document_title: UEFA Europa League

question_text: what is the prize for winning europa league

text: UEFA Europa League

text: History[edit]

text: The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. The competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup (1955–58) to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA and relaunched the following season as the UEFA Cup.

text: The UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers against Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool, in 1973, who defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final. Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the second time in 1976 after defeating Club Brugge in the final.

text: During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg (1982 and 1987) and Real Madrid (1985 and 1986) won the competition twice each, with Anderlecht reaching two consecutive finals, winning in 1983 and losing to Tottenham Hotspur in 1984. The year 1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs' domination, when Diego Maradona's Napoli defeated Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two all-Italian finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a third time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. The year 1995 saw a third all-Italian final, with Parma proving their consistency, after two consecutive Cup Winners' Cup finals. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996. Internazionale reached the final the following two years, losing in 1997 to Schalke 04 on penalties, and winning yet another all-Italian final in 1998, taking home the cup for the third time in only eight years. Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era.

text: Liverpool won the competition for the third time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments, with the latter against Portuguese team Braga. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, and then Sevilla succeeded on two consecutive occasions in 2006 and 2007, the latter in a final against fellow Spaniards Espanyol. Either side of Sevilla's success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraine's Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final. In 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year. In 2014, Sevilla won their third cup in eight years after defeating Benfica on penalties. Just one year later, in 2015, Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/Europa League, becoming the most successful club in the competition.[citation needed]

text: Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[3][4] At the same time, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA's third-tier competition, was discontinued and merged into the new Europa League.

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The UEFA Cup, also known as the Coupe UEFA, is the trophy awarded annually by UEFA to the football club that wins the UEFA Europa League. Before the 2009–10 season, both the competition and the trophy were known as the 'UEFA Cup'.

text: Before the competition was renamed the UEFA Europa League in the 2009–10 season, the UEFA regulations stated that a club could keep the original trophy for a year before returning it to UEFA. After its return, the club could keep a four-fifths scale replica of the original trophy. Upon their third consecutive win or fifth win overall, a club could retain the trophy permanently.[7] However, under the new regulations, the trophy remains in UEFA's keeping at all times. A full-size replica trophy is awarded to each winner of the competition. Also a club that wins three consecutive times or five times overall will receive a multiple-winner badge.[8] As of 2016–17, only Sevilla has earned the honour to wear the multiple-winner badge, having achieved both prerequired feats in 2016.[9]

text: The trophy was designed and crafted by Bertoni for the 1972 UEFA Cup Final. It weighs 15 kg and is silver on a yellow marble plinth.[10]

text: Anthem[edit]

text: The competition's first anthem was composed by Yohann Zveig and recorded by the Paris Opera in early 2009. The theme for the re-branded UEFA Cup competition was first officially unveiled at the Grimaldi Forum on 28 August 2009 before the 2009–10 season group stage draw. The anthem is to be played before every Europa League game at a stadium hosting such an event and also before every television broadcast of a Europa League game as a musical element of the competition's opening sequence.[11]

text: A new anthem was composed by Michael Kadelbach and recorded in Berlin and was launched as part of the competition's rebranding at the start of the 2015–16 season.[12]

text: A new anthem created by MassiveMusic has been composed for the start of the 2018–19 season.[13]

text: Format[edit]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Qualification for the competition is based on UEFA coefficients, with better entrance rounds being offered to the more successful nations. In practice, each association has a standard number of three berths, except:

text:
Nations ranked 52 and 53 (Andorra and San Marino in the 2013–14 season), which have two berths
The nation ranked 54 (Gibraltar in the 2014–15 season) which has one berth.
Liechtenstein, which qualifies only the Cup winners

text: Usually, each country's places are awarded to teams who finish in various runners-up places in its top-flight league and the winner of the main cup competition. Typically the teams qualifying via the league are those in the highest places not eligible for the UEFA Champions League; however, the Belgian league awards one place via a playoff between First A and First B teams. A few countries have secondary cup competitions, but the only ones whose winners are currently granted a UEFA Europa League place are England's and France's.

text: A team may qualify for European competitions through more than one route. In all cases, if a club is eligible to enter the UEFA Champions League then the Champions League place takes precedence and the club does not enter the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Europa League place is then granted to another club or vacated if the maximum limit of teams qualifying for European competitions is exceeded. If a team qualifies for European competition through both winning a cup and league placing, the "spare" UEFA Europa League place will go to the highest placed league team which has not already qualified for European competition, depending on the rules of the national association, or vacated, if the described limit is reached.

text: The top three ranked associations may qualify for the fourth berth if both the Champions League and Europa League champions are from that association and do not qualify for European competition through their domestic performance. In that case, the fourth-placed team in that association will join the Europa League instead of the Champions League, in addition to their other qualifying teams.

text: More recently, clubs that are knocked out of the qualifying round and the group stage of the Champions League can also join the UEFA Europa League, at different stages (see below). Formerly, the reigning champions qualified to defend their title, but since 2015 they qualify for the Champions League. From 1995 to 2015, three leagues gained one extra place via the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking.

text: Background[edit]

text: UEFA coefficients were introduced in 1980 and, until 1999, they gave a greater number of berths in UEFA Cup to the more successful nations. Three nations had four places, five nations had three places, thirteen nations had two places, and eleven nations only one place. Since 1999, a similar system has been used for the UEFA Champions League. Before 1980, the entrance criteria of the last Fairs Cup was used.

text: Historical formats[edit]

text: The competition was traditionally a pure knockout tournament. All ties were two-legged, including the final. Starting with the 1997–98 season, the final became a one-off match, but all other ties remained two-legged.

text: Before the 2004–05 season, the tournament consisted of one qualifying round, followed by a series of knockout rounds. The sixteen non-qualifiers from the final qualifying round of the Champions League entered at the first round proper; later in the tournament, the survivors were joined by third-place finishers from the (first) group phase of the Champions League.

text: From the 2004–05 season, the competition started with two knockout qualifying rounds held in July and August. Participants from associations ranked 18 and lower entered the first qualifying round with those from associations ranked 9–18 joining them in the second qualifying round. In addition, three places in the first qualifying round were reserved for the UEFA Fair Play ranking winners (until 2015–16), and eleven places in the second qualifying round for the UEFA Intertoto Cup winners.

text: Winners of the qualifying rounds then joined teams from the associations ranked 1–13 in the first round proper. In addition, non-qualifiers in the third qualifying round of the Champions League also joined the competition at this point along with the current title-holders (unless they had qualified for the Champions League via their national league), for a total of 80 teams in the first round.

text: After the first knockout round, the 40 survivors entered a group phase, with the clubs being drawn into eight groups of five each. Unlike the Champions League group phase, the UEFA Cup group phase was played in a single round-robin format, with each club playing two home and two away games. The top three teams in each of the eight groups qualified for the main knockout round along with the eight third-placed teams in the Champions League group phase. From then on a series of two-legged knockout ties were played before a single-legged final, traditionally held on a Wednesday in May, exactly one week before the Champions League final.

text: Current format[edit]

text: This article  does not follow Wikipedia's guidelines on the use of different tenses. Please consider copy editing to  past tense if historic, present tense if not time-based (e.g. fiction), or future tense if upcoming. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 2009–10 season, the competition was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League in a bid to increase the competition's profile.[3] An extra 8 teams now qualify for the group stage consisting of 12 groups with four teams each (in a double round robin), with teams finished on the top two place in each group progressing. The competition then progresses in much the same way as the previous format, with four rounds of two-legged knockout rounds and a one-off final held at a neutral ground that meets UEFA's Category Four stadium criteria. The final is played in May, on the Wednesday ten days before the Champions League final.

text: Qualification has changed significantly. Associations ranked 7–9 in the UEFA coefficients sent the cup winners and three (two since 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification, all other nations sent a Cup winners and two other teams, except Andorra and San Marino, who sent only a Cup winner and a runner-up, and Liechtenstein, who sent only a Cup winner. Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the UEFA congress held in London on 24 May 2013, their Cup winner also qualified for Europa League. Usually, the other teams will be the next highest ranked clubs in each domestic league after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, however France and England will continue to use one spot for their League Cup winner. With the abolition of the Intertoto Cup, all participants of Europa League are qualified through domestic routes. Generally, the higher an association is ranked in the UEFA coefficients, the later its clubs start in the qualification. However, every team except for the title-holder (up to 2014–15 season) and the highest ranked teams (usually the cup winner and/or the best Europa League qualified team) from the top (six in 2012–15 seasons, 12 since 2015–16 season) associations had to play at least one qualification round.

text: Apart from the teams mentioned, an additional 15 teams eliminated in the Champions League third qualifying round are transferred to the Europa League play-off round, and the 10 losing teams in the Champions League play-off round are transferred to the Europa League group stage. The 12 winners and the 12 runners-up in the group stage advanced to the knock out round, together with eight third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage.

text: In 2014, the distribution was changed to broaden the appeal of the competition, namely through giving the Europa League champions a Champions League qualification berth, which has been used since. More teams automatically qualify for the group stage. If cup winners had already qualified for European competition through league performance, their place through the league is vacated and goes to the best ranked teams not qualified for European competition, This means that the cup runners-up is no longer qualified through the cup route.[14] These rules came into effect for the 2015–16 season.

text: Distribution (from 2015–16)[edit]

text:
Teams entering in this round

Teams advancing from previous round

Teams transferred from Champions League

First qualifying round(104 teams)

31 domestic cup winners from associations 24–54
35 domestic league runners-up from associations 18–53 (except Liechtenstein)
35 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 16–51 (except Liechtenstein)
3 teams which qualified via Fair Play ranking
(this is no longer applicable as of the beginning of the 2015–16 season, see also UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking).

