document_title: Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)

question_text: who led the muslim forces that retook jerusalem

text: Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)

text: Background[edit]

text: Jerusalem was an important city of the Byzantine province of Palestina Prima. Just 23 years prior to the Muslim conquest, in 614, it fell to an invading Sassanid army under Shahrbaraz during the last of the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars. The Persians looted the city, and are said to have massacred its 90,000 Christian inhabitants.[2] As part of the looting, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was destroyed and the True Cross captured and taken to Ctesiphon as a battle-captured holy relic. The Cross was later returned to Jerusalem by Emperor Heraclius after his final victory against the Persians in 628. It was believed that the Jews, who were persecuted in their Roman-controlled homeland, had aided the Persians.[3]

text: After the death of Muhammad in 632, Muslim leadership passed to Caliph Abu Bakr following a series of campaigns known as the Ridda Wars. Once Bakr's sovereignty over Arabia had been secured, he initiated a war of conquest in the east by invading Iraq, then a province of the Sassanid Persian Empire; while on the western front, his armies invaded the Byzantine Empire.[4]

text: In 634, Abu Bakr died and was succeeded by Umar, who continued his own war of conquest.[5] In May 636, Emperor Heraclius launched a major expedition to regain the lost territory, but his army was defeated decisively at the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636. Thereafter, Abu Ubaidah, the Muslim commander-in-chief of the Rashidun army in Syria, held a council of war in early October 636 to discuss future plans. Opinions of objectives varied between the coastal city of Caesarea and Jerusalem. Abu Ubaidah could see the importance of both these cities, which had resisted all Muslim attempts at capture. Unable to decide on the matter, he wrote to Caliph Umar for instructions. In his reply, the caliph ordered them to capture the latter. Accordingly, Abu Ubaidah marched towards Jerusalem from Jabiya, with Khalid ibn Walid and his mobile guard leading the advance. The Muslims arrived at Jerusalem around early November, and the Byzantine garrison withdrew into the fortified city.[1]

text: Siege[edit]

text: Jerusalem had been well-fortified after Heraclius recaptured it from the Persians.[6] After the Byzantine defeat at Yarmouk, the Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius repaired its defenses.[7] The Muslims had so far not attempted any siege of the city. However, since 634, Saracen forces had the potential to threaten all routes to the city. Although it was not encircled, it had been in a state of siege since the Muslims captured the neighboring forts of Pella and Bosra. After the Battle of Yarmouk, the city was severed from the rest of Syria, and was presumably being prepared for a siege that seemed inevitable.[6] When the Muslim army reached Jericho, Sophronius collected all the holy relics including the True Cross, and secretly sent them to the coast, to be taken to Constantinople.[7] The Muslim troops besieged the city some time in November 636. Instead of relentless assaults on the city,a[›] they decided to press on with the siege until the Byzantines ran short of supplies and a bloodless surrender could be negotiated.[8]

text: Although details of the siege were not recorded,b[›] it appeared to be bloodless.[9] The Byzantine garrison could not expect any help from the humbled regime of Heraclius. After a siege of four months, Sophronius offered to surrender the city and pay a jizya (tribute), on condition that the caliph came to Jerusalem to sign the pact and accept the surrender.[10] It is said that when Sophronius's terms became known to the Muslims, Shurahbil ibn Hassana, one of the Muslim commanders, suggested that instead of waiting for the caliph to come all the way from Madinah, Khalid ibn Walid should be sent forward as the caliph, as he was very similar in appearance to Umar.[11] The subterfuge did not work. Possibly, Khalid was too famous in Syria, or there may have been Christian Arabs in the city who had visited Madinah and had seen both Umar and Khalid, remembering the differences. Consequently, the Patriarch of Jerusalem refused to negotiate. When Khalid reported the failure of this mission, Abu Ubaidah wrote to caliph Umar about the situation, and invited him to come to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the city.[12]

text: Surrender[edit]

text: In early April 637, Umar arrived in Palestine and went first to Jabiya,[13] where he was received by Abu Ubaidah, Khalid, and Yazid, who had traveled with an escort to receive him. Amr was left as commander of the besieging Muslim army.[14]

text: Upon Umar's arrival in Jerusalem, a pact known as The Umariyya Covenant was composed. It surrendered the city and gave guarantees of civil and religious liberty to Christians in exchange for jizya. It was signed by caliph Umar on behalf of the Muslims, and witnessed by Khalid, Amr, Abdur Rahman bin Awf, and Muawiyah. In late April 637, Jerusalem was officially surrendered to the caliph.[15] For the first time, after almost 500 years of oppressive Roman rule, Jews were once again allowed to live and worship inside Jerusalem.[16]

text: It has been recorded in the annals of Muslim chronicles, that at the time of the Zuhr prayers, Sophronius invited Umar to pray in the rebuilt Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Umar declined, fearing that accepting the invitation might endanger the church's status as a place of Christian worship, and that Muslims might break the treaty and turn the church into a mosque.[8] After staying for ten days in Jerusalem, the caliph returned to Medina.[17]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Following the Caliph's instructions, Yazid proceeded to Caesarea, and once again laid siege to the port city. Amr and Shurahbil marched to complete the occupation of Palestine, a task that was completed by the end of the year. Caesarea, however, could not be taken until 640, when at last, the garrison surrendered to Muawiyah I, then a governor of Syria. With an army of 17,000 men, Abu Ubaidah and Khalid set off from Jerusalem to conquer all of northern Syria. This ended with the conquest of Antioch in late 637.[18] In 639, the Muslims invaded and conquered Egypt.

text: During his stay in Jerusalem, Umar was led by Sophronius to various holy sites, including the Temple Mount. Seeing the poor state of where the Temple once stood, Umar ordered the area cleared of refuse and debris before having a wooden mosque built on the site.[19] The earliest account of such a structure is given by the Gallic bishop Arculf, who visited Jerusalem between 679 and 682, and describes a very primitive house of prayer able to accommodate up to 3,000 worshippers, constructed of wooden beams and boards over pre-existing ruins.[20]

text: More than half a century after the capture of Jerusalem, in 691, the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of the Dome of the Rock over a large outcropping of bedrock on the Temple Mount. The 10th-century historian al-Muqaddasi wrote that Abd al-Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur with the city's Christian churches. Whatever the intention, the impressive splendor and scale of the shrine is seen as having helped significantly in solidifying the attachment of Jerusalem to the early Muslim faith.[19]

text: Over the next 400 years, the city's prominence diminished as Saracen powers in the region jockeyed for control. Jerusalem remained under Muslim rule until it was captured by Crusaders in 1099 during the First Crusade.

text: Hadith[edit]

text: It is believed in Sunni Islam that Muhammad foretold the conquest of Jerusalem in numerous authentic hadiths in various Islamic sources,[21][22] including a narration mentioned in Sahih al-Bukhari in Kitab Al Jizyah Wa'l Mawaada'ah (The Book of Jizya and Storage):

text: Narrated `Auf bin Mali:

text: I went to the Prophet during the Expedition to Tabouk while he was sitting in a leather tent. He said, "Count six signs that indicate the approach of the Hour: my death, the conquest of Jerusalem, a plague that will afflict you (and kill you in great numbers) as the plague that afflicts sheep..."[23]

text: The siege of Jerusalem was carried by Abu Ubaidah under Umar the Great in the earliest period of Islam along with Plague of Emmaus. The epidemic is famous in Muslim sources because of the death of many prominent companions of Muhammad.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ a: The Muslims are said to have lost 4,000 men in the Battle of Yarmouk fought just two months before the siege.

text: ^ b: Muslim historians differ in the year of the siege; while Tabari says it was 636, al-Baladhuri placed its date of surrender in 638 (Futuh II.XI or p. 139; p. 214 in Hitti translation). Agha I. Akram believes 636–637 to be the most likely date.


document_title: Dutch uncle

question_text: where does the term dutch uncle come from

root

text: Dutch uncle

text: Origins[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: During the Anglo-Dutch Wars between England and the Netherlands in the 17th century, the English language gained an array of insults (including "Dutch uncle"), such as:

tag: p

text:
"Dutch courage" (alcohol-induced bravery)
"Double Dutch" (incomprehensible, nonsense)
"Dutch cap" (contraceptive diaphragm)
"Dutch wife" (prostitute; sex doll)
"Dutch widow" (prostitute)

"Dutch comfort" (saying that "Things could be worse!")
"Dutch metal" or "Dutch gold" (cheap alloy resembling gold)
"Dutch treat" (social date where the invitee pays for himself/herself)
"Dutch concert" (noise and uproar, as from a drunken crowd)
"Dutch-bottomed" (empty)
"Dutch nightingale" (frog)

text: These terms also gained prominence in 17th-century New England during its rivalry with New Netherland, which the Dutch captured (and later recaptured) during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

text: These colorful (though now incongruous) phrases became part of English usage worldwide, and some are still in use.

text: Alternative explanations[edit]

text: Another proposed explanation is that the term, often expressed as "talk to one like a Dutch uncle," originated in the early 19th century as an allusion to the sternness and sobriety attributed to the Dutch. Dutch behaviour is defined in the book Culture Shock! Netherlands: A Survival Guide To Customs and Etiquette as "practical, direct, outspoken, stubborn, well-organised, blunt and thinking they are always right." According to that source, these are the alleged reasons behind the English term "Dutch uncle."[1] Another book that advocates this theory is The UnDutchables, which assigns comparable characteristics to Dutch people: "not lacking in self-esteem ... caught up in a cycle of endless envy ... always speak their mind ... frank, obstinate, blunt", basically summed up by the phrase "the natives thrive on shaking their fingers at and scolding each other."[2]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Janin, Hunt. Culture Shock! Netherlands: A Survival Guide To Customs and Etiquette. ISBN 1-55868-948-6
Jump up ^ White, Colin & Boucke, Laurie. The UnDutchables. ISBN 978-1-888580-44-0

tag: ol


document_title: Repeated measures design

question_text: what statistical test to use for repeated measures

text: Repeated measures design

text: Crossover studies[edit]

text: A popular repeated-measures is the crossover study. A crossover study is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments. Crossover designs are common for experiments in many scientific disciplines, for example psychology, education, pharmaceutical science, and health-care, especially medicine.

