document_title: Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (film)

question_text: who played becky in alexander and the horrible

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film follows the exploits of Alexander Cooper (Ed Oxenbould), an ordinary 12-year-old boy, and his "terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day." He is left out by his family; his older brother, Anthony (Dylan Minnette), his older sister, Emily (Kerris Dorsey), his mother, Kelly (Jennifer Garner), his father, Ben (Steve Carell), and his baby brother, Trevor (Elise/Zoey Vargas), living in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of California.

text: Anthony is trying to earn his driver's license so he can drive his girlfriend, Celia to the prom, Emily is rehearsing for the title role in her school play, Kelly is working for a publication company that is publishing a new children's book which will promote her to vice president of the company, and Ben, who has been unemployed for seven months, has landed a job interview as a game designer for a video game company.

text: That same morning, Alexander attends school where he experiences another series of mishaps, such as accidentally setting fire to his crush, Becky Gibson's, notebook as well as finding out that his friends, including Becky, and even his best friend, Paul, will all be attending the birthday party of Philip Parker (Lincoln Melcher) instead of his, due to Philip's expensive party entertainment and popularity.

text: The next morning, Alexander wakes up to find his family in disarray and chaos erupts; his parents have overslept, Emily has a cold, and Anthony has found out that he and Celia broke up. The battery in Kelly's car is dead, and Ben has to take Trevor with him to the interview after dropping Kelly off at work. At school, Paul gives Alexander good news: Philip's birthday party is canceled, so the kids including Becky and Paul who were originally going to attend Philip's party will attend Alexander's party instead, much to Alexander's delight. Alexander calls his father, asking him to plan a party for him. Kelly is informed of an embarrassing typo in the book they are publicizing ("dump" instead of "jump") and needs to stop Dick Van Dyke from reading it at a public reading later. Ben takes Trevor along to the office interview and meets Greg (Donald Glover) who seems impressed at his credentials, although they decide to hold another meeting after Trevor ingests a highlighter. Meanwhile, at school, Anthony finds out that Celia has gotten back together with him. Feeling excited about what happened, Anthony accidentally causes two trophy display cases to fall and smash, which leads to him getting suspended.

text: Kelly manages to arrive at Dick Van Dyke's reading, but she is too late in trying to warn him about the book's typo. He reads it with the inappropriate material, humiliating himself and scaring the kids and having the police called. Meanwhile, Ben purchases cough syrup for Emily's symptoms and takes Anthony to the Department of Motor Vehicles, where his driving examiner intentionally distracts him by convincing him to pick up his cell phone, causing him to destroy several parking meters and damage the family minivan, and ultimately fail his driving exam. They all go to Emily's play, which is inadvertently sabotaged by her impaired behavior due to her getting excessively drunk after overdosing on the cough syrup. Afterwards, the game design firm calls Ben and asks him to meet them at Nagamaki, a Japanese hibachi restaurant, for another meeting. The family, joined by Celia, goes to the restaurant in their badly damaged minivan, where Ben accidentally sets his shirt on fire at the grill, embarrassing him to the employers. The whole family consoles him, admitting that they will overcome whatever else the day has in store for them. Alexander states, "You just gotta have the bad days so you can love the good days even more", and Anthony suddenly decides not to go to the prom with Celia, stating that his family is more important, and they break up completely.

text: The family returns home and discovers that Ben had hired a rental animal service to recreate an Australian petting zoo for Alexander's birthday party. A crocodile and kangaroo, however, have escaped from their cage. They then decide to pitch in to try and salvage the day by helping host it. Ben and Kelly receive good news: he got hired for the game design job, and she has been informed that the celebrity reading went viral and has created publicity for the book. Reunited, Ben then brings out the cake, with Alexander wishing for more days like the one they shared together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ed Oxenbould as Alexander Cooper[5]
Steve Carell as Benjamin "Ben" Cooper, Alexander's father[6]
Jennifer Garner as Kelly Cooper, Alexander's mother[6]
Dylan Minnette as Anthony Cooper, Alexander's older brother[1]
Kerris Dorsey as Emily Cooper, Alexander's older sister[1]
Elise/Zoey Vargas as Trevor Cooper, Alexander's baby brother
Bella Thorne as Celia, Anthony's girlfriend[6]
Sidney Fullmer as Rebecca "Becky" Gibson, Alexander's crush
Megan Mullally as Nina, Kelly's boss[7]
Toni Trucks as Steph
Donald Glover as Greg[8]
Joel Johnstone as Logan[5]
Jennifer Coolidge as Ms. Joan Suggs, Anthony's driving instructor[7]
Samantha Logan as Heather[8]
Dick Van Dyke as Himself
Thunder From Down Under as Themselves
Mekai Curtis as Paul, Alexander's best friend
Lincoln Melcher as Phillip Parker
Mary Mouser as Audrey Gibson
Reese Hartwig as Elliott Gibson
Martha Hackett as Mrs. Julie Gibson
Burn Gorman as Mr. Marc Brand
Eric Edelstein as Mr. Steven Tonucci

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2011, 20th Century Fox had plans to make a live-action film adaptation of the book.[9] Written by Rob Lieber, the film was set to be directed by Lisa Cholodenko (who also made an earlier draft of the screenplay), and produced by Shawn Levy with Dan Levine for Levy's 21 Laps and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company. Steve Carell joined in April 2012, to star as Ben, Alexander's father.[10] In October 2012, the project was picked up by Walt Disney Pictures,[11] after Fox was reportedly "uncomfortable with the budget."[12] By February 2013, Cholodenko had left the project,[13] and a month later, it was reported that Miguel Arteta was in talks with Disney to replace Cholodenko.[14]

text: In April 2013, Jennifer Garner was in talks to play Alexander's mother.[15] In June 2013, Disney set the release date for October 10, 2014, and confirmed that Carell and Garner were cast as Alexander's parents.[16] The same month, Disney announced the casting of Ed Oxenbould as Alexander.[17] In July 2013, Bella Thorne was cast in the film as Alexander's older brother's girlfriend.[18] Joel Johnstone,[5] Megan Mullally and Jennifer Coolidge joined the cast a month later.[7]

text: Principal photography began on August 19, 2013.[19][20] The film was entirely shot in the Los Angeles area, including the cities of Pasadena and Arcadia, the San Fernando Valley, and Melody Ranch in Newhall.[7] Filming lasted through October 2013.[21]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 6, 2014.[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on February 10, 2015.[23] The film debuted at the top of the home video chart in its first week.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day grossed $67 million in North America, and $34.4 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $101.4 million.[4] In North America, the film earned $5.2 million on its opening day and $18.3 million in its opening weekend, placing third behind Gone Girl and Dracula Untold.[25][26][27] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number four, grossing an additional $11.4 million.[28] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number seven, grossing $7.1 million.[29] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number eight, grossing $6.5 million.[30]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 61%, based on 108 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's consensus reads, "Affably pleasant without ever trying to be anything more, Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day is a fine—albeit forgettable—family diversion."[31] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 54 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[32]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day could have been a lot more horrible and no good than it is."[33] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It's Arteta's ease with generating that slight sense of social awkwardness that makes "Alexander" a cut above the usual live-action family comedy."[34] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a negative review, saying "These characters should have to suffer twice as many embarrassments if they want to earn all those adjectives in the title."[35] Sherilyn Connelly of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review, saying "Everything that can go wrong does, and while it has its moments, Miguel Arteta's comedy relies too much on gender-shaming and emasculation jokes."[36] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Can a series of irritating events make a movie? Yes, but an irritating one: Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day."[37] John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The movie is so over-the-top that it makes little narrative sense, but it's often successful in its naked pursuit of belly laughs."[38] Katie Rife of The A.V. Club gave the film a B, saying "Alexander is a watchable, affable, pretty good, well-done kids' movie buoyed by a humorous script and talented cast."[39] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three out of five stars, saying "It turns out the film is not terrible or horrible or very bad. No good? Not that, either."[40]

text: Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "It may have the year's longest title, but Alexander's movie is not terrible, horrible, or even half bad. In fact, Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day is a pleasant, entertaining way to spend just under 90 minutes, particularly if accompanied by children."[41] Sandie Angulo Chen of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Even the bathroom humor is forgivable when the end result is a crowd-pleasing comedy and a surprisingly entertaining treat for the whole family."[42] Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, a Disney film, stretches the book thinner than pizza dough and feels about as nutritious. Still, its intentions are good and so is its cast, particularly Ed Oxenbould, a bright-eyed, expressive 13-year-old making his screen debut as Alexander Cooper."[43] Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Director Miguel Arteta, whose previous work is a mixed bag of television and film, gets almost everything right here, including bringing together a solid cast."[44] A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying "'Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day is the latest example of a wonderful children’s book turned into a mediocre movie. This kind of thing happens so frequently — exceptions like Where the Wild Things Are and, arguably, Shrek prove the rule upheld by every recent big-screen Dr. Seuss adaptation — that you could almost believe that there is malice involved."[45]