Second qualifying round(66 teams)

6 domestic cup winners from associations 18–23
2 domestic league runners-up from associations 16–17
6 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 10–15

52 winners from first qualifying round

Third qualifying round(58 teams)

5 domestic cup winners from associations 13–17
9 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 7–15
5 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 5–9
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 4–6 (League Cup winners for France)
3 domestic league sixth-placed teams from associations 1–3 (League Cup winners for England)

33 winners from second qualifying round

Play-off round(44 teams)

29 winners from third qualifying round

15 losers from Champions League third qualifying round

Group stage(48 teams)

12 domestic cup winners from associations 1–12
1 domestic league fourth-placed team from association 4
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 1–3

22 winners from play-off round

10 losers from Champions League play-off round

Knockout phase(32 teams)

12 group winners from group stage
12 group runners-up from group stage

8 third-placed teams from Champions League group stage

text: The access list above is provisional, as changes will need to be made in the following cases:

text:
If the Champions League title holders or the Europa League title holders have qualified for the Europa League through domestic performance, their berth in the Europa League is vacated (not replaced by another team from the same association), and cup winners of the highest-ranked associations are moved to a later round accordingly.[15]
In some cases where changes to the access list of the Champions League are made, the number of losers of the Champions League third qualifying round which are transferred to the Europa League is increased or decreased from the default number of 15, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League will also need to be made.[16]
Because a maximum of five teams from one association can enter the UEFA Champions League, if both the Champions League title holders and the Europa League title holders are from the same top three ranked association and finish outside the top four of their domestic league, the fourth-placed team of their association will be moved to the Europa League and enter the group stage, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League may also need to be made.[17]

text: Format changes (from 2018–19)[edit]

text: Beginning with the 2018–19 tournament, all domestic champions eliminated in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League will transfer to the Europa League, rather than just teams that are eliminated in the third-qualifying and play-off rounds. Europa League qualifying will also provide a separate champions route for these teams, allowing more opportunities for domestic league champions to compete against each other.[18]

text: Prize money[edit]

text: Similar to the UEFA Champions League, the prize money received by the clubs is divided into fixed payments based on participation and results, and variable amounts that depend of the value of their TV market.[19]

text: For the 2018–19 season, group stage participation in the Europa League awarded a base fee of €2.920,000. A victory in the group pays €570,000 and a draw €190,000. Also, each group winner earns €1,000,000 and each runner-up €500,000. Reaching the knock-out stage triggers additional bonuses: €500,000 for the round of 32, €1,100,000 for the round of 16, €1,500,000 for the quarter-finals and €2,400,000 for the semi-finals. The losing finalists receive €4,500,000 and the champions receive €8,500,000.[20]

text:
Preliminary round: €220,000
First qualifying round: €240,000
Second qualifying round: €260,000
Third qualifying round: €280,000
Play-off round elimination: €300,000
Base fee for group stage: €2,920,000
Group match victory: €570,000
Group match draw: €190,000
Group winners: €1,000,000
Group runners-up: €500,000
Round of 32: €500,000
Round of 16: €1,100,000
Quarter-finals: €1,500,000
Semi-finals: €2,400,000
Losing finalist: €4,500,000
Winners: €8,500,000

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: The UEFA Europa League is sponsored by four multinational corporations; the current tournament sponsors are:

text:
Enterprise Rent-A-Car[21]
Hankook Tire[22]
Heineken International (Amstel being the main brand, with local brands being also advertised)[23]
Kia Motors[24]

text: Molten is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball.[25]

text: Since the inception of Europa League brand, the tournament has used its own hoardings (in that year it debuted in the round of 32) like UEFA Champions League. LED hoardings made their debut in the 2012–13 final and will appear in 2015–16 season from the round of 16; in the same season, from the group stage, teams are not allowed to show their sponsors.[26]

text: Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Europa League. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey unless it is a non profit sponsor (plus that of the manufacturer), and if clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as alcohol in the case of France), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys.

text: Records and statistics[edit]

text: The UEFA Cup finals were played over two legs until 1997. The first final was played on 3 May 1972 in Wolverhampton and 17 May 1972 in London. The first leg between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur was won 2–1 by the away side. The second leg finished as a 1–1 draw, meaning that Tottenham Hotspur became the first UEFA Cup winners.

text: The one-match finals in pre-selected venues were introduced in 1998. A venue must meet or exceed UEFA Category three standards to host UEFA Cup finals. On two occasions, the final was played at a finalist's home ground: Feyenoord defeated Borussia Dortmund at De Kuip, Rotterdam, in 2002, and Sporting CP lost to CSKA Moscow at their own Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, in 2005.

text: The winner of the last UEFA Cup final (prior to the competition being rebranded as the UEFA Europa League) was Shakhtar Donetsk on 20 May 2009. The Ukrainian team beat Werder Bremen of Germany 2–1 at Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Istanbul.

text: The first ever winner of the rebranded Europa League was Atlético Madrid, beating Premier League side Fulham 2–1 after extra time.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Performance in the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League by club

Club

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runner-up

 Sevilla

5

0

2006, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016

—

 Liverpool

3

1

1973, 1976, 2001

2016

 Juventus

3

1

1977, 1990, 1993

1995

 Internazionale

3

1

1991, 1994, 1998

1997

 Atlético Madrid

3

0

2010, 2012, 2018

—

 Borussia Mönchengladbach

2

2

1975, 1979

1973, 1980

 Tottenham Hotspur

2

1

1972, 1984

1974

 Feyenoord

2

0

1974, 2002

—

 IFK Göteborg

2

0

1982, 1987

—

 Real Madrid

2

0

1985, 1986

—

 Parma

2

0

1995, 1999

—

 Porto

2

0

2003, 2011

—

 Anderlecht

1

1

1983

1984

 Ajax

1

1

1992

2017

 PSV

1

0

1978

—

 Eintracht Frankfurt

1

0

1980

—

 Ipswich Town

1

0

1981

—

 Bayer Leverkusen

1

0

1988

—

 Napoli

1

0

1989

—

 Bayern Munich

1

0

1996

—

 Schalke 04

1

0

1997

—

 Galatasaray

1

0

2000

—

 Valencia

1

0

2004

—

 CSKA Moscow

1

0

2005

—

 Zenit Saint Petersburg

1

0

2008

—

 Shakhtar Donetsk

1

0

2009

—

 Chelsea

1

0

2013

—

 Manchester United

1

0

2017

—

 Benfica

0

3

—

1983, 2013, 2014

 Marseille

0

3

—

1999, 2004, 2018

 Athletic Bilbao

0

2

—

1977, 2012

 Espanyol

0

2

—

1988, 2007

 Borussia Dortmund

0

2

—

1993, 2002

 Wolverhampton Wanderers

0

1

—

1972

 Twente

0

1

—

1975

 Club Brugge

0

1

—

1976

 Bastia

0

1

—

1978

 Red Star Belgrade

0

1

—

1979

 AZ

0

1

—

1981

 Hamburg

0

1

—

1982

 Videoton

0

1

—

1985

 Köln

0

1

—

1986

 Dundee United

0

1

—

1987

 Stuttgart

0

1

—

1989

 Fiorentina

0

1

—

1990

 Roma

0

1

—

1991

 Torino

0

1

—

1992

 Salzburg

0

1

—

1994

 Bordeaux

0

1

—

1996

 Lazio

0

1

—

1998

 Arsenal

0

1

—

2000

 Alavés

0

1

—

2001

 Celtic

0

1

—

2003

 Sporting CP

0

1

—

2005

 Middlesbrough

0

1

—

2006

 Rangers

0

1

—

2008

 Werder Bremen

0

1

—

2009

 Fulham

0

1

—

2010

 Braga

0

1

—

2011

 Dnipro

0

1

—

2015

text: By nation[edit]

text:
Performance in Finals by nation

Country

Winners

Runners-up

Total

 Spain

11

5

16

 Italy

9

6

15

 England

8

6

14

 Germany[A]

