document_title: Member states of the United Nations

question_text: when was saudi arabia admitted to united nations

text: Member states of the United Nations

text: Original members[edit]

text: The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and a majority of the other signatories.[7] A total of 51 original members (or founding members) joined that year; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, while Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it on 15 October 1945.[8][9]

text: The original members of the United Nations were: France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.[9]

text: Among the original members, 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state (see table below); for example, the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution (see the section Former members: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The other two original members, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (i.e., the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state (see the sections Former members: Czechoslovakia and Former members: Yugoslavia).[9]

text: At the time of UN's founding, the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China, but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it is now held by the People's Republic of China (see the section Former members: Republic of China (Taiwan)).

text: A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, and only gained full independence later:[10]

text:
Belarus (then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) and Ukraine (then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union, until gaining full independence in 1991.
India (whose territory at that time, before the Partition of India, also included the present-day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh) was under British colonial rule, until gaining full independence in 1947.
The Philippines (then the Philippine Commonwealth) was a commonwealth with the United States, until gaining full independence in 1946.
New Zealand, while de facto sovereign at that time, "only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand's autonomy. If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria, New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947."[11]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United Nations Member States

text: The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations.[12][13]

text: The alphabetical order by the member states' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions, where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point.[14] Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN, and listed under T), and the United Republic of Tanzania.

text: The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also.

text: Original members are listed with blue background.

text:
Flag
Member state[9][15]
Date of admission
See also

Afghanistan
000000001946-11-19-000019 November 1946
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

Albania
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Algeria
000000001962-10-08-00008 October 1962
~ !

Andorra
000000001993-07-28-000028 July 1993
~ !

Angola
000000001976-12-01-00001 December 1976
~ !

Antigua and Barbuda
000000001981-11-11-000011 November 1981
~ !

Argentina
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Armenia
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Australia
000000001945-11-01-00001 November 1945
Australia and the United Nations

Austria
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Azerbaijan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Bahamas
000000001973-09-18-000018 September 1973
~ !

Bahrain
000000001971-09-21-000021 September 1971
~ !

Bangladesh
000000001974-09-17-000017 September 1974
~ !

Barbados
000000001966-12-09-00009 December 1966
~ !

Belarus
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

Belgium
000000001945-12-27-000027 December 1945
~ !

Belize
000000001981-09-25-000025 September 1981
~ !

Benin[note 1]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Bhutan
000000001971-09-21-000021 September 1971
~ !

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)[note 2]
000000001945-11-14-000014 November 1945
~ !

Bosnia and Herzegovina
000000001992-05-22-000022 May 1992
Former member: Yugoslavia

Botswana
000000001966-10-17-000017 October 1966
~ !

Brazil
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Brazil and the United Nations

Brunei Darussalam
000000001984-09-21-000021 September 1984
~ !

Bulgaria
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Burkina Faso[note 3]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Burundi
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
~ !

Cabo Verde[note 4]
000000001975-09-16-000016 September 1975
~ !

Cambodia[note 5]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Cameroon[note 6]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Canada
000000001945-11-09-00009 November 1945
Canada and the United Nations

Central African Republic[note 7]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Chad
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Chile
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

China
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Republic of China and China and the United Nations

Colombia
000000001945-11-05-00005 November 1945
~ !

Comoros
000000001975-11-12-000012 November 1975
~ !

Congo[note 8]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Costa Rica
000000001945-11-02-00002 November 1945
~ !

Côte d'Ivoire[note 9]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Croatia
000000001992-05-22-000022 May 1992
Former member: Yugoslavia

Cuba
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Cyprus
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Czech Republic
000000001993-01-19-000019 January 1993
Former member: Czechoslovakia

Democratic People's Republic of Korea
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Korea and the United Nations

Democratic Republic of the Congo[note 10]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Denmark
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Djibouti
000000001977-09-20-000020 September 1977
~ !

Dominica
000000001978-12-18-000018 December 1978
~ !

Dominican Republic
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Ecuador
000000001945-12-21-000021 December 1945
~ !

Egypt
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: United Arab Republic

El Salvador
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Equatorial Guinea
000000001968-11-12-000012 November 1968
~ !

Eritrea
000000001993-05-28-000028 May 1993
~ !

Estonia
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ethiopia
000000001945-11-13-000013 November 1945
~ !

Fiji
000000001970-10-13-000013 October 1970
Fiji and the United Nations

Finland
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

France
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
France and the United Nations

Gabon
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Gambia[note 11]
000000001965-09-21-000021 September 1965
~ !

Georgia
000000001992-07-31-000031 July 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Germany
000000001973-09-18-000018 September 1973
Former member: German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations

Ghana
000000001957-03-08-00008 March 1957
~ !

Greece
000000001945-10-25-000025 October 1945
~ !

Grenada
000000001974-09-17-000017 September 1974
~ !

Guatemala
000000001945-11-21-000021 November 1945
~ !

Guinea
000000001958-12-12-000012 December 1958
~ !

Guinea-Bissau
000000001974-09-17-000017 September 1974
~ !

Guyana
000000001966-09-20-000020 September 1966
~ !

Haiti
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Honduras
000000001945-12-17-000017 December 1945
~ !

Hungary
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Iceland
000000001946-11-19-000019 November 1946
~ !

India
000000001945-10-30-000030 October 1945
India and the United Nations

Indonesia[note 12]
000000001950-09-28-000028 September 1950
Withdrawal of Indonesia (1965–1966) and Indonesia and the United Nations

Iran (Islamic Republic of)[note 13]
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Iraq
000000001945-12-21-000021 December 1945
~ !

Ireland
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Israel
000000001949-05-11-000011 May 1949
Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

Italy
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Jamaica
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
~ !

Japan
000000001956-12-18-000018 December 1956
Japan and the United Nations

Jordan
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Kazakhstan[note 14]
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Kenya
000000001963-12-16-000016 December 1963
~ !

Kiribati
000000001999-09-14-000014 September 1999
~ !

Kuwait
000000001963-05-14-000014 May 1963
~ !

Kyrgyzstan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Lao People's Democratic Republic[note 15]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Latvia
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Lebanon
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Lesotho
000000001966-10-17-000017 October 1966
~ !

Liberia
000000001945-11-02-00002 November 1945
~ !

Libya[17][note 16]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Liechtenstein
000000001990-09-18-000018 September 1990
~ !

Lithuania
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Luxembourg
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Luxembourg and the United Nations

Madagascar[note 17]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Malawi
000000001964-12-01-00001 December 1964
~ !

Malaysia
000000001957-09-17-000017 September 1957
Former member: Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations

Maldives[note 18]
000000001965-09-21-000021 September 1965
~ !

Mali
000000001960-09-28-000028 September 1960
~ !

Malta
000000001964-12-01-00001 December 1964
~ !

Marshall Islands
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Marshall Islands and the United Nations

Mauritania
000000001961-10-27-000027 October 1961
~ !

Mauritius
000000001968-04-24-000024 April 1968
~ !

Mexico
000000001945-11-07-00007 November 1945
Mexico and the United Nations

Micronesia (Federated States of)
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations

Monaco
000000001993-05-28-000028 May 1993
~ !

