document_title: The New Edition Story

question_text: who played ralph in the new edition story

text: The New Edition Story

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Woody McClain as Bobby Brown

Tyler Marcel Williams as Young Bobby Brown

Algee Smith as Ralph Tresvant

Jahi Di'Allo Winston as Young Ralph Tresvant

Bryshere Y. Gray as Michael Bivins

Dante Hoagland as Young Michael Bivins

Elijah Kelley as Ricky Bell

Caleb McLaughlin as Young Ricky Bell

Keith Powers as Ronnie DeVoe

Myles Truitt as Young Ronnie DeVoe

Luke James as Johnny Gill
Wood Harris as Brooke Payne
Faizon Love as Maurice Starr
Tank as Jheryl Busby
Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans
Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson
Duane Martin as Louis Silas Jr.
Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bivins, Michael's mother
Lisa Nicole Carson as Mae Bell, Ricky's mother
La La Anthony as Flo Payne DeVoe, Ronnie's mother
Monica Calhoun as Patricia Tresvant, Ralph's mother
Sandi McCree as Carole Brown, Bobby's mother

text: Others[edit]

text:
Raven Bowens as Teasha Bivins, Michael's wife
Bre-Z as Peanut Bell, Ricky's sister
Bryan Terrell Clark as Terry Lewis
Josh David as Al B. Sure
Melvin Jackson Jr. as Kurtis Blow
Wesley Jonathan as Michael Jonzun
Ashley Wade as Whitney Houston - the girlfriend of Bobby, who later to be his wife and had a daughter.
Krystal M. Harris as Zena, Ralph's ex-wife
Cynthia McWilliams as Sherry Carter
DC Young Fly as Bobby Brown's barber
Cynthia Rodriguez as Amy Correa Bell, Ricky's wife
Rachel Currence as Shamari Fears, Ronnie's wife
Chelsea Diggs-Smith as Amber Tresvant, Ralph's wife
Noel Braham as Ray Parker, Jr.
Stephen Hill as himself

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Part One[edit]

text: Opening Sequence - Home Again Tour - New Mexico 1997

text: Narration by Brook Payne (Wood Harris), the group's first manager, sets the stage: all six members of New Edition are back on tour in 1997, almost twenty years after the group's formation, separations, and solo projects. The divisions are still present as, in addition to performing the group's hits, the three solo acts - Ralph Tresvant, Johnny Gill, and Bobby Brown - and the trio Bell Biv DeVoe (or BBD, for short, made up by Ricky Bell (singer), Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe) also have their own scheduled sets.

text: Tensions reach a boiling point at the New Mexico concert. As Brown - whose decade-long selfishness and severely erratic behavior resulted in his being suspended from the group a decade prior - starts yet another song well after his scheduled time is up, DeVoe goes on stage, thanking Brown for his performance. He then directs the DJ to begin playing the BBD set. After briefly walking off stage, an enraged Brown returns and gets into a confrontation with DeVoe, as the musical performance is replaced by a wild brawl among the various New Edition members and their entourages, punctuated by a gunshot.

text: Payne's narration states that ego, pride, and greed resulted in this blow up of what had once been a successful group and decides to rewind the scene nearly twenty years, back to the group's founding in Roxbury, Massachusetts.

text: The rise of New Edition - Roxbury, MA - 1978-1983

text: It's a normal day for the people of Orchard Park Housing Projects (also called "O.P."), in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1978.

text: Despite his mother' refusal to grant her son permission, a young Ricky Bell (played as a youth by Caleb McLaughlin) sneaks out at night to meet his friend, Michael "Mike" Bivins (played as a youth by Dante Hoagland) to go to a local talent show, where their mutual friend, Bobby Brown (played as a youth by Tyler Marcel Williams) is scheduled to perform. Ricky and Mike are impressed by the sound of a vocal group called "The Untouchables", while Bobby's performance is a disappointment as he gets stage fright within the first few seconds of his song.

text: The next day, Bobby asks Ricky and Mike to join him on stage the next time he performs, thinking that will help him with his stage fright. Initially unsure, the pair agree as long as another kid from the neighborhood, Ralph Tresvant (played as a youth by Jahi D'Allo Winston), can join. The trio made an assumption of the fact he can be pulled away from a girl, whom he has unsuccessfully been trying to impress with his karate skills.

text: The quartet try to practice at Ricky's house but squabble a fair amount. Recognizing they need some guidance, Ricky's sister, Peanut (Bre-Z), suggests they meet with Brooke Payne (Wood Harris), a manager for several of Boston's rising musical acts. The boys sneak into the back alley of a club to convince Brooke to manage them, finally winning him over with an a capella version of The Jackson 5's "I Want You Back".

text: The next morning, the boys arrive on time to meet Payne. However, Payne doesn't sugarcoat them, warning them they will be doing some extra hard work on their path to becoming musical artists. Payne comes up with the group's name of New Edition, as if they were either a new version or new edition of the Jacksons. Weeks of strenuous training features time spent on choreography, physical and mental discipline, and singing, Payne prepares the quartet in for a big talent showcase at the Strand Theater, where the winning act will receive a recording contract from Maurice Starr (Faizon Love) under his independent record label.

text: In a format reminiscent of the Amateur Night of the Apollo Theater, New Edition dazzles the crowd. Unfortunately, the judges grant 1st prize to a hip-hop duo, "The Boston Rebels." The crowd booed the decision, chanting for New Edition so loudly that Maurice gives New Edition a studio recording session and a record deal as well. To strengthen the Jackson 5 connection, Maurice encourages making the group a quintet, with Brooke suggesting his nephew Ronnie DeVoe (played as a youth by Myles Truitt) as the fifth member. Ronnie's audition is good enough for the group to accept him, completing the initial five-member formation of New Edition.

text: Squabbling returns at the recording session, with Ricky and Bobby fighting over a pair of headphones, while Ralph was patiently waiting his turn. Instead, Maurice decides to let Ralph sing first. As a result, the performance is so impressive that Ralph is given the lead vocals for "Candy Girl," which would become New Edition's first hit. Prior to finalizing the group, Maurice offers Ralph a solo deal instead, but Ralph declines, preferring to remain part of New Edition. With their mothers' oversight, the members of New Edition sign their record contract, receiving upfront payments of $500 each and a Betamax machine. With "Candy Girl" a nationwide hit, New Edition now are rising young stars. The quintet begin taking photo shoots for the cover of their debut album (also named Candy Girl), while also getting ready for a nationwide tour.

text: First Album and Candy Girl Tour - 1983

text: With "Candy Girl" #1 on the Billboard charts (topping Michael Jackson), New Edition begins making TV and concert hall appearances, including headlining a show at the Roseland Theater in New York City with Madonna and Kurtis Blow. When the group has been on tour (with international dates added) for several weeks, the mothers of Ricky and Bobby, who are struggling financially and on food stamps, seem concerned that they have not yet received any checks their sons should have earned from the shows. Therefore, they decide to confront Brooke Payne, who says he is not in control of the group's finances, despite being its manager. After grumbling about firing Brooke in order to get a manager who could improve the financial situation, they agree to give him a little more time to see if things improve.

text: Transition of Power / Boys Gone Wild - 1983 to 1984

text: The tour finally ends, with the teenagers leaving the high life and returning home to the poverty of Roxbury, at least until their tour checks arrive. However, when the checks finally show up, each member received $1.87 for the entire tour. Brooke, who had never had a major deal with a music industry label before New Edition and may have made some mistakes due to that inexperience, tries to explain the intricacies of the deal: the label advanced the group money that it needed to record the album and to promote the tour, with the label recouping that advance from the money the boys would have earned from the various tour dates. An emotional Brooke, who didn't even get $1.87 for all of his work on the tour, insists that he cares about the boys and wouldn't have intentionally made a deal that was bad for the boys. Four of the mothers vote to fire Brooke as manager. On the other hand, the lone holdout was Flo DeVoe (La La Anthony), Brooke's sister, who threatened to pull Ronnie out of the group. Brooke, however, reminded her that the group was their only best chance at getting out of the projects.

text: The mothers replace Brooke as manager with Gary Evans (Michael Rapaport), who promises to replace their current deal with Maurice Starr with a better one due to his relationship with MCA Records. Jheryl Busby (Tank), an executive at MCA, privately expresses to Gary a lack of interest with New Edition, whom he views as "some ghetto kids."

text: Having tasted fame and experiencing typical teenage rebellion, the young men of New Edition are less easy to control. Both Gary and the two security guards, Jeff Dyson (Wallace Smith) and Khalil, unexpectedly walking in on some of the members having sex with female groupies. There is more tension and a lot of anxiety within the group as well. Ralph (Algee Smith)'s talent and constant professionalism result in him taking the lead vocals on most of the songs for the new album. Feeling slighted, the rest of the group focuses more on women and having fun, often without Ralph, to whom they mockingly refer as "the big star." This in turn makes Ralph feel betrayed by his friends and frustrated that he is carrying so much of the group's work.

text: Part Two[edit]

text: Roller coaster of troubles - 1984-1985

text: In an effort to patch things up, Ralph asks Gary if the others could have lead vocals in more songs and Gary agrees. It starts with Bobby (Woody McClain) having lead vocals on "Mr. Telephone Man" when New Edition was working with singer-songwriter and producer Ray Parker Jr.. During the recording, Bobby (perhaps letting his constant prominence go to his head) maliciously starts making fun of Mike (Bryshere Y. Gray) for being unable to correctly hold a note. Mike takes this and teasing by the other members personally. He decides to take a cab rather than get in the group's limo, slamming the door shut in frustration. The driver, hearing the slam, assumes that Mike is in the car with them. He backs up and accidentally runs over Mike's foot. When Bobby antagonizes Mike yet again, Mike spits in his face. This eventually triggers a fight that prompted the rest of the group to break up. Gary tells the group that their moms think Mike should be kicked out of the group due to fighting. However, the other guys (including Bobby) stick up for Mike. When Mike returns, Bobby goes up to him first and apologizes for his actions. This allows the group to move forward. While internally repaired, New Edition is clashing with their new choreographer. A frustrated Gary decides to bring in someone who can help keep the group focused: Brooke, who was back only as the choreographer, not the manager.