text: Randomized, controlled, crossover experiments are especially important in health care. In a randomized clinical trial, the subjects are randomly assigned treatments. When such a trial is a repeated measures design, the subjects are randomly assigned to a sequence of treatments. A crossover clinical trial is a repeated-measures design in which each patient is randomly assigned to a sequence of treatments, including at least two treatments (of which one may be a standard treatment or a placebo): Thus each patient crosses over from one treatment to another.

text: Nearly all crossover designs have "balance", which means that all subjects should receive the same number of treatments and that all subjects participate for the same number of periods. In most crossover trials, each subject receives all treatments.

text: However, many repeated-measures designs are not crossovers: the longitudinal study of the sequential effects of repeated treatments need not use any "crossover", for example (Vonesh & Chinchilli; Jones & Kenward).

text: Uses[edit]

text:
Limited number of participants —The repeated measure design reduces the variance of estimates of treatment-effects, allowing statistical inference to be made with fewer subjects.[2]
Efficiency—Repeated measure designs allow many experiments to be completed more quickly, as fewer groups need to be trained to complete an entire experiment. For example, experiments in which each condition takes only a few minutes, whereas the training to complete the tasks take as much, if not more time.
Longitudinal analysis—Repeated measure designs allow researchers to monitor how participants change over time, both long- and short-term situations.

tag: ul

text: Order effects[edit]

text: Order effects may occur when a participant in an experiment is able to perform a task and then perform it again. Examples of order effects include performance improvement or decline in performance, which may be due to learning effects, boredom or fatigue. The impact of order effects may be smaller in long-term longitudinal studies or by counterbalancing using a crossover design.

text: Counterbalancing[edit]

text: In this technique, two groups each perform the same tasks or experience the same conditions, but in reverse order. With two tasks or conditions, four groups are formed.

text:
Counter Balancing

Task/Condition
Task/Condition
Remarks

Group A

1

2

Group A performs Task/Condition 1 first, then Task/Condition 2

Group B

2

1

Group B performs Task/Condition 2 first, then Task/Condition 1

text: Counterbalancing attempts to take account of two important sources of systematic variation in this type of design: practice and boredom effects. Both might otherwise lead to different performance of participants due to familiarity with or tiredness to the treatments.

text: Limitations[edit]

text: It may not be possible for each participant to be in all conditions of the experiment (i.e. time constraints, location of experiment, etc.). Severely diseased subjects tend to drop out of longitudinal studies, potentially biasing the results. In these cases mixed effects models would be preferable as they can deal with missing values.

text: Mean regression may affect conditions with significant repetitions. Maturation may affect studies that extend over time. Events outside the experiment may change the response between repetitions.

text: Repeated measures ANOVA[edit]

text: Repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) is a commonly used statistical approach to repeated measure designs.[3] With such designs, the repeated-measure factor (the qualitative independent variable) is the within-subjects factor, while the dependent quantitative variable on which each participant is measured is the dependent variable.

text: Partitioning of error[edit]

text: One of the greatest advantages to rANOVA, as is the case with repeated measures designs in general, is the ability to partition out variability due to individual differences. Consider the general structure of the F-statistic:

text: F = MSTreatment / MSError = (SSTreatment/dfTreatment)/(SSError/dfError)

text: In a between-subjects design there is an element of variance due to individual difference that is combined with the treatment and error terms:

text: SSTotal = SSTreatment + SSError

text: dfTotal = n-1

text: In a repeated measures design it is possible to partition subject variability from the treatment and error terms. In such a case, variability can be broken down into between-treatments variability (or within-subjects effects, excluding individual differences) and within-treatments variability. The within-treatments variability can be further partitioned into between-subjects variability (individual differences) and error (excluding the individual differences):[4]

text: SSTotal = SSTreatment (excluding individual difference) + SSSubjects + SSError

text: dfTotal = dfTreatment (within subjects) + dfbetween subjects + dferror = (k-1) + (n-1) + ((n-k)*(n-1))

text: In reference to the general structure of the F-statistic, it is clear that by partitioning out the between-subjects variability, the F-value will increase because the sum of squares error term will be smaller resulting in a smaller MSError. It is noteworthy that partitioning variability reduces degrees of freedom from the F-test, therefore the between-subjects variability must be significant enough to offset the loss in degrees of freedom. If between-subjects variability is small this process may actually reduce the F-value.[4]

text: Assumptions[edit]

text: As with all statistical analyses, specific assumptions should be met to justify the use of this test. Violations can moderately to severely affect results and often lead to an inflation of type 1 error. With the rANOVA, standard univariate and multivariate assumptions apply.[5] The univariate assumptions are:

text:
Normality—For each level of the within-subjects factor, the dependent variable must have a normal distribution.
Sphericity—Difference scores computed between two levels of a within-subjects factor must have the same variance for the comparison of any two levels. (This assumption only applies if there are more than 2 levels of the independent variable.)
Randomness—Cases should be derived from a random sample, and scores from different participants should be independent of each other.

text: The rANOVA also requires that certain multivariate assumptions be met, because a multivariate test is conducted on difference scores. These assumptions include:

text:
Multivariate normality—The difference scores are multivariately normally distributed in the population.
Randomness—Individual cases should be derived from a random sample, and the difference scores for each participant are independent from those of another participant.

text: F test[edit]

text: As with other analysis of variance tests, the rANOVA makes use of an F statistic to determine significance. Depending on the number of within-subjects factors and assumption violations, it is necessary to select the most appropriate of three tests:[5]

text:
Standard Univariate ANOVA F test—This test is commonly used given only two levels of the within-subjects factor (i.e. time point 1 and time point 2). This test is not recommended given more than 2 levels of the within-subjects factor because the assumption of sphericity is commonly violated in such cases.
Alternative Univariate test[6]—These tests account for violations to the assumption of sphericity, and can be used when the within-subjects factor exceeds 2 levels. The F statistic is the same as in the Standard Univariate ANOVA F test, but is associated with a more accurate p-value. This correction is done by adjusting the degrees of freedom downward for determining the critical F value. Two corrections are commonly used—The Greenhouse-Geisser correction and the Huynh-Feldt correction. The Greenhouse-Geisser correction is more conservative, but addresses a common issue of increasing variability over time in a repeated-measures design.[7] The Huynh-Feldt correction is less conservative, but does not address issues of increasing variability. It has been suggested that lower Huynh-Feldt be used with smaller departures from sphericity, while Greenhouse-Geisser be used when the departures are large.
Multivariate Test—This test does not assume sphericity, but is also highly conservative.

text: Effect size[edit]

text: One of the most commonly reported effect size statistics for rANOVA is partial eta-squared (ηp2). It is also common to use the multivariate η2 when the assumption of sphericity has been violated, and the multivariate test statistic is reported. A third effect size statistic that is reported is the generalized η2, which is comparable to ηp2 in a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. It has been shown to be a better estimate of effect size with other within-subjects tests.[8][9]

text: Cautions[edit]

text: rANOVA is not always the best statistical analysis for repeated measure designs. The rANOVA is vulnerable to effects from missing values, imputation, unequivalent time points between subjects and violations of sphericity.[10] These issues can result in sampling bias and inflated rates of Type I error.[11] In such cases it may be better to consider use of a linear mixed model.[12]


document_title: List of India national cricket captains

question_text: who is the first caption of indian team

question_tokens: who is the first caption of indian team

text: List of India national cricket captains

text: International cricket[edit]

text: Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained @ least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a serIndia cricket team  captains

text: ies.

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is the list of the 33 cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Test match. Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful Indian test captain with 27 wins.

text: The table of results is complete as of 14 October 2018.

text:
Indian Test match captains[1]

Number

Name

Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1

CK Nayudu

1932
England
England
1
0
1
0

1933/4
England
India
3
0
2
1

Total
4
0
3
1

2

Maharajkumar of Vizianagram
1936
England
England
3
0
2
1

Total
3
0
2
1

3

Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi
1946
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
3
0
1
2

4

Lala Amarnath

1947/8
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1948/9
West Indies
India
5
0
1
4

1952/3
Pakistan
India
5
2
1
2

Total
15
2
6
7

5

Vijay Hazare

1951/2
England
India
5
1
1
3

1952
England
England
4
0
3
1

1952/3
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

Total
14
1
5
8

6

Vinoo Mankad

1954/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
5
0
0
5

1958/9†
West Indies
India
1
0
1
0

Total
6
0
1
5

7

Ghulam Ahmed

1955/6†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

1958/9
West Indies
India
2
0
2
0

Total
3
0
2
1

8

Polly Umrigar

1955/6
New Zealand
India
4
2
0
2

1956/7
Australia
India
3
0
2
1

1958/9†
West Indies
India
1
0
0
1

Total
8
2
2
4

9

Hemu Adhikari
1958/9†
West Indian
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

10

Datta Gaekwad
1959
England
England
4
0
4
0

Total
4
0
4
0

11

Pankaj Roy
1959†
England
England
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

12

Gulabrai Ramchand
1959/60
Australia
India
5
1
2
2

Total
5
1
2
2

13

Nari Contractor

1960/1
Pakistan
India
5
0
0
5

1961/2
England
India
5
2
0
3

1961/2†
West Indies
West Indies
2
0
2
0

Total
12
2
2
8

14

Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi

1961/2
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
3
0

1963/4
England
India
5
0
0
5

1964/5
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

1964/5
New Zealand
India
4
1
0
3

1966/7
West Indies
India
3
0
2
1

1967
England
England
3
0
3
0

1967/8
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1967/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
4
3
1
0