6

8

14

 Netherlands

4

3

7

 Portugal

2

5

7

 Russia

2

0

2

 Sweden

2

0

2

 Belgium

1

2

3

 Ukraine

1

1

2

 Turkey

1

0

1

 France

0

5

5

 Scotland

0

3

3

 Austria

0

1

1

 Hungary

0

1

1

 Yugoslavia

0

1

1

TOTALS
47
47
94

text: A. ^  Includes West Germany clubs, no East Germany clubs appeared in a final.


document_title: 2018–19 NHL season

question_text: when is the nhl 2018 19 schedule released

root

text: 2018–19 NHL season

text: League business[edit]

text: Collective Bargaining Agreement[edit]

text: The current collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is in its seventh season. The NHL can chose to opt out of the CBA on September 1, 2019, or the NHLPA can choose to opt out of the CBA on September 19, 2019.

tag: p

text: Salary cap[edit]

text: On December 9, 2017, the National Hockey League Players' Association announced that the salary cap would be set at $79.5 million per team for the 2018–19 season.[1]

text: Rule changes[edit]

text: No major rule changes have been implemented this season.

text: Media rights[edit]

text: This is the eighth season under the NHL's ten year U.S. rights deal with NBC Sports and fifth season of its twelve year Canadian rights deals with Sportsnet and TVA Sports.

text: On December 20, 2017, CBC Sports and Rogers Communications struck an agreement to renew Hockey Night in Canada through the end of Rogers's current broadcast contract. The two sides had previously reached an agreement to extend its original four-year agreement by an additional year.[2]

text: Draft[edit]

text: The 2018 NHL Entry Draft was held June 22 and 23, 2018. The Buffalo Sabres, by virtue of winning the draft lottery on April 28, held the first overall selection, using it to select defenseman Rasmus Dahlin.

text: Preseason games in China[edit]

text: Two preseason games will be played in China.[3] The Calgary Flames and Boston Bruins will play one game at the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Center in Shenzhen on September 15, 2018 and another game at Cadillac Arena in Beijing on September 19, 2018.[4]

text: Coaching changes[edit]

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team

2017–18 coach

2018–19 coach

Story / Accomplishments

Calgary Flames

Glen Gulutzan

Bill Peters

Gulutzan was fired on April 17, following the Flames' failure to make the playoffs. In two seasons, the Flames went 82–68–14 under Gulutzan. The Flames made the playoffs in Gulutzan's first season with the team before missing out the following year.[5] On April 23, Peters was named the Flames' new head coach.[6] He had coached the Carolina Hurricanes the previous four seasons.

Carolina Hurricanes

Bill Peters

Rod Brind'Amour

Peters resigned on April 20, following the Hurricanes' failure to make the playoffs. Under Peters the Hurricanes went 137–138–53 and missed the playoffs in all four seasons.[7] On May 8, Brind'Amour, who had spent the previous seven years as an assistant coach for the Hurricanes, was named the Hurricanes' new head coach.[8]

Dallas Stars

Ken Hitchcock

Jim Montgomery

Hitchcock retired from coaching on April 13, following the Stars' failure to make the playoffs to become a consultant for the franchise. The Stars went 319–186–60–20 under Hitchcock, winning the Stanley Cup in 1999, going back the following season, and winning the Presidents' Trophy twice.[9] On May 4, Montgomery was named the Stars' new head coach.[10] He led the Denver Pioneers to the 2017 NCAA championship.

New York Islanders

Doug Weight

Barry Trotz

Weight was relieved of his duties by the Islanders on June 5, a few weeks after the hiring of Lou Lamoriello as the president of hockey operations for the Islanders. The Islanders went 59–49–14 under Weight in his one-and-a-half seasons as head coach, never making the playoffs. Weight would remain with the Islanders.[11] On June 21, Trotz was hired as head coach, and was previously the head coach of the Nashville Predators and Washington Capitals with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 2018.[12]

New York Rangers

Alain Vigneault

David Quinn

Vigneault was fired by the New York Rangers on April 7, hours after the team's last regular season game after failing to make the playoffs for the first time in nearly a decade and the second time since the 2004–05 NHL lockout. The Rangers went 226–147–37 under Vigneault, going to the Finals in his first year as head coach and winning the Presidents' Trophy the following season.[13] On May 23, Quinn was named the Rangers' new head coach.[14] He previously served as the assistant coach for the Colorado Avalanche during the 2012–13 season.

Washington Capitals

Barry Trotz

Todd Reirden

Trotz resigned on June 18 amid speculation of a contract dispute that neither he nor the Capitals confirmed.[15] In four seasons under Trotz, the Capitals went 205–89–34, won two Presidents' Trophies and won the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals.[16] On June 29, Reirden was named head coach by the Capitals.[17] Reirden, in his first NHL head coach position, had been an assistant with the Capitals for all four seasons under Trotz.

tag: table

text: Front office changes[edit]

text:
General managers

Off-season

Team

2017–18 GM

2018–19 GM

Story / Accomplishments

Minnesota Wild

Chuck Fletcher

Paul Fenton

Fletcher was relieved of his duties by the Wild on April 23, shortly after their defeat in the first round of the playoffs. He had been the Wild's general manager since the start of the 2009–10 season. Fenton was hired as his replacement on May 21; he had previously held the same position with the American Hockey League's Milwaukee Admirals.[18] [19]

New York Islanders

Garth Snow

Lou Lamoriello

Snow was relieved of his duties by the Islanders on June 5, a few weeks after the hiring of Lou Lamoriello as the president of hockey operations for the Islanders. He had been the Islanders' general manager since the start of the 2006–07 season. Lamoriello replaced Snow as the Islanders' new general manager.[20]

text:
Team presidents

Off-season

Team

2017–18 President

2018–19 President

Story / Accomplishments

Buffalo Sabres

Russ Brandon

Kim Pegula

Brandon, who served as team president while concurrently serving a similar position with the Buffalo Bills, resigned from both positions on May 1, 2018. He had spent three years as the Sabres' president. Pegula, the wife of owner Terrence Pegula, replaced Brandon in both positions, and became the only current female team president in the NHL.[21]

text: Arena changes[edit]

text:
The New York Islanders will move half of their home schedule back to their previous home, the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, after the Barclays Center proved to be unsuitable as a full-time NHL venue. The Islanders will continue to play the remaining half of their home schedule at the Barclays Center, an arrangement that will last until 2021, when Belmont Park Arena is scheduled to open.[22]
The St. Louis Blues' home arena was renamed from Scottrade Center to Enterprise Center on July 1, 2018.[23]
The Toronto Maple Leafs' home arena was renamed from the Air Canada Centre to Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[24]

tag: ul

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The regular season will begin on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. Each team will receive a five-day "bye week", all of which will take place in mid-January. The regular season schedule was released on June 21.[25][26]

text: International games[edit]

text: Three regular season games, branded as the NHL Global Series, will be played in Europe.[27] The Edmonton Oilers will play against the New Jersey Devils at Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden on October 6, 2018. The Florida Panthers and Winnipeg Jets will play two games at Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland on November 1 and 2, 2018.[28]

text: Outdoor games[edit]

text:
The Winter Classic will be held on January 1, 2019, at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana, and will feature the Chicago Blackhawks and the Boston Bruins.[29]
The NHL Stadium Series will be held on February 23, 2019, at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and will feature the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.[30]

text: All–Star Game[edit]

text: The 2019 National Hockey League All-Star Game will be held in San Jose, California, at SAP Center, home of the San Jose Sharks, on January 26, 2019, the first time it will be held on a Saturday after many years of the All-Star game being played on a Sunday.[31][32]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text:
The Anaheim Ducks will wear a new third jersey inspired by jerseys from their years as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim from 1993 to 2006.[33]
The Arizona Coyotes will wear Kachina jerseys as the team's new third jerseys. They previously used this design for road games from 1996 to 2003.[34]
The Carolina Hurricanes will wear a new black third jersey, which was inspired by the third jersey used from 2008 to 2017.[35]
The Philadelphia Flyers will wear black third jerseys, which were worn in the 2017 NHL Stadium Series.[36][better source needed]