Mongolia
000000001961-10-27-000027 October 1961
~ !

Montenegro
000000002006-06-28-000028 June 2006
Former member: Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro

Morocco
000000001956-11-12-000012 November 1956
~ !

Mozambique
000000001975-09-16-000016 September 1975
~ !

Myanmar[note 19]
000000001948-04-19-000019 April 1948
~ !

Namibia
000000001990-04-23-000023 April 1990
~ !

Nauru
000000001999-09-14-000014 September 1999
~ !

Nepal
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Netherlands
000000001945-12-10-000010 December 1945
~ !

New Zealand
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
New Zealand and the United Nations

Nicaragua
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Niger
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Nigeria
000000001960-10-07-00007 October 1960
~ !

Norway
000000001945-11-27-000027 November 1945
~ !

Oman
000000001971-10-07-00007 October 1971
~ !

Pakistan
000000001947-09-30-000030 September 1947
Pakistan and the United Nations

Palau
000000001994-12-15-000015 December 1994
~ !

Panama
000000001945-11-13-000013 November 1945
~ !

Papua New Guinea
000000001975-10-10-000010 October 1975
~ !

Paraguay
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Peru
000000001945-10-31-000031 October 1945
~ !

Philippines[note 20]
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Philippines and the United Nations

Poland
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Portugal
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Qatar
000000001971-09-21-000021 September 1971
~ !

Republic of Korea
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Korea and the United Nations

Republic of Moldova[note 21]
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Romania
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Russian Federation
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations

Rwanda
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
~ !

Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 22]
000000001983-09-23-000023 September 1983
~ !

Saint Lucia
000000001979-09-18-000018 September 1979
~ !

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
000000001980-09-16-000016 September 1980
~ !

Samoa
000000001976-12-15-000015 December 1976
~ !

San Marino
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
~ !

Sao Tome and Principe[note 23]
000000001975-09-16-000016 September 1975
~ !

Saudi Arabia
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Senegal
000000001960-09-28-000028 September 1960
~ !

Serbia
000000002000-11-01-00001 November 2000
Former member: Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations

Seychelles
000000001976-09-21-000021 September 1976
~ !

Sierra Leone
000000001961-09-27-000027 September 1961
~ !

Singapore
000000001965-09-21-000021 September 1965
Former member: Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations

Slovakia
000000001993-01-19-000019 January 1993
Former member: Czechoslovakia

Slovenia
000000001992-05-22-000022 May 1992
Former member: Yugoslavia

Solomon Islands
000000001978-09-19-000019 September 1978
~ !

Somalia
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

South Africa[note 24]
000000001945-11-07-00007 November 1945
~ !

South Sudan
000000002011-07-14-000014 July 2011
~ !

Spain
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Sri Lanka[note 25]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Sudan
000000001956-11-12-000012 November 1956
~ !

Suriname[note 26]
000000001975-12-04-00004 December 1975
~ !

Swaziland
000000001968-09-24-000024 September 1968
~ !

Sweden
000000001946-11-19-000019 November 1946
~ !

Switzerland
000000002002-09-10-000010 September 2002
~ !

Syrian Arab Republic
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: United Arab Republic

Tajikistan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Thailand[note 27]
000000001946-12-16-000016 December 1946
~ !

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
000000001993-04-08-00008 April 1993
Former member: Yugoslavia

Timor-Leste
000000002002-09-27-000027 September 2002
~ !

Togo
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Tonga
000000001999-09-14-000014 September 1999
~ !

Trinidad and Tobago
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations

Tunisia
000000001956-11-12-000012 November 1956
~ !

Turkey
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Turkmenistan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Tuvalu
000000002000-09-05-00005 September 2000
Tuvalu and the United Nations

Uganda
000000001962-10-25-000025 October 1962
~ !

Ukraine
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

United Arab Emirates
000000001971-12-09-00009 December 1971
~ !

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
United Kingdom and the United Nations

United Republic of Tanzania
000000001961-12-14-000014 December 1961
Former member: Tanganyika and Zanzibar

United States of America
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
United States and the United Nations

Uruguay
000000001945-12-18-000018 December 1945
~ !

Uzbekistan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Vanuatu
000000001981-09-15-000015 September 1981
Vanuatu and the United Nations

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)[note 28]
000000001945-11-15-000015 November 1945
~ !

Viet Nam
000000001977-09-20-000020 September 1977
~ !

Yemen
000000001947-09-30-000030 September 1947
Former member: Yemen and Democratic Yemen

Zambia
000000001964-12-01-00001 December 1964
~ !

Zimbabwe
000000001980-08-25-000025 August 1980
~ !

text: Former members[edit]

text: Republic of China[edit]

text: The Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[18] In 1949, as a result of the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang-led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan, and the Communist Party-led government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), declared on 1 October 1949, took control of mainland China. The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China; however, the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN, despite the small size of the ROC's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC's jurisdiction of mainland China. As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades, as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members.[citation needed] Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy.[19]

text: By the 1970s, a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count. On 25 October 1971, the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC's admission into the UN,[20] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, by which it recognized that "the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council," and decided "to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it."[21] This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN, including its permanent seat on the Security Council, from the ROC to the PRC, and expelled the ROC from the UN. From the United Nations' perspective the "Republic of China" is not a former member. No UN member was expelled in 1971. Rather, the credentials of one Chinese delegation (from Taipei) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation (from Beijing) were accepted.[citation needed]

text: In addition to losing its seat in the UN, the UN Secretary-General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China. Consequently, the Secretary-General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it.[22]

text: Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan[edit]

text: In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the specialized agencies, applying for observer status, applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN.[23]

text: Every year from 1993–2006, UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary-General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations.[24] This approach was chosen, rather than a formal application for membership, because it could be enacted by the General Assembly, while a membership application would need Security Council approval, where the PRC held a veto.[23] Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China, along with the People's Republic of China, pending eventual reunification, citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states, such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea. Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state, over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty. These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names: "Republic of China in Taiwan" (1993–94), "Republic of China on Taiwan" (1995–97, 1999–2002), "Republic of China" (1998), "Republic of China (Taiwan)" (2003) and "Taiwan" (2004–06).

text: However, all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly's agenda for debate, under strong opposition from the PRC.[25]

text: While all these proposals were vague, requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism, in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name "Taiwan" for full membership in the UN.[26] However, the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758,[27] without being forwarded to the Security Council. Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon stated that:

text: The position of the United Nations is that the People's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution (General Assembly Resolution 2758) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China.[28]

text: Responding to the UN's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation.[29] The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly,[30] contrary to UN's standard procedure (Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59).[31] On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN's decision "was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states' universal adherence to the one-China principle".[32] A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application.[26]

text: The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout. That fall the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the "Republic of China (Taiwan)" be allowed to have "meaningful participation" in the UN specialized agencies.[33] Again the issue was not put on the Assembly's agenda.[25] In 2009, the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993.[34]

text: In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying-jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before.[35]

text: The Republic of China is officially recognized by 19 UN member states and the Holy See. It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations, including the United States and Japan.