text: Echoing the concerns of MCA executive Jheryl (who, while satisfied financially, is still concerned about the "ghetto boys'" public persona), Gary presses New Edition to maintain a clean image and be (or at least appear to be) single, the latter of which is particularly important to their young, female fanbase. While rehearsing for the "Cool It Now" tour, Bobby gets arrested for speeding in someone else's car that doesn't belong to him and driving without a license. When Gary comes to the station to bail him out, Bobby reveals that his girlfriend, who was in the car with him, is pregnant. Meanwhile, Ralph's girlfriend back home is also pregnant, but he hasn't told anyone yet. It was later revealed that she would have a miscarriage, partially because Ralph wasn't there to support her during the pregnancy. While smoking weed backstage on tour, the group runs into Johnny Gill (Luke James). Johnny is a Washington, D.C. native, who is another young artist within the MCA family. At another stop on New Edition's tour, no one can locate Bobby, until Gary finds him in the car doing cocaine with and receiving fellatio from female groupies. When discussing the situation with his fellow New Edition members, Bobby insists that he has his personal life under control.

text: Out with the old, In with the new - 1985-1988

text: After the tour, the mothers meet with Gary, frustrated yet again at their sons receiving less money than expected. Gary brings up the group's various expenses and drug/alcohol habits as contributing to the smaller checks, despite New Edition's self-titled second album with MCA being certified platinum.

text: Viewing the act as "Bobby Brown with New Edition" instead of just "New Edition," Bobby's ego continues to inflate out of control. With his personal and professional life causing two things for New Edition: disturbance and disrespect, it comes to a head at a show in Oakland, California. While enjoying the whole spotlight to himself after singing lead vocals for "Mr. Telephone Man," Bobby became emotionally irate. Also (in his mind, at least), he was initially upset over being quickly ignored by the crowd, who cheers for New Edition as a whole. Meanwhile, Ronnie, Mike, Ricky, and Ralph initially felt annoyed over Bobby selfishly trying to hog the entire onstage spotlight to himself. As a result, they all quickly transitioned into their next song, "Cool It Now." This further enrages Bobby, who has an attitude with the audience (by whom he was ignored), dictating that he wouldn't perform with New Edition anymore. Since Bobby does not get his way in the group, he disrespectfully tosses his mike in the air before storming off the set. Fed up with Bobby's actions, Gary pressures Ronnie, Mike, Ricky, and Ralph into voting to kick Bobby out of the group as punishment. Despite their initial reluctance to kick him out, thinking about Bobby's arrest, severe drug usage, continual selfishness, and disrespect eventually prompts the four to unanimously vote Bobby out instead.

text: While driving with Jeff (one of the group's security guards that Gary had hired), Mike speculates on what (if any) future the group has without Bobby. Jeff makes a suggestion that Mike should consider getting in the business side of the industry, given how few broke executives there are compared to broke musicians, as well as giving him more control. Mike glances at the All For Love record, which he and the group (including Bobby) had recorded the year prior and notices "Fast Break Productions" on the record rather than MCA Records. Mike storms into Jheryl's office, interrupting a meeting to demand an explanation. The MCA executive explains to Mike that, rather than being signed to MCA Records, they were signed to Fast Break Productions, which was Gary's company, which in turn had a relationship with MCA Records. In other words, rather than just being a manager who could use his connections to get the group a deal with MCA (as Gary had indicated to the mothers and the members of the group), Gary had drafted a contract that gave him two things: ownership and control of New Edition. This ensured that he got his money before the group did, as well as allowing him to do things like negotiating a shoe deal without consulting the members of the group. Still stunned that their contract with Gary wasn't much better than their $1.87 contract with Maurice Starr four years ago, Mike can't really respond when Jheryl rhetorically asks him if he even read Gary's contract before signing it as opposed to just relying on Gary's explanation. Jheryl finally ends the meeting with a response, saying, "Welcome to the music business." This gives Mike the opportunity to see what it is like to be a music executive- with the group's approval- meets with an attorney to fire Gary as manager and to work by getting out of their contract in order to sign directly with MCA.

text: Back home with his mom, Bobby is doing cocaine while watching the remaining members of New Edition perform "Count Me Out" on Soul Train. His mom enters his room to tell him that he has a visitor: Jheryl. He feels Bobby has too much talent to waste his life to drugs and offers him a solo deal with MCA, where he eventually records his debut solo album. Having moved in together, Ralph's girlfriend encourages him to similarly go solo. Ralph insists that while he is happy with the group, he does start to record some solo tracks without telling the rest of the group beforehand. When Ralph plays some of the solo songs for Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, they feel betrayed. They are not very supportive even when Ralph says he would still be part of the group and just do the solo stuff as a side project, which results in Ralph feeling isolated and frustrated. When Ronnie expresses concern about how he'd take care of his family without New Edition, Mike starts working on a plan, so that they aren't dependent on Ralph. Meanwhile, Ralph, looking forward to solo money rather than splitting with other members of New Edition, shares his feelings with Jheryl. He stresses the importance of two things: timing and positioning, which is why Ralph's solo album will come out later after New Edition records another album. This one with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, who had just produced Janet Jackson's smash album, Control a year prior.

text: The group arrives in Minneapolis to begin recording Heart Break with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Ralph - who is known for always being on time and ready to go - travels separately and arrives late. After a chilly greeting with Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, Ralph is baffled to see a fifth member of New Edition: Johnny Gill, who Mike and Jheryl thought would be a good fit for the group. Angered that he wasn't even consulted about the decision and upset over having to split money five ways again, Ralph storms off. Johnny, Jimmy Jam, and Terry Lewis are also rattled, as they assumed Ralph knew about Johnny.

text: Still sulking, Ralph can't help but be impressed by Johnny's voice (if not his cowboy boot fashion sense). After a recording session, the two have a private conversation (because the other three guys didn't bother to hang around for the session), with Ralph apologizing for his initial conduct. He was admitting that the situation was more about his relationship with the other guys than anything Johnny had done. Ralph and Johnny realize they have several things in common, including professionalism and being fed the same story by Jheryl about delaying a solo project until after recording a New Edition album. Now that Ralph and Johnny were cool, Ralph jokingly asked if wannabe executive Mike sold Johnny on being the next Bobby. Johnny honestly replied that Mike described it as being the next Ralph. Slightly jarred by the thought of being replaced, Ralph regains his normal focus and dedication, with the entire group contributing to a great performance of "Can You Stand The Rain" and work well together recording the rest of the album. While preparing for Heart Break's album cover photo shoot, the men discuss how they've grown personally and professionally in their years in the recording business. When the photographer encourages them to smile, the group insists they know what works best for them and opts for a more serious facial expression.

text: While working on a music video for If It Isn't Love (with Brooke Payne once again providing choreography) and preparing for another tour, MCA's A&R/business partner Louis Silas Jr. (Duane Martin) drops the bombshell that Bobby will be touring with them.

text: Part Three[edit]

text: A Fork in the Road - 1988-1990

text: New Edition continues their preparations for the upcoming tour by releasing their new single "If It Isn't Love." Meanwhile, at the Paramount Pictures studio, Bobby Brown (who has skyrocketed to super-stardom with his second album Don't Be Cruel) prepares for his "Every Little Step" music video. Brown's barber (DC Young Fly) is distracted by the girls that will appear in the video and accidentally cuts off a chunk of Bobby's hair. This left a slant in Bobby's hair that Bobby irately compares to "Gumby." Without time to fix it, Bobby is forced to debut what would become his signature look in the video instead.

text: Bobby and New Edition are generally able to work well together on the tour, which also features singer Al B. Sure! (Josh David). Despite this, Bobby bristles a bit when "his" supposed lead vocals on Jealous Girl and Mr. Telephone Man will be both sung by Johnny even after Bobby originally offered to sing them himself. After a Washington, D.C. performance, Mike agrees to listen to a group of young men from Philadelphia sing one of New Edition's songs for him outside the tour bus. Impressed, Mike gives them a business card and encourages the group that will become Boyz II Men to call him.

text: In 1989, a party to celebrate the success of the tour, revealing how the group split up again. Jheryl is leaving his job at MCA Records to take a major role at Motown and convinces Johnny to come with him and record his self-titled third album - the one Jheryl promised he would support if Johnny recorded Heart Break with New Edition - at Motown. Ralph's similarly promised solo album will be released by MCA but must be re-recorded because Ralph and the executives felt that it would sound too much like Bobby's Don't Be Cruel album. Ralph is annoyed, because his album was originally ready to be released before Heart Break. However, it was delayed in favor of the New Edition album. As for Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis suggest the trio start their own group, which would become Bell Biv DeVoe, based on their last names. Finally, the arrogant and disrespectful Bobby, who made a scene by sticking his hands into both of the party's cakes, is angry despite his individual success and being surrounded by attractive women. He almost showed constant jealously looking out at his former group members.

text: In March 1990, all six members of New Edition reunite by making an appearance for Video Soul with Sherry Carter. There is clearly awkwardness and tension during the interview, with barbed comments flying all around, particularly between Ralph and Mike (still not yet over inviting Johnny to the group without consulting Ralph), as well as Bobby and everyone else. The show also airs each of the separate acts' music videos: BBD's "Poison", Ralph Tresvant's "Sensitivity", and Johnny Gill's "My, My, My." When the host asked the most anticipated question, "Would the group ever reunite for a new album?," Ralph suggested there was a possibility to record a reunion album in the coming future.