document_title: Shahid Afridi

question_text: the fastest century record in odi of shahid afridi was broken by

text: Shahid Afridi

text: Background

text: Afridi was born on 1 March 1980 in Khyber Agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan. He is from the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns.[6][13] Afridi is married to  his maternal cousin Nadia Afridi and has four daughters: Aqsa, Ansha, Ajwa and Asmara.[19]

text: International career

text: In October 1996 at age 16, Afridi was drafted into the ODI team during the four-nation Sameer Cup 1996–97 as a leg spinner as a replacement for the injured Mushtaq Ahmed.[20][21] He made his debut on 2 October against Kenya; however, he didn't bat and went wicketless.[22] In the next match against Sri Lanka, Afridi batted at number three in the role of a pinch-hitter. In his first international innings, Afridi broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket, reaching his hundred from 37 balls. The eleven sixes he struck also equaled the record for most in an ODI innings.[23][nb 1] Aged 16 years and 217 days, Afridi became the youngest player to score an ODI century.[25] Pakistan posted a total of 371, at the time the second-highest in ODIs, and won by 82 runs; Afridi was named man of the match.[23] The record for fastest century in ODI was broken by New Zealand cricketer Corey Anderson on 1 January 2014 who hit 131* runs from 36 balls and is now held by South-African cricketer AB de Villiers who made a century from 31 balls on 18 January 2015 against West Indies.[26]

text: Two years after appearing on the international scene, Afridi made his Test debut in the third game of a three-match series against Australia on 22 October 1998.[27] By this point he had already played 66 ODIs, at the time a record before playing Tests.[28] He opened the batting, making scores of 10 and 6, and took five wickets in the first innings.[27] He played his second Test the following January during Pakistan's tour of India; it was the first Test between the two countries since 1990.[29] Again opening the batting, Afridi scored his maiden Test century, scoring 141 runs from 191 balls. In the same match he also claimed three wickets for 54 runs.[30] After winning the first match by 12 runs, Pakistan lost the second to draw the series.[31]

text: In 2001, Afridi signed a contract to represent Leicestershire. In five first-class matches he scored 295 runs at an average of 42.14, including a highest score of 164,[32] and took 11 wickets at an average of 46.45;[33] Afridi also played 11 one day matches for the club, scoring 481 runs at an average of 40.08[34] and taking 18 wickets at 24.04.[35] His highest score of 95 came from 58 balls in a semi-final of the C&G Trophy to help Leicestershire beat Lancashire by seven wickets.[36] Derbyshire County Cricket Club signed Afridi to play for them in the first two months of the 2003 English cricket season.[37] In June 2004 Afridi signed with English county side Kent to play for them in three Twenty20 matches and one Totesport League match.[38]

text: Afridi made his presence felt in the third Test against India in March 2005, scoring a quick-fire second-innings half-century and taking five wickets in the match (including Tendulkar twice) to help Pakistan to win the game and register a series draw.[39] In April Afridi struck what at the time was the equal second-fastest century in ODIs; he reached 100 off 45 deliveries against India, sharing the record with West Indian Brian Lara.[40] Afridi was more consistent with his batting and bowling throughout 2005, starting with the tours of India and West Indies and through to the England tour. The Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer helped Afridi to reach a fuller potential by improving his shot selection and giving him free rein over his batting attitude.

text: On 21 November 2005, Shahid Afridi was banned for a Test match and two ODIs for deliberately damaging the pitch in the second match of the three-Test series against England. Television cameras pictured him scraping his boots on the pitch scuffing the surface when play was held up after a gas canister exploded. Afridi later pleaded guilty to a level three breach of the ICC code of conduct relating to the spirit of the game. Match referee Roshan Mahanama said: "This ban should serve as a message to players that this type of behaviour is not allowed."[41][42][43]

text: On 12 April 2006, Afridi announced a temporary retirement from Test cricket so that he could concentrate on ODIs, with a particular focus on the 2007 World Cup, and to spend more time with his family. He said he would consider reversing his decision after the World Cup. Afridi had played ten Tests since being recalled to the side in January 2005, averaging 47.44 with the bat including four centuries.[44] However, on 27 April he reversed his decision, saying that "[Woolmer] told me that I am one of the main players in the team and squad and that Pakistan really needed me".[45] Before Pakistan toured England in July to September, Afridi played for Ireland as an overseas player in the C&G Trophy.[45] In six matches, he scored 128 runs[46] and took seven wickets.[47] England won the four-match Test series 3–0;[48] Afridi played two matches, scoring 49 runs[49] and took three wickets.[50] It was the last Test cricket Afridi played until 2010.[51]

text: Afridi was charged on 8 February 2007 of bringing the game into disrepute after he was seen on camera thrusting his bat at a spectator who swore at him on his way up the steps after being dismissed. Afridi was given a four-game ODI suspension, the minimum possible ban for such an offence, meaning that he would miss Pakistan's first two 2007 World Cup matches. The PCB and Afridi chose not to appeal the ban, despite feeling that the punishment was excessively harsh.[52]

text: In the 2007 World Twenty20, he performed poorly with the bat but brilliantly with the ball, earning the Man of the Series award, though he failed to take a wicket in the final and was out for a golden duck. He also became the first person to receive the Player of the Tournament award in T20 World Cup history. But in the next ICC Twenty20 World Cup, held in 2009 Afridi performed brilliantly in the series scoring 50 runs in the semi-final and 54 in the final and leading his team to victory.

text: During the ICC World T20 final in 2009 v Sri Lanka at Lord's. He set some allround records which are mindblowing

text:
He became the first player to score a fifty in a successful runchase in a World T20 final.
Afridi became the first player to score a fifty and to take at least a single wicket in a World T20 final.[53]
He also became the only player to win both the Player of the Final(2009) and the Player of the tournament awards in ICC World T20 history.[54]

text: Captaincy (2009–2011)

text: Shortly after Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 the captain Younis Khan announced his retirement from Twenty20 cricket the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) subsequently announced that Shahid Afridi had taken over as captain in T20Is; the appointment was initially for one match, with a decision on the permanent replacement to be made later.[55] On 31 January 2010, Afridi was caught on camera biting into the ball towards the end of the 5th Commonwealth Bank ODI series in Australia.[56] Later Afridi pleaded guilty to ball tampering and he was banned from two Twenty20 internationals.[57]

text: In March 2010 the board announced that Shahid Afridi had been appointed ODI captain in place of the sacked Mohammad Yousuf he led Pakistan in the 2010 Asia Cup and during his first three matches as ODI captain he scored two centuries against Sri Lanka and Bangladesh he finished as the tournaments highest runscorer with 384 runs from 3 matches.

text: On 25 May 2010, Afridi was appointed captain of the national team in all three formats, after he announced his return to Test cricket.[58] In July 2010, Afridi captained Pakistan in the first Test of the series at Lord's against Australia. He scored 31 off 15 deliveries in the first innings and 2 in the second but was dismissed succumbing to rash strokes in both the innings. After the match, he announced retirement from Test cricket again citing lack of temperament for Test cricket as the reason.[59] Afridi was officially removed from the Test squad on the England tour, but after the spot-fixing scandal saw Mohammad Asif, Mohammad Amir and Test captain Salman Butt temporarily suspended by the International Cricket Council, he stated that he might return to Test cricket if "the team needs it".[60] According to a representative of Afridi, he had voiced his concerns about Mazhar Majeed – who had approached Pakistan's players – in June.[61] Majeed also confirmed that he approached Afridi, Abdul Razzaq, Younis Khan and Saeed Ajmal but all off them refused to be affiliated with him of his fixing menace. Worth mentioning is that the four names given above were not associated in the original scandal and that no disciplinary action have been taken against them by the sports governing body the International Cricket Council.[62]

text:
Afridi's results in international matches[63]

Matches
Won
Lost
Drawn
Tied
No result

Test[64]
27
9
9
9
0
–

ODI[65]
398
218
170
–
1
9

T20I[66]
80
48
31
–
1
–

text: In October, Afridi stated in an interview with Express News that the squad had been selected without his consultation; the PCB gave him an official warning for the interview.[67] Coach Waqar Younis also expressed his unhappiness at having no input in the selection; however, Mohsin Khan, the chief selector, defended the decision, stating, "it is not written down in the PCB constitution that the coach and captain(s) must have a say in the selection of any squad".[68] Pakistan lost the series 3–2.