text: Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times called the film "Not so terribly horrible. Not so terribly terrific either."[46] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film a positive review, saying "What the filmmakers come up with is a modestly likable mix of zany and gently warmhearted, even if they overdo both elements at times."[47] David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars, saying "It's a film where you start chuckling as soon as someone says something like, "I just want everything to be perfect tonight."[48] Adam Graham of The Detroit News gave the film a B-, saying "Alexander won't change your day, but it's not terrible, horrible, no good or very bad, either."[49] Calvin Wilson of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film a three out of four stars, saying "Arteta keeps the action speeding along while eliciting spot-on performances. Carell is at his discombobulated best, and Garner anchors the proceedings with aplomb."[50] Lindsey Bahr gave the film a B, saying "Alexander is pleasantly devoid of the vulgarity and too-current pop culture references that are the default mode for many contemporary live-action kids' pics, and its earnest celebration of family gives the movie a comforting throwback vibe."[51] Bruce Ingram of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two and half stars out of four, saying "Disney’s bland comedy Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day might have been a little more entertaining if it had been a little more, terrible, horrible, no good and so forth."[52] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News two out of five stars, saying "Just another loud, boy-centric comedy aimed at ’tweens. The movie turns a slight children’s book — in this case, Judith Viorst’s 1972 fave, from which it takes mainly the title — into a charmless mishmash."[53]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (Music from the Motion Picture)

EP by Various artists

Released
October 7, 2014

Genre
Pop

Label
Walt Disney

text: On April 1, 2014, Christophe Beck was hired to score the film.[54] Walt Disney Records released the EP soundtrack album on October 7, 2014. The album features songs from the film, and new tracks by various artists, like The Vamps, Kerris and Justine Dorsey, The Narwhals, Charles William and IDK & The Whatevs.[55]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Hurricane"
The Vamps
3:17

2.
"Best Worst Day Ever"
Kerris Dorsey and Justine Dorsey
3:35

3.
"We Are the Ones (Own the World)"
Charles William
3:08

4.
"Surf Surf Don't Drown"
The Narwhals
3:27

5.
"Perfect World"
IDK and The Whatevs
3:06

6.
"Suite from Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day"
Christophe Beck
3:20


document_title: Baby's Day Out

question_text: who played the baby in baby's day out

question_tokens: who played the baby in baby 's day out

root

text: Baby's Day Out

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bennington Austin "Bink" Cotwell IV has adoring parents Laraine (Lara Flynn Boyle) and Bennington (Matthew Glave), lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago, and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper. Three klutzy would-be kidnappers – Edgar "Eddie" Mauser (Joe Mantegna), Norbert "Norby" LeBlaw (Joe Pantoliano) and Victor "Veeko" Riley (Brian Haley) –, the main antagonists, disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him. After the kidnapping, they have difficulty controlling him. In the trial of trying to get him to fall asleep, Norby does so reading Bink's book, leaving him unattended. Norby later goes to sleep himself. Looking through it, he notices a bird on the page and then by the window. He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers, with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin.

tag: p

text: The FBI arrives at the mansion, headed by Dale Grissom (Fred Dalton Thompson), where they try to piece together clues along with Bink's parents and his loving nanny Gilbertine (Cynthia Nixon). Meanwhile, he, now outside on the ground and crawling about, finds another part of his book - the blue bus, which he then boards. The kidnappers realise he is missing and start chasing the bus in their van, but their efforts are in vain. Meanwhile, on the bus, Bink crawls into the bag of an obese lady, who gets off at her stop shortly afterwards. By the time the trio catches it, and realise Bink is not on board, they then realise that he crawled into the lady's bag and follow her. An altercation ensues after they insult her (when she insults them), and while they attempt their escape, Bink crawls up to a revolving door at the entrance to a department store and is forced inwards by its momentum.

text: Crawling through the Marshall Fields department store, Bink is stopped by a worker who works for Mother Goose Corner, a nearby day care center, who believes he is another baby who escaped from there. He later escapes there and the store and eventually crawls into traffic. The kidnappers attempt to follow him but keep getting injured in the process as he makes his way to the city zoo. They are shocked to find him in the primate house with a gorilla. It shows a maternal side and does not injure him. The kidnappers try to retrieve him but it notices and hits Veeko's hand, throws Norby into the air using a mop as a catapult, and hurls Eddie against the bars of the cage opposite its own.

text: The kidnappers eventually corner and catch Bink in the zoo's park, but are confronted by two friendly police officers, who have noticed that their van's engine is still running. During the conversation, Eddie hides Bink under his coat in his lap, but he reaches Eddie's cigarette lighter, sets his crotch on fire, and sneaks off as soon as the officers are gone. Veeko extinguishes the fire by stomping repeatedly on Eddie's groin. They follow Bink to a construction yard, but are still unable to catch him, with Veeko getting thrown off the building (after falling onto one of the construction workers lift) and into the back of a garbage truck, Norby falling into a vat of wet cement, and Eddie getting stranded on a crane after being drenched in glue. The sun sets as Bink leaves the construction yard. The kidnappers manage to escape (offscreen), but decide to give up and go home.

text: Bink's parents are notified of various sightings of him in the city and Gilbertine deduces that he has been following his favorite book, Baby's Day Out (or "Boo-Boo", as Bink calls it), and will most likely head for the Old Soldiers' Home next. Sure enough, they find him there, but on the way home, he begins to call out "Boo-Boo" toward the kidnappers' flat. The FBI move in and arrest the kidnappers, who return Bink's book.

text: Back home, Bink is put to bed by his parents. As they discuss having his picture taken by a normal photographer in the morning, he wakes up and gets ready to read another book, Baby's Trip to China.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joe Mantegna as Edgar "Eddie" Mauser
Brian Haley as Victor "Veeko" Riley
Joe Pantoliano as Norbert "Norby" LeBlaw
Lara Flynn Boyle as Laraine Cotwell
Matthew Glave as Bennington Austin "Bing" Cotwell III
Cynthia Nixon as Gilbertine
Fred Dalton Thompson as Dale Grissom
John Neville as Mr. Andrews
Robin Baber as Ursula
Trevor Dalton as Norm
Eddie Bracken as Old Soldier
Dawn Maxey as Teenage Employee
Anna Thomson as Mrs. McCray
Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton as Bennington Austin "Baby Bink" Cotwell IV

Verne Troyer as Bink's stunt double

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

tag: table

text: Baby's Day Out was panned by critics, and holds a 21% "rotten" approval rating at the review website Rotten Tomatoes, with 3 positive reviews from 14.[2]

text: On the Siskel & Ebert show, critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Baby's Day Out contains gags that might have worked in a Baby Herman cartoon, but in live action, with real people, taxis, buses, streets, and a real baby, they're just not funny. The Worton twins are adorable as Baby Bink, however; the audience produced an audible coo the first time they saw him on the screen." He gave the film 1 1/2 stars.[3]

text: His partner, Gene Siskel, however, liked the film because he thought that young children would love it for the humor. Hal Hinson, writing for the Washington Post, wrote: "The pace is quick and efficient but never frantic...almost everything in the picture is just right, including the two-bit crooks who abduct the superhero toddler and end up bruised and begging hilariously for mercy. Best of all, though, is the Binkman himself, whose tiny face is so expressive that he brings new meaning to the phrase 'conquering with a smile.'"[4]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened with takings of $4,044,662 at the start of July 1994.[5][6][7] The film finally grossed $16,827,402 at the domestic box office, a disappointing return considering the $48 million production budget for the film. It ranked at #83 for the best performing films of 1994.[1]

text: It was also the 26th best performing PG-rated family film of the year in 1994.[1]

text: Popularity in South Asia and remakes [edit]

text: Baby's Day Out was tremendously popular in South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. In India, the movie was played at the largest theater in Calcutta for over a year. Recalling a trip to Calcutta, Roger Ebert says, "I asked if Star Wars had been their most successful American film. No, I was told, it was Baby's Day Out..."[8] It was remade twice, first in Telugu in 1995 under the title Sisindri and then in Malayalam in 1999 under the title James Bond. It was dubbed in Tamil with the title Chutti Kuzhanthai meaning Naughty Baby. It was also dubbed in Bengali and played in theaters in Bangladesh. It was also dubbed in Punjabi as a comedy in Pakistan.

