document_title: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when did italy not qualify for the world cup

text: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

text: World Cup record[edit]

text: Champions       Runners-up       Third Place       Fourth Place

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
D*
L
GF
GA

 1930
Did Not Enter

 1934
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
12
3

 1938
Champions
1st
4
4
0
0
11
5

 1950
Group Stage
7th
2
1
0
1
4
3

 1954
10th
3
1
0
2
6
7

 1958
Did Not Qualify

 1962
Group Stage
9th
3
1
1
1
3
2

 1966
9th
3
1
0
2
2
2

 1970
Runners-up
2nd
6
3
2
1
10
8

 1974
Group Stage
10th
3
1
1
1
5
4

 1978
Fourth Place
4th
7
4
1
2
9
6

 1982
Champions
1st
7
4
3
0
12
6

 1986
Round of 16
12th
4
1
2
1
5
6

 1990
Third Place
3rd
7
6
1
0
10
2

 1994
Runners-up
2nd
7
4
2
1
8
5

 1998
Quarter Final
5th
5
3
2
0
8
3

  2002
Round of 16
15th
4
1
1
2
5
5

 2006
Champions
1st
7
5
2
0
12
2

 2010
Group Stage
26th
3
0
2
1
4
5

 2014
22nd
3
1
0
2
2
3

 2018
Did Not Qualify

 2022
TBD

Total
4 Titles
18/21
83
45
21
17
128
77

text:
[show]Italy's World Cup record

First Match

Italy  7–1  United States
(27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Win

Italy  7–1  United States
(27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Defeat

Switzerland   4–1  Italy
(23 June 1954; Basel, Switzerland)
Brazil  4–1  Italy
(21 June 1970; Mexico City, Mexico)

Best Result

Champions at the 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006 World Cups

Worst Result

Group Stage at the 1950, 1954, 1962, 1966, 2010 and 2014 World Cups

text: Winning World Cups[edit]

text:
Year
Manager
Captain
Winning Goal Scorer(s)

1934
Vittorio Pozzo
Gianpiero Combi
Raimundo Orsi, Angelo Schiavio

1938
Vittorio Pozzo
Giuseppe Meazza
Gino Colaussi (2), Silvio Piola (2)

1982
Enzo Bearzot
Dino Zoff
Paolo Rossi, Marco Tardelli, Alessandro Altobelli

2006
Marcello Lippi
Fabio Cannavaro
Marco Materazzi, Fabio Grosso (decisive penalty)

text: World Cup Finals[edit]

text: 1934 World Cup Final v Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: With temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F), Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia.

text:
Italy
2–1 (a.e.t.)
 Czechoslovakia

Orsi  81'
Schiavio  95'
Report
Puč  71'

text:
GK
Gianpiero Combi (c)

RB
Eraldo Monzeglio

LB
Luigi Allemandi

RH
Attilio Ferraris

CH
Luis Monti

LH
Luigi Bertolini

OR
Enrique Guaita

IR
Giuseppe Meazza

IL
Giovanni Ferrari

OL
Raimundo Orsi

CF
Angelo Schiavio

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK
František Plánička (c)

RB
Josef Čtyřoký

LB
Ladislav Ženíšek

RH
Rudolf Krčil

CH
Štefan Čambal

LH
Josef Košťálek

OR
Antonín Puč

IR
Oldřich Nejedlý

IL
František Svoboda

OL
František Junek

CF
Jiří Sobotka

Manager:

 Karel Petrů

text: 1938 World Cup Final v Hungary[edit]

text: After a difficult route to the final, defeating hosts France in the quarter-finals and Brazil in the semis, Italy was the first team to win the World Cup title on foreign ground. Also, it was the first of only two times in World Cup history that a team successfully defended their title.

text:
Italy
4–2
 Hungary

Colaussi  6', 35'
Piola  16', 82'
Report
Titkos  8'
Sárosi  70'

text:
GK

Aldo Olivieri

RB

Alfredo Foni

LB

Pietro Rava

RH

Pietro Serantoni

LH

Ugo Locatelli

CH

Michele Andreolo

IR

Giuseppe Meazza (c)

IL

Giovanni Ferrari

OR

Amedeo Biavati

CF

Silvio Piola

OL

Gino Colaussi

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK

Antal Szabó

RB

Sándor Bíró

LB

Gyula Polgár

RH

Gyula Lázár

LH

Antal Szalay

CH

György Szűcs

IR

Gyula Zsengellér

IL

Jenő Vincze

OR

Pál Titkos

CF

György Sárosi (c)

OL

Ferenc Sas

Manager:

 Alfréd Schaffer

text: 1970 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: In 1970, the Brazilian team featured superstars like Pelé, Rivelino, Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto and were considered favourites for the title. Particularly in the second hald, the Italians were outclassed by the Brazilians passing play.

text:
Brazil
4–1
 Italy

Pelé  18'
Gérson  66'
Jairzinho  71'
Carlos Alberto  86'
Report
Boninsegna  37'

text:
GK
1
Félix

DF
4
Carlos Alberto (c)

DF
2
Brito

DF
3
Piazza

DF
16
Everaldo

MF
5
Clodoaldo

MF
8
Gérson

FW
7
Jairzinho

FW
9
Tostão

FW
10
Pelé

FW
11
Rivelino

Manager:

 Mário Zagallo

GK
1
Enrico Albertosi

DF
2
Tarcisio Burgnich

DF
5
Pierluigi Cera

DF
8
Roberto Rosato

DF
3
Giacinto Facchetti (c)

MF
10
Mario Bertini

 75'

MF
13
Angelo Domenghini

MF
16
Giancarlo De Sisti

FW
15
Sandro Mazzola

FW
11
Luigi Riva

FW
20
Roberto Boninsegna

 84'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Antonio Juliano

 75'

MF
14
Gianni Rivera

 84'

Manager:

 Ferruccio Valcareggi

text: 1982 World Cup Final v West Germany[edit]

text: Italy played three draws in the first group stage in a worrisome start to the tournament, proceeding ahead of Cameroon only on number of goals scored. However, the Italians continued to defeat Brazil, Argentina and a strong Polish side over the course of the tournament and faced West Germany in the final in Madrid.

text: Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty in the goalless first half, but the dominant Italian side eventually built up a 3-0 lead and won by 3-1 in the end, securing their third World Cup trophy.

text:
Italy
3–1
 West Germany

Rossi  57'
Tardelli  69'
Altobelli  81'
Report
Breitner  83'

text:
GK
1
Dino Zoff (c)

SW
7
Gaetano Scirea

CB
6
Claudio Gentile

CB
5
Fulvio Collovati

RWB
3
Giuseppe Bergomi

LWB
4
Antonio Cabrini

DM
13
Gabriele Oriali
 73'

