especially those living on Brighton Reservation.[6] Use of both Muskogean languages has declined among younger people.

text: Culture[edit]

text: The Seminole continue to observe traditional practices such as the Green Corn Dance. They have two ceremonial grounds within the boundaries of the Big Cypress National Preserve.

text: In addition, they have created some new celebrations: the Big Shootout at Big Cypress, celebrated since 1997. A few years ago, they added an historical re-enactment to the annual Big Shootout, in which re-enactors take the part of Seminole, Black Seminole and US forces.[31]

text: In 1956, Betty Mae Tiger Jumper (later to be elected as Chairwoman of the tribe) and Alice Osceola established the first tribal newspaper, the Seminole News, which sold for 10 cents a copy. It was dropped after a while, but in 1972 the Alligator Times was established.[32] In 1982 it was renamed the Seminole Tribune, as it continues today. Betty Mae Tiger Jumper became the editor-in-chief; as the tribal storyteller, she contributed traditional stories and articles about Seminole culture. In 1989, the monthly Seminole Tribune was the first Native American newspaper to win a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award. That year, it was also nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. A member of the Native American Journalists Association, in 1997 it earned five awards from that organization.[33]

text: Florida State University[edit]

text: Florida State University in Tallahassee uses the Seminole name and imagery for its athletics programs, the Florida State Seminoles. The name was adopted in 1947 after a fan vote; reportedly the new college football team preferred it so much that they stuffed the ballot box in its favor.[34] Since 1978, a student portraying Osceola has been the official mascot at football games; previously more cartoonish Indian-themed mascots were used.[35]

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, when mascots based on Native Americans became more controversial and many Native Americans and supporters protested their use, Florida State consulted with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, emphasizing that their use of the names and the Osceola mascot were not intended to be demeaning. Several representatives of the Seminole Tribe, including Chairman James E. Billie and Council Member Max Osceola, have given FSU their blessing to use Osceola and Seminole imagery.[36][37] However, the matter remains controversial for other Florida Seminoles, as well as members of the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma.[38][39] In 2005, FSU was among the schools potentially facing NCAA sanctions for using "hostile and abusive" Indian mascots and names; after much deliberation, the NCAA gave FSU an exemption, citing the university's relationship with the Seminole Tribe of Florida as a major factor.[37][40] Ironically, in 2016 the Seminole-owned Hard Rock Cafe purchased the naming rights to Sun Life Stadium in suburban Miami, home to one of Florida State's two great rivals, the Miami Hurricanes.

text: Tribal chairmen since reorganization[edit]

text:
1957–1966:[41] Billy Osceola, inaugural holder.[42]
1967–1971: Betty Mae Tiger Jumper, first and only chairwoman of the tribe, editor-in-chief of the Seminole Tribune,[33] tribal communications director,[43] and the last matriarch of the Snake clan. Jumper spoke English, Mikasuki, and Muskogee.[44]
1971–1979: Howard Tommie,[45] political leader and two-term chairman of Seminole Tribal Council who initiated programs in the 1970s, including accepting the U.S. land claim settlement; successfully negotiated with the State of Florida for water rights for the Seminole reservations, and establishment of tax-free smoke shops and high-stakes bingo as revenue generators. Tommie speaks English, Mikasuki, and Muskogee.[46]
1979–2003: Jim Billie, suspended in 2001, officially removed in 2003.[47] Billie chaired during an expansion of Indian gaming and increase in tribal wealth and economic development.
2003[48]—2011:[49] Mitchell Cypress
2011–2016:[50] Jim Billie, re-elected and again removed by Seminole Tribal Council in a unanimous vote (4–0) on account of "various issues with policies and procedures of the Chairman's office."
2016—present: Marcellus Osceola Jr.

text: Notable Florida Seminole[edit]

