document_title: Teddy Ruxpin

question_text: when did the first teddy ruxpin come out

text: Teddy Ruxpin

text: Technology[edit]

text: Conventional Compact Cassettes carried two audio tracks for stereo sound reproduction. Teddy Ruxpin cassettes used the left track for audio and the right track for a control data stream. The data stream controlled servomotors that moved the eyes and mouth and could also divert the audio signal to Grubby, the companion toy, by means of a proprietary cable. This allowed the two to engage in pre-recorded interactions. Grubby only worked with the initial WOW release of Teddy Ruxpin.

text: If a conventional audio cassette was played in Teddy Ruxpin, this would be detected and its right audio track would be ignored. Early versions of the toy used three servo motors, but this was reduced to two in later versions.[8]

text: History[edit]

text: From his debut in September 1985 various toy makers have produced Teddy Ruxpin over the years. The first was Worlds Of Wonder from 1985 until its bankruptcy in 1988. The toy's rights were then sold to Hasbro,[9] and produced again from 1991 to 1996. Another version debuted in 1998 by YES! Entertainment with another version in 2006, produced by BackPack Toys. Presently Teddy Ruxpin is available from Wicked Cool Toys.

text: Shortly after his debut, Teddy Ruxpin was dubbed the "Official Spokesbear for the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children" in 1985.[10]

text: Worlds of Wonder[edit]

text: Teddy Ruxpin was first produced in 1985 by toy manufacturer Worlds of Wonder.[11] They also released the companion toy Grubby and several other non-animatronic companion toys and characters. This included two different versions of the bird-like Fobs (one orange, one purple) that were hand puppets with a sock-like, extendable neck. Other hand puppets were the larger Wooly What's-It, three interchangeable Anythings (This, That, The Other), Tweeg, and L.B. The Bounder.[12] Other items produced by Worlds of Wonder for Teddy Ruxpin were the Answer Box and Picture Show.

text: With the strength of its line of toys, Worlds of Wonder’s fortunes rose well beyond its assets. Stock trades by company officers spooked investors.[13] Attempting to stem the tide, WoW issued Non-Investment Grade Bonds, commonly known as junk bonds, in an effort to buoy itself. Although there is some contention as to whether this strategy would have helped, the attempt was made moot by the 1987 stock market crash. Worlds of Wonder filed for bankruptcy protection and was liquidated in 1988.[14] They went through a series of layoffs. The creditors continued to operate the company in receivership until finally closing its doors in late 1990.[15]

text: Playskool[edit]

text: By 1991 Worlds of Wonder had folded and the remaining assets were liquidated.[16] The Teddy Ruxpin toy line was then picked up by Hasbro, which produced him under their Playskool line until 1996 using the redesign that had been implemented by WoW.[17] This design was smaller and used cartridges that resembled 8-track tapes, instead of cassette tapes. Unfortunately, this cartridge system proved to be easily damaged.

text: YES! Entertainment[edit]

text: In 1998, Yes! Entertainment brought Teddy Ruxpin back to stores for a third time. The toy's size was largely the same as the Playskool version. Yes! returned to using the standard cassette tapes. This venture was short-lived, however, as Yes! Entertainment's corporate management and financial troubles ultimately resulted in AlchemyII withdrawing the licensing for Teddy. During this production of Teddy Ruxpin, the original Hi-Topps videos were edited and released to work alongside Teddy using the Interactive TV & Video Pack. There was also a small Beanie Baby version of the toy that came boxed with the YES! Teddy Ruxpin in an effort to capitalize on the popularity of Beanie Babies at the time.[18]

text: BackPack Toys[edit]

text: In 2005, BackPack Toys announced a fourth version of Teddy Ruxpin, which replaced the audio tapes with digital cartridges.[19] Although Teddy Ruxpin is no longer produced by BackPack Toys, some remaining toys and cartridges are available via online retail channels.[20]

text: Wicked Cool Toys[edit]

text: Wicked Cool Toys announced in early 2016 that they would produce a new Teddy Ruxpin in fall of 2017. This Teddy Ruxpin will not come with physical cartridges, instead being programmed with 3 stories inside of the toy. The rest of the stories will be available for purchase on a mobile app.

text: Book and Cassette Episode List[edit]

text: Worlds of Wonder Original Stories[edit]

text: Worlds of Wonder produced the largest number of stories. They include:

text:
#
Title
Short Summary
Guest Characters

1
"The Airship: Discover a Whole New World"
Teddy and Grubby meet Newton Gimmick, and the three begin the search for the treasure.
Leota the Woodsprite

2
"The Missing Princess: You've Got to Take Care of You"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are captured by the Mudblups and meet Prince Arin and, later, Wooly. Then they go to the Hard-to-Find City to save Princess Aruzia from the Gutangs.
Mudblups, Prince Arin, Wooly, the Wizard, Gutangs, Princess Aruzia

3
"The Wooly What's-It: Learning Can Be Fun!"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick travel to Wooly's house and later introduce him to Leota the Wood Sprite.
Wooly, Leota

4
"Teddy and the Mudblups: Is Being Neat Hard to Do?"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are out for an adventure when they are captured by Mudblups, again!
Mudblups

5
"Tweeg and the Bounders: You Have to Earn the Things Worth Having"
Teddy introduces the character of Tweeg, a bumbling, greedy sort who apparently is always trying to get rich off making gold.
Tweeg, L.B. and the Bounders

6
"Grubby's Romance: Falling in Love is Something Special"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by Gimmick's reducing machine. Grubby meets a caterpillar and falls in love.
Karen, Tweeg, L.B., various other bugs

7
"Grunge Music: Tap Your Feet to the Beat"
Teddy and Grubby hang out with the Grunges and learn about music and rhythm.
Grunges

8
"Take A Good Look: See the Ordinary in an Extraordinary Way"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by the power of Gimmick's new machine using one of the 7 crystals. They explore their "new world" and avoid being stomped on by Fuzz.
Fuzz the Fob

9
"All About Bears: When is a Bear Not a Bear?"
.
.

10
"The Story of the Faded Fobs: Helping Each Other Makes Everybody Happy"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick discover some faded Fobs and, with the help of Wooly, try to help them get their colors back.
Fobs, Wooly

11
"Teddy Ruxpin's Birthday: A Day to Say Hurray"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick celebrate Teddy's Birthday with fun, adventure, and many friends!
Leota, Grunges, Wooly, Fobs

12
"Teddy Ruxpin Lullabies: Warm and Cuddly Songs to Dream By"
Teddy Ruxpin sings all his favorite lullabies for his friends.
Fobs, Leota

13
"Teddy's Winter Adventure: A Perfect Time for Sharing"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick enjoy the snow and exchanging presents for the winter holiday with their friends.
Grunges, Wooly, Fobs, Tweeg, L.B.

14
"The Third Crystal: Can Teddy Solve the Mystery?"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick must solve the mystery of the Third Crystal and avoid Tweeg.
Fuzz, Tweeg and L.B.

15
"Grundo Beach Party: Sun and Sand With Friends Can Be Fun"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are having a Beach Party with the Grunges.
Grunges, Fobs

16
"Teddy Ruxpin's Christmas: A Musical Celebration"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick host a Christmas Party.
Almost all Series Characters Pictured

17
"The Medicine Wagon: Teddy, Grubby, and Gimmick are Tricked by Tweeg"
.
.

18
"Autumn Adventure: Teddy and Grubby Find Out How Fun Autumn Can Be"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick have fun singing about the fall and dressing up in costumes to try to scare their friends.
Fobs, Wooly, Grunges

19
"Double Grubby: Gimmick's Invention Duplicates Lots of Trouble"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick deal with a duplicate of Grubby after Gimmick's new crystal-using Duplicator machine makes a copy of more than just an apple!
No additional characters

20
"The Day Teddy Met Grubby: Do You Remember The Day You Met Your Best Friend?"
Teddy tells the story of how he met Grubby for the first time back home in Rilonia.
Teddy's Mother

21
"Gizmos and Gadgets: Teddy and His Friends Make an Important Discovery"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick come up with an invention for Gimmick to present at King Nogburt's Logic Faire.
Fobs

22
"The Mushroom Forest: You Can Be Anything You Want to Be"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick get lost in the Mushroom Forest and meet some new friends and sing some songs.
The Anythings

23
"Teddy Ruxpin Summertime: A Fun-Filled Musical Summer"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick have fun going camping, swimming, and doing various other summer activities.
Grunges, Wooly, Fobs

24
"Lost in Boggley Woods: Teddy and His Friends Meet the Wogglies"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick get lost in Boggley Woods and meet the Wogglies.
Wogglies

25
"Wooly and the Giant Snowzos: Do You Believe Everything You Hear?"
Teddy, Grubby, Newton Gimmick, Fuzz, and Wooly are spending a cold winter's night when they get unexpected visitors.
Wogglies, Fuzz, Wooly, Snowzos

26
"Anything in the Soup: Will the Anythings end up in Grunge Gumbo?"
While Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are making gumbo with the Grunges, they meet some interesting creatures.
Grunges, Anythings

27
"Grundo Springtime Singtime: A Springtime Sing-Along for One and All!"
.
.

