document_title: Sean Combs

question_text: how did p diddy began his career in the music industry

text: Sean Combs

text: Early life[edit]

text: Sean John Combs was born on November 4, 1969 in Harlem in Manhattan, New York City,[6] and was raised in Mount Vernon, New York.[7] His mother, Janice (Smalls), was a model and teacher's assistant,[6] and his father, Melvin Earl Combs, served in the U.S. Air Force and was an associate of convicted New York drug dealer Frank Lucas.[7][8] At age 33, Melvin was shot to death while sitting in his car on Central Park West, when Combs was 2 years old.[9]

text: Combs graduated from the Roman Catholic Mount Saint Michael Academy in 1987. He played football for the academy, and his team won a division title in 1986.[10] Combs said that he was given the nickname "Puff" as a child, because he would "huff and puff" when he was angry.[11]

text: Combs was a business major at Howard University but left after his sophomore year.[12] In 2014, he returned to Howard University to receive an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities and deliver the University’s 146th Commencement Address.[13]

text: Career[edit]

text: 1990–96: Career beginnings[edit]

text: Combs became an intern at New York's Uptown Records.[14] While talent director at Uptown, he helped develop Jodeci and Mary J. Blige.[15] In his college days Combs had a reputation for throwing parties, some of which attracted up to a thousand participants.[16] In 1991, Combs promoted an AIDS fundraiser with Heavy D held at the City College of New York (CCNY) gymnasium, following a charity basketball game. The event was oversold, and a stampede occurred in which nine people died.[17]

text: In 1993, after being fired from Uptown, Combs established his new label Bad Boy Entertainment as a joint venture with Arista Records, taking then-newcomer The Notorious B.I.G. with him.[18][19] Both The Notorious B.I.G. and Craig Mack quickly released hit singles, followed by successful LPs, particularly Notorious B.I.G.'s Ready to Die.[18] Combs signed more acts to Bad Boy, including Carl Thomas, Faith Evans, 112, Total,[20] and Father MC.[21] The Hitmen, his in-house production team, worked with Jodeci, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Lil' Kim, TLC, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV, Aretha Franklin, and others.[22] Mase and the Lox joined Bad Boy just as a widely publicized rivalry with the West Coast's Death Row Records was beginning. Combs and Notorious B.I.G. were criticized and parodied by Tupac Shakur and Suge Knight in songs and interviews during the mid-1990s.[23] During 1994–1995, Combs produced several songs for TLC's CrazySexyCool, which finished the decade as number 25 on Billboard's list of top pop albums of the decade.[24][25]

text: 1997–98: "Puff Daddy" and No Way Out[edit]

text: In 1997, under the name Puff Daddy, Combs recorded his first commercial vocal work as a rapper. His debut single, "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", spent 28 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number one.[26] His debut album, No Way Out, was released on July 1, 1997, through Bad Boy Records. Originally titled Hell up in Harlem, the album underwent several changes after The Notorious B.I.G. was killed on March 9, 1997.[27] Several of the label's artists made guest appearances on the album. No Way Out was a significant success, particularly in the United States, where it reached number one on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release, selling 561,000 copies.[28] The album produced five singles: "I'll Be Missing You", a tribute to The Notorious B.I.G., was the first rap song to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100; it remained at the top of the chart for eleven consecutive weeks and topped several other charts worldwide.[29] Four other singles; "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", "It's All About the Benjamins", "Been Around the World", and "Victory", were also released. Combs collaborated with Jimmy Page on the song "Come with Me" for the 1998 film Godzilla.[30]

text: The album earned Combs five nominations at the 40th Grammy Awards in 1998, winning the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album.[31][32] On September 7, 2000, the album was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 7 million copies.[33] In 1997, Combs was sued for landlord neglect by Inge Bongo. Combs denied the charges.[34] By the late 1990s, he was being criticized for watering down and overly commercializing hip hop, and for using too many guest appearances, samples, and interpolations of past hits in his new songs.[28]

text: 1999–2000: Forever and Club New York[edit]

text: In April 1999 Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records. Stoute was the manager for Nas, with whom Combs had filmed a video earlier that year for the song "Hate Me Now". Combs was concerned that the video, which featured a shot of Nas and Combs being crucified, was blasphemous. He asked for his scenes on the cross to be pulled, but after it aired unedited on MTV on April 15, Combs visited Stoute's offices and injured Stoute. Combs was charged with second-degree assault and criminal mischief,[35][36] and was sentenced to attend a one-day anger management class.[37]

text: Forever, Combs' debut solo studio album, was released by Bad Boy Records on August 24, 1999, in North America, and in the UK on the following day. It reached number two on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart,[38] where it remained for one week before being knocked off by Mary J. Blige's fourth album, Mary. The album received positive to mixed reviews from music critics and spawned three singles that have charted on the Billboard charts. It peaked at number four on the Canadian Albums Chart, Combs' highest-charting album in that country.[38]

text: On December 27, 1999, Combs and his then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez were at Club New York in Manhattan when gunfire broke out. After a police investigation, Combs and fellow rapper Shyne were arrested for weapons violations and other charges.[39] Combs was charged with four weapons-related charges and bribing his driver, Wardel Fenderson, to claim ownership of his gun.[40]

text: With a gag order in place, the highly publicized trial began.[40] Combs' attorneys were Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. and Benjamin Brafman.[41] Combs was found not guilty on all charges; Shyne was convicted on five of his eight charges[41] and sentenced to ten years in prison. Combs and Lopez broke up shortly after. A lawsuit filed by Fenderson, who said he suffered emotional damage after the shooting, was settled in February 2004. Lawyers for both sides, having agreed to keep the settlement terms secret, said that the matter was "resolved to the satisfaction of all parties".[42]

text: 2001–04: "P. Diddy" and The Saga Continues[edit]

text: Combs changed his stage name from "Puff Daddy" to "P. Diddy" in 2001.[43] The gospel album, Thank You, which had been completed just before the beginning of the weapons trial, was released that March.[44] He appeared as a drug dealer in the film Made and starred with Halle Berry and Billy Bob Thornton in Monster's Ball (both in 2001). He was arrested for driving on a suspended license in Florida.[45] Combs began working with a series of unusual (for him) artists. For a short period of time, he was the manager of Kelis; they have a collaboration titled "Let's Get Ill".[46] He was an opening act for 'N Sync on their Spring 2002 Celebrity Tour,[47] and he signed California-based pop girl group Dream to his record label.[48] Combs was a producer of the soundtrack album for the film Training Day (2001).[49]

text: In June 2001, Combs ended Bad Boy Entertainment's joint venture with Arista Records, gaining full control of Bad Boy, its catalogue, and its roster of artists.[19] The Saga Continues..., released on July 10 in North America, was the last studio album released by the joint venture. The album reached number 2 on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts,[50] and was eventually certified Platinum.[20] It is the only studio album under the P. Diddy name, and the first album by Sean Combs not to feature any guest appearances by Jay-Z or Lil Kim. Combs was executive producer of the reality TV show Making the Band, which appeared on MTV from 2002 to 2009.[51] The show involved interviewing candidates and creating musical acts that would then enter the music business. Acts that got their start this way include Da Band,[52] Danity Kane,[51] Day26,[53] and Donnie Klang.[54]

text: In 2003 Combs ran in the New York City Marathon, raising $2 million for the educational system of the city of New York.[55] On March 10, 2004 he appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the marathon, which he finished in four hours and eighteen minutes.[56] In 2004 Combs headed the campaign "Vote or Die" for the 2004 presidential election.[57] On February 1, 2004, Combs (as P. Diddy) performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show.[58]

text: 2005–09: "Diddy" and Press Play[edit]

text: On August 16, 2005, Combs announced on Today that he was altering his stage name yet again; he would be calling himself "Diddy". Combs said that fans didn't know how to address him, which led to confusion.[59] In November 2005, London-based musical artist and DJ Richard Dearlove, who had been performing under the name "Diddy" since 1992 – nine years before Combs started using even "P. Diddy" – sought an injunction in the High Court of Justice in London. He accepted an out-of-court settlement of £10,000 in damages and more than £100,000 in costs. Combs can no longer use the name Diddy in the UK, where he is still known as P. Diddy.[60][61] An assault charge against Combs filed by Michigan television host Rogelio Mills was resolved in Combs' favor in 2005.[62]

text: Combs starred in the 2005 film Carlito's Way: Rise to Power. He played Walter Lee Younger in the 2004 Broadway revival of A Raisin in the Sun[63] and the television adaptation that aired in February 2008. In 2005 Combs sold half of his record company to the Warner Music Group.[64] He hosted the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards and was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2005 by Time magazine.[65] He was mentioned in the country song "Play Something Country" by Brooks & Dunn: the lyricist says he "didn't come to hear P. Diddy", which is rhymed with "something thumpin' from the city."[66]

text: In 2006, when Combs refused to release musician Mase from his contractual obligations to allow him to join the group G-Unit, 50 Cent recorded a dis song, "Hip-Hop". The lyrics imply that Combs knew the identity of The Notorious B.I.G.'s murderer.[67] The two later resolved the feud.[68]

text: Combs released his first album in four years, Press Play, on October 17, 2006, on the Bad Boy Records label.[69] The album, featuring guest appearances by many popular artists, debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart[70] with sales of over 173,009. Its singles "Come to Me" and "Last Night" both reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100.[71][72] The album became available to preview on MTV's The Leak on October 10, 2006, a week before being sold in stores.[73] Press Play received mixed to positive reviews from critics,[74] and was certified Gold on the RIAA ratings.[20] On September 18, 2007, Combs teamed up with 50 Cent and Jay-Z for the "Forbes I Get Money Billion Dollar Remix".[75]

text: In March 2008 the Los Angeles Times claimed that The Notorious B.I.G. and Combs orchestrated the 1994 robbery and shooting of Tupac, substantiating the claim with supposed FBI documents; the newspaper later retracted the story, acknowledging that the documents had been fabricated.[76] Dexter Isaac, an associate of record management executive Jimmy Henchman, confessed in 2012 that he shot Tupac on Henchman's orders.[77][78]

text: In June 2008 Combs' representative denied rumors of another name change.[79] Combs ventured into reality television in August 2008 with the premiere of his VH1 series I Want to Work for Diddy.[80] After the season finale of Making The Band 4, Combs said he would be heading back into the studio to record his next album. In an interview with The Daily Mail, he said, "I had Christina Aguilera on my last album, but it's all about Leona Lewis on my next."[81] He appeared—credited under his real name—in two episodes of Season 7 of CSI: Miami: "Presumed Guilty" and "Sink or Swim", in the role of lawyer Derek Powell.[82]

text: 2010–13: Dirty Money and acting[edit]

text: Combs created a rap supergroup in 2010 known as the Dream Team. The group consists of Combs, Rick Ross, DJ Khaled, Fat Joe, Busta Rhymes, Red Café, and Fabolous.[83] Combs made an appearance at comedian Chris Gethard's live show in January 2010 at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City.[84] In June 2010 Combs played a role (credited as Sean Combs) in the comedy film Get Him to the Greek, as Sergio Roma, a record company executive. An Entourage series representative announced that Combs would guest star on an episode during the 2010 season.[85]