RM
16
Bruno Conti
 31'

CM
14
Marco Tardelli

LW
19
Francesco Graziani

 7'

CF
20
Paolo Rossi

Substitutions:

GK
12
Ivano Bordon

MF
10
Giuseppe Dossena

MF
11
Giampiero Marini

MF
15
Franco Causio

 89'

FW
18
Alessandro Altobelli

 7'
 89'

Manager:

Enzo Bearzot

GK
1
Harald Schumacher

SW
15
Uli Stielike
 73'

RB
20
Manfred Kaltz

CB
4
Karlheinz Förster

LB
5
Bernd Förster

RM
6
Wolfgang Dremmler
 61'
 62'

CM
3
Paul Breitner

LM
2
Hans-Peter Briegel

RW
11
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)

 70'

LW
7
Pierre Littbarski
 88'

CF
8
Klaus Fischer

Substitutions:

GK
21
Bernd Franke

DF
12
Wilfried Hannes

MF
10
Hansi Müller

 70'

MF
14
Felix Magath

FW
9
Horst Hrubesch

 62'

Manager:

Jupp Derwall

text: 1994 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: The 1994 final was the first ever to be decided on penalties after goalless 120 minutes. Italian captain Franco Baresi missed the very first penalty, and Roberto Baggio the decisive last one.

text: Italy became the first team to lose two World Cup finals against the same opponent.

text:
Brazil
0–0
(a.e.t.)
 Italy

Report

Penalties

Márcio Santos
Romário
Branco
Dunga
3–2
 Baresi
 Albertini
 Evani
 Massaro
 R. Baggio

text:
GK
1
Cláudio Taffarel

RB
2
Jorginho

 21'

CB
13
Aldair

CB
15
Marcio Santos

LB
6
Branco

CM
5
Mauro Silva

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
17
Mazinho
 4'

AM
9
Zinho

 106'

CF
11
Romário

CF
7
Bebeto

Substitutions:

DF
14
Cafu
 87'
 21'

FW
21
Viola

 106'

Manager:

 Carlos Alberto Parreira

GK
1
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
8
Roberto Mussi

 35'

CB
6
Franco Baresi (c)

CB
5
Paolo Maldini

LB
3
Antonio Benarrivo

RM
14
Nicola Berti

CM
13
Dino Baggio

 95'

CM
11
Demetrio Albertini
 42'

LM
16
Roberto Donadoni

CF
10
Roberto Baggio

CF
19
Daniele Massaro

Substitutes:

DF
2
Luigi Apolloni
 41'
 35'

MF
17
Alberigo Evani

 95'

Manager:

 Arrigo Sacchi

text: 2006 World Cup Final v France[edit]

text: Italian defender Marco Materazzi was involved in all three outstanding moments of the first 120 minutes: He conceded the penalty that was converted by Zinedine Zidane early in the game, equalised with a powerful header soon after, and provoked Zidane in a manner that lead to the French captain being sent off. He also scored in the penalty-shootout that was to follow.

text: It was only the second time a World Cup final was decided on penalties, again involving Italy after the 1994 final lost to Brazil.

text:
Italy
1–1 (a.e.t.)
 France

Materazzi  19'

Report

Zidane  7' (pen.)

Penalties

Pirlo
Materazzi
De Rossi
Del Piero
Grosso

5–3

 Wiltord
 Trezeguet
 Abidal
 Sagnol

text:
GK
1
Gianluigi Buffon

RB
19
Gianluca Zambrotta
 5'

CB
5
Fabio Cannavaro (c)

CB
23
Marco Materazzi

LB
3
Fabio Grosso

RM
16
Mauro Camoranesi

 86'

CM
8
Gennaro Gattuso

CM
21
Andrea Pirlo

LM
20
Simone Perrotta

 61'

SS
10
Francesco Totti

 61'

CF
9
Luca Toni

Substitutions:

MF
4
Daniele De Rossi

 61'

FW
15
Vincenzo Iaquinta

 61'

FW
7
Alessandro Del Piero

 86'

Manager:

 Marcello Lippi

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
19
Willy Sagnol
 12'

CB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
William Gallas

LB
3
Éric Abidal

CM
4
Patrick Vieira

 56'

CM
6
Claude Makélélé
 76'

RW
22
Franck Ribéry

 100'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane (c)
 110'

LW
7
Florent Malouda
 111'

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 107'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Alou Diarra

 56'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 100'

FW
11
Sylvain Wiltord

 107'

Manager:

 Raymond Domenech

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Against
Score
Scorers

1934
Round 1
 United States
7–1
Schiavio (3), Orsi (2), Ferrari, Meazza

Quarter-Final
 Spain
1–1 (a.e.t)
Ferrari

Quarter-Final (replay)
 Spain
1–0
Meazza

Semi-Final
 Austria
1–0
Guaita

Final
 Czechoslovakia
2–1 (a.e.t)
Orsi, Schiavio

1938
Round 1
 Norway
2–1 (a.e.t)
Ferraris II, Piola

Quarter-Final
 France
3–1
Colaussi, Piola (2)

Semi-Final
 Brazil
2–1
Colaussi, Meazza

Final
 Hungary
4–2
Colaussi (2), Piola (2)

1950
Group 3
 Sweden
2–3
Carapellese, Muccinelli

Group 3
 Paraguay
2–0
Carapellese, Pandolfini

1954
Group 4
  Switzerland
1–2
Boniperti

Group 4
 Belgium
4–1
Pandolfini, Galli, Frignani, Lorenzi

Group 4 Play-off
  Switzerland
1–4
Nesti

1962
Group 2
 West Germany
0–0

Group 2
 Chile
0–2

Group 2
  Switzerland
3–0
Mora, Bulgarelli (2)

1966
Group 4
 Chile
2–0
Mazzola, Barison

Group 4
 Soviet Union
0–1

Group 4
 North Korea
0–1

1970
Group 2
 Sweden
1–0
Domenghini

Group 2
 Uruguay
0–0

Group 2
 Israel
0–0

Quarter-Final
 Mexico
4–1
Guzmán (OG), Riva (2), Rivera

Semi-Final
 West Germany
4–3 (a.e.t)
Boninsegna, Burgnich, Riva, Rivera

Final
 Brazil
1–4
Boninsegna

1974
Group 4
 Haiti
3–1
Rivera, Benetti, Anastasi

Group 4
 Argentina
1–1
Perfumo (OG)

Group 4
 Poland
1–2
Capello

1978
Group 1
 France
2–1
Rossi, Zaccarelli

Group 1
 Hungary
3–1
Rossi, Bettega, Benetti

Group 1
 Argentina
1–0
Bettega

Group A Round 2
 West Germany
0–0

Group A Round 2
 Austria
1–0
Rossi

Group A Round 2
 Netherlands
1–2
Brandts (OG)