text:
The team toured New Zealand between December 2010 and February 2011 for two Tests, six ODIs, and three T20Is. Pakistan lost the first two T20Is but won the third; in final match Afridi became the first cricketer to reach 50 international wickets in the format.[69] In the same match, he also became the first cricketer to have completed the double of 500 runs and 50 wickets in the T20 Internationals.[70]
When Pakistan's squad for the 2011 World Cup was announced no captain was named; Afridi, the incumbent ODI captain and Misbah-ul-Haq, the Test captain, were the front runners for the position.[71] Pakistan lost the first match against New Zealand by 8-wickets, the second match got rained out and in the third Mohammad Hafeez scored a century and Afridi scored a blistering 65 from just 25 balls. The following match was a tight game but Pakistan prevailed by two-wickets thanks to three boundaries from Sohail Tanvir, the match was set up by a 93 not out from Misbah-ul-Haq. The fifth ODI was won for Pakistan by 43 runs courtesy of a maiden ODI-century from Ahmed Shehzad. Afridi helped in the lower order by scoring 24 and taking two crucial top order wickets to help guide Pakistan to a 43-run victory and their first ODI series win in two years.[72]

text: After gaining victory as a captain against New Zealand, the PCB declared Shahid Afridi as Pakistan's captain for the 2011 World Cup. In Pakistan's opening match of the tournament, Afridi took 5 wickets for 16 runs against Kenya, giving him the best bowling figures by a Pakistan bowler in a World Cup.[73] In the following match against Sri Lanka, which Pakistan won, Afridi claimed for more wickets to help his side to victory and became the second player to have scored 4,000 runs and taken 300 wickets in ODIs.[74][nb 2] He claimed 17 wickets from 6 matches in the first round of the Cup, including a five-wicket haul against Canada,[75] as Pakistan finished top of their group and progressed to the next stage.[76] After beating the West Indies in the quarter-final, with Afridi taking four wickets,[77] Pakistan were knocked out of the semi-finals in a 29-run defeat to India.[78] Afridi was the tournament's joint-leading wicket-taker with 21 wickets, level with India's Zaheer Khan, even though Afridi had played one match less than him.[79]

text: Soon after the World Cup Pakistan toured the West Indies for a T20I, five ODIs, and two Tests. Pakistan lost the only T20I[80] but won the ODI series that followed 3–2.[81] Afridi took two wickets and scored 28 runs in the series.[82][83] The coach, Waqar Younis, fell out with Afridi and in his report on the tour criticised Afridi, saying "as a captain he is very immature, has poor discipline, lacks a gameplan and is unwilling to listen to others' opinions or advice".[84] After the series, on 19 May the PCB replaced Afridi as ODI captain with Misbah-ul-Haq for the two-match ODI series against Ireland later that month. In 34 ODIs as captain, Afridi led his side to 18 wins and 15 defeats.[85] Afridi subsequently withdrew from the touring squad, citing the illness of his father.[86]

text: Conditional retirement and return (2011–2017)

text:
On 30 May Afridi announced his conditional retirement from international cricket in protest against his treatment by the PCB. The condition on his return was that the board be replaced.[87] The PCB suspended Afridi's central contract, fined him 4.5 million rupees ($52,300), and revoked his no-objection certificate (NOC) which allowed Afridi to play for Hampshire. Afridi filed a petition with the Sindh High Court to overturn the sanctions. On 15 June, Afridi withdrew his petition after an out of court settlement and the PCB reinstated his NOC.[88] When the PCB's central contracts were renewed in August, Afridi's was allowed to lapse.[89] In October he withdrew his retirement as Ijaz Butt had been replaced as chairman of the PCB.
[90] Two weeks after his announcement, Afridi was included in Pakistan's squad to face Sri Lanka in three ODIs and a T20I.[91] In November 2011, Afridi became the only cricketer to score a half-century and take five wickets on two separate occasions in ODIs.[92] Afridi achieved this feat in the fourth ODI against Sri Lanka which helped Pakistan to secure the one-day series.[93]  He also became the first person to score 50 in his 50th T20 International (he is the only one to have played 50 T20Is as of 9 July 2012). Afridi holds the most Player of the Match awards with 7, one above Sanath Jayasuriya and Kevin Pietersen who are both tied in 2nd place with 6.[70]

text: In 2013 during the first ODI game against the West Indies in Guyana, Afridi finished with figures of 7/12, the second best ODI bowling figures of all time.[94][95]

text: In July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord's.[96]

text: Afridi announced his retirement from ODI cricket after 2015 Cricket World Cup. Pakistan lost to Australia in the quarter final and lost the tournament.

text: In March 2016, Pakistan was eliminated from the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 after losing to India, New Zealand and Australia. There were talks about this being Afridi's 'last Twenty20' and he said after the loss to Australia that he would think about retiring and announce it within a week.[97] On 3 April 2016, he announced he will not be retiring, but instead just step down as Twenty20 Captain.[98]

text: In September 2016, the PCB announced that they wanted Afridi to retire. Afridi said it was unfair for them to announce his plans in the media, but then said he wanted a farewell match, which didn't happen as a result of him cancelling a meeting regarding the issue with the PCB.[99]

text: In 2017, Afridi announced that he quit international cricket after 21 years, saying he would continue to play domestic T20 for another 2 years before retiring.[100]

text: 2016 ICC World Twenty20

text: In March 2016, Pakistan was unable to make it to the semi-finals in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 after losing to New Zealand, India and Australia. Before Australia's match, the PCB hinted at Afridi's retirement. However, he went against their decision after the match and announced that he would make the decision himself after consulting family and other iconic players beforehand and also announce it in Pakistan.[101]  He also stated that 'as a player, I am fit. As a captain, I am not fit'.[102] Former Australian player Ian Chappell praised his honesty in this confession.

text: Waqar Younis, the head coach, was initially blamed and he accepted responsibility and offered to retire. However, a six-page report by Younis was later leaked by the PCB to the media where he was shown to be pointing much of the blame onto Afridi. First Younis claimed that Afridi was 'unfair' to new cricketer Mohammad Nawaz by calling him up to bowl in the Asia Cup 2016 because it 'destroyed the youngster's confidence' after he gave 38-runs in 3 overs. Younis went on to accuse Afridi of being 'non-serious' in the game along with saying that he missed training sessions and meetings. He also said that Afridi showed poor performance with the bat, ball and as a captain and was clearly not listened to by other players.[103]   Younis expressed great anger on the report being leaked as it led to fans criticising him for shifting the blame onto Afridi instead of accepting equal responsibility.[104] Manager Intikhab Alam also called Afridi 'clueless' in the 3 matches but said Younis was unable to ensure that the players were physically fit.[105]

text: Afridi was asked to appear to the enquiry committee, made up of Misbah-ul-Haq and other iconic players, who would hear his view on the situation. However, it was said he refused to until it was revealed that his daughter was in hospital undergoing surgery at the time. He opted to be interviewed by phone.[106]

text: Days after the match, Afridi posted a video on Twitter, in which he apologised to all his fans for the teams disappointing performance. He said he didn't care about what others were saying about him and only wanted to answer to his fans and wanted to apologise for letting them and Pakistan down. Despite earlier criticism, many fans commented and circulated that he should not be sorry, with many from India supporting him. Even during his arrival from Dubai back to Pakistan, a few days after the rest of the team, fans chanted 'Boom Boom Afridi' at the airport amidst high security.[107]

text: In April 2016, he finally announced he was stepping down as T20I captain, but was not retiring. He said he wanted to "continue to play the game for my country".[108] Sarfraz Ahmed was appointed as Pakistan's T20I captain following Afridi's resignation.[109]

text: Retirement

text: In July 2010, Afridi announced his retirement from Test cricket.[110] After the 2015 ICC World Cup, he retired from ODI cricket as well.[111] In February 2017, he announced his retirement from T20Is and international cricket.[112] However, in April 2018, he was named in the Rest of the World XI squad for the one-off T20I against the West Indies, which was played at Lord's on 31 May 2018.[113] He went on to captain the side, aften Eoin Morgan had to withdraw due to injury.[114]

text: In May 2018, he was named as one of the ten marquee players for the first edition of the Global T20 Canada cricket tournament.[115][116] On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Edmonton Royals in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the tournament.[117][118]

text: Playing style

text: Batting

text: His general style of batting is very aggressive and attack oriented and has earned him the nickname "Boom Boom". Moreover, out of the seven fastest ODI centuries of all time, Afridi has produced three of them.[119] As of  May 2013[update], he has an ODI strike rate of 114.53 runs per 100 balls, the third highest in the game's history.[120] This attitude has been transferred to Test cricket as well, with Afridi scoring at a relatively high strike rate of 86.97.