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game version of the film was planned, completed, and slated to be released on Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Genesis and Game Boy in October 1994,[9][10] but was cancelled at the last minute. Two prototypes of the Genesis port can be found for download on several ROM sites. One is a near completed version while the other is a very early beta. Instead of playing as Bink, the player controls what appears to be Bink's guardian angel to guide Bink to safety in the vein of Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures.

text: Home media[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on VHS on April 4, 1995. The film was released on DVD on January 29, 2001. It includes Patrick Read Johnson's commentary, a featurette, and a trailer for the film. The film was re-released on DVD on October 11, 2011.


document_title: World Environment Day

question_text: what is the theme of the world environment day 2017

text: World Environment Day

text: History[edit]

text: World Environment Day [WED] was established by the UN General Assembly in 1972[1] on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, resulting from discussions on the integration of human interactions and the environment. Two years later, in 1974 the first WED was held with the theme "Only One Earth". Even though WED celebration have been held annually since 1974, in 1987 the idea for rotating the center of these activities through selecting different host countries began.

text: Annual themes and major initiatives and accomplishments[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: For almost five decades, World Environment Day has been raising awareness, supporting action, and driving change. Here is a timeline of key accomplishments in WEDs’ history:

text: The theme for this year is 'Beat Plastic Pollution'.The host nation is India.[2]

text: The theme for 2017 was 'Connecting People to Nature – in the city and on the land, from the poles to the equator'. The host nation was Canada.[3]

text: The 2016 WED was organized under the theme "Go wild for life". This edition of the WED aims to reduce and prevent the illegal trade in wildlife.[4] Angola was chosen as the host country of the 2016 WED during the COP21 in Paris.[5][6]

text: The Slogan of the 2015 edition of the World Environment Day is "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care". The slogan was picked through a voting process on social media.[7][8] In Saudi Arabia, 15 women recycled 2000 plastic bags to crochet a mural in support of the WED 2015.[9] In India, Narendra Modi planted a Kadamb sapling to celebrate the World Environment Day and raise awareness for Environment.[10][11] Italy is the host country of the 43rd edition of the WED. The celebrations took place as part of Milan Expo around the theme: Feeding the Planet - Energy for Life.[12]

text: The Theme of the 2014 WED is : International Year of Small Islands Developing States (SIDS). By choosing this Theme the UN General Assembly aimed to highlight the development Challenges and successes of the SIDS. In 2014, the World Environment Day focused on global warming and its impact on ocean levels.[13] The Slogan of the WED 2014 is "Raise your voice not the sea level", as Barbados hosted the global celebrations of the 42nd edition of the World Environment Day.[14][15] The UN Environement Programme named actor Ian Somerhalder as the official Goodwill ambassador of the WED 2014.[16]

text: The 2013 theme for World Environment Day was Think.Eat.Save.[17]

text: The campaign addressed the huge annual wastage and losses in food, which, if conserved, would release a large quantity of food as well as reduce the overall carbon footprint. The campaign aimed to bring about awareness in countries with lifestyles resulting in food wastage. It also aimed to empower people to make informed choices about the food they eat so as to reduce the overall ecological impact due to the worldwide production of food.[17].The host country for the year's celebrations was Mongolia.

text: The theme for the 2012 World Environment Day was Green Economy: Does it include you?[18]

text: The theme aimed to invite people to examine their activities and lifestyle and see how the concept of a "Green Economy" fits into it. The host country for the year's celebrations was Brazil.[18]

text: The theme for 2011 was Forests-Nature At Your Service. Thousands of activities were organized worldwide, with beach clean-ups, concerts, exhibits, film festivals, community events and much more. This year's global host, India, is a country of wide biodiversity.[19]

text: 'Many Species. One Planet. One Future', was the theme of 2010.

text: It celebrated the diversity of life on Earth as part of the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. It was hosted in Rwanda. Thousands of activities were organized worldwide, with beach clean-ups, concerts, exhibits, film festivals, community events and much more.[20] Each continent (except Antarctica) had a "regional host city", the U.N. chose Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as the host for all North.[21]

text: The theme for WED 2009 was 'Your Planet Needs You – UNite to Combat Climate Change', and Michael Jackson's 'Earth Song' was declared 'World Environment Day Song'. It was hosted in Mexico.[22]

text: The host for World Environment Day 2008 was New Zealand, with the main international celebrations scheduled for Wellington. The slogan for 2008 was "CO2, Kick the Habit! Towards a Low Carbon Economy." New Zealand was one of the first countries to pledge to achieve carbon neutrality, and will also focus on forest management as a tool for reducing greenhouse gases.[23]

text: The Chicago Botanic Garden served as the North American host[24] for World Environment Day on 5 June 2008.

text: The topic for World Environment Day for 2007 was "Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?" During International Polar Year, WED 2007 focused on the effects that climate change is having on polar ecosystems and communities, on other ice- and snow-covered areas of the world, and the resulting global impacts.

text: The main international celebrations of the WED 2007 were held in the city of Tromsø, Norway, a city north of the Arctic Circle.[25]

text: The topic for WED 2006 was Deserts and Desertification and the slogan was "Don't desert drylands".

text: The slogan emphasised the importance of protecting drylands. The main international celebrations of the World Environment Day 2006 were held in Algeria.

text: The theme for the 2005 World Environment Day was "Green Cities" and the slogan was "Plan for the Planet!".[26]

text: Host cities[edit]

text: World Environment Day celebrations have been (and will be) hosted in the following cities:[27]

text:
Year
Theme
Host city

1974
Only one Earth during Expo '74
Spokane, United States

1975
Human Settlements
Dhaka, Bangladesh

1976
Water: Vital Resource for Life
Ontario, Canada

1977
Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil Degradation
Sylhet, Bangladesh

1978
Development Without Destruction
Sylhet, Bangladesh

1979
Only One Future for Our Children – Development Without Destruction
Sylhet, Bangladesh

1980
A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without Destruction
Sylhet, Bangladesh

1981
Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains
Sylhet, Bangladesh

1982
Ten Years After Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns)
Dhaka, Bangladesh

1983
Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy
Sylhet, Bangladesh

1984
Desertification
Rajshahi, Bangladesh

1985
Youth: Population and the Environment
Islamabad, Pakistan

1986
A Tree for Peace
Ontario, Canada

1987
Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof
Nairobi, Kenya

1988
When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last
Bangkok, Thailand

1989
Global Warming; Global Warning
Brussels, Belgium

1990
Children and the Environment
Mexico City, Mexico

1991
Climate Change. Need for Global Partnership
Stockholm, Sweden

1992
Only One Earth, Care and Share
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1993
Poverty and the Environment – Breaking the Vicious Circle
Beijing, People's Republic of China

1994
One Earth One Family
London, United Kingdom

1995
We the Peoples: United for the Global Environment
Pretoria, South Africa

1996
Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home
Istanbul, Turkey

1997
For Life on Earth
Seoul, Republic of Korea

1998
For Life on Earth – Save Our Seas
Moscow, Russian Federation

1999
Our Earth – Our Future – Just Save It!
Tokyo, Japan

2000
The Environment Millennium – Time to Act
Adelaide, Australia

2001
Connect with the World Wide Web of Life
Torino, Italy and Havana, Cuba

2002
Give Earth a Chance
Shenzhen, People's Republic of China

2003
Water – Two Billion People are Dying for It!
Beirut, Lebanon

2004
Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive?
Barcelona, Spain

2005
Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!
San Francisco, United States

2006
Deserts and Desertification – Don't Desert Drylands!
Algiers, Algeria

2007
Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?
London, England

2008
Kick The Habit – Towards A Low Carbon Economy
Wellington, New Zealand

2009
Your Planet Needs You – Unite to Combat Climate Change
Mexico City, Mexico

2010
Many Species. One Planet. One Future
Rangpur, Bangladesh

2011
Forests: Nature at your Service
New Delhi, India

2012
Green Economy: Does it include you?
Brasilia, Brazil

2013
Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your Foodprint
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2014
Raise your voice, not the sea level
Bridgetown, Barbados

2015
Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.
Rome, Italy

2016
Zero Tolerance for the Illegal Wildlife trade
Luanda, Angola

2017
Connecting People to Nature – in the city and on the land, from the poles to the equator
Ottawa, Canada

2018
Beat Plastic Pollution
New Delhi, India

text: World Environment Day Anthem[edit]

text: An Earth Anthem penned by poet Abhay K is sung to celebrate World Environment Day.[28]

text: Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl the most beautiful planet in the universe all the continents and the oceans of the world united we stand as flora and fauna united we stand as species of one earth black, brown, white, different colours . we are humans, the earth is our home.