text: Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990. Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia, in a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as successor states, would apply for membership in the UN. Neither state sought sole successor state status. Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993.[36]

text: German Democratic Republic[edit]

text: Both the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, today simply known as Germany. Consequently, the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist.[36]

text: Federation of Malaya[edit]

text: The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957. On 16 September 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia, following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore, North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya. Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965.

text: Tanganyika and Zanzibar[edit]

text: Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961, and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963. Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states merged to form the single member "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar", with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964.[36][6]

text: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[edit]

text: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[18] Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR, in a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[36]

text: The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN:

text:
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR. After declaring independence, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991, and on 19 September 1991, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus.
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991, after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR.
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992.
Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992.

text: United Arab Republic[edit]

text: Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent state, resumed its separate membership in the UN. Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic, until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971. Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971.[36]

text: Yemen and Democratic Yemen[edit]

text: Yemen (i.e., North Yemen) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947; Southern Yemen (i.e., South Yemen) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967, with its name changed to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970, and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen. On 22 May 1990, the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen, which continued as a single member under the name Yemen.[36]

text: Yugoslavia[edit]

text: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, referred to as Yugoslavia, joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. By 1992, it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states, which were all subsequently admitted to the UN:

text:
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992.[37]
Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993, being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name.[38]
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000.[39]

text: Due to the dispute over its legal successor states, the member state "Yugoslavia", referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution.[36] Following the admission of all five states as new UN members, "Yugoslavia" was removed from the official roster of UN members.

text: The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia,[40] claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;[41] however, on 30 May 1992, United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted, by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars, and noted that "the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted,"[42] and on 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1 was adopted, by which it considered that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations," and therefore decided that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly".[43][44] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years, but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office, it applied for membership, and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000.[39] On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[45]

text: On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006. In a letter dated on the same day, the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence, in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro.[46] Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006.[47]

text: In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, the territory of Kosovo, then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999. On 17 February 2008 it declared independence, but this has not been recognised by Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the International Monetary Fund[48] and the World Bank Group,[49] both specialized agencies in the United Nations System. The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 111 UN member states, including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (France, the United Kingdom, and the United States), while the other two—China and Russia—do not recognise Kosovo. On 22 July 2010, the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial organ of the UN, issued an advisory opinion, ruling that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law.[50]

text: Suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal of members[edit]

text: A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN, according to the United Nations Charter. From Chapter II, Article 5:[4]

text: A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

text: From Article 6:[4]

text: A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

text: Since its inception, no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6. However, in a few cases, states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6:

text:
On 25 October 1971, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, which recognized the People's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China (since 1949 controlling only Taiwan) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 (see the section Former members: Republic of China). This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6, as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members, which included the Republic of China itself and the United States, which at that time still recognized the Republic of China.[51]
In October 1974, the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN, in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter, due to its apartheid policies.[36] However, the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In response, the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly's 29th session on 12 November 1974; however, South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5. The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994, following its successful democratic elections earlier that year.[52]
On 28 April 1992, the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established, by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1 was adopted, by which it considered that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations," and therefore decided that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly". It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 (see the section Former members: Yugoslavia).

text: Withdrawal of Indonesia (1965–1966)[edit]

text: Since the inception of the UN, only one member state (excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN. During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, in a letter dated 20 January 1965, Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that it had decided "at this stage and under the present circumstances" to withdraw from the UN. However, following the overthrow of President Sukarno, in a telegram dated 19 September 1966, Indonesia notified the Secretary-General of its decision "to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty-first session of the General Assembly". On 28 September 1966, the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly.[36]

text: Unlike suspension and expulsion, no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN (largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail, or to evade obligations under the Charter, similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations),[51] or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership, i.e., requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval. Indonesia's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required; however, scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view.[53]

text: Observers and non-members[edit]

text: In addition to the member states, there are two non-member permanent observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine.[54]

text:
The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states. It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964,[55] and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004.[56]
The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a "non-member entity" on 22 November 1974.[57] Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988, the United Nations General Assembly decided that, effective as of 15 December 1988, the designation "Palestine" should be used in place of the designation "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the United Nations System.[58] On 23 September 2011, Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon;[59][60] the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council. On 31 October 2011, the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member, becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member.[61] The State of Palestine was recognized as a "non-member state" on 29 November 2012, when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 by a vote of 138 to 9, with 41 abstentions.[62][63][64] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".[65] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents".[54]

text: A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members (see United Nations General Assembly observers for the full list).[66][67][68] The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland, which was admitted in 2002.[69]

text: A European Union institution, the European Commission, was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974. The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU.[70] It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly, bar the right to vote and put forward candidates, via UNGA Resolution A/RES/65/276 on 10 May 2011.[71] It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions, and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences.[72]

text: The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front. Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco, the remainder (the Free Zone) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, proclaimed by the Polisario Front. Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a "non-self-governing territory".[73]

text: The Cook Islands and Niue, which are both associated states of New Zealand, are not members of the UN, but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO[74] and UNESCO,[75] and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively.[76][77] They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[78] and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[79] and are treated as non-member states.[80][76] Both the Cook Islands and Niue has expressed a desire to become a UN member state, but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship, in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship.[81][82]


document_title: Dave Johnson (announcer)

question_text: who said and down the stretch they come

question_tokens: who said and down the stretch they come

root

text: Dave Johnson (announcer)

text:
Dave JohnsonBorn
May 25, 1941
Sports commentary careerSports
Thoroughbred horse racing

tag: table

text: Dave Johnson is an American announcer and sportscaster, best known for his work in horse racing with ABC and NBC Sports and at various race tracks in New York and New Jersey. His signature line — "And down the stretch they come!" — is instantly recognizable throughout the sport, and often imitated by comedians, notably David Letterman.

tag: p

text: From 1972 to 1977, Johnson was the public address announcer for the tracks of the New York Racing Association. In 1977 he moved to the new Meadowlands Racetrack in New Jersey, calling both Thoroughbred and harness racing. He maintained his Meadowlands schedule into the early 21st century. Though he's no longer the regular voice at the Big M, he continues to do special appearances in his role as senior track announcer.

text: For ABC, Johnson called the Kentucky Derby from 1978 to 1980 and 1982 to 2000, and the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes from 1982 to 2000.

text: Even though Johnson's Triple Crown TV spot went to Tom Durkin when the rights shifted from ABC to NBC, he has continued to call the three spring classics for radio, on Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One. Johnson has also worked on horse racing telecasts for ESPN.

text: In 2007, Johnson missed calling the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs for the first time since 1977, when the rights shifted from Westwood One to ESPN Radio. He was replaced on the broadcast by Churchill's public-address announcer, Luke Kruytbosch.

text: Johnson has also done commercials, both on camera and voice-over, for Mobil Oil and various New York-area businesses. In 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, Johnson made voice appearances on the Late Show with David Letterman, on the day prior to the running of the Kentucky Derby, for a sound bite of his signature phrase "...and down the stretch they come!"

text: Johnson portrayed himself as the track announcer at Belmont Park in the film Ruffian, about the famous match race in 1975 in which the filly Ruffian broke down as she raced Foolish Pleasure.