text: Last Train to Paris was released by Combs' group Diddy – Dirty Money on December 13, 2010. The release was preceded by four singles "Angels", "Hello Good Morning", "Loving You No More", and "Coming Home", which experienced mixed success on the Billboard Hot 100. "Coming Home" was the most successful of the songs, peaking at number twelve on the U.S. Hot 100, number four in the UK, and number seven in Canada.[86] On March 10, 2011 Diddy – Dirty Money performed "Coming Home" live on American Idol.[87]

text: On April 18, 2011, Combs appeared in season one of Hawaii Five-0, guest starring as an undercover NYPD detective.[88] In November 2012 Combs appeared in an episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.[89]

text: 2014–present: MMM (Money Making Mitch) and No Way Out 2[edit]

text: On February 26, 2014, Combs premiered "Big Homie", featuring Rick Ross and French Montana, as the first single from his mixtape MMM (Money Making Mitch), which was originally scheduled to be released that year.[90] The song was released for digital download on March 24,[91] and two days later the trailer for the music video was released. The full version of the music video was released on March 31. Combs used his former stage name Puff Daddy for the album.[92] MMM was released as a free mixtape album of 12 tracks on November 4, 2015.[93] In 2014 Combs and Guy Gerber announced that their joint album 11 11 would be available for free download.[94] A new single called "Finna Get Loose" featuring Combs and Pharrell Williams was released on June 29, 2015.[95]

text: In July 2015, Bad Boy Entertainment artist Gizzle told the press that she is collaborating with Combs on what she describes as his last album, titled No Way Out 2, a sequel to his 1997 debut. She describes the music as unique: "The mindset is to just be classic and to be epic. And to really live up to that ... we know it's a tall order, but we welcome the challenge."[96] In April 2016, Combs announced that after this last album and tour, he plans to retire from the music industry to focus on acting.[97]

text: On May 20 and 21, 2016, Combs launched a tour of Bad Boy Records' biggest names to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the label.[98] The documentary Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A Bad Boy Story, covering the two shows at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn as well as behind-the-scenes events, was released on June 23, 2017.[99] The show toured to an additional twenty venues across the United States and Canada.[100][101]

text: Business career[edit]

text: Fortune magazine listed Combs at number twelve on their top 40 of entrepreneurs under 40 in 2002.[102] Forbes Magazine estimates that for the year ending May 2017, Combs earned $130 million, ranking him number one among entertainers.[2] In 2017 his estimated net worth was $820 million.[3]

text: Sean John[edit]

text: In 1998, Combs started a clothing line, Sean John. It was nominated for the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) award for Menswear Designer of the Year in 2000,[103] and won in 2004.[104] California billionaire Ronald Burkle invested $100 million into the company in 2003.[105]

text: Also in 2003, the National Labor Committee revealed that factories producing the clothing in Honduras were violating Honduran labor laws.[106] Among the accusations were that workers were subjected to body searches and involuntary pregnancy tests. Bathrooms were locked and access tightly controlled. Employees were forced to work overtime and were paid sweatshop wages.[107] Charles Kernaghan of the National Labor Committee told The New York Times that "Sean Puff Daddy obviously has a lot of clout, he can literally do a lot overnight to help these workers."[106]

text: Combs responded with an extensive investigation, telling reporters "I'm as pro-worker as they get".[108] On February 14, 2004, Kernaghan announced that improvements had been implemented at the factory, including adding air conditioning and water purification systems, firing the most abusive supervisors, and allowing the formation of a labor union.[109] In late 2006, the department store Macy's removed Sean John jackets from their shelves when they discovered that the clothing was made using raccoon dog fur. Combs had not known the jackets were made with dog fur, but as soon as he was alerted, he had production stopped.[110]

text: In November 2008, Combs added a men's perfume called "I Am King" to the Sean John brand. The fragrance, dedicated to Barack Obama, Muhammad Ali, and Martin Luther King, featured model Bar Refaeli in its advertisements.[111] In early 2016, Sean John introduced the brand’s GIRLS collection.[112]

text: Other ventures[edit]

text: Combs is the head of Combs Enterprises, an umbrella company for his portfolio of businesses.[113] In addition to his clothing line, Combs owned two restaurants called Justin's, named after his son. The original New York location closed in September 2007;[114] the Atlanta location closed in June 2012.[115] He is the designer of the Dallas Mavericks alternate jersey.[116] In October 2007 Combs agreed to help develop the Cîroc vodka brand for a 50 percent share of the profits.[111] Combs acquired the Enyce clothing line from Liz Claiborne for $20 million on October 21, 2008.[117] Combs has a major equity stake in Revolt TV, a television network that also has a film production branch.[118] It began broadcasting in 2014.[119][120] In February 2015, Combs teamed up with actor Mark Wahlberg and businessman Ronald Burkle of Yucaipa Companies to purchase a majority holding in Aquahydrate, a calorie-free beverage for athletes.[121][122] John Cochran, former president of Fiji Water, is CEO of the company.[123]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Family[edit]

text: Combs is the father of six children. His first child, Justin, was born in 1993 to his high-school sweetheart, designer Misa Hylton-Brim. Justin attends UCLA on a football scholarship.[124] Combs had an on-again, off-again relationship with Kimberly Porter, which lasted from 1994 to July 2007.[125][126] He adopted and raised Quincy (born 1991),[127] Porter's son from a previous relationship with singer/producer Al B. Sure. Together they had a son, Christian (born 1998) and twin daughters D'Lila Star and Jessie James (born December 21, 2006).[128] Five months before the birth of his twins,[128] his daughter Chance was born to Sarah Chapman. He took legal responsibility for Chance in October 2007.[126]

text: Combs' sons Quincy and Justin both appeared on MTV's My Super Sweet 16. Combs threw Quincy a celebrity-studded party and gave him two cars as his 16th birthday present.[129][130] For Justin's sixteenth birthday, Combs presented him with a $360,000 Maybach car, complete with chauffeur.[124][131]

text: Combs owns a home in Alpine, New Jersey, which he purchased for a reported $7 million.[132]

text: Charity work and honors[edit]

text: Combs founded Daddy's House Social Programs, an organization to help inner city youth, in 1995. Programs include tutoring, life skills classes, and an annual summer camp. Along with Jay-Z, he pledged $1 million to help support victims of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and donated clothing from his Sean John line to victims. He has donated computers and books to New York schools.[133]

text: Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley named October 13, 2006, as "Diddy Day" in honor of Combs' charity work.[134] In 2008 Combs was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[135]

text: In 2014, Combs received an honorary doctorate from Howard University, where he served as the keynote speaker for its 146th commencement ceremony. In his speech, Combs acknowledged that his experiences as a Howard student positively influenced his life.[136]

text: Wardrobe style[edit]

text: Combs describes his wardrobe style as "swagger, timeless, diverse".[137] On September 2, 2007, Combs held his ninth annual "White Party", at which guests are limited to an all-white dress code. The White Party, which has also been held in St. Tropez, was held in his home in East Hampton, Long Island. Combs stated, "This party is up there with the top three that I've thrown. It's a party that has legendary status. It's hard to throw a party that lives up to its legend."[138]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: NAACP Image Awards[edit]

text: 2009, Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special, A Raisin in the Sun (Winner)[139]

text: BET Awards[edit]

text: 2007, Best Male Hip Hop Artist (Nominated)[140]

text: MTV Video Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result

1997
"I'll Be Missing You"
Best R&B Video
Won[32]

Viewer's Choice
Nominated

1998
"It's All About the Benjamins (rock remix)"
Video of the Year
Nominated

Viewer's Choice
Won[32]

"Come with Me"
Best Video from a Film
Nominated

2002
"Bad Boy for Life"
Best Rap Video
Nominated

text: Grammy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
Ref.

1998
Puff Daddy
Best New Artist
Nominated
[31]
[141]

No Way Out
Best Rap Album
Won

Life After Death (as producer)
Nominated

"Honey" (as songwriter)
Best Rhythm & Blues Song
Nominated

"I'll Be Missing You" (featuring Faith Evans & 112)
Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
Won

"Mo Money Mo Problems" (with The Notorious B.I.G. & Mase)
Nominated

"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" (featuring Mase)
Nominated

2000
"Satisfy You" (featuring R. Kelly)
Nominated
[142]

2002
"Bad Boy for Life" (with Black Rob & Mark Curry)
Nominated
[143]

2003
"Pass the Courvoisier, Part II" (with Busta Rhymes & Pharrell)
Nominated
[144]

2004
"Shake Ya Tailfeather" (with Nelly & Murphy Lee)
Won
[145]

2016
"All Day" (as songwriter)
Best Rap Song
Nominated
[146]

text: Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (albums executive produced by Sean Combs)[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Album
Year

133[147]
The Notorious B.I.G.
Ready to Die
1994

279[148]
Mary J. Blige
My Life
1994

483[149]
The Notorious B.I.G.
Life After Death
1997

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
No Way Out (1997)
Forever (1999)
The Saga Continues... (2001)
Press Play (2006)
Last Train to Paris (2010)
MMM (2015)
No Way Out 2 (TBA)

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Made (2001)
Monster's Ball (2001)
2005 MTV Video Music Awards (2006)
Seamless (2005)
Carlito's Way: Rise to Power (2005)
A Raisin in the Sun (2008)
Get Him to the Greek (2010)
I'm Still Here (2010)
Draft Day (2014)
Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A Bad Boy Story (2017)


document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the highest temperature ever recorded in the us

root

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries. [1]

tag: p

text:
State
Record high
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low
temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001925-09-05-0000September 5, 1925
Centreville
−27 °F / −33 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
000000001915-06-27-0000June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon
−80 °F / −62 °C
000000001971-01-23-0000January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001971-01-07-0000January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Ozark
−29 °F / −34 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 57 °C
000000001913-07-10-0000July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek
−45 °F / −43 °C
000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001954-07-11-0000July 11, 1954
Sedgwick
−61 °F / −52 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001995-07-15-0000July 15, 1995
Danbury
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001943-02-16-0000February 16, 1943
Norfolk

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001930-07-21-0000July 21, 1930
Millsboro
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001930-07-20-0000July 20, 1930
Washington
−15 °F / −26 °C
000000001899-02-11-0000February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109°F / 43 °C
000000001931-06-29-0000June 29, 1931
Monticello
−2 °F / −19 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001983-08-20-0000August 20, 1983*
Greenville
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001940-01-27-0000January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
000000001957-07-14-0000July 14, 1957
Puunene
12 °F / -11 °C
000000001979-05-17-0000May 17, 1979
Mauna Kea Observatory 111.