text: Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl the most beautiful planet in the universe all the people and the nations of the world all for one and one for all united we unfurl the blue marble flag black, brown, white, different colours we are humans, the earth is our home.[29]

text: It was launched in June 2013 on the occasion of the World Environment Day by Kapil Sibal and Shashi Tharoor, then Union Ministers of India, at a function organized by the Indian Council of Cultural Relations in New Delhi.[30] It is supported by the global organization Habitat For Humanity.[31]


document_title: Nathan for You

question_text: when does nathan for you season 4 come out

text: Nathan for You

text: Background[edit]

text: The series centers on Nathan Fielder, portrayed by his real-life namesake, a business school graduate and consultant whose aim is to help struggling businesses. His marketing proposals are often outlandish and elaborate.[4] One of the show's long-running story arcs concern Fielder and his social awkwardness. Throughout episodes, his confidence is eroded as his ideas fail.[4] In the show's first season, Fielder is unaware people do not enjoy his company.[5] The character is based in Fielder's real life, and his own struggles with social anxiety; he has noted that he did not want the character to "feel like a comedy character" but one that delivers the "most authentic moments from myself."[6]

text: Production[edit]

text: Nathan for You was created by comedian Nathan Fielder and writer Michael Koman. The show evolved out of segments on the Canadian news satire series This Hour Has 22 Minutes titled "Nathan On Your Side," wherein Fielder played a consumer advocate. The show was greenlit following the cancellation of Jon Benjamin Has a Van, which Fielder also wrote and starred in.[7] Part of the series' inspiration came from Fielder's fascination with the subprime mortgage crisis, and how he found that it was rooted in "these personal moments between people where someone senses something's wrong, but they don't want to speak up."[6]

text: Marketing ideas are developed in myriad ways; often, Fielder and the writing team will come up with an idea specifically for the business, while other times concepts are formed in a completely unrelated way. Ideas can be thrown out if they are deemed not visually interesting or engaging for viewers. As a result, the show's writing process involves "a lot of guessing and testing," according to Fielder.[citation needed] Episodes are constantly re-written based on the interactions they receive.[5] Fielder called the show's process "a very inefficient way of making TV."[6]

text: History[edit]

text: The series premiere garnered 354,000 viewers, improving in its second episode to 570,000.[8][9] A special Sneak Peek episode that aired on March 13, 2013 after an episode of Workaholics further increased viewership, ending up at 615,000.[10] The following episode, airing on March 14, had 428,000 viewers.[11] The next week on March 21, ratings further took a dip, landing at 394,000 viewers.[12] On April 26, 2013, Comedy Central renewed the series for a second season of 8 episodes.[13] On July 27, 2015 Fielder announced via Twitter that Season 3 would premiere on October 15, 2015.[14] On December 10, 2015, Variety announced that Comedy Central had picked up the show for a fourth season.[15] On July 25, 2017, Fielder announced via Twitter that the fourth season would premiere on September 28, 2017, with a one-hour special entitled "Nathan For You: A Celebration" to air the week before.[16][17]

text: Publicity[edit]

text: Several stunts performed for the series have garnered attention from the mainstream media. One in particular occurred even before the series premiered.

text: Petting Zoo Hero[edit]

text: In the second episode of season one, Fielder and the show's crew attempted to boost the popularity of a California petting zoo by turning one of their pigs into a celebrity through the filming of a hoax video of the pig (actually a trained stand-in pig following a plastic course placed beneath the surface) rescuing a goat who was stuck in a pond. Fielder had the crew sign non-disclosure agreements in order to maintain secrecy around the production.

text: Fielder uploaded the video to YouTube in September 2012 under the username "jebdogrpm". He titled the clip "Pig rescues baby goat", and gave it the simple description: "Pig saves goat who’s foot was stuck underwater at petting zoo. Simply amazing."[18] Fielder made no efforts to promote the piece, but found that websites like Gawker and Reddit quickly began reposting the video.[19] The video was then picked up on various national news broadcasts, including the NBC Nightly News, The Today Show, and Good Morning America.[19]

text: The hoax was finally revealed in February 2013, before the series premiered, by which time the video had received seven million views.[19] In an interview with The New York Times, Fielder marveled at how major press outlets had shared the video: "If we were trying to pull an elaborate hoax on the news, I think we could have pushed further. But we weren’t. We found it interesting that people were sharing it without us saying anything."[19] The video currently stands at around ten million views.[18]

text: Dumb Starbucks[edit]

text: Over the weekend of February 7, 2014, a coffee shop known as "Dumb Starbucks" opened in Los Feliz. The shop heavily resembled those of the chain Starbucks and used a modified version of its logo. The names of all of its products were prefixed with "Dumb," and the shop offered CDs mimicking the real Starbucks products for sale, including "Dumb Jazz Standards" and "Dumb Nora Jones [sic] Duets." The shop argued that it was actually an art gallery for "legal reasons," because "by adding the word 'dumb' we are technically 'making fun' of Starbucks, which allows us to use their trademarks under a law known as 'fair use.'"[citation needed] After attracting a large lineup of curious attendees over the weekend, it was speculated[by whom?] that the store was a hoax connected to a television program; on the following Monday, a press conference held at Dumb Starbucks revealed that the store was a Nathan for You stunt.[20][21] Before the stunt was revealed, some attendees thought that the shop had been created by Banksy.[22]

text: The Movement[edit]

text: Episode three of the show's third season focused on Nathan's attempt to help a struggling moving company by providing the business with free labor. The plan involved the creation and marketing of an original fitness routine called "The Movement," which would emphasize the lifting of household objects (namely boxes and furniture) for exercise, and preclude the need for practitioners to go to a gym or health club. Nathan would then lure interested parties into working for the moving company by leading them to believe they were simply exercising. Marketing for "The Movement" involved a ghost-written book, which subsequently made it on to the Amazon best-seller list,[23] and several television appearances by the "inventor" and public face of the routine, bodybuilder Jack Garbarino.[24]

text: Other influence[edit]

text: An appearance in the eighth episode of the show's first season by private investigator Brian Wolfe led to Wolfe getting his own reality series on Investigation Discovery, Cry Wolfe. This was referenced on Nathan for You on the eighth episode of the second season, when Nathan tried to get a similar reality TV deal for a security guard who had also appeared in season one.[25]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
February 28, 2013 (2013-02-28)
April 18, 2013 (2013-04-18)

2
8
July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)
August 19, 2014 (2014-08-19)

3
8
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
December 10, 2015 (2015-12-10)

Special
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)

4
7
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Nathan for You has received critical acclaim. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times dubbed it "the television series with the most incisive take on the 21st-century economy," praising Fielder for "illuminating the relationship between the economy and absurdity."[26] John Thorp of The Guardian called its central concept "genius," finding it "functions as a razor-sharp satire of commercialism, with a surprising undercurrent of genuine pathos."[4] Willa Paskin of Slate found it "brilliant, fascinating, and uncomfortable."[27] Academy Award winning film director Errol Morris called the Season 4 finale, Finding Frances, "unfathomably great."[28]


document_title: Life of the Party (2018 film)

question_text: who plays the roommate in life of the party

text: Life of the Party (2018 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The movie starts with Deanna Miles (Melissa McCarthy) going with her husband Dan (Matt Walsh) to drop off their daughter Maddie (Molly Gordon) to her senior year at Decatur University in Atlanta. After saying bye to Maddie, Deanna tells Dan how she's looking forward to their trip to Italy until Dan flat-out tells her he wants a divorce because he has fallen in love with another woman. To make things worse, he is selling their house since everything is under his name, meaning Deanna has to leave. Deanna angrily kicks his car and takes an Uber home.

text: Deanna goes to the home of her parents, Mike (Stephen Root) and Sandy (Jacki Weaver). They note that Dan was always a jerk for making Deanna drop out of her last year of college when she got pregnant, meaning she never graduated, as well as making her put up with his overbearing ways during their marriage. Mike threatens to use a gun on Dan but then almost accidentally shoots their dog.

text: Deanna goes to play Racquetball with her best friend Christine (Maya Rudolph). There, Deanna bemoans what's become of her life until she decides that she won't just sit around and let Dan ruin her life.

text: Deanna surprises Maddie in her dorm by announcing to her that she and Dan are divorcing and that she is now going to take a year at Decatur so that she can graduate and earn a degree in archaeology. Maddie is stunned by both bits of news and is left speechless.

text: Maddie introduces Deanna to her friends - Amanda (Adria Arjona), neurotic Debbie (Jessie Ennis), and Helen (Gillian Jacobs), who was in a coma for eight years and is now getting a chance to go to college. Deanna later meets her roommate Leonor (Heidi Gardner), who is agoraphobic and chronically depressed.

text: One of Deanna's first classes is an archaeology class with Helen, and her professor is a former classmate of hers named Wayne (Chris Parnell). There, Deanna also meets resident "mean girl" Jennifer (Debby Ryan) and her friend Trina (Yani Simone). They mock Deanna's mom sweater and for her laughing at Wayne's corny archaeology-related jokes.