document_title: List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts

question_text: quarterbacks who have taken 2 teams to super bowl

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts[edit]

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player
*Player is not yet eligible for hall of fame

text:
Starts
Player
Record
Team(s), Super Bowls
Win %
Ref,

7
Tom Brady
5–2
New England Patriots – XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, XLVI, XLIX, LI
71%
[1]

5
John Elway
2–3
Denver Broncos – XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXXII, XXXIII
40%
[2]

4
Terry Bradshaw
4–0
Pittsburgh Steelers – IX, X, XIII, XIV
100%
[3]

Joe Montana
4–0
San Francisco 49ers – XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV
100%
[4]

Roger Staubach
2–2
Dallas Cowboys – VI, X, XII, XIII
50%
[5]

Peyton Manning*
2–2
Indianapolis Colts – XLI, XLIV; Denver Broncos – XLVIII, 50
50%
[6]

Jim Kelly
0–4
Buffalo Bills – XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
0%
[7]

3
Troy Aikman
3–0
Dallas Cowboys – XXVII, XXVIII, XXX
100%
[8]

Bob Griese
2–1
Miami Dolphins – VI, VII, VIII
67%
[9]

Ben Roethlisberger
2–1
Pittsburgh Steelers – XL, XLIII, XLV
67%
[10]

Kurt Warner
1–2
St. Louis Rams – XXXIV, XXXVI; Arizona Cardinals – XLIII
33%
[11]

Fran Tarkenton
0–3
Minnesota Vikings – VIII, IX, XI
0%
[12]

2
Bart Starr
2–0
Green Bay Packers – I, II
100%
[13]

Jim Plunkett
2–0
Oakland/L.A. Raiders – XV, XVIII
100%
[14]

Eli Manning
2–0
New York Giants – XLII, XLVI
100%
[15]

Len Dawson
1–1
Kansas City Chiefs – I, IV
50%
[16]

Joe Theismann
1–1
Washington Redskins – XVII, XVIII
50%
[17]

Brett Favre
1–1
Green Bay Packers – XXXI, XXXII
50%
[18]

Russell Wilson
1–1
Seattle Seahawks – XLVIII, XLIX
50%
[19]

Craig Morton
0–2
Dallas Cowboys – V; Denver Broncos – XII
0%
[20]

text:
BOLD indicates game won
Starr was also 3–1 in NFL Championship games (1960, 1961,1962, 1965) before the NFL and AFL met in the first Super Bowl.
Dawson was also 1–0 in AFL Championship games (1962) before the NFL and AFL met in the first Super Bowl.
There have also been three instances of quarterbacks facing off multiple times in the Super Bowl. Staubach and Bradshaw, Aikman and Kelly, and Brady and Eli Manning all faced each other twice. In each case the same quarterback (Bradshaw, Aikman and Manning) won both matchups.[21]

tag: ul

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl wins[edit]

text: Super Bowl wins are often used to determine the greatness of a quarterback.[22] Of the eligible players, only Jim Plunkett has won multiple Super Bowls and not been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Peyton Manning is the only quarterback to have won Super Bowls for two different NFL teams. The following NFL quarterbacks have won multiple Super Bowls as starters.

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player

text:
Wins
Player
Super Bowls
Team

5
Tom Brady
XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI
New England Patriots

4
Terry Bradshaw
IX, X, XIII, XIV
Pittsburgh Steelers

Joe Montana
XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV
San Francisco 49ers

3
Troy Aikman
XXVII, XXVIII, XXX
Dallas Cowboys

2
Bart Starr
I, II
Green Bay Packers

Bob Griese
VII, VIII
Miami Dolphins

Roger Staubach
VI, XII
Dallas Cowboys

Jim Plunkett
XV, XVIII
Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders

John Elway
XXXII, XXXIII
Denver Broncos

Ben Roethlisberger
XL, XLIII
Pittsburgh Steelers

Eli Manning
XLII, XLVI
New York Giants

Peyton Manning
XLI, 50
Indianapolis Colts; Denver Broncos

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl losses[edit]

text: The following NFL quarterbacks have lost multiple Super Bowls as starters.

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player

text:
Losses
Player
Super Bowls
Team

4
Jim Kelly
XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
Buffalo Bills

3
Fran Tarkenton
VIII, IX, XI
Minnesota Vikings

John Elway
XXI, XXII, XXIV
Denver Broncos

2
Craig Morton
V; XII
Dallas Cowboys; Denver Broncos

Roger Staubach
X, XIII
Dallas Cowboys

Kurt Warner
XXXVI; XLIII
St. Louis Rams; Arizona Cardinals

Tom Brady
XLII, XLVI
New England Patriots

Peyton Manning
XLIV; XLVIII
Indianapolis Colts; Denver Broncos

text: Winning and losing quarterbacks[edit]

text:
Hall of Famers
Active Player

text:
Season
Winning QB
Team
College
Losing QB
Team
College

1966
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Alabama
Len Dawson
Kansas City Chiefs
Purdue

1967
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Alabama
Daryle Lamonica
Oakland Raiders
Notre Dame

1968
Joe Namath
New York Jets
Alabama
Earl Morrall
Baltimore Colts
Michigan State

1969
Len Dawson
Kansas City Chiefs
Purdue
Joe Kapp
Minnesota Vikings
California

1970
Johnny Unitas
Baltimore Colts
Louisville
Craig Morton
Dallas Cowboys
California

1971
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Purdue

1972
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Purdue
Billy Kilmer
Washington Redskins
UCLA

1973
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Purdue
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Georgia

1974
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Georgia

1975
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy

1976
Ken Stabler
Oakland Raiders
Alabama
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Georgia

1977
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy
Craig Morton
Denver Broncos
California

1978
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Roger Staubach
Dallas Cowboys
Navy

1979
Terry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Louisiana Tech
Vince Ferragamo
Los Angeles Rams
Nebraska

1980
Jim Plunkett
Oakland Raiders
Stanford
Ron Jaworski
Philadelphia Eagles
Youngstown State

1981
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
Ken Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals
Augustana (IL)

1982
Joe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Notre Dame
David Woodley
Miami Dolphins
LSU

1983
Jim Plunkett
Los Angeles Raiders
Stanford
Joe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Notre Dame

1984
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
Dan Marino
Miami Dolphins
Pittsburgh

1985
Jim McMahon
Chicago Bears
BYU
Tony Eason
New England Patriots
Illinois

1986
Phil Simms
New York Giants
Morehead State
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford

1987
Doug Williams
Washington Redskins
Grambling State
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford

1988
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
Boomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals
Maryland

1989
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Notre Dame
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford

1990
Jeff Hostetler
New York Giants
West Virginia
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1991
Mark Rypien
Washington Redskins
Washington State
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1992
Troy Aikman
Dallas Cowboys
UCLA
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1993
Troy Aikman
Dallas Cowboys
UCLA
Jim Kelly
Buffalo Bills
Miami (FL)

1994
Steve Young
San Francisco 49ers
BYU
Stan Humphries
San Diego Chargers
Northeast Louisiana[a]

1995
Troy Aikman
Dallas Cowboys
UCLA
Neil O'Donnell
Pittsburgh Steelers
Maryland

1996
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Southern Miss
Drew Bledsoe
New England Patriots
Washington State