text: Are we "Home Again" or not? - 1996-1997

text: The reunion album is made six years later, in 1996, after the various independent acts somewhat fizzled. This left several in debt, or at least precarious, financial position, especially Ricky (Elijah Kelley). Several of the group members, now approaching their 30s, are also dealing with personal issues: Ralph is struggling with the passing of his mother, while Bobby is no longer the only member with drug and alcohol issues. Also, Ricky is secretly using cocaine, popping pills, and drinking heavily, hiding his problems from his wife as well as the rest of New Edition.

text: As the group prepares for a tour of Home Again, Brooke is amazed at their expenses - separate tour buses, large entourages, lots of luggage - despite their limited success as independent acts, as well as being less professional than when they were kids. While the group will perform New Edition songs, they will also perform the songs of their various respective acts. Unfortunately, this tour does not go well, with Bobby's penchant for missing various interviews and even performances annoying the rest of the group and interfering with scheduled performance times. At one stop, Bobby arrived after the rest of the group had finished performing but decided to close the show solo instead. Bobby claimed that he felt like singing, because the crowd was chanting for him.

text: The tour arrives in New Mexico, where the miniseries began, though with some additional details on what would lead to the massive brawl. Bobby - on time for a change - decided to sing an extra song, at least partially because Bell Biv DeVoe couldn't go on as Ronnie (Keith Powers) was late. Bobby assumes that he was the real star of the tour. Thus, when Ronnie charged onto the stage to cut off Bobby, Bobby was partially angry, claiming that he was covering for Ronnie by doing an extra song. Storming backstage angry, Bobby tries to blast Bell Biv DeVoe with water from a fire hose but can't get the emergency device to work. Instead, he and his bodyguard march onstage, which brings in the various entourages for a chaotic scene, finally culminating with a gun shot that scatters everyone.

text: In the chaos, Brooke stumbles away and has a heart attack before being found by one of the members of the Bell Biv DeVoe entourage. An ambulance arrives to take him to the hospital, but won't allow Ronnie (who is Brooke's nephew) in with him. Instead, both Ricky and Mike try to keep Ronnie calm while waiting for a car. Ralph and Johnny get filled in, but Ronnie nearly loses it when Bobby appears to ask what's going on. He angrily blames Bobby for starting the fracas that led to his uncle having a heart attack. Bobby, on the hand, counter-argued that he would never hurt Brooke and that it was Ronnie who provoked the situation. Ronnie angrily storms off for good this time, saying he's done with the tour. Also, he's fed up with Ralph and Johnny always coddling Bobby. Ralph leaves after getting into it with Mike, and Johnny was fed up wasting his time with the hostility. A panicked Ricky asks Mike what they are going to do with so many shows left, and Mike essentially says the tour and the group are done.

text: Souls falling apart / Finding myself - 1998-2004

text: In the years after the tour, the New Edition members largely stay out of contact and have their lives go in different directions.

text:
Johnny is largely OK music wise, forming a new group called LSG with Gerald Levert and Keith Sweat but not seeming interested in talking to a radio personality about New Edition and the destruction of the group during the Home Again album and tour during a radio interview.
Taking all the knowledge of the business side of the music industry that Jeff game, Mike becomes a full time music executive himself. He starts his own label Biv 10 Records. Mike is now finding himself on the other side of the table when dealing with artists and often using the same words ("Did you even read your contract?") that people like Jheryl had said to Mike when New Edition was just starting.
Ralph's short marriage to his longtime girlfriend Xeina ends in a grimey divorce, with her taking the cars, house, sole custody of the kids and half of their shared assets. Being the mild mannered guy that he is, Ralph eventually deciding not to fight too much to contest.
With the Home Again tour falling apart and the group not on any speaking terms whatsoever, Ronnie decides to pursue a whole endeavor by enrolling in some real estate classes to become a real estate agent. However, he feels somewhat embarrassed when a fan recognizes him, feeling like he is at a rock bottom.
The New Edition member really at rock bottom is Ricky, whose drug and alcohol use gets worse when he faces bankruptcy, aggravated by lawsuits from the tour's abrupt end and lack of any job or trade skills other than music. Ricky's wife, Amy, suggests asking the members of New Edition for help but he refused. Instead, he asks her if she knows someone with a truck to help them move out of their foreclosed house.
Bobby's life at this time, including his relationship with his then wife at the time, Whitney Houston, is not shown in the miniseries.

text: Ricky eventually has an overdose, but his wife finds him in time for help to arrive and save him. At rehab, Ricky admits that what he was chasing was the feeling of fame, fortune, and popularity that he had years prior, as well as trying to fight the fear that the feeling wouldn't come back. In 2004, Ronnie's wedding planning isn't going well, with his latest concern being wasting money for inedible flowers on the wedding cake. His fiancée, Shamari, gets him to admit that his real issue is not having reunited New Edition, either as a musical group or to be his groomsmen for his rapidly approaching wedding. Concerned that their egos and behavior will both prevent any of them from showing up, Ronnie is convinced to at least invite the other five members to his wedding so that he won't have regrets.

text: I am my Brother's Keeper / BET 25th Celebration - 2005

text: The day of the wedding, Ronnie is in his prep room, on his own, accepting that he's going to be at the altar without any groomsmen. He hears a knock on the door and "Police!", only for it to be Bobby in a dazzling all-white tuxedo. Although Bobby thanks Ronnie for the invitation to be a groomsman, he declines an offer for a drink, saying he has cooled on drugs and alcohol. The rest of New Edition arrives, including a sober Ricky, with Ralph and Mike at least able to be civil to each other. The final arrival is Brooke, back to normal, after his heart attack at the disastrous tour and ready to see his nephew Ronnie get married.

text: At the reception, Ralph and Mike have a longer conversation, with Mike apologizing for starting the group's break up by bringing in Johnny to replace Ralph. Ralph counters that the group faced bigger problems than that, citing that the problems, which the members were only ready to deal with now that they were older. Rather than just a temporary truce, Ralph and Mike seem to have rekindled their friendship, ready to move forward without dwelling on negative events from the past.

text: Brooke toasts Ronnie and his new wife and includes New Edition in his toast by reminiscing about raising Ronnie and the other members of the group, encouraging them to be thankful for their success as a musical group and as men. New Edition reunites to serenade Ronnie's wife with their first hit song "Candy Girl." A BET producer approaches Brooke with the idea of having a New Edition reunion at the channel's 25th anniversary special. Brooke advises him to move quickly, as he does't know the next time the group will be together like this. The producer, however, does move quickly enough, as the group agrees to reunite for the BET special.

text: At the special, New Edition begins to perform a medley of hit singles: "If It Isn't Love," "Can You Stand the Rain," "Candy Girl," and "Cool It Now" before introducing Bobby Brown to perform "Mr. Telephone Man" with them. After Bobby gives a solo performance of his solo classic hit single "My Prerogative," Bobby then invites the group along to perform a medley with him, with highlights of the miniseries airing as the group sings. They all take a bow and give props and credit to BET for giving their long standing partnership as a final sendoff.

text: Development[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: In August 2015, it was announced that BET commissioned the television film that would air as a three night miniseries. Five of the group's members--Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Johnny Gill and Ralph Tresvant, had signed on as co-producers, while Bobby Brown did not. In addition, the band's longtime manager Brooke Payne had also been tapped as a co-producer and the film was to be written by Abdul Williams who wrote the 2010 film Lottery Ticket. Jesse Collins of the network's Real Husbands of Hollywood would serve as executive producer.[2] Collins later reported that production would air in 2017.[3] In April 2016, it was confirmed that Brown had also signed on as co-producer.[4] It was also announced that ATL director Chris Robinson would direct the film.[5] In November 2016, it was announced that iconic producers Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis had been recruited to oversee the music production.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting for the series began in Boston in January 2016.[7][8] In April 2016, the network announced that Empire star Bryshere Y. Gray would portray Michael Bivins. The rest of cast included actor and singer Elijah Kelley as Ricky, R&B singer Luke James as Johnny, Algee Smith as Ralph, Keith Powers as Ronnie, and Woody McClain as Bobby Brown.[9] In addition, Dante Hoagland, Caleb McLaughlin, Myles Truitt, Jahi Winston, and Tyler Marcel Williams would portray younger versions of Michael, Ricky, Ronnie, Ralph and Bobby respectively.[4] In May 2016, La La Anthony, Yvette Nicole Brown, Monica Calhoun, Lisa Nicole Carson and Sandi McCree would join the cast as the mothers of the group members: Flo DeVoe, Shirley Bivins, Patricia Tresvant, Mae Bell and Carole Brown.[10] Several others joined the cast later that month including Wood Harris as Brooke Payne, Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans, Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson, Faizon Love as Maurice Starr, Duane Martin as Louil Silas, singer Tank as Jheryl Busby and actress/rapper Bre-Z as Peanut Bell.[11]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The first trailer for the film was unveiled on June 26, 2016, at the 26th annual BET Awards.[12] In July 2016, BET released a photo of the cast recreating the group's iconic album cover for the 1996 release Home Again.[13] In September 2016, BET announced the official premiere date for the film which would air on January 24, 25 and 26, 2017.[14] The network also released an extended trailer which highlighted the legendary onstage brawl between Bobby Brown and Bell Biv DeVoe after Brown went solo.[15] The UrbanWorld Film Festival hosted an exclusive screening of several clips.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The film's premiere was watched by 4.2 million viewers, making it BET's most watched premiere since the 2012 season premiere of the sitcom The Game, which drew 5.2 million.[17][18] The second and final episodes brought in 3.96 million and 4.23 million viewers respectively, making the miniseries the top rated cable program for three consecutive nights.[19][20]

text: Critical[edit]