Bronze Final
 Brazil
1–2
Causio

1982
Group 1
 Poland
0–0

Group 1
 Peru
1–1
Conti

Group 1
 Cameroon
1–1
Graziani

Group C Round 2
 Argentina
2–1
Tardelli, Cabrini

Group C Round 2
 Brazil
3–2
Rossi (3)

Semi-Final
 Poland
2–0
Rossi (2)

Final
 West Germany
3–1
Rossi, Tardelli, Altobelli

1986
Group A
 Bulgaria
1–1
Altobelli

Group A
 Argentina
1–1
Altobelli

Group A
 South Korea
3–2
Altobelli (2), Cho Kwang-Rae (OG)

Round of 16
 France
0–2

1990
Group A
 Austria
1–0
Schillaci

Group A
 United States
1–0
Giannini

Group A
 Czechoslovakia
2–0
Schillaci, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Uruguay
2–0
Schillaci, Serena

Quarter-Final
 Republic of Ireland
1–0
Schillaci

Semi-Final
 Argentina
1–1 (a.e.t), 3–4 (p)
Schillaci

Bronze Final
 England
2–1
R. Baggio, Schillaci

1994
Group E
 Republic of Ireland
0–1

Group E
 Norway
1–0
D. Baggio

Group E
 Mexico
1–1
Massaro

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–1 (a.e.t)
R. Baggio (2)

Quarter-Final
 Spain
2–1
D. Baggio, R. Baggio

Semi-Final
 Bulgaria
2–1
R. Baggio (2)

Final
 Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t), 2–3 (p)

1998
Group B
 Chile
2–2
Vieri, R. Baggio

Group B
 Cameroon
3–0
Di Biagio, Vieri (2)

Group B
 Austria
2–1
Vieri, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Norway
1–0
Vieri

Quarter-Final
 France
0–0 (a.e.t), 3–4 (p)

2002
Group G
 Ecuador
2–0
Vieri (2)

Group G
 Croatia
1–2
Vieri

Group G
 Mexico
1–1
Del Piero

Round of 16
 South Korea
1–2 (a.e.t)
Vieri

2006
Group E
 Ghana
2–0
Pirlo, Iaquinta

Group E
 United States
1–1
Gilardino

Group E
 Czech Republic
2–0
Materazzi, Inzaghi

Round of 16
 Australia
1–0
Totti

Quarter-Final
 Ukraine
3–0
Zambrotta, Toni (2)

Semi-Final
 Germany
2–0 (a.e.t)
Grosso, Del Piero

Final
 France
1–1 (a.e.t), 5–3 (p)
Materazzi

2010
Group F
 Paraguay
1–1
De Rossi

Group F
 New Zealand
1–1
Iaquinta

Group F
 Slovakia
2–3
Di Natale, Quagliarella

2014
Group D
 England
2–1
Marchisio, Balotelli

Group D
 Costa Rica
0–1

Group D
 Uruguay
0–1

text: Player appearances[edit]

text: Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups, trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus (25) and Miroslav Klose (24). This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy.

text: Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon is one of only three players who have been part of five FIFA World Cup squads.

text:
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups

1
Paolo Maldini
23
1990, 1994, 1998 and 2002

2
Antonio Cabrini
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Gaetano Scirea
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Fabio Cannavaro
18
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

5
Dino Zoff
17
1974, 1978 and 1982

6
Giuseppe Bergomi
16
1982, 1986, 1990 and 1998

Roberto Baggio
16
1990, 1994 and 1998

8
Paolo Rossi
14
1978 and 1982

Gianluigi Buffon
14
2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014

10
Claudio Gentile
13
1978 and 1982

Marco Tardelli
13
1978 and 1982

Gianluca Zambrotta
13
2002, 2006 and 2010

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Two Italians were awarded the Golden Boot for best goalscorer at a FIFA World Cup: Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990 with 6 goals each.

text:
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups

1
Paolo Rossi
9
1978 (3) and 1982 (6)

Roberto Baggio
9
1990 (2), 1994 (5) and 1998 (2)

Christian Vieri
9
1998 (5) and 2002 (4)

4
Salvatore Schillaci
6
1990

5
Silvio Piola
5
1938

Alessandro Altobelli
5
1982 (1) and 1986 (4)

7
Angelo Schiavio
4
1934

Gino Colaussi
4
1938

9
Raimundo Orsi
3
1934

Giuseppe Meazza
3
1934 (2) and 1938 (1)

Luigi Riva
3
1970

Gianni Rivera
3
1970 (2) and 1974 (1)


document_title: Salt marsh

question_text: where are salt marshes located in the us

root

text: Salt marsh

text: Basic information[edit]

text: Salt marshes occur on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitudes[3] which can be stable or emerging, or submerging if the sedimentation rate exceeds the subsidence rate. Commonly these shorelines consist of mud or sand flats (known also as tidal flats or abbreviated to mudflats) which are nourished with sediment from inflowing rivers and streams.[4] These typically include sheltered environments such as embankments, estuaries and the leeward side of barrier islands and spits. In the tropics and sub-tropics they are replaced by mangroves; an area that differs from a salt marsh in that instead of herbaceous plants, they are dominated by salt-tolerant trees.[1]

tag: p

text: Most salt marshes have a low topography with low elevations but a vast wide area, making them hugely popular for human populations.[5] Salt marshes are located among different landforms based on their physical and geomorphological settings. Such marsh landforms include deltaic marshes, estuarine, back-barrier, open coast, embayments and drowned-valley marshes. Deltaic marshes are associated with large rivers where many occur in Southern Europe such as the Camargue, France in the Rhone delta or the Ebro delta in Spain. They are also extensive within the rivers of the Mississippi Delta in the United States.[2] In New Zealand, most salt marshes occur at the head of estuaries in areas where there is little wave action and high sedimentation.[6] Such marshes are located in Awhitu Regional Park in Auckland, the Manawatu Estuary, and the Avon-Heathcote Estuary in Christchurch. Back-barrier marshes are sensitive to the reshaping of barriers in the landward side of which they have been formed.[2] They are common along much of the eastern coast of the United States and the Frisian Islands. Large, shallow coastal embayments can hold salt marshes with examples including Morecambe Bay and Portsmouth in Britain and the Bay of Fundy in North America.[2]

text: Salt marshes are sometimes included in lagoons, and the difference is not very marked; the Venetian Lagoon in Italy, for example, is made up of these sorts of animals and or living organisms belonging to this ecosystem. They have a big impact on the biodiversity of the area. Salt marsh ecology involves complex food webs which include primary producers (vascular plants, macroalgae, diatoms, epiphytes, and phytoplankton), primary consumers (zooplankton, macrozoa, molluscs, insects), and secondary consumers.[7]