1997
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Southern Miss

1998
John Elway
Denver Broncos
Stanford
Chris Chandler
Atlanta Falcons
Washington

1999
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Northern Iowa
Steve McNair
Tennessee Titans
Alcorn State

2000
Trent Dilfer
Baltimore Ravens
Fresno State
Kerry Collins
New York Giants
Penn State

2001
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Northern Iowa

2002
Brad Johnson
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Florida State
Rich Gannon
Oakland Raiders
Delaware

2003
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Jake Delhomme
Carolina Panthers
Louisiana–Lafayette

2004
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Donovan McNabb
Philadelphia Eagles
Syracuse

2005
Ben Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
Miami (OH)
Matt Hasselbeck
Seattle Seahawks
Boston College

2006
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Tennessee
Rex Grossman
Chicago Bears
Florida

2007
Eli Manning
New York Giants
Ole Miss
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan

2008
Ben Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
Miami (OH)
Kurt Warner
Arizona Cardinals
Northern Iowa

2009
Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
Purdue
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Tennessee

2010
Aaron Rodgers
Green Bay Packers
California
Ben Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
Miami (OH)

2011
Eli Manning
New York Giants
Ole Miss
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan

2012
Joe Flacco
Baltimore Ravens
Delaware
Colin Kaepernick
San Francisco 49ers
Nevada

2013
Russell Wilson
Seattle Seahawks
Wisconsin
Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
Tennessee

2014
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Russell Wilson
Seattle Seahawks
Wisconsin

2015
Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
Tennessee
Cam Newton
Carolina Panthers
Auburn

2016
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Michigan
Matt Ryan
Atlanta Falcons
Boston College

text: Jump up ^ Now known as Louisiana–Monroe.

tag: ol


document_title: Storming of the Bastille

question_text: when was the city of paris in a state of alarm

text: Storming of the Bastille

text: Background[edit]

text: During the reign of Louis XVI, France faced a major economic crisis, caused in part by the cost of intervening in the American Revolution, and exacerbated by a regressive system of taxation.[2] On 5 May 1789, the Estates General of 1789 convened to deal with this issue, but were held back by archaic protocols and the conservatism of the second estate, consisting of the nobility and amounting to only 2% of France's population.[3] On 17 June 1789, the third estate, with its representatives drawn from the commoners, reconstituted themselves as the National Assembly, a body whose purpose was the creation of a French constitution. The king initially opposed this development, but was forced to acknowledge the authority of the assembly, which renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July.[4] France was under major changes during this time.

text: The commoners had formed the National Guard, sporting tricolour cockades (cocardes) of blue, white and red, formed by combining the red and blue cockade of Paris and the white cockade of the king. These cockades, and soon simply their colour scheme, became the symbol of the revolution and, later, of France itself.[5]

text: Paris, close to insurrection and, in François Mignet's words, "intoxicated with liberty and enthusiasm",[6] showed wide support for the Assembly. The press published the Assembly's debates; political debate spread beyond the Assembly itself into the public squares and halls of the capital. The Palais-Royal and its grounds became the site of an ongoing meeting.[7] The crowd, on the authority of the meeting at the Palais-Royal, broke open the prisons of the Abbaye to release some grenadiers of the French guards, reportedly imprisoned for refusing to fire on the people.[8] The Assembly recommended the imprisoned guardsmen to the clemency of the king; they returned to prison, and received pardon. The rank and file of the regiment, previously considered reliable, now leaned toward the popular cause.[9]

text: Necker's dismissal[edit]

text: On 11 July 1789, Louis XVI—acting under the influence of the conservative nobles of his privy council—dismissed and banished his finance minister, Jacques Necker (who had been sympathetic to the Third Estate) and completely reconstructed the ministry.[10] The marshals Victor-François, duc de Broglie, la Galissonnière, the duc de la Vauguyon, the Baron Louis de Breteuil, and the intendant Foulon, took over the posts of Puységur, Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin, La Luzerne, Saint-Priest, and Necker.

text: News of Necker's dismissal reached Paris on the afternoon of Sunday, 12 July. The Parisians generally presumed that the dismissal marked the start of a coup by conservative elements.[11]  Liberal Parisians were further enraged by the fear that a concentration of Royal troops—brought in from frontier garrisons to Versailles, Sèvres, the Champ de Mars, and Saint-Denis—would attempt to shut down the National Constituent Assembly, which was meeting in Versailles. Crowds gathered throughout Paris, including more than ten thousand at the Palais-Royal. Camille Desmoulins successfully rallied the crowd by "mounting a table, pistol in hand, exclaiming: 'Citizens, there is no time to lose; the dismissal of Necker is the knell of a Saint Bartholomew for patriots! This very night all the Swiss and German battalions will leave the Champ de Mars to massacre us all; one resource is left; to take arms!'"[6]

text: The Swiss and German regiments referred to were among the foreign mercenary troops who made up a significant portion of the pre-revolutionary Royal Army, and were seen as being less likely to be sympathetic to the popular cause than ordinary French soldiers.[12] By early July, approximately half of the 25,000 regular troops in Paris and Versailles were drawn from these foreign regiments. The French regiments included in the concentration appear to have been selected either because of the proximity of their garrisons to Paris or because their colonels were supporters of the reactionary "court party" opposed to reform.[4]

text: During the public demonstrations that started on 12 July, the multitude displayed busts of Necker and of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, then marched from the Palais Royal through the theater district before continuing westward along the boulevards. The crowd clashed with the Royal German Cavalry Regiment ("Royal-Allemand") between the  Place Vendôme and the Tuileries Palace. From atop the Champs-Élysées, the Prince de Lambesc unleashed a cavalry charge that dispersed the remaining protesters at Place Louis XV—now Place de la Concorde.[13] The Royal commander, Baron de Besenval, fearing the results of a blood bath amongst the poorly armed crowds or defections among his own men, then withdrew the cavalry towards Sèvres.[14] Meanwhile, unrest was growing among the people of Paris who expressed their hostility against state authorities by attacking customs posts blamed for causing increased food and wine prices.[15] The people of Paris started to plunder any place where food, guns and supplies could be hoarded. That night, rumors spread that supplies were being hoarded at Saint-Lazare, a huge property of the clergy, which functioned as convent, hospital, school and even as a jail. An angry mob broke in and plundered the property,[16] seizing 52 wagons of wheat, which were taken to the public market. That same day multitudes of people plundered many other places including weapon arsenals. The Royal troops did nothing to stop the spreading of social chaos in Paris during those days.[17]

text: Armed conflict[edit]