28
"One More Spot: Teddy, Grubby, And Gimmick Meet Amanda the Ladybug"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick meet Amanda and decide to use Gimmick's reducing machine to shrink themselves to go to the Bug Fair.
Amanda the Ladybug, Ladybug team, various other bugs

29
"Tweeg Gets the Tweezles: A Healthy Attitude Works Wonders"
.
.

30
"Uncle Grubby: Grubby Finds Three Good Reasons to Be Patient"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick must help take care of some baby Fobs and find their parents.
Bounders, Wooly, Fobs

31
"The Sign of a Friend: Teddy and Grubby Meet a Silent Friend"
.
.

32
"Teddy Ruxpin Lullabies II: More Dreamy Songs for Sleepy Time"
.
.

33
"Teddy Ruxpin Sings Love Songs: A Special Collection Of Teddy's Favorites"
.
.

34
"The Do-Along Songbook: Sing Along With Teddy Ruxpin and His Friends"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick teach a variety of fun, active, and dancing songs.
Fobs

35
"Quiet Please: Teddy Sings His Way Through A Quiet Day"
.
.

36
"Safe at Home with Teddy Ruxpin: Grubby's Special Assignment"
Teddy and Grubby investigate the home and discover ways that you can be safe, healthy, and happy at home.
No additional characters

37
"Water Safety with Teddy Ruxpin: The Fobs Learn How To Swim"
Teddy teaches a swimming class to the Fobs while Grubby participates and learns some water safety skills himself.
Fobs, Grunge Lifeguard

38
"Fire Safety with Teddy Ruxpin: Teddy's Junior Fire Patrol"
Teddy teaches fire safety to the fobs while Grubby helps and learns some fire safety skills himself.
Fobs

39
"Teddy Ruxpin Visits the Dentist: Sponsored by Crest"
.
.

text: Other Cassettes[edit]

text: Worlds of Wonder created two devices that worked only with Teddy Ruxpin. They were the Picture Show and Answer Box. Neither of these would work with Grubby. The cassettes produced for the Picture Show, which used slide wheels, similar to the View Master were:

text:
Big little Wooly
Gimmick learns a lesson
Groundrace
Teddy & the Surf Grunges
Teddy's underwater rescue
Tweeg's lemonade stand
Wedding in Grundo

text: The Answer Box cassettes included:

text:
Color my World
Counting is Fun
Easy as ABC
Just About The Size Of It
Learn About Opposites
Shapes are Everywhere
Up, Down and All Around

text: Book and Cartridge Episode List[edit]

text: Backpack Toys Stories[edit]

text:
#
Series
Title
Short Summary
Featured Characters

1
Included
"The Airship: Discover a Whole New World"
Teddy and Grubby meet Newton Gimmick, and the three begin the search for the treasure.
Leota the Woodsprite

2
Treasure Series 1
"Wooly and The Wizard: Helping to Solve the Mystery"

3
Treasure Series 1
"Captured By Mudblups: Sometimes You Have to Change Your Plans"

4
Treasure Series 2
"The Missing Princess: You've Got to Take Care of You"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are captured by the Mudblups and meet Prince Arin and, later, Wooly. Then they go to the Hard-to-Find City to save Princess Aruzia from the Gutangs.
Mudblups, Prince Arin, Wooly, the Wizard, Gutangs, Princess Aruzia

5
Treasure Series 2
"Treasure: Knowing What's Really Valuable is Important"

6
Adventure Series 1
"Teddy Ruxpin's Birthday: A Day to Say Hurray"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick celebrate Teddy's Birthday with fun, adventure, and many friends!
Leota, Grunges, Wooly, Fobs

7
Adventure Series 1
"The Day Teddy Met Grubby: Do You Remember The Day You Met Your Best Friend?"
Teddy tells the story of how he met Grubby for the first time back home in Rilonia.
Teddy's Mother

8
Adventure Series 2
"Grubby's Romance: Falling in Love is Something Special"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by Gimmick's reducing machine. Grubby meets a caterpillar and falls in love.
Karen, Tweeg, L.B., various other bugs

9
Adventure Series 3
"Take A Good Look: See the Ordinary in an Extraordinary Way"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by the power of Gimmick's new machine using one of the 7 crystals. They explore their "new world" and avoid being stomped on by Fuzz.
Fuzz the Fob

10
Music Series 1
"Teddy Ruxpin Lullabies: Warm and Cuddly Songs to Dream By"
Teddy Ruxpin sings all his favorite lullabies for his friends.
Fobs, Leota

11
Music Series 1
"Teddy Ruxpin's Christmas: A Musical Celebration"
Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick host a Christmas Party.
Almost all Series Characters Pictured

text: Available extra outfits[edit]

text: Worlds of Wonder made different outfits for Teddy and Grubby. These were sold separately and include:

text:
Flying Outfit
Hiking Outfit (both Teddy and Grubby had their own version)
Nightshirt
Raincoat
Christmas Outfit
Sleeping Outfit (both Teddy and Grubby had their own version)
Summertime Outfit
Tuxedo that came as a boxed set with the "Love Songs" book and tape
Winter Outfit
Workout Outfit

text: Promotions[edit]

text: In 1986, during the height of Teddy Ruxpin's popularity, Worlds of Wonder combined with different partners to give safety messages to children. Some of these collaborations included firefighters,[21] as well as the United States Lifesaving Association.[22]

text: Actress Joanna Kerns served as spokesperson for the toy shortly after its introduction. Kerns herself was at the height of her fame as Maggie Seaver, the family matriarch on the ABC-TV sitcom Growing Pains.

text: In 1987, Worlds of Wonder contracted with Wendy's restaurants to feature a Teddy Ruxpin themed Kid's Meal promotion. These were similar to the miniatures produced by Worlds of Wonder, except they were smaller and flocked.

text: Also in 1987, Teddy Ruxpin characters joined the Ice Capades program, which toured the country.[23]

text: Voice actors[edit]

text: Phil Baron was the voice actor on all tapes and on the TV show, but he left the entertainment industry in the 1990s to become a cantor. Baron is currently the only voice actor officially associated with the property, as Teddy Ruxpin has been the only character in the storyline requiring updated voice recordings for new projects. Will Ryan voiced Grubby in the 1980s and returned as Grubby in the early 1990s for a musical project. The late Tony Pope was the original voice of Newton Gimmick. Pope, as well as other voice actors who provided voice talent for AlchemyII in the 1980s, did not reprise their roles in the television series The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin because production was moved to Canada; John Stocker replaced Pope as Gimmick for this production. Baron and Ryan have provided the voices of Teddy and Grubby, respectively, in every Teddy Ruxpin incarnation and project since 1985. Ryan also voiced the character of Tweeg in the adventure series but was replaced by John Koensgen for the television series. Additionally, Russi Taylor and Katie Leigh did the voices of Leota the Woodsprite and Princess Aruzia, respectively, on the book-and-tapes, but when the TV series was produced in Canada, Holly Larocque and Abby Hagyard took over the roles.[24]

text: The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin[edit]

text: The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin was a television series that ran from 1986 to 1987. In the series, Teddy Ruxpin leaves his homeland in Rillonia with his friend Grubby in search of adventure. They meet up with an inventor, named Newton Gimmick, who accompanies them on their quest for the Treasure of Grundo. The trio unexpectedly find six crystals with different meanings and powers. These crystals, however, also can enable the Monsters and Villains Organization (MAVO) to have absolute power over the land, and their leader, Quellor, wants to make sure that an Illiop never possesses the crystals. Elsewhere, a less pronounced threat also routinely besieged the trio: the wannabe villain Jack W. Tweeg, a greedy troll/grunge who has his eyes on joining MAVO. The sixty-five episode series unfolds gradually, as the trio meet interesting and often friendly creatures while visiting intriguing lands and going on wondrous, yet wholesome, adventures.

text: Lawsuits[edit]

text: At least two other companies produced tapes that would work with the Teddy Ruxpin toy. Both Veritel Learning Systems and Vector Intercontinental made Teddy Ruxpin compatible tapes. Worlds of Wonder successfully sued these companies, and the courts ordered the tapes be removed from the market.[25]


document_title: The Santa Clause

question_text: who plays the step dad in the santa clause

root

text: The Santa Clause

text: Plot[edit]

text: Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) is a successful executive at a toy company. However, he spends less and less time with his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd), to the point where Charlie is not too happy to spend Christmas with Scott. After Charlie is dropped off by Scott's ex-wife, Laura (Wendy Crewson) and her new husband Neil (Judge Reinhold), the two are left alone at Scott's residence. However, he burns their turkey meal and the two are forced to go to Denny's for dinner. After reading Charlie the book 'Twas the night before Christmas, Charlie wakes Scott up after hearing noises on the roof.

tag: p

text: Rushing outside, Scott startles a man dressed as Santa on the roof, causing him to slip and fall. Attempting to help the man, Scott finds a card on him that states "If something should happen to me, put on my suit, the Reindeer will know what to do," after which the body disappears. Charlie comes outside and discovers reindeer and a sleigh on the roof. Pushed by his son, Scott puts on the Santa suit and delivers a few gifts before the reindeer take them to the North Pole. Bernard (David Krumholtz), the head elf, explains to Scott that, because he put on the suit, he is now Santa, and gives him one year to get his affairs in order before taking over Santa's duties. Overwhelmed, Scott changes into pajamas and falls asleep. Eventually waking up in his own bed, Scott believes he had an elaborate dream, until Charlie begins telling him events of the previous night.

