document_title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)

question_text: name of audrey hepburn's character in breakfast at tiffany's

question_tokens: name of audrey hepburn 's character in breakfast at tiffany 's

root

text: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Early one morning, a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City, from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly emerges carrying a paper bag with her breakfast. After looking into the shop's windows while eating her bun and sipping her coffee, she strolls home. Outside her apartment, she fends off Sid Arbuck, her date from the disastrous night before. Inside the apartment building, Holly can't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi, who begrudgingly lets her in. Later, she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak, who rings her doorbell to get into the building. The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato, a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison. Tomato's lawyer pays her $100 a week (a rent-covering annual “wage” of $42,600 today) to deliver "the weather report".

tag: p

text: As she is leaving for Sing Sing, Holly is introduced to Paul's "decorator", wealthy older woman Emily Eustace Failenson, whom Paul nicknames "2E" (pronounced "Tooley"). That night, Holly goes out onto the fire escape to elude an over-eager date. She peeks into Paul's apartment and sees 2E leaving money and kissing Paul goodbye. After Tooley leaves, Holly enters Paul's apartment and learns he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before. Holly, in turn, explains she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred. The pair fall asleep, but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred. When Paul questions her about this, Holly chides him for prying and leaves. She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a lively party at her apartment. There, Paul meets her Hollywood agent, O. J. Berman, who describes Holly's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite. He is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira, a wealthy Brazilian politician, and Rusty Trawler, the "ninth richest man in America under 50".

text: In the days that follow, Paul and Holly become closer. The next day, Tooley enters Paul's apartment, worried she is being followed. Paul tells her he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly, Holly's estranged husband. Doc explains Holly's real name is Lula Mae Barnes and that they were married when she was 14. He wants to take her back to rural Texas, as her brother Fred will be returning in a few months after Army service. After Paul reunites Holly and Doc, she tells Paul the marriage was annulled. At the Greyhound bus station, she tells Doc she will not return to Texas with him and Doc leaves town broken-hearted.

text: After drinking at a club, Paul and Holly return to her apartment, where she drunkenly tells him she plans to marry Trawler for his money.  A few days later, Paul learns one of his short stories will be published. On the way to tell Holly, he sees a newspaper headline stating Trawler has married someone else. Holly and Paul agree to spend the day together, taking turns doing things each has never done before, including visiting the library.  At Tiffany's, Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly. After spending the night together, he awakens to find her gone. When Tooley arrives, Paul ends their relationship. She calmly accepts, having earlier concluded he and some other woman are in love.

text: Holly schemes to marry José for his money, which angers Paul. After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred's death, she trashes her apartment. Months later, Paul has moved  out. He is invited to dinner by Holly, who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José. However, they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato's drug ring, and Holly spends the night in jail.

text: The next morning, Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting, and they take a cab. He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest. Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway, asks the cab to pull over, and releases the cat into the rain. Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior, then gets out of the cab in the pouring rain and leaves, tossing the engraved Cracker Jack ring into her lap and telling her to examine her life. She goes through a decision making moment, puts on the ring, and runs after Paul, who has gone looking for the cat. She searches the alley and finally finds the cat. Paul and Holly stand in the rain, and with the cat tucked into Holly's coat, look into each other's eyes and share a kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly - New York "City" girl - Socialite
George Peppard as Paul Varjak (nicknamed "Fred" by Holly, for his resemblance to her brother) - Writer - New neighbor and kept man of "2E"
Patricia Neal as Mrs. Emily Eustace "Tooley" Failenson - Rich decorator
Buddy Ebsen as Doc Golightly - Holly's former husband from Texas
Martin Balsam as O.J. Berman - Agent
Mickey Rooney as I. Y. Yunioshi - Angry upstairs neighbor
Alan Reed as Sally Tomato - Mobster in Sing Sing
José Luis de Vilallonga as José da Silva Pereira (credited as Vilallonga) - Holly's Brazilian rich mark
Stanley Adams as Rutherford "Rusty" Trawler - Another failed husband mark
John McGiver as Tiffany's salesman
Dorothy Whitney as Mag Wildwood
Claude Stroud as Sid Arbuck - First Holly suitor
Mel Blanc as Holly's over eager date
Orangey as Cat (trained by Frank Inn)
Beverly Powers as the stripper (credited as Miss Beverly Hills)
Elvia Allman as the librarian