text: The New Edition Story has garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 76 out of 100.[21] It currently has a 100% rating, with an average score of 7.2/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, along with the consensus being, "The New Edition Story colorfully showcases its subjects with honesty and clarity while offering an entertainingly paced overview that leaves room for plenty of the group's greatest hits".[22] The film received rave reviews for the child actors who portrayed younger versions of New Edition in the first part of the series. Sylvia Obell of Buzzfeed praised the casting as "absolute perfection" and rated it an A+. Obell compared the film to another iconic television miniseries -- "it is on its way to being the best black TV biopic since The Jacksons: An American Dream" which aired on ABC in 1992. The most talked about similarities is the uncanny "jawdropping" striking resemblance of the young Bobby Brown, portrayed by Tyler Marcel Williams, who nailed the looks, demeanor and Bobby's most iconic "body roll". Also another uncanny resemblance were of the vocals of the young Ralph Tresvant, portrayed by Jahi Di'Allo Winston. For viewers, hearing his first lead solo appearance in the film singing "Candy Girl" gave chills for nailing every note.[23] Trey Mangum of Blavity said that BET "outdid" themselves, saying "With the warm reception and open arms that the world received The New Edition Story with, it's clear that this story needed to be told, and this was the perfect time." Mangum complimented the "spot-on" casting of both the young and adult casts, as well as the fact both casts recorded their own vocals, a rarity for musical biopics.[24]

text: During an interview with Bell Biv DeVoe on the radio show, The Breakfast Club, co-host Angela Yee described the casting for the film as "fantastic." Michael Bivins praised Algee Smith's portrayal of Tresvant and said he was "real nice, sliding into the most difficult spot." Smith did an outstanding job portraying Tresvant, especially for his first major role, and displayed amazing vocals somewhat similar to Tresvant's himself. Bivins' own mother pushed for Gray during the casting process.[25] In another interview, Ricky Bell along with Bivins praised Elijah Kelley for his portrayal of Ricky in the film. Bell further praised young actor Caleb McLaughlin for his portrayal as well. Bell was amazed by McLaughlin's attention to detail.[26]


question_text: when was the last time bayern munich won the uefa champions league

root

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key

Match was won during extra time

*
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

&
Match was won after a replay

tag: table

text:
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.

tag: ul

text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

Season
Nation
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Nation
Venue
Attendance[11]

1955–56
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–3
Stade de Reims
 France
 Parc des Princes, Paris
38,239

1956–57
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–0
Fiorentina
 Italy
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
124,000

1957–58
 Spain
Real Madrid
3–2
Milan
 Italy
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
67,000

1958–59
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–0
Stade de Reims
 France
 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
72,000

1959–60
 Spain
Real Madrid
7–3
Eintracht Frankfurt
 West Germany
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
127,621

1960–61
 Portugal
Benfica
3–2
Barcelona
 Spain
 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
26,732

1961–62
 Portugal
Benfica
5–3
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
61,257

1962–63
 Italy
Milan
2–1
Benfica
 Portugal
 Wembley Stadium, London
45,715

1963–64
 Italy
Internazionale
3–1
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
71,333

1964–65
 Italy
Internazionale
1–0
Benfica
 Portugal
 San Siro, Milan
89,000

1965–66
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–1
Partizan
 Yugoslavia
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
46,745

1966–67
 Scotland
Celtic
2–1
Internazionale
 Italy
 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
45,000

1967–68
 England
Manchester United
4–1
Benfica
 Portugal
 Wembley Stadium, London
92,225

1968–69
 Italy
Milan
4–1
Ajax
 Netherlands
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
31,782

1969–70
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
2–1
Celtic
 Scotland
 San Siro, Milan
53,187

1970–71
 Netherlands
Ajax
2–0
Panathinaikos
 Greece
 Wembley Stadium, London
83,179

1971–72
 Netherlands
Ajax
2–0
Internazionale
 Italy
 De Kuip, Rotterdam
61,354

1972–73
 Netherlands
Ajax
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
89,484

1973–74
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
4–0&[A]
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
72,047

1974–75
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
2–0
Leeds United
 England
 Parc des Princes, Paris
48,374

1975–76
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1–0
Saint-Étienne
 France
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
54,864

1976–77
 England
Liverpool
3–1
Borussia Mönchengladbach
 West Germany
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
52,078

1977–78
 England
Liverpool
1–0
Club Brugge
 Belgium
 Wembley Stadium, London
92,500

1978–79
 England
Nottingham Forest
1–0
Malmö FF
 Sweden
 Olympiastadion, Munich
57,500

1979–80
 England
Nottingham Forest
1–0
Hamburg
 West Germany
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
51,000

1980–81
 England
Liverpool
1–0
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Parc des Princes, Paris
48,360

1981–82
 England
Aston Villa
1–0
Bayern Munich
 West Germany
 De Kuip, Rotterdam
46,000

1982–83
 West Germany
Hamburg
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
73,500

1983–84
 England
Liverpool
1–1*[B]
Roma
 Italy
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
69,693

1984–85
 Italy
Juventus
1–0
Liverpool
 England
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
58,000

1985–86
 Romania
Steaua București
0–0*[C]
Barcelona
 Spain
 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
70,000

1986–87
 Portugal
Porto
2–1
Bayern Munich
 West Germany
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
57,500

1987–88
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
0–0*[D]
Benfica
 Portugal
 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
68,000

1988–89
 Italy
Milan
4–0
Steaua București
 Romania
 Camp Nou, Barcelona
97,000

1989–90
 Italy
Milan
1–0
Benfica
 Portugal
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
57,558

1990–91
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
0–0*[E]
Marseille
 France
 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
56,000

1991–92
 Spain
Barcelona
1–0
Sampdoria
 Italy
 Wembley Stadium, London
70,827

1992–93
 France
Marseille
1–0
Milan
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Munich
64,400

1993–94
 Italy
Milan
4–0
Barcelona
 Spain
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
70,000

1994–95
 Netherlands
Ajax
1–0
Milan
 Italy
 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
49,730

1995–96
 Italy
Juventus
1–1*[F]
Ajax
 Netherlands
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
70,000

1996–97
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
3–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Munich
59,000

1997–98
 Spain
Real Madrid
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
48,500

1998–99
 England
Manchester United
2–1
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Camp Nou, Barcelona
90,245

1999–2000
 Spain
Real Madrid
3–0
Valencia
 Spain
 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
80,000

2000–01
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1–1*[G]
Valencia
 Spain
 San Siro, Milan
71,500

2001–02
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–1
Bayer Leverkusen
 Germany
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
50,499

2002–03
 Italy
Milan
0–0*[H]
Juventus
 Italy
 Old Trafford, Manchester
62,315

2003–04
 Portugal
Porto
3–0
Monaco
 France
 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
53,053

2004–05
 England
Liverpool
3–3*[I]
Milan
 Italy
 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
69,000

2005–06
 Spain
Barcelona
2–1
Arsenal
 England
 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
79,610

2006–07
 Italy
Milan
2–1
Liverpool
 England
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
63,000

2007–08
 England
Manchester United
1–1*[J]
Chelsea
 England
 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
67,310

2008–09
 Spain
Barcelona
2–0
Manchester United
 England
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
62,467

2009–10
 Italy
Internazionale
2–0
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
73,490

2010–11
 Spain
Barcelona
3–1
Manchester United
 England
 Wembley Stadium, London
87,695

2011–12
 England
Chelsea
1–1*[K]
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Allianz Arena, Munich
62,500

2012–13
 Germany
Bayern Munich
2–1
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
 Wembley Stadium, London
86,298

2013–14
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–1
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
60,976

2014–15
 Spain
Barcelona
3–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Berlin
70,442

2015–16
 Spain
Real Madrid
1–1*[L]
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 San Siro, Milan
71,942

2016–17
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
65,842

Upcoming finals

Season
Nation
Finalist
Match
Finalist
Nation
Venue

2017–18

–

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

2018–19

–

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid

text: Performances[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

v
t
e

Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up

 Real Madrid
12
3
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017
1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan
7
4
1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich*
5
5
1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013
1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Barcelona
5
3
1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015
1961, 1986, 1994

 Liverpool
5
2
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005
1985, 2007

 Ajax*
4
2
1971, 1972, 1973, 1995
1969, 1996

 Internazionale
3
2
1964, 1965, 2010
1967, 1972

 Manchester United*
3
2
1968, 1999, 2008
2009, 2011

 Juventus*
2
7
1985, 1996
1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica
2
5
1961, 1962
1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest
2
0
1979, 1980
—

 Porto
2
0
1987, 2004
—

 Celtic
1
1
1967
1970

 Hamburg
1
1
1983
1980

 Steaua București
1
1
1986
1989

 Marseille
1
1
1993
1991

 Borussia Dortmund
1
1
1997
2013

 Chelsea*
1
1
2012
2008

 Feyenoord
1
0
1970
—

 Aston Villa
1
0
1982
—

 PSV Eindhoven
1
0
1988
—

 Red Star Belgrade
1
0
1991
—

 Atlético Madrid
0
3
—
1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims
0
2
—
1956, 1959

 Valencia
0
2
—
2000, 2001

 Fiorentina
0
1
—
1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt
0
1
—
1960

 Partizan
0
1
—
1966

 Panathinaikos
0
1
—
1971

 Leeds United
0
1
—
1975

 Saint-Étienne
0
1
—
1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach
0
1
—
1977

 Club Brugge
0
1
—
1978

 Malmö FF
0
1
—
1979

 Roma
0
1
—
1984

 Sampdoria
0
1
—
1992

 Bayer Leverkusen
0
1
—
2002

 Monaco
0
1
—
2004

 Arsenal
0
1
—
2006

text: * Club has won all three major UEFA competitions

tag: p

text: By nation[edit]

text:
Performance by nation

Nation
Winners
Runners-up

 Spain
17
11

 Italy
12
16

 England
12
7

 Germany
7
10

 Netherlands
6
2

 Portugal
4
5

 France
1
5

 Scotland
1
1

 Romania
1
1

 Yugoslavia
1
1

 Greece
0
1

 Belgium
0
1

 Sweden
0
1

text: Venues[edit]

text:
Multiple guest and neutral hosts

Ground
Hosts
Years

 Wembley Stadium, London
7
1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
4
1957, 1969, 1980, 2010