text: Over the course of the next year, strange things begin to occur. Scott begins gaining a significant amount of weight, hitting 192 pounds, including forty-five pounds in a week. His facial hair regrows quickly after shaving and his hair turns stark white. As if he was pregnant, Scott begins craving sweets, adopting a diet consisting mainly of milk and cookies. Scott's rapid weight gain causes his clothes to stop fitting, requiring him to wear sweatpants and t-shirts that reveal his jiggly, swollen, and massive gut. This eventually leads to Laura and Neil visiting a judge and arranging to suspend Scott's visitation rights, thinking he is losing touch with reality. Scott eventually visits Charlie anyway, and is convinced that he is Santa. Bernard appears, and whisks both to the North Pole to begin preparations for Christmas.

text: Laura and Neil believe Scott has kidnapped Charlie and contact the police. At the North Pole, Scott sets out for Christmas with Charlie in tow. However, upon arriving at his old home, Scott is arrested. The elves eventually send a crack team of extraction elves to rescue him. Scott returns to Laura's house and reveals that he is Santa to them. Initially unbelieving, eventually both come around and believe that Scott is now Santa. After a very public departure, Scott travels the world delivering gifts. Using a magic snow globe given to him by Bernard, Charlie summons Scott back home. Laura agrees to let Charlie go with Scott to deliver the gifts and to the two head off into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus
Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neil Miller
David Krumholtz as Bernard the Head Elf
Paige Tamada as Judy the Elf
Peter Boyle as Mr. Whittle
Larry Brandenburg as Detective Nunzio
Jayne Eastwood as Judy the Waitress
Kenny Vadas as the E.L.F.S. Leader
Chris Benson as Fireman O'Hara
Mary Gross as Mrs. Daniels

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This film was entirely shot in the Greater Toronto Area. Oakville served as the city of Lakeside, Illinois.[2] It was originally going to be released under the Hollywood Pictures banner, but was moved to Walt Disney Pictures after positive test screenings among children (despite Hollywood Pictures received a marquee credit—placement of the studio's production logo on marketing materials with the film's opening titles). Prior to filming, Tim Allen took up Santa's diet of milk and cookies to help him gain forty-five pounds for his role as Santa.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Santa Clause grossed over USD $144 million in the United States and Canada, and over $189 million worldwide, making it a box-office hit. The film has since gone on to become a Christmas classic. Freeform and AMC have played the film during the holiday season with record ratings.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received generally positive reviews from the critics. The film currently holds a "Certified Fresh" rating of 75% on Rotten Tomatoes, with 39 positive reviews from 52 counted and an average rating of 6/10. The consensus from the site is "The Santa Clause is utterly undemanding, but it's firmly rooted in the sort of good old-fashioned holiday spirit missing from too many modern yuletide films."[4]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Note that songs listed here (and in the movie credits) cannot always be found on CD soundtracks.[5]

text:
"Oh Christmas Tree (O Tannenbaum)"; Arranged by John Neufeld
"Carol of the Bells"; Written by Peter Wilhousky
"White Christmas"; Written by Irving Berlin; Performed by The Drifters
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"; Written by J. Fred Coots And Haven Gillespie; Performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks
"Think!" (Theme from Jeopardy!); Written by Merv Griffin
"Jingle Bell Ride"; Written and Performed by Johnny Hawksworth
"Gimme All Your Lovin'"; Written by Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill, and Frank Beard; Performed by ZZ Top
"Jingle Bells"; Arranged by John Neufeld
"Christmas Will Return"; Written by Jimmy Webb; Performed by Brenda Russell and Howard Hewett
"The Bells of Christmas"; Written and Performed by Loreena McKennitt

text: The film's soundtrack was released on October 10, 1994 in the United States.

text:
Let's Go
Believing Is Seeing
Sash Completes the Ensemble
Flight
Weightless
Away to the Window
Bells of Christmas
Listen
Goodnight, Goodnight, Don’t Forget the Fire Extinguisher
Visitation
Rose Suchak Ladder
List
Elves with Attitude
Someone in Wrapping
Near Capture
Comfort and Joy
Not Over Any Oceans
Christmas Will Return

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: This film was first released on Home Video (VHS) on October 20, 1995. The first DVD was released in October 13, 2003. The Santa Clause along with its sequels were released in a three movie DVD collection in 2007. All three movies were released as a Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012.

text: Towards the beginning of the film a brief exchange between Scott and Laura takes place in which Laura hands Scott a piece of paper with Neil's mother's phone number on it. Scott then exclaims "1-800-SPANK-ME? I know that number!". In the United States, the exchange was removed from the 1999 DVD release as well as the 2002 Special Edition DVD and VHS releases and the 2012 Blu-ray release after a 1996 incident in which a child from Steilacoom, Washington called the number and racked up a $400 phone bill.[6] On television airings, the phone number is changed to "1-800-POUND". The line remains intact on the 1995 VHS release.

text: VHS, Laserdisc, DVD and Blu-ray history[edit]

text: Walt Disney Home Video (October 20, 1995 – present)


document_title: No Greater Love (Only Fools and Horses)

question_text: who plays irene in only fools and horses

text: No Greater Love (Only Fools and Horses)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The Trotters arrive at a London street with camel hair overcoats, and plan to receive payments from Mrs. Singh. But when Rodney opens the door to her house, he meets another woman named Irene, who tells him that Mrs. Singh moved away three weeks earlier.

text: Rodney enters Irene's flat and is instantly smitten with her. Irene tells Rodney that she is aged 40, and married with a teenage son Marcus. She also mentions her husband Tommy Mackay, who "is away working, but will be out in 6 months." He's actually doing time in Parkhurst prison for committing wounding with intent, GBH, and attempted murder.

text: One week later at Nelson Mandela House, Rodney tells Del Boy and Grandad about Irene, and how she moved away from her husband because he used to domestically abuse her a lot, and to make things worse, Tommy is getting released from prison, and Rodney wants to meet him in person. This makes Del worried for his younger brother's safety.

text: A few days later, at The Nag's Head, Rodney tells Del that he and Irene had broken up earlier in the day. Del consoles Rodney and tells him there are plenty of other women to talk to. But then, Irene's son Marcus enters and tells Rodney that Del told Irene over a drink to break up with Rodney. Rodney is furious with Del and storms out in a huff.

text: Later that night, Del is confronted by Tommy Mackay himself and a thug in a dark alley, since Tommy thinks that Del is Rodney (and Del confirms it in order to protect Rodney, since he would stand no chance against the huge Tommy), and prepares to give him a beating for dating his wife Irene. They let Del take his coat off, but he accidentally throws it into a puddle. Angered that his new coat has been ruined, Del is the one who starts the fight with Tommy, and despite sustaining a few injuries, Del manages to win the fight and limps back to the Nag's Head.

text: Back at the Nag's Head, Del shows Rodney his injuries, and lies that he fell down some stairs at Monkey Harris' house (even though he actually lives in a bungalow). Del also mentions to Rodney that he met Tommy Mackay and made him see the error of his ways, which means that the road is now cleared for Rodney and Irene. But Rodney says that he had an earlier talk with Irene in that their relationship was never going to work anyway. Plus, Rodney has met another girl, Zoe, from the roller-disco. Zoe arrives, she and Rodney leave, and Del is left alone in the pub, slightly irritated but still satisfied that he at least managed to protect his brother.

text: Episode cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

David Jason
Derek Trotter

Nicholas Lyndhurst
Rodney Trotter

Lennard Pearce
Grandad Trotter

David Daker
Tommy Mackay

Gaye Brown
Irene Mackay

Steve Fletcher
Marcus Mackay

Raj Patel
Ahmed

Julie La Rousse
Julie (barmaid)

Lisa Price
Zoe

David Rhule
Leroy

tag: table

text: Episode concept[edit]

text: The idea for the script was to demonstrate the brotherly love that Del and Rodney have for each other, even willing to take a beating for his brother. The concept of Del getting beat up in order to protect Rodney would occur again in "Little Problems" when Del, much to Rodney's ignorance, chooses to take a beating from the Driscoll Brothers after making a promise to him, having forgotten that the money he would use for his wedding gift was also the money which he owed to them.[1]


document_title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

question_text: when does the 5th season of agents of shield come out

text: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Clark Gregg will direct an episode in the season.[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson[2]
Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May[3]
Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake[4]
Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons[5]
Henry Simmons as Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie[6]