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod, loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote. Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers' vision. Capote, who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios, wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly, whom he had described perfectly in the book. Barry Paris cites Capote's own comments on the choice of actress: "Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl, Holly Golightly." Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to "tailor the screenplay for Monroe". When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a "lady of the evening" would be bad for her image, she turned it down and performed in The Misfits instead. When Hepburn was cast instead of Monroe, Capote remarked: "Paramount double-crossed me in every way and cast Audrey".[4] Shirley MacLaine was also offered the part of Holly, but she turned it down and performed in Two Loves instead.[5]

text: Originally producers Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd had picked John Frankenheimer as the director,[6] but Hepburn said: "I've never heard of him" and he was replaced on her request.

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: Most of the exteriors were filmed in New York City, except the fire escape scenes and the alley scene at the end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat. All of the interiors, except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company, were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood.[citation needed]

text: According to one report the film's on-location opening sequence, in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany's display window, was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot. Although it was simple in concept, crowd control, Hepburn's dislike of pastries, and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have made capturing the scene a challenge. However, another report claims that the sequence was captured rather quickly due to the good fortune of an unexpected traffic lull.[7]

text: Music[edit]

text:
“

It took me a long time to figure out what Holly Golightly was all about. One night after midnight I was still trying. I don't drink much, but I was sipping. And it came to me. I wrote ["Moon River"] in half an hour.

”

— Henry Mancini[8]

tag: table

text: During the film, Hepburn sang the film's signature song, "Moon River" by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer. The song was tailored to Hepburn's limited vocal range, based on songs she had performed in 1957's Funny Face.[9] On the Anniversary Edition DVD of Breakfast at Tiffany's co-producer Richard Shepherd says in his audio commentary that after a preview in San Francisco, Martin Rankin, Paramount's head of production, wanted "Moon River" replaced with music by somebody like Gordon Jenkins (whose album Manhattan Tower had been out fairly recently): "Marty [Jurow, co-producer] and I both said 'over our dead bodies.'"[10] According to Mancini and Edwards, a studio executive hated the song and demanded it be cut from the film; Hepburn, who was present, responded to the suggestion by standing up and saying, "Over my dead body!"[11]

text: According to Time magazine, Mancini "sets off his melodies with a walking bass, extends them with choral and string variations, varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz. 'Moon River' is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica, repeated by strings, hummed and then sung by the chorus, finally resolved with the harmonica again."[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Time magazine noted "for the first half hour or so, Hollywood's Holly (Audrey Hepburn) is not much different from Capote's. She has kicked the weed and lost the illegitimate child she was having, but she is still jolly Holly, the child bride from Tulip, Texas, who at 15 runs away to Hollywood to find some of the finer things of life—like shoes."  It pointed out that "after that out-of-Capote beginning, Director Blake Edwards (High Time) goes on to an out-of-character end."[12]  Almost a half century later, Time commented on the pivotal impact of Hepburn's portrayal of Golightly:[13]

text: Breakfast at Tiffany's set Hepburn on her 60s Hollywood course. Holly Golightly, small-town Southern girl turned Manhattan trickster, was the naughty American cousin of Eliza Doolittle, Cockney flower girl turned My Fair Lady. Holly was also the prototype for the Hepburn women in Charade, Paris When It Sizzles, and How to Steal a Million: kooks in capers. And she prepared audiences for the ground-level anxieties that Hepburn characters endured in The Children's Hour, Two for the Road and Wait Until Dark.

text: The New York Times called the film a "completely unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy, romance, poignancy, funny colloquialisms and Manhattan's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors". In reviewing the performances, the newspaper said Holly Golightly is

text: as implausible as ever. But in the person of Miss Hepburn, she is a genuinely charming, elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen. George Peppard is casual and, for the most part, a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings. Martin Balsam makes a properly brash, snappy Hollywood agent. Mickey Rooney's bucktoothed, myopic Japanese is broadly exotic. Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard's sponsor and Vilallonga, is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn's Brazilian, while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn's husband.[14]