text:
Abiaka, "medicine chief" and war chief of the Miccosukee during the Seminole Wars who successfully defied attempts by the Jackson administration to extract native tribes from the Southeastern United States to present-day Oklahoma.
Jim Billie, longest-serving chief.
Louise Gopher, first Seminole Tribe of Florida college graduate.
Betty Mae Tiger Jumper, first female chief.
Micanopy, principal chief from 1825, through the Second Seminole War, until his death in 1849 in Indian Territory.
Osceola, born William Powell Jr., war chief during the Seminole Wars.
Jim Shore, first Florida Seminole to become a lawyer, now General Counsel of the Tribe,[25] took a major role in land claims negotiations in the late 20th century[51]
Desoto Tiger, trapper, first Seminole murder victim whose white killer was convicted of murder, although no time was served.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Pritzker, p. 389.
^ Jump up to: a b Sally Kestin, "FEMA paid tribe's hotel tab", Sun Sentinel, 29 November 2007, accessed 17 April 2013
Jump up ^ Mahon, pp. 183–187.
Jump up ^ Mahon, pp. 187–189.
Jump up ^ Mulroy, Kevin. "Seminole Maroons", Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, Vol. 14, ed. William Sturtevant, Smithsonian Institution, 2004
^ Jump up to: a b Mahon, pp. 201–202.
Jump up ^ Alexander Spoehr, Camp, Clan, and Kin among the Cow Creek Seminole of Florida, Field Museum, Anthropological Series, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2 August 1941, pp. 9–10
^ Jump up to: a b c Mahon, pp. 203–204.
Jump up ^ Pritzker, p. 390.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Covington, James W. (1980). "Seminole Leadership: Changing Substance, 1858–1958" (PDF). University of Tampa. pp. 32–34. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "History & Culture". National Park Service. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Palm State Park". National Park Service. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Bob (3 May 2012). "CCC’s work in 1933 Homestead forged the trails for Everglades National Park". South Dade New Leader. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Second-Jumper, Sigfried R. (2011). Second Jumper: Searching for His Bloodline. [S.l.]: Lulu Com. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-4357-9099-5. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kersey Jr., Harry A. (July 1993). "The Florida Seminole Land Claims Case, 1950–1990". The Florida Historical Quarterly. Florida Historical Society. 72 (1): 35–55. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Kersey, pp. 142–146
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patsy West, "A Vote for Destiny", Seminole Tribune', 40th Anniversary Issue, accessed 18 April 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Pritzker, p. 392
^ Jump up to: a b Kersey (1996), pp. 118–126
Jump up ^ Gallagher (2004)
Jump up ^ Fixico, pp. 188–191.
^ Jump up to: a b "Seminole Tribe of Florida Reservations". www.semtribe.com. Seminole Tribe of Florida. 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Clary (2011)
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Barn, Glades County, Florida", National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, accessed 26 December 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Justin George, "Seminole Tribe's James Billie recovering from stroke", Tampa Bay Times, 28 February 2012
Jump up ^ "Betty Mae Jumper interview". Seminole Oral History Collection, Samuel Proctor Oral History Program. University of Florida Digital Collections. June 28, 1999. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Peter B. Gallagher, "The Rise and Fall of Chief Jim Billie", Sarasota Magazine, June 2005, at Highbeam, accessed 17 April 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Clary (November 26, 2007). "On Fort Pierce Reservation, black Seminoles complain of isolation". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daniel Chang, "Seminole Tribe to Close Park Near Hollywood", Miami Herald, 14 September 2012
Jump up ^ Kersey, p. 118
Jump up ^ Current issue, Seminole Tribune, March 2013
Jump up ^ "About Alligator times. (Hollywood, Fla.) 1972–1983". Chronicling America: Historical American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Us", The Seminole Tribune, 2013
Jump up ^ King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. University of Nebraska Press. p. 136. ISBN 0803277989. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. University of Nebraska Press. p. 142. ISBN 0803277989. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling Springwood (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 143–145. ISBN 0803277989. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Wieberg (August 23, 2005). "NCAA allowing Florida State to use its Seminole mascot". USA Today. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling Springwood (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 0803277989. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosier, Paul C. (2003). Native American Issues (Contemporary American Ethnic Issues). Greenwood. p. 14. ISBN 0313320020. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Florida State Can Keep Its Seminoles". The New York Times. August 24, 2005. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kersey, Harry A. (1996). An assumption of sovereignty : social and political transformation among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979. Lincoln [u.a.]: Univ. of Nebraska Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-8032-2728-0.
Jump up ^ "Seminole Timeline". Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Betty Mae Tiger-Jumper and Patsy West, A Seminole Legend, University Press of Florida, 2001
Jump up ^ Kersey (1996), p. 118
Jump up ^ Harry A. Kersey, "Howard Tommie, Seminole", The New Warriors: Native American Leaders Since 1900, ed. R. Edmunds, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p. 171
Jump up ^ Kersey (1996), pp. 120–126
Jump up ^ Testerman, Jeff (19 March 2003). "Seminoles sack chairman James Billie". St. Petersburg Times On Line. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Fogelson, Raymond D., editor; Sturtevant, William C., editor (2004). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14, Southeast. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. p. 445. ISBN 0-16-072300-0. Retrieved 14 January 2015. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "James Billie Once Again Chairman Of Seminole Tribe". CBS Local Media. Associated Press. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Dan. "Seminole Tribe elects new chairman". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
Jump up ^ Harry A. Kersey, An Assumption of Sovereignty: Social and Political Transformation Among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979, U of Nebraska Press, 1996, p. 148

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