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Jeff Ward[7]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text: Nick Blood as Lance Hunter[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC's Channing Dungey said that she was "very bullish" about S.H.I.E.L.D.'s future, feeling that "the episodes just keep getting better and stronger".[9] The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward,[10][11] by reducing its budget and licensing fee.[12] Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the "show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season [was] its strongest creatively yet. I'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5."[13]

text: Writing[edit]

text: In May 2017, ahead of the fifth season renewal, showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season, and that it would be "by the seat of our pants."[14] The season will also explore the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider. Additionally, the season will continue to explore the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans, with Whedon stating, "The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all-time low, so we have not resolved that, and there will be still more fallout from it."[15]

text: Regarding if they would break the season up into pods again as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, "A 22-episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it’s something the viewers enjoy, and it makes it a little easier to digest when you’re telling some of these stories." Whedon also noted it would depend on how the season would be "broken up in terms of airing. If everything is running back-to-back, it feels weird to start calling it different things... We will try to have it in bite-sized chunks."[15] The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017.[4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson / Quake, Jemma Simmons, and Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie, respectively.

text: In August 2017, Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role.[7] A month later, it was revealed that former series regular Nick Blood would be returning to reprise his role as Lance Hunter. Blood left the series during the third season, to star on the spin-off series Marvel's Most Wanted which never came to fruition.[8]

text: Design[edit]

text: After leaving the series during the fourth season, costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season, before handing over to Whitney Galitz, who had assisted her on the previous few seasons, and Christann Chanell.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on July 20, 2017.[17][18] In May 2017, Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season,[19] and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode.[1]

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: In terms of having connections to Marvel's Inhumans, Whedon felt it was doubtful, but noted "we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of [the MCU series], so they'll start to see that there's lines connecting it. It's more fun for people who are playing the whole game, but if you don't, you'll still have a great rollercoaster ride."[20]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season is set to begin airing in the United States on ABC in late 2017, beginning once Inhumans has finished airing its episodes.[21] It is set to run for 22 episodes.[11] The fifth season is moving to a Friday timeslot, alongside the seventh season of ABC's Once Upon a Time, with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining, "We’ve turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans. Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time, which is giving many fans of both shows what they’ve been asking for for a long time."[22] Andy Kubitz, executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC, added that ABC had "confidence that [the S.H.I.E.L.D.] core audience... [would] travel with it" to its new Friday time slot. He continued, "The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it. You've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it."[12]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The cast and executive producers of the season will appear at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the season and debut exclusive footage.[23]


document_title: To the Bone (film)

question_text: who plays the sister in to the bone

question_tokens: who plays the sister in to the bone

text: To the Bone (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ellen is a 20-year-old college dropout who returns home to the house of her stepmother and father after struggling through an inpatient program and failing to make any progress. With her absentee father unwilling to deal with her, Ellen's stepmother, Susan, sets her up with a specialist, Dr. William Beckham, who insists that Ellen join his inpatient program. Ellen is reluctant to do so, but her mind is changed by her younger sister.

text: Ellen moves into the house with six other patients that include five young women and Luke, an upbeat ballet dancer, who is near recovery on both his anorexia and a knee injury. Luke acts as a moral cheerleader for the other patients and takes a special interest in Ellen, eventually revealing that he is a fan of Ellen's art.

text: At a family therapy session with Beckham, Ellen's father fails to show up. It is revealed that until eighteen months earlier, Ellen was living with her mother, who abandoned her to move to Phoenix, Arizona, and also that the artwork she posted on Tumblr was cited as an influence by a girl who later killed herself. Ellen promises to try to do better, but instead continues to lose weight.

text: Ellen makes headway, changing her name to Eli and bonding with the other members of the house. She is surprised, however, when Luke kisses her and admits he is starting to fall in love with her. She panics and quickly rejects him. Later on, she learns that Megan, another woman in the house, who was pregnant, miscarried her baby, having resumed her purging after reaching the twelve week mark and believing it was safe. The event sends Eli into a tailspin, and she decides to run away. On her way out, Luke begs her to stay, telling her that he needs her as he realizes that his knee condition is permanent and he will never be able to properly dance again and needs something new to focus on. Eli leaves anyway.

text: Near death, Eli goes to her mother's home. That night, her mother expresses guilt for the postpartum depression she had after giving birth to Ellen and suggests that she might try feeding Eli with a bottle while rocking her to help solve both their issues. Eli finds the idea strange, but after her mother tells her that she accepts if she chooses death, she decides to go along with the idea and allows herself to be rocked while her mother feeds her rice milk from a bottle.

text: After eating, Eli goes for a walk at night. Passing out, she hallucinates that she is in a tree where she kisses Luke, who reveals to her how sick she is. He gives her a piece of coal that is her courage, and she swallows it.

text: Waking up from her dream, Eli decides to return home. She embraces her stepmother and her sister before continuing on to Beckham's inpatient program.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lily Collins as Ellen (Eli), 20 year old anorexic patient
Keanu Reeves as Dr. William Beckham
Carrie Preston as Susan, Ellen’s stepmother
Lili Taylor as Judy, Ellen's mother
Alex Sharp as Luke, 19 year old anorexic patient
Liana Liberato as Kelly, Ellen's 18 year old half-sister
Brooke Smith as Olive, Judy's girlfriend
Leslie Bibb as Megan, an anorexic patient
Kathryn Prescott as Anna, a bulimic patient
Ciara Quinn Bravo as Tracy, a bulimic patient
Maya Eshet as Pearl, an anorexic patient
Lindsay McDowell as Kendra, a patient suffering from binge eating disorder.
Retta as Lobo, the inpatient Nurse

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Lily Collins had been cast in a leading role in an anorexia drama film titled To the Bone, written and directed by Marti Noxon, based on Noxon's early battle with the eating disorder. The film marks Noxon's feature directorial debut[2] Later that month, Keanu Reeves joined the cast, portraying the role of a doctor.[3] On March 29, Carrie Preston was cast as Collins' character's stepmother.[4] AMBI Group was later reported to be co-producing and financing the picture.[5] In early April, it was reported that Lili Taylor, Alex Sharp, Brooke Smith, and Liana Liberato had joined the cast of the film in unknown roles.[6] On April 11, Ciara Bravo was cast in the supporting role of Tracy, a young girl also suffering from an eating disorder.[7]

text: Principal photography began in late March 2016 in Los Angeles.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film held its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017. It was featured as a contender in the U.S. Dramatic Competition.[1] In 2017, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film and was released worldwide on July 14, 2017.[8][9]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: To the Bone currently holds an 67% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "To the Bone offers an insightful, empathetic look at a widespread issue, led by exemplary work from Lily Collins in the central role."[10] Metacritic gives the film an average score of 64 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11]

text: Justin Chang of The Los Angeles Times wrote that the film was "part character study, part PSA" and that it "chronicles a brief but meaningful period in its protagonist’s healing journey." Chang said of Lily Collins performance, "In a different film, Ellen’s sharp tongue might have made her an insufferable fount of wisecracking negativity, but Collins’ performance is subtler than that, and the script gives her ample opportunity to reveal the character’s more complicated, vulnerable edges."[12][13]


document_title: That Thing You Do!

question_text: who played the drummer in that thing you do

text: That Thing You Do!

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1964, in Erie, Pennsylvania, aspiring jazz drummer Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott) is asked by Jimmy Mattingly (Johnathon Schaech) and Lenny Haise (Steve Zahn) to sit in with their band at an annual talent show, after their regular drummer breaks his arm trying to jump over a parking meter. The band, which also includes bassist T.B. Player (Ethan Embry), adopts the name "The Oneders" (pronounced "wonders", but often mispronounced "oh-NEE-ders"). At the talent show, Guy launches into a faster tempo than intended for Jimmy's ballad, "That Thing You Do", and the band wins the competition. The Oneders' performance at the talent show earns them a paying gig at a local restaurant, where they begin to sell recordings of "That Thing You Do" and are noticed by talent promoter Phil Horace (Chris Ellis), whom they hire as their manager.

text: Horace achieves radio airplay for the song and books the band at a rock & roll showcase concert in Pittsburgh, after which they are offered a contract by Play-Tone Records A&R representative Mr. White (Hanks). White changes the band's name to "The Wonders" as they join a Midwestern Play-Tone tour, taking along Jimmy's girlfriend, Faye (Liv Tyler), as their official "costume mistress". During the tour, "That Thing You Do" garners national radio airplay and becomes a bona-fide hit. As the band's popularity soars, Jimmy grows frustrated that the group is not focused on creating more music, while the remainder of the band enjoys their time in the spotlight. All the while, Guy and Faye grow closer as friends. When the song enters the top ten on the Billboard charts, the band is taken off the tour and sent to Los Angeles.

text: Faye falls ill on the trip and is nursed by Guy. Jimmy is seemingly uninterested in her well-being, being preoccupied with trying to convince White to let the band record more of his original songs. After a publicity tour, the band is set to appear on The Hollywood Television Showcase, a nationally televised live variety show. They begin to show signs of discord. Jimmy continues to vent frustration at White over the band's direction. T.B. (who was leaving to join the United States Marine Corps in a few weeks) goes to Disneyland with a group of Marines and never returns; he is replaced in the broadcast by a session bassist. During the performance, as the band is being visually introduced to the viewing audience, the caption "Careful girls, he's engaged!" appears under Jimmy's name. Jimmy becomes upset with Faye in the dressing room afterward, and says that he has no intention of marrying her. Heartbroken and weary with his arrogant personality and lack of devotion, Faye terminates their relationship.