text: Truman Capote hated Hepburn in the lead part. Capote biographer Gerald Clarke deemed the film a "valentine" to free-spirited women rather than a cautionary tale about a little girl lost in the big city. "The movie is a confection — a sugar and spice confection."[15]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 50 critics and gives the film a rating of 88%, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's consensus states: "It contains some ugly anachronisms, but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic, and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen."[16]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Hepburn as Holly, with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder, is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema.[17] Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly's sunglasses. Often misidentified as Ray-Ban, they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith. In 2011 the model was re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany's.[18] One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie's[19] on December 5, 2006 for £467,200 (~US$947,000), about seven times the reserve price.[20] The "Little Black Dress" by Givenchy, worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film, is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is, perhaps, the most famous little black dress of all time.[21][22][23][24] A second "little black dress" in Breakfast at Tiffany's, along with its wide-brimmed hat, was worn by Hepburn as Holly when she goes to visit mobster Sally Tomato at Sing Sing Prison. This dress was paid homage as one of the dresses worn by Anne Hathaway's character Selina Kyle, Catwoman's alter ego, in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises; the comic book Catwoman character was originally drawn based on Hepburn, according to Catwoman comic cover artist Adam Hughes, creating a double homage to Hepburn's Holly Golightly in Hathaway's Catwoman.[25]

text: The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song-and-dance man and Disney Davy Crockett sidekick Buddy Ebsen, who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly, Holly's ex-husband. His success here led directly to his best-known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies.[26]

text: A diamond necklace at Tiffany's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy, was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which she wore in publicity photos for the film. Tiffany's profile, while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer, was further boosted by the film.[27]

text: Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and yellowface controversy[edit]

text: For his portrayal of I. Y. Yunioshi, Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person. Since the 1990s, this portrayal has been subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans, among others. For instance, in the film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), Breakfast at Tiffany's is used as an illustration of Hollywood's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife, Linda, see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney's caricatured performance.

text: In his audio commentary for the DVD release, producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect, he wanted to recast the role "not because he [Rooney] didn't play the part well" but because Shepherd thought the part of Mr. Yunioshi should be performed by an actor of Japanese ethnicity; it was director Blake Edwards' decision to keep Rooney.[28]  In a "making-of" for the 45th anniversary edition DVD release, Shepherd repeatedly apologizes, saying, "If we could just change Mickey Rooney, I'd be thrilled with the movie."[29] Director Blake Edwards stated, "Looking back, I wish I had never done it... and I would give anything to be able to recast it, but it's there, and onward and upward."[29]

text: In a 2008 interview about the film, 87-year-old Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism:

text: Blake Edwards... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director. They hired me to do this overboard, and we had fun doing it.... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it – not one complaint. Every place I've gone in the world people say, "God, you were so funny." Asians and Chinese come up to me and say, "Mickey you were out of this world."[30]

text: Rooney also said that if he had known the portrayal would be offensive, "I wouldn't have done it. Those that didn't like it, I forgive them and God bless America, God bless the universe, God bless Japanese, Chinese, Indians, all of them and let's have peace."[30]

text: The film continues to draw criticism for this character now widely considered to be a racist caricature, particularly when the movie is selected as a "classic" screened in public spaces, supported by tax dollars. In 2011, a SyFy and  Brooklyn Bridge Park Corporation screening inspired petitions.[31]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Award[32]
Person

Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture
Henry Mancini

Best Original Song: "Moon River"
Henry Mancini  Johnny Mercer

Nominated:

Best Actress in a Leading Role
Audrey Hepburn

Best Art Direction
Hal PereiraRoland AndersonSam ComerRay Moyer

Best Adapted Screenplay
George Axelrod

text: Other awards[edit]

text:
Golden Globe Awards, 1961: Best picture (musical or comedy)
Golden Globe Awards, 1961: Best actress (musical or comedy) – Audrey Hepburn
Henry Mancini won the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album or Recording or Score.
George Axelrod won the Writers Guild of America, East for Best Written American Drama.
Blake Edwards was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.
Orangey the cat won the 1962 PATSY Award of the American Humane Association for his portrayal of "the poor slob without a name".[citation needed]
The film was ranked #486 on Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list for 2008.[33]
National Film Registry, 2012
American Film Institute ranked the film #61 in 100 Years...100 Passions and "Moon River" as #4 in 100 Years...100 Songs.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack featured a score composed and conducted by Henry Mancini, with songs by Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer. Mancini and Mercer won the 1961 Oscar for Best Original Song for "Moon River". Mancini won for Best Original Score. There are also unreleased score pieces from Breakfast at Tiffany's in existence; "Carousel Cue" is from an unsurfaced scene, while "Outtake 1" is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany's and is a variation of the main theme.