text: The low physical energy and high grasses provide a refuge for animals. Many marine fish use salt marshes as nursery grounds for their young before they move to open waters. Birds may raise their young among the high grasses, because the marsh provides both sanctuary from predators and abundant food sources which include fish trapped in pools, insects, shellfish, and worms.[8]

text: Worldwide occurrence[edit]

text: Saltmarshes across 99 countries (essentially worldwide) were mapped by Mcowen et al. 2017.[9] A total of 5,495,089 hectares of mapped saltmarsh across 43 countries and territories are represented in a Geographic Information Systems polygon shapefile. This estimate is at the relatively low end of previous estimates (2.2–40 Mha). The most extensive saltmarsh worldwide are found outside the tropics, notably including the low-lying, ice-free coasts, bays and estuaries of the North Atlantic which are well represented in their global polygon dataset.[9]

text: Formation[edit]

text: The formation begins as tidal flats gain elevation relative to sea level by sediment accretion, and subsequently the rate and duration of tidal flooding decreases so that vegetation can colonize on the exposed surface.[10] The arrival of propagules of pioneer species such as seeds or rhizome portions are combined with the development of suitable conditions for their germination and establishment in the process of colonisation.[11] When rivers and streams arrive at the low gradient of the tidal flats, the discharge rate reduces and suspended sediment settles onto the tidal flat surface, helped by the backwater effect of the rising tide.[4] Mats of filamentous blue-green algae can fix silt and clay sized sediment particles to their sticky sheaths on contact[12] which can also increase the erosion resistance of the sediments.[13] This assists the process of sediment accretion to allow colonising species (e.g., Salicornia spp.) to grow. These species retain sediment washed in from the rising tide around their stems and leaves and form low muddy mounds which eventually coalesce to form depositional terraces, whose upward growth is aided by a sub-surface root network which binds the sediment.[14] Once vegetation is established on depositional terraces further sediment trapping and accretion can allow rapid upward growth of the marsh surface such that there is an associated rapid decrease in the depth and duration of tidal flooding. As a result, competitive species that prefer higher elevations relative to sea level can inhabit the area and often a succession of plant communities develops.[10]

text: Tidal flooding and vegetation zonation[edit]

text: Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.[1] It is an important process in delivering sediments, nutrients and plant water supply to the marsh.[5] At higher elevations in the upper marsh zone, there is much less tidal inflow, resulting in lower salinity levels.[1] Soil salinity in the lower marsh zone is fairly constant due to everyday annual tidal flow. However, in the upper marsh, variability in salinity is shown as a result of less frequent flooding and climate variations. Rainfall can reduce salinity and evapotranspiration can increase levels during dry periods.[1] As a result, there are microhabitats populated by different species of flora and fauna dependant on their physiological abilities. The flora of a salt marsh is differentiated into levels according to the plants' individual tolerance of salinity and water table levels. Vegetation found at the water must be able to survive high salt concentrations, periodical submersion, and a certain amount of water movement, while plants further inland in the marsh can sometimes experience dry, low-nutrient conditions. It has been found that the upper marsh zones limit species through competition and the lack of habitat protection, while lower marsh zones are determined through the ability of plants to tolerate physiological stresses such as salinity, water submergence and low oxygen levels.[15][16]

text: The New England salt marsh is subject to strong tidal influences and shows distinct patterns of zonation.[16] In low marsh areas with high tidal flooding, a monoculture of the smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora dominate, then heading landwards, zones of the salt hay, Spartina patens, black rush, Juncus gerardii and the shrub Iva frutescens are seen respectively.[15] These species all have different tolerances that make the different zones along the marsh best suited for each individual.

text: Plant species diversity is relatively low, since the flora must be tolerant of salt, complete or partial submersion, and anoxic mud substrate. The most common salt marsh plants are glassworts (Salicornia spp.) and the cordgrass (Spartina spp.), which have worldwide distribution. They are often the first plants to take hold in a mudflat and begin its ecological succession into a salt marsh. Their shoots lift the main flow of the tide above the mud surface while their roots spread into the substrate and stabilize the sticky mud and carry oxygen into it so that other plants can establish themselves as well. Plants such as sea lavenders (Limonium spp.), plantains (Plantago spp.), and varied sedges and rushes grow once the mud has been vegetated by the pioneer species.

text: Salt marshes are quite photosynthetically active and are extremely productive habitats. They serve as depositories for a large amount of organic matter and are full of decomposition, which feeds a broad food chain of organisms from bacteria to mammals. Many of the halophytic plants such as cordgrass are not grazed at all by higher animals but die off and decompose to become food for micro-organisms, which in turn become food for fish and birds.

text: Sediment trapping, accretion, and the role of tidal creeks[edit]

text: The factors and processes that influence the rate and spatial distribution of sediment accretion within the salt marsh are numerous. Sediment deposition can occur when marsh species provide a surface for the sediment to adhere to, followed by deposition onto the marsh surface when the sediment flakes off at low tide.[10] The amount of sediment adhering to salt marsh species is dependent on the type of marsh species, the proximity of the species to the sediment supply, the amount of plant biomass, and the elevation of the species.[17] For example, in a study of the Eastern Chongming Island and Jiuduansha Island tidal marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, China, the amount of sediment adhering to the species Spartina alterniflora, Phragmites australis, and Scirpus mariqueter decreased with distance from the highest levels of suspended sediment concentrations (found at the marsh edge bordering tidal creeks or the mudflats); decreased with those species at the highest elevations, which experienced the lowest frequency and depth of tidal inundations; and increased with increasing plant biomass. Spartina alterniflora, which had the most sediment adhering to it, may contribute >10% of the total marsh surface sediment accretion by this process.[17]

text: Salt marsh species also facilitate sediment accretion by decreasing current velocities and encouraging sediment to settle out of suspension.[10] Current velocities can be reduced as the stems of tall marsh species induce hydraulic drag, with the effect of minimising re-suspension of sediment and encouraging deposition.[18] Measured concentrations of suspended sediment in the water column have been shown to decrease from the open water or tidal creeks adjacent to the marsh edge, to the marsh interior,[17][18][19] probably as a result of direct settling to the marsh surface by the influence of the marsh canopy.[18][19]

text: Inundation and sediment deposition on the marsh surface is also assisted by tidal creeks[19] which are a common feature of salt marshes.[4][10][14][19][20] Their typically dendritic and meandering forms provide avenues for the tide to rise and flood the marsh surface, as well as to drain water,[14] and they may facilitate higher amounts of sediment deposition than salt marsh bordering open ocean.[20] Sediment deposition is correlated with sediment size: coarser sediments will deposit at higher elevations (closer to the creek) than finer sediments (further from the creek). Sediment size is also often correlated with particular trace metals, and can thus tidal creeks can affect metal distributions and concentrations in salt marshes, in turn affecting the biota.[21] Salt marshes do not however require tidal creeks to facilitate sediment flux over their surface[18] although salt marshes with this morphology seem to be rarely studied.