text: The next day at a scheduled recording session, Lenny is missing and Jimmy's grievances with White reach a boiling point and he quits the band. Guy is sorry to see the end of the band. White confronts him, and declares the band a one-hit wonder, but commends Guy for his smarts and integrity. After an impromptu jam session with his idol, jazz pianist Del Paxton (Bill Cobbs), Guy returns to the band's hotel, where he meets Faye and shares a long kiss with her. In an epilogue, it is revealed that Jimmy went back to Play-Tone and forms another band and has a successful career as an artist and producer, Lenny becomes a casino manager, and T.B. earns a Purple Heart for injuries suffered at Khe Sanh. Guy and Faye start a family in Washington, where Guy teaches jazz composition at a music conservatory that he and Faye open.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Everett Scott as Guy Patterson
Johnathon Schaech as Jimmy Mattingly
Tom Hanks as Mr. White
Steve Zahn as Lenny Haise
Ethan Embry as T. B. Player
Liv Tyler as Faye Dolan
Charlize Theron as Tina Powers
Bill Cobbs as Del Paxton
Giovanni Ribisi as Chad
Obba Babatundé as Lamarr
Alex Rocco as Sol Siler
Chris Isaak as Uncle Bob
Larry Antonino as Scott "Wolfman" Pell
Holmes Osborne as Mr. Patterson

text:
Robert Torti as Freddy Fredrickson
Kennya Ramsey, Julie Harkness, and Darlene Dillinger as The Chantrellines
Chaille Percival as Diane Dane

text:
Director Jonathan Demme one of the producers of That Thing You Do!, has a cameo as the director of Weekend At Party Pier.
Comedian Barry Sobel, has a cameo as "Goofball" in Weekend at Party Pier.
Tracy Reiner, has a cameo as Anita, the co-star of Weekend at Party Pier.
Musician Chris Isaak appears as Uncle Bob who produces the band's first recording.
Actress Rita Wilson, Hanks' wife, has a small part as Marguerite, the waitress at The Blue Spot jazz club, whose interest in Guy becomes compromised when Guy realizes his jazz idol Del Paxton is in the club.
Tom Hanks' son, Colin, appears as a page at the City of Broadcasting. He can be seen escorting Faye (Liv Tyler) from her car to her seat in the studio audience. His role is slightly expanded in the extended edition DVD.
Elizabeth Hanks, Hanks' daughter with his first wife, appears as "Bored Girl in Dress Shop".
Peter Scolari plays Troy Chesterfield, host of The Hollywood Television Showcase.
Football player/commentator Howie Long appears as Mr. White's driver/partner Lloyd in the extended cut; his part was entirely cut from the theatrical release.
Bryan Cranston appears as astronaut Gus Grissom during The Hollywood Television Showcase scenes.
Clint Howard, the brother of Ron Howard, appears as a KJZZ Disk Jockey.
Kevin Pollak appears as Victor 'Boss Vic Koss' Kosslovich
Gedde Watanabe appears as a Playtone photographer.
Chris Ellis as Phil Horace, the band's first manager.
Marc McClure as the Hollywood Showcase Director.

text: Production and music[edit]

text: The movie features original music by Tom Hanks, Adam Schlesinger, Rick Elias, Scott Rogness, Mike Piccirillo, Gary Goetzman and Howard Shore. In the movie, The Wonders rise to brief stardom on the strength of "That Thing You Do", a song written as a wistful ballad but which becomes an uptempo rocker during the band's first performance at a talent show. Written and composed for the film by Adam Schlesinger, bassist for Fountains of Wayne and Ivy and released on the film's soundtrack, the song became a genuine hit for The Wonders in 1996 (the song peaked at #41 on the Billboard Hot 100, #22 on the Adult Contemporary charts, #18 on the Adult Top 40, and #24 on the Top 40 Mainstream charts). The track was nominated for a 1996 Golden Globe Award as well as a 1996 Academy Award for Best Original Song. Mike Viola of The Candy Butchers provided the lead vocals for the Wonders.

text: In the film, the title song is referenced with "All My Only Dreams" as the B-side. The actual 45 RPM single, released to record stores in North America, features "Dance With Me Tonight" as its B-side. The song has since been recorded by The Knack and Bubblegum Lemonade. The Wonders are also seen playing the song "Little Wild One." This was written by the band Gigolo Aunts as a "faux-Beatles"-style tune at the request of their record label to be submitted for consideration for inclusion in the film.[2]

text: For the purpose of being able to convincingly perform The Wonders' songs on-camera, Scott, Schaech, Zahn and Embry took several weeks of individual lessons, followed by daily practice as a group. Of the four, only Zahn and Embry had any prior experience of playing their assigned instruments. They eventually honed their performance to the point where extras on the set thought they were actually playing the songs, when in reality they were miming along to recordings by professional musicians.[3]

text: The song that plays during the film's opening credits, "Lovin' You Lots and Lots," is credited to the fictitious Norm Wooster Singers and was actually written by Hanks. This song is a parody of Ray Conniff, Mitch Miller, and other practitioners of the "beautiful music" or proto-Muzak formats that were a staple of adult radio during the early '60s such as on KPOL (AM)1540 in Los Angeles.[4][5] Hanks also composed Guy's jazzy signature drum solo, "I Am Spartacus."

text: The ballad "My World Is Over" by Diane Dane seems inspired by the compositions of Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and the vocal performance is strongly reminiscent of Jackie DeShannon.

text: The Wonders' bassist (played by Ethan Embry) is unnamed in the film; his name, T.B. Player (literally, "The Bass Player"), is revealed only in the end credits. This is a joke based on the perception that bass players are often unknown and unappreciated. Embry would later provide his own take on the character's real name: "I just said my name was Tobias, because he’s such a Tobias. You just take the vowels out [and it’s T.B.] His nickname was Toby, but his mom calls him Tobias. And his last name actually was Player, because he was a player, dude! That carousel ride with the Chantrellines? Total player."[3]

text: Some music was written for the film by Lee Hartney from The Smith Street Band but didn't make the final cut.

text: The tour and TV appearance are done in the authentic style of rock bands of the mid-1960s, including Go-Go girls, elaborate sharing of microphones, and formal clothing in various matching colors.

text: The character of fictional Pittsburgh disc jockey "Boss Vic Koss" whose actual last name was "Kosslovich" may be inspired by real-life Pittsburgh radio personality "Mad Mike Metro," who worked at WZUM in the 60s. His actual last name was "Metrovich.

text: The song "Voyage Around the Moon" by the fictional band Saturn 5 closely resembles "Pipeline" by The Chantays. The scene where The Wonders are miming the instrumental tune "Shrimp Shack" during the filming of a beach party film titled Weekend at Party Pier is an overt reference to the scene in Pajama Party wherein The Nooney Rickett 4 play the instrumental song Beach Ball.[6]

text: The movie was written at a time when Hanks' was dealing with his own issues with increasing successes in his career. During his appearance on Inside the Actors Studio, Hanks said he told the studio, "I'm a big honkin' star and you have to let me do what I want to do", to which the studio replied, "You're absolutely right."

text: The (fictional) Wonders[edit]

text: There were at least two real bands named the Wonders who made the record charts at various radio stations in the early '60s. One had a ballad titled "With These Hands" (b/w "Please Don't Cry"; Bamboo 523) that was played by KCRG in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in the fall of 1962.[7]

text: The other Wonders had a regional hit record called "Say There" (b/w "Marilyn"; Colpix 699), released by Colpix Records in August 1963.[8] Little is known about these Wonders, except that they were probably from Ohio or Pennsylvania; "Say There" hit the Top 20 at WCOL in Columbus, Ohio, and made the Top 30 at KQV in Pittsburgh.[9] (There is a scene in the film in which a disc jockey at WCOL is seen playing "That Thing You Do!")[10]

text: There are numerous references to The Beatles in the storyline:

text:
The name "The Oneders" references The Beatles purposeful misspelling in their name.
Both bands lost their original bass player and replaced their original drummer.
White is modeled on Brian Epstein and in the extended cut is shown to have a boyfriend (Epstein was gay).
Guy Patterson was modeled on the experience of Jimmie Nicol replacing Ringo Starr for one tour.[11]
The "Careful girls, he's engaged" caption under Mattingly's name is a reference to the "Sorry girls, he's married" caption under John Lennon's name when The Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show.
Faye is mistaken for a fan and is prevented by the police from following the band. A similar incident happened to Cynthia Lennon, John Lennon's wife.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album (released under the Play-Tone name in conjunction with Epic Records) was also a hit, peaking at #21 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The CD artwork is a replica of the fictional Play-Tone label used in the movie, and the liner notes are done in a mockumentary style, as if the Wonders had been a real group and the events of the film had actually happened. Hanks later used the success of That Thing You Do! as a spring-board to launch the actual Playtone Records label, through which the soundtracks of all his subsequent films, and other films like Bring It On and television programs like The Sopranos were released as albums.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Music
Artist
Length

1.
"Lovin' You Lots and Lots"
Tom Hanks
The Norm Wooster Singers
1:54

2.
"That Thing You Do!"
Adam Schlesinger
The Wonders
2:47

3.
"Little Wild One"
David Gibbs, Steve Hurley, Phil Hurley, Fred Elringham
The Wonders
2:30