text: List of songs[edit]

text:
"Moon River"
"Something for Cat"
"Sally's Tomato"
"Mr. Yunioshi"
"The Big Blow Out"
"Hub Caps and Tail Lights"
"Breakfast at Tiffany's"
"Latin Golightly"
"Holly"
"Loose Caboose"
"The Big Heist"
"Moon River [Cha Cha]"

text: In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance (as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time, the album released alongside the film was a re-recording).

text:
Main Title (Moon River) (3:07)
Paul Meets Cat (1:24)
Sally’s Tomato (4:57)
The Big Blowout (1:05)
Poor Fred (3:22)
Moon River (Cha Cha) (2:32)
Latin Golightly (3:05)
Something For Cat (4:48)
Loose Caboose – Part 1 (À La Cha Cha) (3:22)
Loose Caboose – Part 2 (2:11)
Moon River (Vocal By Audrey Hepburn) (2:03)
Meet The Doc (With Organ Grinder) (1:37)
An Exceptional Person (2:57)
You’re So Skinny (0:57)
Turkey Eggs (2:43)
Hub Caps And Tail Lights (2:19)
Rats And Super Rats (2:27)
The Hard Way (0:55)
Rusty Trawler (0:26)
Holly (1:56)
A Lovely Place (1:33)
Bermuda Nights (0:22)
The Big Heist (4:02)
After The Ball (1:14)
Just Like Holly (1:41)
Wait A Minute (0:44)
Feathers (1:14)
Let’s Eat (1:39)
Where’s The Cat? And End Title (Moon River) (3:50)
Moon River (Audrey Hepburn & Guitar) (1:38)
Moon River (Piano And Guitar) (1:38)
Moon River (Harmonica And Guitar) (1:36)
Meet The Doc (Without Organ Grinder) (1:37)
Piano Practice No. 1 (1:38)
Piano Practice No. 2 (1:48)
Piano Practice No. 3 (0:54)
Moon River (New York Version) (2:01)
Moon River (Whistling) (0:10)

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Breakfast at Tiffany's was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s,[citation needed] and is also widely available on DVD. On February 7, 2006, Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release:

text:
Audio Commentary – with producer Richard Shepherd
Breakfast at Tiffany's: The Making of a Classic – a making-of featurette with interviews by Edwards, Neal, the "laughing/crying" woman from the party, and Sean Ferrer, Hepburn's son.
It's So Audrey! A Style Icon – a short tribute to Hepburn.
Brilliance in a Blue Box – a brief history of Tiffany & Co.
Audrey's Letter to Tiffany – an accounting of Hepburn's letter to Tiffany & Co. on the occasion of the company's 150th anniversary in 1987.
Original Theatrical Trailer
Photo Gallery

text: On January 13, 2009, a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released. In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition, this version includes:

text:
A Golightly Gathering – Reuniting some of the past cast members from the party with interviews on their experiences filming that segment.
Henry Mancini: More Than Music – A featurette about Henry Mancini, "Moon River" and interviews with Mancini's wife and children.
Mr. Yunioshi: An Asian Perspective – Documentary discussing the reaction and Asian perspective of the character of Mr. Yunioshi, one of the most controversial characters in film.
Behind the Gates – A tour through Paramount Studios

text: In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu-ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs. The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures.  The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts. The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary.[34][35]

text: Stage adaptations[edit]

text: In 1966, David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul. The troubled production closed after four previews.

text: In 2004, a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis.[36]

text: In May 2009, actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film. The show opened in September 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre.[37]

text: A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City. The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke.[38]


document_title: iPod

question_text: when did the first touch screen ipod come out

question_tokens: when did the first touch screen ipod come out

text: iPod

text: History

text: Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004.[8] The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful,"[9] so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey,[10] and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive.[9]  Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work.[11] The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone.[12][13] The product ("the Walkman of the twenty-first century" [14]) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."[15]

text: Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones.[9] Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs.[9] As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).