text: The regiment of Gardes Françaises (French Guards) formed the permanent garrison of Paris and, with many local ties, was favourably disposed towards the popular cause.[18]  This regiment had remained confined to its barracks during the initial stages of the mid-July disturbances. With Paris becoming the scene of a general riot, Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (Marshal of the Camp, Proprietor of the Royal Allemand-Dragoons), not trusting the regiment to obey his order, posted sixty dragoons to station themselves before its dépôt in the Chaussée d'Antin. The officers of the French Guards made ineffectual attempts to rally their men. The rebellious citizenry had now acquired a trained military contingent. As word of this spread, the commanders of the royal forces encamped on the Champ de Mars became doubtful of the dependability of even the foreign regiments.[19] The future "Citizen King", Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans, witnessed these events as a young officer and was of the opinion that the soldiers would have obeyed orders if put to the test. He also commented in retrospect that the officers of the French Guards had neglected their responsibilities in the period before the uprising, leaving the regiment too much to the control of its non-commissioned officers.[20] However, the uncertain leadership of Besenval led to a virtual abdication of royal authority in central Paris. On the morning of 13 July the electors of Paris met and agreed to the recruitment of a "bourgeois militia" of 48,000 men[16] from the sixty voting districts of Paris, to restore order.[21]

text: Storming the Bastille (14 July 1789)[edit]

text: On the morning of 14 July  1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The partisans of the Third Estate in France, now under the control of the Bourgeois Militia of Paris (soon to become Revolutionary France's National Guard), had earlier stormed the Hôtel des Invalides without meeting significant opposition.[22] Their intention had been to gather the weapons held there (29,000 to 32,000 muskets, but without powder or shot). The commandant at the Invalides had in the previous few days taken the precaution of transferring 250 barrels of gunpowder to the Bastille for safer storage.[23]

text: At this point, the Bastille was nearly empty, housing only seven prisoners:[24] four forgers, two "lunatics" and one "deviant" aristocrat, the Comte de Solages (the Marquis de Sade had been transferred out ten days earlier).[23]

text: The high cost of maintaining a garrisoned medieval fortress, for what was seen as having a limited purpose, had led to a decision being made shortly before the disturbances began to replace it with an open public space.[25] Amid the tensions of July 1789, the building remained as a symbol of royal tyranny.

text: The regular garrison consisted of 82 invalides (veteran soldiers no longer suitable for service in the field).[26]  It had however been reinforced on 7 July by 32 grenadiers of the Swiss Salis-Samade Regiment from the regular troops on the Champ de Mars.[27] The walls mounted 18 eight-pound guns and 12 smaller pieces. The governor was Bernard-René de Launay, son of the previous governor and actually born within the Bastille.[23]

text: The official list of vainqueurs de la Bastille  (conquerors of the Bastille) subsequently compiled has 954 names,[29] and the total of the crowd was probably fewer than one thousand. A breakdown of occupations included in the list indicates that the majority were local artisans, together with some regular army deserters and a few distinctive categories such as 21 wine merchants.[30]

text: The crowd gathered outside around mid-morning, calling for the surrender of the prison, the removal of the cannon and the release of the arms and gunpowder.[23] Two representatives of the crowd outside were invited into the fortress and negotiations began, and another was admitted around noon with definite demands. The negotiations dragged on while the crowd grew and became impatient.[31] Around 1:30, the crowd surged into the undefended outer courtyard. A small party climbed onto the roof of a building next to the gate to the inner courtyard and broke the chains on the drawbridge, crushing one vainqueur as it fell. Soldiers of the garrison called to the people to withdraw but in the noise and confusion these shouts were misinterpreted as encouragement to enter.[3] Gunfire began, apparently spontaneously, turning the crowd into a mob. The crowd seems to have felt that they had been intentionally drawn into a trap and the fighting became more violent and intense, while attempts by deputies to organise a cease-fire were ignored by the attackers.[3]

text: The firing continued, and after 3:00 pm, the attackers were reinforced by mutinous gardes françaises, along with two cannons. A substantial force of Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars did not intervene.[32] With the possibility of mutual carnage suddenly apparent, Governor de Launay ordered a cease-fire at 5:00 pm. A letter offering his terms was handed out to the besiegers through a gap in the inner gate. His demands were refused, but de Launay nonetheless capitulated, as he realised that with limited food stocks and no water supply[30] his troops could not hold out much longer. He accordingly opened the gates to the inner courtyard, and the vainqueurs swept in to liberate the fortress at 5:30.[33]

text: Ninety-eight attackers and one defender had died in the actual fighting, a disparity accounted for by the protection provided to the garrison by the fortress walls.[34] De Launay was seized and dragged towards the Hôtel de Ville in a storm of abuse. Outside the Hôtel, a discussion as to his fate began.[35]  The badly beaten de Launay shouted "Enough! Let me die!"[36] and kicked a pastry cook named Dulait in the groin. De Launay was then stabbed repeatedly and died. An English traveller, Doctor Edward Rigby, reported what he saw, "[We] perceived two bloody heads raised on pikes, which were said to be the heads of the Marquis de Launay, Governor of the Bastille, and of Monsieur Flesselles, Prévôt des Marchands. It was a chilling and a horrid sight! ... Shocked and disgusted at this scene, [we] retired immediately from the streets."[37]

text: The three officers of the permanent Bastille garrison were also killed by the crowd; surviving police reports detail their wounds and clothing.[38]

text: Two of the invalides of the garrison were lynched, but all but two of the Swiss regulars of the Salis-Samade Regiment were protected by the French Guards and eventually released to return to their regiment. Their officer, Lieutenant Louis de Flue, wrote a detailed report on the defense of the Bastille, which was incorporated in the logbook of the Salis-Samade and has survived.[39] It is (perhaps unfairly) critical of the dead Marquis de Launay, whom de Flue accuses of weak and indecisive leadership.[39] The blame for the fall of the Bastille would rather appear to lie with the inertia of the commanders of the 5,000[40] Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars, who did not act when either the nearby Hôtel des Invalides or the Bastille were attacked.

text: Returning to the Hôtel de Ville, the mob accused the prévôt dès marchands (roughly, mayor) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery, and he was assassinated en route to an ostensible trial at the Palais-Royal.[41]

text: The king first learned of the storming only the next morning through the Duke of La Rochefoucauld. "Is it a revolt?" asked Louis XVI. The duke replied: "No sire, it's not a revolt; it's a revolution."[42]

text: At Versailles, the Assembly remained ignorant of most of the Paris events, but eminently aware that Marshal de Broglie stood on the brink of unleashing a pro-Royalist coup to force the Assembly to adopt the order of 23 June[43] and then to dissolve. The vicomte de Noailles apparently first brought reasonably accurate news of the Paris events to Versailles. M. Ganilh and Bancal-des-Issarts, dispatched to the Hôtel de Ville, confirmed his report.[44]

text: By the morning of 15 July, the outcome appeared clear to the king as well, and he and his military commanders backed down.[45] The Royal troops concentrated around Paris dispersed to their frontier garrisons. The Marquis de la Fayette took up command of the National Guard at Paris;[46] Jean-Sylvain Bailly – leader of the Third Estate and instigator of the Tennis Court Oath – became the city's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the Commune de Paris.[47] The king announced that he would recall Necker and return from Versailles to Paris; on 17 July, in Paris, he accepted a tricolour cockade from Bailly and entered the Hôtel de Ville to cries of "Long live the King" and "Long live the Nation".[48]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Nonetheless, after this violence, nobles – little assured by the apparent and, as it was to prove, temporary reconciliation of king and people – started to flee the country as émigrés.[49] Among the first to leave were the comte d'Artois (the future Charles X of France) and his two sons, the prince de Condé, the prince de Conti, the Polignac family, and (slightly later) Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the former finance minister. They settled at Turin, where Calonne, as agent for the count d'Artois and the prince de Condé, began plotting civil war within the kingdom and agitating for a European coalition against France.[50]

text: The news of the successful insurrection at Paris spread throughout France. In accord with principles of popular sovereignty and with complete disregard for claims of royal authority, the people established parallel structures of municipalities for civic government and militias for civic protection.[21] In rural areas, many went beyond this: some burned title-deeds and no small number of châteaux, as the "Great Fear" spread across the countryside during the weeks of 20 July to 5 August, with attacks on wealthy landlords impelled by the belief that the aristocracy was trying to put down the revolution.[51][52]

text: On 22 July 1789 the populace lynched Joseph Foullon de Doué and his son-in-law[53] Louis Bénigne François Bertier de Sauvigny. Both held official positions under the monarchy.

