document_title: PGA Championship

question_text: where is the pga championship being held this year

text: PGA Championship

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1894, with 41 golf courses operating in the United States, two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized. One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island, and the other at St. Andrew's Golf Club in New York. In addition, and at the same time as the amateur event, St. Andrew's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers. None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf, causing considerable controversy among players and organizers. Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association (USGA), which became the first formal golf organization in the country. After the formation of the USGA, golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance.

text: In February 1916 the Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) was established in New York City. One month earlier, the wealthy department store owner Rodman Wanamaker hosted a luncheon with the leading golf professionals of the day at the Wykagyl Country Club in nearby New Rochelle. The attendees prepared the agenda for the formal organization of the PGA;[1] consequently, golf historians have dubbed Wykagyl "The Cradle of the PGA."[2] The new organization's first president was Robert White, one of Wykagyl's best-known golf professionals.[citation needed]

text: The first PGA Championship was held in October 1916 at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville, New York.[3] The winner, Jim Barnes, received $500 and a diamond-studded gold medal donated by Rodman Wanamaker. The 2016 winner, Jimmy Walker, earned $1.8 million. The champion is also awarded a replica of the Wanamaker Trophy, which was also donated by Wanamaker, to keep for one year, and a smaller-sized keeper replica Wanamaker Trophy.[4][5]

text: Format[edit]

text: Initially a match play event, the PGA Championship was originally played in early fall but varied from May to December. Following World War II, the championship was mostly played in late May or late June, then moved to early July in 1953 and a few weeks later in 1954, with the finals played on Tuesday. As a match play event (with a stroke play qualifier), it was not uncommon for the finalists to play over 200 holes in seven days. The 1957 event lost money,[6] and at the PGA meetings in November it was changed to stroke play, starting in 1958, with the standard 72-hole format of 18 holes per day for four days, Thursday to Sunday. Network television broadcasters, preferring a large group of well-known contenders on the final day, pressured the PGA of America to make the format change.[7]

text: During the 1960s, the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times, making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors. In 1965, the PGA was contested for the first time in August, and returned in 1969, save for a one-year move to late February in 1971, played in Florida. The 2016 event was moved to late July, two weeks after the Open Championship, to accommodate the 2016 Summer Olympics in August.[8]

text: Prior to the 2017 edition, it was announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to May on the weekend prior to Memorial Day, beginning in 2019. The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move its Players Championship back to March the same year; it had been moved from March to May in 2007. The PGA of America cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics, as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses, as reasoning for the change. It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late-August.[9][10][11]

text: Location[edit]

text: The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States; only ten times has it ventured west. It was last played in the Pacific time zone 20 years ago in 1998, at Sahalee east of Seattle. The last time that the championship was played in California was in 1995, at Riviera. The 102nd edition in 2020 is scheduled for TPC Harding Park in San Francisco,[12][13] the first for the Bay Area and a return to California after a quarter century. (The Mountain time zone has hosted three playings, all in suburban Denver; these tournaments occurred in 1941, 1967, and 1985.)

text: Through 2018, the state of New York has hosted twelve times, followed by Ohio (11) and Pennsylvania (9).

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The tournament was previously promoted with the slogan "Glory's Last Shot". In 2013, the tagline had been dropped in favor of "The Season's Final Major", as suggested by PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem while discussing the allowance of a one-week break in its schedule prior to the Ryder Cup. Finchem had argued that the slogan was not appropriate as it weakened the stature of events that occur after it, such as the PGA Tour's FedEx Cup playoffs. PGA of America CEO Pete Bevacqua explained that they had also had discussions with CBS, adding that "it was three entities that all quickly came to the same conclusion that, you know what, there's just not much in that tag line and we don’t feel it's doing much for the PGA Championship, so let's not stick with it. Let's think what else is out there."[14][15] For a time, the tournament used the slogan "This is Major" as a replacement.[16][17]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high-profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs. This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship. It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete (it is possible for amateurs to get into the field, although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships, or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor's exemption), and the only one that reserves a large number of places, 20 of 156, for club professionals. These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship, which is held in June.

text: Since December 1968, the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America.[18][19][20]

text: The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals, but the PGA Championship is still run by the PGA of America, which is mainly a body for club and teaching professionals. The PGA Championship is the only major that does not explicitly grant entry to the top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking, although it invariably invites all of the top 100 (not just top 50) players who are not already qualified.[citation needed]

text: List of qualification criteria as of 2010:

text:
All former PGA Champions.
Winners of the last five U.S. Opens.
Winners of the last five Masters.
Winners of the last five Open Championships.
Winners of the last three The Players Championships.
The current Senior PGA Champion.
The low 15 scorers and ties in the previous PGA Championship.
The 20 low scorers in the last PGA Professional National Championship.
The 70 leaders in official money standings on the PGA Tour (starting one week prior to the previous year's PGA Championship and ending two weeks prior to the current year's PGA Championship).
Members of the most recent United States and European Ryder Cup Teams, provided they are in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking as of one week before the start of the tournament.
Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the previous PGA Championship (does not include pro-am and team competitions, but does include alternate events).
The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above.
The total field is a maximum of 156 players. Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates (those below 70th place in official money standings).

text: Winners[edit]

text: Stroke play era winners[edit]

text:
Year

Champion

Country

Venue

Location of venue

Score

Winningmargin

Runner(s)-up

Winner's[21]share ($)

2018

Bellerive Country Club
Town and Country, Missouri

1,890,000

2017
Justin Thomas
 United States
Quail Hollow Club
Charlotte, North Carolina
276 (−8)
2 strokes
 Francesco Molinari Louis Oosthuizen Patrick Reed
1,890,000

2016
Jimmy Walker
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
266 (−14)
1 stroke
 Jason Day
1,800,000

2015
Jason Day
 Australia
Whistling Straits, Straits Course
Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1]
268 (−20)
3 strokes
 Jordan Spieth
1,800,000

2014
Rory McIlroy (2)
 Northern Ireland
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky
268 (−16)
1 stroke
 Phil Mickelson
1,800,000

2013
Jason Dufner
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 2]
270  (−10)
2 strokes
 Jim Furyk
1,445,000

2012
Rory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course
Kiawah Island, South Carolina
275 (−13)
8 strokes
 David Lynn
1,445,000

2011
Keegan Bradley
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Johns Creek, Georgia[N 3]
272 (−8)
Playoff
 Jason Dufner
1,445,000

2010
Martin Kaymer
 Germany
Whistling Straits, Straits Course
Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1]
277 (−11)
Playoff
 Bubba Watson
1,350,000

2009
Yang Yong-eun
 South Korea
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minnesota
280 (−8)
3 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,350,000

2008
Pádraig Harrington
 Ireland
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield, Michigan
277 (−3)
2 strokes
 Ben Curtis Sergio García
1,350,000

2007
Tiger Woods (4)
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
272 (−8)
2 strokes
 Woody Austin
1,260,000

2006
Tiger Woods (3)
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
270 (−18)
5 strokes
 Shaun Micheel
1,224,000

2005
Phil Mickelson
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
276 (−4)
1 stroke
 Thomas Bjørn Steve Elkington
1,170,000

2004
Vijay Singh (2)
 Fiji
Whistling Straits, Straits Course
Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1]
280 (−8)
Playoff
 Chris DiMarco Justin Leonard
1,125,000

2003
Shaun Micheel
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 2]
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Chad Campbell
1,080,000

2002
Rich Beem
 United States
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minnesota
278 (−10)
1 stroke
 Tiger Woods
990,000

2001
David Toms
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Duluth, Georgia[N 3]
265 (−15)
1 stroke
 Phil Mickelson
936,000

2000
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky[N 4]
270 (−18)
Playoff
 Bob May
900,000

1999
Tiger Woods
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
277 (−11)
1 stroke
 Sergio García
630,000

1998
Vijay Singh
 Fiji
Sahalee Country Club
Sammamish, Washington
271 (−9)
2 strokes
 Steve Stricker
540,000

1997
Davis Love III
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
269 (−11)
5 strokes
 Justin Leonard
470,000

1996
Mark Brooks
 United States
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky[N 4]
277 (−11)
Playoff
 Kenny Perry
430,000

1995
Steve Elkington
 Australia
Riviera Country Club
Pacific Palisades, California[N 5]
267 (−17)
Playoff
 Colin Montgomerie
360,000

1994
Nick Price (2)
 Zimbabwe
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
269 (−11)
6 strokes
 Corey Pavin
310,000

1993
Paul Azinger
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
272 (−12)
Playoff
 Greg Norman
300,000

1992
Nick Price
 Zimbabwe
Bellerive Country Club
St. Louis, Missouri[N 6]
278 (−6)
3 strokes
 John Cook Nick Faldo Jim Gallagher, Jr. Gene Sauers
280,000

1991
John Daly
 United States
Crooked Stick Golf Club
Carmel, Indiana
276 (−12)
3 strokes
 Bruce Lietzke
230,000

1990
Wayne Grady
 Australia
Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club
Birmingham, Alabama
282 (−6)
3 strokes
 Fred Couples
225,000