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-28-0000July 28, 1934
Orofino
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001943-01-18-0000January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001999-01-05-0000January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
000000001936-07-14-0000July 14, 1936
Collegeville
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-20-0000July 20, 1934
Keokuk
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001996-02-03-0000February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Alton
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-28-0000July 28, 1930
Greensburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing
−16 °F / −27 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-10-0000July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton
−50 °F / −45 °C
000000002009-01-16-0000January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Cumberland
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001912-01-13-0000January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
New Bedford
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Chester

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Mio
−51 °F / −46 °C
000000001934-02-09-0000February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001917-07-29-0000July 29, 1917
Beardsley
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001996-02-02-0000February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-29-0000July 29, 1930
Holly Springs
−19 °F / −28 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954*
Warsaw
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001937-07-05-0000July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake
−70 °F / −57 °C
000000001954-01-20-0000January 20, 1954
Lincoln

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Minden
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001989-12-22-0000December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Laughlin
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001937-01-08-0000January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Nashua
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001885-01-22-0000January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936
Runyon
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
Carlsbad
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001951-02-01-0000February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 42 °C
000000001926-07-22-0000July 22, 1926
Troy
−52 °F / −46 °C
000000001979-02-18-0000February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001983-08-21-0000August 21, 1983
Fayetteville
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-06-0000July 6, 1936
Steele
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001936-02-15-0000February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001934-07-21-0000July 21, 1934
Gallipolis
−39 °F / −39 °C
000000001899-02-10-0000February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994*
Tipton
−31 °F / −35 °C
000000002011-02-10-0000February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
119 °F / 47 °C
000000001898-07-29-0000July 29, 1898*
Pendleton
−54 °F / −48 °C
000000001933-02-10-0000February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville
−42 °F / −41 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
Providence
−28 °F / −34 °C
000000001942-01-17-0000January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
000000002012-06-30-0000June 30, 2012*
Camden
−22 °F / −30 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Landrum

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-05-0000July 5, 1936*
Gann Valley
−58 °F / −50 °C
000000001936-02-17-0000February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001933-08-09-0000August 9, 1933*
Perryville
−32 °F / −36 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001994-06-28-0000June 28, 1994*
Monahans
−23 °F / −31 °C
000000001933-02-08-0000February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001985-07-05-0000July 5, 1985
Saint George
−69 °F / −56 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Garden City

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Vernon
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001933-12-30-0000December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001954-07-15-0000July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls
−30 °F / −34 °C
000000001985-01-22-0000January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001961-08-05-0000August 5, 1961*
Burbank
−48 °F / −44 °C
000000001968-12-30-0000December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells
−55 °F / −48 °C
000000001996-02-04-0000February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001983-08-08-0000August 8, 1983
Basin
−63 °F / −53 °C
000000001933-02-09-0000February 9, 1933
Moran

tag: table

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state


document_title: List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office

question_text: who served the shortest term on the supreme court

text: Justices by time in office[edit]

text:
Longest Supreme Court tenure

William O. Douglas 13,358 days(1939–1975)

Stephen Johnson Field 12,614 days(1863–1897)

Shortest Supreme Court tenure[D]

James F. Byrnes 452 days(1941–1942)

Thomas Johnson 163 days(1792–1793)

text:
Rank
Justice
Lengthin days
Start date[3]
End date[3]

1
William O. Douglas
7004133580000000000♠13,358
April 17, 1939
November 12, 1975

2
Stephen Johnson Field
7004126140000000000♠12,614
May 20, 1863
December 1, 1897

3
John Paul Stevens
7004126110000000000♠12,611
December 19, 1975
June 29, 2010

4
John Marshall   (CJ)
7004125700000000000♠12,570
February 4, 1801
July 6, 1835

5
Hugo Black
7004124470000000000♠12,447
August 19, 1937
September 17, 1971

6
John Marshall Harlan
7004123600000000000♠12,360
December 10, 1877
October 14, 1911

7
William J. Brennan Jr.
7004123300000000000♠12,330
October 16, 1956
July 20, 1990

8
William Rehnquist   (CJ)
7004122930000000000♠12,293[E]
January 7, 1972 September 26, 1986
September 26, 1986 September 3, 2005

9
Joseph Story
7004122730000000000♠12,273
February 3, 1812
September 10, 1845

10
James Moore Wayne
7004118600000000000♠11,860
January 14, 1835
July 5, 1867

11
John McLean
7004114060000000000♠11,406
January 11, 1830
April 4, 1861

12
Byron White
7004113960000000000♠11,396
April 16, 1962
June 28, 1993

13
Bushrod Washington
7004112520000000000♠11,252
February 4, 1799
November 26, 1829

14
Anthony Kennedy
7004111210000000000♠11,121
February 18, 1988
July 31, 2018

15
William Johnson
7004110460000000000♠11,046
May 7, 1804
August 4, 1834

16
Antonin Scalia
7004107320000000000♠10,732
September 26, 1986
February 13, 2016

17
Oliver Wendell Holmes
7004106270000000000♠10,627
December 8, 1902
January 12, 1932

18
Roger B. Taney   (CJ)
7004104250000000000♠10,425
March 28, 1836
October 12, 1864

19
Samuel Freeman Miller
7004103110000000000♠10,311
July 21, 1862
October 13, 1890

20
John Catron
7004102560000000000♠10,256
May 1, 1837
May 30, 1865

21
Samuel Nelson
7004101360000000000♠10,136
February 27, 1845
November 28, 1872

22
Edward Douglass White   (CJ)
7003992900000000000♠9,929[F]
March 12, 1894 December 19, 1910
December 19, 1910 May 19, 1921

23
Clarence Thomas
7003986900000000000♠9,869[B]
October 23, 1991
Incumbent

24
Joseph McKenna
7003984000000000000♠9,840
January 26, 1898
January 5, 1925

25
Willis Van Devanter
7003964700000000000♠9,647
January 3, 1911
June 2, 1937

26
James Clark McReynolds
7003960800000000000♠9,608
October 12, 1914
January 31, 1941

27
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
7003921200000000000♠9,212[B]
August 10, 1993
Incumbent

28
Sandra Day O'Connor
7003889400000000000♠8,894
September 25, 1981
January 31, 2006

29
Stephen Breyer
7003885400000000000♠8,854[B]
August 3, 1994
Incumbent

30
Harry Blackmun
7003882100000000000♠8,821
June 9, 1970
August 3, 1994

31
Thurgood Marshall
7003876500000000000♠8,765
October 2, 1967
October 1, 1991

32
Felix Frankfurter
7003861100000000000♠8,611
January 30, 1939
August 28, 1962

33
Nathan Clifford
7003858600000000000♠8,586
January 21, 1858
July 25, 1881

34
Robert Cooper Grier
7003857500000000000♠8,575
August 10, 1846
January 31, 1870

35
Gabriel Duvall
7003845300000000000♠8,453
November 23, 1811
January 14, 1835

36
Potter Stewart
7003829800000000000♠8,298
October 14, 1958
July 3, 1981

37
Louis Brandeis
7003828800000000000♠8,288
June 5, 1916
February 13, 1939

38
Joseph P. Bradley
7003797500000000000♠7,975
March 23, 1870
January 22, 1892

39
Melville Fuller   (CJ)
7003793800000000000♠7,938
October 8, 1888
July 4, 1910

40
Harlan F. Stone   (CJ)
7003772100000000000♠7,721[G]
March 2, 1925 July 3, 1941
July 2, 1941 April 22, 1946

41
Horace Gray
7003755300000000000♠7,553
January 9, 1882
September 15, 1902

42
William Cushing
7003752700000000000♠7,527
February 2, 1790
September 13, 1810

43
Smith Thompson
7003741300000000000♠7,413
September 1, 1823
December 18, 1843

44
David Josiah Brewer
7003738500000000000♠7,385
January 6, 1890
March 28, 1910

45
William R. Day
7003719600000000000♠7,196
March 2, 1903
November 13, 1922

46
Stanley Forman Reed
7003696500000000000♠6,965
January 31, 1938
February 25, 1957

47
Noah Haynes Swayne
7003693700000000000♠6,937
January 27, 1862
January 24, 1881

48
Thomas Todd
7003685400000000000♠6,854
May 4, 1807
February 7, 1826

49
David Souter
7003683800000000000♠6,838
October 9, 1990
June 29, 2009

50
Peter Vivian Daniel
7003671600000000000♠6,716
January 10, 1842
May 31, 1860

51
Tom C. Clark
7003650100000000000♠6,501
August 24, 1949
June 12, 1967

52
Warren E. Burger   (CJ)
7003630400000000000♠6,304
June 23, 1969
September 26, 1986

53
Charles Evans Hughes   (CJ)
7003621400000000000♠6,214[H]
October 10, 1910 February 24, 1930
June 10, 1916 June 30, 1941