text: In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.[16][17]

text: In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI.[18] He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.[18]

text: The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player.[9] Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.[19]

text: The earliest recorded use in commerce of an "iPod" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled "iPOD".[20]

text: In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.[21][22]

text: On July 27, 2017, Apple removed the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players.[23] Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple.

text: Hardware

text:
Chipsets and Electronics

Chipset or Electronic

Product(s)

Component(s)

Microcontroller

iPod Classic 1st to 3rd generations

Two ARM 7TDMI-derived CPUs running at 90 MHz

iPod Classic 4th and 5th generations, iPod Mini, iPod Nano 1st generation

Variable-speed ARM 7TDMI CPUs, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life

iPod Classic 6th generation, iPod Nano 2nd generation onwards, iPod Shuffle 2nd generation onwards

Samsung System-on-a-chip, based around an ARM processor.[24][25]

iPod Shuffle 1st generation

SigmaTel D-Major STMP3550 chip running at 75 MHz that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry.[26]

iPod Touch 1st and 2nd generation

ARM 1176JZ(F)-S at 412 MHz for 1st gen, 533 MHz for 2nd gen.

iPod Touch 3rd and 4th generation

ARM Cortex A8 at 600 MHz for 3rd gen, 800 MHz for 4th gen. (Apple A4)

iPod Touch 5th generation

ARM Cortex A9 at 800 MHz (Apple A5)

iPod Touch 6th generation

Apple ARMv8-A "Typhoon" at 1.1 GHz (Apple A8) with Apple M8 Motion coprocessor

Audio Chip

iPod Classic 1st to 5th generation, iPod Touch 1st generation, iPod Nano 1st to 3rd generation, iPod Mini[27]

Audio Codecs developed by Wolfson Microelectronics

iPod Classic 6th generation, iPod Touch 2nd generation onwards, iPod Shuffle, iPod Nano 4th generation onwards

Cirrus Logic Audio Codec Chip

Storage Medium

iPod Classic

45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives (ATA-6, 4200 rpm with ZIF connectors) made by Toshiba

iPod Mini

25.4 mm (1 in) Microdrive by Hitachi and Seagate

iPod Nano

Flash Memory from Samsung, Toshiba, and others

iPod Shuffle and Touch

Flash Memory

Batteries

iPod Classic 1st and 2nd generation

Internal Recyclable Lithium Polymer Batteries

iPod Classic 3rd generation onwards, iPod Mini, iPod Nano, iPod Touch, iPod Shuffle

Internal Recyclable Lithium-Ion Batteries

Display

iPod Nano 7th generation

2.5-inch (diagonal) Multi-Touch, 432-by-240 resolution at 202 pixels per inch[28]

iPod Classic 5th and 6th generation

2.5-inch (diagonal) color LCD with LED backlight, 320-by-240 resolution at 163 pixels per inch[29]

iPod Touch 5th and 6th generation

4-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch, 1136-by-640 resolution at 326 pixels per inch[30]

text: Audio

text: The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests.[31][32] The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods.[33] The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage,[31] rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

text: For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs.[34][35] This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments.

text: From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss.[36] Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit.[37] However, users who have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit.[38] It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change.[39] Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version.[40]

text: Connectivity

text: Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.

text: The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable.

text: The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.[41]

text: Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.[42]

text: Accessories

text: Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones.[43] Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.

text: BMW released the first iPod automobile interface,[44] allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz,[45] Volvo,[46] Nissan, Toyota,[47] Alfa Romeo, Ferrari,[48] Acura, Audi, Honda,[49] Renault, Infiniti[50] and Volkswagen.[51] Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

text: Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands.

text: Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.[52]

text: Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays.[53] Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.[54]

text: Software

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data rates.[55] Originally, iPod software only worked with Classic Mac OS and macOS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second-generation model.[56] Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format—but a converter for WMA files without digital rights management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox).

text: During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library.

text: Interface

text: iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS.

text: iTunes Store

text: The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch[57] and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.[58]

text: At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

text: iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself[59] by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales.[60] However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street.

text: Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.[61]

text: Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On...".  This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.

text: Games

text: Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

text: In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano.

text: With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.[62]

text: The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development.[63] Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.

text: File storage and transfer

text: All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in "disk mode" as mass storage devices to store data files[64] but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod Touch, requires special software.[citation needed]  If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer.[65] If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+.[66]

text: Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.

text: iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.

text: Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.

text: Models and features

text: While the suffix "Classic" was not introduced until the sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity.

text:
Model

Generation

Image

Capacity

Connection

Original release date

Minimum OS to sync

Rated battery life (hours)

Classic

1st

5, 10 GB

FireWire

October 23, 2001

Mac: 9, 10.1

audio: 10

First model, with mechanical scroll wheel. 10 GB model released later.