text: The elevation of marsh species is important; those species at lower elevations experience longer and more frequent tidal floods and therefore have the opportunity for more sediment deposition to occur.[17][22] Species at higher elevations can benefit from a greater chance of inundation at the highest tides when increased water depths and marsh surface flows can penetrate into the marsh interior.[19]

text: Human impacts[edit]

text: The coast is a highly attractive natural feature to humans through its beauty, resources, and accessibility. As of 2002, over half of the world's population was estimated to being living within 60 km of the coastal shoreline,[2] making coastlines highly vulnerable to human impacts from daily activities that put pressure on these surrounding natural environments. In the past, salt marshes were perceived as coastal 'wastelands,' causing considerable loss and change of these ecosystems through land reclamation for agriculture, urban development, salt production and recreation.[5][23][24] The indirect effects of human activities such as nitrogen loading also play a major role in the salt marsh area. Salt marshes can suffer from dieback in the high marsh and die-off in the low marsh.

text: Land reclamation[edit]

text: Reclamation of land for agriculture by converting marshland to upland was historically a common practice.[5] Dikes were often built to allow for this shift in land change and to provide flood protection further inland. In recent times intertidal flats have also been reclaimed.[25] For centuries, livestock such as sheep and cattle grazed on the highly fertile salt marsh land.[1][26] Land reclamation for agriculture has resulted in many changes such as shifts in vegetation structure, sedimentation, salinity, water flow, biodiversity loss and high nutrient inputs. There have been many attempts made to eradicate these problems for example, in New Zealand, the cordgrass Spartina anglica was introduced from England into the Manawatu River mouth in 1913 to try and reclaim the estuary land for farming.[6] A shift in structure from bare tidal flat to pastureland resulted from increased sedimentation and the cordgrass extended out into other estuaries around New Zealand. Native plants and animals struggled to survive as non-natives out competed them. Efforts are now being made to remove these cordgrass species, as the damages are slowly being recognized.

text: In the Blyth estuary in Suffolk in eastern England, the mid-estuary reclamations (Angel and Bulcamp marshes) that were abandoned in the 1940s have been replaced by tidal flats with compacted soils from agricultural use overlain with a thin veneer of mud. Little vegetation colonisation has occurred in the last 60–75 years and has been attributed to a combination of surface elevations too low for pioneer species to develop, and poor drainage from the compacted agricultural soils acting as an aquaclude.[27] Terrestrial soils of this nature need to adjust from fresh to saline interstitial water by a change in the chemistry and the structure of the soil, accompanied with fresh deposition of estuarine sediment, before salt marsh vegetation can establish.[11] The vegetation structure, species richness, and plant community composition of salt marshes naturally regenerated on reclaimed agricultural land can be compared to adjacent reference salt marshes to assess the success of marsh regeneration.[28]

text: Upstream agriculture[edit]

text: Cultivation of land upstream from the salt marsh can introduce increased silt inputs and raise the rate of primary sediment accretion on the tidal flats, so that pioneer species can spread further onto the flats and grow rapidly upwards out of the level of tidal inundation. As a result, marsh surfaces in this regime may have an extensive cliff at their seaward edge.[29] At the Plum Island estuary, Massachusetts (U.S.A), stratigraphic cores revealed that during the 18th and 19th century the marsh prograded over subtidal and mudflat environments to increase in area from 6 km2 to 9 km2 after European settlers deforested the land uptream and increased the rate of sediment supply.[30]

text: Urban development and nitrogen loading[edit]

text: The conversion of marshland to upland for agriculture has in the past century been overshadowed by conversion for urban development. Coastal cities worldwide have encroached onto former salt marshes and in the U.S. the growth of cities looked to salt marshes for waste disposal sites. Estuarine pollution from organic, inorganic, and toxic substances from urban development or industrialisation is a worldwide problem[25] and the sediment in salt marshes may entrain this pollution with toxic effects on floral and faunal species.[29] Urban development of salt marshes has slowed since about 1970 owing to growing awareness by environmental groups that they provide beneficial ecosystem services.[5] They are highly productive ecosystems, and when net productivity is measured in g m−2 yr−1 they are equalled only by tropical rainforests.[25] Additionally, they can help reduce wave erosion on sea walls designed to protect low-lying areas of land from wave erosion.[11]

text: De-naturalisation of the landward boundaries of salt marshes from urban or industrial enchroachment can have negative effects. In the Avon-Heathcote estuary/Ihutai, New Zealand, species abundance and the physical properties of the surrounding margins were strongly linked, and the majority of salt marsh was found to be living along areas with natural margins in the Avon and Heathcote river outlets; conversely, artificial margins contained little marsh vegetation and restricted landward retreat.[31] The remaining marshes surrounding these urban areas are also under immense pressure from the human population as human-induced nitrogen enrichment enters these habitats. Nitrogen loading through human-use indirectly affects salt marshes causing shifts in vegetation structure and the invasion of non-native species.[15]

text: Human impacts such as sewage, urban run-off, agricultural and industrial wastes are running into the marshes from nearby sources. Salt marshes are nitrogen limited[15][32] and with an increasing level of nutrients entering the system from anthropogenic effects, the plant species associated with salt marshes are being restructured through change in competition.[5] For example, the New England salt marsh is experiencing a shift in vegetation structure where S. alterniflora is spreading from the lower marsh where it predominately resides up into the upper marsh zone.[15] Additionally, in the same marshes, the reed Phragmites australis has been invading the area expanding to lower marshes and becoming a dominant species. P. australis is an aggressive halophyte that can invade disturbed areas in large numbers outcompeting native plants.[5][33][34] This loss in biodiversity is not only seen in flora assemblages but also in many animals such as insects and birds as their habitat and food resources are altered.