text: Deanna later goes to sign the divorce papers with Christine while Dan shows up with his new fiancee Marcie (Julie Bowen). They exchange a lot of insults through the mediator.

text: Maddie takes Deanna to hang out with her and her friends. After being mocked by Jennifer again, Maddie gives her mom a makeover so that she can look more party-ready. Deanna meets Maddie's boyfriend Tyler (Jimmy O. Yang) and another boy named Jack (Luke Benward). After many shots and beers, Deanna and Maddie wake up the next morning mortified to see each other leaving a frat house doing the "walk of shame", which leads Maddie to realize Deanna slept with Jack.

text: Jack starts to constantly text Deanna since he has basically fallen in love with her. She tells him it was just a one-time thing, but they then go to the stacks in the library to have sex again.

text: Deanna tends to Debbie when she expresses a personal issue she is having, along with the other girls talking about their problems. Deanna encourages the girls to use their strengths to their advantage. They then go to an 80's themed party where Deanna has a dance-off with Jennifer that results in her winning and earning the respect of her schoolmates.

text: Deanna must do a presentation for her archaeology class, but she gets so nervous that she sweats profusely and finally ends up fainting.

text: Deanna goes out to dinner with Christine, her husband, and their couple friends (that they don't even like). To Deanna and Christine's dismay, Dan and Marcie show up to gloat about taking the trip to Italy. However, Deanna gets the last laugh when they see that not only is Jack their waiter, but he is also Marcie's son and Deanna gloats about sleeping with him to gross Marcie out.

text: On the night of Dan and Marcie's wedding, Deanna and her friends get high off chocolate bark laced with weed, and they head to the reception. Deanna is initially ready to make peace with Dan until they see posters outside that are basically saying Dan did better than Deanna by getting with Marcie. Deanna and the girls then start trashing the reception room. Dan, Marcie, and Maddie find them after they wreck the place, and Marcie tells Deanna she is cut off financially from Dan. Deanna is filled with shame, if only because of how Maddie saw her.

text: Deanna tries to make amends with Maddie, but she tells her that she is leaving college since she has no means of completing the rest of the year on her own. The girls then come up with a plan to throw a party to raise money to pay for Deanna's tuition.

text: The party turns out to be a flop since everyone is at a Christina Aguilera concert. Helen, who has three million Twitter followers, posts that Christina will be at the party after her show. This brings in almost the whole school, but they all start to ask when Christina will be there. Christine shows up with her husband, as do Mike and Sandy. Mike offers to give Deanna a check out of his 401K to pay off her tuition, but Deanna refuses to take it. Things get hectic when Jennifer and Helen get into a fight that is broken up after Jennifer accidentally punches Deanna in the breasts. Before the girls decide to issue refunds, they are surprised when Leonor shows up and reveals that Christina Aguilera is her cousin, and because of Deanna showing her kindness, she decided to help her out. Christina says she supports Deanna's cause, and she puts on a show with Deanna and the girls to an excited crowd.

text: Later on, Deanna is up to repeat her presentation in class. She is still nervous until Maddie, Helen, Amanda, Debbie, and all the sorority sisters show up to support her, and Deanna manages to give the presentation with ease.

text: At the end of the year, Deanna and Maddie graduate together, with all their friends and family there to support them. Maddie encourages Deanna to throw her cap in the air. She does so, and it hits Dan in the face, knocking out an earring he was wearing while Marcie berates him for losing the expensive diamond stud.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Melissa McCarthy as Deanna "Dee Rock" Miles
Molly Gordon as Maddie Miles, Dan and Deanna's daughter
Gillian Jacobs as Helen, a sorority sister who is older than the rest due to having been in a coma for eight years.
Maya Rudolph as Christine Davenport, Deanna's neurotic and heavy drinking best friend
Matt Walsh as Daniel "Dan" Miles, Deanna's ex-husband, Maddie's father
Julie Bowen as Marcie Strong, a real estate agent, Deanna's nemesis and Dan's lover
Adria Arjona as Amanda, a sorority sister with "issues"
Jessie Ennis as Debbie, another sorority sister with "issues"
Debby Ryan as Jennifer, a "mean girl" in Deanna's archaeology class
Jacki Weaver as Sandy, Deanna's mother and Maddie's grandmother
Stephen Root as Mike, Deanna's father and Maddie's grandfather
Luke Benward as Jack Strong, a frat boy infatuated with Deanna
Jimmy O. Yang as Tyler, Maddie's boyfriend and Jack's friend
Yani Smone as Trina, Jennifer's snarky sidekick
Heidi Gardner as Leonor, Deanna's reclusive Goth roommate
Chris Parnell as Wayne Trurack, Deanna's professor
Damon Jones as Frank Davenport, Christine's husband
Karen Maruyama as Mediator
Steve Falcone (Ben Falcone's real-life father) as Older Man #1 / Vince
Michael D. McCarthy (Melissa McCarthy's real-life father) as Older Man #2 / Dennis

text: Cameos[edit]

text:
Christina Aguilera as herself
Ben Falcone as Uber Driver
Nat Faxon as Lance
Sarah Baker as Gildred

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming began in August 2016 in the metro Atlanta area. The sorority house used in the film is The Twelve Oaks Bed & Breakfast (www.thetwelveoaks.com) located in Covington, GA. The interior of the mansion was replicated in a warehouse in Decatur, GA for the interior scenes and the exterior scenes were filmed on location at the inn.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Life of the Party was released on May 11, 2018.[5] The first official trailer for the film was released on February 5, 2018.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  July 8, 2018[update], Life of the Party has grossed 52.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $11.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $63.7 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Life of the Party was released alongside Breaking In, and was projected to gross $18–21 million from 3,656 theaters in its opening weekend.[7] It made $4.9 million on its first day, including $700,000 from Thursday night previews, down from the $985,000 McCarthy's The Boss grossed in March 2016, and similar to the $650,000 grossed by Snatched on the Thursday before the same weekend the previous year.[2] The film went on to debut to $17.9 million, the lowest solo-starring opening of McCarthy's career, and finished second behind Avengers: Infinity War ($62 million in its third week); 80% of its audience was over the age of 25, while 70% was female.[8] It fell 57% in its second weekend, to $7.6 million, finishing fourth at the box office,[9] and another 33% to $5.1 million in its third, finishing fifth.[10]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 122 reviews, and an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Life of the Party's good-natured humor and abundance of onscreen talent aren't enough to make up for jumbled direction and a script that misses far more often than it hits."[11] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, higher than the "C+" earned by each of McCarthy and Falcone's previous two film collaborations.[8]

text: Matt Zoller-Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film two out of four stars, calling it "the latest Melissa McCarthy star vehicle that fails to do justice to the sheer awesomeness of its leading lady."[13]

text: Leigh Monson from Birth.MoviesDeath wrote the next: "One hundred minutes of self-indulgence and tedium, even if it's well-meaning in its intentions." [14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer Movie

Pending

Choice Summer Movie Actress

Melissa McCarthy

Pending


document_title: AP Poll

question_text: when do men's college basketball rankings come out

question_tokens: when do men 's college basketball rankings come out

text: AP Poll

text: College football[edit]

text: The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games.

text: History[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934.[3] In 1935, AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota, Princeton, and Southern Methodist. Minnesota fans protested, and a number of Gould's colleagues led by Charles "Cy" Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list, and the next year the poll was born.[4] It has run continuously from 1936.[5]

text: Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989.

text: The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950.[6][7]

text: At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll.[8] Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the lone exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll (Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll).