54
Pierce Butler
7003616200000000000♠6,162
January 2, 1923
November 16, 1939

55
John Marshall Harlan II
7003602300000000000♠6,023
March 28, 1955
September 23, 1971

56
Henry Brockholst Livingston
7003590100000000000♠5,901
January 20, 1807
March 18, 1823

57
Earl Warren   (CJ)
7003574000000000000♠5,740
October 5, 1953
June 23, 1969

58
Lewis Franklin Powell
7003564900000000000♠5,649
January 7, 1972
June 26, 1987

59
Henry Billings Brown
7003562100000000000♠5,621
January 5, 1891
May 28, 1906

60
Samuel Chase
7003561300000000000♠5,613
February 4, 1796
June 19, 1811

61
George Sutherland
7003558600000000000♠5,586
October 2, 1922
January 17, 1938

62
Owen Roberts
7003553800000000000♠5,538
June 2, 1930
July 31, 1945

63
John McKinley
7003530500000000000♠5,305
January 9, 1838
July 19, 1852

64
Henry Baldwin
7003520700000000000♠5,207
January 18, 1830
April 21, 1844

65
David Davis
7003519800000000000♠5,198
December 10, 1862
March 4, 1877

66
Morrison Waite   (CJ)
7003513300000000000♠5,133
March 4, 1874
March 23, 1888

67
Rufus Wheeler Peckham
7003503900000000000♠5,039
January 6, 1896
October 24, 1909

68
William Paterson
7003492900000000000♠4,929
March 11, 1793
September 9, 1806

69
Robert H. Jackson
7003483800000000000♠4,838
July 11, 1941
October 9, 1954

70
John Roberts   (CJ)
7003477900000000000♠4,779[B]
September 29, 2005
Incumbent

71
Harold Hitz Burton
7003476000000000000♠4,760
October 1, 1945
October 13, 1958

72
Samuel Alito
7003465500000000000♠4,655[B]
January 31, 2006
Incumbent

73
Samuel Blatchford
7003411300000000000♠4,113
April 3, 1882
July 7, 1893

74
Mahlon Pitney
7003394000000000000♠3,940
March 18, 1912
December 31, 1922

75
William Strong
7003392800000000000♠3,928
March 14, 1870
December 14, 1880

76
George Shiras Jr.
7003378700000000000♠3,787
October 10, 1892
February 23, 1903

77
Frank Murphy
7003345200000000000♠3,452
February 5, 1940
July 19, 1949

78
James Iredell
7003344800000000000♠3,448
May 12, 1790
October 20, 1799

79
Sonia Sotomayor
7003337000000000000♠3,370[B]
August 8, 2009
Incumbent

80
Ward Hunt
7003330500000000000♠3,305
January 9, 1873
January 27, 1882

81
James Wilson
7003324200000000000♠3,242
October 5, 1789
August 21, 1798

82
William Howard Taft   (CJ)
7003312900000000000♠3,129
July 11, 1921
February 3, 1930

83
Salmon P. Chase   (CJ)
7003306500000000000♠3,065
December 15, 1864
May 7, 1873

84
Elena Kagan
7003300600000000000♠3,006[B]
August 7, 2010
Incumbent

85
John Archibald Campbell
7003294100000000000♠2,941
April 11, 1853
April 30, 1861

86
Stanley Matthews
7003286600000000000♠2,866
May 17, 1881
March 22, 1889

87
Fred M. Vinson   (CJ)
7003263300000000000♠2,633
June 24, 1946
September 8, 1953

88
Edward Terry Sanford
7003257400000000000♠2,574
February 19, 1923
March 8, 1930

89
Sherman Minton
7003256000000000000♠2,560
October 12, 1949
October 15, 1956

90
Wiley Blount Rutledge
7003239900000000000♠2,399
February 15, 1943
September 10, 1949

91
William Burnham Woods
7003232000000000000♠2,320
January 5, 1881
May 14, 1887

92
Benjamin N. Cardozo
7003230800000000000♠2,308
March 14, 1932
July 9, 1938

93
Benjamin Robbins Curtis
7003218200000000000♠2,182
October 10, 1851
September 30, 1857

94
Levi Woodbury
7003217200000000000♠2,172
September 23, 1845
September 4, 1851

95
John Hessin Clarke
7003217000000000000♠2,170
October 9, 1916
September 18, 1922

96
John Blair
7003209100000000000♠2,091
February 2, 1790
October 25, 1795

97
John Jay   (CJ)
7003207900000000000♠2,079
October 19, 1789
June 29, 1795

98 (tie)
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar
7003183200000000000♠1,832
January 18, 1888
January 23, 1893

Charles Evans Whittaker
7003183200000000000♠1,832
March 25, 1957
March 31, 1962

100
Joseph Rucker Lamar
7003182500000000000♠1,825
January 3, 1911
January 2, 1916

101
Philip Pendleton Barbour
7003175000000000000♠1,750
May 12, 1836
February 25, 1841

102
Oliver Ellsworth   (CJ)
7003174200000000000♠1,742
March 8, 1796
December 15, 1800

103
Horace Harmon Lurton
7003165100000000000♠1,651
January 3, 1910
July 12, 1914

104
William Henry Moody
7003143400000000000♠1,434
December 17, 1906
November 20, 1910

105
Alfred Moore
7003137500000000000♠1,375
April 21, 1800
January 26, 1804

106
Abe Fortas
7003131800000000000♠1,318
October 4, 1965
May 14, 1969

107
Arthur Goldberg
7003102800000000000♠1,028
October 1, 1962
July 25, 1965

108
Howell Edmunds Jackson
7002887000000000000♠887
March 4, 1893
August 8, 1895

109
Robert Trimble
7002801000000000000♠801
June 16, 1826
August 25, 1828

110
Neil Gorsuch
7002568000000000000♠568[B]
April 10, 2017
Incumbent

111
John Rutledge   (CJ)
7002563000000000000♠563[I]
February 15, 1790 July 1, 1795
March 5, 1791 December 28, 1795

112
James F. Byrnes
7002452000000000000♠452
July 8, 1941
October 3, 1942

113
Thomas Johnson
7002163000000000000♠163
August 6, 1792
January 16, 1793

114
Brett Kavanaugh
7001240000000000000♠24[B]
October 6, 2018
Incumbent

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Average tenure in office has increased significantly over the past half-century. In 1970, the average tenure in office (for the 89 justices who had left the Court prior to 1970) was about fifteen years.[2]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k As of October 30, 2018

Jump up ^ A nominee who was confirmed by the United States Senate but declined to serve, such as Robert H. Harrison, or who died before taking the necessary steps toward becoming a member of the Court, such as Edwin M. Stanton, is not considered to have served as a justice, and thus is not included on this list.[3]

Jump up ^ Of past, non-incumbent justices – thus not including Brett Kavanaugh, the junior-most incumbent justice, who joined the Supreme Court in October 2018.

Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 5376 days service as associate justice and 6917 days as chief justice.

Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 6125 days service as associate justice and 3804 days as chief justice.

Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 5966 days service as associate justice and 1754 days as chief justice.

Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 2070 days service as associate justice and 4144 days as chief justice.

Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 383 days service as associate justice and 180 days as chief justice.

tag: ol


document_title: List of generation I Pokémon

question_text: what number is snorlax on the national pokedex

text: List of generation I Pokémon

text: Design and development[edit]

text: All 151 Pokémon from Generation I were designed by Ken Sugimori.[1] The majority of Pokémon in this generation had relatively simple designs and were highly analogous to real-life creatures including but not limited to: Pidgey (a pigeon), Rattata (a rat), Ekans (a snake), and Seel (a seal). Many Pokémon in the original games served as the base for repeating concepts in later series.[2]

text: Pokémon Sun and Moon introduced "Alola Forms" of various generation I Pokémon. These versions are to represent "the different microclimates in the Alola region". The Alolan versions of Pokémon like Vulpix and Exeggutor have different appearances and types and were introduced alongside generation VII Pokémon.[3] Alex Hern of The Guardian suggested that the developers likely decided to redesign various generation I Pokémon because, according to him, "fan connection with the original 150 Pokémon is as strong as it ever was, [while] the number of people who can tell a Pancham from a Swirlix is much smaller."[4]

text: List of Pokémon[edit]

text:
List of Pokémon species introduced in Generation I (1996)[nb 1]

[hide]English name
Japanese name
National Pokédex
number
Type(s)
Evolves into
First appeared
Notes

Primary
Secondary

 Bulbasaur
Fushigidane
7000100000000000000♠001
Grass
Poison
Ivysaur (#002)
01 !Red and Green
Reception to Bulbasaur has been largely positive and it often appears in "top Pokémon lists".[6][7] Its English name is a portmanteau of "bulb" and "dinosaur".[8]

 Ivysaur
Fushigisou
7000200000000000000♠002
Grass
Poison
Venusaur (#003)
01 !Red and Green
Playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Its English name is a portmanteau of "ivy" and "dinosaur".[9]

 Venusaur
Fushigibana
7000300000000000000♠003
Grass
Poison
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green
Its English name is a portmanteau of "Venus" (relating to the Venus flytrap) and "dinosaur".[10]

 Mega Venusaur
Mega Fushigibana[11]
Grass
Poison
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Charmander
Hitokage
7000400000000000000♠004
Fire
Charmeleon (#005)
01 !Red and Green
Charmander is a bipedal, salamander-like creature with a flame at the tip of its tail. Its English name is a portmanteau of "char" and "salamander".[12]

 Charmeleon
Lizardo
7000500000000000000♠005
Fire
Charizard (#006)
01 !Red and Green
Charmeleon shares a nearly identical design to Charmander, though is larger in stature. Its English name is a portmanteau of "char" and "chameleon".[13]

 Charizard
Lizardon
7000600000000000000♠006
Fire
Flying
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green
Playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl as well as Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Its English name is a portmanteau of "char" and "lizard".[14]

 Mega Charizard X
Mega Lizardon X[11]
Fire
Dragon
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Mega Charizard Y
Mega Lizardon Y[11]
Fire
Flying
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Squirtle
Zenigame
7000700000000000000♠007
Water
Wartortle (#008)
01 !Red and Green
Playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Its English name is a portmanteau of "squirt", "turtle", and possibly "squirrel".[15]

 Wartortle
Kameil
7000800000000000000♠008
Water
Blastoise (#009)
01 !Red and Green
Its English name is a portmanteau of "war", "tortoise", and "turtle".[16]

 Blastoise
Kamex
7000900000000000000♠009
Water
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green
Its English name is a portmanteau of "blast" and "tortoise".[17]

 Mega Blastoise
Mega Kamex[11]
Water
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Caterpie
Caterpie
7001100000000000000♠010
Bug
Metapod (#011)
01 !Red and Green

 Metapod
Transel
7001110000000000000♠011
Bug
Butterfree (#012)
01 !Red and Green

 Butterfree
Butterfree
7001120000000000000♠012
Bug
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Weedle
Beedle
7001130000000000000♠013
Bug
Poison
Kakuna (#014)
01 !Red and Green

 Kakuna
Cocoon
7001140000000000000♠014
Bug
Poison
Beedrill (#015)
01 !Red and Green

 Beedrill
Spear
7001150000000000000♠015
Bug
Poison
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Beedrill
Mega Spear[11]
Bug
Poison
Does not evolve
06.5 !Omega Ruby and
Alpha Sapphire

 Pidgey
Poppo
7001160000000000000♠016
Normal
Flying
Pidgeotto (#017)
01 !Red and Green

 Pidgeotto
Pigeon
7001170000000000000♠017
Normal
Flying
Pidgeot (#018)
01 !Red and Green

 Pidgeot
Pigeot
7001180000000000000♠018
Normal
Flying
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Pidgeot
Mega Pidgeot[11]
Normal
Flying
Does not evolve
06.5 !Omega Ruby and
Alpha Sapphire

 Rattata
Koratta
7001190000000000000♠019
Normal
Raticate (#020)
01 !Red and Green
Criticized as a "filthy rodent" by GamesRadar and "rubbish" by the Official Nintendo Magazine[18][19]

 Raticate
Ratta
7001200000000000000♠020
Normal
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Spearow
Onisuzume
7001210000000000000♠021
Normal
Flying
Fearow (#022)
01 !Red and Green

 Fearow
Onidrill
7001220000000000000♠022
Normal
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Ekans
Arbo
7001230000000000000♠023
Poison
Arbok (#024)
01 !Red and Green

 Arbok
Arbok
7001240000000000000♠024
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Pikachu
Pikachu
7001250000000000000♠025
Electric
Raichu (#026)
01 !Red and Green
Mascot of the Pokémon franchise

 Raichu
Raichu
7001260000000000000♠026
Electric
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Sandshrew
Sand
7001270000000000000♠027
Ground
Sandslash (#028)
01 !Red and Green

 Sandslash
Sandpan
7001280000000000000♠028
Ground
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Nidoran♀
Nidoran♀
7001290000000000000♠029
Poison
Nidorina (#030)
01 !Red and Green

 Nidorina
Nidorina
7001300000000000000♠030
Poison
Nidoqueen (#031)
01 !Red and Green

 Nidoqueen
Nidoquen/Nidoqueen[20]
7001310000000000000♠031
Poison
Ground
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Nidoran♂
Nidoran♂
7001320000000000000♠032
Poison
Nidorino (#033)
01 !Red and Green

 Nidorino
Nidorino
7001330000000000000♠033
Poison
Nidoking (#034)
01 !Red and Green