2nd

10, 20 GB

FireWire

July 17, 2002

Mac: 10.1Win: 2000

audio: 10

Touch-sensitive wheel. FireWire port had a cover. Hold switch revised. Windows compatibility through Musicmatch.

3rd

10, 15, 20, 30, 40 GB

FireWire (USB for syncing only)

April 28, 2003

Mac: 10.1Win: 2000

audio: 8

First complete redesign with all-touch interface, dock connector, 4-pin remote connector and slimmer case. Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows.

4th(Photo)(with color display)

20, 40 GB

FireWire or USB

July 19, 2004

Mac: 10.2Win: 2000

audio: 12

Adopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini, added charging through USB in addition to FireWire.

photo:30, 40, 60 GB

FireWire or USB

October 26, 2004

Mac: 10.2Win: 2000

audio: 15slideshow: 5

color:20, 60 GB

June 28, 2005

Premium spin-off of 4th generation iPod with color screen, plus picture viewing. Later reintegrated into main iPod line.

5th

30, 60, 80 GB

USB (FireWire for charging only)

October 12, 2005

Mac: 10.3Win: 2000

30 GBaudio: 14video: 2(later 3.5)

60/80 GBaudio: 20video: 3/6.5

Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Remote connector near the headphone jack was omitted as was syncing through FireWire. Offered in black or white. Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on September 12, 2006.

6th

80, 120, 160 GB

USB (FireWire for charging only)

September 5, 2007

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

80 GBaudio: 30video: 5

120 GBaudio: 36video: 6

160 GB2007 modelaudio: 40video: 72009 modelaudio: 36video: 6

Introduced the "Classic" suffix. New interface and anodized aluminum front plate. Silver replaces white. In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model and the 160 GB model was discontinued. In September 2009, the 120 GB model was replaced with a 160 GB model. Discontinued on September 9, 2014.

Mini

1st

4 GB

USB or FireWire

January 6, 2004

Mac: 10.1Win: 2000

audio: 8

New smaller model, available in 5 colors. Introduced the "Click Wheel".

2nd

4, 6 GB

USB or FireWire

February 22, 2005

Mac: 10.2Win: 2000

audio: 18

Brighter color variants with longer battery life. Click Wheel lettering matched body color. Gold color discontinued.  Later replaced by iPod Nano.

Nano

1st

1, 2, 4 GB

USB (FireWire for charging only)

September 7, 2005

Mac: 10.3Win: 2000

audio: 14slideshow: 4

Replaced Mini. Available in black or white and used flash memory. Color screen for picture viewing. 1 GB version released later.

2nd

2, 4, 8 GB

USB (FireWire for charging only)

September 12, 2006

Mac: 10.3Win: 2000

audio: 24slideshow: 5

Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available.

3rd

4, 8 GB

USB (FireWire for charging only)

September 5, 2007

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 24video: 5

2" QVGA screen, colors refreshed with chrome back, new interface, video capability, smaller Click Wheel.

4th

4, 8, 16 GB

USB

September 9, 2008

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 24video: 4

Reverted to tall form factor and all-aluminum enclosure with nine color choices, added accelerometer for "shake to shuffle" functionality and horizontal viewing. 4 GB model limited release in selected markets.

5th

8, 16 GB

USB

September 9, 2009

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 24video: 5

First iPod to include a video camera; also included a larger screen, FM radio, speaker, pedometer, and a polished exterior case while retaining similar colors to the 4th generation model.

6th

8, 16 GB

USB

September 1, 2010

Mac: 10.5Win: XP

audio: 24

First iPod Nano to include multi-touch screen; clip from iPod Shuffle added. Video playback, speakers and camera removed.

