document_title: List of Jane the Virgin characters

question_text: who plays the lawyer in jane the virgin

question_tokens: who plays the lawyer in jane the virgin

text: List of Jane the Virgin characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Seasons

1

2

3

4

Gina Rodriguez

Jane Villanueva

Main

Andrea Navedo

Xiomara Villanueva

Main

Yael Grobglas

Petra Solano

Main

Justin Baldoni

Rafael Solano

Main

Ivonne Coll

Alba Villanueva

Main

Brett Dier

Michael Cordero, Jr

Main[a]

Guest

Jaime Camil

Rogelio De La Vega

Main

Anthony Mendez

The Latin Lover Narrator

Main

Elias Janssen[b]

Mateo Solano Villanueva

Guest

Recurring

Main

text:
Jump up ^ Brett Dier is credited as main cast for only the episodes in which he appears.

Jump up ^ Joseph Sanders played the role in season 3.

text: Jane Villanueva[edit]

text: Jane Gloriana Villanueva (portrayed by Gina Rodriguez) is a devoted Catholic who made a vow to her grandmother, Alba, to not give up her virginity until marriage. Years later she finds herself in a committed relationship with a detective, Michael Cordero, and the two plan to get married. However, Jane finds herself accidentally artificially inseminated with the sperm of a man who she once shared a passionate kiss with a few summers prior. This man, Rafael Solano, also happens to be the owner of the hotel that Jane works at. Jane's relationship with Michael begins to deteriorate and she grows closer to Rafael as the pregnancy goes on. The two soon enter into a relationship, but split shortly before the baby is born. Jane also becomes acquainted with her father, telenovela star, Rogelio De La Vega, who had been kept in the dark about her existence by Jane’s mother, Xiomara. Jane gives birth to a son whom she and Rafael name Mateo.

text: As Jane adjusts to life with a newborn, she decides to put her plans of becoming a teacher aside and pursue her dream of writing. Meanwhile, Rafael and Michael both try to win her back. She chooses neither for a while and enters into a brief relationship with her mentor, Jonathan Chavez. Jane also attempts building a friendship with Rafael's ex-wife and other babymama, Petra, as the two will now forever be apart of each other's lives. Jane and Michael get married, with Rafael deciding to not confess his undying love for Jane. Just before the couple plans to have sex, Michael's gets shot.

text: Michael manages to survive and Jane finally loses her virginity. The two enjoy married life for a while until Michael drops dead as a result of his gunshot. Time skips to three years later and Jane has moved back in with Alba. She's the assistant of a publisher, has Saturday brunches with Rafael, Petra, and the kids, and is writing a book about her love story with Michael. Jane decides it's time to have her first fling, which leads her into a messy relationship with Rogelio's co-star, Fabian. Jane eventually realizes she still has feelings for Rafael. As Jane goes to Rafael to confess her feelings, she runs into Adam, her first love.

text: Jane decides to not pursue a relationship with Rafael, instead getting together with Adam, against Xiomara and Alba's wishes. In the meantime, Jane finally publishes her book about her relationship with Michael, which doesn’t do as well as she had hoped. Soon after, Adam breaks up with her to take a job in California. Jane goes on her book tour, heartbroken, but when she returns home she shares a kiss with Rafael, re-opening the possibility of the two being together.

text: Xiomara Villanueva[edit]

text: Xiomara Gloriana Villanueva (portrayed by Andrea Navedo) is Jane's laid back mother, and Alba's daughter. Unlike her mother and daughter, Xiomara is accustomed to looser morals, losing her virginity at a young age and having Jane at 17. She and Jane's father, Rogelio De La Vega, were high school sweethearts until he moved away and she chose to not tell him about the pregnancy. For years it was just herself, Jane, and Alba, but one day she learned Rogelio had become a famous telenovela star, and so she finally reaches out to him. Xiomara keeps Rogelio a secret from Jane at first, but eventually he's allowed into his daughter's life and the two begin to bond. In the meantime, Xiomara and Rogelio start to have feelings for one another again, and they have an on and off relationship throughout the first two seasons of the show. After Alba is pushed down the stairs and put in the hospital, Xiomara makes a vow to God to not have sex again until she's married, which Alba wakes up early to hear, and so she pretends otherwise. Xiomara is eventually released from this vow. Xiomara aspires to be a singer, and so she usually performs shows at different night clubs. In the first season's finale, Rogelio brings Xiomara with him to perform in Las Vegas, but they have to go back early for the birth of Jane's son, Mateo. Before this, however, the two get drunkenly married.

text: The marriage is soon annulled, though Xiomara continues to pursue her relationship with Rogelio anyway. She's supportive of Jane as a new mother, but her relationship with Rogelio begins to deteriorate when they themselves discuss the possibility of having more kids. While Rogelio wants a baby, having missed out on the first twenty years of Jane's life, Xiomara has no desire. Though Rogelio agrees to give up the dream at first, Xiomara breaks up with him, refusing to be the reason he can't have children. The two remain on good terms after this, but Xiomara ends up having a casual relationship with Rogelio's costar Esteban. In the season finale, Xiomara and Rogelio share a dance at Jane's wedding to Michael, but afterwards she takes a pregnancy test and learns that she's pregnant with Esteban's child.