 Nidoking
Nidoking
7001340000000000000♠034
Poison
Ground
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Clefairy
Pippi
7001350000000000000♠035
Fairy[nb 2]
Clefable (#036)
01 !Red and Green
Originally proposed to be joint mascot of the Pokémon franchise alongside Pikachu, but was quickly overshadowed by the latter's popularity[21]

 Clefable
Pixy
7001360000000000000♠036
Fairy[nb 2]
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Vulpix
Rokon
7001370000000000000♠037
Fire
Ninetales (#038)
01 !Red and Green

 Ninetales
Kyukon
7001380000000000000♠038
Fire
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
Designs inspired by the nine-tailed fox of East Asian myth.[22]

 Jigglypuff
Purin
7001390000000000000♠039
Normal
Fairy[nb 2]
Wigglytuff (#040)
01 !Red and Green

 Wigglytuff
Pukurin
7001400000000000000♠040
Normal
Fairy[nb 2]
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Zubat
Zubat
7001410000000000000♠041
Poison
Flying
Golbat (#042)
01 !Red and Green

 Golbat
Golbat
7001420000000000000♠042
Poison
Flying
Crobat (#169)
01 !Red and Green

 Oddish
Nazonokusa
7001430000000000000♠043
Grass
Poison
Gloom (#044)
01 !Red and Green

 Gloom
Kusaihana
7001440000000000000♠044
Grass
Poison
Vileplume (#045)
Bellossom (#182)
01 !Red and Green

 Vileplume
Ruffresia
7001450000000000000♠045
Grass
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Paras
Paras
7001460000000000000♠046
Bug
Grass
Parasect (#047)
01 !Red and Green

 Parasect
Parasect
7001470000000000000♠047
Bug
Grass
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Venonat
Kongpang
7001480000000000000♠048
Bug
Poison
Venomoth (#049)
01 !Red and Green

 Venomoth
Morphon
7001490000000000000♠049
Bug
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Diglett
Digda
7001500000000000000♠050
Ground
Dugtrio (#051)
01 !Red and Green

 Dugtrio
Dugtrio
7001510000000000000♠051
Ground
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Meowth
Nyarth
7001520000000000000♠052
Normal
Persian (#053)
01 !Red and Green

 Persian
Persian
7001530000000000000♠053
Normal
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Psyduck
Koduck
7001540000000000000♠054
Water
Golduck (#055)
01 !Red and Green

 Golduck
Golduck
7001550000000000000♠055
Water
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Mankey
Mankey
7001560000000000000♠056
Fighting
Primeape (#057)
01 !Red and Green

 Primeape
Okorizaru
7001570000000000000♠057
Fighting
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Growlithe
Gardie
7001580000000000000♠058
Fire
Arcanine (#059)
01 !Red and Green

 Arcanine
Windie
7001590000000000000♠059
Fire
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
A fan-favorite Pokémon, Arcanine is among the strongest non-legendary Pokémon, and has been described as having "the mane of a lion ... the stripes of a tiger [and] the speed of a panther."[23][24][25]

 Poliwag
Nyoromo
7001600000000000000♠060
Water
Poliwhirl (#061)
01 !Red and Green

 Poliwhirl
Nyorozo
7001610000000000000♠061
Water
Poliwrath (#062)
Politoed (#186)
01 !Red and Green
Poliwhirl is among the most-marketed Pokémon,[26] being used in a line of chewable vitamins as well as a line of toothbrushes.[27][28]

 Poliwrath
Nyorobon
7001620000000000000♠062
Water
Fighting
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Abra
Casey
7001630000000000000♠063
Psychic
Kadabra (#064)
01 !Red and Green

 Kadabra
Yungerer
7001640000000000000♠064
Psychic
Alakazam (#065)
01 !Red and Green
Kadabra has been the source of various controversies. The symbols on its body have been associated to those used by Nazi Germany's Waffen-SS. Furthermore, in November 2000, Israeli magician Uri Gellar sued Nintendo, claiming Kadabra embodies an unauthorized appropriation of his identity.[29][30][31]

 Alakazam
Foodin
7001650000000000000♠065
Psychic
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Alakazam
Mega Foodin[11]
Psychic
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Machop
Wanriky
7001660000000000000♠066
Fighting
Machoke (#067)
01 !Red and Green

 Machoke
Goriky
7001670000000000000♠067
Fighting
Machamp (#068)
01 !Red and Green

 Machamp
Kairiky
7001680000000000000♠068
Fighting
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Bellsprout
Madatsubomi
7001690000000000000♠069
Grass
Poison
Weepinbell (#070)
01 !Red and Green

 Weepinbell
Utsudon
7001700000000000000♠070
Grass
Poison
Victreebel (#071)
01 !Red and Green

 Victreebel
Utsubot
7001710000000000000♠071
Grass
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Tentacool
Menokurage
7001720000000000000♠072
Water
Poison
Tentacruel (#073)
01 !Red and Green

 Tentacruel
Dokukurage
7001730000000000000♠073
Water
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Geodude
Ishitsubute/Isitsubute [32]
7001740000000000000♠074
Rock
Ground
Graveler (#075)
01 !Red and Green

 Graveler
Golone
7001750000000000000♠075
Rock
Ground
Golem (#076)
01 !Red and Green

 Golem
Golonya
7001760000000000000♠076
Rock
Ground
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Ponyta
Ponyta
7001770000000000000♠077
Fire
Rapidash (#078)
01 !Red and Green

 Rapidash
Gallop
7001780000000000000♠078
Fire
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
As a popular Pokémon, Rapidash is considered "universally appealing" to fans of cute and cool Pokémon alike.[33][33][34][35][36]

 Slowpoke
Yadon
7001790000000000000♠079
Water
Psychic
Slowbro (#080)
Slowking (#199)
01 !Red and Green

 Slowbro
Yadoran
7001800000000000000♠080
Water
Psychic
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Slowbro
Mega Yadoran[11]
Water
Psychic
Does not evolve
06.5 !Omega Ruby and
Alpha Sapphire

 Magnemite
Coil
7001810000000000000♠081
Electric
Steel[nb 3]
Magneton (#082)
01 !Red and Green

 Magneton
Rarecoil
7001820000000000000♠082
Electric
Steel[nb 3]
Magnezone (#462)
01 !Red and Green

 Farfetch'd
Kamonegi
7001830000000000000♠083
Normal
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Doduo
Dodo
7001840000000000000♠084
Normal
Flying
Dodrio (#085)
01 !Red and Green

 Dodrio
Dodrio/Dodorio [37]
7001850000000000000♠085
Normal
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Seel
Pawou
7001860000000000000♠086
Water
Dewgong (#087)
01 !Red and Green

 Dewgong
Jugon
7001870000000000000♠087
Water
Ice
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Grimer
Betbeter
7001880000000000000♠088
Poison
Muk (#089)
01 !Red and Green

 Muk
Betbeton
7001890000000000000♠089
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Shellder
Shellder
7001900000000000000♠090
Water
Cloyster (#091)
01 !Red and Green

 Cloyster
Parshen
7001910000000000000♠091
Water
Ice
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Gastly
Ghos
7001920000000000000♠092
Ghost
Poison
Haunter (#093)
01 !Red and Green

 Haunter
Ghost
7001930000000000000♠093
Ghost
Poison
Gengar (#094)
01 !Red and Green

 Gengar
Gangar
7001940000000000000♠094
Ghost
Poison
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green
Owing to its simplistic yet appealing design, Gengar is Ken Sugimori's favorite Pokémon as of the release of X and Y.[38]

 Mega Gengar
Mega Gangar[11]
Ghost
Poison
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Onix
Iwark
7001950000000000000♠095
Rock
Ground
Steelix (#208)
01 !Red and Green
Though its design has been praised, critics deem Onix underpowered compared to other rock-types of its generation.[2][39][40][41]

 Drowzee
Sleep/Sleepe [37]
7001960000000000000♠096
Psychic
Hypno (#097)
01 !Red and Green

 Hypno
Sleeper
7001970000000000000♠097
Psychic
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Krabby
Crab
7001980000000000000♠098
Water
Kingler (#099)
01 !Red and Green

 Kingler
Kingler
7001990000000000000♠099
Water
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Voltorb
Biriridama
7002100000000000000♠100
Electric
Electrode (#101)
01 !Red and Green

 Electrode
Marumine
7002101000000000000♠101
Electric
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Exeggcute
Tamatama
7002102000000000000♠102
Grass
Psychic
Exeggutor (#103)
01 !Red and Green

 Exeggutor
Nassy
7002103000000000000♠103
Grass
Psychic
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
A coconut tree-like Pokémon

 Cubone
Karakara
7002104000000000000♠104
Ground
Marowak (#105)
01 !Red and Green

 Marowak
Garagara
7002105000000000000♠105
Ground
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Hitmonlee
Sawamular
7002106000000000000♠106
Fighting
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Hitmonchan
Ebiwalar
7002107000000000000♠107
Fighting
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Lickitung
Beroringa
7002108000000000000♠108
Normal
Lickilicky (#463)
01 !Red and Green

 Koffing
Dogars
7002109000000000000♠109
Poison
Weezing (#110)
01 !Red and Green

 Weezing
Matadogas
7002110000000000000♠110
Poison
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Rhyhorn
Sihorn
7002111000000000000♠111
Ground
Rock
Rhydon (#112)
01 !Red and Green

 Rhydon
Sidon
7002112000000000000♠112
Ground
Rock
Rhyperior (#464)
01 !Red and Green
Rhydon was the first Pokémon created by Game Freak.[42]

 Chansey
Lucky
7002113000000000000♠113
Normal
Blissey (#242)
01 !Red and Green

 Tangela
Monjara
7002114000000000000♠114
Grass
Tangrowth (#465)
01 !Red and Green

 Kangaskhan
Garura
7002115000000000000♠115
Normal
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Kangaskhan
Mega Garura[11]
Normal
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Horsea
Tattu
7002116000000000000♠116
Water
Seadrea (#117)
01 !Red and Green

 Seadra
Seadra
7002117000000000000♠117
Water
Kingdra (#230)
01 !Red and Green

 Goldeen
Tosakinto
7002118000000000000♠118
Water
Seaking (#119)
01 !Red and Green

 Seaking
Azumao
7002119000000000000♠119
Water
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Staryu
Hitodeman
7002120000000000000♠120
Water
Starmie (#121)
01 !Red and Green

 Starmie
Starmie
7002121000000000000♠121
Water
Psychic
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Mr. Mime
Barrierd
7002122000000000000♠122
Psychic
Fairy[nb 4]
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Scyther
Strike
7002123000000000000♠123
Bug
Flying
Scizor (#212)
01 !Red and Green
IGN and GamesRadar have praised Scyther's "cool" design.[43][44][45]

 Jynx
Rougela
7002124000000000000♠124
Ice
Psychic
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
Jynx has spawned controversy due to aspects of its design being similar to blackface, leading Game Freak to change the color of its skin from black to purple.[46][47][48][49][50] When Pokémon Yellow was re-released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console, the in-game sprite of Jynx was edited to reflect this change.[50]

 Electabuzz
Eleboo
7002125000000000000♠125
Electric
Electivire (#466)
01 !Red and Green

 Magmar
Boober
7002126000000000000♠126
Fire
Magmortar (#467)
01 !Red and Green
While Magmar was voted the eighth best fire-type Pokémon by the Official Nintendo Magazine readers,[51] GamesRadar has criticized its design multiple times, noting that its forehead resembles a butt.[52][53]

 Pinsir
Kailios
7002127000000000000♠127
Bug
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Pinsir
Mega Kailios[11]
Bug
Flying
Does not evolve
06.5 !Omega Ruby and
Alpha Sapphire

 Tauros
Kentauros
7002128000000000000♠128
Normal
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
It is voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa in Pokemon X and Y - present.