text: He hits many sixes long and high, favouring straight down the ground or over midwicket. His trademark shot is a cross-batted flick to the leg-side to a ball outside off stump. However, his aggressive style increases his risk of getting out and he is one of the most inconsistent batsmen in cricket. This is reflected by the fact that he is the only player to score more than 7,000 ODI runs at an average under 25.[121] Afridi is the only player in the world who has scored 1,000 runs and 50 wickets in the T20 format of the game.[122] Afridi has moved about the batting order, and this lack of consistency has made it difficult for him to settle. In the Indian subcontinent, where the ball quickly loses its shine, he prefers to open the batting; however, elsewhere he prefers to bat at number six.[123]

text: On 22 August 2017, in his 256th Twenty20 match,[124] Afridi hit his first century in the format, scoring 101 for Hampshire in the 2017 NatWest t20 Blast against Derbyshire.[125]

text: Bowling

text: Having started as a fast bowler, Afridi decided to start bowling spin after he was told he was throwing. He modelled himself on Pakistan leg-spinner Abdul Qadir.[6] Afridi began his career as primarily a bowler, but after scoring the fastest century in his maiden ODI innings more was expected of him with the bat. He considers himself a better bowler than batsman.[123] While he is renowned for his aggressive batting, he is also a handy leg-spinner capable of producing a good mix of wicket taking balls.[126] He has over 350 International wickets, most of which are from the ODI format. While his stock ball is the leg break, his armoury also includes the conventional off break and a "quicker one" which he can deliver in the style of a medium-pacer, reaching speeds of around 130 km/h (81 mph).[127] He bowls at a high speed for a spinner, resulting in lesser turn, and relying more on variations in speed. He occasionally sends down a bouncer to a batsman, which is very rare for a spin bowler.

text: Philanthropy

text: In March 2014, Shahid Afridi established the Shahid Afridi Foundation which aims to provide healthcare and education facilities in Pakistan. He was named among the world's most charitable athletes by Do Something in August 2015.[128][129]

text: UNICEF and many Pakistani authorities have taken Shahid Afridi on board for the anti-polio campaign in the tribal belt of lawless Waziristan region.[130]

text: Other records

text:
Holds the record for taking the most number of wickets as captain in T20Is (40)[131]
Holds the record for the best bowling figures as captain in a T20I (4–14)[132]
Most runs conceded by a bowler in his T20I career (2362)[133]
Holds the record for taking the most number of T20I wickets when playing at away soil (29)[134]
The first ever player to score a hat-trick in 10-over format for Pakhtoons vs Maratha Arabians [3–19 (2.0)]; 2017 T10 Cricket League[135]

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Xavier Marshall of the West Indies broke the record for most sixes in an ODI innings in a match against Canada in August 2008.[24]

Jump up ^ The first was Sri Lankan Sanath Jayasuria.[74]

tag: ol


document_title: List of Nigerian cities by population

question_text: what is the name of the biggest city in nigeria

text: List of Nigerian cities by population

text: Lists[edit]

text: Defined cities/towns[edit]

text: Nigerian cities are categorized into three types; there is the "Metropolis", which is characterized with having more than one Local Government Areas (LGAs). This type of cities are usually formed when large municipalities are split into smaller LGAs, to aid efficient administration and management, or when small towns grow and merge into existing large cities, or both; some are also formed when urban areas of multiple LGAs merge as a result of growth and are now fully defined as a single settlement,  Another type of settlement is the "Municipality", which is basically an LGA that is fully defined as its own city or town. This type of cities are usually mid-sized, although some large cities also exist as a single LGA. The third type of settlement is the "village", which is basically grouped together with several other villages into one sizeable LGA.

text: The following table lists fully defined incorporated cities in Nigeria, with a population of at least 100,000, as declared by the Nigerian National Population Commission in the 2006 National census.[1] This list refers only to the population of individual cities within their defined limits, which does not include other distinct communities or extended suburban areas within urban agglomerations. A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital, and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state.

text:
Rank

City

State

2006 census

Total  area (km²)

Population  density (/km²)

1

Lagos[a]

Lagos

8,048,430

1,171.3

6,871

2

Kano[b]

Kano

2,828,861

449

6,300

3

Ibadan[c]

Oyo

2,559,853

3,080

831

4

Benin City[d]

Edo

1,147,188

1,204

953

5

Port Harcourt[e]

Rivers

1,005,904

369

2,726

6

Jos[f]

Plateau

821,618

1,821

451

7

Ilorin[g]

Kwara

777,667

765

1,016

8

Abuja

FCT

776,298

1,769

439'

9

Kaduna[h]

Kaduna

760,084

131

5,802

10

Enugu[i]

Enugu

722,664

556

1300

11

Zaria[j]

Kaduna

695,089

563

1,234.6

12

Warri[k]

Delta

557,398

13

Ikorodu

Lagos

535,619

345

1,553

14

Maiduguri

Borno

543,016

137

3,964

15

Aba[l]

Abia

534,265

72

7,400

16

Ife

Osun

509,035

1,791

284

17

Bauchi

Bauchi

493,810

3,687

134

18

Akure

Ondo

484,798

991

489

19

Abeokuta

Ogun

451,607

879

510

20

Oyo

Oyo

428,798

2427

177

21

Uyo

Akwa Ibom

427,873

362

1,182

22

Sokoto

Sokoto

427,760

23

Osogbo

Osun

421,000

24

Owerri

Imo

401,873

551

729

25

Yola

Adamawa

392,854

831

473

26

Calabar

Cross River

371,022

406

910

27

Umuahia[m]

Abia

359,230

385

933

28

Ondo City

Ondo

358,430

29

Minna[n]

Niger

348,788

1,664

209

30

Lafia

Nasarawa

330,712

31

Okene

Kogi

320,260

328

976.4

32

Katsina

Katsina

318,459

142

2,243

-

Ikeja

Lagos

313,196

49.92

6,274

33

Nsukka

Enugu

309,633

45.38

34

Ado Ekiti

Ekiti

308,621

293

1,053

35

Awka

Anambra

301,657

36

Ogbomosho

Oyo

299,535

37

Iseyin

Oyo

286,700

38

Mubi[o]

Adamawa

280,009

1,317

39

Onitsha[p]

Anambra

261,604

52

5,030.8

40

Sagamu

Ogun

253,412

41

Makurdi

Benue

249,000

42

Badagry

Lagos

241,093

441

547

43

Ilesa

Osun

233,900

44

Gombe

Gombe

230,900

45

Obafemi Owode

Ogun

228,851

1,410

162

46

Owo

Ondo

218,886

1,027

213

47

Jimeta

Adamawa

218,400

48

Suleja

Niger

216,578

119

1,820

49

Potiskum

Yobe

205,876

559

368

50

Kukawa

Borno

203,864

4,901

41.6

51

Gusau

Zamfara

201,200

52

Iwo

Osun

191,377

214

894

53

Bida

Niger

188,181

51

3,689

54

Ugep

Cross River

187,000

55

Ijebu Ode

Ogun

186,700

56

Epe

Lagos

181,409

965

188

57

Ise Ekiti

Ekiti

167,100

58

Gboko

Benue

166,400

59

Ilawe Ekiti

Ekiti

160,700

60

Ikare

Ondo

160,600

61

Osogbo

Osun

156,694

47

3,334

62

Okpoko

Anambra

152,900

63

Garki

Jigawa

152,233

1,408

108.12

64

Sapele

Delta

151,000

65

Ila

Osun

150,700

66

Shaki

Oyo

150,300

67

Ijero

Ekiti

147,300

68

Ikot Ekpene

Akwa Ibom

143,077

116

1,233

69

Jalingo

Taraba

139,845

70

Otukpo

Benue

136,800

71

Okigwe

Imo

132,237

72

Kisi

Oyo

130,800

73

Buguma

Rivers

124,200

74

Funtua

Katsina

122,500

75

Abakaliki

Ebonyi

151,723

76

Asaba[q]

Delta

149,603

268

558

77

Gbongan

Osun

117,300

78

Igboho

Oyo

115,000

79

Gashua

Yobe

109,600

70

Bama

Borno

102,800

81

Uromi

Edo

101,400

text: Urban areas[edit]

text: An urban area is a continuously built up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market, without regard for administrative or city boundaries. An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.