1969/70
New Zealand
India
3
1
1
1

1969/70
Australia
India
5
1
3
1

1974/5
West Indies
India
4
2
2
0

Total
40
9
19
12

15

Chandu Borde
1967/8†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

16

Ajit Wadekar

1970/1
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
0
4

1971
England
England
3
1
0
2

1972/3
England
India
5
2
1
2

1974
England
England
3
0
3
0

Total
16
4
4
8

17

Srinivas Venkataraghavan

1974/5†
West Indies
India
1
0
1
0

1979
England
England
4
0
1
3

Total
5
0
2
3

18

Sunil Gavaskar

1975/6†
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1978/9
West Indies
India
6
1
0
5

1979/80
Australia
India
6
2
0
4

1979/80
Pakistan
India
5
2
0
3

1980/1
Australia
Australia
3
1
1
1

1980/1
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1981/2
England
India
6
1
0
5

1982
England
England
3
0
1
2

1982/3
Sri Lanka
India
1
0
0
1

1982/3
Pakistan
Pakistan
6
0
3
3

1984/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

1984/5
England
India
5
1
2
2

Total
47
9
8
30

19

Bishan Singh Bedi

1975/6
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1975/6
West Indies
West Indies
4
1
2
1

1976/7
New Zealand
India
3
2
0
1

1976/7
England
India
5
1
3
1

1977/8
Australia
Australia
5
2
3
0

1978/9
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

Total
22
6
11
5

20

Gundappa Viswanath

1979/80†
Pakistan
India
1
0
0
1

1979/1980
England
India
1
0
1
0

Total
2
0
1
1

21

Kapil Dev

1982/3
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
2
3

1983/4
Pakistan
India
3
0
0
3

1983/4
West Indies
India
6
0
3
3

1985
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
1
2

1985/6
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

1986
England
England
3
2
0
1

1986/7
Australia
India
3
0
0
2[2]

1986/7
Sri Lanka
India
3
2
0
1

1986/7
Pakistan
India
5
0
1
4

Total
34
4
7
23[2]

22

Dilip Vengsarkar

1987/8
West Indies
India
3
0
1
2

1988/9
New Zealand
India
3
2
1
0

1988/9
West Indies
West Indies
4
0
3
1

Total
10
2
5
3

23

Ravi Shastri
1987/8†
West Indies
India
1
1
0
0

Total
1
1
0
0

24

Krishnamachari Srikkanth
1989/90
Pakistan
Pakistan
4
0
0
4

Total
4
0
0
4

25

Mohammad Azharuddin

1989/90
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1990
England
England
3
0
1
2

1990/1
Sri Lanka
India
1
1
0
0

1991/2
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1992/3
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
0
1

1992/3
South Africa
South Africa
4
0
1
3

1992/3
England
India
3
3
0
0

1992/3
Zimbabwe
India
1
1
0
0

1993
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
0
2

1993/4
Sri Lanka
India
3
3
0
0

1993/4
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1994/5
West Indies
India
3
1
1
1

1995/6
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

1996
England
England
3
0
1
2

1997/8
Australia
India
3
2
1
0

1998/9
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
1
0

1998/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1998/9
Pakistan
India
2
1
1
0

1998/9[3]
Pakistan
India
1
0
1
0

1998/9[3]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
0
1

Total
47
14
14
19[4][5][6][7]

26

Sachin Tendulkar

1996/7
Australia
India
1
1
0
0

1996/7
South Africa
India
3
2
1
0

1996/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
2
1

1996/7
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

1997
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

1997/8
Sri Lanka
India
3
0
0
3

1999/2000
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

1999/2000
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1999/2000
South Africa
India
2
0
2
0

Total
25
4
9
12

27

Sourav Ganguly

2000/1
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2000/1
Zimbabwe
India
2
1
0
1

2000/1
Australia
India
3
2
1
0

2001
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
1
1
0

2001
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

2001/2
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2001/2
England
India
3
1
0
2

2001/2
Zimbabwe
India
2
2
0
0

2001/2
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
2
2

2002
England
England
4
1
1
2

2002/3
West Indies
India
3
2
0
1

2002/3
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

2003/4
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

2003/4
Australia
Australia
4
1
1
2

2003/4
Pakistan
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2004/5
Australia
India
2
0
1
1

2004/5
South Africa
India
2
1
0
1

2004/5
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2004/5
Pakistan
India
3
1
1
1

2005/6
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

Total
49
21
13
15

28

Rahul Dravid

2003/4†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

2003/4†
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

2004/5†
Australia
India
2
1
1
0

2005/6
Sri Lanka
India
2
1
0
1

2005/6
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

2005/6
England
India
3
1
1
1

2005/6
West Indies
West Indies
4
1
0
3

2006/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

2007
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
1
0
1

2007
England
England
3
1
0
2

Total
25
8
6
11

29

Virender Sehwag
2005/6†
Sri Lanka
India
1
1
0
0

2009†
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

2010†
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2012†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
4
2
1
1

30

Anil Kumble

2007
Pakistan
India
3
1
0
2

2007/8
Australia
Australia
4
1
2
1

2008
South Africa
India
2
0
1
1

2008
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

2008
Australia
India
2
0
0
2

Total
14
3
5
6

31

Mahendra Singh Dhoni

2008†
South Africa
India
1
1
0
0

2008†
Australia
India
2
2
0
0

2008
England
India
2
1
0
1

2009
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2009
Sri Lanka
India
3
2
0
1

2010
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2010
South Africa
India
2
1
1
0

2010
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
1
1

2010
Australia
India
2
2
0
0

2010
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

2010
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
1
1

2011
West Indies
West Indies
3
1
0
2

2011
England
England
4
0
4
0

2011
West Indies
India
3
2
0
1

2011/12
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

2012
New Zealand
India
2
2
0
0

2012/13
England
India
4
1
2
1

2012/13
Australia
India
4
4
0
0

2013/14
West Indies
India
2
2
0
0

2013/14
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2013/14
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

2014
England
England
5
1
3
1

2014/15
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

Total
60
27
18
15

32

Virat Kohli

2014/15†
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

2015
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
0
0
1

2015
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
1
0

2015/16
South Africa
India
4
3
0
1

2016
West Indies
West Indies
4
2
0
2

2016/17
New Zealand
India
3
3
0
0

2016/17
England
India
5
4
0
1

2017
Bangladesh
India
1
1
0
0

2017
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

2017
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
3
0
0

2017
Sri Lanka
India
3
1
0
2

2018
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

2018
England
England
5
1
4
0

2018
West Indies
India
2
2
0
0

Total
42
24
9
9

33

Ajinkya Rahane

2017†
Australia
India
1
1
0
0

2018
Afghanistan
India
1
1
0
0

Total
2
2
0
0

Grand Total (1932-2018)
529
148
164
217[2]

text: One Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one One Day International. Total 24 players have captained India in ODIs out of which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful captain with 110 wins.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Ajit Wadekar
1974
2
0
2
0
0
0.00

2
Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan
1975–1979
7
1
6
0
0
14.28

3
Bishen Singh Bedi
1975-1978
4
1
3
0
0
25.00

4
Sunil Gavaskar
1980-1985
37
14
21
0
2
40.00

5
Gundappa Viswanath
1980
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

6
Kapil Dev
1982-1992
74
39
33
0
2
54.16

7
Syed Kirmani
1983
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

8
Mohinder Amarnath
1984
1
0
0
0
1
NA

9
Ravi Shastri
1986-1991
11
4
7
0
0
36.36

10
Dilip Vengsarkar
1987-1988
18
8
10
0
0
44.44

11
Krishnamachari Srikkanth
1989
13
4
8
0
1
33.33

12
Mohammad Azharuddin
1989-1999
174
90
76
2
6
53.57

13
Sachin Tendulkar
1996-1999
73
23
43
1
6
35.07

14
Ajay Jadeja
1997-1999
13
8
5
0
0
61.53

15
Sourav Ganguly
1999–2005
146[9]
76
65[9]
0
5
53.90

16
Rahul Dravid
2000-2007
79
42
33
0
4
55.00

17
Anil Kumble
2001
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

18
Virender Sehwag
2003-2011
12
7
5
0
0
58.33

19
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2007–2018
200
110
74
5
11
55.00

20
Suresh Raina
2010
12
6
5
0
1
54.54

21
Gautam Gambhir
2010
6
6
0
0
0
100.00

22
Virat Kohli
2013- present
49
38
10
0
1
77.55

23
Ajinkya Rahane
2015
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

24
Rohit Sharma
2017-2018
8
7
1
0
0
85.88

text: Twenty-20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.Only six players captained in T20I for India. From which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is most successful with 42 wins.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Virender Sehwag

2006
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

2
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2007–2016

73
42
28
1
2
59.85

3
Suresh Raina
2010
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

4
Ajinkya Rahane
2015
2
1
1
0
0
50.00

5
Virat Kohli
2017 - present
15
10
5
0
0
66.66

6
Rohit Sharma
2017-2018
9
8
1
0
0
88.88

Total
103
65
35
1
2
63.10

text: Women's cricket[edit]

text: Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match.

text: The table of results is updated as 11 September 2014.

text:
Indian women's Test match captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1

Shantha Rangaswamy

1976/7
West Indies
India
6
1
1
4

1976/7
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1976/7
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1983/4
Australia
India
4
0
0
4

Total
12
1
2
9

2

Nilima Jogalekar

1984/1985†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

3

Diana Edulji

1984/5
New Zealand
India
2
0
0
2

1986
England
England
2
0
0
2

Total
4
0
0
4

4

Shubhangi Kulkarni

1986†
England
England
1
0
0
1

1990/1
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

Total
3
0
1
2

5

Sandhya Agarwal

1990/1†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

6

Purnima Rau

1994/5
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1995/6
England
India
2
0
1
1

Total
3
0
1
2

7

Pramila Bhatt

1995/6†
England
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

8

Chanderkanta Kaul

1999
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

9

Anjum Chopra

2001/2
England
India
1
0
0
1

2001/2
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

2002
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
3
1
0
2

10

Mamatha Maben

2003/4
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

11

Mithali Raj

2005/6
England
India
1
0
0
1

2005/6
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

2006
England
England
2
1
0
1

2014
England
England
1
1
0
0

Total
5
2
1
2

Total
35
4
6
25

text: Women's One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The World Cup Final appearance against Australia in 2004/5 represents India's best performance in a Women's World Cup.