 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels
4
1958, 1966, 1974, 1985

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
4
1964, 1987, 1990, 1995

 San Siro, Milan
4
1965, 1970, 2001, 2016

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
4
1977, 1984, 1996, 2009

 Parc des Princes, Paris
3
1956, 1975, 1981

 Hampden Park, Glasgow
3
1960, 1976, 2002

 Olympiastadion, Munich
3
1979, 1993, 1997

 Olympic Stadium, Athens
3
1983, 1994, 2007

 Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart
2
1959, 1988

 De Kuip, Rotterdam
2
1972, 1982

 Camp Nou, Barcelona
2
1989, 1999

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2
2000, 2006

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1
1961

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
1
1962

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
1
1967

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
1
1973

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
1
1986

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
1
1991

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
1
1998

 Old Trafford, Manchester
1
2003

 Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen
1
2004

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
1
2005

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
1
2008

 Allianz Arena, Munich
1
2012

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1
2014

 Olympiastadion, Berlin
1
2015

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1
2017

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^ The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]

text: B. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]

text: C. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]

text: D. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]

text: E. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]

text: F. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]

text: G. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]

text: H. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]

text: I. ^ Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]

text: J. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]

text: K. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]

text: L. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]


document_title: Quarter Pounder

question_text: what do you call a quarter pounder in france

text: Quarter Pounder

text: History[edit]

text: The Quarter Pounder was created by Al Bernardin, a franchise owner and former McDonald's Vice President of product development, in Fremont, California, in 1971.[2]  Bernardin had moved to Fremont in 1970 after purchasing two company-owned McDonald's restaurants.[2]

text: Bernardin began experimenting with new menu items for his McDonald's franchises. According to a 1991 interview, Bernardin noted that he "felt there was a void in our menu vis-à-vis the adult who wanted a higher ratio of meat to bun."[2] In 1971, Bernardin introduced the first Quarter Pounders at his McDonald's in Fremont using the slogan, "Today Fremont, tomorrow the world."[2] The Quarter Pounder became a success and was added to the national American menu in 1973.[3] Since May 2018, McDonald's is using fresh beef with no preservatives added for their Quarter Pounders at their continental U.S. locations.[4]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In November 2008, McDonald's Japan (which until then had never offered the Quarter Pounder as a regular item) converted two Tokyo restaurants into "Quarter Pounder" branded restaurants which only sold Quarter Pounder meals. These promotional branches closed on November 27, 2008 coinciding with the re-introduction of the Quarter Pounder at regular McDonald's branches throughout the Kantō (Tokyo) region from November 28.[5] The Quarter Pounder was launched at one McDonald's restaurant in the Kansai (Osaka) region on December 23, 2008.[6] It was later reported that 15,000 customers had visited the restaurant on the first day, generating a record 10.02 million yen in sales for a single restaurant in one day. However, it was also revealed that McDonald's had hired 1,000 "extras" to queue up on the first day. McDonald's Japan explained that the hirees were used for "product monitoring purposes".[7][8]

text: The Quarter Pounder was discontinued in Japan as of April 4, 2017. McDonald's Holdings Co. has to date given no official reason for the removal.[9] It was replaced by a line of three "Gran" (グラン) burgers around the same date.

text: Product description[edit]

text: In most markets that do not use imperial measurements, the Quarter Pounder is known as the Hamburger Royale, Royal, McRoyal, or variants thereof. In France, Belgium, and Portugal the Quarter Pounder includes cheese as standard and is named Royal Cheese. In Italy, formerly known as McRoyal DeLuxe, it goes by Deluxe, Cheese and Bacon variants.

text: In English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand that have adopted metrication Or have partially adopted metric units such as the UK, the burger retains the Quarter Pounder name (although, in French-speaking Canada, it is known as Quart de livre). The term Quarterão com Queijo is used in metric Brazil, Cuarto de Libra con Queso in Spain and in Latin America, and Quarter Pounder Cheese is used in Sweden and Finland. In the United States and South Africa there are two variations: the Quarter Pounder with cheese, and the Quarter Pounder Deluxe. In some Middle-Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, McDonald's provides both a Quarter Pounder and a McRoyale burger on its menu, the McRoyale having slightly different ingredients. In Hong Kong, the Quarter Pounder is known as a "full three taels" (Chinese: 足三両) in Chinese because three taels is approximately equal in weight to a quarter pound, while the English name Quarter Pounder is retained. In Taiwan it is known as "four-ounces beef hamburger" (Chinese: 四盎司牛肉堡). The Quarter Pounder is unavailable in mainland China. In Russia and Ukraine, it was known as Royal Cheeseburger, and since 2016 in Russia it is called Grand Cheeseburger. In Japan, the name was a katakana representation of "Quarter Pounder" (Japanese: クォーターパウンダー Ku~ōtā Paundā).

text: The burger comprises a beef patty weighing 4.25 oz. (120.5 g) before cooking[10] and 3 oz. prepared, pickles, raw onion, ketchup, and mustard. In all or much of the New York City area, it is served without mustard, as are burgers made with the smaller 1.6-ounce (45 g) patties.[11]

text: The nutritional content of the Quarter Pounder varies between countries and locations. For example, in Australia, which uses local beef for its McDonald's products, the average Quarter Pounder has 33.7 g of protein per serving, a higher value than that stated for the same burger in the United States.[12]

text: Other quarter-pound hamburgers[edit]

text: "Quarter Pounder" is a trademark in the United States, but restaurants in other countries have been able to use similar names for their own products, such as the British Wimpy chain's "Quarterpounder."[13]


document_title: Emission spectrum

question_text: an elements unique colors produced when electrons are in the excited state are called its

text: Emission spectrum

text: Emission[edit]

text: In physics, emission is the process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition. Since energy must be conserved, the energy difference between the two states equals the energy carried off by the photon. The energy states of the transitions can lead to emissions over a very large range of frequencies. For example, visible light is emitted by the coupling of electronic states in atoms and molecules (then the phenomenon is called fluorescence or phosphorescence). On the other hand, nuclear shell transitions can emit high energy gamma rays, while nuclear spin transitions emit low energy radio waves.

text: The emittance of an object quantifies how much light is emitted by it. This may be related to other properties of the object through the Stefan–Boltzmann law. For most substances, the amount of emission varies with the temperature and the spectroscopic composition of the object, leading to the appearance of color temperature and emission lines. Precise measurements at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via emission spectroscopy.

text: Emission of radiation is typically described using semi-classical quantum mechanics: the particle's energy levels and spacings are determined from quantum mechanics, and light is treated as an oscillating electric field that can drive a transition if it is in resonance with the system's natural frequency. The quantum mechanics problem is treated using time-dependent perturbation theory and leads to the general result known as Fermi's golden rule. The description has been superseded by quantum electrodynamics, although the semi-classical version continues to be more useful in most practical computations.

text: Origins[edit]

text: When the electrons in the atom are excited, for example by being heated, the additional energy pushes the electrons to higher energy orbitals. When the electrons fall back down and leave the excited state, energy is re-emitted in the form of a photon. The wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of the photon is determined by the difference in energy between the two states. These emitted photons form the element's spectrum.

text: The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum means that only certain frequencies of light are emitted. Each of these frequencies are related to energy by the formula:

text:
where

E

photon

{\displaystyle E_{\text{photon}}}

 is the energy of the photon,

ν

{\displaystyle \nu }

 is its frequency, and

h

{\displaystyle h}

 is Planck's constant. This concludes that only photons with specific energies are emitted by the atom. The principle of the atomic emission spectrum explains the varied colors in neon signs, as well as chemical flame test results (described below).

text: The frequencies of light that an atom can emit are dependent on states the electrons can be in. When excited, an electron moves to a higher energy level or orbital. When the electron falls back to its ground level the light is emitted.

text: The above picture shows the visible light emission spectrum for hydrogen. If only a single atom of hydrogen were present, then only a single wavelength would be observed at a given instant. Several of the possible emissions are observed because the sample contains many hydrogen atoms that are in different initial energy states and reach different final energy states. These different combinations lead to simultaneous emissions at different wavelengths.

text: Radiation from molecules[edit]

text: As well as the electronic transitions discussed above, the energy of a molecule can also change via rotational, vibrational, and vibronic (combined vibrational and electronic) transitions. These energy transitions often lead to closely spaced groups of many different spectral lines, known as spectral bands. Unresolved band spectra may appear as a spectral continuum.

text: Emission spectroscopy[edit]

text: Light consists of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Therefore, when the elements or their compounds are heated either on a flame or by an electric arc they emit energy in the form of light. Analysis of this light, with the help of a spectroscope gives us a discontinuous spectrum. A spectroscope or a spectrometer is an instrument which is used for separating the components of light, which have different wavelengths. The spectrum appears in a series of lines called the line spectrum. This line spectrum is called an atomic spectrum when it originates from an atom in elemental form. Each element has a different atomic spectrum. The production of line spectra by the atoms of an element indicate that an atom can radiate only a certain amount of energy. This leads to the conclusion that bound electrons cannot have just any amount of energy but only a certain amount of energy.

text: The emission spectrum can be used to determine the composition of a material, since it is different for each element of the periodic table. One example is astronomical spectroscopy: identifying the composition of stars by analysing the received light. The emission spectrum characteristics of some elements are plainly visible to the naked eye when these elements are heated. For example, when platinum wire is dipped into a strontium nitrate solution and then inserted into a flame, the strontium atoms emit a red color. Similarly, when copper is inserted into a flame, the flame becomes green. These definite characteristics allow elements to be identified by their atomic emission spectrum. Not all emitted lights are perceptible to the naked eye, as the spectrum also includes ultraviolet rays and infrared lighting. An emission is formed when an excited gas is viewed directly through a spectroscope.