1989
Payne Stewart
 United States
Kemper Lakes Golf Club
Kildeer, Illinois
276 (−12)
1 stroke
 Andy Bean Mike Reid Curtis Strange
200,000

1988
Jeff Sluman
 United States
Oak Tree Golf Club
Edmond, Oklahoma
272 (−12)
3 strokes
 Paul Azinger
160,000

1987
Larry Nelson (2)
 United States
PGA National Resort & Spa
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
287 (−1)
Playoff
 Lanny Wadkins
150,000

1986
Bob Tway
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
276 (−8)
2 strokes
 Greg Norman
145,000

1985
Hubert Green
 United States
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
278 (−6)
2 strokes
 Lee Trevino
125,000

1984
Lee Trevino (2)
 United States
Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club
Birmingham, Alabama
273 (−15)
4 strokes
 Gary Player Lanny Wadkins
125,000

1983
Hal Sutton
 United States
Riviera Country Club
Pacific Palisades, California[N 5]
274 (−10)
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
100,000

1982
Raymond Floyd (2)
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
272 (−8)
3 strokes
 Lanny Wadkins
65,000

1981
Larry Nelson
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Duluth, Georgia[N 3]
273 (−7)
4 strokes
 Fuzzy Zoeller
60,000

1980
Jack Nicklaus (5)
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 2]
274 (−6)
7 strokes
 Andy Bean
60,000

1979
David Graham
 Australia
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield, Michigan
272 (−8)
Playoff
 Ben Crenshaw
60,000

1978
John Mahaffey
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
276 (−8)
Playoff
 Jerry Pate Tom Watson
50,000

1977
Lanny Wadkins
 United States
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
282 (−6)
Playoff
 Gene Littler
45,000

1976
Dave Stockton (2)
 United States
Congressional Country Club, Blue Course
Bethesda, Maryland
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Raymond Floyd Don January
45,000

1975
Jack Nicklaus (4)
 United States
Firestone Country Club, South Course
Akron, Ohio
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Bruce Crampton
45,000

1974
Lee Trevino
 United States
Tanglewood Park, Championship Course
Clemmons, North Carolina
276 (−4)
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
45,000

1973
Jack Nicklaus (3)
 United States
Canterbury Golf Club
Beachwood, Ohio
277 (−7)
4 strokes
 Bruce Crampton
45,000

1972
Gary Player (2)
 South Africa
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
281 (+1)
2 strokes
 Tommy Aaron Jim Jamieson
45,000

1971
Jack Nicklaus (2)
 United States
PGA National Golf Club
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
281 (−7)
2 strokes
 Billy Casper
40,000

1970
Dave Stockton
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
279 (−1)
2 strokes
 Bob Murphy Arnold Palmer
40,000

1969
Raymond Floyd
 United States
NCR Country Club, South Course
Dayton, Ohio
276 (−8)
1 stroke
 Gary Player
35,000

1968
Julius Boros
 United States
Pecan Valley Golf Club
San Antonio, Texas
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Bob Charles Arnold Palmer
25,000

1967
Don January
 United States
Columbine Country Club
Columbine Valley, Colorado
281 (−7)
Playoff
 Don Massengale
25,000

1966
Al Geiberger
 United States
Firestone Country Club, South Course
Akron, Ohio
280 (E)
4 strokes
 Dudley Wysong
25,000

1965
Dave Marr
 United States
Laurel Valley Golf Club
Ligonier, Pennsylvania
280 (−4)
2 strokes
 Billy Casper Jack Nicklaus
25,000

1964
Bobby Nichols
 United States
Columbus Country Club
Columbus, Ohio
271 (−9)
3 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus Arnold Palmer
18,000

1963
Jack Nicklaus
 United States
Dallas Athletic Club, Blue Course
Dallas, Texas
279 (−5)
2 strokes
 Dave Ragan
13,000

1962
Gary Player
 South Africa
Aronimink Golf Club
Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
278 (−2)
1 stroke
 Bob Goalby
13,000

1961
Jerry Barber
 United States
Olympia Fields Country Club
Olympia Fields, Illinois
277 (−3)
Playoff
 Don January
11,000

1960
Jay Hebert
 United States
Firestone Country Club, South Course
Akron, Ohio
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Jim Ferrier
11,000

1959
Bob Rosburg
 United States
Minneapolis Golf Club
St. Louis Park, Minnesota
277 (−3)
1 stroke
 Jerry Barber Doug Sanders
8,250

1958
Dow Finsterwald
 United States
Llanerch Country Club
Havertown, Pennsylvania
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Billy Casper
5,500

text: Match play era winners[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Margin
Venue
Location of venue
Winnersshare ($)

1957
Lionel Hebert
 United States
 Dow Finsterwald
2 & 1
Miami Valley Golf Club
Dayton, Ohio
8,000

1956
Jack Burke, Jr.
 United States
 Ted Kroll
3 & 2
Blue Hill Country Club
Canton, Massachusetts
5,000

1955
Doug Ford
 United States
 Cary Middlecoff
4 & 3
Meadowbrook Country Club
Detroit, Michigan
5,000

1954
Chick Harbert
 United States
 Walter Burkemo
4 & 3
Keller Golf Course
Maplewood, Minnesota
5,000

1953
Walter Burkemo
 United States
 Felice Torza
2 & 1
Birmingham Country Club
Birmingham, Michigan
5,000

1952
Jim Turnesa
 United States
 Chick Harbert
1 up
Big Spring Country Club
Louisville, Kentucky
3,500

1951
Sam Snead (3)
 United States
 Walter Burkemo
7 & 6
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
3,500

1950
Chandler Harper
 United States
 Henry Williams, Jr.
4 & 3
Scioto Country Club
Columbus, Ohio
3,500

1949
Sam Snead (2)
 United States
 Johnny Palmer
3 & 2
Hermitage Country Club
Richmond, Virginia
3,500

1948
Ben Hogan (2)
 United States
 Mike Turnesa
7 & 6
Norwood Hills Country Club
St. Louis, Missouri
3,500

1947
Jim Ferrier
 Australia
 Chick Harbert
2 & 1
Plum Hollow Country Club
Detroit, Michigan
3,500

1946
Ben Hogan
 United States
 Ed Oliver
6 & 4
Portland Golf Club
Portland, Oregon
3,500

1945
Byron Nelson (2)
 United States
 Sam Byrd
4 & 3
Moraine Country Club
Dayton, Ohio
3,750

1944
Bob Hamilton
 United States
 Byron Nelson
1 up
Manito Golf and Country Club
Spokane, Washington
3,500

1943

Not held due to World War II

1942
Sam Snead
 United States
 Jim Turnesa
2 & 1
Seaview Country Club
Atlantic City, New Jersey
1,000

1941
Vic Ghezzi
 United States
 Byron Nelson
38 holes
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
1,100

1940
Byron Nelson
 United States
 Sam Snead
1 up
Hershey Country Club, West Course
Hershey, Pennsylvania
1,100

1939
Henry Picard
 United States
 Byron Nelson
37 holes
Pomonok Country Club
Flushing, New York
1,100

1938
Paul Runyan (2)
 United States
 Sam Snead
8 & 7
The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort
Smithfield Township, Pennsylvania
1,100

1937
Denny Shute (2)
 United States
 Harold McSpaden
37 holes
Pittsburgh Field Club
O'Hara Township, Pennsylvania
1,000

1936
Denny Shute
 United States
 Jimmy Thomson
3 & 2
Pinehurst Resort, No. 2 Course
Pinehurst, North Carolina
1,000

1935
Johnny Revolta
 United States
 Tommy Armour
5 & 4
Twin Hills Golf & Country Club
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1,000

1934
Paul Runyan
 United States
 Craig Wood
38 holes
The Park Country Club
Williamsville, New York
1,000

1933
Gene Sarazen (3)
 United States
 Willie Goggin
5 & 4
Blue Mound Golf & Country Club
Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
1,000

1932
Olin Dutra
 United States
 Frank Walsh
4 & 3
Keller Golf Course
Maplewood, Minnesota
1,000

1931
Tom Creavy
 United States
 Denny Shute
2 & 1
Wannamoisett Country Club
Rumford, Rhode Island
1,000

1930
Tommy Armour
 Scotland United States^
 Gene Sarazen
1 up
Fresh Meadow Country Club
Queens, New York

1929
Leo Diegel (2)
 United States
 Johnny Farrell
6 & 4
Hillcrest Country Club
Los Angeles, California

1928
Leo Diegel
 United States
 Al Espinosa
6 & 5
Baltimore Country Club, East Course
Timonium, Maryland

1927
Walter Hagen (5)
 United States
 Joe Turnesa
1 up
Cedar Crest Country Club
Dallas, Texas

1926
Walter Hagen (4)
 United States
 Leo Diegel
5 & 3
Salisbury Golf Club, Red Course
East Meadow, New York

1925
Walter Hagen (3)
 United States
 Bill Mehlhorn
6 & 5
Olympia Fields Country Club
Olympia Fields, Illinois

1924
Walter Hagen (2)
 United States
 Jim Barnes
2 up
French Lick Springs Resort, Hill Course
French Lick, Indiana

1923
Gene Sarazen (2)
 United States
 Walter Hagen
38 holes
Pelham Country Club
Pelham Manor, New York

1922
Gene Sarazen
 United States
 Emmet French
4 & 3
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
500

1921
Walter Hagen
 United States
 Jim Barnes
3 & 2
Inwood Country Club
Inwood, New York
500

1920
Jock Hutchison
 Scotland United States^
 J. Douglas Edgar
1 up
Flossmoor Country Club
Flossmoor, Illinois
500

1919
Jim Barnes (2)
 England
 Fred McLeod
6 & 5
Engineers Country Club
Roslyn Harbor, New York
500

1918
Not held due to World War I

1917

1916
Jim Barnes
 England
 Jock Hutchison
1 up
Siwanoy Country Club
Eastchester, New York
500

text: ^ These players were British born, but they were based in the United States when they won the PGA Championship, and they became U.S. citizens:

text:
Tommy Armour - Born in Scotland but moved to the U.S. in the early 1920s and became a U.S. citizen at that time.
Jock Hutchison - Born in Scotland. He became a U.S. citizen in 1920.