4.
"Dance With Me Tonight"
Scott Rogness, Rick Elias
The Wonders
2:05

5.
"All My Only Dreams"
Rogness, Elias
The Wonders
2:54

6.
"I Need You (That Thing You Do)" (The movie credits list this song as being from 'The Heardsmen'.)
Rogness, Elias, Linda Elias
The Wonders
2:53

7.
"She Knows It"
Rogness, Elias
The Heardsmen
3:01

8.
"Mr. Downtown"
Hanks, Gary Goetzman, Mike Piccirillo
Freddy Fredrickson
2:32

9.
"Hold My Hand, Hold My Heart"
Hanks, Goetzman, Piccirillo
The Chantrellines
3:11

10.
"Voyage Around The Moon"
Hanks, Goetzman, Piccirillo
The Saturn 5
3:04

11.
"My World Is Over"
Piccirillo
Diane Dane
3:01

12.
"Drive Faster"
Rogness, Elias
The Vicksburgs
2:48

13.
"Shrimp Shack"
Piccirillo
Cap'n Geech & The Shrimp Shack Shooters
2:22

14.
"Time To Blow"
Steve Tyrell, Robert Mann
Del Paxton
4:20

15.
"That Thing You Do! (Live at the Hollywood Television Showcase)"
Schlesinger
The Wonders
2:54

Total length:
42:09

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was well received by critics and currently holds a 93% fresh rating at the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 56 reviews with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "A light, sweet, and thoroughly entertaining debut for director Tom Hanks, That Thing You Do! makes up in charm what it lacks in complexity". The film debuted at No. 3.[12] The film grossed $25,857,416 domestically and $8,728,000 abroad for a worldwide gross of $34,585,416.[1]

text: The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in this list:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"That Thing You Do!" – Nominated[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Initial release[edit]

text: That Thing You Do! was first released in mid-1997 on VHS. In 1998, the film became available in the DIVX format (as with all 20th Century Fox films), rather than DVD.

text: First DVD[edit]

text: After DIVX failed, the film was released onto DVD on June 5, 2001. It included the featurette "The Making of That Thing You Do!," and two music videos.

text: Extended Edition DVD[edit]

text: On May 8, 2007, Tom Hanks' Extended Edition was released on DVD. The film's theatrical cut and an extended cut with 39 additional minutes of deleted scenes are included.

text: Many of the deleted scenes are devoted to character development. A tastefully steamy look at Guy's "make-out" session with Tina at his apartment is included. The extended version also goes more in-depth with Guy's developing relationship with Faye (via mild flirting) and his deteriorating relationship with Tina, as well as Tina's budding relationship with her dentist, Dr. Collins. It also suggests that the character portrayed by Tom Hanks (Mr. White) is not only gay but in a relationship with a man played by former NFL defensive lineman Howie Long.

text: More camera time is also devoted to the romance between the bass player and one of the singers of the Chantrellines. In the theatrical cut, this romance was depicted mainly as an unrequited crush on the part of the bass player; in the extended cut it is clearly shown that his efforts were successful.

text: At the end of the Extended Edition, rather than becoming a studio drummer on the recommendation of Del Paxton, Guy becomes a disc jockey for the jazz station KJZZ and records a documentary series of interviews with legendary jazz musicians.

text: 2007 DVD repackage re-release[edit]

text: That Thing You Do! was packaged with Bachelor Party and The Man with One Red Shoe in the Tom Hanks Triple Feature DVD anthology set. The actual DVD appears to be the original 2001 disc, with the featurette and music videos.

text: Blu-ray release[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray on April 2, 2013. The Blu-ray includes the Theatrical and Extended cuts as well as all of the bonus features found on the 2-Disc DVD.


document_title: Languages of India

question_text: first indian language to be declared as a classical language

question_tokens: first indian language to be declared as a classical language

text: Languages of India

text: History[edit]

text: The southern Indian languages are from the Dravidian family. The Dravidian languages are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.[20] Proto-Dravidian languages were spoken in India in the 4th millennium BCE and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE.[21] The Dravidian languages are classified in four groups: North, Central (Kolami–Parji), South-Central (Telugu–Kui) and South Dravidian (Tamil-Kannada).[22]

text: The northern Indian languages from the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family evolved from Old Indic by way of the Middle Indic Prakrit languages and Apabhraṃśa of the Middle Ages. The Indo-Aryan languages developed and emerged in three stages — Old Indo-Aryan (1500 BCE to 600 BCE), Middle Indo-Aryan stage (600 BCE and 1000 CE) and New Indo-Aryan (between 1000 CE and 1300 CE). The modern north Indian Indo-Aryan languages all evolved into distinct, recognisable languages in the New Indo-Aryan Age.[23]

text: Persian or Farsi was brought into India by the Ghaznavids and other Turko-Afghan dynasties as the court language. Culturally Persianized, they, in combination with the later Mughal dynasty (of Turco-Mongol origin), influenced the art, history and literature of the region for more than 500 years, resulting in the Persianisation of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English and Hindustani in Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes, and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced Persianised vocabulary with Sanskrit derivations and replaced or supplemented the use of Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes with Devanagari.[14][24]

text: Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences. For example, Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic,  leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu as registers of the Hindustani language.[25][26] Hindi and Urdu are two of India's official languages.

text: Inventories[edit]

text: The first official survey of language diversity in the Indian subcontinent was carried out by Sir George Abraham Grierson from 1898 to 1928. Titled the Linguistic Survey of India, it reported a total of 179 languages and 544 dialects.[27] However, the results were skewed due to ambiguities in distinguishing between "dialect" and "language",[27] use of untrained personnel and under-reporting of data from South India, as the former provinces of Burma and Madras, as well as the princely states of Cochin, Hyderabad, Mysore and Travancore were not included in the survey.[28]

text: Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped. Ethnologue, produced by the Christian evangelist organisation SIL International,  lists 461 tongues for India (out of 6,912 worldwide), 447 of which are living, while 14 are extinct. The 447 living languages are further subclassified in Ethnologue as follows:-[29][30]

text:
Institutional – 63
Developing – 130
Vigorous – 187
In trouble – 54
Dying – 13

text: The People’s Linguistic Survey of India, a privately owned research institution in India, has recorded over 66 different scripts and more than 780 languages in India during its nationwide survey, which the organisation claims to be the biggest linguistic survey in India.[31]

text: The People of India (POI) project of Anthropological Survey of India reported 325 languages which are used for in-group communication by 5,633 Indian communities.[32]

text: Census of India figures[edit]

text: The Census of India records and publishes data with respect to the number of speakers for languages and dialects, but uses its own unique terminology, distinguishing between language and mother tongue. The mother tongues are grouped within each language. Many of the mother tongues so defined could be considered a language rather than a dialect by linguistic standards. This is especially so for many mother tongues with tens of millions of speakers that are officially grouped under the language Hindi.

text: Separate figures for Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi were not issued, due to the fact the returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as East Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, PEPSU, and Bilaspur.[33]

text: The 1961 census recognised 1,652 mother tongues spoken by 438,936,918 people, counting all declarations made by any individual at the time when the census was conducted.[34]  However, the declaring individuals often mixed names of languages with those of dialects, subdialects and dialect clusters or even castes, professions, religions, localities, regions, countries and nationalities.[34] The list therefore includes languages with barely a few individual speakers as well as 530 unclassified mother tongues and more than 100 idioms that are non-native to India, including linguistically unspecific demonyms such as "African", "Canadian" or "Belgian".[34]

text: The 1991 census recognises 1,576 classified mother tongues.[35] According to the 1991 census, 22 languages had more than a million native speakers, 50 had more than 100,000 and 114 had more than 10,000 native speakers. The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers (out of a total of 838 million Indians in 1991).[35][36]

text: According to the most recent census of 2001, there are 1635 rationalised mother tongues, 234 identifiable mother tongues and 22 major languages.[13] Of these, 29 languages have more than a million native speakers, 60 have more than 100,000 and 122 have more than 10,000 native speakers.[37] There are a few languages like Kodava that do not have a script but have a group of native speakers in Coorg (Kodagu).[38]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2018)

text: The language-related data results of the 2011 Census have not yet been released by the Government of India.[39]

text: Multilingualism[edit]

text:
First, second, and third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census)

Language

 First languagespeakers[40][41]

First languagespeakers as a percentage
of total population[42]

 Second languagespeakers[41]

 Third languagespeakers[41]

 Total speakers[43][41]

Total speakers as a
percentage of total
population[42]