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.

text: No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]

text: As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936.[9] The number one team has a record of 28–20–2 against the number two team.[9]

text:
No. 1 vs. No. 2 games

Light blue indicates bowl game

Season
No. 1
Result
No. 2
Site
Event

1943
Notre Dame
35–12
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1943 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1943
Notre Dame
14–13
Iowa Pre-Flight
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN

1944
Army
23–7
Navy
Baltimore Stadium • Baltimore, MD
1944 Army–Navy Game

1945
Army
48–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1945 Army–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1945
Army
32-13
Navy
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium • Philadelphia, PA
1945 Army–Navy Game

1946
Army
0–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game

1962
USC
42–37
Wisconsin
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1963 Rose Bowl

1963
Oklahoma
7–28
Texas
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1963 Red River Shootout game

1963
Texas
28–6
Navy
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1964 Cotton Bowl Classic

1966
Notre Dame
10–10
Michigan State
Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, MI
1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game

1968
Purdue
37–22
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1968 Shillelagh Trophy game

1968
Ohio State
27–16
USC
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1969 Rose Bowl

1969
Texas
15–14
Arkansas
Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, AR
1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game

1971
Nebraska
35–31
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, OK
1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game

1971
Nebraska
38–6
Alabama
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1972 Orange Bowl

1978
Penn State
7–14
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1979 Sugar Bowl

1981
USC
28–24
Oklahoma
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles

1982
Georgia
23–27
Penn State
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1983 Sugar Bowl

1985
Iowa
12–10
Michigan
Kinnick Stadium • Iowa City, IA

1986
Oklahoma
16–28
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL

1986
Miami
10–14
Penn State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1987 Fiesta Bowl

1987
Nebraska
7–17
Oklahoma
Memorial Stadium • Lincoln, NE
1987 Nebraska–Oklahoma football rivalry game

1987
Oklahoma
14–20
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1988 Orange Bowl

1988
Notre Dame
27–10
USC
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles
1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game

1989
Notre Dame
24–19
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1989 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1991
Florida State
16–17
Miami
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game

1992
Miami
13–34
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1993 Sugar Bowl

1993
Florida State
24–31
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game

1993
Florida State
18–16
Nebraska
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1994 Orange Bowl

1995
Nebraska
62–24
Florida
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1996 Fiesta Bowl

1996
Florida
21–24
Florida State
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1996 Florida–Florida State football rivalry game

1998
Tennessee
23–16
Florida State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1999 Fiesta Bowl

1999
Florida State
46–29
Virginia Tech
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2000 Sugar Bowl

2002
Miami
24–31 2OT
Ohio State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
2003 Fiesta Bowl

2004
USC
55–19
Oklahoma
Pro Player Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2005 Orange Bowl

2005
USC
38–41
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2006 Rose Bowl

2006
Ohio State
24–7
Texas
Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium • Austin, TX

2006
Ohio State
42–39
Michigan
Ohio Stadium • Columbus, OH
2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game

2006
Ohio State
14–41
Florida
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2007 BCS National Championship Game

2007
Ohio State
24–38
LSU
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2008 BCS National Championship Game

2008
Alabama
20–31
Florida
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2008 SEC Championship Game

2008
Florida
24–14
Oklahoma
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2009 BCS National Championship Game

2009
Florida
13–32
Alabama
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2009 SEC Championship Game

2009
Alabama
37–21
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2010 BCS National Championship Game

2010
Auburn
22–19
Oregon
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2011 BCS National Championship Game

2011
LSU
9–6 OT
Alabama
Bryant–Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL
2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game

2011
LSU
0–21
Alabama
Mercedes-Benz Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2012 BCS National Championship Game

2012
Notre Dame
14–42
Alabama
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2013 BCS National Championship Game

2013
Florida State
34–31
Auburn
Rose Bowl · Pasadena, CA
2014 BCS National Championship Game

2015
Clemson
40–45
Alabama
University of Phoenix Stadium · Glendale, AZ
2016 College Football Playoff National Championship

text: AP Poll inclusion in the BCS[edit]

text: In 1997, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a "real" national championship game. For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings, along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer-based polls. Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS, the AP demanded in December, 2004, that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings,[10] and so the 2004–2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose.

text: In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California (USC) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1. As a result, USC did not play in the BCS' designated national championship game. After defeating another highly ranked team, Michigan, in its final game, the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game, Louisiana State University (LSU), as the No. 1 team. The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve, and has been widely considered an embarrassment.[11]

text: In 2004, a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah, who both finished the regular season 12–0, were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12–0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game. USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games, leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season. Also, in that same year, Texas made up late ground on California (Cal) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high-payout, at-large spot in the Rose Bowl. Previous to that poll, Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll. Going into their final game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings.[12] Both teams won their game that week, but the Texas coach, Mack Brown, had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking. When the human polls were released, Texas remained behind Cal, but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll (which determines placement) placed Texas above Cal, angering both Cal and its conference, the Pac-10.[13] The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP, No. 4 coaches, and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP, No. 5 coaches, and No. 4 computer polls.[13] The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public, while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential. Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll, the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll. While officials from both Cal and the Pac-10 called for the coaches' votes to be made public, the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters. Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl. Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl.

text: Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and, at the behest of its members, the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings. The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings, it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll.[14]

text: Final AP football polls[edit]

text: Other media football polls[edit]

text: The AP Poll is not the only college football poll. The other major poll is the Coaches Poll, which has been sponsored by several organizations: the United Press (1950–1957), the United Press International (1958–1990), USA Today (1991–present), CNN (1991–1996), and ESPN (1997–2005). Having two major polls has led to numerous "split" national titles, where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team. This has occurred on eleven different occasions (1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003).

text: College basketball[edit]

text: In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness. The poll is usually released every Monday and voters' ballots are made public.[15]

text: Men's basketball[edit]

text: The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men's basketball teams during the 1948–1949 season. It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950–1951 season. As of January 2018, UCLA and Duke are tied for the most appearances atop the rankings at 134 times.[16]

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: The women's basketball poll began during the 1976–1977 season, and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer. At first, it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt, who asked to join the group, not to improve her rankings, but because of the lack of media coverage, Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule.[17] The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers.[18] In 1994, Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4. After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, headed into a showdown, scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day, the only women's basketball game scheduled on that day. Because of the unusual circumstances, the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day, to ensure it would be after the game. Connecticut won the game, and moved into first place in the AP poll, published on Tuesday for the only time. (Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season.)[19] Over the history of the poll, over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls.[20]

text: NFL football[edit]

text: Beginning in 2012, the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking, the AP Pro32 rankings.[21]


document_title: List of presidents of the Royal Society

question_text: who is the current president of the royal society

text: List of presidents of the Royal Society

text: The President of the Royal Society (PRS) is the elected director of the Royal Society of London who presides over meetings of the society's council.

text: After informal meetings at Gresham College, the Royal Society was officially founded on 28 November 1660 when a group of academics decided to found "a Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning",[1] acquiring a Royal Charter on 15 July 1662.[2] The Royal Charter nominated William Brouncker as president, and stipulated that future presidents should be elected by the Council and Fellows of the society at anniversary meetings each year on St. Andrew's Day (30 November).

text: The details of the presidency were described by the second Royal Charter, which did not set any limit on how long a president could serve. There were considerable fluctuations in the president's term of office until well into the 19th century. By then, sentiment had turned against electing wealthy amateurs solely because they might become patrons of the society, and in 1847 the society decided that Fellows would be elected solely on scientific merit. Since the 1870s it has been usual (with a few exceptions) for each President to serve for exactly five years. Under the current statutes, a president cannot serve for more than five years.[3]

text: The current President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan who began his 5-year tenure in 2015.[4] Historically, the duties of the president have been both formal and social. Under the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, the President was one of only a few people authorised to certify that a particular experiment on an animal was justified, and in addition he acted as the government's chief (albeit informal) advisor for scientific matters. At the same time, the President was tasked with entertaining distinguished foreign guests and scientists.[5]

text: The changeover of presidents occurs on the Royal Society Anniversary Day, the weekday on or nearest to 30 November, after the departing President's Anniversary Address.[6]

text: Presidents of the Royal Society[edit]

text:
Years
President
Profession

1662–1677

The Viscount Brouncker
Mathematician

1677–1680

Sir Joseph Williamson
Civil servant and politician

1680–1682

Sir Christopher Wren
Architect, astronomer and physicist

1682–1683

Sir John Hoskyns, Bt
Lawyer

1683–1684

Cyril Wyche
Lawyer and politician

1684–1686

Samuel Pepys
Naval administrator and Member of Parliament

1686–1689

The Earl of Carbery
Politician

1689–1690

The Earl of Pembroke
Politician

1690–1695

Sir Robert Southwell
Diplomat

1695–1698

Charles Montagu
Poet and statesman

1698–1703

The Lord Somers
Jurist and statesman

1703–1727

Sir Isaac Newton
Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian

1727–1741

Sir Hans Sloane, Bt
Physician and collector

1741–1752

Martin Folkes
Antiquarian

1752–1764

The Earl of Macclesfield
Astronomer

1764–1768

The Earl of Morton
Astronomer and representative peer

1768-1768

James Burrow
Legal reporter

1768–1772

James West
Politician and antiquarian

1772-1772

James Burrow
Legal reporter

1772–1778

Sir John Pringle
Physician

1778–1820

Sir Joseph Banks
Naturalist and botanist

1820-1820

William Hyde Wollaston
Chemist

1820–1827

Sir Humphry Davy, Bt
Chemist and inventor

1827–1830

Davies Gilbert
Engineer, author and politician

1830–1838

HRH The Duke of Sussex
Sixth son of George III of the United Kingdom

1838–1848

The Marquess of Northampton
Nobleman

1848–1854

The Earl of Rosse
Astronomer

1854–1858

The Lord Wrottesley
Astronomer

1858–1861

Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bt
Physiologist and surgeon

1861–1871

Sir Edward Sabine
Astronomer, geophysicist, ornithologist and explorer

1871–1873

Sir George Biddell Airy
Mathematician and astronomer

1873–1878

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
Botanist and explorer

1878–1883

William H. Spottiswoode
Mathematician and physicist

1883–1885

Thomas Henry Huxley
Biologist

1885–1890

Sir George Stokes
Mathematician and physicist

1890–1895

Sir William Thomson
Mathematical physicist

1895–1900

The Lord Lister
Surgeon

1900–1905

Sir William Huggins
Astronomer

1905–1908

The Lord Rayleigh
Physicist

1908–1913

Sir Archibald Geikie
Geologist and writer

1913–1915

Sir William Crookes
Chemist and physicist

1915–1920

Sir Joseph John Thomson
Physicist

1920–1925

Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Neurophysiologist, histologist, bacteriologist, and pathologist