text: Indian women's ODI captains

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Diana Edulji
1977/8, 1984/5 – 1993
18
7
11
0
0[10]
38.88

2
Shantha Rangaswamy
1981/2-1983/4
16
4
12
0
0
25.00

3
Shubhangi Kulkarni
1986
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

4
Purnima Rau
1994/5-1995/6
8
5
3
0
0[11]
62.50

5
Pramila Bhatt
1995/6-1997/8
7
5
1
1[12]
0[13]
78.57

6
Chanderkanta Kaul
1999
4
3
1
0
0
75.00

7
Anju Jain
2000/1
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

8
Anjum Chopra
2001/2[14]-2002/3-2011/2012
28
10
17
0
1[15]
37.03

9
Mamatha Maben
2003/4-2004/5
19
14
5
0
0
73.68

10
Mithali Raj
2003 – present
81
45
33
0
3
55.55

11
Jhulan Goswami
2008-2011
25
12
13
0
0
48.00

12
Rumeli Dhar
2008-2008
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

13
Harmanpreet Kaur
2013–2013
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

Total
219
113
101
1
4
51.59

text: Women's Twenty-20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.[16]

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Mithali Raj
2006–present
32
17
15
0
0

53.12

2
Jhulan Goswami
2008-2011
18
8
10
0
0
41.17

3
Anjum Chopra
2012-2012
10
3
7
0
0
30.00

4
Harmanpreet Kaur
2012-2016
13
9
4
0
0
69.23

Total
66
33
33
0
0
50.00

text: Youth cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers whose have captained the Indian Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The very nature of Under-19 cricket means that in practice no youth captains the side for more than one year. Four men, Srikkanth, Shastri, Dravid and Virat have gone on to captain the senior side.

text: The table of results is complete as of August 2014.* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match or ODI match).

text:
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Krishnamachari Srikkanth*
1978/9†
Pakistan
India
2
0
0
2

2
Vedraj Chauhan
1978/9
Pakistan
India
3
0
0
3

3
Ravi Shastri*
1981
England
England
3
0
0
3

4
Saba Karim*
1984/5
Australia
India
2
0
1
1

5
Anju Mudkavi
1984/5†
Australia
India
1
0
0
1

6
Amikar Dayal
1986/7
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

7
Myluahanan Senthilnathan
1987/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

8
Janardhanan Ramdas
1988/9
Pakistan
Pakistan
4
1
0
3

9
Ranjib Biswal
1989/90
Pakistan
India
4
1
0
3

10
Rahul Dravid*
1991/2
New Zealand
India
2
1
0
1

11
Manoj Joglekar
1992/3
England
India
3
1
1
1

12
Sridharan Sriram*
1993/4
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

13
Amit Sharma
1994
England
England
3
1
0
2

14
Kiran Powar
1994/5
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

15
Sanjay Raul
1995/6
South Africa
India
3
1
1
1

16
Ajit Agarkar*
1996/7†
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
1
0
0

17
Jyoti Yadav
1996/7
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

18
Reetinder Sodhi*
1998/9
Sri Lanka
India
1
0
0
1

19
Ajay Ratra*
2003/4
England
India
3
1
0
2

20
Manvinder Bisla
2002†
England
England
1
0
0
1

21
Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao
2002
England
England
2
0
1
1

22
Ambati Rayudu*
2004/5
England
India
3
3
0
0

23

Tanmay Srivastava

2006
England
England
3
1
0
2

2007
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

Total
5
2
0
3

24

Piyush Chawla*

2006
Pakistan
India
2
2
0
0

2007
New Zealand
India
3
1
1
1

Total
5
3
1
1

25
Virat Kohli*
2008
South Africa
South Africa
2
1
0
1

26
Ashok Menaria
2009
Australia
Australia
2
1
1
0

27
Vijay Zol
2014
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

Total
69
20
12
37

text: Youth One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. India's first great success in Under-19 ODI cricket was in 1999/2000, when they won the Under-19 World Cup under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif. The feat was repeated in 2008/9 and 2012 under the captaincy of Virat Kohli and Unmukt Chand.

text: The table of results is complete as of 16 August 2014.* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match, ODI or T20 match).

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Ravi Shastri
1981
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

2
Saba Karim
1985
3
0
3
0
0
0.00

3
Anju Mudkavi
1985
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

4
Amikar Dayal
1986
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

5
M. Senthilnathan
1988
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

6
Arjan Kripal Singh
1988
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

7
Ranjib Biswal
1989/90
5
4
1
0
0
80.00

8
Rahul Dravid
1992
3
2
1
0
0
66.66

9
Manoj Joglekar
1993
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

10
Amit Sharma
1994
5
2
3
0
0
40.00

11
Kiran Powar
1995
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

12
Sanjay Raul
1996
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

13
Jyoti Yadav
1997/8
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

14
Amit Pagnis
1997
6
4
2
0
0
66.66

15
Reetinder Sodhi
1999
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

16
Mohammad Kaif
1999/00
9
9
0
0
0
100.00

17
Ajay Ratra
2001
3
2
1
0
0
66.66

18
Parthiv Patel
2002
7
4
3
0
0
57.14

19
Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao
2002
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

20
Ambati Rayudu
2003/04
10
8
2
0
0
80.00

21
Dinesh Karthik
2004
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

22
Manoj Tiwary
2005
5
4
1
0
0
80.00

23
Ravikant Shukla
2005/06
17
15
2
0
0
88.23

24
Tanmay Srivastava
2006/07
7
7
0
0
0
100.00

25
Piyush Chawla
2006/07
12
11
1
0
0
91.66

26
Ravindra Jadeja
2007
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

27
Virat Kohli
2008
11
11
0
0
0
100.00

28
Ashok Menaria
2009/10
12
8
4
0
0
66.66

29
Unmukt Chand
2011/12
21
15
5
1
0
73.80

30
Vijay Zol
2013/14
22
18
3
0
1
85.71

31
Sanju Samson
2014
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

32
Ricky Bhui
2015
4
4
0
0
0
100.00

33
Virat Singh
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

34
Rishabh Pant
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

35
Ishan Kishan
2015
8
7
1
0
0
87.50

36
Abhishek Sharma
2016
5
5
0
0
00
100.00

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Surya Prakash Chaturvedi,Humaare Kaptaan: Naidu se Dhoni Tak, Rajkamal Prakashan,2010


document_title: All Eyez on Me (film)

question_text: who played tupac mother in all eyez on me

text: All Eyez on Me (film)

text: Plot

text: At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995, a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur.

text: In 1971, Tupac's mother, Afeni Shakur, is released from prison along with her fellow Black Panther Party following her acquittal of several charges. She is pregnant with Tupac and voices her complaints to a reporter over the unfair treatment of black individuals in the country from not only society, but the system sworn to protect its citizens.

text: From an early age, Tupac is taught about black pride, and is witness to multiple injustices in his neighborhood. His stepfather, Mutulu, is a revolutionary who has influenced Afeni, who in turn influences her son and Tupac's sister Set. Mutulu is wanted by the FBI for a robbery of an armored truck, and the murder of two officers and a guard. FBI agents follow Afeni and her children. Mutulu is eventually caught during a raid when cops burst into the Shakurs' apartment, with cops violently pinning Tupac and his sister to the ground.

text: As Tupac gets older, he distances himself more and more from his mother's ideals and behavior. He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he becomes close friends with Jada Pinkett.

text: Tupac's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit "Same Song". Under his manager, Leila Steinberg, he begins to have hip-hop albums produced. Although his music becomes popular, he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like "Brenda's Got a Baby", which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin, has a baby on the bathroom floor, turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money, and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets. Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song.

text: Tupac also begins acting in movies such as Juice, as well as collaborating with other artists like Biggie Smalls, both performing to excited crowds at venues. He generates as much praise as he does controversy in what he does outside of music, such as donating money to poor black citizens.

text: Outside of his performances, Tupac has run-ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking, and is beaten by two officers. On another occasion, he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man. When they try to intervene, one man pulls a gun on Tupac. He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun. It soon reveals that the two men were off-duty cops, and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them.

text: Tupac becomes involved with a dealer named Nigel, and they do business together in music. When things go awry, Tupac and Nigel have a quarrel. Nigel's guys want to retaliate against Tupac, but Nigel says that nobody touches Tupac unless he says so. The other guys appear to go against Nigel's orders.

text: In 1993, Tupac meets a young woman named Briana, and she is with Tupac along with other men in a hotel room one night. Briana barges into his room hours later crying and screaming, indicating that the other men raped her. Tupac is later on trial for rape and harassment charges.

text: On November 30, 1994, Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios. Tupac is shot five times before the men flee. Biggie and other guys in Tupac's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital. When Biggie tries to visit Tupac, he is turned down for not being a family member. Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors' orders.

text: The following day, Tupac's sentence is declared in his trial. He is found not guilty of rape, but is found guilty of illegal touching, and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison.

text: While in prison, Tupac hears Biggie's song "Who Shot Ya?", and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie's alleged involvement in his shooting. Tupac encounters Mutulu in there, who encourages him to work after he gets out. Mutulu later murders another inmate by stabbing him to death. Tupac is also assaulted by two guards while in prison.

text: Following his release, Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight, who also collaborates with other artists, like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. Tupac and Dre work on the hit song "California Love". He releases the track "Hit Em Up" as a response to "Who Shot Ya?" in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie's wife Faith Evans.

text: In Tupac's final months, he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music, movies, and TV shows. Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings. Later, however, Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners, with Suge taking over the west coast part of Death Row, and Tupac taking over the east coast. Tupac agrees to it.

text: On September 7, 1996, Tupac, Suge, and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon match at the MGM Grand. One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain. Tupac and company confront the gang member, and Tupac attacks him, knocking him to the ground. Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him. Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes. He tells Kidada about the situation. She tries to go with him, but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour.

text: Tupac and Suge drive from the hotel with the rest of his guys following them. On the road, a car pulls alongside the car and Tupac is shot multiple times before the car flees the scene.