Hindi

422,048,642

41.03

98,207,180

31,160,696

551,416,518

53.60

English

226,449

0.02

86,125,221

38,993,066

125,344,736

12.18

Bengali

83,369,769

8.10

6,637,222

1,108,088

91,115,079

8.86

Telugu

74,002,856

7.19

9,723,626

1,266,019

84,992,501

8.26

Marathi

71,936,894

6.99

9,546,414

2,701,498

84,184,806

8.18

Tamil

60,793,814

5.91

4,992,253

956,335

66,742,402

6.49

Urdu

51,536,111

5.01

6,535,489

1,007,912

59,079,512

5.74

Kannada

37,924,011

3.69

11,455,287

1,396,428

50,775,726

4.94

Gujarati

46,091,617

4.48

3,476,355

703,989

50,271,961

4.89

Odia

33,017,446

3.21

3,272,151

319,525

36,609,122

3.56

Malayalam

33,066,392

3.21

499,188

195,885

33,761,465

3.28

Sanskrit

14,135

<0.01

1,234,931

3,742,223

4,991,289

0.49

text: Language families[edit]

text: Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of language families, language phyla and isolates.[8]:283 The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are :[44]

text:
Indo-Aryan language family
Dravidian language family
Austroasiatic language family
Sino-Tibetan language family
Tai–Kadai language family
Great Andamanese languages

text: Indo-Aryan language family[edit]

text:
The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo-Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family.
This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5 of the population, as per 2018 estimate.
The most widely spoken languages of this group are Hindi (or more correctly, Hindustani, which includes Hindi and Urdu), Bengali, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Assamese (Asamiya), Maithili and Odia.[45] Aside from the Indo-Aryan languages, other Indo-European languages are also spoken in India, the most prominent of which is English, as a lingua franca.

text: Dravidian language family[edit]

text: The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family, accounting for some 277 million speakers, or approximately 20.5% as per 2018 estimate The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.[7] Besides the mainstream population, Dravidian languages are also spoken by small scheduled tribe communities, such as the Oraon and Gond tribes.[46] Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India, Brahui in Pakistan and Dhangar, a dialect of Kurukh, in Nepal.[47]

text: Austroasiatic language family[edit]

text: Families with smaller numbers of speakers are Austroasiatic and numerous small Sino-Tibetan languages, with some 10 and 6 million speakers, respectively, together 3% of the population.[48]

text: The Austroasiatic language family (austro meaning South) is the autochthonous language in South Asia and Southeast Asia, other language families having arrived by migration. Austroasiatic languages of mainland India are the Khasi and Munda languages, including Santhali. The languages of the Nicobar islands also form part of this language family. With the exceptions of Khasi and Santhali, all Austroasiatic languages on Indian territory are endangered.[8]:456–457

text: Sino-Tibetan language family[edit]

text: The Sino-Tibetan language family are well represented in India. However, their interrelationships are not discernible, and the family has been described as "a patch of leaves on the forest floor" rather than with the conventional metaphor of a "family tree".[8]:283–5

text: Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken across the Himalayas in the regions of Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and also in the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, (hills and autonomous councils - BTC)[49][50] Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram. Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in India include the scheduled languages Meitei and Bodo, the non-scheduled languages of Karbi, Lepcha, and many varieties of several related Tibetic, West Himalayish, Tani, Brahmaputran, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhul, Zeme, Kukish language groups, amongst many others.

text: Tai-Kadai language family[edit]

text: Ahom language belonging to Southwestern Tai language had been once the dominant language of Ahom Kingdom in modern-day Assam but had been replaced later by Assamese language(known as Kamrupi in ancient era which is the pre-form of the kamrupia dialect of today). Nowadays, small Tai communities and their languages remain in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh together with Sino-Tibetans, e.g. Tai Phake, Tai Aiton and Tai Khamti language, which are similar to Shan language of Shan state of Myanmar, Dai language in Yunnan of China, Lao language of Laos, Thai language of Thailand and Zhuang language in Guangxi of China.

text: Great Andamanese language family[edit]

text: The extinct and endangered languages of the Andaman Islands form a fifth family- the Great Andamanese language family, comprising two families, namely:[51]

text:
the Great Andamanese, comprising a number of extinct languages apart from one highly endangered language with a dwindling number of speakers.
the Ongan family of the southern Andaman Islands, comprising two extant languages, Önge and Jarawa, and one extinct tongue, Jangil.

text: In addition, Sentinelese, an unattested language of the Andaman Islands, is generally considered to be related and part of the language family.[51]

text: Language isolates[edit]

text: The only language found in the Indian mainland that is considered a language isolate is Nahali.[8]:337 The status of Nahali is ambiguous, having been considered as a distinct Austro-Asiatic language, as a dialect of Munda language and also as being a "thieves' argot" rather than a legitimate language.[52][53]

text: The other language isolates found in the rest of South Asia include Burushaski, a language spoken in Gilgit–Baltistan (administered by Pakistan), Kusunda (in western Nepal) and Vedda (in Sri Lanka).[8]:283 The validity of the Great Andamanese language group as a language family has been questioned and it has been considered a language isolate by some authorities.[8]:283[54][55]

text: In addition, a Bantu language, Sidi, was spoken until the mid-20th century in Gujarat.[8]:528

text: Influences[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The language families in India are not necessarily related to the various ethnic groups in India, specifically the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian people. The languages within each family have been influenced to a large extent by both families.

text: Urdu has also had a significant influence on many of today's Indian languages. Many North Indian languages have lost much of their Sanskritised base (50% current vocabulary) to a more Urdu-based form. In terms of the written script, most Indian languages, except the Tamil script, nearly perfectly accommodate the Sanskrit language. South Indian languages have adopted new letters to write various Indo-Aryan based words as well, and have added new letters to their native alphabets as the languages began to mix and influence each other.

text: Though various Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages may seem mutually exclusive when first heard, there is a much deeper underlying influence that both language families have had on each other down to a linguistic science. There is proof of the intermixing of Dravidian and Indo-Aryan languages through the pockets of Dravidian-based languages on remote areas of Pakistan, and interspersed areas of North India. In addition, there is a whole science regarding the tonal and cultural expression within the languages that are quite standard across India. Languages may have different vocabulary, but various hand and tonal gestures within two unrelated languages can still be common due to cultural amalgamations between invading people and the natives over time; in this case, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the native Dravidian people.

text: Official languages[edit]

text: Federal level[edit]

text: Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes.[56]

text: In 1946, the issue of national language was a bitterly contested subject in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what should be the language in which the Constitution of India is written and the language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving of the epithet "national". Members belonging to the northern parts of India insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on the grounds that English was much better to craft the nuanced prose on constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent language were bitterly resisted by the members from those parts of India where Hindi was not spoken natively. Eventually, a compromise was reached with Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union but for "fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution, the English Language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement".[56]

text: Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of India states "The Official Language of the Union government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script."[57]:212[58] Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965.[57]:212[58]

text: As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehru ensured the enactment of the Official Languages Act, 1963,[59][60] which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.[56] The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.[56]

text: In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.[56][61]

text: As a result, the proposal was dropped,[62][63] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.[59]

text: The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language.[10][11]

text: Hindi[edit]

text: Hindi, written in Devanagari script, is the most prominent language spoken in the country. In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language.[64] This figure not only included Hindi speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify as native speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language of most people living in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan.[65]

text: "Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is the official language of the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages used for business in Parliament.[citation needed]

text: Hindustani, evolved from khari boli, a prominent tongue of Mughal times, which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa, an intermediary transition stage from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languages have evolved.[citation needed]

text: Varieties of Hindi spoken in India include Rajasthani, Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Hindustani, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Magahi and Chhattisgarhi. By virtue of its being a lingua franca, Hindi has also developed regional dialects such as Bambaiya Hindi in Mumbai. In addition, a trade language, Andaman Creole Hindi has also developed in the Andaman Islands.[citation needed]

text: In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a lingua franca across both North and Central India[citation needed]

text: Hindi is widely taught both as a primary language and language of instruction, and as a second tongue in most states.

text: English[edit]

text: British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a lingua franca over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a de facto lingua franca over much of India.[56][61]

text: Scheduled languages[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Until the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Meitei and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages,[57]:330 which are given in the table below together with the speaking population and the regions where they are used.[64]

text:
Language

Family

Assamese
Indo-Aryan

Bengali (Bangla)
Indo-Aryan

Bodo
Sino-Tibetan

Dogri
Indo-Aryan

Gujarati
Indo-Aryan

Hindi
Indo-Aryan

Kannada
Dravidian

Kashmiri
Indo-Aryan

Konkani
Indo-Aryan

Maithili
Indo-Aryan

Malayalam
Dravidian

Meitei
Sino-Tibetan

Marathi
Indo-Aryan

Nepali
Indo-Aryan

Odia
Indo-Aryan

Punjabi
Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit
Indo-Aryan

Santali
Austroasiatic

Sindhi
Indo-Aryan

Tamil
Dravidian

Telugu
Dravidian

Urdu
Indo-Aryan

text: The individual states, the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio-linguistic lines, can legislate their own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples being Karnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannada and Gujarati as their sole official language respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, has two languages, Telugu and Urdu, as its official languages.

text: Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmir uses Urdu, which is spoken by fewer than 1% of the population. Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01% of the population. This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense.[67]

text: In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language  as official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in use.[68] and Bengali in the Barak Valley,[69] as its official languages.