text: Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of photons emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower energy state. Each element emits a characteristic set of discrete wavelengths according to its electronic structure, and by observing these wavelengths the elemental composition of the sample can be determined. Emission spectroscopy developed in the late 19th century and efforts in theoretical explanation of atomic emission spectra eventually led to quantum mechanics.

text: There are many ways in which atoms can be brought to an excited state. Interaction with electromagnetic radiation is used in fluorescence spectroscopy, protons or other heavier particles in Particle-Induced X-ray Emission and electrons or X-ray photons in Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy or X-ray fluorescence. The simplest method is to heat the sample to a high temperature, after which the excitations are produced by collisions between the sample atoms. This method is used in flame emission spectroscopy, and it was also the method used by Anders Jonas Ångström when he discovered the phenomenon of discrete emission lines in the 1850s.[1]

text: Although the emission lines are caused by a transition between quantized energy states and may at first look very sharp, they do have a finite width, i.e. they are composed of more than one wavelength of light. This spectral line broadening has many different causes.

text: Emission spectroscopy is often referred to as optical emission spectroscopy because of the light nature of what is being emitted.

text: History[edit]

text: Emission lines from hot gases were first discovered[citation needed] by Ångström, and the technique was further developed by David Alter, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen.

text: See the history of spectroscopy for details.

text: Experimental technique in flame emission spectroscopy[edit]

text: The solution containing the relevant substance to be analysed is drawn into the burner and dispersed into the flame as a fine spray. The solvent evaporates first, leaving finely divided solid particles which move to the hottest region of the flame where gaseous atoms and ions are produced. Here electrons are excited as described above. It is common for a monochromator to be used to allow for easy detection.

text: On a simple level, flame emission spectroscopy can be observed using just a flame and samples of metal salts. This method of qualitative analysis is called a flame test. For example, sodium salts placed in the flame will glow yellow from sodium ions, while strontium (used in road flares) ions color it red. Copper wire will create a blue colored flame, however in the presence of chloride gives green (molecular contribution by CuCl).

text: Emission coefficient[edit]

text: Emission coefficient is a coefficient in the power output per unit time of an electromagnetic source, a calculated value in physics. The emission coefficient of a gas varies with the wavelength of the light. It has units of ms−3sr−1.[2] It is also used as a measure of environmental emissions (by mass) per MWh of electricity generated, see: Emission factor.

text: Scattering of light[edit]

text: In Thomson scattering a charged particle emits radiation under incident light. The particle may be an ordinary atomic electron, so emission coefficients have practical applications.

text: If X dV dΩ dλ is the energy scattered by a volume element dV into solid angle dΩ between wavelengths λ and λ+dλ per unit time then the Emission coefficient is X.

text: The values of X in Thomson scattering can be predicted from incident flux, the density of the charged particles and their Thomson differential cross section (area/solid angle).

text: Spontaneous emission[edit]

text: A warm body emitting photons has a monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced from quantum mechanical theory.


document_title: Natural resources of India

question_text: how many types of minerals are there in india

text: Natural resources of India

text: General[edit]

text: The total cultivable area in India is 1,945,355  km² (56.78% of its total land area), which is shrinking due to population pressures and rapid urbanisation. India has a total water surface area of 360,400 km²[1][2]

text: India produces 4 fuels, 11 metallic, 52 non-metallic and 22 minor minerals.[3] India's major mineral resources include Coal (4th largest reserves in the world), Iron ore, Manganese ore (7th largest reserve in the world as in 2013),[4] Mica, Bauxite (5th largest reserve in the world as in 2013),[5] Chromite, Natural gas, Diamonds, Limestone and Thorium (world's largest along coast of Kerala[6] shores). India's oil reserves, found in Bombay High off the coast of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and in eastern Assam meet 25% of the country's demand.[7][8]

text: A national level agency National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) was established in 1983 for integrated natural resources management in the country. It is supported by Planning Commission (India) and Department of Space.[9]

text: Biotic resources[edit]

text: Biotic resources are obtained from the living and organic material. These include forest products, wildlife, crops and other living organisms. Most of these resources are renewable because they can regenerate themselves. Fossil fuels are considered as biotic because they are formed from decayed organic matter. Fossil fuels are non-renewable.[10]

text: Forestry[edit]

text: India's land area includes regions with high rainfall to dry deserts, coastline to mountainous regions. Around 24.02 percent of the total geographical area consists of forests. Due to variations in climatic conditions and differences in altitude, different types of forest are present in India including tropical, swamp, mangrove and alpine. Forests are the main source of firewood, paper, spices, drugs, herbs, gums and more. Forests contribute a significant amount to the nation's GDP.[11]

text: Fish[edit]

text: India has a long history in fishing and aquaculture. It has rich marine and inland water resources, and an 7516.6 km long coastline. Inland fishery is carried out in Rivers, Resources and Lakes. In Indian rivers more than 400 species of fish are found, many of which are economically important. Shrimp, sardines, mackerels, carangid, croakers and other varieties are available. Major Fish species available are carp, catfish, murrel and Weed fish.[12] India is one of the major marine fish producer. In 2012-2013, 9 lakh tonnes of marine products was exported.[13]

text: Coal[edit]

text: Coal mining in India started in 1774 through the East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar River in the Indian state of West Bengal. Growth of the Indian coal mining started when steam locomotives were introduced in 1853. Production increased to Million tonnes. Production reached 30 million tonnes in 1946. After Independence, the National Coal Development Corporation was set up and colleries were owned by the railways. India consumes coal mainly for the power sector. Other industries like cement, fertilizer, chemical and paper rely on coal for energy.[14]

text: Oil[edit]

text: India had about 750 million metric tonne of proven oil reserves as of April 2014, or 5.62 billion barrels as per EIA estimate for 2009,[15] which is the second-largest amount in the Asia-Pacific region behind China.[16] Most of India's crude oil reserves are located on the western coast (Mumbai High) and in the northeastern parts of the country, although considerable undeveloped reserves are also located in the offshore Bay of Bengal and in the state of Rajasthan. The combination of rising oil consumption and fairly unwavering production levels leaves India highly dependent on imports to meet its consumption needs. In 2010, India produced an average of about 33.69 million metric tonne of crude oil as of April 2010[17] or 877 thousand barrels per day as per EIA estimate of 2009.[15] During 2006, India consumed an estimated 2.63 Mbbl/d (418,000 m3/d) of oil.[18] The EIA estimates that India registered oil demand growth of 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d) during 2006. As of 2013 India Produces 30% of India's resources mostly in Rajasthan.[18]

text: India's oil sector is dominated by state-owned enterprises, although the government has taken steps in past recent years to deregulate the hydrocarbons industry and support greater foreign involvement. India's state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation is the largest oil company. ONGC is the leading player in India's upstream sector, accounting for roughly 75% of the country's oil output during 2006, as per Indian government estimates.[16] As a net importer of all oil, the Indian Government has introduced policies aimed at growing domestic oil production and oil exploration activities. As part of the effort, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas crafted the New Exploration License Policy (NELP) in 2000, which permits foreign companies to hold 100% equity possession in oil and natural gas projects.[16] However, to date, only a handful of oil fields are controlled by foreign firms. India's downstream sector is also dominated by state-owned entities, though private companies have enlarged their market share in past recent years.

text: Natural gas[edit]

text: As per the Ministry of Petroleum, Government of India, India has 1,437 billion cubic metres (50.7×10^12 cu ft) of confirmed natural gas reserves as of April 2010. A huge mass of India's natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, particularly the Mumbai High complex. The onshore fields in Assam, tripura, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat states are also major producers of natural gas. As per EIA data, India produced 996 billion cubic feet (2.82×1010 m3) of natural gas in 2004.[19] India imports small amounts of natural gas. In 2004, India consumed about 1,089×10^9 cu ft (3.08×1010 m3) of natural gas, the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports. During 2004, India imported 93×10^9 cu ft (2.6×109 m3) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar.[19]

text: As in the oil sector, India's state-owned companies account for the bulk of natural gas production. ONGC and Oil India Ltd. (OIL) are the leading companies with respect to production volume, while some foreign companies take part in upstream developments in joint-ventures and production sharing contracts. Reliance Industries, a privately owned Indian company, will also have a bigger role in the natural gas sector as a result of a large natural gas find in 2002 in the Krishna Godavari basin.[19]

text: The Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) holds an effective control on natural gas transmission and allocation activities. In December 2006, the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a new policy that allows foreign investors, private domestic companies, and Government oil companies to hold up to 100% equity stakes in pipeline projects. While GAIL's domination in natural gas transmission and allocation is not ensured by statute, it will continue to be the leading player in the sector because of its existing natural gas infrastructure.[19]

text: Abiotic resources[edit]

text: Abiotic resources are obtained from the non-living and non-organic material. Some of the resources, like water and air, are renewable. Other resources like minerals are non-renewable and exhaustible because they cannot be regenerated. Minerals have many categories like metallic, non-metallic and minor minerals.