 Magikarp
Koiking
7002129000000000000♠129
Water
Gyarados (#130)
01 !Red and Green
Magikarp holds the distinction of being mostly useless in the games, until it evolves into the superior Gyarados.

 Gyarados
Gyarados
7002130000000000000♠130
Water
Flying
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Gyarados
Mega Gyarados[11]
Water
Dark
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Lapras
Laplace
7002131000000000000♠131
Water
Ice
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Ditto
Metamon
7002132000000000000♠132
Normal
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
The favorite Pokémon of Hideo Kojima,[54] Ditto is capable of transforming into any Pokémon it comes across.

 Eevee
Eievui
7002133000000000000♠133
Normal
Multiple[nb 5]
01 !Red and Green
Eevee is often considered among the "cutest" Pokémon in the franchise.[55][56][57][58] Because of this, Eevee is featured on various Pokémon-related merchandise.[59][60][61]

 Vaporeon
Showers
7002134000000000000♠134
Water
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Jolteon
Thunders
7002135000000000000♠135
Electric
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Flareon
Booster
7002136000000000000♠136
Fire
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Porygon
Porygon/Polygon[62]
7002137000000000000♠137
Normal
Porygon2 (#233)
01 !Red and Green
Porygon has become notorious for being featured in an episode of the anime that caused widespread epileptic seizures in Japanese viewers.[63]

 Omanyte
Omnite
7002138000000000000♠138
Rock
Water
Omastar (#139)
01 !Red and Green

 Omastar
Omstar
7002139000000000000♠139
Rock
Water
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Kabuto
Kabuto
7002140000000000000♠140
Rock
Water
Kabutops (#141)
01 !Red and Green

 Kabutops
Kabutops
7002141000000000000♠141
Rock
Water
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Aerodactyl
Ptera
7002142000000000000♠142
Rock
Flying
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Aerodactyl
Mega Ptera[11]
Rock
Flying
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Snorlax
Kabigon
7002143000000000000♠143
Normal
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Articuno
Freezer
7002144000000000000♠144
Ice
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Zapdos
Thunder
7002145000000000000♠145
Electric
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
Design inspired by the Indigenous North American myth of the thunderbird.[22]

 Moltres
Fire
7002146000000000000♠146
Fire
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
Design inspired by the firebird of Slavic folklore.[22]

 Dratini
Miniryu
7002147000000000000♠147
Dragon
Dragonair (#148)
01 !Red and Green

 Dragonair
Hakuryu
7002148000000000000♠148
Dragon
Dragonite (#149)
01 !Red and Green

 Dragonite
Kairyu
7002149000000000000♠149
Dragon
Flying
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green

 Mewtwo
Mewtwo
7002150000000000000♠150
Psychic
Mega Evolution
01 !Red and Green

 Mega Mewtwo X
Mega Mewtwo X[11]
Psychic
Fighting
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y
Mewtwo was given two Mega Evolutions for X and Y because of Game Freak's fondness for the creature. They were made version exclusive to promote interaction and trading between players.[64]

 Mega Mewtwo Y
Mega Mewtwo Y[11]
Psychic
Does not evolve
06 !X and Y

 Mew
Mew
7002151000000000000♠151
Psychic
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
Only available through Nintendo events

 MissingNo.
Unknown
None[nb 6]
Bird[nb 7]
Normal
Does not evolve
01 !Red and Green
An error handler species, "Missing Number" was created to handle attempts at accessing nonexistent Pokémon species.[65][66] It is regarded as one of the most famous and popular glitches in video game history.[67]

text: Alola Forms[edit]

text:
List of Alolan Pokémon forms introduced in Generation VII (2016)[nb 1]

[hide]English name
Japanese name
National Pokédex
number
Type(s)
Evolves into
First appeared
Notes

Primary
Secondary

 Rattata
Koratta
7001190000000000000♠019
Dark
Normal
Raticate (#020)
07 !Sun and Moon
The nocturnal Alola Form of Rattata was introduced during a Nintendo Direct on September 1, 2016.[68]

 Raticate
Ratta
7001200000000000000♠020
Dark
Normal
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon
Totem Pokémon from Captain Illima's trial in Pokémon Moon.

 Raichu
Raichu
7001260000000000000♠026
Electric
Psychic
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Sandshrew
Sand
7001270000000000000♠027
Ice
Steel
Sandslash (#028)
07 !Sun and Moon
An Alola Form Sandshrew and its evolution were designed to better suit "the harsh environment of the snow mountains" of Alola.[4]

 Sandslash
Sandpan
7001280000000000000♠028
Ice
Steel
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Vulpix
Rokon
7001370000000000000♠037
Ice
Ninetales (#038)
07 !Sun and Moon
An Alola Form Vulpix and its evolution were designed to better suit "the harsh environment of the snow mountains" of Alola.[4]

 Ninetales
Kyukon
7001380000000000000♠038
Ice
Fairy
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Diglett
Digda
7001500000000000000♠050
Ground
Steel
Dugtrio (#051)
07 !Sun and Moon

 Dugtrio
Dugtrio
7001510000000000000♠051
Ground
Steel
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Meowth
Nyarth
7001520000000000000♠052
Dark
Persian (#053)
07 !Sun and Moon
The Alola Form of Meowth developed after it was bred by the royal family of Alola.

 Persian
Persian
7001530000000000000♠053
Dark
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Geodude
Ishitsubute/Isitsubute [32]
7001740000000000000♠074
Rock
Electric
Graveler (#075)
07 !Sun and Moon

 Graveler
Golone
7001750000000000000♠075
Rock
Electric
Golem (#076)
07 !Sun and Moon

 Golem
Golonya
7001760000000000000♠076
Rock
Electric
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Grimer
Betbeter
7001880000000000000♠088
Poison
Dark
Muk (#089)
07 !Sun and Moon
The Alola Form of Grimer and its evolution Muk are covered in colorful stripes; Paste stated at their reveal that the purple sludge Pokémon look as if they were "dipped in cotton candy."[69][70]

 Muk
Betbeton
7001890000000000000♠089
Poison
Dark
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

 Exeggutor
Nassy
7002103000000000000♠103
Grass
Dragon
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon
The Alola Form of Exeggutor is 35 feet tall due to the fictional island's bright sunlight. One of this Pokémon's "heads" was moved to its tail in order to "take on opponents to the rear that can’t be reached by the main heads' attacks."[4] The form has been described as ridiculous and hilarious by fans and critics.[71][72][73]

 Marowak
Garagara
7002105000000000000♠105
Fire
Ghost
Does not evolve
07 !Sun and Moon

text: The Alolan Forms of Pokemon were only released in the games Pokemon Sun and Pokemon Moon, and were not in any earlier games.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types, and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex.[5]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Prior to X and Y, Clefairy, Clefable, Jigglypuff, Wigglytuff, Cleffa, Igglybuff, Togepi, Snubbull, Granbull, and Azurill were pure Normal-types.
^ Jump up to: a b Prior to Gold and Silver, Magnemite and Magneton were pure Electric-types.
Jump up ^ Prior to X and Y, Mr. Mime, Ralts, Kirlia, Gardevoir, and Mime Jr. were pure Psychic-types.
Jump up ^ Eevee is capable of evolving into Vaporeon (#134), Jolteon (#135), Flareon (#136), Espeon (#196), Umbreon (#197), Leafeon (#470), Glaceon (#471), or Sylveon (#700).
Jump up ^ MissingNo. is programmed with the Kanto Pokédex number "000"; however, it does not exist in the National Pokédex
Jump up ^ Bird-type was a scrapped typing for Generations I and II; however, coding for it remains within the games. MissingNo. dons the type in Red, Green, and Blue versions; however, it is replaced by a randomly generated glitch type in Yellow.


document_title: Sleep deprivation

question_text: what are the effects of extreme sleep deprivation

text: Sleep deprivation

text: Physiological effects[edit]

text: Generally, sleep deprivation may result in:[7][8]

text:
aching muscles[9]
confusion, memory lapses or loss[8][10]
depression[10]
development of false memory
hand tremor[11]
headaches
malaise
stye
periorbital puffiness, commonly known as "bags under eyes" or eye bags
increased blood pressure[12][13]
increased stress hormone levels[13]
increased risk of diabetes[13]
increased risk of fibromyalgia[14]
irritability[7]
nystagmus (rapid involuntary rhythmic eye movement)[15]
obesity[13]
seizures[16]
temper tantrums in children[7]
yawning[7]
mania[17]
symptoms similar to:

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)[7]
psychosis[18]
depersonalization disorder[19]

tag: ul

text: Diabetes[edit]

text: It has been suggested that people experiencing short-term sleep restrictions process glucose more slowly than individuals receiving a full 8 hours of sleep, increasing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.[20] In 2005, a study of over 1400 participants showed that participants who habitually slept few hours were more likely to have associations with type 2 diabetes.[21] However, because this study was merely correlational, the direction of cause and effect between little sleep and diabetes is uncertain. The authors point to an earlier study which showed that experimental rather than habitual restriction of sleep resulted in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).[22] Sleep deprivation can cause insulin resistance in the body, triggering the onset of early diabetes.[23]

text: On the brain[edit]

text: Sleep deprivation can adversely affect the brain and cognitive function.[24] A 2000 study, by the UCSD School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in San Diego, used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor activity in the brains of sleep-deprived subjects performing simple verbal learning tasks.[25] The study showed that regions of the brain's prefrontal cortex, an area that supports mental faculties such as working memory and logical and practical ("means-ends") reasoning, displayed more activity in sleepier subjects. Researchers interpreted this result as indicating that the brain of the average sleep-deprived subject had to work harder than that of the average non-sleep-deprived subject to accomplish a given task. They therefore concluded that the brains of sleep-deprived subjects were attempting to compensate for adverse effects caused by sleep deprivation.

