document_title: List of American Civil War battles

question_text: where was the first battle fought in the civil war

text: List of American Civil War battles

text: Battles rated by CWSAC[edit]

text: The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was established within the United States National Park Service to classify the preservation status of historic battlefield land. In 1993, the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) reported to Congress and the ABPP on their extensive analysis of significant battles and battlefields. Of the estimated 8,000 occasions in which hostilities occurred in the American Civil War, this table and related articles describe the 384 battles that were classified in CWSAC's Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields. In addition to the status of battlefield land preservation (not included in this table) CWSAC rated the military significance of the battles into four classes, as follows:[1]

text:
Class A – Decisive: A general engagement involving field armies in which a commander achieved a vital strategic objective. Such a result might include an indisputable victory on the field or be limited to the success or termination of a campaign offensive. Decisive battles had a direct, observable impact on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the war.

Class B – Major: An engagement of magnitude involving field armies or divisions of the armies in which a commander achieved an important strategic objective within the context of an ongoing campaign offensive. Major battles had a direct, observable impact on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the campaign.

Class C – Formative: An engagement involving divisions or detachments of the field armies in which a commander accomplished a limited campaign objective of reconnaissance, disruption, defense, or occupation. Formative battles had an observable influence on the direction, duration, or conduct of the campaign.

Class D – Limited: An engagement, typically involving detachments of the field armies, in which a commander achieved a limited tactical objective of reconnaissance, defense, or occupation. Limited battles maintained contact between the combatants without observable influence on the direction of the campaign.

text:
Battle
Date
State
CWSAC
Outcome

Battle of Fort Sumter
000000001861-04-12-0000April 12–14, 1861
South Carolina

A

Confederate victory: Beauregard takes Charleston Federal fort, first battle of American Civil War.

Battle of Sewell's Point
000000001861-05-18-0000May 18–19, 1861
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Union gunboats fight inconclusive battle with Confederate artillery.

Battle of Aquia Creek
000000001861-05-29-0000May 29 – June 1, 1861
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Confederate artillery hit by naval bombardment, later withdrawn.

Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)
000000001861-06-03-0000June 3, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

D

Union victory: Union forces rout a small Confederate detachment in Western Virginia.

Battle of Big Bethel
000000001861-06-10-0000June 10, 1861
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Union attack on Confederate positions near a church repelled.

Battle of Boonville (Missouri)
000000001861-06-17-0000June 17, 1861
Missouri

C

Union victory: Union forces defeat pro-Confederate governor's Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Hoke's Run
000000001861-07-02-0000July 2, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

D

Union victory: Robert Patterson defeats Jackson's Confederates but fails to capitalize on his victory.

Battle of Carthage
000000001861-07-05-0000July 5, 1861
Missouri

C

Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Missouri during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Rich Mountain
000000001861-07-11-0000July 11, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

B

Union victory: Confederate forces under Gen. Robert S. Garnett split in half mid-battle by Union forces under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. One half surrenders; the other escapes.

Battle of Blackburn's Ford
000000001861-07-18-0000July 18, 1861
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Irvin McDowell's recon-in-force defeated at Manassas.

First Battle of Bull Run
or First Manassas
000000001861-07-21-0000July 21, 1861
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: McDowell loses to J.E. Johnston, Beauregard; Jackson named "Stonewall".

Battle of Wilson's Creek or Oak Hills
000000001861-08-10-0000August 10, 1861
Missouri

A

Confederate victory: Union forces under Nathaniel Lyon and Samuel D. Sturgis lose to Confederates under Sterling Price and Benjamin McCulloch. Lyon is killed. First major battle west of the Mississippi.

Battle of Kessler's Cross Lanes
000000001861-08-26-0000August 26, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

D

Confederate victory: Confederates under John B. Floyd surprise and defeat Union forces under Erastus B. Tyler.

Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries
000000001861-08-28-0000August 28–29, 1861
North Carolina

C

Union victory: Union forces capture two North Carolina forts.

Battle of Dry Wood Creek
000000001861-09-02-0000September 2, 1861
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Union cavalry from Kansas defeated by Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Carnifex Ferry
000000001861-09-10-0000September 10, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

B

Union victory: Confederates withdraw by night after several hours of fighting.

Battle of Cheat Mountain
000000001861-09-12-0000September 12–15, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

B

Union victory: 300 Union troops withstand uncoordinated Confederate attacks.

First Battle of Lexington
000000001861-09-13-0000September 13–20, 1861
Missouri

C

Confederate victory: Union forces badly defeated by Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Liberty
000000001861-09-17-0000September 17, 1861
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Minor Missouri State Guard victory.

Battle of Barbourville
000000001861-09-19-0000September 19, 1861
Kentucky

D

Confederate victory:Zollicoffer raided a Federal recruitment camp and brought a counter-thrust.

Battle of Greenbrier River
000000001861-10-03-0000October 3, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

D

Inconclusive: Confederates withdraw after inconclusive battle.

Battle of Santa Rosa Island
000000001861-10-09-0000October 9, 1861
Florida

C

Union victory: Union forces repel Confederate attempt to capture island.

Battle of Camp Wildcat
000000001861-10-21-0000October 21, 1861
Kentucky

C

Union victory: Confederates chased from Cumberland Gap

Battle of Fredericktown
000000001861-10-21-0000October 21, 1861
Missouri

D

Union victory: Missouri State Guard defeated.

Battle of Ball's Bluff or Leesburg
000000001861-10-21-0000October 21, 1861
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: 550 Union soldiers captured.

First Battle of Springfield
000000001861-10-25-0000October 25, 1861
Missouri

D

Union victory: Union forces capture town.

Battle of Belmont
000000001861-11-07-0000November 7, 1861
Missouri

C

Inconclusive: Grant captures and destroys Confederate supplies near Cairo, Illinois.

Battle of Ivy Mountain
000000001861-11-08-0000November 8, 1861
Kentucky

D

Union victory:

Battle of Round Mountain
000000001861-11-19-0000November 19, 1861
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

D

Confederate victory: Opothleyahola's Unionist Creeks and Seminoles defeated near present-day Stillwater.

Battle of Chusto-Talasah
000000001861-12-09-0000December 9, 1861
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

D

Confederate victory: Opothleyahola defeated near present-day Tulsa.

Battle of Camp Allegheny
000000001861-12-13-0000December 13, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

C

Inconclusive: Confederates withstand Union attack.

Battle of Rowlett's Station
000000001861-12-17-0000December 17, 1861
Kentucky

D

Inconclusive: Union soldiers hold area, but do not launch any counter thrusts. Confederates and Texas Rangers retreat.

Battle of Dranesville
000000001861-12-20-0000December 20, 1861
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union defeats Confederate forces under J.E.B. Stuart.

Battle of Chustenahlah
000000001861-12-26-0000December 26, 1861
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

B

Confederate victory: Opothleyahola defeated, flees to Kansas.

Battle of Mount Zion Church
000000001861-12-28-0000December 28, 1861
Missouri

D

Union victory: Union victory in Northeastern Missouri.

Battle of Cockpit Point
000000001862-01-03-0000January 3, 1862
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia.

Battle of Hancock
000000001862-01-05-0000January 5–6, 1862
Maryland

D

Inconclusive: Unsuccessful Confederate attack on Maryland town.

Battle of Roan's Tan Yard
000000001862-01-08-0000January 8, 1862
Missouri

D

Union victory: Confederates routed.

Battle of Middle Creek
000000001862-01-10-0000January 10, 1862
Kentucky

C

Union victory: Union forces under James A. Garfield defeat Confederates under Humphrey Marshall.

Battle of Mill Springs
000000001862-01-19-0000January 19, 1862
Kentucky

B

Union victory: Felix Zollicoffer killed.

Battle of Fort Henry
000000001862-02-06-0000February 6, 1862
Tennessee

B

Union victory: Ulysses S. Grant and Foote's gunboats gain control of Tennessee River by defeating Lloyd Tilghman

Battle of Roanoke Island
000000001862-02-07-0000February 7–8, 1862
North Carolina

B

Union victory: Union forces under Ambrose E. Burnside capture island from Henry A. Wise

Battle of Fort Donelson
000000001862-02-11-0000February 11–16, 1862
Tennessee

A

Union victory: Confederate army under Simon Bolivar Buckner surrenders to Grant, Union gains control of Cumberland River

Battle of Valverde
000000001862-02-20-0000February 20–21, 1862
New Mexico
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)

B

Confederate victory: Union forces routed in New Mexico Territory.

Battle of Island Number Ten
(Battle of New Madrid)
000000001862-02-28-0000February 28 –
April 8, 1862
Missouri

A

Union victory: Union victory by Pope over John P. McCown.

Battle of Pea Ridge or Elkhorn Tavern
000000001862-03-06-0000March 6–8, 1862
Arkansas

A

Union victory: Union victory by Samuel Ryan Curtis over Earl Van Dorn ensured continued Union control of Missouri.

Battle of Hampton Roads
000000001862-03-08-0000March 8–9, 1862
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: USS Monitor battles CSS Virginia, battle ends in a draw.

Battle of New Bern
000000001862-03-14-0000March 14, 1862
North Carolina

B

Union victory: Union troops disembark from ships and capture the town.

First Battle of Kernstown
000000001862-03-23-0000March 23, 1862
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union forces defeat Confederates under "Stonewall" Jackson.

Battle of Fort Macon
000000001862-03-23-0000March 23 – April 26, 1862
North Carolina

C

Union victory: Confederate fort surrenders after Union artillery bombardment.

Battle of Glorieta Pass
000000001862-03-26-0000March 26–28, 1862
New Mexico
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)

A

Confederate tactical victory. Union strategic victory. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West".

Siege of Yorktown (1862)
(Battle of Yorktown)
000000001862-04-05-0000April 5 – May 4, 1862
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Union troops win skirmish near site of decisive Revolutionary War battle.

Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing
000000001862-04-06-0000April 6–7, 1862
Tennessee

A

Union victory: Grant and reinforcements under Buell repulse Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard, but the Union lost more men.

Battle of Fort Pulaski
000000001862-04-10-0000April 10–11, 1862
Georgia

B

Union victory: Union blockade closes Savannah, Georgia. Parrott rifle makes masonry forts obsolete.

Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip
000000001862-04-18-0000April 18–28, 1862
Louisiana

A

Union victory: Decisive battle for possession of New Orleans.

Battle of South Mills
000000001862-04-19-0000April 19, 1862
North Carolina

D

Inconclusive: Confederates thwart attempt to destroy a canal.

Capture of New Orleans
000000001862-04-25-0000April 25 – May 1, 1862
Louisiana

B

Union victory: Union forces capture city.

Siege of Corinth
000000001862-04-29-0000April 29 – May 30, 1862
Mississippi

A

Union victory: Union forces capture town, Beauregard tricks Union in order to escape to Tupelo.

Battle of Williamsburg
000000001862-05-05-0000May 5, 1862
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: McClellan and Longstreet fight inconclusive battle.

Battle of Eltham's Landing
000000001862-05-07-0000May 7, 1862
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia.

Battle of McDowell
000000001862-05-08-0000May 8, 1862
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson's Confederates defeat Union forces.

Battle of Drewry's Bluff
000000001862-05-15-0000May 15, 1862
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Union naval attack repelled by Confederate artillery.

Battle of Princeton Court House
000000001862-05-15-0000May 15–17, 1862
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Front Royal
000000001862-05-23-0000May 23, 1862
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson threatens the Union rear, forces their retreat.

First Battle of Winchester
000000001862-05-25-0000May 25, 1862
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson defeats Nathaniel P. Banks.

Battle of Hanover Court House
000000001862-05-27-0000May 27, 1862
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union victory during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Seven Pines
000000001862-05-31-0000May 31 – June 1, 1862
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: J.E. Johnston attacks Union forces, wounded, inconclusive

Battle of Tranter's Creek
000000001862-06-05-0000June 5, 1862
North Carolina

D

Union victory: Confederate forces retreat after Colonel Singletary is killed.

Battle of Memphis
000000001862-06-06-0000June 6, 1862
Tennessee

B

Union victory: Union forces capture the city.

First Battle of Chattanooga
000000001862-06-07-0000June 7–8, 1862
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Union forces bombard the town.

Battle of Cross Keys
000000001862-06-08-0000June 8, 1862
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: John C. Fremont defeated by elements of Stonewall Jackson's force.

Battle of Port Republic
000000001862-06-09-0000June 9, 1862
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Costly victory for Stonewall Jackson.

Battle of Secessionville
000000001862-06-16-0000June 16, 1862
South Carolina

B

Confederate victory: Union repulsed, Union commander later court-martialed for disobeying orders.

Battle of Saint Charles
000000001862-06-17-0000June 17, 1862
Arkansas

C

Union victory: The USS Mound City is hit by Confederate shore gun and explodes.

Battle of Simmon's Bluff
000000001862-06-21-0000June 21, 1862
South Carolina

D

Union victory

Battle of Oak Grove
000000001862-06-25-0000June 25, 1862
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: (Seven Days Battles) Indecisive battle between McClellan and Lee.

Battle of Beaver Dam Creek or Mechanicsville
000000001862-06-26-0000June 26, 1862
Virginia

B

Union victory: (Seven Days) Robert E. Lee defeated.

Battle of Gaines' Mill or Chickahominy River
000000001862-06-27-0000June 27, 1862
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: (Seven Days) Lee defeats McClellan.

Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm
000000001862-06-27-0000June 27–28, 1862
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Indecisive battle between Lee and McClellan.

Battle of Savage's Station
000000001862-06-29-0000June 29, 1862
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Union forces withdraw.

Battle of Tampa
000000001862-06-30-0000June 30 – July 1, 1862
Florida

D

Confederate victory: Union gunboat attacks, but later withdraws.

Battle of Glendale
000000001862-06-30-0000June 30, 1862
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: (Seven Days) McClellan retreats from Lee's Confederates.

Battle of White Oak Swamp
000000001862-06-30-0000June 30, 1862
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Indecisive artillery duel.

Battle of Malvern Hill
000000001862-07-01-0000July 1, 1862
Virginia

A

Union victory: (Seven Days) McClellan defeats Lee but withdraws after battle.

Battle of Cotton Plant
(Battle of Hill's Plantation)
000000001862-07-07-0000July 7, 1862
Arkansas

D

Union victory: Union victory in Arkansas.

First Battle of Murfreesboro
000000001862-07-13-0000July 13, 1862
Tennessee

C

Confederate victory.

Battle of Baton Rouge
000000001862-08-05-0000August 5, 1862
Louisiana

B

Union victory: Union troops repulse attempt to recapture Baton Rouge.

Battle of Kirksville
000000001862-08-06-0000August 6–9, 1862
Missouri

D

Union victory: Union forces capture town.

First Battle of Donaldsonville
000000001862-08-09-0000August 9, 1862
Louisiana

D

Union victory:

Battle of Cedar Mountain
000000001862-08-09-0000August 9, 1862
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Union forces repelled by Confederate counter-attack.

First Battle of Independence
000000001862-08-11-0000August 11, 1862
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Confederate victory near Kansas City.

Battle of Lone Jack
000000001862-08-15-0000August 15–16, 1862
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Confederate victory, Union commander killed. Rebels forced to withdraw after battle.

Battle of Fort Ridgely
000000001862-08-21-0000August 21–22, 1862
Minnesota

C

* Dakota War of 1862: Failed Santee Sioux attack on Union controlled fort.

First Battle of Rappahannock Station
000000001862-08-22-0000August 22–25, 1862
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Union supplies destroyed during skirmish.

Battle of Manassas Station Ops.
000000001862-08-25-0000August 25–27, 1862
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Jackson turns into Pope's rear area; destroys Manassas Station.

Second Battle of Bull Run
or Second Manassas
000000001862-08-28-0000August 28–30, 1862
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Lee defeats Pope's Army of Virginia

Battle of Thoroughfare Gap
000000001862-08-28-0000August 28, 1862
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Longstreet defeats small Union force to arrive at Manassas battlefield.

Battle of Richmond (Kentucky)
000000001862-08-30-0000August 30, 1862
Kentucky

B

Confederate victory: Edmund Kirby Smith routs Union army under Brig. Gen. William "Bull" Nelson.

Battle of Chantilly or Ox Hill
000000001862-09-01-0000September 1, 1862
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Union forces nearly being cut off, Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny are killed.

Battle of Harpers Ferry
000000001862-09-12-0000September 12–15, 1862
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

B

Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson captures Union garrison under Dixon S. Miles

Battle of Munfordville
000000001862-09-14-0000September 14–17, 1862
Kentucky

B

Confederate victory: Union force surrenders.

Battle of South Mountain or Boonsboro
000000001862-09-14-0000September 14, 1862
Maryland

B

Union victory: McClellan defeats Lee.

Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg
000000001862-09-17-0000September 17, 1862
Maryland

A

Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory: McClellan ends Lee's first invasion of North, bloodiest single day of the war.

Battle of Shepherdstown
000000001862-09-19-0000September 19–20, 1862
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]

C

Confederate victory: Confederate brigades counterattack and defeat pursuing Union brigades.

Battle of Iuka
000000001862-09-19-0000September 19, 1862
Mississippi

C

Union victory: Rosecrans is victorious over Price near Mississippi town.

Battle of Wood Lake
000000001862-09-23-0000September 23, 1862
Minnesota

C

* Dakota War of 1862: Overwhelming defeat of Santee Sioux forces during the Dakota War of 1862.

First Battle of Sabine Pass
000000001862-09-24-0000September 24, 1862
Texas

C

Union victory:

First Battle of Newtonia
000000001862-09-30-0000September 30, 1862
Missouri

C

Confederate victory: Union forces panic under bombardment from Confederate artillery.

Battle of Saint John's Bluff
000000001862-10-01-0000October 1–3, 1862
Florida

D

Union victory:

Second Battle of Corinth
(Battle of Corinth)
000000001862-10-03-0000October 3–4, 1862
Mississippi

B

Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862)
(First Battle of Galveston)
000000001862-10-04-0000October 4, 1862
Texas

D

Union victory:

Battle of Hatchie's Bridge
000000001862-10-05-0000October 5, 1862
Tennessee

C

Inconclusive: Confederate force under Earl Van Dorn escapes across river.

Battle of Perryville or Chaplin Hills
000000001862-10-08-0000October 8, 1862
Kentucky

A

Inconclusive: Tactical indecisive battle that ended Bragg's Kentucky campaign.

Battle of Old Fort Wayne
000000001862-10-22-0000October 22, 1862
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

D

Union victory:

Battle of Georgia Landing
000000001862-10-27-0000October 27, 1862
Louisiana

C

Union victory:

Battle of Clark's Mill
000000001862-11-07-0000November 7, 1862
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Union force surrenders to larger Confederate force.

Battle of Cane Hill
000000001862-11-28-0000November 28, 1862
Arkansas

C

Confederate victory: Small Confederate force delays Union while larger force escapes.

Battle of Prairie Grove
000000001862-12-07-0000December 7, 1862
Arkansas

B

Union victory: Union secures NW Arkansas.

Battle of Hartsville
000000001862-12-07-0000December 7, 1862
Tennessee

C

Confederate victory: Disguised in Union uniforms, Confederates infiltrate and defeat Union forces.

Battle of Fredericksburg
000000001862-12-13-0000December 13, 1862
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Lee beats back repeated frontal assaults by Burnside.

Battle of Kinston
000000001862-12-14-0000December 14, 1862
North Carolina

D

Union victory: Union forces under John G. Foster defeat Confederates under Nathan Evans.

Battle of White Hall
000000001862-12-16-0000December 16, 1862
North Carolina

D

Inconclusive: Foster fights indecisive battle with Beverly Robertson.

Battle of Goldsboro Bridge
000000001862-12-17-0000December 17, 1862
North Carolina

C

Union victory: Foster defeats Confederates and destroys the bridge.

Battle of Jackson, Tennessee
000000001862-12-19-0000December 19, 1862
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Confederate feint to distract Union forces.

Battle of Chickasaw Bayou
000000001862-12-26-0000December 26–29, 1862
Mississippi

B

Confederate victory: (Vicksburg Campaign) Pemberton defeats Sherman; Union attack on Confederate right flank thwarted.

Battle of Parker's Cross Roads
000000001862-12-31-0000December 31, 1862
Tennessee

C

Confederate victory: Confederates repel Union double-pronged assault.

Battle of Stones River
(Second Battle of Murfreesboro)
000000001862-12-31-0000December 31, 1862 –
January 2, 1863
Tennessee

A

Union victory: Bragg forced to withdraw after losing 11,739 men.

Battle of Galveston
(Second Battle of Galveston)
000000001863-01-01-0000January 1, 1863
Texas

B

Confederate victory: John B. Magruder expels occupying Union troops from Galveston, Texas.

Second Battle of Springfield
000000001863-01-08-0000January 8, 1863
Missouri

D

Union victory: Confederates enter town, but are unable to take nearby fort.

Battle of Arkansas Post (Battle of Fort Hindman)
000000001863-01-09-0000January 9, 1863
Arkansas

C

Union victory: Part of Vicksburg Campaign, fight for control of mouth of Arkansas River.

Battle of Hartville
000000001863-01-09-0000January 9–11, 1863
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Confederates are victorious, but unable to continue raid.

Bear River Massacre
000000001863-01-29-0000January 29, 1863
Idaho
(Washington Territory
at the time)

C

American Indian Wars: Shoshone forces massacred by Union troops.

Battle of Dover
000000001863-02-03-0000February 3, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Failed Confederate attack on town.

Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)
000000001863-03-05-0000March 5, 1863
Georgia

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Thompson's Station
000000001863-03-05-0000March 5, 1863
Tennessee

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Fort Anderson
000000001863-03-13-0000March 13–15, 1863
North Carolina

D

Union victory: Daniel H. Hill leads unsuccessful Confederate attack on New Bern.

Battle of Kelly's Ford
000000001863-03-17-0000March 17, 1863
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Indecisive cavalry battle during Civil War.

Battle of Vaught's Hill
000000001863-03-20-0000March 20, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Union forces withstand attack by John Hunt Morgan's Confederates.

Battle of Brentwood
000000001863-03-25-0000March 25, 1863
Tennessee

D

Confederate victory: Union force surrenders.

Battle of Washington, NC
000000001863-03-30-0000March 30 – April 20, 1863
North Carolina

D

Inconclusive: Hill unable to take North Carolina town from Union forces.

First Battle of Charleston Harbor
000000001863-04-07-0000April 7, 1863
South Carolina

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Franklin (1863)
000000001863-04-10-0000April 10, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Confederates withdraw after rearguard defeat.

Battle of Suffolk (Hill's Point)
(Battle of Fort Huger)
000000001863-04-11-0000April 11 – May 4, 1863
Virginia

C

Inconclusive

Battle of Suffolk (Norfleet House);
Siege of Suffolk
000000001863-04-11-0000April 11 – May 4, 1863
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Twin battles fought over Suffolk.

Battle of Fort Bisland
000000001863-04-12-0000April 12–13, 1863
Louisiana

D

Union victory:

Battle of Irish Bend
000000001863-04-14-0000April 14, 1863
Louisiana

C

Union victory:

Battle of Vermillion Bayou
000000001863-04-17-0000April 17, 1863
Louisiana

D

Union victory:

Battle of Cape Girardeau
000000001863-04-26-0000April 26, 1863
Missouri

D

Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Grand Gulf
000000001863-04-29-0000April 29, 1863
Mississippi

C

Confederate victory: Unsuccessful naval attack by Grant's forces.

Battle of Snyder's Bluff
000000001863-04-29-0000April 29 – May 1, 1863
Mississippi

D

Confederate victory: Union feint during Vicksburg Campaign.

Battle of Day's Gap
000000001863-04-30-0000April 30, 1863
Alabama

C

Union victory: Union victory during a raid in Alabama.

Battle of Chancellorsville
000000001863-04-30-0000April 30 – May 6, 1863
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Lee defeats Hooker's Army of Potomac, Jackson mortally wounded.

Battle of Port Gibson
000000001863-05-01-0000May 1, 1863
Mississippi

B

Union victory: in Vicksburg campaign, Grant defeats Confederates

Battle of Chalk Bluff
000000001863-05-01-0000May 1–2, 1863
Arkansas

D

Confederate victory: Confederates win but can't continue raid.

Second Battle of Fredericksburg
000000001863-05-03-0000May 3, 1863
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union forces under John Sedgwick defeat Confederate forces left to guard the town by Lee.

Battle of Salem Church
000000001863-05-03-0000May 3–4, 1863
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Lee defeats Sedgwick.

Battle of Raymond
000000001863-05-12-0000May 12, 1863
Mississippi

B

Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to protect Vicksburg from approaching Federals.

Battle of Jackson, Mississippi
000000001863-05-14-0000May 14, 1863
Mississippi

B

Union victory: Sherman, McPherson defeat Johnston

Battle of Champion Hill
000000001863-05-16-0000May 16, 1863
Mississippi

A

Union victory: Grant defeats Pemberton.

Battle of Big Black River Bridge
000000001863-05-17-0000May 17, 1863
Mississippi

B

Union victory: Confederate forces trapped in Vicksburg.

Siege of Vicksburg
000000001863-05-18-0000May 18 – July 4, 1863
Mississippi

A

Union victory: the siege ends; Grant accepts surrender of second Confederate army under Pemberton.

Battle of Plains Store
000000001863-05-21-0000May 21, 1863
Louisiana

C

Union victory: Union victory near Baton Rouge.

Siege of Port Hudson
000000001863-05-21-0000May 21 – July 9, 1863
Louisiana

A

Union victory: last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi surrenders; Gardner surrenders to Banks.

Battle of Milliken's Bend
000000001863-06-07-0000June 7, 1863
Louisiana

C

Union victory: In the largest battle fought between Confederate and Black troops, after nearly two days of close combat, the Confederates were defeated in their attempt to raise the siege of Vicksburg.

Battle of Brandy Station
000000001863-06-09-0000June 9, 1863
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Pleasonton surprises J.E.B. Stuart's cavalrymen in their camps near Brandy Station.

Battle of Lake Providence
000000001863-06-09-0000June 9, 1863
Louisiana

D

Union victory.

Second Battle of Winchester
000000001863-06-13-0000June 13–15, 1863
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Confederate victory paves way for Lee's invasion of the North.

Battle of Aldie
000000001863-06-17-0000June 17, 1863
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Indecisive battle during Robert E. Lee's march north.

Battle of Middleburg
000000001863-06-17-0000June 17–19, 1863
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: J.E.B. Stuart retreats from engagement with Union cavalry.

Battle of LaFourche Crossing
000000001863-06-20-0000June 20–21, 1863
Louisiana

D

Union victory:

Battle of Upperville
000000001863-06-21-0000June 21, 1863
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Indecisive cavalry battle during Lee's invasion.

Battle of Hoover's Gap
000000001863-06-24-0000June 24–26, 1863
Tennessee

C

Union victory: Union victory prevents Confederates in Tennessee from coming to the aid of Vicksburg.

Second Battle of Donaldsonville
000000001863-06-28-0000June 28, 1863
Louisiana

D

Union victory:

Battle of Goodrich's Landing
000000001863-06-29-0000June 29–30, 1863
Louisiana

D

Inconclusive: Confederates drive Union Black Regiments off of several plantations.

Battle of Hanover
000000001863-06-30-0000June 30, 1863
Pennsylvania

C

Inconclusive: J.E.B. Stuart forced to change his route, delaying his efforts to unite with Lee's force outside Gettysburg.

Battle of Cabin Creek
000000001863-07-01-0000July 1–2, 1863
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

C

Union victory:

Battle of Gettysburg
000000001863-07-01-0000July 1–3, 1863
Pennsylvania

A

Union victory: Lee loses to Meade, Pickett's Charge fails, ends second invasion of North. Confederate army arrived in Gettysburg to resupply army, unaware of Union army nearby.

Battle of Helena
000000001863-07-04-0000July 4, 1863
Arkansas

B

Union victory: Confederate assault on river port fails securing eastern Arkansas for Union.

Battle of Williamsport
000000001863-07-06-0000July 6–16, 1863
Maryland

C

Inconclusive: Meade and Lee fight indecisive battle.

Battle of Boonsboro
000000001863-07-08-0000July 8, 1863
Maryland

D

Inconclusive: Indecisive action at rearguard of Lee's retreat.

Battle of Corydon
000000001863-07-09-0000July 9, 1863
Indiana

C

Confederate victory: Confederate raid results in civilian casualties, including a Lutheran minister.

Battle of Fort Wagner
000000001863-07-11-0000July 11, 1863
South Carolina

D

Confederate victory: first of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner.

Battle of Kock's Plantation
000000001863-07-12-0000July 12–13, 1863
Louisiana

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Grimball's Landing
000000001863-07-16-0000July 16, 1863
South Carolina

D

Inconclusive:

Battle of Honey Springs
000000001863-07-17-0000July 17, 1863
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

B

Union victory: In Indian Territory, two largely Black and American Indian forces meet. Union victory.

Second Battle of Fort Wagner
(Battle of Fort Wagner, Morris Island)
000000001863-07-18-0000July 18, 1863
South Carolina

B

Confederate victory: second of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner fails, heroism of the 54th Massachusetts.

Battle of Buffington Island
000000001863-07-19-0000July 19, 1863
Ohio

C

Union Victory:

Battle of Manassas Gap
000000001863-07-23-0000July 23, 1863
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Indecisive battle by day, Confederates withdraw by night.

Battle of Big Mound
000000001863-07-24-0000July 24–25, 1863
North Dakota
(Dakota Territory
at the time)

C

* Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat Santee and Teton Sioux forces.

Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake
000000001863-07-26-0000July 26, 1863
North Dakota
(Dakota Territory
at the time)

D

* Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Sibley defeats Sioux forces.

Battle of Salineville
000000001863-07-26-0000July 26, 1863
Ohio

D

Union victory: Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan surrenders in Ohio. The northernmost battle in the Civil War.

Battle of Stony Lake
000000001863-07-28-0000July 28, 1863
North Dakota
(Dakota Territory
at the time)

D

* Dakota War of 1862: Sioux forces escape Union forces in pursuit.

Second Battle of Fort Sumter
000000001863-08-17-0000August 17 –
September 9, 1863
South Carolina

B

Confederate victory: Union's massive bombardment and naval attack fails to retake the fort.

Second Battle of Charleston Harbor
000000001863-08-17-0000August 17 –
September 8, 1863
South Carolina

B

Inconclusive:

Second Battle of Chattanooga
000000001863-08-21-0000August 21 –
September 8, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Union captures town.

Lawrence Massacre
(Quantrill's Raid)
000000001863-08-23-0000August 23, 1863
Kansas

C

Confederate victory: Quantrill's Raiders pillage the city.

Battle of Devil's Backbone
000000001863-09-01-0000September 1, 1863
Arkansas

C

Union victory: Union victory after heavy fighting.

Battle of Whitestone Hill
000000001863-09-03-0000September 3–5, 1863
North Dakota
(Dakota Territory
at the time)

D

* Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat several American Indian tribes including the Sioux and Blackfeet.

Second Battle of Sabine Pass
000000001863-09-08-0000September 8, 1863
Texas

B

Confederate victory: Confederate forces place stakes in river to help aim their guns at Union ships.

Battle of Bayou Fourche
000000001863-09-10-0000September 10, 1863
Arkansas

B

Union victory: Union victory allows for capture of Little Rock.

Battle of Davis's Cross Roads
000000001863-09-10-0000September 10–11, 1863
Georgia

C

Union victory: Union forces establish defensive positions prior to Chickamauga.

Battle of Chickamauga
000000001863-09-19-0000September 19–20, 1863
Georgia

A

Confederate victory: Bragg defeats Rosecrans, George Thomas of US anointed "The Rock of Chickamauga"

Battle of Blountville
(Battle of Blountsville)
000000001863-09-22-0000September 22, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Union forces capture town.

Battle of Stirling's Plantation
000000001863-09-29-0000September 29, 1863
Louisiana

D

Confederate victory:

Battle of Baxter Springs
000000001863-10-06-0000October 6, 1863
Kansas

C

Confederate victory: Quantrill's Raiders massacre Union Black Troops during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Blue Springs
000000001863-10-10-0000October 10, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Confederate forces overrun.

First Battle of Auburn
000000001863-10-13-0000October 13, 1863
Virginia

D

Union victory: J.E.B. Stuart escapes by hiding in a ravine.

Battle of Bristoe Station
000000001863-10-14-0000October 14, 1863
Virginia

B

Union victory: Meade defeats elements of Lee's forces, but Confederates destroy railroad during retreat.

Second Battle of Auburn
000000001863-10-14-0000October 14, 1863
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Confederates attack Union rearguard, indecisive.

Battle of Fort Brooke
000000001863-10-16-0000October 16–18, 1863
Florida

D

Union victory:

Battle of Buckland Mills
000000001863-10-19-0000October 19, 1863
Virginia

D

Confederate victory: Union cavalry caught in ambush, defeated.

Battle of Pine Bluff
000000001863-10-25-0000October 25, 1863
Arkansas

D

Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Wauhatchie
000000001863-10-28-0000October 28–29, 1863
Tennessee

B

Union victory: Longstreet defeated by Union forces.

Battle of Collierville
000000001863-11-03-0000November 3, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Abortive Confederate attack on the town.

Battle of Droop Mountain
000000001863-11-06-0000November 6, 1863
West Virginia

C

Union victory:

Second Battle of Rappahannock Station
000000001863-11-07-0000November 7, 1863
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union forces surge across river, forcing Lee to retreat.

Battle of Campbell's Station
000000001863-11-16-0000November 16, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Confederate double-envelopment attempt fails.

Chattanooga Campaign
000000001863-11-23-0000November 23–25, 1863
Tennessee

A

Union victory: Grant defeats Braxton Bragg and relieves Union forces besieged in Chattanooga.

Battle of Mine Run
000000001863-11-27-0000November 27 –
December 2, 1863
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Meade bombards Lee's Confederates but then withdraws.

Battle of Ringgold Gap
000000001863-11-27-0000November 27, 1863
Georgia

B

Confederate victory: Confederates under Patrick Cleburne defeat Union forces under Joseph Hooker.

Battle of Fort Sanders
000000001863-11-29-0000November 29, 1863
Tennessee

B

Union victory: Longstreet unable to take fort due to poor quality gunpowder.

Battle of Bean's Station
000000001863-12-14-0000December 14, 1863
Tennessee

D

Confederate victory: Union forces withdraw a short distance.

Battle of Mossy Creek
000000001863-12-29-0000December 29, 1863
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Confederate cavalry forced back.

Battle of Dandridge
000000001864-01-17-0000January 17, 1864
Tennessee

C

Confederate victory: Union forces withdraw.

Battle of Athens
000000001864-01-26-0000January 26, 1864
Alabama

D

Union victory: Union victory in Northern Alabama.

Battle of Fair Garden
000000001864-01-27-0000January 27, 1864
Tennessee

C

Inconclusive: Union victory followed by withdrawal.

Battle of Morton's Ford
000000001864-02-06-0000February 6–7, 1864
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Diversionary Union attack.

Battle of Middle Boggy Depot
000000001864-02-13-0000February 13, 1864
Oklahoma
(Indian Territory
at the time)

D

Union victory:

Battle of Meridian
000000001864-02-14-0000February 14–20, 1864
Mississippi

C

Union victory: Sherman occupies town.

Battle of Olustee
000000001864-02-20-0000February 20, 1864
Florida

B

Confederate victory: Union fails to take Florida.

Battle of Okolona
000000001864-02-22-0000February 22, 1864
Mississippi

B

Confederate victory: Confederate cavalry, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, routed 7,000 cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. William Sooy Smith.

First Battle of Dalton
000000001864-02-22-0000February 22–27, 1864
Georgia

C

Confederate victory: After several days of intense skirmishing, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's army withdrew upon realizing Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's troops could repel any assault. However, the intelligence garnered from the Battle of Dalton helped pave the way for a Union victory in the summer.

Battle of Walkerton
000000001864-03-02-0000March 2, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: controversy surrounding the Dahlgren Affair.

Battle of Fort De Russy
000000001864-03-12-0000March 12–14, 1864
Louisiana

B

Union victory: Fort DeRussy fell and the Red River to Alexandria was open.

Battle of Paducah
000000001864-03-25-0000March 25, 1864
Kentucky

C

Confederate victory: Confederate raid by Forrest successful.

Battle of Elkin's Ferry
000000001864-04-03-0000April 3–4, 1864
Arkansas

C

Union victory: Confederates unable to prevent Union river crossing.

Battle of Mansfield or Sabine Cross Roads
000000001864-04-08-0000April 8, 1864
Louisiana

A

Confederate victory: Banks Union Red River Campaign halted by the Confederates.

Battle of Prairie D'Ane
000000001864-04-09-0000April 9–13, 1864
Arkansas

B

Union victory: Frederick Steele defeats Sterling Price.

Battle of Pleasant Hill
000000001864-04-09-0000April 9, 1864
Louisiana

B

Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Fort Pillow
000000001864-04-12-0000April 12, 1864
Tennessee

B

Confederate victory: N.B. Forrest takes fort, massacres black soldiers.

Battle of Blair's Landing
000000001864-04-12-0000April 12–13, 1864
Louisiana

C

Union victory:

Battle of Plymouth
000000001864-04-17-0000April 17, 1864
North Carolina

C

Confederate victory: Confederate land forces, supported by naval ram, retake two Union forts near Plymouth, North Carolina.

Battle of Poison Spring
000000001864-04-18-0000April 18, 1864
Arkansas

C

Confederate victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas, black troops massacred.

Battle of Monett's Ferry
000000001864-04-23-0000April 23, 1864
Louisiana

C

Union victory: Confederate forces driven back.

Battle of Marks' Mills
000000001864-04-25-0000April 25, 1864
Arkansas

D

Confederate victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas.

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry
000000001864-04-30-0000April 30, 1864
Arkansas

C

Union victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas.

Battle of Albemarle Sound
000000001864-05-05-0000May 5, 1864
North Carolina

C

Inconclusive: Indecisive naval battle during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of the Wilderness
000000001864-05-05-0000May 5–7, 1864
Virginia

A

Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively.

Battle of Port Walthall Junction
000000001864-05-06-0000May 6–7, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union forces destroy railroad

Battle of Rocky Face Ridge
000000001864-05-07-0000May 7–13, 1864
Georgia

C

Union victory: Due to a flanking movement by Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, Confederates led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston were forced to evacuate their strong position near Atlanta.

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
000000001864-05-08-0000May 8–21, 1864
Virginia

A

Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively, Grant writes to Halleck "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer".

Battle of Swift Creek
000000001864-05-09-0000May 9, 1864
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Union forces damage railroad, but are stopped by Confederate forces.

Battle of Cloyd's Mountain
000000001864-05-09-0000May 9, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union victory, Confederate General Albert G. Jenkins killed.

Battle of Chester Station
000000001864-05-10-0000May 10, 1864
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Union forces under Benjamin Butler pushed back.

Battle of Cove Mountain
000000001864-05-10-0000May 10, 1864
Virginia

D

Union victory: Union victory after brief battle.

Battle of Yellow Tavern
000000001864-05-11-0000May 11, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union forces win cavalry battle, J.E.B. Stuart is mortally wounded.

Battle of Proctor's Creek
000000001864-05-12-0000May 12–16, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Beauregard defeats Butler.

Battle of Resaca
000000001864-05-13-0000May 13, 1864
Georgia

C

Inconclusive: Sherman defeats Johnston

Battle of New Market
000000001864-05-15-0000May 15, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Confederate forces halt Union army under Franz Sigel from advance up the Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Mansura
000000001864-05-16-0000May 16, 1864
Louisiana

C

Union victory:

Battle of Adairsville
000000001864-05-17-0000May 17, 1864
Georgia

C

Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to destroy part of the Union force approaching Atlanta.

Battle of Yellow Bayou
000000001864-05-18-0000May 18, 1864
Louisiana

C

Union victory:

Battle of Ware Bottom Church
000000001864-05-20-0000May 20, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Beauregard boxes Butler in.

Battle of North Anna
000000001864-05-23-0000May 23–26, 1864
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Lee outmaneuvers Grant, but because of illness, he is unable to capitalize.

Battle of Wilson's Wharf
000000001864-05-24-0000May 24, 1864
Virginia

D

Union victory: Confederates under Fitzhugh Lee defeated by two Union black regiments.

Battle of New Hope Church
000000001864-05-25-0000May 25–26, 1864
Georgia

C

Confederate victory: Hooker's forces defeated.

Battle of Dallas (Georgia)
000000001864-05-26-0000May 26 – June 4, 1864
Georgia

C

Union victory: Confederate withdrawal in Georgia.

Battle of Pickett's Mill
000000001864-05-27-0000May 27, 1864
Georgia

C

Confederate victory: Unsuccessful attack by Sherman on Johnston.

Battle of Haw's Shop
000000001864-05-28-0000May 28, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union advance halted.

Battle of Totopotomoy Creek
000000001864-05-28-0000May 28–30, 1864
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Union forces pushed back.

Battle of Old Church
000000001864-05-30-0000May 30, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union forces drive Confederates back to Cold Harbor.

Battle of Cold Harbor
000000001864-05-31-0000May 31 –
June 12, 1864
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant, Confederate general says "This is not war, this is murder".

Battle of Piedmont
000000001864-06-05-0000June 5, 1864
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union forces under David Hunter defeat Confederate defenses on march to Staunton, Virginia, upper Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Old River Lake
000000001864-06-06-0000June 6, 1864
Arkansas

D

Union victory:

Battle of Marietta
000000001864-06-06-0000June 6 – July 3, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory: Sherman defeats Johnston.

First Battle of Petersburg
000000001864-06-09-0000June 9, 1864
Virginia

D

Confederate victory: Beauregard defeats Butler.

Battle of Brice's Crossroads
000000001864-06-10-0000June 10, 1864
Mississippi

B

Confederate victory: N.B. Forrest routs Union force almost three times as large.

Battle of Cynthiana
000000001864-06-11-0000June 11–12, 1864
Kentucky

C

Union victory: Union Brig. Gen. Stephen Gano Burbridge defeated Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan. Most Confederate soldiers were casualties, though Morgan escaped.

Battle of Trevilian Station
000000001864-06-11-0000June 11–12, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Confederate victory, George Armstrong Custer nearly surrounded and has to be rescued by Sheridan.

Second Battle of Petersburg
000000001864-06-15-0000June 15–18, 1864
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant at back door to Richmond.

Battle of Lynchburg
000000001864-06-17-0000June 17–18, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Fake Confederate reinforcements lead to Union retreat.

Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road
000000001864-06-21-0000June 21–24, 1864
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Union siege lines extended for Siege of Petersburg.

Battle of Kolb's Farm
000000001864-06-22-0000June 22, 1864
Georgia

C

Union victory: Confederate attack fails due to poor terrain conditions.

Battle of Saint Mary's Church
000000001864-06-24-0000June 24, 1864
Virginia

D

Inconclusive: Union forces fight a successful delaying action.

Battle of Staunton River Bridge
000000001864-06-25-0000June 25, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
000000001864-06-27-0000June 27, 1864
Georgia

B

Confederate victory: Johnston repulses Sherman.

Battle of Sappony Church
000000001864-06-28-0000June 28, 1864
Virginia

D

Confederate victory:

First Battle of Ream's Station
000000001864-06-29-0000June 29, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Maj. Gen. William Mahone and Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee defeated Union cavalry raiding Confederate railroads south of Petersburg, Virginia.

Battle of Monocacy
(Battle of Monocacy Junction)
000000001864-07-09-0000July 9, 1864
Maryland

B

Confederate victory: Union Gen. Lew Wallace slows up Jubal Early, saving DC.

Battle of Fort Stevens
000000001864-07-11-0000July 11–12, 1864
District of Columbia

B

Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to capture Washington, D.C., President Lincoln, observing the battle, comes under Confederate fire.

Battle of Tupelo
000000001864-07-14-0000July 14–15, 1864
Mississippi

B

Union victory: Confederate forces under Stephen D. Lee are defeated and Nathan Bedford Forrest is wounded in action.

Battle of Cool Spring
000000001864-07-18-0000July 18–19, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Peachtree Creek
000000001864-07-20-0000July 20, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) First Confederate attack against Union forces north of Atlanta fails.

Battle of Rutherford's Farm
000000001864-07-20-0000July 20, 1864
Virginia

D

Union victory: Confederates under Jubal Early caught by surprise and defeated.

Battle of Atlanta
000000001864-07-22-0000July 22, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Sherman turns back Hood's attack east of Atlanta.

Second Battle of Kernstown
000000001864-07-24-0000July 24, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Jubal Early defeats Union forces.

First Battle of Deep Bottom
000000001864-07-27-0000July 27–29, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory:

Battle of Ezra Church
000000001864-07-28-0000July 28, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Confederate attack on Union army northwest of Atlanta fails to gain element of surprise, finding entrenched Union forces. Union victory.

Battle of Killdeer Mountain
000000001864-07-28-0000July 28–29, 1864
North Dakota
(Dakota Territory
at the time)

C

* Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat Sioux.

Battle of the Crater
000000001864-07-30-0000July 30, 1864
Virginia

A

Confederate victory: Lee defeats Burnside.

Battle of Folck's Mill
000000001864-08-01-0000August 1, 1864
Maryland

D

Inconclusive: Indecisive Civil War battle.

Battle of Mobile Bay
000000001864-08-02-0000August 2–23, 1864
Alabama

A

Union victory: David Farragut takes port, says "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead".

Battle of Utoy Creek
000000001864-08-05-0000August 5–7, 1864
Georgia

C

Inconclusive: (Atlanta Campaign) Indecisive battle on Union right flank near Atlanta.

Battle of Moorefield
000000001864-08-07-0000August 7, 1864
West Virginia

C

Union victory:

Second Battle of Dalton
000000001864-08-14-0000August 14–15, 1864
Georgia

D

Union victory: Union forces withstand attack until relieved.

Second Battle of Deep Bottom
000000001864-08-14-0000August 14–20, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: The Confederates drove back the Union threat, but at a cost of diluting their forces as the Union had hoped.

Battle of Guard Hill
000000001864-08-16-0000August 16, 1864
Virginia

C

Inconclusive:

Battle of Globe Tavern
000000001864-08-18-0000August 18–21, 1864
Virginia

B

Union victory: Confederate forces lose control of railroads at Petersburg.

Battle of Lovejoy's Station
000000001864-08-20-0000August 20, 1864
Georgia

D

Confederate victory: Confederates repel Union raiders attacking the station.

Second Battle of Memphis
000000001864-08-21-0000August 21, 1864
Tennessee

C

Union victory: Partially successful Confederate raid.

Battle of Summit Point
000000001864-08-21-0000August 21, 1864
West Virginia

D

Inconclusive:

Second Battle of Ream's Station
000000001864-08-25-0000August 25, 1864
Virginia

B

Confederate victory: Union lines overrun by Confederates.

Battle of Smithfield Crossing
000000001864-08-25-0000August 25–29, 1864
West Virginia

D

Inconclusive:

Battle of Jonesborough
000000001864-08-31-0000August 31 –
September 1, 1864
Georgia

A

Union victory: William J. Hardee's Confederates defeated, resulting in Atlanta's fall the following day.

Battle of Berryville
000000001864-09-03-0000September 3–4, 1864
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: At the same time Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early sent Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's division to attack Colonel Joseph Thoburn's division of the VIII Corps, and Kershaw initially routed Thoburn's left flank. Darkness ended the fighting. The next morning, Early, seeing the strength of the Union's entrenched line, retreated behind Opequon Creek.

Battle of Opequon
(Third Battle of Winchester)
000000001864-09-19-0000September 19, 1864
Virginia

A

Union victory: Sheridan defeats Early, several officers killed or wounded on both sides.

Battle of Fisher's Hill
000000001864-09-02-0000September 2–22, 1864
Virginia

B

Union victory: Successful Union frontal assault.

Battle of Fort Davidson
000000001864-09-27-0000September 27, 1864
Missouri

B

Union victory: Union forces detonate their own fort after losing to Confederates.

Battle of Chaffin's Farm
(New Market Heights)
000000001864-09-29-0000September 29–30, 1864
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union forces victorious, but fail to capture several forts.

Battle of Peebles' Farm
000000001864-09-30-0000September 30 – October 2, 1864
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union victory near Petersburg.

First Battle of Saltville
000000001864-10-01-0000October 1–3, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Confederates defeat Union Black Cavalry, war crimes committed against captured blacks.

Battle of Allatoona
000000001864-10-05-0000October 5, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory: Union fortifications hold.

Battle of Darbytown and New Market
000000001864-10-07-0000October 7, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory:

Battle of Tom's Brook
000000001864-10-09-0000October 9, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union cavalry defeats Confederates.

Battle of Darbytown Road
000000001864-10-13-0000October 13, 1864
Virginia

D

Confederate victory: Federal assault on Confederate fortifications repulsed with heavy casualties.

Battle of Glasgow
000000001864-10-15-0000October 15, 1864
Missouri

C

Confederate victory: Union forces surrender.

Second Battle of Lexington
000000001864-10-19-0000October 19, 1864
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Union forces driven out of town.

Battle of Cedar Creek
000000001864-10-19-0000October 19, 1864
Virginia

A

Union victory: Sheridan defeats Early, drives Confederates from Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Little Blue River
000000001864-10-21-0000October 21, 1864
Missouri

D

Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Missouri.

Battle of Byram's Ford
000000001864-10-22-0000October 22–23, 1864
Missouri

B

Union victory: Confederates under Marmaduke defeated.

Second Battle of Independence
000000001864-10-22-0000October 22, 1864
Missouri

C

Confederate victory: Union forces occupy town.

Battle of Westport
000000001864-10-23-0000October 23, 1864
Missouri

A

Union victory: Union forces win decisive battle to take control of Missouri.

Battle of Marais des Cygnes
000000001864-10-25-0000October 25, 1864
Kansas

C

Union victory: Price's Confederates pursued into Kansas.

Battle of Mine Creek
000000001864-10-25-0000October 25, 1864
Kansas

C

Union victory: Price's army crushed, flees back into Missouri.

Battle of Marmiton River
000000001864-10-25-0000October 25, 1864
Missouri

D

Union victory: Price escapes Union pursuit.

Battle of Decatur
000000001864-10-26-0000October 26–29, 1864
Alabama

C

Union victory: Confederates unable to cross river.

Battle of Boydton Plank Road
000000001864-10-27-0000October 27–28, 1864
Virginia

B

Inconclusive: Union forces take control of road, but withdraw after battle.

Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road
000000001864-10-27-0000October 27–28, 1864
Virginia

C

Confederate victory:

Second Battle of Newtonia
000000001864-10-28-0000October 28, 1864
Missouri

B

Union victory: James G. Blunt defeats Joseph O. Shelby.

Battle of Johnsonville
000000001864-11-04-0000November 4–5, 1864
Tennessee

B

Confederate victory: Confederates bombard Union forces during the night after a fire starts near union positions.

Battle of Bull's Gap
000000001864-11-11-0000November 11–13, 1864
Tennessee

D

Confederate victory: Minor Confederate victory during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Griswoldville
000000001864-11-22-0000November 22, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory: Sherman's march to the sea continued.

Battle of Columbia
000000001864-11-24-0000November 24, 1864
Tennessee

C

Confederate victory: Confederates divert attention.

Battle of Buck Head Creek
000000001864-11-28-0000November 28, 1864
Georgia

C

Union victory:

Battle of Spring Hill
000000001864-11-29-0000November 29, 1864
Tennessee

B

Union victory: Confederate mistakes allow Federal forces to redeploy, leading to the Battle of Franklin.

Sand Creek massacre
000000001864-11-29-0000November 29, 1864
Colorado
(Colorado Territory
at the time)

B

* Colorado War: U.S. forces massacre Cheyenne and Arapaho.

Battle of Honey Hill
000000001864-11-30-0000November 30, 1864
South Carolina

C

Confederate victory: The third battle of Sherman's March to the Sea was a failed Union Army expedition under Maj. Gen. John P. Hatch that attempted to cut off the Charleston and Savannah Railroad in support of Sherman's projected arrival in Savannah.

Battle of Franklin (1864)
000000001864-11-30-0000November 30, 1864
Tennessee

A

Union victory: Hood attacks Schofield but suffers crushing losses; Pickett's Charge of the West.

Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia
000000001864-12-04-0000December 4, 1864
Georgia

C

Union victory: Kilpatrick stops Wheeler from attacking Sherman.

Third Battle of Murfreesboro
000000001864-12-05-0000December 5–7, 1864
Tennessee

D

Union victory: Confederate raid mostly unsuccessful.

First Battle of Fort Fisher
000000001864-12-07-0000December 7–27, 1864
North Carolina

C

Confederate victory: Failed Union attempt to take fort.

Second Battle of Fort McAllister
000000001864-12-13-0000December 13, 1864
Georgia

B

Union victory:

Battle of Nashville
000000001864-12-15-0000December 15–16, 1864
Tennessee

A

Union victory: Thomas attacks and virtually destroys Hood's Confederate Army of Tennessee.

Battle of Marion
000000001864-12-17-0000December 17–18, 1864
Virginia

D

Union victory:

Second Battle of Saltville
000000001864-12-20-0000December 20–21, 1864
Virginia

C

Union victory: Confederate forces retreated, and General George Stoneman's troops entered the town and destroyed the saltworks.

Second Battle of Fort Fisher
000000001865-01-13-0000January 13–15, 1865
North Carolina

A

Union victory: Union takes fort.

Battle of Rivers' Bridge
000000001865-02-03-0000February 3, 1865
South Carolina

D

Union victory: Union forces capture river crossing.

Battle of Hatcher's Run
000000001865-02-05-0000February 5–7, 1865
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union force launch unexpected attack.

Battle of Wilmington (North Carolina)
000000001865-02-22-0000February 22, 1865
North Carolina

D

Union victory: Last Confederate port falls.

Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia
000000001865-03-02-0000March 2, 1865
Virginia

B

Union victory: Remnants of Confederate Army of the Valley are destroyed.

Battle of Natural Bridge
000000001865-03-06-0000March 6, 1865
Florida

C

Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Florida prevents the capture of Tallahassee.

Battle of Wyse Fork
000000001865-03-07-0000March 7–10, 1865
North Carolina

D

Union victory: Confederate attacks repelled by Union artillery.

Battle of Monroe's Cross Roads
000000001865-03-10-0000March 10, 1865
North Carolina

D

Inconclusive:

Battle of Averasborough
000000001865-03-16-0000March 16, 1865
North Carolina

C

Inconclusive: Union and Confederate forces attack one another in turn, both attacks fail.

Battle of Bentonville
000000001865-03-19-0000March 19–21, 1865
North Carolina

A

Union victory: Sherman defeats Confederates

Battle of Fort Stedman
000000001865-03-25-0000March 25, 1865
Virginia

A

Union victory: Lee attempts to break siege.

Battle of Spanish Fort
000000001865-03-27-0000March 27 – April 8, 1865
Alabama

B

Union victory: Union forces capture fort just east of Mobile.

Battle of Lewis's Farm
000000001865-03-29-0000March 29, 1865
Virginia

C

Union victory: Union forces capture Confederate earthworks.

Battle of White Oak Road
000000001865-03-31-0000March 31, 1865
Virginia

B

Union victory: Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson defeated.

Battle of Dinwiddie Court House
000000001865-03-31-0000March 31, 1865
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Pickett defeats Sheridan.

Battle of Five Forks
000000001865-04-01-0000April 1, 1865
Virginia

A

Union victory: Sheridan routs Confederates.

Battle of Selma
000000001865-04-02-0000April 2, 1865
Alabama

B

Union victory: Wilson defeats Forrest.

Third Battle of Petersburg
000000001865-04-02-0000April 2, 1865
Virginia

A

Union victory: Grant defeats Lee.

Battle of Sutherland's Station
000000001865-04-02-0000April 2, 1865
Virginia

C

Union victory: Lee's supply lines are cut.

Battle of Namozine Church
000000001865-04-03-0000April 3, 1865
Virginia

D

Confederate victory: Several Confederates captured, Custer's brother earns Medal of Honor.

Battle of Amelia Springs
000000001865-04-05-0000April 5, 1865
Virginia

C

Inconclusive:

Battle of Rice's Station
000000001865-04-06-0000April 6, 1865
Virginia

D

Union victory:

Battle of Sayler's Creek
(or Sailor's Creek)
000000001865-04-06-0000April 6, 1865
Virginia

B

Union victory: Lee realizes his army is on the verge of defeat.

Battle of High Bridge
000000001865-04-06-0000April 6–7, 1865
Virginia

C

Inconclusive: Union forces thwart Lee's attempts to burn bridges and to resupply, Grant proposes that Lee surrender, but he refuses.

Battle of Cumberland Church
000000001865-04-07-0000April 7, 1865
Virginia

C

Confederate victory: Union forces attack Confederate rearguard, but darkness cuts the attack short.

Battle of Appomattox Station
000000001865-04-08-0000April 8, 1865
Virginia

B

Union victory: Union forces thwart Lee's final attempt to resupply.

Battle of Appomattox Court House
000000001865-04-09-0000April 9, 1865
Virginia

A

Union victory: Lee's forces surrounded. He subsequently surrenders.

Battle of Fort Blakeley
000000001865-04-09-0000April 9, 1865
Alabama

A

Union victory: Union forces capture fort east of Mobile.

Battle of Palmito Ranch
000000001865-05-12-0000May 12–13, 1865
Texas

D

Confederate victory: Last battle in Texas during final phases of the Civil War.

text: Other USA/CSA battles[edit]

text: Other non-Indian wars battles and skirmishes not rated by CWSAC.

text:
Battle
Date
State
Outcome

Battle of Gloucester Point
000000001861-05-07-0000May 7, 1861
Virginia
Inconclusive: Earliest exchange of gunfire between the Union Navy and organized Rebel forces after the surrender of Fort Sumter

Battle of Pig Point
000000001861-06-05-0000June 5, 1861
Virginia
Confederate victory: Early skirmish between Union gunboat USS Harriet Lane and a shore battery and rifle company of CSA defenders at Pig Point in Portsmouth, Virginia near Hampton Roads, Virginia.

Battle of Cole Camp
000000001861-06-19-0000June 19, 1861
Missouri
Confederate victory: Pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard defeat pro-Union Missouri Home Guard at Cole Camp

Battle of Mathias Point
000000001861-06-27-0000June 27, 1861
Virginia
Confederate victory: Confederates repulse the Union attack and kill Commander James H. Ward of the Union Potomac Flotilla, the first Union Navy officer killed during the Civil War.

Battle of Corrick's Ford
000000001861-07-13-0000July 13, 1861
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]
Union victory: Confederate Brig. Gen. Robert S. Garnett is the first general killed in the Civil War.

First Battle of Mesilla
000000001861-07-25-0000July 25, 1861
New Mexico
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Confederate victory: Confederate victory secures the southern part of the New Mexico Territory for the CSA.

Battle of Athens
000000001861-08-05-0000August 5, 1861
Missouri
Union victory: Union victory in small skirmish in Missouri

Battle of Charleston (1861) (Missouri)
000000001861-08-19-0000August 19, 1861
Missouri
Union victory: Union force destroys Confederate camp.

Battle of Canada Alamosa
000000001861-09-24-0000September 24–25, 1861
New Mexico
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Confederate victory: One of several small cavalry skirmishes in Confederate Arizona near the border with Union New Mexico Territory.

Battle of Cockle Creek
000000001861-10-05-0000October 5, 1861
Virginia
Union victory: ends Confederate smuggling up the Chincoteague Bay.

Battle of the Head of Passes
000000001861-10-12-0000October 12, 1861
Louisiana
Confederate victory: Naval forces square-off at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Port Royal
000000001861-11-07-0000November 7, 1861
South Carolina
Union victory: Union fleet under S. F. Du Pont capture Confederate forts at Hilton Head, South Carolina.

Skirmish at Blackwater Creek
000000001861-12-19-0000December 19, 1861
Missouri
Union victory: Union forces under General Pope capture a newly recruited Missouri State Guard regiment.

Battle of Elizabeth City
000000001862-02-10-0000February 10, 1862
North Carolina
Union victory: Destruction of the Mosquito Fleet.

Stanwix Station
000000001862-03-30-0000March 30, 1862
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Union victory: Westernmost skirmish of the war.

Battle of Peralta
000000001862-04-14-0000April 14, 1862
New Mexico
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Union victory: Union forces defeat the 5th Texas Mounted Volunteers.

Battle of Picacho Pass
000000001862-04-15-0000April 15, 1862
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Confederate victory: Confederate pickets defeat Union cavalry patrol.

Battle of Whitney's Lane
000000001862-05-19-0000May 19, 1862
Arkansas
Union victory: Union campaign towards Little Rock, Arkansas halted.

Capture of Tucson (1862)
000000001862-05-20-0000May 20, 1862
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Union victory: A Union force of 2,000 took the city from ten Tucson militiamen without a shot fired.

First Battle of Pocotaligo
000000001862-05-29-0000May 29, 1862
South Carolina
Union victory: Mission objective fulfilled – Charleston & Savannah railroad bridge damaged.

Battle of Compton's Ferry
000000001862-08-11-0000August 11, 1862
Missouri
Union victory:

Battle of Charleston (1862)
000000001862-09-13-0000September 13, 1862
West Virginia
(Virginia
at the time)[A]
Confederate victory: Confederate troops occupy Charleston during Kanawha Valley offensive.

Battle of Crampton's Gap
000000001862-09-14-0000September 14, 1862
Maryland
Union victory: Union broke the Confederate line and drove through the gap. Confederates were strategically successful in stalling the Union advance and protecting the rear of their forces engaged at Harpers Ferry.

Battle of Pocotaligo
000000001862-10-22-0000October 22, 1862
South Carolina
Confederate victory: Union troops repulsed after minimally damaging the Charleston & Savannah railroad.

Skirmish at Island Mound
000000001862-10-27-0000October 27–29, 1862
Missouri
Union victory:

Yazoo Pass Expedition
000000001863-02-03-0000February 3 –
April 12, 1863
Mississippi
Confederate victory: Elaborate amphibious Union flanking maneuver is thwarted by Confederates at Fort Pemberton during the Vicksburg campaign.

Battle of Crooked Creek
000000001863-04-30-0000April 30, 1863
Alabama
Nathan Bedford Forrest and Union Col. Abel Streight fight Cavalry action for several hours.

Battle of Portland Harbor
000000001863-06-27-0000June 27, 1863
Maine
Union victory: Naval engagement.

Battle of Sporting Hill
000000001863-06-30-0000June 30, 1863
Pennsylvania
Inconclusive: Small skirmish during the Gettysburg Campaign was the northernmost engagement of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War.

Battle of Carlisle
000000001863-07-01-0000July 1, 1863
Pennsylvania
Inconclusive: Small, but strategically important skirmish during the Gettysburg Campaign.

Battle of Hunterstown
000000001863-07-02-0000July 2, 1863
Pennsylvania
Inconclusive: Minor cavalry engagement during the Gettysburg Campaign

Battle of Fairfield
000000001863-07-03-0000July 3, 1863
Pennsylvania
Confederate victory: Cavalry engagement during the Gettysburg Campaign secured the important Hagerstown Road.

Jackson Expedition
000000001863-07-05-0000July 5–25, 1863
Mississippi
Union victory: Forces under General William T. Sherman clear General Joseph E. Johnston's relief effort from the Vicksburg area.

Battle of Funkstown
000000001863-07-10-0000July 10, 1863
Maryland
Inconclusive: Action during Lee's retreat to Virginia after the Battle of Gettysburg.

Draft Riots
000000001863-07-13-0000July 13–16, 1863
New York
–

Battle of Bayou Meto (Battle of Reed's Bridge)
000000001863-08-27-0000August 27, 1863
Arkansas
Confederate Victory: Confederate forces delay the Union advance on Little Rock.

Battle of Bayou Bourbeux
000000001863-11-03-0000November 3, 1863
Louisiana
Confederate victory: Confederate District of Western Louisiana troops attack the isolated rear guard during Union withdrawal from Opelousas.

Battle of Laredo
000000001864-03-18-0000March 18, 1864
Texas
Confederate victory: Union force sent to destroy 05,000 bales of cotton

Battle of Salyersville
000000001864-04-13-0000April 13–14, 1864
Kentucky
Union victory: Confederates were driven into Salyersville with heavy losses.

Battle of Cherbourg (1864)
(Sinking of CSS Alabama)
000000001864-06-19-0000June 19, 1864
(Naval engagement) Cherbourg, France
Union victory: USS Kearsarge sinks CSS Alabama

Battle of Camden Point
000000001864-07-13-0000July 13, 1864
Missouri
Union victory:

Battle of Brown's Mill
000000001864-07-30-0000July 30, 1864
Georgia
Confederate victory: cavalry engagement during Atlanta campaign

Battle of Fort Smith
000000001864-07-31-0000July 31, 1864
Arkansas
Union victory: Federal troops maintain control of western Arkansas

Battle of Gainesville
000000001864-08-17-0000August 17, 1864
Florida
Confederate victory:

Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle
000000001864-09-23-0000September 23–25, 1864
Alabama
Confederate victory: Raid to disrupt Sherman's supply line

Battle of Marianna
000000001864-09-27-0000September 27, 1864
Florida
Union victory: Cavalry raid into Florida panhandle.

St. Albans raid
000000001864-10-19-0000October 19, 1864
Vermont
Confederate victory: Northernmost land action of the American Civil War

Battle of Anthony's Hill (Battle of King's Hill)
000000001864-12-24-0000December 24, 1864
Tennessee
Confederate victory: Forrest turns back Union pursuers after the Battle of Nashville.

Battle of Broxton Bridge
000000001865-02-02-0000February 2, 1865
South Carolina
–[2]

Battle of Aiken
000000001865-02-11-0000February 11, 1865
South Carolina
Cavalry action between Union Maj. Gen. Hugh Judson Kilpatrick and Confederate Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler.

Battle of Fort Myers
000000001865-02-20-0000February 20, 1865
Florida
Union victory: Southernmost land battle of the war.

Battle of Morrisville
000000001865-04-13-0000April 13–15, 1865
North Carolina
Union victory: Last cavalry battle of the War.

Battle of West Point
000000001865-04-16-0000April 16, 1865
Georgia
Union victory: Union victory during final phase of U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Columbus (1865) (Battle of Girard)
000000001865-04-16-0000April 16, 1865
Georgia
Union victory: during final phase of war.

Battle of Anderson
000000001865-05-01-0000May 1, 1865
South Carolina
Inconclusive: Minor skirmish.

text: Other battles in the American Indian Wars[edit]

text: Other battles and skirmishes, not rated by CWSAC, of the American Indian Wars between either USA or CSA forces and the Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Dakota, Kiowa, Navajo, and Shoshone which occurred during the American Civil War – including: the Apache Wars, Colorado War, Dakota War of 1862, Navajo Wars, and Texas–Indian wars.

text:
Battle
Date
State
Outcome

Siege of Tubac
000000001861-08-01-0000August 1861
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Apache victory. Confederate militia and townspeople flee to Tucson.

First Battle of Dragoon Springs
000000001862-05-05-0000May 5, 1862
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Apache victory. Westernmost Confederate battle fatalities.

Second Battle of Dragoon Springs
000000001862-05-09-0000May 9, 1862
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Confederate victory. Livestock recaptured.

Battle of Apache Pass
000000001862-07-15-0000July 15–16, 1862
Arizona
(New Mexico Territory
at the time)
Apache Wars: Union soldiers fight with Apache warriors.

Battles of New Ulm
000000001862-08-19-0000August 19 and 23, 1862
Minnesota
Dakota War of 1862: Two battles in the Dakota War of 1862.

Battle of Birch Coulee
000000001862-09-02-0000September 2, 1862
Minnesota
Dakota War of 1862: Worst defeat of Union forces during the Dakota War of 1862.

Battle of Bear River
000000001863-01-29-0000January 29, 1863
Idaho
(Washington Territory at the time)
Also known as the Bear River Massacre. Resulted in the scattering of several Shoshoni bands and ended Shoshoni control of northern Utah Territory.

Battle of Canyon de Chelly
000000001864-01-12-0000January 12–14, 1864
Arizona
(Arizona Territory
at the time)
US victory

First Battle of Adobe Walls
000000001864-11-25-0000November 25, 1864
Texas
Texas–Indian wars: Kit Carson fights Kiowa forces to a draw, but manages to destroy their settlement.

Battle of Dove Creek
000000001865-01-08-0000January 8, 1865
Texas
Kickapoo victory: Texas State Militia and CS troops are defeated by Kickapoo Indians.

Battle of Fort Buchanan
000000001865-02-17-0000February 17, 1865
Arizona
(Arizona Territory
at the time)
Apache victory. Fort Buchanan destroyed.

text: Troop engagements[edit]

text: This is a chronological summary and record of every engagement between the troops of the Union and of the Confederacy, showing the total losses and casualties in each engagement. It was collated and compiled from the Official Records of the War Department.

text: This summary has been divided by year:

text:
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865


document_title: Greek tragedy

question_text: how many settings does a greek tragedy have

question_tokens: how many settings does a greek tragedy have

root

text: Greek tragedy

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Aristotelian hypothesis[edit]

text: The origin of the word tragedy has been a matter of discussion from ancient times. The primary source of knowledge on the question is the Poetics of Aristotle. Aristotle was able to gather first-hand documentation from theater performance in Attica, which is inaccessible to scholars today. His work is therefore invaluable for the study of ancient tragedy, even if his testimony is open to doubt on some points.

tag: p

text: According to Aristotle, tragedy evolved from the satyr dithyramb, an Ancient Greek hymn, which was sung along with dancing in honor of Dionysus. The term τραγῳδία, derived from τράγος "goat" and ᾠδή "song", means "song of the goats," referring to the chorus of satyrs. Others suggest that the term came into being when the legendary Thespis (the root for our word thespian) competed in the first tragic competition for the prize of a goat (hence tragedy).[1]

text: Alexandrian hypothesis[edit]

text: Alexandrian grammarians understood the term τραγῳδία as a "song for the sacrifice of the goat" or "song for the goat", believing the animal was a prize in a race, as attested by Horace's Ars Poetica:

text: "The poet, who first tried his skill in tragic verse for the paltry prize of a goat, soon after exposed to view wild satyrs naked, and attempted raillery with severity, still preserving the gravity of tragedy."

text: Other hypotheses[edit]

text: There are other suggested etymologies for the word tragedy. The Oxford English Dictionary adds to the standard reference to "goat song", that:

text: As to the reason of the name, many theories have been offered, some even disputing the connection with ‘goat’.[2]

text: J. Winkler proposed that "tragedy" could be derived from the rare word tragizein (τραγίζειν), which refers to "adolescent voice-change" referring to the original singers as "representative of those undergoing social puberty". [3] D'Amico, on the other hand, suggests that tragoidía does not mean simply "song of the goats", but the characters that made up the satyr chorus of the first Dionysian rites.[4]

text: Other hypotheses have included an etymology that would define the tragedy as an ode to beer. Jane Ellen Harrison pointed out that Dionysus, god of wine (a drink of the wealthy classes) was actually preceded by Dionysus, god of beer (a drink of the working classes). Athenian beer was obtained from the fermentation of barley, which is tragos in Greek. Thus, it is likely that the term was originally meant to be "odes to spelt," and later on, it was extended to other meanings of the same name. She writes: "Tragedy I believe to be not the 'goat-song', but the 'harvest-song' of the cereal tragos, the form of spelt known as 'the goat'." [5]

text: The evolution of tragedy[edit]

text: Origin of tragedy[edit]

text: The origin of Greek tragedy is one of the unsolved problems of classical scholarship. Ruth Scodel notes that, due to lack of evidence and doubtful reliability of sources, we know nearly nothing about tragedy's origin.[6] Still, R.P. Winnington-Ingram points out that we can easily trace various influences from other genres.[7] The stories that tragedy deals with stem from epic and lyric poetry, its meter — the iambic trimeter — owed much to the political rhetoric of Solon, and the choral songs' dialect, meter and vocabulary seem to originate in choral lyric. How these have come to be associated with one another remains a mystery however.

text: Speculating on the problem, Scodel writes that:

text: "Three innovations must have taken place for tragedy as we know it to exist. First, somebody created a new kind of performance by combining a speaker with a chorus and putting both speaker and chorus in disguise as characters in a story from legend or history. Second, this performance was made part of the City Dionysia at Athens. Third, regulations defined how it was to be managed and paid for. It is theoretically possible that all these were simultaneous, but it is not likely."[6]

text: From dithyramb to drama[edit]

text: Aristotle writes in the Poetics that, in the beginning, tragedy was an improvisation "by those who led off the dithyramb",[8] which was a hymn in honor of Dionysus. This was brief and burlesque in tone because it contained elements of the Satyr play. Gradually, the language became more serious and the meter changed from trochaic tetrameter to the more prosaic iambic trimeter. In Herodotus Histories[9] and later sources,[10] the lyric poet Arion of Methymna is said to be the inventor of the dithyramb. The dithyramb was originally improvised, but later written down before performance. The Greek chorus of up to 50 men and boys danced and sang in a circle, probably accompanied by an aulos, relating to some event in the life of Dionysus.[11]

text: Scholars have made a number of suggestions about the way the dithyramb changed into tragedy. "Somebody, presumably Thespis, decided to combine spoken verse with choral song. ... As tragedy developed, the actors began to interact more with each other, and the role of the chorus became smaller.[6]" Scodell notes that:

text: The Greek word for “actor” is hypocrites, which means “answerer” or “interpreter,” but the word cannot tell us anything about tragedy’s origins, since we do not know when it came into use.[6]

text: Also, Easterling says:

text: There is .. much to be said for the view that hypokrites means 'answerer'. He answers the questions of the chorus and so evokes their songs. He answers with a long speech about his own situation or, when he enters as messenger, with a narrative of disastrous events ... Naturally, the transformation of the leader into an actor entailed a dramatization of the chorus.[11]

text: The first tragedies[edit]

text: Tradition attributes Thespis as the first person to represent a character in a play. This took place in 534 BC during the Dionysia established by Peisistratus.[12] Of his tragedies we know little except that the choir was still formed by Satyrs and that, according to Aristotle, he was the first to win a dramatic contest, and the first (ὑποκριτής) who portrayed a character rather than speaking as himself. Moreover, Themistius, a writer of the 4th century AD, reports that Thespis invented the prologue as well as the spoken part (ῥῆσις). Other playwrights of the time were Choerilus, author of probably one hundred and sixty tragedies (with thirteen victories), and Pratinas of Phlius, author of fifty works, of which thirty-two are satyr plays.[13] We have little record of these works except their titles. At this time, satyr plays were presented alongside tragedies. Pratinas definitely competed with Aeschylus and worked from 499 BC.

text: Another playwright was Phrynichus.[14] Aristophanes sings his praises in his plays: for example, The Wasps presents him as a radical democrat close to Themistocles. Besides introducing dialogues in iambic trimeter and including female characters for the first time, Phrynichus also introduced historical content to the genre of tragedy (e.g. in the Capture of Miletus). His first victory in a contest was in 510 BC. At this time, the organization of plays into trilogies began.

text: Aeschylus: the codification[edit]

text: Aeschylus was to establish the basic rules of tragic drama.[15] He is credited with inventing the trilogy, a series of three tragedies that tell one long story, and introduced the second actor, making the dramatization of a conflict possible. Trilogies were performed in sequence over a full day, sunrise to sunset. At the end of the last play, a satyr play was staged to revive the spirits of the public, possibly depressed by the events of the tragedy.[note 1]

text: In the work of Aeschylus, comparing the first tragedies with those of subsequent years, there is an evolution and enrichment of the proper elements of tragic drama: dialogue, contrasts, and theatrical effects.[16] This is due to the competition in which the older Aeschylus was with other playwrights, especially the young Sophocles, who introduced a third actor, increased plot complexity and developed more human characters, with which the audience could identify.[citation needed]

text: Aeschylus was at least partially receptive to Sophocles' innovations, but remained faithful to a very strict morality and a very intense religiosity. So, for instance, in Aeschylus, Zeus always has the role of ethical thinking and action.[note 2] Musically Aeschylus remains tied to the nomoi, rhythmic and melodic structures developed in the Archaic period.[citation needed]

text: The reforms of Sophocles[edit]

text: Plutarch, in the Life of Cimon, recounts the first triumph of the young talented Sophocles against the famous and hitherto unchallenged Aeschylus.[17] This competition ended in an unusual manner, without the usual draw for the referees, and caused the voluntary exile of Aeschylus to Sicily. Many innovations were introduced by Sophocles, and earned him at least twenty triumphs.[18] He introduced a third actor, increased the number of chorus members to fifteen; he also introduced scenery and the use of scenes.

text: Compared to Aeschylus, the chorus became less important in explaining the plot and there was a greater emphasis on character development and conflict. In Oedipus at Colonus, the chorus repeats "not to be born is best." The events that overwhelm the lives of the heroes are in no way explained or justified, and in this we see the beginning of a painful reflection on the human condition, still current in the contemporary world.[citation needed]

text: The realism of Euripides[edit]

text: The peculiarities that distinguish the Euripidean tragedies from those of the other two playwrights are the search for technical experimentation, and increased attention for feelings, as a mechanism to elaborate the unfolding of tragic events.[19]

text: The experimentation carried out by Euripides in his tragedies can be observed mainly in three aspects that characterize his theater: he turned the prologue into a monologue informing the spectators of the story's background, introduced the deus ex machina and gradually diminished the choir's prominence from the dramatic point of view in favor of a monody sung by the characters.

text: Another novelty of Euripidean drama is represented by the realism with which the playwright portrays his characters' psychological dynamics. The hero described in his tragedies is no longer the resolute character as he appears in the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles, but often an insecure person, troubled by internal conflict.[citation needed]

text: He uses female protagonists of the plays, such as Andromache, Phaedra and Medea, to portray the tormented sensitivity and irrational impulses that collide with the world of reason.[20]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The structure of Greek tragedy is characterized by a set of conventions. The tragedy usually begins with a prologue, (from pro and logos, "preliminary speech") in which one or more characters introduce the drama and explain the background of the ensuing story. The prologue is followed by the parodos(entry of the characters/group) (πάροδος), after which the story unfolds through three or more episodes (ἐπεισόδια, epeisodia). The episodes are interspersed by stasima (στάσιμoν, stasimon), choral interludes explaining or commenting on the situation developing in the play. The tragedy ends with the exodus (ἔξοδος), concluding the story. Some plays do not adhere to this conventional structure. Aeschylus' "The Persians" and "Seven Against Thebes" for example, have no prologue.

text: Language[edit]

text: The Greek dialects used are the Attic dialect for the parts spoken or recited, and a literary Doric dialect for the vocals. For the metre, the spoken parts mainly use the iambic (iambic trimeter), described as the most natural by Aristotle,[8] while the choral parts rely on a variety of meters. Anapaests were typically used as the chorus or a character moved on or off the stage, and lyric metres were used for the choral odes. These included Dactylo-epitrites and various Aeolic metres, sometimes interspersed with iambics. Dochmiacs often appear in passages of extreme emotion.[21]

text: Greek tragedy in dramatic theory[edit]

text: Mimesis and catharsis[edit]

text: As already mentioned, Aristotle wrote the first critical study of the tragedy: the Poetics. He uses the concepts of mimesis (μίμησις, "imitation"), and catharsis or katharsis (κάθαρσις, "cleansing") to explain the function of tragedy. He writes: "Tragedy is, therefore, an imitation (mimēsis) of a noble and complete action [...] which through compassion and fear produces purification of the passions."[22] Whereas mimēsis implies an imitation of human affairs, catharsis means a certain emotional cleansing of the spectator. What exactly is meant by "emotional cleansing" (κάθαρσις των παθήματων) however, remains unclear throughout the work. Although many scholars have attempted to define this element vital to the understanding of Aristotle's Poetics, they remain divided on the subject.[23]

text: Gregory, for instance, argues that there is "a close relationship between tragic katharsis and the transformation of pity and fear [...] into essentially pleasurable emotions in the theater".

text: Katharsis, on this reading, will denote the overall ethical benefit that accrues from such an intense yet fulfillingly integrated experience. Exempt from the stresses that accompany pity and fear in social life, the audience of tragedy can allow these emotions an uninhibited flow that ... is satisfyingly attuned to its contemplation of the rich human significance of a well-plotted play. A katharsis of this kind is not reducible to either ‘‘purgation’’ or ‘‘purification.’’ [24]

text: Lear[23] promotes as "the most sophisticated view of katharsis", the idea that it "provides an education for the emotions." "Tragedy ... provides us with the appropriate objects towards which to feel pity or fear."

text: The three unities[edit]

text: The three Aristotelian unities of drama are the unities of time, place and action.

text:
Unity of action: a play should have one main action that it follows, with no or few subplots.
Unity of place: a play should cover a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.
Unity of time: the action in a play should take place over no more than 24 hours.

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text: Aristotle asserted that a play must be complete and whole, in other words, it must have unity, i.e. a beginning, a middle and an end. The philosopher also asserted that the action of epic poetry and tragedy differ in length, "because in tragedy every effort is made for it to take place in one revolution of the sun, while the epic is unlimited in time."

text: These unities were considered key elements of the theatre until a few centuries ago, although they were not always observed (such as by authors like Shakespeare, Calderón de la Barca and Moliere).

text: Apollonian and Dionysian: the analysis of Nietzsche[edit]

text: Friedrich Nietzsche at the end of the 19th century highlighted the contrast between the two main elements of tragedy: firstly, the Dionysian (the passion that overwhelms the character) and the Apollonian (the purely pictorial imagery of the theatrical spectacle).[25]

text: Contrasted with that is nemesis, the divine punishment that determines the fall or death of the character.

text: In ancient Greek culture, says Nietzsche, "there is a conflict between the plastic arts, namely the Apollonian, and non-plastic art of music, the Dionysian."

text: "Both drives, so different from each other, go side by side, mostly in open discord and opposition, always provoking each other to new, stronger births, in order to perpetuate in themselves the struggle of opposites which is only apparently bridged over by the common word 'art'; until, finally, by a wonderful act of Hellenic 'will,' they seem to pair up and in this pairing, at last, produce Attic Tragedy, which is as much a Dionysian as an Apollonian artwork."[26]

text: The tragic theatre as a mass phenomenon[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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text: The ancient tragedy as we understand it today, was not merely a show, but rather a collective ritual of the polis.[note 3] It took place in a sacred, consecrated space (the altar of the god stood at the center of the theatre).

text: A spectator of a Greek dramatic performance in the latter half of the fifth century B.C. would find himself seated in the theatron, or koilon,a semi-circular, curved bank of seats, resembling in some respects the closed end of a horseshoe stadium. ... Below him, in the best location in the theatre, is the throne of the priest of Dionysus who presides in a sense over the whole performance. The theatron is large-in fact, the one in Athens, in the Theatre of Dionysus, with its seats banked up on the south slope of the Acropolis, seated approximately 17,000 persons.

text: The spectator sees before him a level circular area called the orchestra, which means literally the "dancing place". ... In the centre of the orchestra stands an altar. A part of the dramatic action will take place in the orchestra, as well as the manoeuvres and dance figures performed by the Chorus as they present their odes. To the right and left of the theatron are the paradoi, which are used not only by the spectators for entering and leaving the theatre, but also for the entrances and exits of actors and the Chorus. Directly beyond the circular orchestra lies the skene or scene building. ... In most plays the skene represents the facade of a house, a palace, or a temple. The skene normally had three doors which served as additional entrances and exits for the actors. Immediately in front of the scene-building was a level platform, in the fifth century B.C. in all probability only a single step above the level of the orchestra. This was called the proskenion or logeion where much of the dramatic action of the plays takes place. Flanking the proskenion were two projecting wings, the so-called paraskenia. It must be remembered that the skene, since at first it was only a wooden structure, was flexible in its form, and was probably modified frequently.[27]

text: The theatre voiced ideas and problems from the democratic, political and cultural life of Athens. Tragedies can discuss use the Greek mythical past as a metaphor for the deep problems of current Athenian society.[28] In such plays, "the poet alludes directly to fifth-century events or developments, but moves them back into the mythological past. In this category [can be placed] Aeschylus’ Persians and Oresteia."[29]

text: In the case of Aeschylus' tragedy The Persians, it was performed in 472 BC in Athens, eight years after the battle of Salamis, when the war with Persia was still in progress. It tells the story of the Persian fleet's defeat at Salamis and how the ghost of former Persian King Darius accuses his son Xerxes of hubris against the Greeks for waging war on them.

text: "The possibility that a reflection of Athens is to be seen in Aeschylus’ Persian mirror could explain why the poet asks his audience to look at Salamis through Persian eyes and elicits great sympathy for the Persians, including Xerxes."[30]

text: Other tragedies avoid references or allusions to 5th century BC events, but "also draw the mythological past into the present."

text: The bulk of the plays in this category are by Euripides. Strains of fifth-century Athenian rhetoric, sketches of political types, and reflections of Athens’ institutions and society lend plays of this category a distinctly fifth-century Athenian flavor. The emphasis in Euripides’ Orestes on political factions, for example, is directly relevant to the Athens of 408 BCE.[30]

text: The performances of the tragedies took place in Athens on the occasion of the Great Dionysia, feasts in honor of Dionysus celebrated in the month of Elaphebolion, towards the end of March.[note 4] It was organized by the State and the eponymous archon, who picked three of the richest citizens to pay for the drama's expenses. In the Athenian democracy wealthy citizens were required to fund public services, a practice known as liturgy.

text: During the Dionysia a contest took place between three plays, chosen by the archon eponymous. This procedure might have been based on a provisional script, each of which had to submit a tetralogy consisting of three tragedies and a satyr play. Each tetralogy was recited in one day, so that the recitation of tragedies lasted three days. The fourth day was dedicated to the staging of five comedies.[note 5] At the end of these three days a jury of ten people chosen by lot from the body of citizens chose the best choir, best actor and best author. At the end of the performances, the judges placed a tablet inscribed with the name of their choice inside an urn, after which five tablets were randomly selected. The person who received the highest amount of votes won. The winning author, actor and choir were thus selected not purely by lot, but chance did play a part.

text: The passion of the Greeks for the tragedy was overwhelming: Athens, said the critics, spent more on theatre than on the fleet. When the cost for the shows became a sensitive subject, an admission fee was instated, alongside the so-called theorikon, a special fund to pay for festival's expenses.[31]

text: The surviving tragedies[edit]

text: Of the many tragedies known to have been written, full-length texts by only three authors, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, survive.

text: Aeschylus[edit]

text: Seventy-nine titles of Aeschylus' works are known (out of about ninety works),[32] both tragedies and satyr plays. Seven of these have survived, including the only complete trilogy which has come down from antiquity, the Oresteia, and some papyrus fragments:[33]

text:
The Persians (Πέρσαι / Persai), 472 BC;
Seven Against Thebes (Ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβας / Hepta epi Thebas), 467 BC;
Suppliants (Ἱκέτιδες / Hiketides), probably 463 BC;
The trilogy Oresteia (Ὀρέστεια / Oresteia), 458 BC, consisting of:

Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων / Agamemnon);
Choephoroi (Χοηφόροι / Choefοroi);
Furies (Εὐμενίδες / Eumenides);

Prometheus Bound (Προμηθεὺς δεσμώτης / Prometheus desmotes) of uncertain date and considered spurious by some scholars.[note 6]

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text: Sophocles[edit]

text: According to Aristophanes of Byzantium, Sophocles wrote 130 plays, 17 of which are spurious; the Suda lexicon counted 123.[34][note 7] Of all Sophocles's tragedies, only seven remain intact:

text:
Ajax (Αἴας / Aias) around 445 BC;
Antigone (Ἀντιγόνη / Antigone), 442 BC;
Women of Trachis (Tραχίνιαι / Trachiniai), date unknown;
Oedipus Rex (Οἰδίπoυς τύραννoς / Oidipous Tyrannos) around 430 BC;
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα / Elektra), date unknown;
Philoctetes (Φιλοκτήτης / Philoktētēs), 409 BC;
Oedipus at Colonus (Oἰδίπoυς ἐπὶ Κολωνῷ / Oidipous epi Kolōnōi), 406 BC.

text: Apart from the plays that have survived in their entirety, we also possess a large part of the satyr play Ἰχνευταί or Trackers, which was found at the beginning of the 20th century on a papyrus containing three-quarters of this work.[35]

text: Euripides[edit]

text: According to the Suda, Euripides wrote either 75 or 92 plays, of which survive eighteen tragedies and the only complete surviving satyr play, the Cyclops.[36]

text: His extant works are:[37]

text:
Alcestis (Ἄλκηστις / Alkestis), 438 BC;
Medea (Μήδεια / Medeia), 431 BC;
Heracleidae (Ἡρακλεῖδαι / Herakleìdai), c. 430 BC;
Hippolytus (Ἱππόλυτος στεφανοφόρος / Ippolytos stephanoforos), 428 BC;
The Trojan Women (Τρώαδες / Troades), 415 BC;
Andromache (Ἀνδρομάχη / Andromache), date unknown;
Hecuba (Ἑκάβη / Hekabe), 423 BC;
Suppliants (Ἱκέτιδες / Hiketides), 414 BC;
Ion (Ἴων / Ion);
Iphigenia in Tauris (Ἰφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Ταύροις / Iphighèneia he en Taurois);
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα / Elektra);
Helen (Ἑλένη / Helene), 412 BC;
Heracles (Ἡρακλῆς μαινόμενος / Herakles mainomenos);
The Phoenician Women (Φοινίσσαι / Phoinissai) circa 408 BC;
Orestes (Ὀρέστης / Orestes), 408 BC;
Iphigenia in Aulis (Ἰφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Αὐλίδι / Iphighèneia h en Aulìdi), 410 BC;
The Bacchae (Βάκχαι / Bakchai), 406 BC;
Cyclops (Κύκλωψ / Kuklops) (satyr);
Rhesus (Ῥῆσος / Resos) (possibly spurious).

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Some discussion exists on the function of satyr plays, however. See: Griffith (2002).
Jump up ^ An exception is Prometheus Bound, in which Zeus strikes tyrannical attitudes.
Jump up ^ Paul Judges Emilio assumed that it was for this reason that the construction of the theatre needed a certain size to hold all the free citizens of Athens. See his History of Theatre in Italy p. 18.
Jump up ^ The Dionysia was also called Great Dionysia, to distinguish them from rural areas, plays a minor that took place in winter in countries around Athens.
Jump up ^ During the Peloponnesian War the number of comedies was reduced to three, to be performed once a day, at the end of the tetralogies. It has been argued, the Athenians took this decision due to their financial situation at the time.
Jump up ^ The presence of attacks on Zeus casts doubt onto the authorship of Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound.
Jump up ^ Some scholars equate the two sources, assuming an error of Aristophanes, of 17 instead of 7. Cf. Rossi & Nicolai (2006) 93.