1925–1930

The Lord Rutherford of Nelson
Physicist and chemist

1930–1935

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Biophysicist

1935–1940

Sir William Henry Bragg
Physicist, chemist and mathematician

1940–1945

Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Pharmacologist and physiologist

1945–1950

Sir Robert Robinson
Organic chemist

1950–1955

The Lord Adrian
Electrophysiologist

1955–1960

Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
Physical chemist

1960–1965

Sir Howard Florey
Pharmacologist and pathologist

1965–1970

The Lord Patrick Blackett
Physicist

1970–1975

Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Physiologist and Biophysicist

1975–1980

The Lord Todd
Biochemist

1980–1985

Sir Andrew Huxley
Physiologist and biophysicist

1985–1990

Sir George Porter
Chemist

1990–1995

Sir Michael Atiyah
Mathematician

1995–2000

Sir Aaron Klug
Chemist and biophysicist

2000–2005

Sir Robert May
Mathematical Biologist

2005–2010

The Lord Rees of Ludlow
Cosmologist and astrophysicist

2010–2015

Sir Paul Nurse
Geneticist and cell biologist

2015–present

Sir Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Biophysicist


document_title: Continental Divide, New Mexico

question_text: where is the continental divide in new mexico

text: Continental Divide, New Mexico

text:
Continental Divide, New Mexico

Unincorporated community

Continental Divide, New Mexico

Coordinates: 35°25′30″N 108°18′55″W / 35.42500°N 108.31528°W / 35.42500; -108.31528Coordinates: 35°25′30″N 108°18′55″W / 35.42500°N 108.31528°W / 35.42500; -108.31528

Country
United States

State
New Mexico

County
McKinley

Elevation
7,228 ft (2,203 m)

Time zone
Mountain (MST) (UTC-7)

 • Summer (DST)
MDT (UTC-6)

ZIP code
87312

Area code(s)
505

GNIS feature ID
1923007[1]

text: Continental Divide is an unincorporated community in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States.[1] Continental Divide is located along Interstate 40 25.1 miles (40.4 km) east-southeast of Gallup. Continental Divide has a post office with ZIP code 87312.[2][3]


document_title: Wayne's World 2

question_text: who played jim morrison in wayne's world 2

question_tokens: who played jim morrison in wayne 's world 2

text: Wayne's World 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rock-and-roll fans Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar now host their public-access television television show, Wayne's World, from an abandoned factory in Aurora, Illinois. After an Aerosmith concert, Wayne has a dream in which he meets Jim Morrison and a "weird naked Indian" in a desert. Morrison convinces Wayne that his destiny is to organize a major music festival. Wayne and Garth dub the concert "Waynestock" and hire Morrison's former roadie, Del Preston. Their early attempts to sign bands and sell tickets fail, and Wayne wonders if the endeavor is futile.

text: Wayne's girlfriend Cassandra, singer of the band Crucial Taunt, has a new producer, Bobby Cahn, who tries to pull her away from Wayne and Illinois. After Wayne admits spying on her due to his suspicion of Bobby's ulterior motives, Cassandra breaks up with him and becomes engaged to Bobby. Garth meets a beautiful woman, Honey Hornée, who attempts to manipulate Garth into killing her ex-husband, but Garth ends the relationship.

text: Tickets are sold for Waynestock but no bands arrive. Leaving Garth to keep the rowdy crowd in check, Wayne disrupts Cassandra's wedding before escaping the ceremony with her. Meanwhile, Garth has stage fright during the concert. Wayne returns to find the bands have still not arrived.

text: In the dream desert, Wayne and Garth consult Morrison, who says that the bands will not come and that all that matters is they tried. They become lost in the desert. Finding this unacceptable, Wayne and Garth reenact the ending of Thelma & Louise, driving their car off a cliff while trying to find the bands. Finally, Wayne and Garth stage an ending in which the bands arrive and Waynestock is a success.

text: After the concert, the park is covered with trash and the "weird naked Indian" cries. Wayne and Garth begin to remove the litter, promising to clean the entire park.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mike Myers as Wayne Campbell
Dana Carvey as Garth Algar
Tia Carrere as Cassandra Wong
Christopher Walken as Robert G. "Bobby" Cahn
Kevin Pollak as Jerry Segel
Ralph Brown as Del Preston
James Hong as Jeff Wong, Cassandra's father and martial arts expert
Kim Basinger as Honey Hornée
Jim Downey as the dubbed voice of Jeff Wong
Chris Farley as Milton, an aimless friend of Wayne and Garth's
Ed O'Neill as Glen
Michael A. Nickles as Jim Morrison
Larry Sellers as The Naked Indian
Frank DiLeo as Frankie 'Mr. Big' Sharp
Lee Tergesen as Terry, Wayne and Garth's bud
Scott Coffey as a Metalhead
Drew Barrymore as Bjergen Kjergen
Olivia d'Abo as Betty Jo
Charlton Heston as the "good actor" gas station attendant who replaces the "bad actor" Al Hansen
Jay Leno as Himself
Heather Locklear as Herself
Ted McGinley as "Mr. Scream"
Tim Meadows as Sammy Davis, Jr.
Robert Smigel and Bob Odenkirk as nerds backstage at the concert
Bobby Slayton as the Watermelon Guy
Harry Shearer as "Handsome" Dan
Rip Taylor as Himself
Steven Tyler as Himself (lead vocalist of Aerosmith)
Joe Perry as Himself (lead guitarist of Aerosmith)
Brad Whitford as Himself (rhythm guitarist of Aerosmith)
Tom Hamilton as Himself (bassist of Aerosmith)
Joey Kramer as Himself (drummer of Aerosmith)
Rich Fulcher as Garth's body double when they "travel to London"

text: Production[edit]

text: Penelope Spheeris, who directed the first film believes that Myers encouraged the studio not to have her back for the sequel due to personality conflicts with Myers during the making of the first film.[2] She went on to direct another TV to big screen adaptation, The Beverly Hillbillies instead and was replaced by Stephen Surjik for the sequel.

text: Myers' original script for Wayne's World 2 had Wayne and Garth forming their own country and seceding from the US after finding an ancient scroll, in a story taken from the 1949 British comedy Passport to Pimlico. This version was well into pre-production before it came to light that the studio had no idea the script was based on a previous film and thus had not obtained the rights to Passport to Pimlico. Production was immediately halted--director Surjik said: “I could hear the chainsaws literally chopping the sets down.”[3]

text: Studio executive Sherry Lansing was reportedly furious with Myers and threatened to ruin his life and career if he didn't immediately produce a new script.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Wayne's World 2 received mixed reviews.[5] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 60% "Fresh" rating, based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10, with the site's critical consensus reading, "The characters are still endearing, but the jokes in Wayne's World 2 are more hit-and-miss the second time around".[6]

text: Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, and wrote that Wayne and Garth are "impossible to dislike".[7]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Although it was intended to be a Christmas season blockbuster, Wayne's World 2 was only moderately successful and did not receive the box office intake or positive fan reaction that the first film did. Its final North American gross was $48 million, slightly more than its $40 million production budget, but much less than the original film's gross of over $100 million. Wayne's World 2 also suffered from competition from other holiday season blockbusters such as Mrs. Doubtfire, Schindler's List, and The Pelican Brief.[8]

text: Soundtrack[edit]


document_title: Rio Grande

question_text: where does the rio grande river start in colorado

text: Rio Grande

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Rio Grande rises in the western part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado. The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains, just east of the Continental Divide. From there, it flows through the San Luis Valley, then south into the Middle Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico, passing through the Rio Grande Gorge near Taos, then toward Española, and picking up additional water from the San Juan-Chama Diversion Project from the Rio Chama. It then continues on a southerly route through the desert cities of Albuquerque and Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. In the Albuquerque area, the river flows past a number of historic Pueblo villages, including Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo. Below El Paso, it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico.