text: The temporal lobe, a brain region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal learning in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. The parietal lobe, not activated in rested subjects during the verbal exercise, was more active when the subjects were deprived of sleep. Getting less than the required number of hours needed to function leads to a decline in memory and judgement, this change in brain chemicals Often leads to depression.[26]Although memory performance was less efficient with sleep deprivation, greater activity in the parietal region was associated with better short term memory.[27]

text: A 2001 study at the Chicago Medical Institute suggested that sleep deprivation may be linked to serious diseases, such as heart disease and mental illness including psychosis and bipolar disorder.[28] The link between sleep deprivation and psychosis was further documented in 2007 through a study at Harvard Medical School and the University of California at Berkeley. The study revealed, using MRI scans, that sleep deprivation causes the brain to become incapable of putting an emotional event into the proper perspective and incapable of making a controlled, suitable response to the event.[29]

text: The negative effects of sleep deprivation on alertness and cognitive performance suggest decreases in brain activity and function, primarily in the thalamus, a structure involved in alertness and attention, and in the prefrontal cortex, a region sub-serving alertness, attention, and higher-order cognitive processes.[30] This was the finding of an American study in 2000. Seventeen men in their 20s were tested. Sleep deprivation was progressive with measurements of glucose (absolute regional CMRglu), cognitive performance, alertness, mood, and subjective experiences collected after 0, 24, 48, and 72 h of sleep deprivation. Additional measures of alertness, cognitive performance, and mood were collected at fixed intervals. PET scans were used and attention was paid to the circadian rhythm of cognitive performance.[30]

text: A noted 2002 University of California animal study indicated that non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) is necessary for turning off neurotransmitters and allowing their receptors to "rest" and regain sensitivity which allows monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine) to be effective at naturally produced levels. This leads to improved regulation of mood and increased learning ability. The study also found that rapid eye movement sleep (REM) deprivation may alleviate clinical depression because it mimics selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This is because the natural decrease in monoamines during REM is not allowed to occur, which causes the concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain, that are depleted in clinically depressed persons, to increase. Sleep outside of the REM phase may allow enzymes to repair brain cell damage caused by free radicals. High metabolic activity while awake damages the enzymes themselves preventing efficient repair. This study observed the first evidence of brain damage in rats as a direct result of sleep deprivation.[31]

text: Animal studies suggest that sleep deprivation increases stress hormones, which may reduce new cell production in adult brains.[32]

text: On growth[edit]

text: A 1999 study[33] found that sleep deprivation resulted in reduced cortisol secretion the next day, driven by increased subsequent slow-wave sleep. Sleep deprivation was found to enhance activity on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (which controls reactions to stress and regulates body functions such as digestion, the immune system, mood, sex, or energy usage) while suppressing growth hormones. The results supported previous studies, which observed adrenal insufficiency in idiopathic hypersomnia.

text: On the healing process[edit]

text: A study conducted in 2005 showed that a group of rats, which were deprived of REM sleep for five days, experienced no significant changes in their ability to heal wounds, compared to a group of rats not deprived of "dream" sleep.[34] The rats were allowed deep (NREM) sleep. However, another study conducted by Gumustekin et al.[35] in 2004 showed sleep deprivation hindering the healing of burns on rats.

text: On attention and working memory[edit]

text: Among the possible physical consequences of sleep deprivation, deficits in attention and working memory are perhaps the most important;[2] such lapses in mundane routines can lead to unfortunate results, from forgetting ingredients while cooking to missing a sentence while taking notes. Performing tasks that require attention appears to be correlated with number of hours of sleep received each night, declining as function of hours of sleep deprivation.[36] Working memory is tested by such methods as choice-reaction time tasks.[2]

text: The attentional lapses also extend into more critical domains in which the consequences can be life-or-death; car crashes and industrial disasters can result from inattentiveness attributable to sleep deprivation. To empirically measure the magnitude of attention deficits, researchers typically employ the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) which requires the subject to press a button in response to a light at random intervals. Failure to press the button in response to the stimulus (light) is recorded as an error, attributable to the microsleeps that occur as a product of sleep deprivation.

text: Crucially, individuals' subjective evaluations of their fatigue often do not predict actual performance on the PVT. While totally sleep-deprived individuals are usually aware of the degree of their impairment, lapses from chronic (lesser) sleep deprivation can build up over time so that they are equal in number and severity to the lapses occurring from total (acute) sleep deprivation. Chronically sleep-deprived people, however, continue to rate themselves considerably less impaired than totally sleep-deprived participants.[37] Since people usually evaluate their capability on tasks like driving subjectively, their evaluations may lead them to the false conclusion that they can perform tasks that require constant attention when their abilities are in fact impaired.

text: On driving ability[edit]

text: The dangers of sleep deprivation are apparent on the road; the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) reports that one in every five serious motor vehicle injuries is related to driver fatigue, with 80,000 drivers falling asleep behind the wheel every day and 250,000 accidents every year related to sleep,[38] though the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration suggests the figure for traffic accidents may be closer to 100,000.[39] The AASM recommends pulling off the road and taking a 15- or 20-minute nap to alleviate drowsiness.[38]

text: According to a 2000 study published in the British Medical Journal, researchers in Australia and New Zealand reported that sleep deprivation can have some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk.[40] People who drove after being awake for 17–19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, which is the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries and Australia. Another study suggested that performance begins to degrade after 16 hours awake, and 21 hours awake was equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.08 percent, which is the blood alcohol limit for drunk driving in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K.[41]

text: Fatigue of drivers of goods trucks and passenger vehicles have come to the attention of authorities in many countries, where specific laws have been introduced with the aim of reducing the risk of traffic accidents due to driver fatigue. Rules concerning minimum break lengths, maximum shift lengths and minimum time between shifts are common in the driving regulations used in different countries and regions, such as the drivers' working hours regulations in the European Union and hours of service regulations in the United States.

text: Other effects[edit]

text: In addition, as a result of continuous muscular activity without proper rest time, effects such as cramping are much more frequent in sleep-deprived individuals. Extreme cases of sleep deprivation have been reported to be associated with hernias, muscle fascia tears, and other such problems commonly associated with physical overexertion.

text: A 2006 study has shown that while total sleep deprivation for one night caused many errors, the errors were not significant until after the second night of total sleep deprivation.[42] However, combining alcohol with acute sleep deprivation results in a trebled rate of driving off the road when using a simulator.[43]

text: The National Sleep Foundation identifies several warning signs that a driver is dangerously fatigued, including rolling down the window, turning up the radio, trouble keeping eyes open, head-nodding, drifting out of their lane, and daydreaming. At particular risk are lone drivers between midnight and 6:00am.[44]

text: Sleep deprivation can negatively impact performance in professional fields as well, potentially jeopardizing lives. Due largely to the February 2009 crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407, which killed 50 people and was partially attributed to pilot fatigue, the FAA reviewed its procedures to ensure that pilots are sufficiently rested. Air traffic controllers were under scrutiny when in 2010 there were 10 incidents of controllers falling asleep while on shift. The common practice of turn-around shifts caused sleep deprivation and was a contributing factor to all air traffic control incidents. The FAA reviewed its practices of shift changes and the findings saw that controllers were not well rested.[45] A 2004 study also found medical residents with less than four hours of sleep a night made more than twice as many errors as the 11% of surveyed residents who slept for more than seven hours a night.[46]

text: Twenty-four hours of continuous sleep deprivation results in the choice of less difficult math tasks without decreases in subjective reports of effort applied to the task. Naturally caused sleep loss affects the choice of everyday tasks such that low effort tasks are mostly commonly selected. Adolescents who experience less sleep show a decreased willingness to engage in sports activities that require effort through fine motor coordination and attention to detail.[47][48]

text: Great sleep deprivation mimics psychosis: distorted perceptions can lead to inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses.[49]

text: Astronauts have reported performance errors and decreased cognitive ability during periods of extended working hours and wakefulness as well as due to sleep loss caused by circadian rhythm disruption and environmental factors.[50]

text: Microsleeps[edit]

text: Microsleeps occur when a person has a significant sleep deprivation. Microsleeps usually last for a few seconds and happen most frequently when a person is trying to stay awake when they are feeling sleepy.[51] The person usually falls into microsleep while doing a monotonous task like driving, reading a book, or staring at a computer.[52] Microsleeps are similar to blackouts and a person experiencing them is not consciously aware that they are occurring.

text: An even lighter type of sleep has been seen in rats that have been kept awake for long periods of time. In a process known as local sleep, specific localized brain regions went into periods of short (~80 ms) but frequent (~40/min) NREM-like states. Despite the on and off periods where neurons shut off, the rats appeared to be awake, although they performed poorly at tests.[53]

text: Weight gain and loss[edit]

text: In rats, prolonged, complete sleep deprivation increased both food intake and energy expenditure with a net effect of weight loss and ultimately death.[54] This study hypothesizes that the moderate chronic sleep debt associated with habitual short sleep is associated with increased appetite and energy expenditure with the equation tipped towards food intake rather than expenditure in societies where high-calorie food is freely available.[1]

text: Several large studies using nationally representative samples suggest that one of the causes of high obesity rates in the United States might be a corresponding decrease in the average number of hours that people are sleeping.[55][56][57] The findings suggest that this might be happening because sleep deprivation could be disrupting hormones that regulate glucose metabolism and appetite.[58]

text: The association between sleep deprivation and obesity appears to be strongest in young and middle-age adults. Other scientists hold that the physical discomfort of obesity and related problems, such as sleep apnea, reduce an individual's chances of getting a good night's sleep.

text: Sleep loss is currently[timeframe?] proposed[by whom?] to disturb endocrine regulation of energy homeostasis leading to weight gain and obesity. For instance, laboratory sleep deprivation studies in young men have demonstrated that one night of wakefulness (typically found in shift workers) exerts significant effects on the energy balance the next morning, including reduced energy expenditure,[59] enhanced hedonic stimulus processing in the brain underlying the drive to consume food,[60] and overeating that goes beyond satiety.[61] Further recent studies have shown that a reduction of sleep duration to four hours for two consecutive nights has been shown to decrease circulating leptin levels and to increase ghrelin levels, as well as self-reported hunger. Similar endocrine alterations have been shown to occur even after a single night of sleep restriction.

text: In a balanced order, nine healthy normal-weight men spent three nights in a sleep laboratory separated by at least two weeks: one night with a total sleep time of seven hours, one night with a total sleep time of 4.5 hours, and one night with total sleep deprivation (SD). On a standard symptom-rating scale, subjects rated markedly stronger feelings of hunger after total SD than after seven hours of sleep (3.9 ± 0.7 versus 1.7 ± 0.3; P = 0.020) or 4.5 hours sleep (2.2 ± 0.5; P = 0.041). Plasma ghrelin levels were 22 ± 10% higher after total SD than after seven hours of sleep (0.85 ± 0.06 versus 0.72 ± 0.04 ng mL(−1); P = 0.048) with intermediate levels of the hormone after 4.5 hours sleep (0.77 ± 0.04 ng mL(−1)). Feelings of hunger as well as plasma ghrelin levels are already elevated after one night of SD, whereas morning serum leptin concentrations remain unaffected. Thus, the results provide further evidence for a disturbing influence of sleep loss on endocrine regulation of energy homeostasis, which in the long run may result in weight gain and obesity.[62]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Scientific study of laboratory animals[edit]

text: In science, sleep deprivation (of rodents, e.g.) is used in order to study the function(s) of sleep and the biological mechanisms underlying the effects of sleep deprivation.