text: Although there were arguments that the Bastille should be preserved as a monument to liberation or as a depot for the new National Guard, the Permanent Committee of Municipal Electors at the Paris Town Hall gave the construction entrepreneur Pierre-François Palloy the commission of disassembling the building.[54] Palloy commenced work immediately. The demolition of the fortress itself, the melting down of its clock portraying chained prisoners, and the breaking up of four statues were all carried out within five months.[55]

text: On 16 July 1789, two days after the Storming of the Bastille, John Frederick Sackville, serving as ambassador to France,  reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds,  "Thus, my Lord, the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with, comparatively speaking—if the magnitude of the event is considered—the loss of very few lives. From this moment we may consider France as a free country, the King a very limited monarch, and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation."[56]

text: In 1790, Lafayette gave the cast-iron, one-pound and three-ounce key to the Bastille to U.S. President George Washington. Washington displayed it prominently at government facilities and events in New York and in Philadelphia until shortly before his retirement in 1797. The key remains on display at Washington's residence of Mount Vernon.[57]

text: Palloy also took bricks from the Bastille and had them carved into replicas of the fortress, which he sold, along with medals allegedly made from the chains of prisoners.  Pieces of stone from the structure were sent to every district in France, and some have been located.  Various other pieces of the Bastille also survive, including stones used to build the Pont de la Concorde bridge over the Seine, and one of the towers, which was found buried in 1899 and is now at Square Henri-Galli in Paris, as well as the clock bells and pulley system, which are now in the Musée d’Art Campanaire.[58]  About 900 people who claimed to have stormed the Bastille received certificates (Brevet de vainqueur de la Bastille) from the National Assembly in 1790, and a number of these still exist.[59]  The building itself is outlined in brick on the location where it once stood, as is the moat in the Paris Metro stop below it, where a piece of the foundation is also on display.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018)

text:
An annual reenactment of the Storming of the Bastille was held at the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, hosted by the Bearded Ladies (a cabaret troupe). Traditionally a Marie Antoinette reenactor declares "Let them eat Tastykake" and is promptly beheaded by the mob. The 24 year tradition was ended in 2018. [60][61]
Austrian composer Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf wrote his Symphony in C Major as a tribute to the event. The first movement of the piece is known as La Prise De La Bastille.[citation needed]
In Book 2 of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities, the Defarges help lead the assault on the Bastille.
1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, stage musical whose main characters are split up during the early stages, then reunited during the storming of the Bastille.
The protagonist of Assassin's Creed Unity, Arno Dorian, is depicted as being one of the prisoners in the Bastille when it gets stormed, and manages to escape in the confusion.
Bastille Day was a song written in 1975 by the progressive rock band Rush about the siege, and was included on their album Caress of Steel.


document_title: Seat belt legislation in Canada

question_text: when did seat belts become law in alberta

text: Seat belt legislation in Canada

text: Seat belt legislation in Canada is left to the provinces. All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws, which allow a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if s/he observes a violation. Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on January 1, 1976.[1]

text: The laws by province[edit]

text: This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in Canada.[2][3] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all provinces and territories have separate child restraint laws. A subsequent offense may be much higher.

text:
Province/Territory
Date of inception
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Demerit points assigned
Usage[4]

 Alberta
000000001987-07-01-0000July 1, 1987
Anyone in driver's seat or passenger seat[5]
$115
0
92.0%

 British Columbia
000000001977-10-01-0000October 1, 1977
Age 16+ in all seats
$167
0
96.9%

 Manitoba
000000001984-04-01-0000April 1, 1984
Age 16+ in all seats
$299.65
2
93.8%

 New Brunswick
000000001983-11-01-0000November 1, 1983
Age 16+ in all seats
$172.50
2
94.8%

 Newfoundland and Labrador
000000001982-07-01-0000July 1, 1982
Age 16+ in all seats
$115
2
93.1%

 Northwest Territories
000000001988-07-01-0000July 1, 1988
Age 16+ in all seats
$115
2
84.9%

 Nova Scotia
000000001985-01-01-0000January 1, 1985
Age 16+ in all seats
$157.50
2
90.1%

 Ontario
000000001976-01-01-0000January 1, 1976
Age 16+ in all seats
$240
2
96.0%

 Prince Edward Island
000000001987-07-01-0000July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in all seats
$110
3
89.7%

 Quebec
000000001976-08-15-0000August 15, 1976
Age 16+ in all seats
$115–154
3
96.0%

 Saskatchewan
000000001977-07-01-0000July 1, 1977
Age 16+ in all seats
$165
3
96.8%

 Yukon
000000001991-07-01-0000July 1, 1991
Age 15+ in all seats
$75
4
78.1%


document_title: List of American Horror Story episodes

question_text: how many episodes in american horror story season 5 hotel

text: List of American Horror Story episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
Murder House
12
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)

2
Asylum
13
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)

3
Coven
13
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)

4
Freak Show
13
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)

5
Hotel
12
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)

6
Roanoke
10
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)

7
Cult
11
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1: Murder House (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
1ATS79
3.18[6]

2
2
"Home Invasion"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)
1ATS01
2.46[7]

3
3
"Murder House"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
October 19, 2011 (2011-10-19)
1ATS02
2.59[8]

4
4
"Halloween (Part 1)"
David Semel
James Wong
October 26, 2011 (2011-10-26)
1ATS03
2.96[9]

5
5
"Halloween (Part 2)"
David Semel
Tim Minear
November 2, 2011 (2011-11-02)
1ATS04
2.74[10]

6
6
"Piggy Piggy"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 9, 2011 (2011-11-09)
1ATS05
2.83[11]

7
7
"Open House"
Tim Hunter
Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16)
1ATS06
3.06[12]

8
8
"Rubber Man"
Miguel Arteta
Ryan Murphy
November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23)
1ATS07
2.81[13]

9
9
"Spooky Little Girl"
John Scott
Jennifer Salt
November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)
1ATS08
2.85[14]

10
10
"Smoldering Children"
Michael Lehmann
James Wong
December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
1ATS09
2.54[15]

11
11
"Birth"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14)
1ATS10
2.59[16]

12
12
"Afterbirth"
Bradley Buecker
Jessica Sharzer
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)
1ATS11
3.22[17]

text: Season 2: Asylum (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Welcome to Briarcliff"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
2ATS01
3.85[18]