text: Sea level rise[edit]

text: Due to the melting of Arctic sea ice and thermal expansion of the oceans, as a result of global warming, sea levels have begun to rise. As with all coastlines, this rise in water levels are predicted to negatively affect salt marshes, by flooding and eroding them.[8] The sea level rise causes more open water zones within the salt marsh. These zones cause erosion along their edges, further eroding the marsh into open water until the whole marsh disintegrates.[35]

text: Mosquito control[edit]

text: Earlier in the 20th century, it was believed that draining salt marshes would help reduce mosquito populations. In many locations, particularly in the northeastern United States, residents and local and state agencies dug straight-lined ditches deep into the marsh flats. The end result, however, was a depletion of killifish habitat. The killifish is a mosquito predator, so the loss of habitat actually led to higher mosquito populations, and adversely affected wading birds that preyed on the killifish. These ditches can still be seen, despite some efforts to refill the ditches.[36]

text: Crab herbivory and bioturbation[edit]

text: Increased nitrogen uptake by marsh species into their leaves can prompt greater rates of length-specific leaf growth, and increase the herbivory rates of crabs. The burrowing crab Neohelice granulata frequents SW Atlantic salt marshes where high density populations can be found among populations of the marsh species Spartina densiflora and Sarcocornia perennis. In Mar Chiquita lagoon, north of Mar del Plata, Argentina, Neohelice granulata herbivory increased as a likely response to the increased nutrient value of the leaves of fertilised Spartina densiflora plots, compared to non-fertilised plots. Regardless of whether the plots were fertilised or not, grazing by Neohelice granulata also reduced the length specific leaf growth rates of the leaves in summer, while increasing their length-specific senescence rates. This may have been assisted by the increased fungal effectiveness on the wounds left by the crabs.[37]

text: The salt marshes of Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A), are experiencing creek bank die-offs of Spartina spp. (cordgrass) that has been attributed to herbivory by the crab Sesarma reticulatum. At 12 surveyed Cape Cod salt marsh sites, 10% - 90% of creek banks experienced die-off of cordgrass in association with a highly denuded substrate and high density of crab burrows. Populations of Sesarma reticulatum are increasing, possibly as a result of the degradation of the coastal food web in the region.[38] The bare areas left by the intense grazing of cordgrass by Sesarma reticulatum at Cape Cod are suitable for occupation by another burrowing crab, Uca pugnax, which are not known to consume live macrophytes. The intense bioturbation of salt marsh sediments from this crab's burrowing activity has been shown to dramatically reduce the success of Spartina alterniflora and Suaeda maritima seed germination and established seedling survival, either by burial or exposure of seeds, or uprooting or burial of established seedlings.[39] However, bioturbation by crabs may also have a positive effect. In New Zealand, the tunnelling mud crab Helice crassa has been given the stately name of an 'ecosystem engineer' for its ability to construct new habitats and alter the access of nutrients to other species. Their burrows provide an avenue for the transport of dissolved oxygen in the burrow water through the oxic sediment of the burrow walls and into the surrounding anoxic sediment, which creates the perfect habitat for special nitrogen cycling bacteria. These nitrate reducing (denitrifying) bacteria quickly consume the dissolved oxygen entering into the burrow walls to create the oxic mud layer that is thinner than that at the mud surface. This allows a more direct diffusion path for the export of nitrogen (in the form of gaseous nitrogen (N2)) into the flushing tidal water.[40]

text: Restoration and management[edit]

text: The perception of bay salt marshes as a coastal 'wasteland' has since changed, acknowledging that they are one of the most biologically productive habitats on earth, rivalling tropical rainforests. Salt marshes are ecologically important providing habitats for native migratory fish and acting as sheltered feeding and nursery grounds.[24] They are now protected by legislation in many countries to look after these ecologically important habitats.[41] In the United States and Europe, they are now accorded to a high level of protection by the Clean Water Act and the Habitats Directive respectively. With the impacts of this habitat and its importance now realised, a growing interest in restoring salt marshes, through managed retreat or the reclamation of land has been established. However, many Asian countries such as China are still to recognise the value of marshlands. With their ever-growing populations and intense development along the coast, the value of salt marshes tends to be ignored and the land continues to be reclaimed.[5]

text: Bakker et al. (1997)[42] suggests two options available for restoring salt marshes. The first is to abandon all human interference and leave the salt marsh to complete its natural development. These types of restoration projects are often unsuccessful as vegetation tends to struggle to revert to its original structure and the natural tidal cycles are shifted due to land changes. The second option suggested by Bakker et al. (1997)[42] is to restore the destroyed habitat into its natural state either at the original site or as a replacement at a different site. Under natural conditions, recovery can take 2–10 years or even longer depending on the nature and degree of the disturbance and the relative maturity of the marsh involved.[41] Marshes in their pioneer stages of development will recover more rapidly than mature marshes[41] as they are often first to colonize the land. It is important to note, that restoration can often be sped up through the replanting of native vegetation.

text: This last approach is often the most practiced and generally more successful than allowing the area to naturally recover on its own. The salt marshes in the state of Connecticut in the United States have long been an area lost to fill and dredging. As of 1969, the Tidal Wetland Act was introduced that ceased this practice,[34] but despite the introduction of the act, the system was still degrading due to alterations in tidal flow. One area in Connecticut is the marshes on Barn Island. These marshes were diked then impounded with salt and brackish marsh during 1946-1966.[34] As a result, the marsh shifted to a freshwater state and became dominated by the invasive species P. australis, Typha angustifolia and T. latifolia that have little ecological connection to the area.[34]

text: By 1980, a restoration programme was put in place that has now been running for over 20 years.[34] This programme has aimed to reconnect the marshes by returning tidal flow along with the ecological functions and characteristics of the marshes back to their original state. In the case of Barn Island, declines in the invasive species have initiated, re-establishing the tidal-marsh vegetation along with animal species such as fish and insects. This example highlights that considerable time and effort is needed to effectively restore salt marsh systems. Times in marsh recovery can depend on the development stage of the marsh; type and extent of the disturbance; geographical location; and the environmental and physiological stress factors to the marsh-associated flora and fauna.

text: Although much effort has gone into restoring salt marshes worldwide, further research is needed. There are many setbacks and problems associated with marsh restoration that requires careful long-term monitoring. Information on all components of the salt marsh ecosystem should be understood and monitored from sedimentation, nutrient, and tidal influences, to behaviour patterns and tolerances of both flora and fauna species.[41] Once we have a better understanding of these processes and not just locally, but over a global scale, we can then suggest more sound and practical management and restoration efforts that can be used to preserve our valuable marshes and put them back to their original state.