text: This is section lists contiguous urban areas in Nigeria, with a population of at least 500,000. The figures here have been taken from Demographia's "World Urban Areas" study 2016. Demographia uses maps, satellite photographs to estimate continuous urbanization.[2]

text:
Rank

City

State

Population

Area (km2)

Density (/km2)

1
Lagos
Lagos
12,830,000
1,425
9000

2
Onitsha
Anambra
7,425,000
1,965
3,800

3
Kano
Kano
3,680,000
251
14,600

4
Ibadan
Oyo
2,910,000
466
6,200

5
Uyo
Akwa Ibom
1,990,000
729
2,700

6
Port Harcourt
Rivers
1,865,000
158
11,800

7
Nsukka
Enugu
1,735,000
645
2,700

8
Abuja
FCT
1,580,000
225
7,000

9
Benin City
Edo
1,355,000
228
5,900

10
Aba
Abia
1,215,000
91
13,400

11
Kaduna
Kaduna
1,100,000
153
7,200

12
Ilorin
Kwara
890,000
83
10,700

13
Jos
Plateau
790,000
70
11,300

14
Maiduguri
Borno
765,000
155
4,900

15
Owerri
Imo
750,000
130
5,800

16
Ikorodu
Lagos
740,000
130
5,700

17
Zaria
Kaduna
735,000
88
8,300

18
Enugu
Enugu
715,000
78
9,200

19
Warri
Delta
695,000
142
4,900

20
Osogbo
Osun
680,000
104
6,600

21
Akure
Ondo
585,000
117
5,000

22
Sokoto
Sokoto
580,000
88
6,600

23
Abeokuta
Ogun
520,000
62
8,400

24
Bauchi
Bauchi
520,000
88
5,900

text: Metropolitan areas[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)


document_title: Fire brick

question_text: why is silica used to make bricks for high temperature furnaces

text: Fire brick

text: Manufacture[edit]

text: In the making of firebrick, fireclay is fired in the kiln until it is partly vitrified, and for special purposes may also be glazed. There are two standard sizes of fire-brick; one is 9×4½×3 inches (229×114×76 mm) and the other is 9×4½×2½ inches (229×114×64 mm).[citation needed] Also available are firebrick “splits” which are half the thickness and are often used to line wood stoves and fireplace inserts. The dimensions of a split are usually 9×4½×1¼ inches (229×114×32 mm).[citation needed] Fire brick was first invented in 1822 by William Weston Young in the Neath Valley of Wales.

text: Composition[edit]

text: Fire bricks have an aluminium oxide content that can be as high as 50–80% (with correspondingly less silica).[2]

text: High temperature applications[edit]

text: The silica firebricks that line steel-making furnaces are used at temperatures up to 1648°C (3000°F), which would melt many other types of ceramic, and in fact part of the silica firebrick liquefies.[citation needed] High-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (HRSI), a material with the same composition, was used in the insulating tiles of the Space Shuttle.[citation needed]

text: Non-ferrous metallurgical processes use basic refractory bricks because the slags used in these processes readily dissolve the “acidic” silica bricks.[3] The most common basic refractory bricks used in smelting non-ferrous metal concentrates are “chrome-magnesite” or “magnesite-chrome” bricks (depending on the relative ratios of magnesite and chromite ores used in their manufacture).[4]

text: Lower temperature applications[edit]

text: A range of other materials find use as firebricks for lower temperature applications. Magnesium oxide is often used as a lining for furnaces. Silica bricks are the most common type of bricks used for the inner lining of furnaces and incinerators. As the inner lining is usually of sacrificial nature, fire bricks of higher alumina content may be employed to lengthen the duration between re-linings. Very often cracks can be seen in this sacrificial inner lining shortly after being put into operation. They revealed more expansion joints should have been put in the first place, but these now become expansion joints themselves and are of no concern as long as structural integrity is not affected.[5] Silicon carbide, with high abrasive strength, is a popular material for hearths of incinerators and cremators. Common red clay brick are used for chimneys and wood-fired ovens.


document_title: Back-to-Africa movement

question_text: which african american led the back to africa movement during the early 20th century

text: Back-to-Africa movement

text: United States[edit]

text: In the early 19th century, the black population in the United States increased dramatically. Many of these African Americans were freed people seeking a better life. Many Southern freed blacks migrated to the industrial North to seek employment while others moved to surrounding Southern states.[1] Their progress was met with hostility as many whites were not used to sharing space with blacks in a context outside of chattel slavery. Many did not believe that free Africans had a place in America and thought the very existence of free blacks undermined the system of slavery and encouraged slaves to revolt.[2] In the North, whites feared that they would lose jobs to free African Americans, while other whites did not like the idea of blacks integrating with whites, but such sentiment was not exclusive to northerners. In Virginia, for example, one proponent of the Colonization movement, Solomon Parker of Hampshire County, was quoted as having said: “I am not willing that the Man or any of my Blacks shall ever be freed to remain in the United States.... Am opposed to slavery and also opposed to freeing blacks to stay in our Country and do sincerely hope that the time is approaching when our Land shall be rid of them."[3] Riots swept the nation in waves, usually in urban areas where there had been recent migration of blacks from the South. During the height of these riots in 1819, there were 25 recorded riots, with many killed and injured.[4] The back-to-Africa movement was seen as the solution to these problems by both groups, but more so with the white population than the blacks. Blacks often viewed the project with suspicion, especially among the middle-class, and worried that the Colonization movement was a ploy to deport freed African-Americans to keep them from making efforts against slavery. For example, shortly after the foundation of the American Colonization Society, 3,000 free blacks gathered in a church in Philadelphia and issued forth a declaration stating that they "will never separate ourselves voluntarily from the slave population of the country." Similarly, black leaders, such as James Forten, who had previously supported the Colonization Movement, changed their minds as a result of widespread black resistance to the idea.[5]

text: Religious motivations for colonization[edit]

text: Following the Great Awakening, during which America was swept by a wave of religious fervor which caused many enslaved African Americans to convert to Christianity, many religious people in America struggled with reconciling slavery with their beliefs. When the enslaved population of America was mostly Muslim or practiced indigenous African religions, it was easy for them to justify slavery on Christian evangelical grounds, but in the 19th century, many religious Americans found it difficult to continue supporting the enslavement of their brothers in Christ, especially the Quakers.[5] Two examples of such Christians can be found in Reverend Moses Tichnell and Reverend Samuel R. Houston, who freed slaves and sent them to Liberia in 1855 and 1856 respectively.[3] These wealthy Christians who felt morally obligated to finance such voyages were indeed an important aspect of the colonization movement, and without them far fewer African Americans could have made the expensive journey back to the homeland of their ancestors, as it was much harder for a free black to achieve financial success in that time.

text: American Colonization Society[edit]

text: The American Colonization Society (ACS) was an early advocate of the idea of resettling American-born blacks in Africa. Founded in 1816 by Charles Fenton Mercer, it was made up of two groups: "philanthropists, clergy and abolitionist who wanted to free African slaves and their descendants and provide them with the opportunity to return to Africa. The other group was the slave owners who feared free people of color and wanted to expel them from America."[6] Since its inception, the American Colonization Society struggled to garner support from within free black communities; however, during the late 1840s and early 1850s, the creation of an independent Liberian state splintered the nearly uniform voice against colonization. After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which provided the United States government ample power to recapture fugitive slaves, many black leaders promoted immigration and colonization to a nation that would provide and protect their rights.[7] Still in despite of this, several black critics were outspoken against the Back-to-Africa movement and the activities of the American Colonization Society. A report from a free black political conference in New York warned: "all kinds of chicanery and stratagem will be employed to allure the people [to the colony]...the independence of its inhabitants; the enjoyment and privileges of its citizens, will be pictured forth in glowing colors, to deceive you."[8] The discussion between ACS proponents and anticolonizationists did not stop blacks from migrating to Liberia despite numerous challenges.

text: According to the Encyclopedia of Georgia History and Culture, "as early as 1820, black Americans had begun to return to their ancestral homeland through the auspices of the American Colonization Society" and by 1847, the American Colonization Society founded Liberia and designated it as the land to be colonized by all black people returning from the United States of America.[9] By the decline of the Back to Africa Movement, the American Colonization Society migrated over 13,000 blacks back to Africa.