text: The ending text states that six days later, Tupac was pronounced dead. To this day, his murder remains unsolved. By the age of 25, he released 15 albums, seven posthumous albums, 713 songs, and seven movies.

text: Cast

text:
Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur[5][6]
Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur,[7] Tupac’s mother, a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party.
Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg,[8] Tupac’s mentor.
Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur,[9] Tupac’s stepfather.
Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones,[10] engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.
Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G.,[5][6] Tupac’s former friend turned rival.
Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett,[11] a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts.
Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight,[12] a record producer.
Grace Gibson as Faith Evans,[13] Biggie Smalls’s wife and singer.
Lian Amado as Angie Martinez, radio personality, rapper, and actress.
Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy
Chris Clarke as Shock G[14][15] the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground.
Money-B as himself,[16] member of Digital Underground.
Clifton Powell as Floyd,[17] inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility.
Johnell Young as Ray Luv,[17] Tupac’s friend.
Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur
Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger
Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg[18]
Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory,[19] TNT Records founder.
Rayan Lawrence as Treach[20]
James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi
Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal
E.D.I. Mean as himself
Young Noble as himself
DeRay Davis as Legs
Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre
Hill Harper as Journalist[21]
Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack[22]
Phil Armijo as Johnny "J"

text: Production

text: Development

text: On February 10, 2011, it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur's biopic titled Tupac, which would follow his life from growing up to his death.[23] Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film, and the script was from Steven Bagatourian, Stephen J. Rivele, and Christopher Wilkinson.[23] James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures' L.T. Hutton, and Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer, with production scheduled to begin that summer. On September 19, 2013, Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek.[24] Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film.[24] On February 12, 2014, John Singleton again signed on to rewrite, direct and produce the film.[25] On April 16, 2014, Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film.[26] Gonzalez, Haft, and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film, about Tupac's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip-hop artist, to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25.[26] On April 7, 2015, it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences, while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties.[27] On October 28, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett/Furla/Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013.[28] In the agreement, terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million, mutual approval for the lead actor's selection, filming schedule, and distribution and sales agreements.[28] Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road, which Morgan Creek rejected, and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval.[28]

text: Casting

text: On November 30, 2015, it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin.[29] Early-December 2015, the film's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me[30] On December 24, 2015, newcomer Demetrius Shipp, Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac. Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G., Tupac's former friend turned rival, reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious.[5][6] On January 11, 2016, Danai Gurira was added to the film's cast to play Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur, a political activist and member of the Black Panthers.[7] Following Gurira's casting, Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett, a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts.[11] It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight.[12]

text: On January 13, Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur, Tupac's stepfather.[9] On January 15, Lauren Cohan joined the film's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg, a key figure in Tupac's life as his mentor.[8] Money B would appear in the film as himself, Tupac's coworker at Digital Underground,[16] Clifton Powell as Floyd, inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility, and Johnell Young as a Tupac's close friend, Ray Luv.[17] On January 19, TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls' wife, Faith Evans, who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur.[13] On January 22, 2016, Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory, TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist.[19] Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones, engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.[10]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia.[5][6][31] Filming wrapped on April 12, 2016, in Las Vegas, Nevada.[32][33]

text: Marketing

text: On June 16, 2016, on what would have been Shakur's 45th birthday, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[34] On September 13, 2016, the 20th anniversary of Shakur's death, a second teaser trailer was released.[35] It was announced that the film will be released on June 16, 2017. On February 10, 2017, a third teaser trailer was released, confirming Summit, Morgan Creek, Program Pictures, and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors.[36] On April 6, 2017, a fourth trailer was released.

text: No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie's release.

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3]

text: In North America, All Eyez on Me was released on June 16, 2017, alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and Cars 3, and was originally projected to gross $17–20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend.[37] It made $12.8 million on Friday (including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews), increasing weekend estimates to $31 million. It ended up debuting to $26.4 million, finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ($53.7 million) and Wonder Woman ($41.3 million). Deadline.com attributed the film's success to the release corresponding with Tupac's birthday, as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015.[2]

text: Despite its surprising opening weekend success, the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend, dropping 78% to $5.8 million, the 16th largest such decline in history.[38] In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6% to $1.8 million, finishing 11th at the box office.[39]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 16% based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr.'s fine lead performance, All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface-skimming, by-the-numbers biopic of a larger-than-life icon."[40] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[2]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying: "Almost all the dialogue is that flat-footed. It’s a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur’s own words, which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane."[42] Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: "Comprehensive but sketchy, richly atmospheric but often under-dramatized, it is not, in the end, a very good movie (there are a few scenes, like Tupac’s initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records, that are embarrassingly bad). Yet it’s highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger, and the desperation of its violence, it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived: a place that wanted to be all about pride and power, but was really about flying over the abyss."[43]

text: Historical accuracy

text: On her Twitter account, Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles. Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book. She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument. She did, however, praise the performances of Shipp and Graham.[44] Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film, praising their respective portrayals.[45]


document_title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

question_text: when did the new season of flash start

question_tokens: when did the new season of flash start

text: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: Series overview

text: After witnessing his mother's supernatural murder, Barry Allen is taken in by Detective Joe West and his family. Barry becomes a brilliant but socially awkward crime scene investigator for the Central City Police Department. A particle accelerator malfunctions, bathing the city center with a radiation during a thunderstorm, and Barry is struck by lightning. Awakening after a coma, he discovers he can move at superhuman speeds. Harrison Wells, the accelerator's designer, describes Barry's nature as "metahuman". Barry vows to use his gifts to protect Central City. As the Flash, Barry also pursues his mother's murderer, the Reverse-Flash.[3]

text: In the second season, after a singularity event, the Flash is recognized as Central City's hero. However, the event brings a new threat from a parallel earth: Zoom, a demonic speedster who seeks to eliminate all speedsters throughout the multiverse. Harrison Wells' parallel universe counterpart nicknamed "Harry", and his daughter Jesse, work to help Barry stop Zoom and explore the multiverse. Joe and his daughter, Iris, struggle with the arrival of Iris's brother Wally West. After Zoom kills Barry's father, Barry travels back in time to save his mother's life.

text: By changing his past, Barry alters the timeline, resulting in "Flashpoint". Though he is somewhat able to restore the timeline, this creates new threats, including Savitar. After Harry and Jesse return to Earth-2, another Wells doppelgänger is recruited: the novelist "H.R." Wells. Both Wally and Caitlin Snow begin to manifest metahuman abilities; Wally suits up as the speedster Kid Flash, while Caitlin is forced to suppress her ice-powers to prevent becoming Killer Frost. When Barry accidentally travels to the future and sees Iris killed by Savitar, he is desperate to change the future to prevent that from happening. After saving Iris and defeating Savitar, Barry takes his place in the Speed Force.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewership
(in millions)

1
23
October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)
May 19, 2015 (2015-05-19)
118
4.62[4]

2
23
October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)
112
4.25[5]

3
23
October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)
120
3.50[6]

4
TBA
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Cast and characters

text:
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash:
A Central City assistant police forensic investigator. Moments after an explosion at the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator, Barry is struck by lightning in his laboratory and doused by chemicals affected by the accident. When he awakens from a nine-month coma, he has superhuman speed.[7] In September 2013, Grant Gustin was cast in the titular role.[7] Andy Mientus, who would eventually be cast as Hartley Rathaway, also auditioned for the role.[8] Gustin began researching the character during the audition process, and reading as many comics as possible. Gustin primarily focused on The New 52 series of comics, because he knew it would be difficult to read everything and he felt the New 52 was the closest to the show's "look and feel".[9]

Candice Patton as Iris West: The daughter of Detective West and Barry Allen's fiancée.[10] She works at Central City Picture News as a journalist.[11]
Danielle Panabaker as Dr. Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost:[12]
A highly intelligent bioengineering expert, Caitlin believed her fiancé, Ronnie Raymond,[12] was killed during the particle accelerator explosion at S.T.A.R. Labs,[13] until he returned part way through first season. Ronnie and Caitlin get married in the first season finale, "Fast Enough".[14]

Rick Cosnett as Eddie Thawne: A recent transfer to the Central City Police Department, Eddie's past is a mystery and he harbored a dark secret.[13] He was partner to Detective Joe West and Iris West's love interest. Cosnett left the series after the first season, following his character's sacrifice to wipe Eobard Thawne, his distant descendant, from history.[14]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe: A mechanical engineering genius, Cisco is the youngest member of the team of scientists at S.T.A.R. Labs and a metahuman.[15]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison Wells:
The mind and money behind Central City's S.T.A.R. Labs Particle Accelerator, Wells becomes a pariah after the lab explodes.[16] Mentoring Barry to get faster, he is eventually revealed to be the Reverse-Flash, Eobard Thawne (Matt Letscher), a descendant of Eddie from the future with a grudge against the Flash. Thawne killed the real Wells and stole his identity.[17] In subsequent seasons, Cavanagh portrays various alternate reality doppelgängers of Wells. These include the sarcastic but brilliant "Harry", who along with his daughter Jesse hails from Earth-2, and his Earth-19 counterpart, the sci-fi novelist "H.R.".