text: While humans are situated along coastlines, there will always be the possibility of human-induced disturbances despite the number of restoration efforts we plan to implement. Dredging, pipelines for offshore petroleum resources, highway construction, accidental toxic spills or just plain carelessness are examples that will for some time now and into the future be the major influences of salt marsh degradation.[41]

text: In addition to restoring and managing salt marsh systems based on scientific principles, the opportunity should be taken to educate public audiences of their importance biologically and their purpose as serving as a natural buffer for flood protection.[24] Because salt marshes are often located next to urban areas, they are likely to receive more visitors than remote wetlands. By physically seeing the marsh, people are more likely to take notice and be more aware of the environment around them. An example of public involvement occurred at the Famosa Slough State Marine Conservation Area in San Diego, where a "friends" group worked for over a decade in trying to prevent the area from being developed.[43] Eventually, the 5 hectare site was bought by the City and the group worked together to restore the area. The project involved removing invasive species and replanting with natives, along with public talks to other locals, frequent bird walks and clean-up events.[43]

text: Research methods[edit]

text: There is a diverse range and combination of methodologies employed to understand the hydrological dynamics in salt marshes and their ability to trap and accrete sediment. Sediment traps are often used to measure rates of marsh surface accretion when short term deployments (e.g. less than one month) are required. These circular traps consist of pre-weighed filters that are anchored to the marsh surface, then dried in a laboratory and re-weighed to determine the total deposited sediment.[19][20] For longer term studies (e.g. more than one year) researchers may prefer to measure sediment accretion with marker horizon plots. Marker horizons consist of a mineral such as feldspar that is buried at a known depth within wetland substrates to record the increase in overlying substrate over long time periods.[22] In order to gauge the amount of sediment suspended in the water column, manual or automated samples of tidal water can be poured through pre-weighed filters in a laboratory then dried to determine the amount of sediment per volume of water.[20] Another method for estimating suspended sediment concentrations is by measuring the turbidity of the water using optical backscatter probes, which can be calibrated against water samples containing a known suspended sediment concentration to establish a regression relationship between the two.[17] Marsh surface elevations may be measured with a stadia rod and transit,[20] electronic theodolite,[19] Real-Time Kinematic Global Positioning System,[17] laser level[22] or electronic distance meter (total station). Hydrological dynamics include water depth, measured automatically with a pressure transducer,[19][20][22] or with a marked wooden stake,[18] and water velocity, often using electromagnetic current meters.[18][20]


document_title: List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored

question_text: list of highest no of centuries in test cricket

text: This list is a compilation of total centuries scored by international cricketers, split between different formats, and presents a good view to compare performance of batsmen in different formats of the game. 8 players have scored 50 or more centuries in their international career across the 3 formats.

text: A qualification of 15 overall centuries is now used. To date, as many as 110 cricketers have scored 15 or more international centuries, 73 of whom went on to score 20 or more centuries and 40 have 30 or more centuries, the details of which are listed below.

text: In women's cricket, 5 players have scored 10 or more centuries in their international career.

text: Men's Cricket[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame

ǂ
Denotes player who is still active

N/A
Indicates player didn't play in that format

tag: table

text:
Rank
Player
Period
Teams
Test
ODI
T20I
Total

001 !1
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
1989–2013
 India
51
49
0
100

002 !2
Ponting, RickyRicky Ponting
1995–2012
 Australia/ICC
41
30
0
71

003 !3
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015
 Sri Lanka/ICC/Asia
38
25
0
63

004 !4
Kallis, JacquesJacques Kallis
1995–2014
 South Africa/ICC/Africa
45
17
0
62

005 !5
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli ǂ
2008–2018
 India
21
35
0
56

006 !6
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2015
 Sri Lanka/Asia
34
19
1
54

Amla, HashimHashim Amla ǂ
2004–2018
 South Africa/ICC
28
26
0
54

008 !8
Lara, BrianBrian Lara^
1990–2007
 West Indies/ICC
34
19
N/A
53

009 !9
Dravid, RahulRahul Dravid
1996–2012
 India/ICC/Asia
36
12
0
48

010 !10
de Villiers, ABAB de Villiers ǂ
2004–2018
 South Africa/Africa
22
25
0
47

011 !11
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011
 Sri Lanka/Asia
14
28
0
42

012 !12
Chanderpaul, ShivnarineShivnarine Chanderpaul
1994–2015
 West Indies
30
11
0
41

Khan, YounisYounis Khan
2000–2017
 Pakistan
34
7
0
41

014 !14
Hayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden
1993–2009
 Australia/ICC
30
10
0
40

Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle ǂ
2000–2018
 West Indies/ICC
16
22
2
40

016 !16
Dilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan
1999–2016
 Sri Lanka
16
22
1
39

Yousuf, MohammadMohammad Yousuf
1998–2010
 Pakistan/Asia
24
15
0
39

018 !18
Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly
1992–2008
 India/Asia
16
22
N/A
38

Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
1999–2013
 India/ICC/Asia
23
15
0
38

Waugh, MarkMark Waugh
1988–2002
 Australia
20
18
N/A
38

021 !21
Smith, GraemeGraeme Smith
2002–2014
 South Africa/ICC/Africa
27
10
0
37

Cook, AlastairAlastair Cook ǂ
2006–2018
 England
32
5
0
37

023 !23
Clarke, MichaelMichael Clarke
2003–2015
 Australia
28
8
0
36

Taylor, RossRoss Taylor ǂ
2006–2018
 New Zealand
17
19
0
36

025 !25
Gavaskar, SunilSunil Gavaskar^
1971–1987
 India
34
1
N/A
35

Gibbs, HerschelleHerschelle Gibbs
1996–2010
 South Africa
14
21
0
35

Haynes, DesmondDesmond Haynes
1978–1994
 West Indies
18
17
N/A
35

Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991–2007
 Pakistan/ICC/Asia
25
10
0
35

Richards, VivViv Richards^
1974–1991
 West Indies
24
11
N/A
35

Waugh, SteveSteve Waugh^
1985–2004
 Australia
32
3
N/A
35

Warner, DavidDavid Warner ǂ
2009–2018
 Australia
21
14
0
35

032 !32
Kirsten, GaryGary Kirsten
1993–2004
 South Africa
21
14
N/A
34

033 !33
Gilchrist, AdamAdam Gilchrist^
1996–2008
 Australia/ICC
17
16
0
33

034 !34
Pietersen, KevinKevin Pietersen
2004–2014
 England/ICC
23
9
0
32

035 !35
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1984–2003
 Sri Lanka
20
11
N/A
31

Miandad, JavedJaved Miandad^
1975–1996
 Pakistan
23
8
N/A
31

Anwar, SaeedSaeed Anwar
1989–2003
 Pakistan
11
20
N/A
31

Smith, SteveSteve Smith ǂ
2010–2018
 Australia
23
8
0
31

039 !39
Border, AllanAllan Border^
1978–1994
 Australia
27
3
N/A
30

Greenidge, GordonGordon Greenidge^
1974–1991
 West Indies
19
11
N/A
30

041 !41
Azharuddin, MohammadMohammad Azharuddin
1984–2000
 India
22
7
N/A
29

Bradman, DonDon Bradman^
1928–1948
 Australia
29
N/A
N/A
29

Williamson, KaneKane Williamson ǂ
2010–2018
 New Zealand
18
11
0
29

044 !44
Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch^
1975–1995
 England
20
8
N/A
28

045 !45
Astle, NathanNathan Astle
1995–2007
 New Zealand
11
16
N/A
27

Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
1990–2007
 Sri Lanka
16
11
N/A
27