text: Notable members of the American Colonization Society included Thomas Buchanan, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Abraham Lincoln, James Madison, Daniel Webster, John Marshall, and Francis Scott Key.[10]

text: Other pre-Civil War attempts[edit]

text: In 1811, Paul Cuffee, "a black man who was a wealthy man of property, a petitioner for equal rights for blacks"[11] began to explore the idea of black people returning to their native land as he was convinced that "opportunities for the advancement of black people were limited in America, and he became interested in African colonization."[12] With the help of some Quakers in Philadelphia he was able to transport 38 blacks to Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 1815.[13]

text: Post-Emancipation[edit]

text: The back-to-Africa movement began to decline but revived again in 1877 at the end of the Reconstruction era as many blacks in the South faced violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.[14] Interest among the South's black population in African emigration peaked during the 1890s, a time when racism reached its peak and the greatest number of lynchings in American history took place.[15]

text: The continued experience of segregation and discrimination of African Americans after emancipation, and the belief that they would never achieve true equality, attracted many of them to a Pan-African emancipation in their motherland.

text: Soon thereafter, the movement declined following many hoaxes and fraudulent activities associated with the movement. According to Crumrin, however, the most important reason for the decline in the back-to-Africa movement was that the "vast majority of those who were meant to colonize did not wish to leave. Most free blacks simply did not want to go "home" to a place from which they were generations removed. America, not Africa, was their home and they had little desire to migrate to a strange and forbidding land not their own."[16]

text: Florida Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (1905-1909) called for blacks to be moved permanently to a large piece of land the federal government would purchase, after buying their present properties, a territory the blacks could not leave and whites could not enter. So far as is known, this never went beyond an idea, and there is no known evidence of where this territory was intended to be.[17]

text: The eventual disillusionment of those who migrated to the North and frustrations of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for the back-to-Africa movement of the 1920s, established by Marcus Garvey[18] although there were earlier attempts at resettlement such as that by Chief Alfred Sam in 1913-15.[19] Those who migrated to the Northern States from the South found that, although they were financially better off, they remained at the bottom both economically and socially.[20]

text: Liberia[edit]

text: The history of Liberia (after the arrival of Europeans) is unique in Africa as it started neither as a native state nor as a European colony, but began in 1821 when private societies began founding colonies for free blacks from the United States on the coast of West Africa. The first American ships were very uncertain of where they were heading. Their plan was to follow the paths that the British had taken hand, or simply take a chance on where they would land. At first, they followed the previous routes of the British and reached the coast of Sierra Leone. After leaving Sierra Leone, the Americans slowly reached the southern part of the African coastline. Eventually, the Americans found what they were looking for, what the British called the Grain Coast. This region was called the Grain Coast because of the type of ginger spice used for medicine flavoring that it provided, which was called aframomum meleguete. In the Grain Coast, local African chiefs willingly gave the Americans tracts of land. It took the Americans the next 20 years to gain a series of fragmented settlements across Liberia's barely settled beach. Along with the difficulty of gaining enough land, life was not easy for these early settlers. Disease was rampant, along with the lack of food. Hostile tribes presented the settlers with great struggle, destroying some of their new land settlements. Almost half of the new settlers had died over the first 20 years since their arrival in Liberia.[21] Liberia gained independence on 26 July 1847.[22]:5 With an elected black government and the offer of free land to African American settlers, Liberia became the most common destination of emigrating African Americans during the 19th century.[22]:2[23] Once African Americans arrived in Liberia, they faced a whole host of challenges, which included broken family ties, high mortality rates, and a difficult adjustment period. A group of 43 African Americans from Christiansburg, Virginia, left for Liberia in 1830 and suffered high mortality rates. "Eighty percent of the emigrants were dead within ten years of landing there, most of them victims of malaria; another ten percent quit the colony, with the majority fleeing to Sierra Leone.[24] African Americans who survived this period of adjustment in Liberia usually ended up liking the country.[25]

text: Blacks' interest in Liberia emigration emerged when the Civil War promised the end of slavery and meaningful change to the status of Black Americans. Some 7,000 enslaved people were freed by their masters, so at that point those free African Americans left the U.S. to escape racism and have more opportunities (mainly because they had lost all hope of achievement). In the 1830s, the movement became increasingly dominated by slave owners who wanted Liberia to absorb the free blacks of the South. Slaves freed from slave ships were sent here instead of their country of origin. The emigration of free blacks to Liberia particularly increased after the Nat Turner rebellion in 1831. Middle-class blacks were more resolved to live as black Americans, many rural poor folks gave up on the United States and looked to Liberia to construct a better life. Liberia provided freedom and equality; it also represented a chance for a better life for the South's black farmers. The Liberian government promised 25 acres of free land for each immigrant family, 10 acres for a single adult, who came to the Black Republic. In the early 19th century, Liberia evoked mixed images in the minds of black Americans. They viewed Liberia as a destination for black families who left the United States in search of a better way of life, returning to their ancestral homeland of Africa.[22]:2–9

text: As noted by researcher Washington Hyde, "Black Americans - who in the time of slavery lost their original languages and much of their original culture, gained a distinctly American, English-speaking Christian identity, and had no clear idea of precisely where in the wide continent of Africa their ancestors had come from - were perceived by the natives of Liberia as foreign settlers. Having an African ancestry and a black skin color were definitely not enough. Indeed, their settlement in Liberia had much in common with the contemporary white settlement of the American Frontier and these settlers' struggle with Native American tribes (...). The Liberian experience can also be considered as anticipating that of Zionism and Israel - with Jews similarly seeking redemption through a return to an ancestral land and similarly being regarded as foreign interlopers by the local Arab tribes. It would take Americo-Liberians a century and more to become truly accepted as one of Liberia's ethnic groups(...). All of which certainly contributed to most Black Americans rejecting the Back-to-Africa option and opting instead for seeking equal rights in America."[26]

text: Ex-slave repatriation[edit]

text: Ex-slave repatriation or the immigration of African American, Caribbean, and Black British slaves to Africa occurred mainly during the late 18th century to mid-19th century. In the cases of Liberia and Sierra Leone both were established by former slaves who were repatriated to Africa within a 28-year period.

text: Sierra Leone[edit]

text: The first attempt by the British government to settle people in Sierra Leone in 1787 sent 300 former slaves on the Sierra Leone peninsula in West Africa. Two years later most members of the settlement were killed off by disease and complications with the local Temne people. In 1792, a second attempt was made when 1,100 freed slaves established Freetown behind the British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson. Many of these inhabitants were unhappy with where they were resettled in Canada after the American Revolution and were eager to return to their homeland.

text: In 1815 the first freed slaves from the United States arrived in Sierra Leone, when Paul Cuffe brought the first group of thirty-eight migrants. Five years later, in 1820, minister Daniel Coker lead a group of ninety free blacks in hopes of founding a new colony in Sierra Leone. He intended to proselytize Christianity among the Africans. After leaving New York on the ship Elizabeth, his voyage ended on an island just off the coast of Sierra Leone. Arriving just before the rains of spring, the group of immigrants were soon stricken with fever. The survivors soon fled to Freetown, and the settlement disintegrated.

text: The American Colonization Society came under attack from American abolitionists, who insisted that the removal of the freed slaves from the United States strengthened the institution of slavery.

text: The repatriation of slaves to Africa from the United Kingdom, and its dependencies, was initiated by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, and was later on taken up by the Sierra Leone Company. In time, African American Black Loyalists and West Indians would immigrate to the colony of Freetown, Sierra Leone, in smaller numbers in efforts led by black merchants or beneficiaries such as Paul Cuffe.

text: More recently the African-American actor Isaiah Washington, a titled chief of the Mende people, has received Sierra Leonean citizenship due to his ancestral descent from the Mendes. Due to this, other members of the African diaspora that are also of Sierra Leonean descent can apply for citizenship as well if their descent is verified by a DNA test, as Mr. Washington's was.

text: Notable repatriated people[edit]

text:
Joseph Jenkins Roberts – first President of Liberia and founding father
Thomas Peters (black leader) – African-American Black Loyalist leader and founder of Freetown, Sierra Leone
William Coleman – President of Liberia
Stephen Allen Benson – President of Liberia
David George – African-American Baptist preacher
Boston King – African-American Methodist missionary
Henry Washington (or Harry Washington) – African-born slave to first U.S. President George Washington
Daniel Coker – African-American missionary to Sierra Leone
Edward Jones (missionary) – American missionary to Sierra Leone
Edward J. Roye – President of Liberia, and first president from the True Whig Party
John Russwurm – founder of Freedom's Journal, the first black newspaper in the United States