Jesse L. Martin as Joe West: A police detective who acts as a surrogate father to Barry, after his mother's death and father's imprisonment, and who is the father of Iris[3][18] and Wally.[19]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash:
The son of Joe and brother of Iris, born without their knowledge after his mother left Central City.[19] The producers disliked the introduction of relatives of characters that were never previously mentioned, feeling it was "weird", and opted instead to introduce Wally as unknown even to his relatives. They also chose to make him Iris' brother, a departure from the comics where he was her nephew.[19] Speaking on Lonsdale's casting, Kreisberg explained that "Just like when we met Grant [Gustin] for the first time, we instantly knew Keiynan embodied all the heart and courage of a hero."[20] After Flashpoint, Wally eventually gets speed powers from Doctor Alchemy and becomes Kid Flash.[21]

Neil Sandilands as Clifford Devoe / Thinker: A smart Metahuman planning to destroy the Flash.

text: Production

text: Development

text: On July 30, 2013, it was announced that Arrow co-creators Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg, Arrow pilot director David Nutter, and DC Comics CCO Geoff Johns would develop a television series based on the Flash for The CW, and it would detail Barry Allen's origin.[22] Kreisberg revealed after the announcement that Allen would first appear as a recurring character on Arrow in three episodes of season two—all written by Berlanti, Kreisberg and Johns—and the last of the episodes would act as a backdoor pilot for the new show. Kreisberg added that Allen would be a forensic scientist and the introduction of his superpowers, as well as the reactions to this, will be very human and grounded. Johns stated that the character of the Flash in the show would resemble his comic book counterpart, complete with his trademark red costume, and not be a poor imitation. Kreisberg elaborated: "No sweat suits or strange code names; he will be The Flash." While researching the best way to depict the Flash's lightning speed, Johns stated it would not just be the standard "blurring around".[23]

text: Barry ultimately appeared twice in Arrow's second season, with the planned backdoor pilot cancelled in favor of a traditional pilot by The CW executives, who had been impressed by early cuts of Barry's first two episodes on Arrow. This allowed the creative team to flesh out Barry's story and his world on a bigger budget, as opposed to a backdoor pilot's constraint of incorporating characters from the parent show. The pilot was officially ordered on January 29, 2014, and was written by Berlanti, Kreisberg, and Johns, and directed by Nutter.[24][25] On May 8, 2014, The Flash was officially picked up as a series, with an initial order of 13 episodes.[26] Three more scripts were ordered in September 2014 following a positive response to newly completed episodes by executives,[27] while a back ten was ordered the next month for a full 23-episode season.[28]

text: With the commencement of production on the series' second season, former Arrow and Ugly Betty writer Gabrielle Stanton was promoted to executive producer and showrunner; after having served as consulting producer and writer on the first season's finale "Fast Enough".[29] However, it was later reported that Kreisberg would be returning to sole showrunner duties at an unspecified time.[30] That time was later proved to be at the start of 2016, "Potential Energy", when Stanton was no longer credited as being involved with the show. In May 2017, it was reported that Aaron Helbing would be departing the series. Helbing had served as a writer since the first season, and as co-showrunner, along with his brother Todd and Kreisberg, since the second.[31]

text: Design

text: The costume was designed by Colleen Atwood, who also designed the costumes for Arrow.[32] It features a burgundy color scheme, a masked helmet, and gold accents throughout,[33] and went through multiple adjustments from the moment it was placed in computer renderings to the day of filming the pilot.[9] Primarily made of leather, the suit contains areas with a stretchable material to allow Gustin room to bend. According to Atwood "It was all about a costume that could sell speed, Grant [Gustin] was continually moving in the suit, so it had to be designed to make that all happen visually and functionally."[34] It initially took Gustin approximately 40 minutes to get into his costume, as the first cowl was prosthetic and had to be zipped and glued to his face. This was cut down to approximately 15 minutes by episode eight, when designers were able to develop a new cowl that easily slid over Gustin's face and locked into place.[9] Maya Mani replaced Atwood as the costume designer for the second season and made slight changes to the Flash costume, such as changing the color of his crest from yellow to white, being faithful to the Flash costume from the comics.[35]

text: Filming

text: Production on the pilot began in March 2014, with filming taking place in Vancouver, British Columbia;[36] additional filming for the series takes place in Portland, Oregon.[37] On how action sequences are shot for the series, compared to Arrow, Gustin said, "When [Arrow] shoot[s] action sequences, pretty much what you see is what you get and they're really doing everything. We do a lot of plate shots that are empty shots of the area we’re going to be in and then they’re putting us in later in post. I do a lot of the fighting. I don’t have to do it full speed and then they ramp it up and a lot of people have to freeze and I keep moving. Then I have to clear frame and step back into frame. It’s really tedious stuff that we have to do. On theirs, they learn fight choreography and they shoot it from the perfect angles and what you see is what you get."[38] Production on the third season began in early July 2016.[39]

text: Music

text: Arrow composer Blake Neely is the primary composer of the series, and was first hired in April 2014 to score the pilot.[40][41] He had previously composed a theme for Barry Allen which was featured in Arrow's season two episodes "The Scientist" and "Three Ghosts". The theme was titled "The Scientist" when it was released on the Arrow: Season 2 soundtrack. According to Neely, "It had to be different [from Arrow] ... but it also couldn't be so different that it couldn't fit in the Arrow universe, ... it had to be in a style that could hold hands with Arrow."[42] On December 18, 2014, WaterTower Music released a selection of music from The Flash/Arrow crossover episodes, as well as two bonus tracks from their respective 2014 midseason finales.[43] The first season, two-disc soundtrack was released on October 16, 2015.[44] The second season's soundtrack was released digitally on July 22, 2016,[45] and in CD format on July 26, 2016.[46]

text: Sound design

text: The sound design for the show is handled by Mark Camperell. The sound effect for Barry is made up of elements of thunder, electricity, jets, fireballs, and various custom whooshes and impacts. Speaking about designing the sound for The Flash's ability, Mark says: "My approach for the sounds of The Flash’s ability was to editorially treat him like a really aggressively driven hot rod. This doesn’t mean that I used car sounds for him, though. What I mean is that when thinking about how to edit his sounds, I thought about it like cutting a car chase."[47]

text: Broadcast

text: The Flash was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2014.[48] The series officially premiered on The CW on October 7, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season[49] and also premiered in Canada on the same night.[50] The second episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 9, 2014, as a way to repay the viewers that watched the series' premiere episode.[51] The series premiered in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 28, 2014,[52] and in Australia on December 3, 2014.[53]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
97% (58 reviews)[54]
73 (27 reviews)[55]

2
100% (20 reviews)[56]
81 (4 reviews)[57]

3
88% (17 reviews)[58]
80 (4 reviews)[59]

4
100% (7 reviews)[60]
N/A

text: Regarding Gustin's debut as Barry Allen in Arrow and the potential for a series, IGN's Jesse Schedeen stated his concern: "Gustin doesn't come across as leading man material. His awkward bumbling intertwining with Felicity's was cute, but rarely did I get the impression that this character could or should be given his own spinoff series."[61] Schedeen eventually warmed up to the character, however, once the "dorkiness and social awkwardness" were downplayed a bit and the emphasis was placed on "his keen scientific mind".[62]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97% approval rating with an average rating of 7.5/10 based on 58 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Flash benefits from its purposefully light atmosphere, making it a superhero show uniquely geared toward genre fans as well as novices."[54] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 73 out of 100, based on 27 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[55] IGN's Eric Goldman and Joshua Yehl praised the show's premise and cast after viewing a press screening copy of the pilot. Goldman and Yehl favorably compared it to Arrow, stating that The Flash progresses with a confidence that Arrow did not get until later in the series.[63] Reviews for the series became increasingly positive as the season progressed, with the finale receiving critical acclaim. Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave the season a B+ overall, giving praise to the pacing of the plot, the performances of the cast and the special effects, and also pointing out the series' boldness to embrace its comic book influences, something that conventional superhero shows tend not to do.[64] Weekly episode reviewer Scott Von Doviak gave consistently high ratings to the season and awarded the season finale a perfect A grade, calling the episode "richly satisfying" and also commending the show for "[capturing] the essence of its source material in a fun, light-on-its-feet way that few other comic book adaptations have managed." He also gave high praise to the emotional value and performances of the cast, as well as the cliffhanger and multiple easter eggs found in the episode.[65] The second season of The Flash scored a Metacritic rating of 81 out of 100 indicating "universal acclaim".[57]

text: In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the show #23 on its list of the "40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time".[66]

text: Critics' top ten lists

text:
[show]2014[67]

No. 7 NPR
No. 7 Omaha World-Herald
No. 10 Film School Rejects

text:
[show]2015[68]

No. 4 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 7 Omaha World-Herald
No. 10 Indiewire
 – Criticwire
 – Variety

text:
[show]2016[69]

No. 8 The Salt Lake Tribune

text: Ratings

text: The first episode of The Flash was watched by 4.8 million viewers and had a 1.9 18–49 demographic rating, making it The CW's most watched and highest rated series premiere since The Vampire Diaries in 2009. It also became The CW's second-most watched series premiere ever, behind 90210, and the third-highest rated in the 18–49 demographic.[70] Factoring Live + 7 day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 6.8 million viewers, becoming The CW's most-watched telecast and the highest-rated premiere among men 18–34 (2.5 rating). It broke the previous record for the most-watched telecast held by the cycle 8 finale of America's Next Top Model in 2007 (6.69 million). Additionally, across all platforms, including initiated streams on digital platforms and total unduplicated viewers on-air over two airings the week of October 7, 2014, the premiere was seen more than 13 million times.[71]

text: The Canadian premiere was watched by 3.11 million viewers, making it the most-watched broadcast that night and the second for that week.[72] In the United Kingdom, the premiere was the fourth highest-rated broadcast of the week and the eleventh of that month, with 1.53 million viewers.[73][74] The timeshifted version got 82,000 viewers.[75] The premiere in Australia was the most-watched broadcast on pay television, with 129,000 viewers tuning in.[76]

text: In 2016, according to an analysis from Parrot Analytics, which used ratings data (where available), peer-to-peer sharing, social media chatter, and other factors to estimate viewer demand for various shows, The Flash was the 5th most popular show in the world with 3.1 million demand expressions per day, behind Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, Pretty Little Liars, and Westworld.[77] TorrentFreak also gauged The Flash as the fourth most-torrented television show of 2016.[78]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 8:00 pm
23
October 7, 2014
4.83[79]
May 19, 2015
3.87[80]
2014–15
118
4.62
1.7[4]

2
23
October 6, 2015
3.58[81]
May 24, 2016
3.35[82]
2015–16
112
4.25
1.7[5]

3
23
October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)
3.17[83]
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)
3.04[84]
2016–17
120
3.50
1.4[6]

4
TBA
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2.84[85]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2014
Behind the Voice Actors Awards
Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role – Action/Drama
Morena Baccarin
Nominated
[91]

TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
The Flash
Won
[92]

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Photoreal/Live Action Broadcast Program
Armen V. Kevorkian, James Baldanzi, Jeremy Jozwick, Andranik Taranyan
Nominated
[93]

2015
Hugo Awards
Best Dramatic Presentation – Short Form
"Pilot"
Nominated
[94]

IGN Awards
Best Comic Book Adaptation TV
The Flash
Won
[95]

Best TV Series
The Flash
Nominated
[96]

The Joey Awards
Best Actor in a TV Drama Recurring Role 8–12 Years
Logan Williams
Won
[97]

Best Actress in a TV Drama Featured Role 4–9 Years
Laiken Laverock
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Family TV Show
The Flash
Nominated
[98]

Favorite TV Actor
Grant Gustin
Nominated

Leo Awards
Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series
C. Kim Miles
Nominated
[99]

Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
Glen Winter
Nominated

Best Dramatic Series
The Flash
Nominated

Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Emily Bett Rickards
Nominated

Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series
Sarah Koppes
Nominated

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Tina Louise Teoli
Nominated

Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series
Tyler Bishop Harron
Nominated

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
"Going Rogue"
Won

Online Film & Television Association Award
Best New Theme Song In a Series
The Flash
Nominated
[100]

Best Visual Effects In a Series
The Flash
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite New TV Drama
The Flash
Won
[101]

Poppy Awards
Best Actor, Drama
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[102]

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Special Visual Effects
"Grodd Lives"
Nominated
[103]

Publicists Awards
Maxwell Weinberg Award – Television
Bonanza Productions, Berlanti Productions and Warner Bros. Television
Nominated
[104]

Saturn Awards
Best Actor on Television
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[105][106]

Best Guest Star on Television
Wentworth Miller
Won

Best Superhero Adaption Television Series
The Flash
Won

Breakthrough Performance
Grant Gustin
Won

TCA Awards
Outstanding New Program
The Flash
Nominated
[107]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV – Breakout Star
Grant Gustin
Won
[108]

Candice Patton
Nominated

Choice TV – Chemistry
Grant Gustin and Candice Patton
Nominated

Choice TV – Liplock
Grant Gustin and Candice Patton
Nominated

Choice TV – Villain
Tom Cavanagh
Nominated

Choice TV Actress – Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Danielle Panabaker
Nominated
[109]

2016
IGN Awards
Best Comic Book TV Series
The Flash
Nominated
[110]

Best TV Hero
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[111]

Best TV Villain
Tom Cavanagh
Nominated
[112]

People's Choice Best TV Hero
Grant Gustin
Won
[111]

The Joey Awards
Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 11–16 Years
Octavian Kaul
Won
[113]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Family TV Show
The Flash
Nominated
[114]

Favorite Male TV Star – Family Show
Grant Gustin
Nominated

Leo Awards
Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
J. J. Makaro ("Enter Zoom")
Nominated
[115][116]

Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series
J. J. Makaro, Jon Kralt ("Legends Of Today")
Nominated

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
"Gorilla Warfare"
Won

Poppy Awards
Best Supporting Actor, Drama
Jesse L. Martin
Nominated
[117]

Saturn Awards
Best Actor on Television
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[118]

Best Guest Star on Television
Victor Garber
Nominated

Best Superhero Adaption Television Series
The Flash
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Chemistry
Candice Patton and Grant Gustin
Nominated
[119][120]

Choice TV: Liplock
Candice Patton and Grant Gustin
Nominated

Choice TV: Villain
Teddy Sears
Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Grant Gustin
Won

Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Danielle Panabaker
Nominated

Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi
The Flash
Nominated

2017
IGN Awards
Best Action Series
The Flash
Nominated
[121]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Family Show
The Flash
Nominated
[122]

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Hero
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[123]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Network TV Sci-Fi/Fantasy
The Flash
Nominated
[124]

Saturn Awards
Best Actor on Television
Grant Gustin
Nominated
[125]

Best Superhero Adaption Television Series
The Flash
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress on Television
Candice Patton
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Action TV Actor
Grant Gustin
Won
[126]
[127]
[128]

Choice Action TV Actress
Danielle Panabaker
Nominated

Candice Patton
Nominated

Choice Action TV Show
The Flash
Won

Choice TV Villain
Grant Gustin
Nominated

text: Other media

text: Digital comic

text: The Flash: Season Zero, written by Kreisberg, Brooke Eikmeier and Katherine Walczak, with art by Phil Hester and Eric Gapstur, is intended to take place between the pilot episode and episode 2. Kreisberg stated, "Barry will [already] be the Flash, he will have his team, everyone will be in that world, and we'll [sic] introducing a new set of villains that we won't be seeing on the TV show. It'll feel like the same heart, humor and spectacle that you get watching Flash." The comic will showcase the entire TV cast, plus new rogues, a group of circus performers who gained super powers as a result of the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator explosion. The group is led by Mr. Bliss, a character who first appeared in Starman. The comic launched digitally biweekly on September 8, 2014, with its first physical release featuring a collection of the digital releases, releasing on October 1.[129]

text: Web series

text: On April 19, 2016, a four-part web series titled Chronicles of Cisco, premiered. The series, which was presented by AT&T, features Valdes and Britne Oldford reprise their role as Cisco Ramon and Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo, respectively. Set in the second season of the television series, the series sees Cisco attempting to make the Flash suit bulletproof and body-odor proof. While working on these, he receives a late-night Meta-Human Alert within S.T.A.R. Labs,[130] and learns that Peek-a-Boo triggered the alert.[131] She has come to S.T.A.R. Labs to make Cisco create a weapon for her, as he did for Golden Glider, Captain Cold, and Heatwave. When he does not cooperate, she shoots him.[132] Cisco survives being shot, realizing that the orange soda he spilt on his shirt was the missing catalyst to his bulletproof formula. Cisco tries to bring Peek-a-Boo back to the pipeline, but she locks him in the cell instead. Cisco is then seen being woken up due to a call from Barry. He believes he dreamt the whole experience, until he finds the bullet that shot him on the ground.[133]

text: Video games

text: The series has also been featured in other video games based off DC Comics property. In the mobile version of Injustice: Gods Among Us, the show's versions of the Flash and Reverse-Flash appear as alternate costumes for the Flash.[134] The show's version of S.T.A.R. Labs also appears as a hidden area in Lego Dimensions.[135]

text: Books

text: Novels

text: On November 29, 2016, Titan Books released Flash: The Haunting of Barry Allen, a tie-in novelization written by Susan and Clay Griffith, set during the course of the second season, after Barry has closed the temporal anomaly that nearly destroyed Central City. Barry must seek help from Oliver Queen, due to his own abilities beginning to break down, in order to deal with five members of his Rogues Gallery—including Pied Piper, Weather Wizard, and Peekaboo.[136] The story continued in Arrow — A Generation of Vipers, released on March 28, 2017.[137]

text: Behind-the-scenes

text: On October 21, 2016, "The Art and Making of The Flash" by Abbie Bernstein was released. This is a 160-page behind-the-scenes book with production art and behind-the-scenes photography. The book also includes interviews with the cast and crew from the show.[138]

text: Home release

text:
Complete Season
DVD/Blu-ray Release dates
Additional info

Region 1/A
Region 2/B
Region 4/C

1
September 22, 2015[139]
September 21, 2015[140]
September 23, 2015[141]
The Blu-ray/DVD box-sets include featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reels and highlights from Comic-Con. Season 2 includes the Arrow crossover episode "Legends of Yesterday".

2
September 6, 2016[142]
September 12, 2016[143]
September 7, 2016[144][145]

3
September 5, 2017[146]
September 11, 2017[147]
September 6, 2017[148]

text: Arrowverse and the DC multiverse

text: In January 2015, The CW president Mark Pedowitz announced the intention to do a Flash/Arrow crossover every season,[149] and The CW announced that an animated web-series, Vixen, featuring the DC heroine of the same name and set in the universe of Arrow and The Flash, would be debuting on CW Seed in late 2015.[150] The character is expected to make a live-action appearance on Arrow and/or The Flash as well.[151] The next month, it was reported that a spin-off series, which is described as a superhero team-up show, was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015–16 midseason release. Berlanti and Kreisberg would executive produce alongside Guggenheim and Sarah Schechter. The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash, with the potential for other Arrow/Flash characters to cross over to the new series as well.[152][153] In May 2015, The CW officially picked up the series, titled DC's Legends of Tomorrow.[154]

text: The second season begins to explore the concept of the multiverse, by introducing Earth-2, which features doppelgängers of the inhabitants in the Arrowverse (or Earth-1), along with Jay Garrick, the Flash of Earth-2, and Zoom.[155] In the episode "Welcome to Earth-2", as Barry, Cisco and Harrison Wells of Earth-2 travel to Earth-2, glimpses of the multiverse are seen, including an image of Supergirl star Melissa Benoist as Supergirl and an image of John Wesley Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 television series, implying the two characters and their respective television series exist on alternate Earths to the Arrowverse;[156][157] Supergirl's world is later designated Earth-38 in the Arrowverse multiverse.[158] Gustin as Barry appeared on the eighteenth episode of Supergirl, "Worlds Finest", which aired on CBS on March 28, 2016. Intersecting with the events of the eighteenth episode of The Flash, which aired on April 19, 2016, Barry accidentally arrives on Earth-38 and helps Kara battle two of her enemies, Silver Banshee (Italia Ricci) and Livewire (Brit Morgan), before returning home.[159][160]


document_title: Economy of the Faroe Islands

question_text: which agricultural products do the faroe islands produce

text: Economy of the Faroe Islands

text: History[edit]

text: After the severe economic troubles of the early 1990s, brought on by a drop in the vital fish catch and poor management of the economy, the Faroe Islands have come back in the last few years, with unemployment down to 5% in mid-1998, and holding below 3% since 2006, one of the lowest rates in Europe.

text: Since 2000, new information technology and business projects have been fostered in the Faroe Islands to attract new investment.  The result from these projects is not yet known but is hoped to bring a better market economy to the Faroe Islands.