text: Metallic minerals[edit]

text: Metallic minerals are the minerals which contain one or more metallic elements. They occur in rare, naturally formed concentrations known as mineral deposits. Metallic minerals available from India are zinc, iron ore, manganese ore, gold, bauxite, silver, lead, tin, copper and chromite.[20]

text: Copper[edit]

text: Copper has been used since ancient times. Details of copper mining and metallurgy are available in ancient works like Arthashastra. Copper is mainly used in industrial applications, electrical/electronic equipment and Consumer products such as utensils. Major resources of copper are available at Rajasthan, Madhya pradesh and Jharkhand. As of 2010, India had 1.56 billion tonnes of copper ore.[21] India is one of the 20 major copper producers. In 2008, India produced 7,10,000 tonnes of copper.[22] Hindustan Copper Limited, a public sector company, is the only producer of primary refined copper. Post-pillar method and blast hole stoping method are used for mining. Some of the domestic demand is met through scrap recycling. In India, copper scrap is recycled through direct melting, which is a hazardous process.[21]

text: Zinc[edit]

text: Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal. It is also a fair conductor of electricity. References to medicinal uses of zinc are present in the Charaka Samhita. Ancient zinc smelting technique was found at a zinc production site in Zawar, Rajasthan. Zinc is recovered from a number of different zinc ores. The types of zinc ores include sulfide, carbonate, silicate and oxide.[23] It is used in corrosive resistant coatings for iron and steel, and in the automotive, electrical and machinery industries. India is the World's fourth largest zinc reserve as in 2013.[24] Hindustan Zinc Limited is the main producer of zinc in India. Most of the resources are available in Rajasthan. A minor amount of resources are available in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra states.[23]

text: Iron ore[edit]

text: India is the world's third biggest exporter of iron ore as of 2013.[5] As of 2010, India had 27 billion tonnes or resource (including hematite and magnetite). The major amount of hematite is found in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Goa. Minor amounts of hematite are found in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Most magnetite is found in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Minor amounts of magnetite are found in Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Mining is done by the opencast method. Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of pig iron, sponge iron and steel. It is also used in coal washeries, cement and glass industries.[25] Public sector companies like National Mineral Development Corporation and Steel Authority of India contribute to 25% of the total production. Private companies including Tata Steel provide major contribution.[26]

text: Chromite[edit]

text: Chromite is an oxide of chromium and iron. It is the only commercial source of chromium. As on 2010, India had 200 million tonnes of resource. Major amount of resources are available from Orissa (Cuttack and Jajpur districts). Minor amount of resources are available from Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.[27] In 2009-2010, India produced 3.41 million tonnes and ranked second in world production.[28] It is mostly mined by opencast method. Chromium provides additional strength to the alloys and it is resistant to corrosion, so it is mainly used in metallurgical applications. It can withstand sudden temperature changes, so it is used in refractories. It is also used in chemical applications.[27]

text: Non-metallic minerals[edit]

text: Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting. They are generally associated with sedimentary rocks. Non-Metallic minerals available from India are phosphorite, dolomite, gypsum, garnet, wollastonite, vermiculite, ochre, perlite, bentonite, asbestos, cadmium, felspar, soapstone, kaolin, sillimanite, limestone, diatomite, pyrophyllite, fluorite, vanadium, dunite, ilmenite, gallium and Zircon[29]

text: Garnet group[edit]

text: It is a group of complex silicate minerals and has similar chemical compositions. There are three groups of garnet - aluminum-garnet group, chromium-garnet group, and iron-garnet group. The minerals in aluminium-garnet group are almandine, grossularite, pyrope, and spessartine. The mineral in Iron-garnet group is andradite. The mineral in chromium-garnet group is uvarovite. Garnet group minerals occur in different rock types.[30] It is a hard substance. It is resistant to chemical exposure. It is used as a semi-precious stone and also in abrasives, sand blasting, water filtration materials and water jet cutting. Garnets are available in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. It is also found in beach sands of Kerala, Orissa and Tamil Nadu states.[31] In 2007-08, India produced 8,73,000 tonnes.[32]

text: Wollastonite[edit]

text: It is a meta-silicate of calcium. It is mostly white in color and occurs as bladed or needle like crystals. As on 2010, India had 16 million tonnes of resource. Most of the deposits are available in Rajasthan (Dungarpur, Pali, Sirohi and Udaipur districts). Minor amount of deposits are found in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.[33] It is mainly used in ceramic industries and metallurgical applications. It is also used as a filler in wall tiles, paint, rubber and plastic. India is one of the largest reserves. In 2010, India produced 1,45,000 tons.[34] It is mined by opencast method. It is also used as a substitute for short-fibre asbestos in brake-linings. Central Building Research Institute has found that wollastonite can be used as substitute for chrysotile asbestos in cement products.[33]

text: Sillimanite group[edit]

text: It is a group of metamorphic minerals - sillimanite, kyanite and andalusite. These are polymorphs of alumino-silicate. These are formed under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The three minerals are calcined to form mullite. Mainly used as refractory materials.[35] As on 2010, India had 66 million tonnes of sillimanite, 100 million tonnes of Kyanite and 18 million tonnes of Andalusite as resource. Most of the resources are found in Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Assam. Minor amount of resources are found in Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Granular sillimanite is available in beach sands of South India. Sillimanite refractory bricks are used in steel, glass and petrochemical industries.[36] In 2004, India produced 14,500 tonnes of sillimanite and 6200 tonnes of kyanite.[35]

text: Ilmenite[edit]

text: It is a compound of iron and titanium. It will be iron-black or steel-gray in color. It is a non-toxic material used in biomedical substances. Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology has developed an environmentally friendly technology for processing ilmenite.[37] It is also used in production of titanium dioxide pigment. It is available in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Orissa. Mining is done at Chavara, Chatrapur, Aluva and Manavalakurichi by Indian Rare Earths limited.[38] As on 2013, India has 21% of the world's reserves and constitutes 6% of the world's production.[39]

text: Pyrophyllite[edit]

text: It is a hydrous alumino-silicate. It is chemically inert, has high melting point and low electrical conductivity. It is used in refractories, foundry dressings, pesticides, ceramics and rubber. It is available as hydrothermal deposits.[40] The physical and optical properties are pyrophyllite are similar to talc. It is also used in electrical insulators, sanitary-ware and in the glass industry. As on 2010, India had 56 million tonnes of this resource. Most of the resources are found in Madhya Pradesh (Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh and Shivpuri districts). The remaining resources are found in Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In 2010, India produced 1.5 million tonnes.[41]

text: Minor minerals[edit]

text: Minor minerals available are building stone, brick earth, quartzite, marble, granite, gravel, clay and sand. These are mainly used in building constructions.[20] Environmental impact of mining these minerals was significant over a period of time even the area was small. Impacts were increasing water scarcity, damage to river beds and adverse effects on biodiversity. So from 2012 onwards, mining of these minerals are to be done after clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests. [42]

text: Marble[edit]

text: Marble is a metamorphosed limestone formed by re-crystallization. It is available in different colours and textures. Marble deposits are available in many states of India.[43] It has been used in India for a long time. It was used in construction of Temples, Tombs and Palaces. Now it is also used for flooring in homes and offices. It is preferred for flooring because of its durability and water resistance.[44] Marbles which are economically important are available in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. As on 2010, there was 1931 million tonnes of resource, including all grades of marble. Based on the chemical composition, types of Marble available are Calcite, Dolomitic, Siliceous Limestone, Serpentine and Travertine marbles. Other than construction, it is used in Paint and Agricultural lime.[43]

text: Nuclear[edit]

text: India's proven nuclear reserves include uranium and thorium.

text: Uranium[edit]

text: In Nalgonda District, the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve (the only tiger project in Telangana) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining, following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests.[45]

text: In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of U3O8 from its soil.[46] On 19 July 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh state of India could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012.[47]

text: The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves. This could help India's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area's deposits.[48]

text: Thorium[edit]

text: The IAEA's 2005 report estimates India's reasonably assured reserves of thorium at 319,000 tonnes, but mentions recent reports of India's reserves at 650,000 tonnes.[49] A government of India estimate, shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes.[50] The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013, the country's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes (monazite, having 9-10% ThO2[51]), with a significant majority (8.59 Mt; 72%) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh (3.72 Mt; 31%), Tamil Nadu (2.46 Mt; 21%) and Odisha (2.41 Mt; 20%).[52] Both the IAEA and OECD appear to conclude that India may possess the largest share of world's thorium deposits.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders

question_text: what nba star scored the most points in a playoff game

text: This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 50 or more points in a playoff game.

text: It has occurred 35 times in playoff history by 23 players. Only four players have scored 50 or more points on more than one occasion: Michael Jordan (eight times), Wilt Chamberlain (four times), Allen Iverson (three times) and Jerry West (twice).

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

FG%
Field goal percentage
3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts

3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

FT%
Free throw percentage

text:
Points

Player

Team

Date

Opponent

Series

Score

MP

FGM

FGA

3PM

3PA

FTM

FTA

Notes

63

Michael Jordan*

Chicago Bulls

April 20, 1986

Boston Celtics

1986 Eastern Conference First Round

131–135

53

22

41

0

0

19

21

[a]

61

Elgin Baylor*

Los Angeles Lakers

April 14, 1962

Boston Celtics

1962 NBA Finals

126–121

48

22

46

–

–

17

19

[b]

56

Wilt Chamberlain*

Philadelphia Warriors

March 22, 1962

Syracuse Nationals

1962 Eastern Division Semifinals

121–104

48

22

48

–

–

12

22

[c]

56

Michael Jordan* (2)

Chicago Bulls

April 29, 1992

Miami Heat

1992 Eastern Conference First Round

119–114

43

20

30

0

0

16

18

[d]

56

Charles Barkley*

Phoenix Suns

May 4, 1994

Golden State Warriors

1994 Western Conference First Round

140–133

41

23

31

3

4

7

9

[e]

55

Rick Barry*

San Francisco Warriors

April 18, 1967

Philadelphia 76ers

1967 NBA Finals

130–124

22

48

–

–

11

19

[f]

55

Michael Jordan* (3)

Chicago Bulls

May 1, 1988

Cleveland Cavaliers

1988 Eastern Conference First Round

106–101

44

24

45

0

0

7

7

[g]

55

Michael Jordan* (4)

Chicago Bulls

June 16, 1993

Phoenix Suns

1993 NBA Finals

111–105

46

21

37

0

1

13

18

[h]