text: Match play era details[edit]

text: The table below lists the field sizes and qualification methods for the match play era. All rounds were played over 36 holes except as noted in the table.[22]

text:
Years
Field size
Qualification
18 hole rounds

1916–21
32
sectional*

1922
64
sectional
1st two rounds

1923
64
sectional

1924–34
32
36 hole qualifier

1935–41
64
36 hole qualifier
1st two rounds

1942–45
32
36 hole qualifier

1946–55
64
36 hole qualifier
1st two rounds

1956
128
sectional
1st four rounds

1957
128
sectional
1st four rounds, consolation matches (3rd-8th place)

text: * In 1921, the field consisted of the defending champion and the top 31 qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open.

text: Summary by course, state and region[edit]

text:
Summary by course, state and region

Course/State/Region

Number

State No.

Region No.

Blue Hill Country Club

1

Total Massachusetts

1

Wannamoisett Country Club

1

Total Rhode Island

1

Total New England

2

Baltusrol Golf Club

2

Seaview Country Club

1

Total New Jersey

3

Engineers Country Club

1

Fresh Meadow Country Club

1

Inwood Country Club

1

Oak Hill Country Club

3

Pelham Country Club

1

Pomonok Country Club

1

Salisbury Golf Club

1

Siwanoy Country Club

1

The Park Country Club

1

Winged Foot Golf Club

1

Total New York

12

Aronimink Golf Club

1

Hershey Country Club

1

Laurel Valley Golf Club

1

Llanerch Country Club

1

Oakmont Country Club

3

Pittsburgh Field Club

1

The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort

1

Total Pennsylvania

9

Total Mid-Atlantic

24

PGA National Golf Club

1

PGA National Resort & Spa

1

Total Florida

2

Atlanta Athletic Club

3

Total Georgia

3

Baltimore Country Club

1

Congressional Country Club

1

Total Maryland

2

Pinehurst Resort

1

Quail Hollow

1

Tanglewood Park

1

Total North Carolina

3

Kiawah Island Golf Resort

1

Total South Carolina

1

Hermitage Country Club

1

Total Virginia

1

Total South Atlantic

12

Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club

2

Total Alabama

2

Big Spring Country Club

1

Valhalla Golf Club

3

Total Kentucky

4

Total East South Central

5

Oak Tree Golf Club

1

Southern Hills Country Club

4

Twin Hills Golf & Country Club

1

Total Oklahoma

6

Cedar Crest Country Club

1

Dallas Athletic Club

1

Pecan Valley Golf Club

1

Total Texas

3

Total West South Central

9

Flossmoor Country Club

1

Kemper Lakes Golf Club

1

Medinah Country Club

2

Olympia Fields Country Club

2

Total Illinois

6

Crooked Stick Golf Club

1

French Lick Springs Resort

1

Total Indiana

2

Birmingham Country Club

1

Meadowbrook Country Club

1

Oakland Hills Country Club

3

Plum Hollow Country Club

1

Total Michigan

6

Canterbury Golf Club

1

Columbus Country Club

1

Firestone Country Club

3

Inverness Club

2

Miami Valley Golf Club

1

Moraine Country Club

1

NCR Country Club

1

Scioto Country Club

1

Total Ohio

11

Blue Mound Golf & Country Club

1

Whistling Straits

3

Total Wisconsin

4

Total East North Central

29

Hazeltine National Golf Club

2

Keller Golf Course

2

Minneapolis Golf Club

1

Total Minnesota

5

Bellerive Country Club

1

Norwood Hills Country Club

1

Total Missouri

2

Total West North Central

7

Cherry Hills Country Club

2

Columbine Country Club

1

Total Colorado

3

Total Mountain

3

Hillcrest Country Club

1

Pebble Beach Golf Links

1

Riviera Country Club

2

Total California

4

Portland Golf Club

1

Total Oregon

1

Manito Golf and Country Club

1

Sahalee Country Club

1

Total Washington

2

Total Pacific

7

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most wins: 5, Jack Nicklaus, Walter Hagen
Most runner-up finishes: 4, Jack Nicklaus
Oldest winner: Julius Boros in 1968 (48 years, 142 days)
Youngest winner: Gene Sarazen in 1922 (20 years, 174 days)
Greatest winning margin in the match play era: Paul Runyan beat Sam Snead 8 & 7 in 1938
Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era: 8 strokes, Rory McIlroy in 2012
Lowest absolute 72-hole score: 265, David Toms (66-65-65-69), 2001
Lowest 72-hole score in relation to par: –20, Jason Day (68-67-66-67=268) in 2015
This is the lowest score in relation to par at any major championship.
Toms' 2001 score was −15. The 2001 site, the Highlands Course at Atlanta Athletic Club, played to par 70, while the 2015 site, the Straits Course at Whistling Straits, played to par 72. (The Highlands Course also played to par 70 when it hosted in 1981 and 2011, and the Straits Course also played to par 72 when it hosted in 2004 and 2010.)
Lowest 18-hole score: 63 – Bruce Crampton, 2nd round, 1975; Raymond Floyd, 1st, 1982; Gary Player, 2nd, 1984; Vijay Singh, 2nd, 1993; Michael Bradley, 1st, 1995; Brad Faxon, 4th, 1995; José María Olazábal, 3rd, 2000; Mark O'Meara, 2nd, 2001; Thomas Bjørn, 3rd, 2005; Tiger Woods, 2nd, 2007; Steve Stricker, 1st, 2011; Jason Dufner, 2nd, 2013; Hiroshi Iwata, 2nd, 2015; Robert Streb, 2nd, 2016.
Most frequent venues:
4 PGA Championships: Southern Hills Country Club – 1970, 1982, 1994, 2007.
3 PGA Championships: Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course – 1981, 2001, 2011.
3 PGA Championships: Firestone Country Club, South Course – 1960, 1966, 1975.
3 PGA Championships: Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course – 1972, 1979, 2008.
3 PGA Championships: Oakmont Country Club – 1922, 1951, 1978.
3 PGA Championships: Oak Hill Country Club, East Course – 1980, 2003, 2013.
3 PGA Championships: Valhalla Golf Club – 1996, 2000, 2014.
3 PGA Championships: Whistling Straits, Straits Course – 2004, 2010, 2015.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Under current contracts running through 2019, the PGA Championship is televised in the United States[23] by CBS—which holds rights to afternoon coverage of the weekend rounds, and TNT—which holds rights to broadcast early-round and weekend morning coverage.[24][25] ABC had historically broadcast the tournament until 1991, when it moved to its current home of CBS.[26][27]

text: Future sites[edit]

text:
Year
Edition
Course
Location
Dates
Hosted

2018
100th
Bellerive Country Club
Town and Country, Missouri
August 9–12
1992

2019
101st
Bethpage State Park, Black Course
Farmingdale, New York[N 7]
May 16–19
Never

2020
102nd
TPC Harding Park[28]
San Francisco, California
May TBA
Never

2021
103rd
Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course
Kiawah Island, South Carolina
May TBA
2012

2022
104th
Trump National Golf Club
Bedminster, New Jersey
TBD
Never

2023
105th
Oak Hill Country Club
Rochester, New York
TBD
1980, 2003, 2013

2024
106th
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky
TBD
1996, 2000, 2014

2027
109th
Aronimink Golf Club[29]
Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
TBD
1962

2028
110th
Olympic Club[30]
San Francisco, California
TBD
Never

2029
111th
Baltusrol Golf Club
Springfield, New Jersey
TBD
2005, 2016

TBD
TBD
Southern Hills Country Club[31][32]
Tulsa, Oklahoma
TBD
1970, 1982, 1994, 2007


document_title: List of best-selling video games

question_text: top 10 highest grossing games of all time

root

text: List of best-selling video games

text: This is a list of the best-selling video games of all time. The best-selling video game to date is Tetris, a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989.[1] The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units,[2] including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones[3] and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version.[4] Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units, with 144 million units sold as of January 2018.[5] The best-selling game on a single platform is Wii Sports, with nearly 83 million sales for the Wii console.[6]

tag: p

text: Of the top 50 best-selling video games, 19 were developed or published by Nintendo, including over half of the top ten, and a further five titles were published by its subsidiary, The Pokémon Company. Other publishers with multiple entries in the top 50 include Activision (seven titles, all in the Call of Duty franchise), Rockstar Games (five titles, four of which are Grand Theft Auto releases) and Electronic Arts (three games in three different series). Aside from Nintendo's internal development divisions, Game Freak is the developer with the most games in the top 50, with seven titles from the Pokémon series included. The oldest game in the top 50 is Frogger, which was released in June 1981; while the most recent game in the top 50 is PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, which was released in December 2017.

text:
Key

Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime

Sales figure includes paid mobile downloads

tag: table

text:
No.
Sales
Title
Developer(s)[a]
Publisher(s)[a]
Release date
Platform(s)
Ref.

1
170,000,000
Tetris
Elektronorgtechnica
Spectrum HoloByte[b]
000000001984-06-06-0000June 6, 1984
Multi-platform
[2]

2
144,000,000
Minecraft
Mojang
Mojang
000000002011-11-18-0000November 18, 2011[c]
Multi-platform
[5][10]

3
95,000,000
Grand Theft Auto V
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002013-09-17-0000September 17, 2013
Multi-platform
[11]

4
82,850,000
Wii Sports
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-11-19-0000November 19, 2006
Wii
[6]

5
40,240,000
Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo
Nintendo
000000001985-09-13-0000September 13, 1985
NES
[12]

6
40,000,000
PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds
PUBG Corporation
PUBG Corporation
000000002017-12-20-0000December 20, 2017
Multi-platform
[13]

7
37,100,000
Mario Kart Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002008-04-10-0000April 10, 2008
Wii
[6]

8
33,080,000
Wii Sports Resort
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-06-25-0000June 25, 2009
Wii
[6]

9
31,380,000
Pokémon Red and Blue
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001996-02-27-0000February 27, 1996
Game Boy
[14]

10
30,800,000
New Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-05-15-0000May 15, 2006
Nintendo DS
[15]

11
30,200,000
New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-11-11-0000November 11, 2009
Wii
[6]

12
30,000,000
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
000000002011-11-11-0000November 11, 2011
Multi-platform
[16]

13
28,300,000
Duck Hunt
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001984-04-21-0000April 21, 1984
NES
[17]

14
28,020,000
Wii Play
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-12-02-0000December 2, 2006
Wii
[6]

15
27,500,000
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002004-10-26-0000October 26, 2004
Multi-platform
[18]

16
26,500,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
Infinity Ward
Sledgehammer Games
Activision
000000002011-11-08-0000November 8, 2011
Multi-platform
[19]

17
26,200,000
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Treyarch
Activision
000000002010-11-09-0000November 9, 2010
Multi-platform
[19]

18
25,000,000
Grand Theft Auto IV
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002008-04-29-0000April 29, 2008
Multi-platform
[20]

19
24,200,000
Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Treyarch
Activision
000000002012-11-12-0000November 12, 2012
Multi-platform
[19]

20
24,000,000
Kinect Adventures!
Good Science Studio
Microsoft Studios
000000002010-11-04-0000November 4, 2010
Xbox 360
[21]

21
23,960,000
Nintendogs
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-04-21-0000April 21, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

22
23,600,000
Mario Kart DS
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

23
23,100,000
Pokémon Gold and Silver
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001999-11-21-0000November 21, 1999
Game Boy Color
[22]

24
22,700,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002009-11-10-0000November 10, 2009
Multi-platform
[19]

25
22,670,000
Wii Fit
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002007-12-01-0000December 1, 2007
Wii
[6]

26
21,130,000
Wii Fit Plus
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-10-01-0000October 1, 2009
Wii
[6]

27
20,610,000
Super Mario World
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000001990-11-21-0000November 21, 1990
Super NES
[23]

28
20,000,000
Frogger
Konami
Sega
000000001981-06-05-0000June 5, 1981
Multi-platform
[24][25]

29
20,000,000
Lemmings
DMA Design
Psygnosis
000000001991-02-14-0000February 14, 1991
Multi-platform
[26]

30
20,000,000
Terraria
Re-Logic
Re-Logic
000000002011-05-16-0000May 16, 2011
Multi-platform
[27]

31
19,010,000
Brain Age
Nintendo SPD
Nintendo
000000002005-05-19-0000May 19, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

32
19,000,000
Call of Duty: Ghosts
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002013-11-05-0000November 5, 2013
Multi-platform
[28]

33
18,140,000
Super Mario Land
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
Game Boy
[23]

34
17,670,000
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002006-09-28-0000September 28, 2006
Nintendo DS
[15]

35
17,500,000
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002002-10-27-0000October 27, 2002
Multi-platform
[29]

36
17,280,000
Super Mario Bros. 3
Nintendo R&D4
Nintendo
000000001988-10-23-0000October 23, 1988
NES
[23]

37
17,040,000
Mario Kart 7
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002011-12-01-0000December 1, 2011
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

38
16,290,000
Pokémon X and Y
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002013-10-12-0000October 12, 2013
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

39
16,220,000
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002002-11-21-0000November 21, 2002
Game Boy Advance
[31]

40
16,100,000
Pokémon Sun and Moon
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002016-11-18-0000November 18, 2016
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

41
16,000,000
The Sims
Maxis
Electronic Arts
000000002000-01-31-0000January 31, 2000
Multi-platform
[32]

42
16,000,000
Need for Speed: Most Wanted
EA Black Box
Electronic Arts
000000002005-11-11-0000November 11, 2005
Multi-platform
[33]

43
15,700,000
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002007-11-05-0000November 5, 2007
Multi-platform
[19]

44
15,700,000
Call of Duty: World at War
Treyarch
Activision
000000002008-11-11-0000November 11, 2008
Multi-platform
[19]

45
15,640,000
Pokémon Black and White
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002010-09-18-0000September 18, 2010
Nintendo DS
[15]

46
15,000,000
Sonic the Hedgehog
Sonic Team
Sega
000000001991-06-23-0000June 23, 1991
Sega Genesis
[34]

47
15,000,000
Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar San Diego
Rockstar Games
000000002010-05-18-0000May 18, 2010
Multi-platform
[35]

48
15,000,000
Battlefield 3
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002011-10-25-0000October 25, 2011
Multi-platform
[36]

49
15,000,000
Battlefield 1
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002016-10-21-0000October 21, 2016
Multi-platform
[37]

50
14,890,000
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
Polyphony Digital
Sony Computer Entertainment
000000002001-04-28-0000April 28, 2001
PlayStation 2
[38]


document_title: The Westing Game

question_text: who does turtle marry in the westing game

text: The Westing Game

text: Premise[edit]

text: Sunset Towers is a new apartment building on Lake Michigan, north of Milwaukee and just down the shore from the mansion owned by reclusive self-made millionaire Samuel W. Westing. (Despite the name, Sunset Towers faces east – into the sunrise.)

text: As the story opens, a man named Barney Northrup is selling apartments to a carefully selected group of tenants. It soon emerges that most of the tenants – regardless of age or occupation – are named as heirs in Westing's will. The will is structured as a puzzle, with the 16 heirs challenged to find the solution. Each of the eight pairs, assigned seemingly at random, is given $10,000 cash and a different set of baffling clues. The pair that solves the mystery will inherit Westing's entire $200 million fortune and control of his company.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Windy Windkloppel was an extremely rich businessman who made his fortune in paper products. He was very patriotic and never smoked, drank, or gambled. He was also Barney Northrup, Sam Westing, Sandy McSouthers, and Julian Eastman.

text: Pair One[edit]

text: Jacob "Jake" Wexler is a Jewish podiatrist, and a bookie on the side. He is married to Grace Wexler, whom he loves, but he also knows that she might never be happy with their life or financial situation. Jake is the father of Angela Wexler and Turtle Wexler.

tag: ul

text: Madame Sun Lin Hoo is the much-younger Chinese immigrant wife of James Shin Hoo. She barely speaks English and can usually be found working in Mr. Hoo's restaurant. It is rumored that Mr. Hoo married her for her 100 Year old sauce recipe. Madame Hoo also steals various items throughout the story in order to sell them and buy a trip back to China. Madame Hoo is the step-mother of Doug Hoo. Madame Hoo is not playing the game.

text: Pair Two[edit]

text:
Judge J.J. Ford, an intelligent and serious African-American woman in her forties, is suspicious of the game created by Sam Westing (who paid for her college education). Instead of winning, her goal is to discover the past of every heir. She prefers to work on her own, but uses her partner's ear for gossip to her advantage. She harbors long-standing guilt over her debt to Mr. Westing.
Alexander "Sandy" McSouthers was a doorman at Sunset Towers. That was his disguise, as he was actually one of the five identities of Sam Westing. His desecription says that he previously worked at Westing Paper Products Corporation and claims to have been fired by Sam Westing himself for attempting to organize the workers. McSouthers is notable for his knowledge of Sunset Towers' gossip.

text: Pair Three[edit]

text:
Grace Wexler, married to Jake Wexler and mother of Angela and Turtle, is a self-centered woman who is obsessed with her own image. She favors Angela while largely ignoring Turtle. She claims to be Mr. Westing's niece, and she purports her name as Grace Windsor Wexler, although it is actually Gracie Windkloppel Wexler. Grace wants to be an interior designer.
James Shin "Jimmy" Hoo is a middle-aged Chinese man, owner of Shin Hoo's restaurant and former entrepreneur, as well as Madame Hoo's husband and Doug's father. He claims Mr. Westing stole his patent for the disposable diaper and appears bitter and moody for this reason. He suffers from ulcers, and he can often be seen yelling at his son to study.

text: Pair Four[edit]

text:
Tabitha-Ruth Wexler, known as Turtle or "Alice", is a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. She is very protective of her long, dark braid of hair and kicks anyone who pulls it. She excels at playing the stock market. She is very fond of both Sandy McSouthers and her partner Flora Baumbach, and she also loves her family, even though her sister Angela seems to be favored. She has a slight crush on Doug Hoo.
Flora Baumbach is a shy 60-year-old dressmaker who becomes a maternal figure to her partner, Turtle. Her daughter, Rosalie, had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at age 19. Her husband disappeared, and it is unknown whether he died or if there was a divorce. Flora is kind to everyone, and prefers to see the best in people. Turtle refers to her as "Baba," while she refers to Turtle as "Alice." At the end, she becomes friends with Julian Eastman and therefore Sam Westing himself.

text: Pair Five[edit]

text:
Christos "Chris" Theodorakis is a 15-year-old paraplegic teenage boy who uses a wheelchair due to a degenerative muscle disease. He is very intelligent and enjoys birdwatching. His brother, Theo, is very protective of him. Chris's disease causes muscle spasms and affects his speech, but he is much more observant than he lets on – in part because he is often dismissed by others. Chris also develops a temporary friendship with Sydelle Pulaski.
Dr. Denton Deere is a 25-year-old medical intern. He is engaged to Angela. Dr. Deere is arrogant and extremely proud of the medical industry. He has an obsession with giving diagnoses to almost everyone. He later becomes a neurologist, gaining fame for his treatment of Chris's condition.

text: Pair Six[edit]

text:
Berthe Erica Crow, usually referred to as simply Crow, is an extremely religious 57-year-old woman. Tight and introverted, she works as a cleaning woman for Sunset Towers, while also operating a downtown soup kitchen for the homeless. She plays a major role in Westing's plot, as it is revealed that she was formerly Mr. Westing's wife.
Otis J. Amber is a 62-year-old "delivery boy." Even outside of the game, he is often seen with Berthe Erica Crow, in part because he is actually a private investigator whom Sam Westing tasked with watching Crow. He assists Berthe with her soup kitchen. At the beginning of the story, he tells the tale of the bloody bet a boy once made involving the Westing mansion, which becomes an eerie theme throughout the book, using two words: "purple waves."

text: Pair Seven[edit]

text:
Theo Theodorakis is a smart high school student, and very loyal to his family. He is protective of his brother Chris, and works hard in his parents' coffee shop. He is interested in becoming a writer, and also becomes friends with his partner, Doug Hoo.
Doug Hoo, son of Jimmy Hoo, is a high school track star, one of the best mile-runners in the state. Running is his passion, but his father often criticizes him for not studying. At the end, he wins two Olympic gold medals and sets the 1500m record as well

text: Pair Eight[edit]

text:
Angela Wexler is a beautiful 20-year-old girl: fair, blonde, and very pretty. She is considered the 'perfect' daughter, often getting more attention than her sister Turtle. However, people only acknowledge her as an attractive object to be married to Dr. Denton Deere, and not an intelligent woman in her own right. Throughout the book, Angela grows in her independence and her distaste for being objectified. Not that many characters realize that she is scared of not obeying Grace's every command. She wants to do more than sitting still and looking pretty.
Sydelle Pulaski is a mysterious character who seems to have no connection to Mr. Westing or the other heirs. No one pays any attention to her, so she tries hard to be noticed. She seems to have an affinity for Chris Theodorakis. Eventually, it is revealed that she truly does not have a connection to Sam Westing, as Westing's lawyer mistakenly recruited her instead of a woman named Sybil Pulaski.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Barney Northrup is a mysterious figure who sells all of the apartments in Sunset Towers to the various heirs. After this, he is rarely seen by any of the tenants.
Julian R. Eastman runs Westing Paper Products in Mr. Westing's absence. He was a witness to Mr. Westing's will.
Dr. Sidney Sikes is a good friend of Samuel Westing, and a witness to his will. Has no role in the game.
Edgar J. Plum is the lawyer in charge of handling Samuel Westing's estate. He is very young and fairly incompetent. Has no role in the game.
Mr. and Mrs. Theodorakis run the Sunset Towers coffee shop and do not take part in the game, though both their sons Chris and Theo do.

text: Epilogue[edit]

text: The epilogue of the story is told in the book's last three chapters, which depicts the heirs growing older and more successful, many of them changing their lives as a result of the game.

text:
Crow and Otis Amber fall in love and are married, both leaving their jobs at Sunset Towers to work at Crow's soup kitchen, which many of the heirs leave donations to. Both die within a week of one another after several years of life together.
Flora Baumbach leaves the dressmaking business a few years after the game's conclusion, becoming Turtle's close friend and later Alice's nanny.
Denton Deere and Angela Wexler both question their life choices and ultimately separate. Denton becomes a neurologist due to his success in treating Chris Theodorakis' disease, and Angela returns to medical school to become a surgeon. Five years after the game's conclusion, the two are reunited, marry, and have a daughter named Alice.
Judge Ford agrees to finance Chris' education in homage to her mentor, Sam Westing. She is elected to the US Court of Appeals and later the Supreme Court.
Sunny Hoo ultimately never leaves her husband and adopts the nickname "Sunny." She becomes fluent in English, and becomes James' secretary in his new company. After he dies she finally takes her trip to China, but returns to take up the family business.
James Hoo leaves the restaurant business and gives "Hoo's on First" to Grace. He patents his shoe-sole idea and becomes a multimillionaire, and moves out of Sunset Towers with his family. He dies briefly before the book's conclusion, and is succeeded in the company by his wife.
Doug Hoo wins his first Olympic gold medal and set a new record for the 1500-meter run shortly after the game ends, and goes on to win two more. Retiring from athletics, he becomes a popular sports announcer.
Chris Theodorakis is ultimately able to manage the effects of his disease thanks to Denton's extensive research. However, he remains unable to walk and uses a wheelchair for the rest of his life. His college education is financed by Judge Ford, and he meets a girl named Shirley during his first year. The two later marry and become professors at the local university. Chris discovers and names a new breed of parrot (the "something-Christos parrot") during an expedition in Central America.
Sydelle Pulaski returns to her old job at Schultz Sausages and discovers that Mr. Schultz has a crush on her. She later marries him. The pair move to Hawaii, though Sydelle stays in touch with Angela. She gives up using crutches to get attention but requires the use of them on various occasions near the end of the novel.
Jake Wexler becomes unsatisfied with his job as a podiatrist, quits, and is recommended to a political position by Judge Ford. He becomes the Chairman of the State Gambling Commission and then the Wisconsin State Crime Commissioner, though the jobs give him little time to spend with his wife.
Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo's restaurant, renaming it "Hoo's on First" and giving it a theme of local sports stars. It gets rave reviews. The success of "Hoo's on First" ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants, the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison.
Theo Thedorakis attends a literary college, becoming an assistant to the reporter who writes the article about Doug's first gold medal. He later becomes a novelist. His first novel does not sell well, but at the book's end he has almost finished his second book. Theo marries Turtle, though they agree not to have children lest the children inherit Chris' disease. Theo and Chris' parents move to Florida after retiring from their coffee shop business.
Turtle Wexler, having solved the game by discovering Sam Westing's secret life, is dedicated to becoming his successor – and, ultimately, the president of Westing Paper Products. She takes on the nickname of T.R., attends college early (she is only 18 in her second year of college), and makes over $5 million in the stock market. Turtle marries Theo and begins teaching Angela and Denton's daughter Alice how to play chess.
Sandy McSouthers, who supposedly died after the game's conclusion, is revealed as Samuel Westing, Barney Northrup, and (primarily) Julian Eastman. He becomes Turtle Wexler's mentor, pays for her expensive education, and plays chess with her every Saturday, although she tells people she is "at the library." He dies on the Fourth of July.
Sam Westing, died from old age and was not murdered.

text: Other media[edit]

text: The Westing Game, adapted by Darian Lindle and directed by Terry Brino-Dean, was first produced at Prime Stage Theatre in Pittsburgh in 2009. The script is published by Dramatic Publishing.

text: Get A Clue, adapted by Dylan Kelsey Hadley and directed by Terence H. Winkless was produced for television in 1997.


document_title: History of the electric vehicle

question_text: when was the first full electric car made

text: History of the electric vehicle

text: Early history[edit]

text: Electric model cars[edit]

text: The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people.[4] In 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a small model car powered by his new motor. In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport built a similar contraption which operated on a short, circular, electrified track.[5] In 1834, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.[6]

text: Electric locomotives[edit]

text: The first known electric car was built in 1837, in Scotland by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen. It was powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The 7,100-kilogram (7-long-ton) vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators. It hauled a load of 6,100 kilograms (6 long tons) at 6.4 kilometres per hour (4 mph) for a distance of 2.4 km (1.5 miles). It was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their security of employment.[7][8][9][10]

text: Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electrical carriage.[11] A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840, and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847.[12]

text: First practical electric cars[edit]

text: Rechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859, with the invention of the lead–acid battery by French physicist Gaston Planté.[13][14] Camille Alphonse Faure, another French scientist, significantly improved the design of the battery in 1881; his improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale.[15]

text: An early electric-powered two-wheel cycle was put on display at the 1867 World Exposition in Paris by the Austrian inventor Franz Kravogl, but it was regarded as a curiosity and could not drive reliably in the street.[16] Another cycle, this time with three wheels, was tested along a Paris street in April 1881 by French inventor Gustave Trouvé [17]

text: English inventor Thomas Parker, who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the London Underground, overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel coalite, built the first production electric car in London in 1884, using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries.[18] Parker's long-held interest in the construction of more fuel-efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles. He also may have been concerned about the malign effects smoke and pollution were having in London.[19]

text: Production of the car was in the hands of the Elwell-Parker Company, established in 1882 for the construction and sale of electric trams. The company merged with other rivals in 1888 to form the Electric Construction Corporation; this company had a virtual monopoly on the British electric car market in the 1890s. The company manufactured the first electric 'dog cart' in 1896.[20]

text: France and the United Kingdom were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles.[11] The first electric car in Germany was built by the engineer Andreas Flocken in 1888.[21]

text: Electric trains were also used to transport coal out of mines, as their motors did not use up precious oxygen. Before the pre-eminence of internal combustion engines, electric automobiles also held many speed and distance records.[22] Among the most notable of these records was the breaking of the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier, by Camille Jenatzy on 29 April 1899 in his 'rocket-shaped' vehicle Jamais Contente, which reached a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph). Also notable was Ferdinand Porsche's design and construction of an all-wheel drive electric car, powered by a motor in each hub, which also set several records in the hands of its owner E.W. Hart.

text: The first electric car in the United States was developed in 1890-91 by William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa; the vehicle was a six-passenger wagon capable of reaching a speed of 23 kilometres per hour (14 mph). It was not until 1895 that consumers began to devote attention to electric vehicles, after A.L. Ryker introduced the first electric tricycles to the U.S.[23], by which point Europeans had been making use of electric tricycles, bicycles, and cars for almost 15 years.

text: Golden age[edit]

text: Interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. In London, Walter C. Bersey designed a fleet of such cabs and introduced them to the streets of London in 1897. They were soon nicknamed "Hummingbirds" due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made.[24] In the same year in New York City, the Samuel's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs.[25] The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company.[26]

text: Electric vehicles had a number of advantages over their early-1900s competitors. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars. They also did not require gear changes. (While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings.) The cars were also preferred because they did not require a manual effort to start, as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to start the engine.

text: Electric cars found popularity among well-heeled customers who used them as city cars, where their limited range proved to be even less of a disadvantage. Electric cars were often marketed as suitable vehicles for women drivers due to their ease of operation; in fact, early electric cars were stigmatized by the perception that they were "women's cars", leading some companies to affix radiators to the front to disguise the car's propulsion system.

text: Acceptance of electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power infrastructure, but by 1912, many homes were wired for electricity, enabling a surge in the popularity of the cars. In the United States by the turn of the century, 40 percent of automobiles were powered by steam, 38 percent by electricity, and 22 percent by gasoline. A total of 33,842 electric cars were registered in the United States, and America became the country where electric cars had gained the most acceptance.[27] Most early electric vehicles were massive, ornate carriages designed for the upper-class customers that made them popular. They featured luxurious interiors and were replete with expensive materials. Sales of electric cars peaked in the early 1910s.

text: In order to overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles, and the lack of recharging infrastructure, an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896.[28] The concept was first put into practice by Hartford Electric Light Company through the GeVeCo battery service and initially available for electric trucks. The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle from General Vehicle Company (GVC, a subsidiary of the General Electric Company) without a battery and the electricity was purchased from Hartford Electric through an exchangeable battery. The owner paid a variable per-mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover maintenance and storage of the truck. Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange. The service was provided between 1910 and 1924 and during that period covered more than 6 million miles. Beginning in 1917 a similar successful service was operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Wagon Company cars who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries.[28]

text: Decline[edit]

text: After enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century, the electric car began to lose its position in the automobile market. A number of developments contributed to this situation. By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure required vehicles with a greater range than that offered by electric cars. Worldwide discoveries of large petroleum reserves led to the wide availability of affordable gasoline, making gas-powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances. Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed (no more than 24–32 km/h or 15–20 mph.[27]) and low range (30–40 miles or 50–65 km[27]), and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics.

text: Gasoline cars became even easier to operate thanks to the invention of the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912,[29] which eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline engine, and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more bearable thanks to the use of the muffler, which Hiram Percy Maxim had invented in 1897. Finally, the initiation of mass production of gas-powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down.[30] By contrast, the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise; by 1912, an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car.[11]

text: Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s. Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range did not pose major problems. Forklift trucks were electrically powered when they were introduced by Yale in 1923.[31] In Europe, especially the United Kingdom, milk floats were powered by electricity, and for most of the 20th century the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[32] Electric golf carts were produced by Lektro as early as 1954.[33] By the 1920s, the early heyday of electric cars had passed, and a decade later, the electric automobile industry had effectively disappeared. Michael Brian examines the social and technological reasons for the failure of electric cars in his book Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile in America.[34]

text: Years passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars. Fuel-starved European countries fighting in World War II experimented with electric cars such as the British milk floats and the French Breguet Aviation car, but overall, while ICE development progressed at a brisk pace, electric vehicle technology stagnated. In the late 1950s, Henney Coachworks and the National Union Electric Company, makers of Exide batteries, formed a joint venture to produce a new electric car, the Henney Kilowatt, based on the French Renault Dauphine. The car was produced in 36-volt and 72-volt configurations; the 72-volt models had a top speed approaching 96 km/h (60 mph) and could travel for nearly an hour on a single charge. Despite the Kilowatt's improved performance with respect to previous electric cars, consumers found it[citation needed] too expensive compared to equivalent gasoline cars of the time, and production ended in 1961.

text: 1960s: Revival of interest[edit]

text: In 1959, American Motors Corporation (AMC) and Sonotone Corporation announced a joint research effort to consider producing an electric car powered by a "self-charging" battery.[35] AMC had a reputation for innovation in economical cars while Sonotone had technology for making sintered plate nickel-cadmium batteries that could be recharged rapidly and weighed less than traditional lead-acid versions.[36] That same year, Nu-Way Industries showed an experimental electric car with a one-piece plastic body that was to begin production in early 1960.[35]

text: In the mid 1960s a few battery-electric concept cars appeared, such as the Scottish Aviation Scamp (1965),[37] and an electric version of General Motors gasoline car, the Electrovair (1966).[38] None of them entered production. The 1966 Enfield 8000 did make it into small-scale production, 112 were eventually produced.[39]In 1967, AMC partnered with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on lithium and a speed controller designed by Victor Wouk.[40] A nickel-cadmium battery supplied power to an all-electric 1969 Rambler American station wagon.[40] Other "plug-in" experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton included the Amitron (1967) and the similar Electron (1977).

text: On 31 July 1971, an electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the first manned vehicle to drive on the Moon; that car was the Lunar rover, which was first deployed during the Apollo 15 mission. The "moon buggy" was developed by Boeing and GM subsidiary Delco Electronics (co-founded by Kettering)[29] featured a DC drive motor in each wheel, and a pair of 36-volt silver-zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries.

text: After years outside the limelight, the energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. General Motors created a concept car of another of their gasoline cars, the Electrovette (1976). At the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show, General Motors President Roger Smith unveiled the GM Impact electric concept car, along with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for sale to the public.

text: In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles.[41][42] In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate.[42] GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite leasee interest in continuing to own the cars.[42] Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate.[citation needed]

text: After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of their cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public during six months, up until 22 November 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by their manufacturers.[42] Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums.[citation needed]

text: Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Domestic U.S. automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan.

text: Most electric vehicles on the world roads are low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). Pike Research estimated there were almost 479,000 NEVs on the world roads in 2011.[43] As of July 2006[update], there were between 60,000 and 76,000 low-speed battery-powered vehicles in use in the United States, up from about 56,000 in 2004.[44] North America's top selling NEV is the Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) vehicles, with more than 50,000 units sold worldwide by mid 2014.[45] The world's two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States, with 14,737 units sold, and France, with 2,231 units.[46] Other micro electric cars sold in Europe was the Kewet, since 1991, and replaced by the Buddy, launched in 2008.[47] Also the Th!nk City was launched in 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties.[48] Production restarted in Finland in December 2009.[49] The Th!nk was sold in several European countries and the U.S.[50][51] In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted.[52] Worldwide sales reached 1,045 units by March 2011.[53] A total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013, most of which are powered by lead-acid batteries. These electric vehicles are not considered by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns, and consequently, do not enjoy the same benefits as highway legal plug-in electric cars.[54]

text: 2000s: Modern highway-capable electric cars[edit]

text: California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008.[55] The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge.[56] Since 2008, Tesla sold approximately 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries through December 2012.[57] Tesla sold the Roadster until early 2012, when its supply of Lotus Elise gliders ran out, as its contract with Lotus Cars for 2,500 gliders expired at the end of 2011.[58][59] Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in August 2011,[60][61] and the 2012 Tesla Roadster was sold in limited numbers only in Europe, Asia and Australia.[62][63] The next Tesla vehicle, the Model S, was released in the U.S. on 22 June 2012[64] and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7 August 2013.[65] Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014.[66] The next model was the Tesla Model X. In November 2014 Tesla delayed one more time the start of deliveries to retail customers, and announced the company expects Model X deliveries to begin in the third quarter of 2015.[67]

text: The Mitsubishi i-MiEV was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009, and for individual customers in April 2010,[68][69][70] followed by sales to the public in Hong Kong in May 2010, and Australia in July 2010 via leasing.[71][72] The i-MiEV was launched in Europe in December 2010, including a rebadged version sold in Europe as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.[73][74] The market launch in the Americas began in Costa Rica in February 2011, followed by Chile in May 2011.[75][76] Fleet and retail customer deliveries in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2011.[77][78][79] Accounting for all vehicles of the iMiEV brand, Mitsubishi reports around 27,200 units sold or exported since 2009 through December 2012, including the minicab MiEVs sold in Japan, and the units rebadged and sold as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero in the European market.[80]

text: Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, GM vice-chairman Bob Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with us – and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't?' That was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam."[81]

text: 2010s to present[edit]

text: The Nissan Leaf, introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, became the first modern all-electric, zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer.[82][83] As of January 2013[update], the Leaf is also available in Australia, Canada and 17 European countries.[84]

text: The Better Place network was the first modern commercial deployment of the battery swapping model. The Renault Fluence Z.E. was the first mass production electric car enable with switchable battery technology and sold for the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark.[85] Better Place launched its first battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near Rehovot in March 2011. The battery exchange process took five minutes.[86] As of December 2012[update], there were 17 battery switch stations fully operational in Denmark enabling customers to drive anywhere across the country in an electric car.[87] By late 2012 the company began to suffer financial difficulties, and decided to put on hold the roll out in Australia and reduce its non-core activities in North America, as the company decided to concentrate its resources on its two existing markets.[88][89][90] On 26 May 2013, Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel.[91] The company's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi. Less than 1,000 Fluence Z.E. cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark.[92][93]

text: The Smart electric drive, Wheego Whip LiFe, Mia electric, Volvo C30 Electric, and the Ford Focus Electric were launched for retail customers during 2011. The BYD e6, released initially for fleet customers in 2010, began reatail sales in Shenzhen, China in October 2011.[94] The Bolloré Bluecar was released in December 2011 and deployed for use in the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris.[95] Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the Île-de-France area.[96] In February 2011, the Mitsubishi i MiEV became the first electric car to sell more than of more than 10,000 units, including the models badged in Europe as Citroën C-Zero and Peugeot. The record was officially registered by Guinness World Records. Several months later, the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car ever,[97] and by February 2013 global sales of the Leaf reached the 50,000 unit mark.[84]

text: Models released to the market in 2012 and 2013 include the BMW ActiveE, Coda, Renault Fluence Z.E., Tesla Model S, Honda Fit EV, Toyota RAV4 EV, Renault Zoe, Roewe E50, Mahindra e2o, Chevrolet Spark EV, Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive, Fiat 500e, Volkswagen e-Up!, BMW i3, and Kandi EV. Toyota released the Scion iQ EV in the U.S. (Toyota eQ in Japan) in 2013. The car production is limited to 100 units. The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California, Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) carsharing fleet. Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in carsharing demonstration projects in the United States and the rest in Japan.[98]

text: The Coda sedan went out of production in 2013, after selling only about 100 units in California. Its manufacturer, Coda Automotive, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 1 May 2013. The company stated that it expects to emerge from the bankruptcy process to focus on energy storage solutions as it has decided to abandon car manufacturing.[99]

text: The Tesla Model S ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the Chevrolet Volt (4,421) and the Nissan Leaf (3,695).[100] European retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Oslo in August 2013,[101] and during its first full month in the market, the Model S ranked as the top selling car in Norway with 616 units delivered, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country in September 2013, becoming the first electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country, and contributing to a record all-electric car market share of 8.6% of new car sales during that month.[102][103] In October 2013, an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row. This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold, representing a 5.6% of new car sales that month.[104][105]

text: The Renault–Nissan Alliance reached global sales of 100,000 all-electric vehicles in July 2013.[108] The 100,000th customer was a U.S. student who bought a Nissan Leaf.[109] In mid January 2014, global sales of the Nissan Leaf reached the 100,000 unit milestone, representing a 45% market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010. The 100,000th car was delivered to a British customer.[110]

text: As of June 2014[update], there were over 500,000 plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans in the world, with the U.S. leading plug-in electric car sales with a 45% share of global sales.[111][112] In September 2014, sales of plug-in electric cars in the United States reached the 250,000 unit milestone.[113] Global cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S passed the 50,000 unit milestone in October 2014.[114] In November 2014 the Renault–Nissan Alliance reached 200,000 all-electric vehicles delivered globally, representing a 58% share of the global light-duty all-electric market segment.[115]

text: The world's top selling all-electric cars in 2014 were the Nissan Leaf (61,507), Tesla Model S (31,655), BMW i3 (16,052), and the Renault Zoe (11,323). Accounting for plug-in hybrids, the Leaf and the Model S also ranked first and second correspondinly among the world's top 10 selling plug-in electric cars.[107] All-electric models released to the retail customers in 2014 include the BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E, Chery eQ, Geely-Kandi Panda EV, Zotye Zhidou E20, Kia Soul EV, Volkswagen e-Golf, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, and Venucia e30.

text: General Motors unveiled the Chevrolet Bolt EV concept car at the 2015 North American International Auto Show.[117] The Bolt is scheduled for availability in late 2016 as a model year 2017.[118] GM anticipates the Bolt will deliver an all-electric range more than 320 km (200 miles), with pricing starting at US$37,500 before any applicable government incentives.[119] The European version, marketed as the Opel Ampera-e, will go into production in 2017.[120] In May 2015, global sales of highway legal all-electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 500,000 unit milestone, accounting for sales since 2008. Out these, Nissan accounts for about 35%, Tesla Motors about 15%, and Mitsubishi about 10%.[121] Also in May 2015, the Renault Zoe and the BMW i3 passed the 25,000 unit global sales milestone.[122] In June 2015, worldwide sales of the Model S passed the 75,000 unit milestone in June 2015.[114]

text: By early June 2015, the Renault–Nissan Alliance continued as the leading all-electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 250,000 pure electric vehicles representing about half of the global light-duty all-electric market segment. Nissan sales totaled 185,000 units, which includes the Nissan Leaf and the e-NV200 van. Renault has sold 65,000 electric vehicles, and its line-up includes the ZOE passenger car, the Kangoo Z.E. van, the SM3 Z.E. (previously Fluence Z.E.) sedan and the Twizy heavy quadricycle.[123]

text: By mid-September 2015, the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the one million sales milestone, with the pure electrics capturing about 62% of global sales.[125] The United States is the plug-in segment market leader with a stock of over 363,000 plug-in electric cars delivered since 2008 through August 2015, representing 36.3% of global sales.[125] The tate of California is the largest plug-in car regional market, with more than 158,000 units sold between December 2010 and June 2015, representing 46.5% of all plug-in cars sold in the U.S.[126][127][128][128][129] Until December 2014, California not only had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other state in the nation, but also more than any other country.[130][131]

text: As of August 2015[update], China ranked as the world's second top selling country plug-in market, with over 157,000 units sold since 2011 (15.7%), followed by Japan with more than 120,000 plug-in units sold since 2009 (12.1%).[125] As of June 2015[update], over 310,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the European market since 2010.[132][133] European sales are led by Norway, followed by the Netherlands, and France.[125] In the heavy-duty segment, China is the world's leader, with over 65,000 buses and other commercial vehicles sold through August 2015.[125]

text: As of December 2015[update], global sales of electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf with over 200,000 units sold making the Leaf the world's top selling highway-capable electric car in history. The Tesla Model S, with global deliveries of more than 100,000 units, is the world's second best selling all-electric car of all-time.[134] The Model S ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric vehicle in 2015, up from second best in 2014.[135][136] The Model S was also the top selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2015.[137] Most models released in the world's markets to retail customers during 2015 were plug-in hybrids. The only new series production all-electric cars launched up to October 2015 were the BYD e5 and the Tesla Model X, together with several variants of the Tesla Model S line-up.[138]