text: Prominent languages of India[edit]

text: Bengali[edit]

text: Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation of Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal, Tripura and Barak Valley region of Assam. Bengali (also spelt as Bangla: বাংলা) is the fifth most spoken language in the world. After partition of India (1947), refugees from East Pakistan were settled in Tripura, and Jharkhand and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There is also a large number of Bengali-speaking people in Maharashtra and Gujarat where they work as artisans in jewellery industries. Bengali developed from Abahatta, a derivative of Apabhramsha, itself derived from Magadhi Prakrit. The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, also borrowings & reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with. Like most Indian languages, Bengali has a number of dialects. It exhibits diglossia, with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.[70] Bengali language has developed a rich cultural base spanning art, music, literature and religion. There have been many movements in defence of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as the International Mother Language Day in commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952.[71]

text: Telugu[edit]

text: Telugu is the most widely spoken Dravidian language in India. Telugu is an official language in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, making it one of the few languages (along with Hindi, Bengali, and Urdu) with official status in more than one state. It is also spoken by a significant number of people in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages with classical status in India. Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India (74 million in the 2001 Census), fifteenth in the Ethnologue list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language.

text: Marathi[edit]

text: Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language in Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India respectively, and is one of the official languages of India. There were 71 million speakers in 2001 and 73 million speakers in 2007, ranking 19th in the list of most spoken languages. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about 1200 AD (Mukundraj's Vivek Sindhu from the close of the 12th century). The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. There are other related languages such as Khandeshi, Dangi, Vadvali and Samavedi. Malvani Konkani has been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties.Marathi is one of several languages that descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi.

text: Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes.

text: Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Dravidian languages, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit. Many scholars claim that Sanskrit has derived many words from Marathi. Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, English and a little from Portuguese.

text: Tamil[edit]

text:
Tamil (also spelt as Thamizh: தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu, Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census[72][better source needed]) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages.[citation needed] It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world.[73][74] It has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognisably continuous with a classical past."[75] The two earliest manuscripts from India,[76][77] acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, are in Tamil.[78]
Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and Singapore. It is also recognized as minority language in Canada, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa.

text: Urdu[edit]

text: After independence, Modern Standard Urdu,  the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language of Pakistan. During British colonial times, a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was a must for officials. Hindustani was made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of administration. The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages.  Urdu had 70 million speakers in India (as per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations.

text: Gujarati[edit]

text: Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Indian region of Gujarat. Gujarati is part of the greater Indo-European language family. Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati (c. 1100 – 1500 CE), the same source as that of Rajasthani. Gujarati is the chief language in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also an official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 4.5% of population of India (1.21 billion according to 2011 census) speaks Gujarati. This amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India.[79]

text: Kannada[edit]

text: Kannada language is a Dravidian language which branched off from Kannada-Tamil sub group around 500 B.C.E according to the Dravidian scholar Zvelebil.[80]  According to the Dravidian scholars Steever and Krishnamurthy, the study of Kannada language is usually divided into three linguistic phases: Old (450–1200 CE), Middle (1200–1700 CE) and Modern (1700–present).[81][82] The earliest written records are from the 5th century,[83] and the earliest available literature in rich manuscript (Kavirajamarga) is from c. 850.[84][85] Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all vernacular languages of India.[86][87] Current estimates of the total number of epigraph present in Karnataka range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by the Sahitya Akademi,[88] making Karnataka state "one of the most densely inscribed pieces of real estate in the world".[89] According to Garg and Shipely, more than a thousand notable writers have contributed to the wealth of the language.[90][91]

text: Malayalam[edit]

text:
Malayalam (/mæləˈjɑːləm/;[92] മലയാളം, Malayāḷam ? [
maləjaːɭəm]) has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people. Malayalam is also spoken in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; with some speakers in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, and the Dakshina Kannada and the Kodagu district of Karnataka.[93][94][95] Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil (Sen-Tamil) in the 7th century.[96] As Malayalam began to freely borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit, the Grantha alphabet was adopted for writing and came to be known as Arya Eluttu.[97] This developed into the modern Malayalam script.[98]

text: Odia[edit]

text: Odia (formerly spelled Oriya)[99] is the only Indian classical language from Indo-Aryan group alongside Sanskrit. Odia is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Odisha and has over 40 million speakers. It was declared as a classical language of India in 2014. Native speakers comprise 80% of the population in Odisha.[100] Odia is thought to have originated from Magadhi Prakrit similar to Ardha Magadhi, a language spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years ago. The history of Odia language can be divided to Old Odia[101] (7th century–1200), Early Middle Odia (1200–1400), Middle Odia (1400–1700), Late Middle Odia (1700–1850) and Modern Odia (1850 till present day). The National Manuscripts Mission of India have found around 213,000 unearthed and preserved manuscripts written in Odia.[102]

text: Punjabi[edit]

text: Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script in India, is one of the prominent languages of India with about 32 million speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet. It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighboring areas. It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab.

text: Assamese[edit]

text: Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam and Brahmaputra Valley.[103] It's an Eastern Indo-Aryan language having more than 10 million speakers as per world estimates by Encarta.[104]

text: Maithili[edit]

text:
Maithili (/ˈmaɪtɪli/;[105] Maithilī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India.[106][107]
In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai, and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal.[108] Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi.[109] Today it is written in the Devanagari script.[110]

text: In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts.[111]

text: Classical languages of India[edit]

text: In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language in India".[112] In 2004, the Tamil Nadu politician M Karunanidhi offered support to the Manmohan Singh Government on the condition that the Central government would declare Tamil as a Classical language. Over the next few years, several other languages were granted the Classical status, and similar demands have been made for other languages, including Marathi.[113]

text: Languages thus far declared to be Classical:

text:
Tamil (in 2004),[114]
Sanskrit (in 2005),[115]
Kannada (in 2008),[116]
Telugu (in 2008),[116]
Malayalam (in 2013),[117]
Odia (in 2014).[118][119]

text: In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism and Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a "Classical Language",[120]

text: High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500–2000 years; a body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; the literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community; the classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.

text: The Government has been criticized for not including Pali as a classical language, as experts have argued that it fits all the above criteria.[121][122]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US(Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a "Classical Language" are:

text:
Two major international awards for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages are awarded annually.
A Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages is set up.
The University Grants Commission will be requested to create, to start with at least in the Central Universities, a certain number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages.[123]

text: Other local languages and dialects[edit]

text: The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers. Most of them are dialects/variants grouped under Hindi.[64]

text:
Languages
No. of native speakers[64]

Bhojpuri
33,099,497

Rajasthani
18,355,613

Magadhi/Magahi
13,978,565

Chhattisgarhi
13,260,186

Haryanvi
7,997,192

Marwari
7,936,183

Malvi
5,565,167

Mewari
5,091,697

Khorth/Khotta
4,725,927

Bundeli
3,072,147

Bagheli
2,865,011

Pahari
2,832,825

Laman/Lambadi
2,707,562

Awadhi
2,529,308

Harauti
2,462,867

Garhwali
2,267,314

Nimadi
2,148,146

Sadan/Sadri
2,044,776

Kumauni
2,003,783

Dhundhari
1,871,130

Tulu
1,722,768

Surgujia
1,458,533

Bagri Rajasthani
1,434,123

Banjari
1,259,821

Nagpuria (Varhadi)
1,242,586

Surajpuri
1,217,019

Sylheti
3,612,653

Kangri
1,122,843

text: Practical problems[edit]

text: India has several languages in use; choosing any single language as an official language presents problems to all those whose "mother tongue" is different. However, all the boards of education across India recognise the need for training people to one common language.[124] There are complaints that in North India, non-Hindi speakers have language trouble. Similarly, there are complaints that North Indians have to undergo difficulties on account of language when travelling to South India. It is common to hear of incidents that result due to friction between those who strongly believe in the chosen official language, and those who follow the thought that the chosen language(s) do not take into account everyone's preferences.[125] Local official language commissions have been established and various steps are being taken in a direction to reduce tensions and friction.[citation needed]

text: Language conflicts[edit]

text: There are conflicts over linguistic rights in India. The first major linguistic conflict, known as the Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, took place in Tamil Nadu against the implementation of Hindi as the official language of India. Political analysts consider this as a major factor in bringing DMK to power and leading to the ousting and nearly total elimination of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu.[126] Strong cultural pride based on language is also found in other Indian states such as Karnataka, Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. To express disapproval of the imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the government of Maharashtra made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions.[127]

text: The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[clarification needed][citation needed]

text: Writing systems[edit]

text: Most languages in India are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such as Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Eastern Nagari - Assamese/Bengali, etc., though Urdu is written in a script derived from Arabic, and a few minor languages such as Santali use independent scripts.[citation needed]

text: Various Indian languages have their own scripts. Hindi, Marathi and Angika are languages written using the Devanagari script. Most major languages are written using a script specific to them, such as Assamese (Asamiya)[128][129][130] with Asamiya,[131] Bengali with Bengali, Punjabi with Gurmukhi, Odia with Odia script, Gujarati with Gujarati, etc. Urdu and sometimes Kashmiri, Saraiki and Sindhi are written in modified versions of the Perso-Arabic script. With this one exception, the scripts of Indian languages are native to India. Languages like Kodava that didn't have a script whereas Tulu which had a script adopted Kannada due to its readily available printing settings; these languages have taken up the scripts of the local official languages as their own and are written in the Kannada script.[132]

text:
Tamil-Brahmi inscription in Jambaimalai.

Silver coin issued during the reign of Rudra Singha with Assamese inscriptions.

North Indian Brahmi found in Ashok pillar.

The Halmidi inscription, the oldest known inscription in the Kannada script and language. The inscription is dated to the 450 CE - 500 CE period.

An early Telugu inscription found in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh.