document_title: The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)

question_text: who played the incredible hulk in the 80s

text: The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: David Bruce Banner, M.D., Ph.D., is a physician and scientist employed at the Culver Institute who is traumatized by the car accident that killed his beloved wife, Laura (played by Lara Parker). Haunted by his inability to save her, Dr. Banner, in partnership with Dr. Elaina Harding Marks (Susan Sullivan), who also works at the institute, conducts a study on people who, while in danger, summoned superhuman strength in order to save their loved ones. After months of work, the only two significant common factors they can find between the subjects are extreme emotional commitments and an abnormally high percentage of the adenine/thymine combination in their DNA – an insufficient explanation, since Dr. Banner has even higher levels of adenine/thymine than any of the subjects, yet was unable to summon the strength he needed to save Laura. Working late one night, Banner hypothesizes that high levels of gamma radiation from sunspots contribute to the subjects' increase in strength. Studying a chart of gamma activity, he confirms that all the subjects performed their feats during periods of high gamma activity, while his wife's death occurred during a period of low gamma activity. Impatient to test his theory, Dr. Banner conducts an unsupervised experiment in the lab, bombarding his own body with gamma radiation. Unknown to Dr. Banner, the equipment has been upgraded, causing him to administer an accidental overdose of gamma radiation (nearly 2 million units instead of 300,000 units) to himself. Despite this, he exhibits no immediate increase in strength, and leaves the lab in frustration.

text: Driving home in a heavy rainstorm, Dr. Banner's frustration peaks when his car has a flat tire and he injures himself with a tire iron trying to change it. This triggers his transformation into the Incredible Hulk, a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m), 330-pound (150 kg), green-skinned savage creature, with a sub-human mind and superhuman strength. The Hulk destroys Banner's car and wanders off into the nearby woods. As the sun rises, the Hulk stumbles upon a girl and her father camping. In the ensuing confusion, the Hulk is shot by the girl's father, and responds by breaking his rifle and throwing him into the pond. Leaving the area, the Hulk eventually transforms back into Dr. Banner, with no memory of his time as the Hulk and little memory of the events immediately before or after. Wounded and confused, he visits Dr. Marks. Her amazement at Dr. Banner's healing powers (his gunshot wound is nearly healed) is replaced by shock and horror when Dr. Banner tells her that he bombarded himself with gamma radiation.

text: Drs. Banner and Marks relocate to a laboratory isolated from the rest of the Culver Institute but still on its grounds. Marks locks him in an experimental pressure chamber designed for deep underwater usage in an attempt to simulate the conditions which preceded the hole in his memory. When this fails to induce a transformation, Dr. Banner lies down to sleep. He has his recurring nightmare of his wife's death, which causes him to transform. The Hulk breaks out of the chamber. Terrified but compelled by scientific fascination, Dr. Marks takes a blood sample from the Hulk's wounded hands and guides him to a couch, where he calms down and reverts to Banner. They conclude that the Hulk has a very high metabolism and healing rate and that the transformation is caused by such extreme negative emotions as anger. The horrified Banner realizes and points out, "That means it's uncontrollable". If his anger can mount up even in his unconscious, even when he sleeps, then he has no control over the process and will never even remember anything the Hulk does or experiences.

text: While Drs. Banner and Marks try to reverse the process, reporter Jack McGee of a tabloid named the National Register, who had been probing Banner's research into the limits of human strength, investigates the campers' sighting of the Hulk and intrudes on the lab. While the scientists plead ignorance, McGee suspects they know something and sneaks into the lab, hiding in a chemical storage room. Dr. Banner catches McGee hiding, and the startled reporter knocks a chemical off of a storage shelf. As Dr. Banner takes McGee outside, the spilled chemicals set off a fire. Dr. Banner rushes back into the lab to save Dr. Marks. Seeing Dr. Marks injured and in grave danger triggers another transformation into the Hulk. The Hulk carries Dr. Marks away from the inferno into nearby woods, but she dies from injuries sustained in the explosion. McGee witnesses the Hulk carrying her away, and surmises that the Hulk killed both Banner and Marks. Although the authorities are skeptical of the existence of the creature McGee tells them about, he publishes a front-page headline in the National Register that proclaims, "Incredible 'Hulk' Kills 2". Dr. Banner, now presumed dead, goes into hiding while trying to find a cure for his condition.

text: In a manner vaguely similar to the popular series The Fugitive, this forms the basis of the TV series: Dr. Banner endlessly drifts from place to place, assuming different identities and odd jobs to support himself and sometimes to enable his research. Along the way, Dr. Banner finds himself feeling obliged to help the people he meets out of whatever troubles have befallen them. Often Dr. Banner's inner struggle is paralleled by the dilemmas of the people he encounters, who find in Dr. Banner a sympathetic helper. Kenneth Johnson stated, "What we were constantly doing was looking for thematic ways to touch [-on] the various ways that the Hulk sort of manifested itself in everyone. In Dr. David Banner, it happened to be anger. In someone else, it might be obsession, or it might be fear, or it might be jealousy or alcoholism! The Hulk comes in many shapes and sizes. That's what we tried to delve into in the individual episodes".[3] Despite his attempts to stay calm no matter how badly he is treated, Dr. Banner inevitably finds himself in situations that trigger his transformations into the Hulk, yet the creature's rampages often assist in putting some other wrong right in the lives of the people Banner encounters.

text: Meanwhile, McGee continues to pursue the mysterious monster, whom he believes got away with a double murder. Towards the end of each episode, Dr. Banner almost always flees the town, scared that publicity over the Hulk's rampages will eventually bring unwanted scrutiny of him from the local authorities or McGee; Banner explains in Death in the Family, the second made-for-television film, "The creature is wanted for murder – a murder which I can never prove he or I didn't commit, and you would be harboring a criminal."

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main

text:
Bill Bixby as David Bruce Banner, physician and scientist, based on the comic book character Bruce Banner
Lou Ferrigno as Hulk, a large, green, muscular creature that is the mindless angry alter-ego to David Banner
Jack Colvin as Jack McGee, a reporter tracking the Hulk's trail
Ted Cassidy as the narrator and the voice of the Hulk (uncredited)[4]
Charles Napier as the voice of the Hulk (after Cassidy's death in 1979) (uncredited)[5][4]

text: Recurring

text: Walter Brooke as Mark Roberts, McGee's boss at the National Register (seasons 3 & 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In early 1977, Frank Price, head of Universal Television (known today as NBCUniversal Television), offered producer and writer Kenneth Johnson a deal to develop a TV show based on any of several characters they had licensed from the Marvel Comics library.[6] Johnson turned down the offer at first, but then, while reading the Victor Hugo novel Les Misérables he became inspired and began working to develop the Hulk comic into a TV show.[7][8]

text: Johnson made several changes from the comic book, in part to translate it into a live-action show that was more believable and acceptable to a wide audience, and in part because he disliked comics and thus felt it best that the show was as different from the source material as possible.[9] In the character's origin story, rather than being exposed to gamma rays during a botched atomic testing explosion, Banner is gamma-irradiated in a more low-key laboratory mishap during a test on himself. Another change was Banner's occupation, from physicist to medical researcher/physician. Although the comic book Hulk's degree of speaking ability has varied over the years, the television Hulk did not speak at all—he merely growled and roared. Hulk co-creator Stan Lee later recounted, "When we started the television show, Ken said to me, 'You know, Stan, I don't think the Hulk should talk.' The minute he said it, I knew he was right. [In the comics,] I had the Hulk talking like this: 'Hulk crush! Hulk get him!' I could get away with it in a comic, but that would have sounded so silly if he spoke that way in a television show."[9]

text: The Hulk's strength is far more limited than in the comic book, which Johnson felt was necessary for the show to be taken seriously by viewers.[9] The Hulk still retained a healing factor, however. For instance, in "The Harder They Fall", Banner is in a serious accident that severs his spinal cord, leaving him paraplegic, but after his next transformation into the Hulk he is able to walk within minutes while in that form, and Banner's spine is completely restored by the end of the episode. In the majority of episodes, the only science fiction element was the Hulk himself. Johnson also omitted the comic book's supporting characters, instead using original character Jack McGee.[9]

text: Johnson changed the name of the Hulk's comic book alter ego, Dr. Bruce Banner, to Dr. David Banner for the TV series. This change was made, according to Johnson, because he did not want the series to be perceived as a comic book series, so he wanted to change what he felt was a staple of comic books, and Stan Lee's comics in particular, that major characters frequently had alliterative names.[10] According to both Stan Lee[9] and Lou Ferrigno, it was also changed because CBS thought the name Bruce sounded "too gay-ish", a rationale that Ferrigno thought was "the most absurd, ridiculous thing [he had] ever heard".[11] On the DVD commentary of the pilot, Johnson says that it was a way to honor his son David. "Bruce" ultimately became the TV Banner's middle name, as it had been in the comics. It is visible on Banner's tombstone at the end of the pilot movie,[9] and that footage is shown at the beginning of every episode of the series.

text: In an interview with Kenneth Johnson on the Season 2 DVD, he explains that he had also wanted the Hulk to be colored red rather than green. His reasons given for this were because red, not green, is perceived as the color of rage, and also because red is a "human color" whereas green is not. However, Stan Lee, an executive at Marvel Comics at the time, said that the Hulk's color was not something that could be changed, because of its iconic image.[10]

text: Stan Lee told Kenneth Plume on a June 26, 2000 interview, "The Hulk was done intelligently. It was done by Ken Johnson, who's a brilliant writer/producer/director, and he made it an intelligent, adult show that kids could enjoy. He took a comic book character and made him somewhat plausible. Women liked it and men liked it and teenagers liked it... It was beautifully done. He changed it quite a bit from the comic book, but every change he made, made sense."[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: For the role of Dr. David Banner, Kenneth Johnson cast Bill Bixby[13]—his first choice for the role.[14] Jack Colvin was cast as "Jack McGee", the cynical tabloid newspaper reporter—modeled after the character of Javert in Les Misérables[7]—who pursues the Hulk. Arnold Schwarzenegger auditioned for the role of the Hulk but was rejected due to his inadequate height, according to Johnson in his commentary on The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere DVD release. Actor Richard Kiel was hired for the role. During filming, however, Kenneth Johnson's own son pointed out that Kiel's tall-but-underdeveloped physique did not resemble the Hulk's at all. Soon, Kiel was replaced with professional bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, although a very brief shot of Kiel (as the Hulk) remains in the pilot. According to an interview with Kiel, who saw properly out of only one eye, he reacted badly to the contact lenses used for the role, and also found the green makeup difficult to remove, so he did not mind losing the part.[15]

text: Initially the Hulk's facial make-up was quite monstrous, but after both pilots, the first two weekly episodes and New York location shooting for the fourth, the design was toned down.[16] The makeup process used to transform Ferrigno into the Hulk took three hours. The hard contact lenses Ferrigno wore to simulate the Hulk's electric-green eyes had to be removed every 15 minutes because he found wearing them physically painful, and the green fright wig he wore as the Hulk was made of dyed yak hair.[11]

text: The opening narration was provided by actor Ted Cassidy,[17] who also provided the Hulk's voice-overs (mainly growls and roars) during the first two seasons.[11] Cassidy died during production of season two in January 1979.[17] The Hulk's vocalizations for the remainder of the series were provided by actor Charles Napier, who also made two guest-starring appearances in the series.[5][4]

text: Opening narration[edit]

text: One constant of the series was the opening narration, which goes as follows:

text:
Dr. David Banner—physician, scientist...searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have. Then an accidental overdose of gamma radiation alters his body chemistry. And now, when David Banner grows angry or outraged, a startling metamorphosis occurs. The creature is driven by rage and pursued by an investigative reporter.
[Banner:] "Mr. McGee, don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry."
The creature is wanted for a murder he didn't commit. David Banner is believed to be dead. And he must let the world think that he is dead, until he can find a way to control the raging spirit that dwells within him.

text: Prior to the beginning of the series, a different version was used for the second pilot movie, The Return of the Incredible Hulk (later re-titled "Death in the Family"):

text:
Dr. David Banner—physician, scientist...searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have. Then an accidental overdose of gamma radiation interacts with his unique body chemistry. And now, when David Banner grows angry or outraged, a startling metamorphosis occurs. The creature is driven by rage and pursued by an investigative reporter.
[Banner:] "Mr. McGee, don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry."
An accidental explosion took the life of a fellow scientist—and supposedly David Banner as well. The reporter thinks the creature was responsible.
[McGee:] "I gave a description to all the law enforcement agencies; they got a warrant for murder out on it!"
A murder which David Banner can never prove he or the creature didn't commit. So he must let the world go on thinking that he, too, is dead, until he can find a way to control the raging spirit that dwells within him.

text: Music[edit]

text: Joe Harnell, one of Kenneth Johnson's favorite composers, composed the music for The Incredible Hulk. He was brought into the production due to his involvement with the series The Bionic Woman, which Johnson had also created and produced. Some of the series' music was collected into an album titled The Incredible Hulk: Original Soundtrack Recording. The show's main theme, "The Lonely Man"—a sad, solo piano tune—is always heard during the closing credits—which usually shows Banner hitch-hiking. The well-known melody can also be heard in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk[18] and the 2017 film Thor: Ragnarok.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[19]

First aired
Last aired
Network
Rank
Rating

Pilot
2
November 4, 1977 (1977-11-04)
November 27, 1977 (1977-11-27)
CBS
N/A
N/A

1
10
March 10, 1978 (1978-03-10)
May 31, 1978 (1978-05-31)
26
19.9

2
23
September 22, 1978 (1978-09-22)
May 25, 1979 (1979-05-25)
N/A
N/A

3
23
September 21, 1979 (1979-09-21)
April 11, 1980 (1980-04-11)
N/A
N/A

4
18
November 7, 1980 (1980-11-07)
May 22, 1981 (1981-05-22)
N/A
N/A

5
7
October 2, 1981 (1981-10-02)
May 12, 1982 (1982-05-12)
N/A
N/A

Reunion
3
May 22, 1988 (1988-05-22)
February 18, 1990 (1990-02-18)
NBC
N/A
N/A

tag: table

text: Notable episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A retrospective on the TV series reported that the episodes fans of the show most often cite as the best of the series are "The Incredible Hulk", "Married", "Mystery Man", "Homecoming", "The Snare", "Prometheus", "The First" and "Bring Me the Head of the Hulk".[9]

text: The season two premiere, "Married", originally aired as a two-hour movie in September 1978. David approaches Dr. Carolyn Fields (Mariette Hartley) about a new form of hypnotic therapy. He learns that Carolyn has devised the therapy because she is terminally ill with a syndrome "similar" to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or "Lou Gehrig's Disease"), and has been given no more than eight weeks to live. David reveals his true identity to her, and both agree to help each other, using a tissue sample from the creature to possibly cure Carolyn of her illness. They fall in love and eventually marry. After Carolyn obtains the sample while David has metamorphosed into the Hulk, she prepares the sample for her own use. The day the procedure to cure Carolyn is to take place, a hurricane hits the island. While the pair are driving to the hospital, Carolyn suffers from another painful episode, this time leading her to flee their moving car. David stops the car and rushes after her, morphing into the Hulk once more. He catches her in his arms, and as she attempts to fight him in her pain-induced hysteria, she turns around and sees the Hulk, and stops struggling. Knowing her time has come, Carolyn embraces the Hulk, telling him (as David) she will miss him as she dies in his arms. Mariette Hartley won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for this moving performance.

text: In season two's "Mystery Man", McGee finally comes face-to-face with an amnesia-ridden David Banner, although he does not recognize him as Banner's face is covered by a gauze mask following a severe injury in an auto accident. Banner has been admitted into a hospital as "John Doe" as his true identity is unknown. Investigating an apparent link between this man and the Hulk, McGee hires a small plane for himself and Banner to see a doctor who will be able to cure Banner's amnesia. Lightning strikes the plane and an injured McGee and Banner are trapped in a forest, where they must help one another escape to safety. During the ordeal, McGee sees the mystery man transform into the Hulk and realizes this is how the Hulk manages to get from one place to another without being seen in between. He is eventually separated from the Hulk, but vows to track down the mysterious "John Doe" fellow and find out his true identity.

text: Season three's "Homecoming" has Banner returning to his hometown and reuniting with his family. This episode marked the first appearances of Banner's father and sister. "The Snare" is an homage to the short story "The Most Dangerous Game", and guest-starred Bradford Dillman as the hunter.

text: In the season four two-part "Prometheus", David rescues and befriends Katie Maxwell (Laurie Prange), a young woman recently blinded by an accident. While helping her through the woods near her home, a meteor lands near them. Banner investigates, and is sickened by the radiation emanating from the meteorite fragment. An attacking swarm of bees triggers his transformation into the Hulk, and in the process of fighting off the bees, the Hulk touches the meteorite. He retreats back to Katie's cabin, but in metamorphosing back into David, the process stops midway, with David retaining some of the Hulk's muscular build and irradiated features, but with the ability to speak. Additionally, David has also retained most of the Hulk's childlike intellect. Horrified at realizing that his transformation has gone wrong, David enlists Katie's help. The military, however, arrives and after attempting to evade them, David transforms back into the Hulk. The Hulk and Katie are captured and taken to a military installation, where a group of scientists working for the Prometheus Project mistakenly believe that the Hulk is an alien. After seeing a tape of David's transformation, however, they realize that the Hulk is actually a man who transforms into the creature. McGee, meanwhile, finagles his way onto the base and finds Katie, attempting to get her to give him more information on "John Doe". The Hulk escapes from his confinement and finds Katie. After the Hulk's transformation back into David again stops midway, Katie theorizes that the radiation from the meteorite is affecting David's unique body chemistry and that they need to escape from the base and get away from the meteorite. McGee, meanwhile, convinces the brass to let him talk to "John" and convince him to surrender. McGee finds them, but due to David's altered appearance, does not realize that he is, in fact, talking to David Banner. It is a double-cross, however, as soldiers move in on David and Katie. David transforms into the Hulk once again and breaks out of the installation with Katie. Far from the meteorite fragment, the Hulk transforms back completely into David Banner with no ill effects.

text: Another season four two-part episode, "The First", has Banner discovering that another man transformed into a Hulk-like creature 30 years ago. In this case, a doctor used gamma radiation in an attempt to heal a man in poor health named Dell Frye (Harry Townes), who was embittered by bullying from the local townspeople, causing him to become vengeful and cruel. However, the radiation turned him instead into a savage green creature (Dick Durock). Because of Frye's difference in personality, his creature had killed people. Dr. Jeffrey Clive, long dead, had discovered the cure, but Frye, now old and arthritic, and still bullied, wants to have the power again. David discovers Dr. Clive's laboratory, which contains a machine that can harness the sun's gamma radiation. Looking through Clive's journals, he realizes that he needs to take the antidote developed by Clive and then bombard himself with gamma rays for the cure to work. Before he can do so, however, Frye knocks him out and straps himself into the machine. As David awakens and attempts to stop him, Frye is bombarded with gamma radiation, which turns him into a Hulk-like creature. After metamorphosing back, Frye discovers that after one transformation, his arthritis has vanished. Seeking revenge for the years of taunts he has endured, Frye goes into town and provokes some bullies into attacking him. He once again transforms into the creature, and proceeds to kill one of the bullies. Realizing that the Frye Hulk is extremely dangerous because of Frye's murderous nature, David manages to subdue Frye and strap him into the machine to reverse the process. Unfortunately, Frye comes to and transforms into the creature, and in the process destroys the last vial of the cure that Dr. Clive had developed. As he literally sees the cure dripping from his fingers, a distraught David transforms into the Hulk. The two creatures fight, with the much more powerful Banner Hulk getting the better of the Frye Hulk, who is eventually shot dead by the sheriff. "The First" is the only episode of the TV series to feature any other super-humanly powerful characters. "The First" remains a fan favorite and is often cited as an example of Bixby's finest acting work in the series. Guest star Townes' performance as Frye is generally regarded as the best and most memorable guest shot in the show's history.

text: The series concludes with a standard 44-minute episode ("A Minor Problem"). The Jack McGee character does not appear in this last episode, nor does he appear in a few other episodes in the short final season, and the series ends on an open note, with Banner still searching for a cure and McGee still unaware of the true identity of his John Doe.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text:
March 1978 – January 1979: Fridays, 9:00 PM (ET)
January 1979: Wednesdays, 8:00 PM
February 1979 – November 1981: Fridays, 8:00 PM
May – June 1982: Wednesdays, 8:00 PM

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The series first went into syndication in September 1982.[citation needed] It has aired as reruns on the Sci-Fi Channel and was one of the series that the channel showed at its inception in September 1992.[21] It has also aired on Retro Television Network,[22] and on Esquire Network from 2014 to 2015.[23] Series reruns are to begin airing on most MeTV affiliates in February 2016.[24] The series began airing on most H&I affiliates in May 2017.[25] El Rey Network has aired the series in portrait-form since January 2017.[citation needed]

text: Made-for-TV movies[edit]

text: Two episodes of the series appeared first as stand-alone movies, but were later re-edited into one-hour length (two-parters) for syndication. They were produced as pilots before the series officially began in 1978:

text:
The Incredible Hulk (1977) (distributed in theaters in some countries)
The Return of the Incredible Hulk (1977) (also shown overseas as a feature film) – It was retitled Death in the Family for syndication.

text: After the cancellation of the television series in 1982, three television movies were produced with Bixby and Ferrigno reprising their roles. All of these aired on NBC:

text: Despite the apparent death of the Hulk in the 1990 film, another Hulk television movie was planned, Revenge of the Incredible Hulk.[27] It was rumored that in this film the Hulk would be able to talk after being revived with Banner's mind, and that it was abandoned due to Bill Bixby's death of cancer in November 1993,[28] but Gerald Di Pego (writer/executive producer of The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, The Death of the Incredible Hulk, and Revenge of the Incredible Hulk) revealed that the film was cancelled before Bixby's health began to decline, due to disappointing ratings for Death of, and that Banner was to have been revived without the ability to change into the Hulk at all, only reverting to (still non-speaking) Hulk form in the film's final act.[9]

text: Guest stars and cameos[edit]

text: During the series' five-season run, many actors familiar to viewers, or who later became famous for their subsequent works, made appearances on the series. Some of the most notable are: Future Falcon Crest and Castle co-star Susan Sullivan was in the original pilot; Brett Cullen, also of Falcon Crest; Kim Cattrall, of Sex and the City fame; Ray Walston, co-star of Bixby's first series, My Favorite Martian; Brandon Cruz, co-star of The Courtship of Eddie's Father; Lou Ferrigno, who along with starring as the Hulk, appeared in one episode ("King of the Beach") as a different character, Bixby's ex-wife Brenda Benet; and in an uncredited role, the bodybuilder and professional wrestler Ric Drasin played the half-transformed Hulk in "Prometheus" (parts 1 and 2).[29]

text: Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the writer and artist team who created the Hulk for Marvel Comics, both made cameo appearances in the series. Kirby's cameo was in the season two episode "No Escape", while Lee appeared as a juror in Trial of the Incredible Hulk (the 1989 post-series TV movie).

text: Video releases[edit]

text: All three of the NBC TV movies (The Incredible Hulk Returns, The Trial of the Incredible Hulk and The Death of the Incredible Hulk) have been available on DVD since 2003; the first two were released by Anchor Bay Entertainment, while The Death of the Incredible Hulk was released by 20th Century Fox Video. A double-sided DVD entitled The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere, which contained the original pilot and the "Married" episodes, was released by Universal Studios DVD in 2003 to promote Ang Lee's Hulk motion picture. A 6-disc set entitled The Incredible Hulk – The Television Series Ultimate Collection was released by Universal DVD later in 2003.

text: On July 18, 2006, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Season One on DVD. This set contains the original pilot movies, the entire first season, and a "preview" episode ("Stop the Presses") from season two.

text: On July 17, 2007, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Season Two on DVD as a 5-disc set. The set includes the entire second season, and preview episode ("Homecoming") from season three.[30]

text: On June 3, 2008, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Seasons Three and Four on DVD in time to promote Louis Leterrier's film The Incredible Hulk.

text: On October 21, 2008, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Season Five on DVD as a 2-disc set. The set contains all seven season five episodes and interviews by Ken Johnson and various members of the production and writing teams, as well as a gag reel.[31] Additionally, a complete series DVD Set was released as well.[32] The Complete Series was released in the UK on DVD on September 30, 2008. The Complete Collection (not including the three post-series TV movies) was released on Blu-ray by Fabulous Films on December 12, 2016 in the UK (Region B).[citation needed]

text: Other media[edit]

text: The TV series led to a syndicated newspaper strip that ran from 1978 to 1982. It used the same background and origin story as the TV series but narrated stories outside the TV series.

text: In 1979, a Hulk "video novel" in paperback form was released, with pictures and dialog from the pilot.[33]


document_title: My Girl (film)

question_text: who played the girl in the movie my girl

root

text: My Girl (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1972, Vada Sultenfuss is an 11-year-old girl and a hypochondriac. Harry Sultenfuss, Vada's father, is an awkward widower and funeral director who does not understand his daughter, so he constantly ignores her. Their house, which operates as the town funeral home, has led his daughter to develop an obsession with death. Vada regularly tends to her grandmother, 'Gramoo', who suffers from Alzheimer's disease and whose wandering mind likewise affects Vada. Her Uncle Phil lives near by and frequently stops by to help the family.

tag: p

text: Vada hangs out with her best friend, Thomas J. Sennett, an unpopular boy her age who is allergic to "everything". However, other girls except Judy tease the two, thinking they are more than just friends. Thomas J. often accompanies Vada when she visits the doctor, who assures her that she is not sick and that she has no chicken bone stuck in her throat.

text: Vada's summer begins well. She befriends Shelly DeVoto, the new makeup artist at her father's funeral parlor, who provides her with guidance. She also develops a crush on her fifth-grade school teacher, Mr. Bixler, and hears about an adult poetry writing class that he is teaching. Vada steals some money from the cookie jar in Shelly's trailer to cover the cost of the class. When advised to write about what is in her soul, Vada fears that she killed her mother, who died two days after giving birth to her. Soon things start to fall apart.

text: When Harry and Shelly start dating, this affects Vada's attitude towards Shelly. One night, Vada follows Harry and Shelly to a bingo game and brings Thomas J. along to disrupt it. On the Fourth of July, when Shelly's ex-husband Danny arrives, Vada hopes that he is there to take Shelly back, but to no avail. Vada becomes even more shocked when Harry and Shelly announce their engagement at a carnival, leading her to contemplate running away with Thomas J.

text: Vada is starting to see changes within herself, as she is running around screaming that she is hemorrhaging. Shelly politely explains to Vada that her first period is a completely natural process. As Vada realizes this only occurs with girls, she doesn't want to see Thomas J., who happens to come by shortly afterward. A couple of days later though, Vada and Thomas J. are sitting under a tree by the river, where they share an innocent first kiss.

text: Vada and Thomas J. come across a bee hive hanging from a tree, which Thomas J. decides to knock down. Vada loses her mood ring in the process, so they start looking for it, but the search is cut short as the bees start swarming, making them run away. Thomas J. later returns by himself and finds the ring. Unfortunately, because he kicked the bee hive beforehand, the bees begin to swarm Thomas J. just as he finds the ring. Unable to escape, he dies from an allergic reaction.

text: Harry is left to deliver the tragic news to Vada, which devastates her so much that she will not even leave her bedroom. When she attends Thomas J.'s funeral, her emotions become so strong that she runs away. Vada hurries to Mr. Bixler's house, wanting to stay with him, and discovers that he is about to get married to someone else. She then runs to her and Thomas J.'s hangout spot near the tree to reflect on what has happened. When Vada returns home, everyone is relieved, including Shelly, whom Vada begins to accept as her future stepmother. Her grief also manages to mend the rift between her and her father. Harry explains to Vada that her mother's death wasn't her fault and things like that can happen without explanation.

text: Toward the end of summer, Vada and her father see Mrs. Sennett, who still struggles with her son's death. She gives Vada her mood ring back that Thomas J. had found and Vada gives Mrs. Sennett some comfort. On the last day of writing class, Vada reads a poem summoning the loss of her best friend before going out to spend time with her new friend Judy.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Aykroyd as Harry Sultenfuss: Vada's father and the manager of Sultenfuss' funeral parlor in Madison, Pennsylvania.
Jamie Lee Curtis as Shelly DeVoto: The new make-up artist at the funeral home. She is an experienced cosmetologist from Detroit, Michigan and later Harry's fiancée.
Macaulay Culkin as Thomas J. Sennett: An 11-year-old boy who is "allergic to everything." He is also Vada's best friend and neighbor.
Anna Chlumsky as Vada Sultenfuss: The central character. An 11-year-old girl, full of medical issues, including a chicken bone lodged in her throat.
Richard Masur as Phil Sultenfuss: Harry's brother and Vada's uncle. He works with Harry and gives him advice when Harry starts dating Shelly.
Griffin Dunne as Mr. Bixler: Vada's fifth grade teacher whom she has a crush on. He teaches an adult poetry writing class during the summer.
Ann Nelson as Gramoo Sultenfuss: Vada's absent-minded grandmother and Harry and Phil's mother. She suffers from Alzheimer's disease and spends a majority of the time in a chair in the living room.

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was moderately well received. Critics generally praised the performances and the maturity of its coming-of-age story.[4][5] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 50% based on reviews from 14 critics.[6] Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4.[4] Variety wrote, "Plenty of shrewd commercial calculation went into concocting the right sugar coating for this story of an 11-year-old girl's painful maturation, but [the] chemistry seems right."[7]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack of the film contains several 1960s and 1970s pop hits in addition to the title song (by The Temptations), including "Wedding Bell Blues" (The 5th Dimension), "If You Don't Know Me by Now" (Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes), "Bad Moon Rising" (Creedence Clearwater Revival), "Good Lovin'" (The Rascals), and "Saturday in the Park" (Chicago). When Vada gets upset, she plugs her ears and sings "Do Wah Diddy Diddy", the Manfred Mann version of which is also included on the soundtrack album. In addition, Vada and Thomas J. play "The Name Game" and sing "Witch Doctor" in the film, and Vada has posters of the Broadway Musical Hair, The Carpenters, and Donny Osmond on her bedroom wall.[2]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Thomas J.'s death is referred to in The OC episode entitled "The Heights". After crying during an intense conversation with ex-girlfriend Marissa, Luke later tells her that he has not cried like that "since Macaulay Culkin died in My Girl".[8]


document_title: List of military engagements of World War II

question_text: what was the last major battle of ww2

question_tokens: what was the last major battle of ww2

text: Battles[edit]

text:
• Invasion of Poland

Battle of the Bzura
Battle of Mława
Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski
Battle of Kock
Siege of Warsaw

Poland invaded by Nazi Germany.

• Soviet invasion of Poland

Battle of Lwów
Battle of Wilno
Battle of Grodno
Battle of Szack
Battle of Wytyczno

Poland invaded by Soviet Union.

• Slovak invasion of Poland
Poland invaded by Slovakia

• Saar Offensive
French attack on Saarland.

• Winter War

Battle of Tolvajärvi
Battle of Suomussalmi

Finland invaded by the Soviet Union and, initially, resists successfully.

• First Battle of Changsha
First Japanese attempt to take Changsha in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

• 1939–40 Winter Offensive
First large-scale Chinese counter-offensive operation.

• Battle of the River Plate
The Admiral Graf Spee chased into Montevideo harbour and later scuttled.

text:
• Battle of the Atlantic
Name given to the conflicts in the Atlantic Ocean between 1940 and 1945.

• Winter War

Battle of Kollaa
Battle of Honkaniemi

The only tank battle during the Winter War.

• German invasion of Denmark

• Battle of Drøbak Sound
Took place on the first day of the German invasion of Norway.

• Battles of Narvik
Minor Allied victory in Norway.

• Battle of Namsos
Failed Allied attempt to halt the Germans in Norway.

• Invasion of Iceland

• Battle of the Netherlands
Germany defeats the Dutch in Europe during the opening stages of the first operation of the Battle of France, "Case Yellow" (Fall Gelb).

• Battle of Belgium
Germany defeats Belgium during the continuation of Fall Gelb.

• Battle of France

Battle of Dunkirk
Battle of Arras
Battle of Boulogne

• Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
Operation "Catapult". Feared by the possibility of some French ships moored in the French Algeria could fall in Axis hands, the Royal Navy proceed to a bombardment of Mers-El-Kebir. One French warship is sunk and three others damaged. The operation is in fine a failure as most of the French ships leave to Toulon, southern France.

• Battle of Britain
The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) fails to defeat the British Royal Air Force as the precondition for the invasion of Britain.

• British Somaliland
Italian conquest of British Somaliland

• First Battle of French Indochina
The forces of Imperial Japan successfully invade French Indochina but leave the Vichy French forces in control.

• Battle of Dakar
An unsuccessful attempt by the Allies to capture the strategic port of Dakar from Vichy French control.

• Greco-Italian War

Battle of Pindus

Italian forces invade Greece from Albania and are repelled. Greek counter-attack drives Italians back into Albania.

• Battle of Gabon
Free French forces under General Charles De Gaulle take Libreville, Gabon, from Vichy French forces.

• Battle of Taranto
British carrier-based planes destroy the Italian fleet in Taranto Harbor.

• Hundred Regiments Offensive
Major offensive by the Chinese Red Army against the Imperial Japanese Army.

text:
• Battle of Ko Chang
Vichy French naval victory against naval forces of Thailand during French-Thai War.

• Battle of the Litani River
Australian forces cross the Litani River to begin the Syria-Lebanon Campaign against Vichy French forces.

• Battle of Damascus
Commonwealth and Allied forces take Damascus from the Vichy French.

• Battle of Beirut
Commonwealth and Allied forces take Beirut and the Vichy French surrender all forces in Syria and Lebanon.

• Battle of Keren
Commonwealth and Allied forces defeat Italian forces at Keren in the decisive battle of the East African Campaign.

• Battle of Cape Matapan
British fleet defeats Italian fleet.

• Battle of Denmark Strait
The German battleship Bismarck sinks HMS Hood.

• Last battle of the battleship Bismarck
The German battleship Bismarck is sunk by the Royal Navy in response to the sinking of HMS Hood.

• Invasion of Yugoslavia
Germany and Axis allies invade Yugoslavia via Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania.

• Battle of Greece

Battle of the Metaxas Line
Battle of Vevi
Battle of Thermopylae

• Battle of Crete
German paratroopers capture Crete, but suffer many casualties.

• Operation Barbarossa

Battle of Smolensk
Battle of Kiev
Battle of Moscow

German invasion of the Soviet Union.

The German advance is halted, albeit temporarily.

The German Army Group Centre is driven back from Moscow.

• Battle of Gondar
The final defeat of organized Italian forces in Italian East Africa by Commonwealth and Allied forces.

• Attack on Pearl Harbor
Surprise Japanese attack destroys almost all the US Pacific Fleet.

• Second Battle of Changsha
Japan's second unsuccessful attempt to take Changsha in China.

• Battle of Shanggao
Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army.

• Battle of Thailand
Japan successfully invades and occupies Thailand.

• Battle of Hong Kong
Japan captures the British colony of Hong Kong.

• Battle of Guam (1941)
Japan successfully capture the American territory of Guam.

• Battle of Wake Island
Japan captures the atoll of Wake Island.

• Malayan Campaign

Japanese Invasion of Malaya
Operation Krohcol
Bombing of Singapore
Battle of Jitra
Battle of Kampar
Battle of Slim River
Battle of Muar

Battle of Gemas

Battle off Endau

• Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
Japanese defeated British naval forces.

text:
• Battle of Bataan

• Battle of Dražgoše
First direct engagement between Slovenian partisans and German occupying forces.

• Battle of Makassar Strait
Japanese aircraft raid an American and Dutch convoy.

• Battle of Singapore

Battle of Sarimbun Beach
Battle of Kranji
Battle of Bukit Timah
Battle of Pasir Panjang

• Battle of the Java Sea
Japanese forces wipe out an Allied naval squadron.

• Battle of Badung Strait
Heavily outnumbered Japanese forces defeat an Allied night-time naval attack.

• Battle of Java
Japanese forces invade the island of Java

• Indian Ocean raid
Allied naval forces and shipping incur heavy losses during Japan's Fast Carrier Strike Force sortie.

• Battle of Christmas Island
The Japanese occupy Christmas Island without any resistance.

• Battle of Corregidor
Philippines lost to Japan.

• Japanese capture of Burma
Burma lost to Japan.

• Battle of Nanos
Eight hundred Italian soldiers lay siege to fifty Slovene partisans.

• Doolittle Raid
First air raid on Tokyo.

• Battle of the Coral Sea
First aircraft-carrier vs. aircraft-carrier battle. Japan wins tactically, but loses strategically.

• Battle of Gazala
German offensive in the desert south of Tobruk anticipated and nearly defeated, but ended with heavy losses to British armour, forcing a withdrawl. In a surprise strike, Tobruk was taken in a day. Rommel exploited the success by pursuing the British into Egypt, denying them time to recover from the defeat but was checked at El Alamein.

• Battle of Midway
Key defeat of Japanese naval forces in the Pacific; the Japanese lose four aircraft-carriers.

• Convoy PQ-17
A convoy of thirty-five ships leaves Iceland on June 17, bound for Murmansk. Eleven arrive on July 5.

•Battle of the Aleutian Islands
Japanese invade and occupy two islands of Alaska's Aleutian archipelago as part of a feint designed to cover the Imperial Fleet's intended trap at Midway. Foreign troops are not expelled from US soil until the following

•Attack on Sydney Harbour
Japanese midget submarines attack Sydney harbour.

•First Battle of El Alamein
British Eighth Army stops Rommel's Axis forces invading Egypt.

•Second Battle of El Alamein
Montgomery's Eighth Army forces Rommel out of Egypt.

•Battle of Sevastopol
Captured by Germans after eight-month siege.

•Battle of Changsha (1942)
Chinese claim victory over Japanese.

•Kokoda Track Campaign
Australians and U.S. for the first time in World War II stop a Japanese offensive, this one to capture Port Moresby.

•Battle of Guadalcanal
Beginning of Allied action in Solomon Islands.

•Battle of Savo Island
Japanese sink four US cruisers.

•Battle of Dieppe
"Operation Jubilee" was an Allied amphibious raid on the German occupied port of Dieppe in France. A tactical disaster for the Allies. However lessons learned applied to later amphibious operations including D-Day.

•Battle of Stalingrad
City besieged by Paulus' German Sixth Army; from November 23 the Sixth Army is surrounded and destroyed by Soviets; bloodiest battle in history, 1.8 millions dead approx.

•Battle of the Eastern Solomons
Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō sunk.

•Battle of Milne Bay
First time Japanese landing force had been driven back into sea.

•Battle of Buna-Gona
Australians and U.S. defeat Japanese on north coast of New Guinea.

•Battle of Wau
Australians defeat Japanese attempts to capture Wau, New Guinea.

•Battle of the Bismarck Sea
U.S. and Royal Australian Air Force planes attacked and sink most of a Japanese convoy carrying troops to reinforce Lae, New Guinea.

•Salamaua-Lae campaign
Australian and U.S. forces capture two major Japanese bases at Lae and at Salamaua.

•Operation Cartwheel
Operation to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul.

•Battle of Cape Esperance
near Guadalcanal

•Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
near Guadalcanal, USS Hornet (CV-8) sunk.

•Operation Torch
Allied landings in North Africa and successful Putsch of French Resistance in Algiers to prevent Vichyist forces opposition.

•Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
US defeats Japan, a turning point.

•Battle of Tassafaronga
off Guadalcanal

•Second Battle of Kharkov
Failed Soviet attempt to retake Kharkov.

•Battle of Changsha (1942)
Second Sino-Japanese War

•Battle of Madagascar
Allies capture Madagascar from Vichy France.

text:
• Battle of Osankarica
About 2000 Germans massacred all 69 men and women of the Pohorje battalion. Germans lost 19 men dead and had 31 wounded.

• Battle of Rennell Island
Japanese bombers sink a cruiser.

• Third Battle of Kharkov
Germans retake Kharkov.

• Battle of the Kasserine Pass
Battle between US and German armored forces in Tunisia.

• Battle of Neretva
German Army offensive in southern Bosnia. Offensive launched to encircle and destroy the Yugoslavian Communist Partisan forces found there. Supporting the German forces in this effort were Italian, Ustaše, and Serbian Royalist Chetnik units. The partisans were badly mauled but managed to escape encirclement.

• Battle of the Komandorski Islands
Naval engagement between US and Japan in the Bering Sea.

• Battle of Bismarck Sea
United States sinks Japanese transports.

• Battle of the Bering Sea
United States and Japanese navies fight an inconclusive battle.

• Battle of Attu
United States troops defeat and drive the Japanese off the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.

• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
5,000 Jews and 2,000 Germans die, Jews confined.

• Battle of Sutjeska
Another attempt by German forces in Yugoslavia, this time supported by Italian, Bulgarian, and Serbian units, to encircle and destroy the Yugoslavian Communist Partisan forces in southern Bosnia. Again, the partisans were mauled but escaped.

• Battle of Castle Turjak
Slovene partisans took the castle guarded by the Slovene village sentries.

• Battle of Kursk
Germans attack Kursk salient at Orel and Belgorod, Russians drive them back. Arguably the largest tank battle ever fought.

• Allied invasion of Sicily
Allies take Sicily from the Italians and German armies.

• Allied invasion of Italy
Landings at Calabria, Taranto and Salerno.

• Dodecanese Campaign

Battle of Kos
Battle of Leros

Allied and German scramble to occupy the Dodecanese Islands.

German amphibious and airborne operation to capture Kos.
German amphibious and airborne operation to capture Leros.

• Battle of Smolensk
The Soviets attack 850,000 German troops near Smolensk Fortified Region, drive them back inflicting severe losses.

• Battle of Kiev (1943)
Kiev retaken by Soviets.

• Raid on Schweinfurt
milestone air battle between the Luftwaffe and the USAAF known as "Black Thursday."

• Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
another major daylight air battle, first shuttle mission.

• Battle of Berlin
Allied failed to defeat the Luftwaffe

• Battle of Tarawa
First major American amphibious landing in the Pacific.

• Battle of Makin
Americans capture the atoll of Makin Atoll.

• Battle of the Bernhardt Line
U.S. 5th Army sustains 16,000 casualties fighting through the Mignano Gap to reach the Cassino defenses.

• Moro River Campaign

Battle of Ortona

text:
• Battle of Meiktila

• Battle of Monte Cassino
Four battles in Italy Jan - May. Allies finally breakthrough towards Rome.

• Battle of Monte Castelo
Also called Operation Encore, 25 November 1944 - 22 February 1945. The battle marked the Brazilian Expeditionary Force's entry into the land war in Europe.

• Battle of Anzio

Battle of Cisterna

• Battle of Kwajalein
American forces assault the islands of Kwajalein and Roi-Namur.

• Battle of the Admin Box
Japanese attempt a local counter-attack against an Allied offensive.

• Battle of Eniwetok
Battle between American and Japanese on Eniwetok Atoll.

• Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima
Attempted Japanese invasion of India fails with heavy losses.

• U Go offensive
Allied successfully defend Manipur from the Axis

• Operation Ichi-Go
Successful Japanese campaign to capture American air bases in China capable of sending bombers to Japan.

• Operation Rösselsprung
German attempt to capture Tito using airborne troops.

• Battle of Normandy
Allies invade northern France (Operation Overlord), hard fighting from Cherbourg to Caen, Germans surrounded and destroyed at Falaise.

• Battle of Saipan
The battle was fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands and resulted disastrous for Japanese forces since most died.

• Second Battle of Guam
American forces capture back Guam.

• Battle of Tinian
American forces capture Tinian.

• Operation Bagration
Soviet offensive destroys German Army Group Center on the Eastern Front.

• Battle of Philippine Sea
Major carrier battle; US lose 123 planes and destroy 315 Japanese planes.

• Battle of Tali-Ihantala
Finnish stop Soviet offensive.

• Warsaw Uprising
20,000 armed Poles against 55,000 Wehrmacht and SS. 90% of city destroyed, more than 250,000 casualties.

• Operation Dragoon
Allied invasion of Southern France.

• Battle of Debrecen
Soviets gain ground in Hungary but German and Hungarian forces manage to withdraw relatively intact after both sides suffer similar losses.

• Gothic Line offensive
British 8th Army and U.S. 5th Army attempt unsuccessfully to break into the north Italian plains.

• Battle of Arnhem
The major battle of Operation Market Garden; Allies reach but fail to cross the Rhine; British First Airborne Division destroyed.

• Battle of Peleliu
A fight to capture an airstrip on a speck of coral in the western Pacific.

• Battle of Aachen
Aachen was the first major German city to face invasion during World War II.

• Battle of the Scheldt
Decisive Canadian victory, solved the logistical problems of the Allies, and opened the port of Antwerp for supplies directly to the front.

• Battle of Crucifix Hill
The 18th Infantry, U.S. 1st Infantry Division take Crucifix Hill, a crucial position to help surround Aachen. Cpt. Bobbie E. Brown is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroics.

• Battle of Angaur
American forces capture an island in Palau.

• Battle of Hurtgen Forest
Stubborn German defense, appalling losses to US army.

• Battle of Leyte
American and Filipino guerrillas forces capture Leyte.

• Battle of Leyte Gulf
The largest air-sea battle in history.

• Operation Queen
was a joint British-American operation during World War II at the Western Front between Aachen and the Rur river.

• Battle of Mindoro

• Battle of the Bulge
German counterattack in Ardennes; General McAuliffe says "NUTS" at Bastogne.

text:
• Operation Elephant
Allied offensive against a German bridgehead at Kapelsche Veer in the Netherlands.

• Raid at Cabanatuan
US Army Rangers rescue Bataan and Corregidor POWs from Japanese prison camp.

• Prague Offensive
1st, 4th, and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts of the Soviet Army crushed the last concentration of German troops (over 1,000,000 men in two army groups) in southeastern Germany and Czechoslovakia. These troops were Army Group Centre and the remnants of Army Group Ostmark.

• Operation Spring Awakening
The last desperate German offensive of the war, launched around Lake Balaton, in Hungary.

• Battle of Bataan
U.S. and Philippine Forces retake the historic Bataan Peninsula.

• Battle of Manila
City totally devastated after month-long battle between the American, Filipino and Japanese forces; 100,000 civilians killed.

• Battle of Luzon
The battle where Mexico entered World War II, contributing pilots to help the United States and the Philippines defeat Japan in the South Pacific, with a loss of 37,870 Allied soldiers and 217,000 Japanese soldiers, resulting in an Allied victory

• Battle of Corregidor
Spectacular combined U.S. and Philippine assault retakes island bastion from Japanese forces.

• Raid at Los Baños
U.S. Airborne Task Force rescues more than 2,000 Allied POWs and civilian internees held by Japanese.

• Battle of Mindanao
U.S. Eighth Army together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops completes the recapture of Southern Philippines.

• Operation Varsity
134 Allied gliders land troops in Weisel.

• Battle of the Visayas
U.S. Eighth Army together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops retakes central Philippine islands.

• Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay
Japanese defeated in decisive battle in Central Burma

• Battle of Iwo Jima
After a month, U.S. Forces take main offshore Japanese island.

• Battle of West Henan–North Hubei
Indecisive battle between China and Japan. Japan controls airbases after battle.

• Battle of Halbe
Part of Battle of Berlin, Germans unable to break out.

• Battle of Berlin
Soviet forces encircle and capture German capital; Hitler commits suicide.

• Battle of Hamburg
British forces capture German city.

• Battle of Triest
British army and Yugoslav capture the city.

• Battle of Tarakan
Allied attack as part of the Borneo campaign.

• Battle of Poljana
(14–15 May 1945) Battle between Yugoslav partisans and HOS (Croatia), German wehrmacht, Slovene Home Guard...

• Battle of Odžak
Last battle of World War II in Europe. Between Yugoslav partisans and HOS (Croatia) from 19 April to 25 May 1945.

• Battle of West Hunan
Chinese victory in final battle to expel Japan.

• Battle of Okinawa
US takes Japanese Island in the Ryūkyūs; many casualties to both sides.

• Battle of North Borneo
Australian victory during final stages of World War II in the Pacific.

• Battle of Balikpapan
Allied victory over Japan.

• Battle of Manchuria
Soviet forces liberate Manchuria.

text: Sieges[edit]

text:
Siege of Warsaw
Siege of Leningrad
Siege of Lwów
Siege of Modlin
Siege of Novorossiysk
Siege of Odessa
Siege of Sevastopol
Siege of Tobruk
Siege of Budapest
Siege of Breslau
Siege of Bastogne
Siege of Budapest (1945)

text: Naval engagements[edit]

text: General

text:
Arctic Convoys
Battle of the Atlantic - the name given to the conflict in the Atlantic Ocean between 1939 and 1945.

see also Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

Battle of the Mediterranean
Battle of the Indian Ocean

text:
Specific
1939

text: The Battle of the River Plate

text:
First Battle of Narvik
Second Battle of Narvik

text:
Battle of Cape Matapan
Battle of Pearl Harbor

text:
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Battle of Guadalcanal

text: Battle of the Komandorski Islands

text: Battle of Leyte Gulf

text: Operation Ten-Go

text: Major bombing campaigns[edit]

text: General

text:
Strategic bombing during World War II
Strategic bombing survey for the overall impact of the bombing.

text: Specific

text:
Baedeker raids
Chungking
Coventry
Operation Retribution (1941) - bombing of Belgrade during 1941.
Broome - Japanese raid on the town of Broome, targeting the airfield.
Dresden
Darwin - Japanese target the harbour.
Hamburg
Helsinki - February 1944, was mostly ineffective due to air defence and deception.
Hiroshima - One nuclear weapon, Little Boy dropped from a B-29, devastating a city.
Kassel
London - "The Blitz" and the V-1 and V-2 campaigns
Lübeck
Nagasaki - One nuclear weapon, Fat Man dropped from a B-29, devastating a city.
Narva - March 1944. Evacuated town was destroyed by Soviet ADD.
Pearl Harbor
Rostock - Heinkel Airplane Construction Plant, Seaport, and City
Rotterdam
Stalingrad - 23 August 1942
Tallinn - February - March 1944. Bombed by Soviet ADD. Large-scale damage.
Tokyo - Several devastating raids.
Warsaw

text: Operations[edit]

text: Raids[edit]

text: Small to medium-sized raiding operations were carried out by both Allied and Axis armies during World War II. The modus operandi used included guerrilla attacks by partisans in occupied territory and/or combined operations involving the landing and removal of specialised light infantry, such as commandos, by means of small boats.

text:
Allied

Operation Colossus

10 February 1941
Experimental raid by 38 British Commandos on a fresh water aqueduct near Calitri in southern Italy.

Operation Claymore

4 March 1941
1000 Men from the British Commandos and belonging to the Norwegian Independent Company 1 destroy fish oil factories on the remote islands off the coast of Norway.

Operation Archery

27 December 1941
570 men from the British Commandos and belonging to the Norwegian Independent Company 1 raid and attack German positions on Vågsøy Island in Norway.

Battle of Timor

19 February 1942 – 10 February 1943
Continuous raids from Australian commandos against the occupying Japanese.

Operation Chariot

28 March 1942
196 Royal Navy and Army Commando units raid and destroy the heavily defended docks of St. Nazaire in occupied France.

Dieppe Raid

19 August 1942
Over 6,000 infantrymen, mostly Canadian attempted to seize and hold the port of Dieppe.

Makin Island raid, 17–18 August 1942
Operation Jaywick, September 1943
Operation Jedburgh, 1944
Operation Roast, April 1945

Axis

Operation Greif, December 1944

text: Raiding units

text:
Allied

Multinational

Chindits
Devil's Brigade
Z Special Unit
Popski's Private Army
Gideon Force

Australia

Australian Army Independent Companies

France

Far East French Expeditionary Forces
Intervention Light Corps

Greece

Sacred Band

United Kingdom

Long Range Desert Group
Special Air Service
Royal Marines
Special Operations Executive
British Army Commandos

Layforce

British Paratroopers

United States

Marine Raiders
US Army Rangers
Alamo Scouts
Merrill's Marauders

Axis

Nazi Germany

Brandenburger Regiment
Waffen-SS (commando force led by Otto Skorzeny).

Fascist Italy

Decima Flottiglia MAS

Empire of Japan

Special Naval Landing Forces

text: Defensive lines[edit]

text:
Atlantic Wall
Caesar Line
GHQ Line
Gothic Line
Gustav Line
Maginot Line
Mannerheim Line
Metaxas Line
Siegfried Line
Taunton Stop Line

text: Contemporaneous wars[edit]

text:
Anglo-Iraqi War
Chinese Civil War
Greek Civil War
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939)
Spanish Civil War
Winter War (Russo-Finnish War), Continuation War, Lapland War


document_title: Oogonium

question_text: identify the name and number of cell(s) produced by ogonia when divided through mitosis

question_tokens: identify the name and number of cell ( s ) produced by ogonia when divided through mitosis

text: Oogonium

text: In the mammalian fetus[edit]

text: Oogonia are formed in large numbers by mitosis early in fetal development from primordial germ cells. In humans they start to develop between weeks 4 and 8 and are present in the fetus between weeks 5 and 30.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Normal oogonia in human ovaries are spherical or ovoid in shape and are found amongst neighboring somatic cells and oocytes at different phases of development. Oogonia can be distinguished from neighboring somatic cells, under an electron microscope, by observing their nuclei. Oogonial nuclei contain randomly dispersed fibrillar and granular material whereas the somatic cells have a more condensed nucleus that creates a darker outline under the microscope. Oogonial nuclei also contain dense prominent nucleoli. The chromosomal material in the nucleus of mitotically dividing oogonia shows as a dense mass surrounded by vesicles or double membranes.[1]

text: The cytoplasm of oogonia appears similar to that of the surrounding somatic cells and similarly contains large round mitochondria with lateral cristae. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) of oogonia, however, is very underdeveloped and is made up of several small vesicles. Some of these small vesicles contain cisternae with ribosomes and are found located near the golgi apparatus.[1]

text: Oogonia that are undergoing degeneration appear slightly different under the electron microscope. In these oogonia, the chromosomes clump together into an indistinguishable mass within the nucleus and the mitochondria and E.R. appear to be swollen and disrupted. Degenerating oogonia are usually found partially or wholly engulfed in neighboring somatic cells, identifying phagocytosis as the mode of elimination.[1]

text: Development and differentiation[edit]

text: In the blastocyst of the mammalian embryo, primordial germ cells arise from proximal epiblasts under the influence of extra-embryonic signals. These germ cells then travel, via amoeboid movement, to the genital ridge and eventually into the undifferentiated gonads of the fetus.[2] During the 4th or 5th week of development, the gonads begin to differentiate. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonads will differentiate into ovaries. As the ovaries differentiate, ingrowths called cortical cords develop. This is where the primordial germ cells collect.[3][4]

text: During the 6th to 8th week of female (XX) embryonic development, the primordial germ cells grow and begin to differentiate into oogonia. Oogonia proliferate via mitosis during the 9th to 22nd week of embryonic development. There can be up to 600,000 oogonia by the 8th week of development and up to 7,000,000 by the 5th month.[3]

text: Eventually, the oogonia will either degenerate or further differentiate into primary oocytes through asymmetric division. Asymmetric division is a process of mitosis in which one oogonium divides unequally to produce one daughter cell that will eventually become an oocyte through the process of oogenesis, and one daughter cell that is an identical oogonium to the parent cell. This occurs during the 15th week to the 7th month of embryonic development.[2] Most oogonia have either degenerated or differentiated into primary oocytes by birth.[3][5]

text: Primary oocytes will undergo oogenesis in which they enter meiosis. However, primary oocytes are arrested in prophase 1 of the first meiosis and remain in that arrested stage until puberty begins in the female adult.[6] This is in contrast to male primordial germ cells which are arrested in the spermatogonial stage at birth and do not enter into spermatogenesis and meiosis to produce primary spermatocytes until puberty in the adult male.[3]

text: Regulation of oogonia differentiation and entry into oogenesis[edit]

text: The regulation and differentiation of germ cells into primary gametocytes ultimately depends on the sex of the embryo and the differentiation of the gonads. In female mice, the protein RPSO1 is responsible for the differentiation of female (XX) gonads into ovaries. RSPO1 activates the β-catenin signaling pathway by up-regulating Wnt4 which is an essential step in ovary differentiation. Research has shown that ovaries lacking Rspo1 or Wnt4 will exhibit sex reversal of the gonads, the formation of ovotestes and the differentiation of somatic sertoli cells, which aid in the development of sperm.[4]

text: After female (XX) germ cells collect in the undifferentiated gonads, the up-regulation of Stra8 is required for germ cell differentiation into an oogonium and eventually enter meiosis. One major factor that contributes to the up-regulation of Stra8, is the initiation of the β-Catenin signaling pathway via RSPO1, which is also responsible for ovary differentiation. Since RSPO1 is produced in somatic cells, this protein acts on germ cells in a paracrine mode. Rspo1, however, is not the only factor in Stra8 regulation. Many other factors are under scrutiny and this process is still being evaluated.[4]

text: Oogonial stem cells[edit]

text: Because it is theorized that oogonia either degenerate or differentiate into primary oocytes which enter oogenesis and are halted in prophase I of the first meiosis post partum, it is concluded that adult mammalian females lack a population of germ cells that are able to renew or regenerate. But instead, have a large population of primary oocytes that are arrested in the first meiosis until puberty.[2] At puberty, one primary oocyte will complete meiosis to eventually form an ovum during each menstrual cycle. Because there is an absence of regenerating germ cells and oogonia in the human, the number of primary oocytes dwindles after each menstrual cycle until menopause, when the female no longer has a population of primary oocytes.[2]

text: Recent research, however, has identified that renewable oogonia may be present in the lining of the female ovaries of humans, primates and mice.[2][7][8] It is thought that these germ cell might be necessary for the upkeep of the reproductive follicles and oocyte development, well into adulthood. It has also been discovered, that some stem cells may migrate from the bone marrow to the ovaries as a source of extra-genial germ cells. These mitotically active germ cells found in mammalian adults were identified by tracking several markers that were common in oocytes. These potential renewable germs cells were identified as positive for these essential oocyte markers.[2]

text: The discovery of these active germ cells and oogonia in the adult female could be very useful in the advancement of fertility research and treatment of infertility.[2][8] Germ cells have been extracted, isolated and grown successfully in vitro.[8] These germ cells have been used to restore fertility in mice by promoting follicle generation and upkeep in previously infertile mice. There is also research being done on possible germ line regeneration in primates. Mitotically active human female germ cells could be very beneficial to a new method of embryonic stem cell development that involves a nuclear transfer into a zygote. Using these functional oogonia may help to create patient-specific stem cells lines using this method.[2]

text: In certain thallophytes[edit]

text: In phycology and mycology, oogonium refers to a female gametangium if the union of the male (motile or non-motile) and the female gamete takes place within this structure.[9][10]

text: In Oomycota and some other organisms, the female oogonia, and the male equivalent antheridia, are a result of sexual sporulation, i.e. the development of structures within which meiosis will occur. The haploid nuclei (gametes) are formed by meiosis within the antheridia and oogonia, and when fertilization occurs, a diploid oospore is produced which will eventually germinate into the diploid somatic stage of the thallophyte life cycle.[11]

text: In many algae (e.g., Chara), the main plant is haploid; oogonia and antheridia form and produce haploid gametes. The only diploid part of the life cycle is the spore (fertilized egg cell), which undergoes meiosis to form haploid cells that develop into new plants. This is a haplontic life cycle (with zygotic meiosis).

text: Structure[edit]

text: The oogonia of certain Thallophyte species are usually round or ovoid, with contents are divided into several uninucleate oospheres. This is in contrast to the male antheridia which are elongate and contain several nuclei.[11]

text: In heterothallic species, the oogonia and antheridia are located on hyphal branches of different thallophyte colonies. Oogonia of this species can only be fertilized by antheridia from another colony and ensures that self-fertilization is impossible. In contrast, homothallic species display the oogonia and antheridia on either the same hyphal branch or on separate hyphal branches but within the same colony.[11]

text: Fertilization[edit]

text: In a common mode of fertilization found in certain species of Thallophytes, the antheridia will bind with the oogonia. The antheridia will then form fertilization tubes connecting the antheridial cytoplasm with each oosphere within the oogonia. A haploid nucleus (gamete) from the antheridium will then be transferred through the fertilization tube into the oosphere, and fuse with the oosphere’s haploid nucleus forming a diploid oospore. The oospore is then ready to germinate and develop into an adult diploid somatic stage.[11]