Chappell, GregGreg Chappell^
1970–1984
 Australia
24
3
N/A
27

Strauss, AndrewAndrew Strauss
2003–2012
 England
21
6
0
27

049 !49
Bell, IanIan Bell
2004–2015
 England
22
4
0
26

Boon, DavidDavid Boon
1984–1996
 Australia
21
5
N/A
26

Sobers, GarfieldGarfield Sobers^
1954–1974
 West Indies
26
0
N/A
26

Trescothick, MarcusMarcus Trescothick
2000–2006
 England
14
12
N/A
26

053 !53
Gower, DavidDavid Gower^
1978–1992
 England
18
7
N/A
25

054 !54
Root, JoeJoe Root ǂ
2012–2018
 England
13
11
0
24

055 !55
Boycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott^
1964–1982
 England
22
1
N/A
23

Langer, JustinJustin Langer
1993–2007
 Australia
23
0
N/A
23

Laxman, V. V. S.V. V. S. Laxman
1996–2012
 India
17
6
N/A
23

058 !58
Cowdrey, ColinColin Cowdrey
1954–1975
 England
22
0
N/A
22

Hammond, WallyWally Hammond^
1927–1947
 England
22
N/A
N/A
22

Hussey, MichaelMichael Hussey
2004–2013
 Australia
19
3
0
22

Ahmed, IjazIjaz Ahmed
1986–2001
 Pakistan
12
10
N/A
22

Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma ǂ
2007–2018
 India
3
17
2
22

063 !63
Crowe, MartinMartin Crowe^
1982–1995
 New Zealand
17
4
N/A
21

Harvey, NeilNeil Harvey^
1948–1963
 Australia
21
N/A
N/A
21

Richardson, RichieRichie Richardson
1983–1996
 West Indies
16
5
N/A
21

066 !66
Barrington, KenKen Barrington^
1955–1968
 England
20
N/A
N/A
20

Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir
2003–2016
 India
9
11
0
20

Hooper, CarlCarl Hooper
1987–2003
 West Indies
13
7
N/A
20

Lloyd, CliveClive Lloyd^
1966–1985
 West Indies
19
1
N/A
20

Hafeez, MohammadMohammad Hafeez ǂ
2003–2018
 Pakistan
9
11
0
20

Malik, SaleemSaleem Malik
1982–1999
 Pakistan
15
5
N/A
20

Sarwan, RamnareshRamnaresh Sarwan
2000–2013
 West Indies
15
5
0
20

Taylor, MarkMark Taylor
1989–1999
 Australia
19
1
N/A
20

074 !74
Hutton, LenLen Hutton^
1937–1955
 England
19
N/A
N/A
19

McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum
2002–2016
 New Zealand
12
5
2
19

Stewart, AlecAlec Stewart
1989–2003
 England
15
4
N/A
19

Abbas, ZaheerZaheer Abbas
1969–1985
 Pakistan
12
7
N/A
19

Dhawan, ShikharShikhar Dhawan ǂ
2010–2018
 India
6
13
0
19

079 !79
Atherton, MichaelMichael Atherton
1989–2001
 England
16
2
N/A
18

Jones, DeanDean Jones
1984–1994
 Australia
11
7
N/A
18

Lamb, AllanAllan Lamb
1982–1992
 England
14
4
N/A
18

Martyn, DamienDamien Martyn
1992–2006
 Australia
13
5
N/A
18

Iqbal, TamimTamim Iqbal ǂ
2007–2018
 Bangladesh/ICC
8
9
1
18

Vaughan, MichaelMichael Vaughan
1999–2008
 England
18
0
0
18

Vengsarkar, DilipDilip Vengsarkar
1976–1992
 India
17
1
N/A
18

Tharanga, UpulUpul Tharanga ǂ
2005–2018
 Sri Lanka/Asia
3
15
0
18

Guptill, MartinMartin Guptill ǂ
2009–2018
 New Zealand
3
13
2
18

du Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis ǂ
2011–2018
 South Africa/ICC
8
9
1
18

089 !89
Ali, AzharAzhar Ali ǂ
2010–2018
 Pakistan
14
3
0
17

Compton, DenisDenis Compton
1937–1957
 England
17
N/A
N/A
17

Cullinan, DaryllDaryll Cullinan
1993–2001
 South Africa
14
3
N/A
17

Fleming, StephenStephen Fleming
1994–2008
 New Zealand/ICC
9
8
0
17

Samuels, MarlonMarlon Samuels ǂ
2000–2018
 West Indies
7
10
0
17

Singh, YuvrajYuvraj Singh ǂ
2000–2017
 India/Asia
3
14
0
17

095 !95
Dhoni, MSMS Dhoni ǂ
2004–2018
 India/Asia
6
10
0
16

Flower, AndyAndy Flower
1992–2003
 Zimbabwe
12
4
N/A
16

Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
1998–2013
 Sri Lanka
14
2
0
16

Sutcliffe, HerbertHerbert Sutcliffe^
1924–1935
 England
16
N/A
N/A
16

Thorpe, GrahamGraham Thorpe
1993–2005
 England
16
0
N/A
16

de Kock, QuintonQuinton de Kock ǂ
2012–2018
 South Africa
3
13
0
16

101 !101
Amiss, DennisDennis Amiss
1966–1977
 England
11
4
N/A
15

Collingwood, PaulPaul Collingwood
2001–2017
 England/ICC
10
5
0
15

Hobbs, JackJack Hobbs^
1909–1930
 England
15
N/A
N/A
15

Hussain, NasserNasser Hussain
1989–2003
 England
14
1
N/A
15

Kanhai, RohanRohan Kanhai^
1957–1975
 West Indies
15
0
N/A
15

Shastri, RaviRavi Shastri
1981–1992
 India
11
4
N/A
15

Sidhu, Navjot SinghNavjot Singh Sidhu
1983–1999
 India
9
6
N/A
15

Walcott, ClydeClyde Walcott^
1948–1960
 West Indies
15
N/A
N/A
15

Walters, DougDoug Walters
1965–1981
 Australia
15
0
N/A
15

Weekes, EvertonEverton Weekes
1948–1958
 West Indies
15
N/A
N/A
15

text: Women's Cricket[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Period
Teams
WTest
WODI
WT20I
Total

001 !1
Edwards, CharlotteCharlotte Edwards
1996–2016
 England
4
9
0
13

002 !2
Taylor, ClaireClaire Taylor
1998–2011
 England
4
8
0
12

Lanning, MegMeg Lanningǂ
2010–2018
 Australia
0
11
1
12

004 !4
Brittin, JanetteJanette Brittin
1979–1998
 England
5
5
N/A
10

Rolton, KarenKaren Rolton
1995–2009
 Australia
2
8
0
10

text: Last updated: 15 January 2018