text: Some sleep deprivation techniques are:

text:
Gentle handling: during the sleep deprivation period, the animal and its polysomnograph record are continuously observed; when the animal displays sleep electrophysiological signals or assumes a sleep posture, it is given objects to play with and activated by acoustic and, if necessary, tactile stimuli.[63] Although subjective,[64] this technique is used for total sleep deprivation as well as REM or NREM sleep deprivation. This technique often requires polysomnography.
Single platform: during the sleep deprivation period, the animal is placed on an inverted flower pot, the bottom diameter of which is small relative to the animal's size (usually 7 cm for adult rats). The pot is placed in a large tub filled with water to within 1 cm of the flower pot bottom. The animal is able to rest on the pot and is even able to get NREM sleep, but at the onset of REM sleep, with its ensuing muscular relaxation, it will either fall into the water and clamber back to its pot or will get its nose wet enough to awaken it. Thus, this technique is only useful for studying REM sleep deprivation. This was one of the first scientific methods developed (see Jouvet, 1964[65] for cats[66] and for rodents).
Multiple platform: in an effort to reduce the elevated stress response induced by the single platform method,[67] researchers developed the "multiple platform" technique of REM sleep deprivation. In this configuration, the animal is placed within a large tank containing multiple platforms, thereby eliminating the movement restriction in the earlier setup.
Modified multiple platform: modification of the multiple platform method where several animals together experience sleep deprivation (Nunes and Tufik, 1994).
Pendulum: animals are prevented from entering into REM sleep by allowing them to sleep for only brief periods of time. This is accomplished by an apparatus that moves the animals' cages backwards and forwards in a pendular motion. At the extremes of the motion, the animals experience postural imbalance, forcing them to walk back and forth to retain their balance.[68]

text: Interrogation[edit]

text: Sleep deprivation can be used as a means of interrogation, which has resulted in court trials over whether or not the technique is a form of torture.[69]

text: Under one interrogation technique, a subject might be kept awake for several days and when finally allowed to fall asleep, suddenly awakened and questioned. Menachem Begin, the Prime Minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983, described his experience of sleep deprivation as a prisoner of the NKVD in Russia as follows:

text: In the head of the interrogated prisoner, a haze begins to form. His spirit is wearied to death, his legs are unsteady, and he has one sole desire: to sleep... Anyone who has experienced this desire knows that not even hunger and thirst are comparable with it.[70]

text: Sleep deprivation was one of the five techniques used by the British government in the 1970s. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques "did not occasion suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture ... [but] amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment", in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights.[71]

text: The United States Justice Department released four memos in August 2002 describing interrogation techniques used by the Central Intelligence Agency. They first described 10 techniques used in the interrogations of Abu Zubaydah, described as a terrorist logistics specialist, including sleep deprivation. Memos from May 2005 introduced four more techniques and claimed that the combination of interrogation methods did not constitute torture under United States law.[72]

text: The question of extreme use of sleep deprivation as torture has advocates on both sides of the issue. In 2006, Australian Federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock argued that sleep deprivation does not constitute torture.[73] Nicole Bieske, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Australia, has stated the opinion of her organization thus: "At the very least, sleep deprivation is cruel, inhumane and degrading. If used for prolonged periods of time it is torture."[74]

text: Depression[edit]

text: Studies show that sleep restriction has some potential in the treatment of depression.[4] Those who suffer from depression tend to have earlier occurrences of REM sleep with an increased number of rapid eye movements; therefore, monitoring patients' EEG and awakening them during occurrences of REM sleep appears to have a therapeutic effect, alleviating depressive symptoms.[75] As many as 60% of patients, when sleep-deprived, show immediate recovery, although most relapse the following night. The effect has been shown to be linked to increases in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).[76] It has been shown that chronotype is related to the effect of sleep deprivation on mood in normal people: those with morningness preference become more depressed following sleep deprivation while those with eveningness preference show an improvement in mood.[77] A comprehensive evaluation of the human metabolome in sleep deprivation in 2014 found that 27 metabolites are increased after 24 waking hours and suggested serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine may contribute to the antidepressive effect.[78]

text: The incidence of relapse can be decreased by combining sleep deprivation with medication.[79] Many tricyclic antidepressants suppress REM sleep, providing additional evidence for a link between mood and sleep.[80] Similarly, tranylcypromine has been shown to completely suppress REM sleep at adequate doses.

text: Insomnia[edit]

text: Some common sleep disorders have been shown to respond to cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. This involves a controlled regime of "sleep restriction" in order to restore the homeostatic drive to sleep and encourage normal "sleep efficiency".[81]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Insomnia[edit]

text: Insomnia, one of the six types of dyssomnia, affects 21%-37% of the adult population.[82][83] Many of its symptoms are easily recognizable, including excessive daytime sleepiness; frustration or worry about sleep; problems with attention, concentration, or memory; extreme mood changes or irritability; lack of energy or motivation; poor performance at school or work; and tension headaches or stomach aches.

text: Insomnia can be grouped into primary and secondary, or comorbid, insomnia.[84][85][86]

text: Primary insomnia is a sleep disorder not attributable to a medical, psychiatric, or environmental cause.[87] There are three main types of primary insomnia. These include: psychophysiological, idiopathic insomnia, and sleep state misperception (paradoxical insomnia).[84] Psychophysiological insomnia is anxiety-induced. Idiopathic insomnia generally begins in childhood and lasts the rest of a person’s life. It’s suggested that idiopathic insomnia is a neurochemical problem in a part of the brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in either under-active sleep signals or over-active wake signals.[88] Sleep state misperception is diagnosed when people get enough sleep but inaccurately perceive that their sleep is insufficient.

text: Secondary insomnia, or comorbid insomnia, occurs concurrently with other medical, neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions. Causation is not necessarily implied.[89]

text: Voluntary[edit]

text: Sleep deprivation can sometimes be self-imposed due to a lack of desire to sleep or the habitual use of stimulant drugs. Sleep deprivation is also self-imposed to achieve personal fame in the context of record-breaking stunts.

text: Sleep apnea[edit]

text: Sleep apnea (obstructive sleep apnea, OSA) is a collapse of the upper airway during sleep, which reduces airflow to the lungs. It has many serious health outcomes if untreated, but can very often be effectively treated with positive air pressure therapy. Nasal problems such as a deviated septum will shut down the airway and increase swelling in the mucus lining and nasal turbinates. Corrective surgery (septoplasty) will maximise the airflow and correct the feedback loop to the brain which keeps awakening the sufferer so as not to asphyxiate.

text: Central sleep apnea is repeated stops in breathing during sleep when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing.

text: Mental illness[edit]

text: The specific causal relationships between sleep loss and effects on psychiatric disorders have been most extensively studied in patients with mood disorders. Shifts into mania in bipolar patients are often preceded by periods of insomnia, and sleep deprivation has been shown to induce a manic state in susceptible individuals. Sleep deprivation may represent a final common pathway in the genesis of mania,[90] and sleep loss is both a precipitating and reinforcing factor for the manic state.

text: School[edit]

text: The National Sleep Foundation cites a 1996 paper showing that college/university-aged students got an average of less than 6 hours of sleep each night.[91]

text: In the study, 70.6% of students reported obtaining less than 8 hours of sleep, and up to 27% of students may be at risk for at least one sleep disorder.[92] Sleep deprivation is common in first year college students as they adjust to the stress and social activities of college life.

text: A study performed by the Department of Psychology at the National Chung Cheng University in Taiwan concluded that freshmen received the least amount of sleep during the week.[93]

text: In 1997, University of Minnesota research compared students who started school at 7:15 am with those who started at 8:40 am. They found that students who started at 8:40 got higher grades and more sleep on weekday nights than those who started earlier.[39] One in four U.S. high school students admits to falling asleep in class at least once a week.[94]

text: It is known that during human adolescence, circadian rhythms and therefore sleep patterns typically undergo marked changes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) studies indicate a 50% reduction of deep (stage 4) sleep and a 75% reduction in the peak amplitude of delta waves during NREM sleep in adolescence. School schedules are often incompatible with a corresponding delay in sleep offset, leading to a less than optimal amount of sleep for the majority of adolescents.[95]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Several strategies are common in attempting to increase alertness and counteract the effects of sleep deprivation. Caffeine is often used over short periods to boost wakefulness when acute sleep deprivation is experienced; however, caffeine is less effective if taken routinely.[96] Other strategies recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine include prophylactic sleep before deprivation, naps, other stimulants, and combinations thereof. However, the only sure and safe way to combat sleep deprivation is to increase nightly sleep time.[97]

text: Recovery of cognitive function is accomplished more rapidly after acute total sleep deprivation than after chronic partial sleep restriction.[2] Chronic deprivation is the more common in everyday life. Just one night of recovery sleep can reverse adverse effects of total sleep deprivation. Recovery sleep is more efficient than normal sleep with shorter sleep latency and increased amounts of deep and REM sleep.

text: Longest periods without sleep[edit]

text: Randy Gardner holds the scientifically documented record for the longest period of time a human being has intentionally gone without sleep not using stimulants of any kind. Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours (11 days), breaking the previous record of 260 hours held by Tom Rounds of Honolulu.[49] LCDR John J. Ross of the U.S. Navy Medical Neuropsychiatric Research Unit later published an account of this event, which became well-known among sleep-deprivation researchers.[49][98][99]

text: The Guinness World Record stands at 449 hours (18 days, 17 hours), held by Maureen Weston, of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in April 1977, in a rocking-chair marathon.[98]

text: Claims of total sleep deprivation lasting years have been made several times,[100][101][102] but none are scientifically verified.[103] Claims of partial sleep deprivation are better documented. For example, Rhett Lamb of St. Petersburg, Florida, was initially reported to not sleep at all, but actually had a rare condition permitting him to sleep only one to two hours per day in the first three years of his life. He had a rare abnormality called an Arnold-Chiari malformation where brain tissue protrudes into the spinal canal and the skull puts pressure on the protruding part of the brain. The boy was operated on at All Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg in May 2008. Two days after surgery he slept through the night.[104][105]

text: French sleep expert Michel Jouvet and his team reported the case of a patient who was quasi-sleep-deprived for four months, as confirmed by repeated polygraphic recordings showing less than 30 minutes (of stage-1 sleep) per night, a condition they named "agrypnia". The 27-year-old man was suffering from Morvan's fibrillary chorea, a rare disease that leads to involuntary movements, and in this particular case, extreme insomnia. The researchers found that treatment with 5-HTP restored almost normal sleep stages, however some months after this recovery the patient died during a relapse which was unresponsive to 5-HTP. Despite the extreme insomnia, psychological investigation showed no sign of cognitive deficits, except for some hallucinations.[106]

text: Fatal familial insomnia is a neurodegenerative disease eventually resulting in a complete inability to go past stage 1 of NREM sleep. In addition to insomnia, patients may experience panic attacks, paranoia, phobias, hallucinations, rapid weight loss, and dementia. Death usually occurs between 7 and 36 months from onset.