text: The official river border measurement ranges from 889 miles (1,431 km) to 1,248 miles (2,008 km), depending on how the river is measured.[1] A major tributary, the Rio Conchos, enters at Ojinaga, Chihuahua, below El Paso, and supplies most of the water in the border segment. Other tributaries include the Pecos and the smaller Devils, which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam. Despite its name and length, the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean-going ships, nor do smaller passenger boats or cargo barges use it as a route. It is barely navigable at all, except by small boats in a few places; at its deepest point, the river's depth is 60 feet (18 m).[10]

text: The Rio Grande rises in high mountains and flows for much of its length at high elevation; Albuquerque is 5,312 feet (1,619 m), and  El Paso 3,762 feet (1,147 m) above sea level. In New Mexico, the river flows through the Rio Grande rift from one sediment-filled basin to another, cutting canyons between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque ecosystem on its flood plain.  From El Paso eastward, the river flows through desert. Although irrigated agriculture exists throughout most of its stretch, it is particularly extensive in the subtropical Lower Rio Grande Valley. The river ends in a small, sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico. During portions of 2001 and 2002, the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar. In the fall of 2003, the sandbar was cleared by high river flows around 7,063 cubic feet per second (200 m3/s).[4]

text: Navigation[edit]

text: Navigation was active during much of the 19th century,[11] with over 200 different steamboats operating between the river's mouth close to Brownsville and Rio Grande City, Texas.  Many steamboats from the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were requisitioned by the U.S. government and moved to the Rio Grande during the Mexican–American War in 1846.  They provided transport for the U.S. Army, under General Zachary Taylor, to invade Monterrey, Nuevo León, via Camargo Municipality, Tamaulipas. Army engineers recommended that with small improvements, the river could easily be made navigable as far north as El Paso.[citation needed]  Those recommendations were never acted upon.

text: The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge, a large swing bridge, dates back to 1910 and is still in use today by automobiles connecting Brownsville with Matamoros, Tamaulipas. It has not been opened since the early 1900s, though, when the last of the big steamboats disappeared.  At one point, the bridge also had rail traffic.  Railroad trains no longer use this bridge.  A new rail bridge (West Rail International Crossing) connecting the U.S. and Mexico was built about 15 miles west of the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge. It was inaugurated in August 2015.  It moved all rail operations out of downtown Brownsville and Matamoros.[12]  The West Rail International Crossing is the first new international rail crossing between the U.S. and Mexico in 105 years.[13]  The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge is now operated by the Brownsville and Matamoros Bridge Company, a joint venture between the Mexican government and the Union Pacific Railroad.

text: At the mouth of the Rio Grande, on the Mexican side, was the large commercial port of Bagdad, Tamaulipas.  During the American Civil War, this was the only legitimate port of the Confederacy.  European warships anchored offshore to maintain the port's neutrality, and managed to do so successfully throughout that conflict, despite occasional stare-downs with blockading ships from the US Navy.  It was a shallow-draft river port, with several smaller vessels that hauled cargo to and from the deeper-draft cargo ships anchored off shore. These deeper-draft ships could not cross the shallow sandbar at the mouth of the river.  The port's commerce was European military supplies, in exchange for bales of cotton.

text: History[edit]

text: During the late 1830s and early 1840s, the river marked the disputed border between Mexico and the nascent Republic of Texas; Mexico marked the border at the Nueces River. The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1846, after Texas had been admitted as a new state. Since 1848, the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, to the Gulf of Mexico. As such, crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texan slaves to seek freedom. Mexico had liberal colonization policies and had abolished slavery in 1828.[14]

text: In 1899, after a gradual change to the river position, a channel was dug for flood control which moved the river, creating what was called Cordova Island, which became the center of the Chamizal dispute.  Resolving the dispute took many years and almost resulted in the assassination of the American and Mexican presidents.

text: In 1944, the US and Mexico signed a treaty regarding the river,[15] and in 1997, the US designated the Rio Grande as one of the American Heritage Rivers. Two portions of the Rio Grande are designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, one in northern New Mexico and the other in Texas, at Big Bend National Park.

text: In mid-2001, a 328-foot (100 m)-wide sandbar formed at the mouth of the river, marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico. The sandbar was dredged, but reformed almost immediately. Spring rains the following year flushed the reformed sandbar out to sea, but it returned in mid-2002. By late 2003, the river once again reached the Gulf.[4]

text: River modifications[edit]

text: The United States and Mexico share the water of the river under a series of agreements administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), US-Mexico. The most notable of these treaties were signed in 1906 and 1944.[16][17] The IBWC traces its institutional roots to 1889, when the International Boundary Committee was established to maintain the border.  The IBWC today also allocates river waters between the two nations, and provides for flood control and water sanitation.

text: Use of that water belonging to the United States is regulated by the Rio Grande Compact, an interstate pact between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The water of the Rio Grande is over-appropriated: that is, more users for the water exist than water in the river. Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged "The Forgotten River" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.[18]

text: Dams on the Rio Grande include Rio Grande Dam, Cochiti Dam, Elephant Butte Dam, Caballo Dam, Amistad Dam, Falcon Dam, Anzalduas Dam, and Retamal Dam. In southern New Mexico and the upper portion of the Texas border segment, the river's discharge dwindles. Diversions, mainly for agricultural irrigation, have increased the natural decrease in flow such that by the time the river reaches Presidio, little or no water is left. Below Presidio, the Rio Conchos restores the flow of water.[1] Near Presidio, the river's discharge is frequently zero. Its average discharge is 178 cubic feet per second (5 m3/s), down from 945 cubic feet per second (27 m3/s) at Elephant Butte Dam. Supplemented by other tributaries, the Rio Grande's discharge increases to its maximum annual average of 3,504 cubic feet per second (99 m3/s) near Rio Grande City. Large diversions for irrigation below Rio Grande City reduce the river's average flow to 889 cubic feet per second (25 m3/s) at Brownsville and Matamoros.[4]

text: Crossings[edit]

text: The major international border crossings along the river are at Ciudad Juárez and El Paso; Presidio and Ojinaga; Laredo and Nuevo Laredo; McAllen and Reynosa; and Brownsville and Matamoros. Other notable border towns are the Texas/Coahuila pairings of Del Rio–Ciudad Acuña and Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras.

text: Names and pronunciation[edit]

text: Río Grande is Spanish for "Big River" and Río Grande del Norte means "Great River of the North".  In English, Rio Grande is pronounced either /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/.  Because río means "river" in Spanish, the phrase Rio Grande River is redundant.

text: In Mexico, it is known as Río Bravo or Río Bravo del Norte, bravo meaning (among other things) "furious" or "agitated".

text: Historically, the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo:

text:
mets'ichi chena, Keresan, "Big River"
posoge, Tewa, "Big River"
paslápaane, Tiwa, "Big River"
hañapakwa, Towa, "Great Waters"

text: The four Pueblo names likely antedated the Spanish entrada by several centuries.[19]

text: Tó Baʼáadi, Navajo, "Female River" (the direction south is female in Navajo cosmology)[20]

text: Rio del Norte was most commonly used for the upper Rio Grande (roughly, within the present-day borders of New Mexico) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-19th century.  This use was first documented by the Spanish in 1582. Early American settlers in South Texas began to use the modern 'English' name Rio Grande.  By the late 19th century, in the United States, the name Rio Grande had become standard in being applied to the entire river, from Colorado to the sea.[19]

text: By 1602, Río Bravo had become the standard Spanish name for the lower river, below its confluence with the Rio Conchos.[19]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text: The largest tributary of the Rio Grande by discharge is the Rio Conchos, which contributes almost twice as much water as any other. In terms of drainage basin size, the Pecos River is the largest.

text:
hideTributary

Average discharge

Drainage basin

cu ft/s

m3/s

sq mi

km2

San Juan River

368

10[4]

12,950

33,500[4]

Rio Alamo

130

3.68[4]

1,675

4,340[4]

Rio Salado

354

10.0[4]

23,323

60,400 [4]

Rio San Rodrigo

130

3.68[4]

1,050

2,720[4]

Devils River

362

10.3[4]

137

355[21]

Pecos River

265

7.50[4]

44,402

115,000[22]

Rio Conchos

848

24.0[4]

26,400

68,400[23]

Rio Puerco

39.5

1.1[24]

7,350

19,000[24]

Jemez River

59.5

1.68[25]

1,038

2,688[25]

Santa Fe River

10.9

0.31[26]

231

598.3[26]

Rio Chama

571

16.2[27]

3,144

8,143[27]

Conejos River

176

4.98[28]

887

2,297[28]