7th

16 GB

USB

September 12, 2012

Mac: 10.6Win: XP

audio: 30video: 3.5

Reverted to tall form factor with larger 2.5" multi-touch screen. Clip removed. Video playback restored and Bluetooth added. Replaced 30-pin dock connector with new Lightning connector. Discontinued July 27, 2017.[67]

Shuffle

1st

512 MB, 1 GB

USB(no adaptor required)

January 11, 2005

Mac: 10.2Win: 2000

audio: 12

New entry-level model. Uses flash memory and has no screen.

2nd

1, 2 GB

USB

September 12, 2006

Mac: 10.3Win: 2000

audio: 12

Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later. Colors were changed in 2007 and 2008.

3rd

2, 4 GB

USB

March 11, 2009

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 10

Smaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable. Introduced with two colors, and featured VoiceOver. More colors and 2 GB model added in September 2009.

4th

2 GB

USB

September 1, 2010

Mac: 10.5Win: XP

audio: 15

Controls returned to the body of the iPod. Introduced with five colors, and featured VoiceOver. Discontinued July 27, 2017.[67]

Touch

1st

8, 16, 32 GB

USB (FireWire for charging only)[68]

September 5, 2007

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 22video: 5

First iPod with Wi-Fi and a Multi-touch interface. Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube. 32 GB model later added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access required an upgrade fee.

2nd

8, 16, 32 GB

USB

September 9, 2008

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 36video: 6

New tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access standard. Bluetooth support added but not made active until iOS 3.0, which required an upgrade fee.

3rd

32, 64 GB

USB

September 9, 2009

Mac: 10.4Win: XP

audio: 30video: 6

Updated to include the upgraded internals from the iPhone 3GS; included Voice Control support and bundled remote earphones.

4th

8, 16, 32, 64 GB

USB

September 1, 2010

Mac: 10.5Win: XP

audio: 40video: 7

New thinner design including two cameras for FaceTime and HD video recording, hold button moved to top right corner, Retina Display similar to iPhone 4, Apple A4 chip. White-colored version added on October 4, 2011.

5th

16, 32, 64 GB

USB

September 12, 2012

Mac: 10.6Win: XP

audio: 40video: 8

New aluminum design with colored case options. Featured improved cameras along with A5 processor, Siri, and taller 4" Retina Display. First 16 GB models released have no color choices and no iSight camera, In early 2014 16 GB models were released that featured iSight cameras and color choices.

6th

16, 32, 64, 128 GB

USB

July 15, 2015

Mac: 10.7Win: 7

audio: 40video: 8

Updated with a new lineup of six colors, a new 128 GB model, and improved internals. The improved internals feature new cameras and the A8 processor with M8 motion coprocessor, 1 GB of RAM (twice the amount of the previous generation), and 802.11ac Wi-Fi.[69]

Sources: Apple Inc.[70], Mactracker[71]

text: Patent disputes

text: In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies:[72] Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox",[73] while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent[74] issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.[75]

text: Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs",[76] as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent[77] on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005.[78] On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.[79]

text: On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.[80]

text: Sales

text: Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players.[81] During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.

text: On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Walmart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.[82]

text: In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales.[not in citation given][83]

text: On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales.[84] Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.[85]

text: On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.[86]

text: On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales.[87]

text: On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods.[88] At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million.[89] The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: "We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone." Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.[90]

text: As of  September 2012[update], Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million.[91]

text: Industry impact

text: iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[92][not in citation given] to most innovative audio product,[93] to fourth best computer product of 2006.[94] iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players".[93] Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes,[95] and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA.

text: Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.[96]

text: iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website,[97] including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education[98] and more general K-16 education.[99] Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications.[100] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird."[101]

text: The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry.  The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.[102]

text: Criticism

text: Battery problems

text: The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod.[103] In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time.[104] The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.[105]

text: iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use[106] (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.

text: Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before[107] a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers.[108] The initial cost was US$99,[109] and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59.[110] For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.[111][112]

text: The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer.[113] Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.

text: Reliability and durability

text: iPods have been criticized for alleged short lifespan and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others.[114] In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable.[115][116] A class-action lawsuit was also filed.[117] Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]

text: Labor disputes

text: On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts.[118] Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.[119]

text: Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses,[120] but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions,[121] the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization.[122][123]

text: In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.[124][125]

text: As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower-skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically.[126]

text: Timeline of iPod models