text: Trade[edit]

text: In 2014 the Faroe Islands had a trade surplus of 401 million DKK,[7] a figure that rose to 1.43 billion DKK in 2016.[8]  As of 2016, the Faroe Islands mainly imported goods from Denmark (2,467 million DKK), Germany (877 million DKK), and Norway (610 DKK).[4] The country's top export destinations were Russia (1,907 million DKK), the United States (898 million DKK), the United Kingdom (851 million DKK),  and Denmark (697 million DKK).[3] European Union countries constituted 72.9% of total Faroese imports, while the exports of the Faroes Islands were more equally distributed between European Union (44.4%) and non-European Union coutries (55.6%).[8] The vast majority of Faroese exports, almost 95%, consists of fishery products.[9] Russian countersanctions on food imports from Norway and the European Union, saw the Faroe Islands increase its fresh salmon exports to Russia.[10][11]

text:
Imports and exports in 2014; values in million Danish krone (DKK)[8][4][3]

Rank
Imports
Rank
Exports

Origin
Value
Destination
Value

1
 Denmark
2,467 DKK
1
 Russia
1,907 DKK

2
 Germany
897 DKK
2
 United States
898 DKK

3
 Norway
610 DKK
3
 United Kingdom
851 DKK

4
 China
371 DKK
4
 Denmark
697 DKK

5
 Sweden
282 DKK
5
 China
569 DKK

6
 Iceland
248 DKK
6
 Germany
521 DKK

7
 Italy
186 DKK
7
 Norway
460 DKK

8
 United Kingdom
169 DKK
8
 France
369 DKK

9
 France
148 DKK
9
 Netherlands
284 DKK

10
 Netherlands
143 DKK
10
 Poland
251 DKK

–
 European Union
4,807 DKK
–
 European Union
3,561 DKK

–
Non-EU countries
1,785 DKK
–
Non-EU countries
4,461 DKK

–
Total
6,592 DKK
–
Total
8,022 DKK

text: Energy[edit]

text: In 2014 217,547 tonnes of oil products were consumed in the Faroe Islands.[12] Of this 31.58% was consumed by fishing vessels, 14.73% was used by SEV for electricity production, 23.23% was consumed in air, sea or land transport, 9.6 was used in the industry, and the rest was used in public or private buildings.[12]

text: The islands have 6 hydroelectric plants,[13] 4 diesel plants[14] and several wind power plants with a capacity factor above 40%.[15] In 2014, a 12MW wind farm for DKK 180 million[16] became operational near Torshavn and increased wind capacity from 6.6 to 18.6MW. It decreases oil consumption by 8,000 ton (approximately 4M€) per year.[15] A 2.3MW 700 kWh lithium-ion battery[17] became operational in 2016.[18] Planners also consider converting the existing hydropower[19] to pumped-storage hydroelectricity.[16] Tidal power[20] and Thermal energy storage solutions are also considered.[21] The islands have a goal of 100% green electricity production by 2030.[16][22]

text:
External image
 Current production

text: In 2014 50.8% of the electricity production of SEV in the Faroe Islands came from green energy like hydro and wind, while 49.2% was produced by the thermal power plants, which was 12.4% less than in 2013.[23]

text:
fossil fuel: 49.2%
hydro: 39.5%
wind: 11.3%% (2014)
nuclear: 0%

text: Total annual production: 305.4 GWh (2014) of which the production of thermal, hydropower and wind power was:

text:
Thermal: 150,2 GWh
Hydropower: 120,7 GWh
Wind: 34,5 GWh

text: The Faroe Islands have no electricity connections to other areas, and thus operate in island condition. Some islands are also not connected to the other islands, and must maintain their own electric system.[24]

text: Other[edit]

text:
Agriculture - products:
milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, other fish

text:
Currency:
1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ører

text:
Exchange rates:
Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 – 5.560 (2008), 7.336 (January 2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996), 5.602 (1995)

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Apostle, Richard A. The Restructuration of the Faroese Economy The Significance of the Inner Periphery. Frederiksberg, Denmark: Samfundslitteratur, 2002. ISBN 87-593-0891-5
Elkjær-Hansen, Niels. The Faroe Islands Scenery, Culture, and Economy. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1959.
Hagstova.fo


document_title: Crossing the Red Sea

question_text: where did the israelites cross the red sea

text: Crossing the Red Sea

text: Biblical narrative[edit]

text: God chooses Moses to lead the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and into the land of Canaan, which God has promised to them. The Egyptian pharaoh, who previously said the opposite, agrees to let them go, and they travel from Ramesses to Succoth and then to Etham on the edge of the desert, led by a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. There God tells Moses to turn back and camp by the sea at Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, directly opposite Baal-zephon.

text: God causes the pharaoh to pursue the Israelites with chariots, and he overtakes them at Pi-hahiroth. When the Israelites see the Egyptian army they are afraid, but the pillar of fire and the cloud separates the Israelites and the Egyptians. At God's command Moses holds his staff out over the water, and throughout the night a strong east wind divides the sea,[2] and the Israelites pass through with a wall of water on either side. The Egyptians pursue, but at daybreak God clogs their chariot-wheels and throws them into a panic, and with the return of the water the pharaoh and his entire army are destroyed (see Psalm 136:15). When the Israelites see the power of God they put their faith in God and in Moses, and sing a song of praise to the Lord for the crossing of the sea and the destruction of their enemies. (This song, at Exodus 15, is called the Song of the Sea).

text: The narrative contains at least three and possibly four layers. In the first layer (the oldest), God blows the sea back with a strong east wind, allowing the Israelites to cross on dry land; in the second, Moses stretches out his hand and the waters part in two walls; in the third, God clogs the chariot wheels of the Egyptians and they flee (in this version the Egyptians do not even enter the water); and in the fourth, the Song of the Sea, God casts the Egyptians into tehomat, the mythical abyss.[3]

text: Location of the crossing[edit]

text: The Israelites' first journey is from Ramesses to Succoth. Ramesses is generally identified with modern Qantir, the site of the 19th dynasty capital Per-Ramesses, and Succoth with Tell el-Maskhuta in Wadi Tumilat, the biblical Land of Goshen.[4] From Sukkoth the Israelites travel to Etham "on the edge of the desert," then turn back to Pi-hahiroth, located between Migdol and the sea and directly opposite Baal Zephon. None of these have been identified with certainty. One theory with a wide following is that they refer collectively to the region of Lake Timsah, a salt lake north of the Gulf of Suez, and the nearest large body of water after Wadi Tumilat.[5] Lake Timsah was connected to Pithom in Gesem at various times by a canal, and a late 1st millennium text refers to Migdol Baal Zephon as a fort on the canal.[6]

text: The Hebrew term for the place of the crossing is "Yam Suph". Although this has traditionally been thought to refer to the salt water inlet located between Africa and the Arabian peninsula, known in English as the Red Sea, this is a mistranslation from the Greek Septuagint, and Hebrew suph never means "red" but rather "reeds".[7] (While it is not relevant to the identification of the body of water, suph also puns on the Hebrew suphah ("storm") and soph ("end"), referring to the events of the Exodus).[8]

text: General scholarly opinion is that the Exodus story combines a number of traditions, one of them at the "Reed Sea" (Lake Timsah, with the Egyptians defeated when the wheels of their chariots become clogged) and another at the far deeper Red Sea, allowing the more dramatic telling of events.[6]

text: Reeds tolerant of salt water flourish in the shallow string of lakes extending from Suez north to the Mediterranean Sea. Kenneth Kitchen and James Hoffmeier state that these reedy lakes and marshes along the isthmus of Suez are acceptable locations for yam suf.[9][10] The ancient yam suf is not confined to the modern Red Sea. Hoffmeier equates yam suf with the Egyptian term pa-tjufy (also written p3 twfy) from the Ramsside period, which refers to lakes in the eastern Nile delta.[11] He also describes references to p3 twfy in the context of the Island of Amun, thought to be modern Tell el-Balamun.[12] Tell el-Balamun was the most northerly city of Pharaonic Egypt about 29 km southwest of Damietta, located at 31.2586 North, 31.5714 East.[13][14]

text: Historicity[edit]

text: No archaeological evidence has been found that confirms the crossing of the Red Sea ever took place. Zahi Hawass, an Egyptian archaeologist and formerly Egypt's Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, said of the Exodus and Passover story, the Israelite's’ biblical flight from Egypt and the 40 years of wandering the desert in search of the Promised Land, "Really, it’s a myth... Sometimes as archaeologists we have to say that never happened because there is no historical evidence."[15]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The theme of Moses crossing the Red Sea was taken up by the panegyrists of Constantine the Great and applied to the battle of the Milvian Bridge (312). The theme enjoyed a vogue during the fourth century on carved sarcophagi: at least twenty-nine have survived in full or in fragments.[16] Eusebius of Caesarea cast Maxentius, drowned in the Tiber, in the role of Pharaoh, both in his Ecclesiastical History and in his eulogistic Life of Constantine.[17]


document_title: Capital deepening

question_text: when an economy increases the amount of capital per worker it is called

text: Capital deepening

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Capital deepening is a situation where the capital per worker is increasing in the economy.[1] This is also referred to as increase in the capital intensity. Capital deepening is often measured by the rate of change in capital stock per labour hour. Overall, the economy will expand, and productivity per worker will increase. However, according to some economic models, such as the Solow model, economic expansion will not continue indefinitely through capital deepening alone. This is partly due to diminishing returns and wear & tear (depreciation). Investment is also required to increase the amount of capital available to each worker in the system and thus increase the ratio of capital to labour. In other economic models, for example, the AK model or some models in endogenous growth theory, capital deepening can lead to sustained economic growth even without technological progress. Traditionally, in development economics, capital deepening is seen as a necessary but not sufficient condition for economic development of a country.

text: Capital widening is the situation where the stock of capital is increasing at the same rate as the labour force and the depreciation rate, thus the capital per worker ratio remains constant. The economy will expand in terms of aggregate output, but productivity per worker will remain constant.