55

Michael Jordan* (5)

Chicago Bulls

April 27, 1997

Washington Bullets

1997 Eastern Conference First Round

109–104

44:13

22

35

1

2

10

10

55

Allen Iverson*

Philadelphia 76ers

April 20, 2003

New Orleans Hornets

2003 Eastern Conference First Round

98–90

46:40

21

32

3

5

10

11

54

John Havlicek*

Boston Celtics

April 1, 1973

Atlanta Hawks

1973 Eastern Conference Semifinals

134–109

48

24

36

–

–

6

6

[i]

54

Michael Jordan* (6)

Chicago Bulls

May 31, 1993

New York Knicks

1993 Eastern Conference Finals

105–95

39

18

30

6

9

12

14

[j]

54

Allen Iverson* (2)

Philadelphia 76ers

May 9, 2001

Toronto Raptors

2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals

97–92

47:46

21

39

3

5

9

9

53

Wilt Chamberlain* (2)

Philadelphia Warriors

March 14, 1960

Syracuse Nationals

1960 Eastern Division Semifinals

132–112

47

24

42

–

–

5

16

[k]

53

Jerry West*

Los Angeles Lakers

April 23, 1969

Boston Celtics

1969 NBA Finals

120–118

21

41

–

–

11

13

[l]

53

Isaiah Thomas^

Boston Celtics

May 2, 2017

Washington Wizards

2017 Eastern Conference Semifinals

129-119

45

18

33

5

12

12

13

[1]

52

Jerry West* (2)

Los Angeles Lakers

April 5, 1965

Baltimore Bullets

1965 Western Division Finals

118–115

16

38

–

–

20

21

[m]

52

Allen Iverson* (3)

Philadelphia 76ers

May 16, 2001

Toronto Raptors

2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals

121–88

43:29

21

32

8

14

2

2

51

Sam Jones*

Boston Celtics

March 28, 1967

New York Knicks

1967 Eastern Division Semifinals

118–109

43

19

30

–

–

13

17

51

Eric "Sleepy" Floyd

Golden State Warriors

May 10, 1987

Los Angeles Lakers

1987 Western Conference Semifinals

129–121

44

18

26

2

3

13

14

[n]

51

Ray Allen*

Boston Celtics

April 30, 2009

Chicago Bulls

2009 Eastern Conference First Round

127–128

58:45

18

32

9

18

6

7

[o]

51

Russell Westbrook^

Oklahoma City Thunder

April 19, 2017

Houston Rockets

2017 Western Conference Quarterfinals

111–115

41:22

17

43

1

7

15

18

51

LeBron James^

Cleveland Cavaliers

May 31, 2018

Golden State Warriors

2018 NBA Finals

114–124

51

19

32

3

7

10

11

50

Bob Cousy*

Boston Celtics

March 21, 1953

Syracuse Nationals

1953 Eastern Division Semifinals

111–105

66

10

22

–

–

30

32

[p]

50

Bob Pettit*

St. Louis Hawks

April 12, 1958

Boston Celtics

1958 NBA Finals

110–109

19

34

–

–

12

15

[q]

50

Wilt Chamberlain* (3)

Philadelphia Warriors

March 22, 1960

Boston Celtics

1960 Eastern Division Finals

128–107

45

22

42

–

–

6

18

50

Wilt Chamberlain* (4)

San Francisco Warriors

April 10, 1964

St. Louis Hawks

1964 Western Division Finals

121–97

22

32

–

–

6

10

50

Billy Cunningham*

Philadelphia 76ers

April 1, 1970

Milwaukee Bucks

1970 Eastern Division Semifinals

111–118

48

22

39

–

–

6

8

50

Bob McAdoo*

Buffalo Braves

April 18, 1975

Washington Bullets

1975 Eastern Conference Semifinals

108–102

45

20

32

–

–

10

14

[r]

50

Dominique Wilkins*

Atlanta Hawks

April 19, 1986

Detroit Pistons

1986 Eastern Conference First Round

137–125

33

19

28

0

0

12

15

50

Michael Jordan* (7)

Chicago Bulls

April 28, 1988

Cleveland Cavaliers

1988 Eastern Conference First Round

104–93

44

19

35

0

0

12

12

[s]

50

Michael Jordan* (8)

Chicago Bulls

May 5, 1989

Cleveland Cavaliers

1989 Eastern Conference First Round

105–108

43

14

28

0

1

22

27

[t]

50

Karl Malone*

Utah Jazz

April 22, 2000

Seattle SuperSonics

2000 Western Conference First Round

104–93

43:16

18

32

1

1

13

14

[u]

50

Vince Carter^

Toronto Raptors

May 11, 2001

Philadelphia 76ers

2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals

102–78

44:44

19

29

9

13

3

3

[v]

50

Kobe Bryant

Los Angeles Lakers

May 4, 2006

Phoenix Suns

2006 Western Conference First Round

118–126

52:06

20

35

5

8

5

6

[w]

50

Dirk Nowitzki^

Dallas Mavericks

June 1, 2006

Phoenix Suns

2006 Western Conference Finals

117–101

43:29

14

26

5

6

17

18


document_title: Lisa Robin Kelly

question_text: when did lori change on that 70s show

question_tokens: when did lori change on that 70s show

text: Lisa Robin Kelly

text: Early life[edit]

text: Kelly was born and raised in Southington, Connecticut.[2][3] Her parents were Thomas Carl Kelly and Linda Diane (née Grimm) Kelly.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Kelly made her debut in the 1992 Married... with Children episode "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore". She appeared again in 1997 in episodes of Silk Stalkings and on Charmed in 1999, as well as in direct-to-video and television films such as Amityville Dollhouse, Late Last Night and Jawbreaker.

text: Kelly played Laurie Forman, the older sister of Eric Forman, on That '70s Show. She abruptly left the show midway through the third season, and her character was written out of the show to "attend beauty school". She returned to the show in the fifth season for four episodes but was replaced with Christina Moore in the sixth season. In an interview with ABC News, she admitted that "with That '70s Show I was guilty of a drinking problem, and I ran", blaming her alcoholism on the loss of a baby.[4]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: In August 2010, Kelly was arrested in North Carolina on a charge of driving under the influence.[5] In November 2010, she pleaded guilty and was fined and sentenced to 12 months of unsupervised probation.[6]

text: On March 31, 2012, Kelly was arrested on a felony charge of corporal injury upon a spouse and was released on $50,000 bail. The charge was based on a complaint filed by her ex-boyfriend, John Michas.[7][8] She later made public statements saying that she was the one who had been assaulted and denied Michas' claim that she assaulted him.[8][9] The Los Angeles County District Attorney declined to file charges.[10]

text: In November 2012, police in Mooresville, North Carolina, arrested the 42-year-old Kelly and her 61-year-old husband, Robert Joseph Gilliam, after responding to a disturbance at their home. Both were charged with assault and released on bond.[11][12] She later filed for divorce and a restraining order against Gilliam.[13]

text: On June 23, 2013, Kelly was arrested for a suspected DUI when law enforcement responded to a call about a parked car blocking a lane of traffic on the I-5 freeway. She subsequently failed a field-sobriety test.[14]

text: Death[edit]

text: Days after checking into Pax Rehab House in Altadena, California, Kelly died in her sleep at the facility on August 15, 2013, aged 43.[1] On January 3, 2014, the Los Angeles Department of Coroner concluded that her death was due to an accidental unspecified oral "multiple drug intoxication".[15][16][17][18] In June 2014, Kelly's estranged husband filed a lawsuit against the rehabilitation center where she was being treated and subsequently died, claiming negligence.[13][19] The lawsuit was eventually settled for unspecified terms.[20]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1994

Relentless IV: Ashes to Ashes

Sherrie

N/A

1995

Payback

Teenage Girl

N/A

1996

Amityville Dollhouse

Dana

N/A

1997

Performance Anxiety[21]

N/A

N/A

1998

The Survivor[21]

N/A

N/A

1999

Kill the Man

Nan

N/A

Jawbreaker

Cheerleader #2

N/A

Clubland

Carla

N/A

2005

The Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale[21]

N/A

N/A

2012

SUX2BME[22]

N/A

Short film

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1992

Married... with Children

Carol

Episode: "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore"

1994

Silk Stalkings

Gina Nelson

Episode: "Killer Cop"

Renegade

Debbie

Episode: "Sheriff Reno"

Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story

Charlie Greenwell's Girlfriend

Television film

1995

Platypus Man

Brandi

Episode: "NYPD Nude"

ABC Afterschool Special

Ashley

Episode: "Fast Forward"

Sisters

Kristy

Episode: "Deceit"

Murphy Brown

Student

Episode: "The Feminine Critique"

Spring Fling![21]

N/A

Television film

Terror in the Shadows[21]

N/A

Television film

1996

The X-Files

Terri Roberts

Episode: "Syzygy"

Hope and Gloria

Debbee

Episode: "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Funicular"

Days of Our Lives

Jill Stevens

N/A

Suddenly[21]

N/A

Television film

1997

Married... with Children

Heather Talrico

Episode: "Breaking Up is Easy to Do: Part 1"

Jenny

Real World Actress

Episode: "A Girl's Gotta Live in the Real World"

Alone[21]

N/A

Television film

1998

Poltergeist: The Legacy

Janine Kinsey

Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury"

Fantasy Island

Regina

Episode: "Pilot"

Buddy Faro

Rita Nardo

Episode: "Ain't That a Kick in the Head"

The Net

Lucy

Episode: "Lucy's Life"

Young Hearts Unlimited[21]

N/A

Television film

1998–2003

That '70s Show

Laurie Forman

Recurring role, 44 episodes

1999

Charmed

Daisy

Episode: "Love Hurts"

Late Last Night

Tristan

Television film

2002

Alikes[21]

N/A

Television film