14
2
"Tricks and Treats"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)
2ATS02
3.06[19]

15
3
"Nor'easter"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31)
2ATS03
2.47[20]

16
4
"I Am Anne Frank (Part 1)"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)
2ATS04
2.65[21]

17
5
"I Am Anne Frank (Part 2)"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14)
2ATS05
2.78[22]

18
6
"The Origins of Monstrosity"
David Semel
Ryan Murphy
November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21)
2ATS06
1.89[23]

19
7
"Dark Cousin"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28)
2ATS07
2.27[24]

20
8
"Unholy Night"
Michael Lehmann
James Wong
December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05)
2ATS08
2.36[25]

21
9
"The Coat Hanger"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jennifer Salt
December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12)
2ATS09
2.22[26]

22
10
"The Name Game"
Michael Lehmann
Jessica Sharzer
January 2, 2013 (2013-01-02)
2ATS10
2.21[27]

23
11
"Spilt Milk"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
2ATS11
2.51[28]

24
12
"Continuum"
Craig Zisk
Ryan Murphy
January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16)
2ATS12
2.30[29]

25
13
"Madness Ends"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)
2ATS13
2.29[30]

text: Season 3: Coven (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

26
1
"Bitchcraft"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
3ATS01
5.54[31]

27
2
"Boy Parts"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
3ATS02
4.51[32]

28
3
"The Replacements"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
3ATS03
3.78[33]

29
4
"Fearful Pranks Ensue"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
3ATS04
3.71[34]

30
5
"Burn, Witch. Burn!"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jessica Sharzer
November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
3ATS05
3.80[35]

31
6
"The Axeman Cometh"
Michael Uppendahl
Douglas Petrie
November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
3ATS06
4.16[36]

32
7
"The Dead"
Bradley Buecker
Brad Falchuk
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
3ATS07
4.00[37]

33
8
"The Sacred Taking"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy
December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)
3ATS08
4.07[38]

34
9
"Head"
Howard Deutch
Tim Minear
December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
3ATS09
3.94[39]

35
10
"The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
January 8, 2014 (2014-01-08)
3ATS10
3.49[40]

36
11
"Protect the Coven"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
3ATS11
3.46[41]

37
12
"Go to Hell"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Jessica Sharzer
January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
3ATS12
3.35[42]

38
13
"The Seven Wonders"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Douglas Petrie
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)
3ATS13
4.24[43]

text: Season 4: Freak Show (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

39
1
"Monsters Among Us"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
4ATS01
6.13[44]

40
2
"Massacres and Matinees"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)
4ATS02
4.53[45]

41
3
"Edward Mordrake (Part 1)"
Michael Uppendahl
James Wong
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
4ATS03
4.44[46]

42
4
"Edward Mordrake (Part 2)"
Howard Deutch
Jennifer Salt
October 29, 2014 (2014-10-29)
4ATS04
4.51[47]

43
5
"Pink Cupcakes"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)
4ATS05
4.22[48]

44
6
"Bullseye"
Howard Deutch
John J. Gray
November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)
4ATS06
3.65[49]

45
7
"Test of Strength"
Anthony Hemingway
Crystal Liu
November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)
4ATS07
3.91[50]

46
8
"Blood Bath"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy
December 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)
4ATS08
3.30[51]

47
9
"Tupperware Party Massacre"
Loni Peristere
Brad Falchuk
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
4ATS09
3.07[52]

48
10
"Orphans"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)
4ATS10
2.99[53]

49
11
"Magical Thinking"
Michael Goi
Jennifer Salt
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
4ATS11
3.11[54]

50
12
"Show Stoppers"
Loni Peristere
Jessica Sharzer
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
4ATS12
2.94[55]

51
13
"Curtain Call"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
4ATS13
3.27[56]

text: Season 5: Hotel (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Checking In"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
5ATS01
5.81[57]

53
2
"Chutes and Ladders"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
5ATS02
4.06[58]

54
3
"Mommy"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
5ATS03
3.20[59]

55
4
"Devil's Night"
Loni Peristere
Jennifer Salt
October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
5ATS04
3.04[60]

56
5
"Room Service"
Michael Goi
Ned Martel
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
5ATS05
2.87[61]

57
6
"Room 33"
Loni Peristere
John J. Gray
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
5ATS06
2.64[62]

58
7
"Flicker"
Michael Goi
Crystal Liu
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
5ATS07
2.64[63]

59
8
"The Ten Commandments Killer"
Loni Peristere
Ryan Murphy
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
5ATS08
2.31[64]

60
9
"She Wants Revenge"
Michael Uppendahl
Brad Falchuk
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
5ATS09
2.14[65]

61
10
"She Gets Revenge"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
5ATS10
1.85[66]

62
11
"Battle Royale"
Michael Uppendahl
Ned Martel
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
5ATS11
1.84[67]

63
12
"Be Our Guest"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
5ATS12
2.24[68]

text: Season 6: Roanoke (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

64
1
"Chapter 1"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
6ATS01
5.14[69]

65
2
"Chapter 2"
Michael Goi
Tim Minear
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
6ATS02
3.27[70]

66
3
"Chapter 3"
Jennifer Lynch
James Wong
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
6ATS03
3.08[71]

67
4
"Chapter 4"
Marita Grabiak
John J. Gray
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
6ATS04
2.83[72]

68
5
"Chapter 5"
Nelson Cragg
Akela Cooper
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
6ATS05
2.82[73]

69
6
"Chapter 6"
Angela Bassett
Ned Martel
October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
6ATS06
2.48[74]

70
7
"Chapter 7"
Elodie Keene
Crystal Liu
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
6ATS07
2.62[75]

71
8
"Chapter 8"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Todd Kubrak
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
6ATS08
2.20[76]

72
9
"Chapter 9"
Alexis O. Korycinski
Tim Minear
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
6ATS09
2.43[77]

73
10
"Chapter 10"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
6ATS10
2.45[78]

text: Season 7: Cult (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

74
1
"Election Night"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
7ATS01
3.93[79]

75
2
"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark"
Liza Johnson
Tim Minear
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
7ATS02
2.38[80]

76
3
"Neighbors from Hell"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
James Wong
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
7ATS03
2.25[81]

77
4
"11/9"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
John J. Gray
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
7ATS04
2.13[82]

78
5
"Holes"
Maggie Kiley
Crystal Liu
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
7ATS05
2.20[83]

79
6
"Mid-Western Assassin"
Bradley Buecker
Todd Kubrak
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
7ATS06
2.15[84]

80
7
"Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag"
Rachel Goldberg
Crystal Liu
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
7ATS07
2.07[85]

81
8
"Winter of Our Discontent"
Barbara Brown
Joshua Green
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
7ATS08
2.06[86]

82
9
"Drink the Kool-Aid"
Angela Bassett
Adam Penn
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
7ATS09
1.48[87]

83
10
"Charles (Manson) in Charge"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
7ATS10
1.82[88]

84
11
"Great Again"
Jennifer Lynch
Tim Minear
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
7ATS11
1.97[89]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
2.07
2.06
1.48
1.82
1.97
N/A