text: The Tesla Model 3 was unveiled on 31 March 2016. With pricing starting at US$35,000 and an all-electric range of 345 km (215 miles), the Model 3 is Tesla Motors first vehicle aimed for the mass market. Before the unveiling event, over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3.[139] As of 7 April 2016[update], one week after the event, Tesla Motors reported over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the 107,000 Model S cars Tesla had sold by the end of 2015. These reservations represent potential sales of over US$14 billion.[140][141] As of 31 March 2016[update], Tesla Motors has sold almost 125,000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008.[142] Tesla reported the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of 15 May 2016[update], after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.[143][144]

text: The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold over 1,000 units during its first two months in the market.[146] The Renault-Nissan Alliance achieved the milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold globally in August 2016, and also set an industry record of 100,000 electric vehicle sold in a single year.[147] Nissan global electric vehicle sales passed the 250,000 unit milestone also in August 2016.[147] Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in early September 2016.[148] Global sales of the Tesla Model X passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016, with most cars delivered in the United States.[149]

text: Cumulative global sales of pure electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[3] Global sales of the Tesla Model S achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in November 2016, four years and five months after its introduction, and just five more months than it took the Nissan Leaf to achieve the same milestone.[150] Norway achieved the milestone of 100,000 all-electric vehicles registered in December 2016.[151] Retail deliveries of the 383 km (238 miles) Chevrolet Bolt EV began in the San Francisco Bay Area on 13 December 2016.[145] In December 2016, Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide achieved the milestone of 3 billion km (1.9 billion miles) driven collectively through November 2016, saving the equivalent of nearly 500 million kg (1,100 million lb) of CO2 emissions.[152] Global Nissan Leaf sales passed 250,000 units delivered in December 2016.[153][154] The Tesla Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2016 for the second year running, with 50,931 units delivered globally.[124][155]

text: In December 2016, Norway became the first country where 5% of all registered passenger cars was a plug-in electric.[156] When new car sales in Norway are breakdown by powertrain or fuel, nine of the top ten best-selling models in 2016 were electric-drive models. The Norwegian electric-drive segment achieved a combined market share of 40.2% of new passenger car sales in 2016, consisting of 15.7% for all-electric cars, 13.4% for plug-in hybrids, and 11.2% for conventional hybris.[157] The highest-ever monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment in any country was achieved in Norway in January 2017 with 37.5% of new car sales; the plug-in hybrid segment reached a 20.0% market share of new passenger cars, and the all-electric car segment had a 17.5% market share.[158] Also in January 2017, the electrified passenger car segment, consisting of plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and conventional hybrids, for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with a conventional diesel or gasoline engine, with a market share of 51.4% of new car sales that month.[158][159] For many years Norwegian electric vehicles have been subsidised by approximately 50%, and have several other benefits, such as use of bus lanes and free parking.[160] Many of these perks have been extended to 2020.[161]

text: In February 2017 Consumer Reports named Tesla as the top car brand in the United States and ranked it 8th among global carmakers.[162] Global sales of the Nissan Leaf achieved the 300,000 unit milestone in January 2018.[163]

text: Electric bicycle[edit]

text: The principal manufacturer of e-bikes globally is China, with 2009 seeing the manufacturer of 22.2 million units. In the world Geoby is the leading manufacturers of E-bikes. Pedego is the best selling in the U.S. China accounts for nearly 92% of the market worldwide. In China the number of electric bicycles on the road was 120 million in 2010. Jiangsu Yadea, an electric bicycle producer of renown in China, leads the ranking of China National Light Industry Council (CNLIC) electric bicycle industry for three years. It retains capacity of nearly 6 million electric bicycles a year.

text: In 1997, Charger Electric Bicycle was the first U.S. company to come out with a pedelec.

text: Select historical production vehicles[edit]

text: Selected list of battery electric vehicles include (in chronological order):[164][165]

text:
Name
Production years
Number produced
Top Speed
Cost
Range
mpg US
L/100 km
(City)
mpg US
L/100 km
(Hwy)

Baker Electric[166]
1899–1915
?
14 mph
23 km/h
US$2300 or €1,700
80 km (50 miles)

Studebaker Electric[167]
1902–1912
?
?
?
?

Detroit Electric[168]
1907–1939
13,000[169]
20 mph
32 km/h
>US$3,000 or €2,250 depending on options
130 km (80 miles)

Henney Kilowatt[170]
1958–1960
<100
60 mph
97 km/h
?
?

Enfield 8000[39]
1966–1976
112
64 km/h (40 mph)
GB£2,000
40–90 km (25–56 miles)

Sebring-Vanguard Citicar
1974–1982
4,444
including variants[171]
38 mph
61 km/h
?
Approximately
65 km (40 miles)

Sinclair C5
1985
14,000
15 mph
24 km/h
£399
30 km (20 miles)

Škoda Favorit ELTRA 151L & 151 Pick-Up[172]
1992–1994
<1,100, perhaps 20 surviving
50 mph
80 km/h (limiter)
< US $20,000, without subsidy
80 km (50 miles)

General Motors EV1[173]
1996–2003
1,117
80 mph
129 km/h
~ US$40,000 or €30,000, without subsidies
255 km (160 miles)

Chevrolet S10 EV[174]
1997–1998
492
73 mph
118 km/h
~ US$40,000 or €30,000, without subsidies
145 km (90 miles)

Honda EV Plus[175]
1997–1999
~300
80+ mph
130+ km/h
US$455 or €340/month for 36-month lease; or $53,000 or €40,000 without subsidies
130–175 km (80–110 miles)

Toyota RAV4 EV[176]
1997–2002
1,249
78 mph
125 km/h
US$40,000 or €30,000 without subsidies
140 km (87 miles)
125
1.88
100
2.35

Ford Ranger EV[177]
1998–2002
1,500, perhaps 200 surviving

~ US$50,000 or €37,600; subsidized down to $20,000 or €15,000
120 km (74 miles)

TH!NK City
1999–2002
1,000+
56 mph
90 km/h

85 km (53 miles)
106
1.59
83
2.83

REVAi[178]
2001–2012
4,000+[179]
45 mph
72 km/h £8,000[180], US$15,000 or €11,900
80 km (50 miles)

ZAP Xebra[181]
2006–2009
700+
40 mph
65 km/h, $100[182]
$10,000 or €7,500
40 km (25 miles)

Tesla Roadster[183][184][185]
2008–2012
2,500
130 mph
210 km/h [186]
US$109,000 or €99,000 base price [187]
355 km (220 miles)
less than 2 cents/mile off peak recharge

Modern series production electric cars

Mitsubishi i MiEV
(Peugeot iOn/Citroën C-Zero)
2009–
~37,600
as of June 2016[update][188]
80 mph
130 km/h
US$29,125 base price[189]
160 km (100 miles) (Japanese cycle)
100 km (62 miles) (EPA cycle)

Nissan Leaf
2010–
300,000
as of January 2018[update][163]

175 km (109 miles) (New European Driving Cycle)

BYD e6
2010–
34,862
in China
as of December 2016[update][190][191]

Renault Kangoo Z.E.
2011–
25,205
as of December 2016[update][192]

Bolloré Bluecar
2011–
5,524
as of July 2016[update]
(in France)[193]

Ford Focus EV
2012-
6764 as of Nov 2016[194]

US$39,995 base price (2012)
US$29,120 base price (2017) [195]

160 km (100 miles)[196]
118 MPGe / 1.99 l/100 km[196]
96 MPGe / 2.45 l/100 km[196]

Smart ED
(2nd and 3rd gen)
2012–
~9,000
as of June 2014[update][197][198][199]

Tesla Model S[200]
2012–
158,159
as of December 2016[update][124]
155 mph (250 km/h) for 90+kWh version [201]
US$69,900 base price with
60 kW·h battery pack [202]
485 km (300 miles)
89 Combined
2.64 Combined

Renault Zoe
2013–
61,205
as of December 2016[update][124]

Volkswagen e-Up!
2013–
9,157
as of October 2015[update][203][204][205]

BMW i3
2013–
~ 65,500
as of December 2016[update][124]

130 to 160 km (80 to 100 miles)[206]

Kia Soul EV
2014–

150 km (93 miles)[207]

Volkswagen e-Golf
2014–
12,653 in Europe
as of October 2015[update][208][209] and 3,980 in the U.S.
as of November 2015[update].[210][211]

130 to 190 kilometres (81 to 118 mi)[212]

Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive
2014–

140 km (87 miles)[213]

Tesla Model X
2015–
25,524
as of December 2016[update][124]

237 to 289

BYD e5
2015–
17,065
in China
as of December 2016[update][191][214]

BYD Qin EV300
2016–
10,656
in China
as of December 2016[update][191]

Tesla Model 3[215]
2017–
1,550
in USA
as of December 2017[update][216]
145 mph for LR version[217]
US$35,000 base price with
Standard battery pack[218]
355 km (220 miles) with Standard version, 500 km (310 miles) with Long Range version
126 MPGe Combined