text: Xiomara winds up having an abortion, causing a temporary rift in her relationship with Alba, but the two quickly patch things up. Xiomara starts to give up on her dream of becoming a performer, deciding to look into getting a normal job. She briefly works as a bank teller. Eventually, however, Rogelio helps her open up a dance studio. This just so happens to be next to where Bruce works, a married man she used to sleep with, who's since gotten a divorce from his wife. Xiomara and Bruce pursue a relationship, with the eventual blessing of Jane and Tess, Bruce's daughter. Xiomara moves in with Bruce, and the two live together for three years. During this time, Xiomara has had a falling out with Rogelio because of the way she was depicted in his reality show. When the two finally make up though, their feelings return, and Bruce breaks up with Xiomara. She gets back together with Rogelio, who admits that, with Mateo, he no longer feels a void in not having his own baby. Xiomara and Rogelio get engaged and are set to be married in the third season's finale. They have Jane perform the ceremony, despite now dealing with the fact that Rogelio will in fact be having a child with his ex-girlfriend, Darci.

text: In the fourth season, Xiomara and Rogelio deal with Darci and eventually her daughter, which she and Rogelio decide to name "Baby". The couple has a brief falling out when Xiomara learns that Rogelio had always suspected there was a chance Jane might have existed, but the two patch things up and decide to go into therapy.

text: Petra Solano[edit]

text: Petra Solano, born Natalia Fruôcek (portrayed by Yael Grobglas) originates from Czech Republic, running away and taking on a new identity with her mother, Magda, in order to hide from her abusive boyfriend, Milos. Petra becomes engaged to Lachlan Moore before leaving him for Rafael Solano, a man with slightly more money, but ultimately falling in love with him. The two get married and become pregnant, but they eventually lose the baby and Rafael becomes diagnosed with cancer. Their marriage falls apart after this, though Rafael beats his cancer, and so Petra plots to inseminate herself with his sperm sample as a way of preventing him from leaving her. This fails, as the sample is inseminated in Jane Villanueva instead, and so she concocts a line of other schemes to keep him within her grasp. These all fail, and the couple get divorced, but Petra continues to remain a thorn in Rafael's side. Milos tracks down Petra and Magda, sending his goon, Ivan, but the two ladies hold him hostage for a period of time before he escapes. Petra also deals with the repercussions of her affair with Roman Zazo, whose twin brother Aaron is around; however, Aaron turns out to be Roman, and Petra winds up killing him once he takes her hostage. Petra takes a share of the Marbella, preventing herself from being forced out, and in the season finale it's discovered Rafael has another sperm sample leftover. Petra has just learned that Rafael is trying to manipulate her in hopes of getting rid of her, and so, rather than telling him about the sample, she steals it for herself.

text: Despite initial debate, Petra inseminates herself via a turkey baster, putting her in a position of being in Rafael's life forever. The two are forced to put aside differences and work together through this pregnancy. Though, due to Petra being alone for the most part, she works to get Magda out of jail for pushing Alba down the stairs. Milos also returns again, forcing Petra to marry him, but he flees the country after his illegal operations are exposed. The two are presumably divorced. Petra works on bettering her relationship with Jane, but this is halted when Magda kills Ivan and the two are forced to bury the body. Magda sells Petra out to the police, giving her full blame, but Rafael helps Petra turn things around and get Magda re-incarcerated. Petra gives birth in the fourteenth episode of the season with Jane by her side, delivering twin girls that she and Rafael name "Anna" and "Elsa", Jane being the only one to pick up on the reference. Petra begins to suffer from postpartum depression, not knowing how to be a mother, and she considers running away. She backs out of this at the least minute though, just in time for her twin sister Anezka to show up at her door. Petra takes Anezka in, learning Magda kept Petra over Anezka because she was the "prettier one". Petra embraces having a sister because it means having her own little family, but it turns out that Anezka has been working with Magda all along. In the finale, Anezka injects Petra with something that paralyzes her and she takes her place, going on to have sex with Rafael.

text: Petra remains paralyzed as Anezka masquerades as her, entering into a relationship with Scott while planning to steal Rafael's money to get Magda out of jail and flee. However, Jane and Rafael begin to suspect something's up, though it takes a couple months, and Petra becomes un-paralyzed. She tattoos NOT PETRA onto her sister's forehead and allows her to cut bangs, then deciding to keep up Anezka's scheme to steal Rafael's hotel shares due to him not realizing she was paralyzed. As it turns out Petra is beginning to suffer from PTSD, but she eventually hands Rafael's shares back and he gets her the help she needs. When he decides to turn himself in for insider trading, Petra is left to care for their daughters, and finally gets the hang of being a mother. Three years pass, and Petra has two very well behaved daughters and has re-branded the Marbella into a kids hotel. She begins seeing rival hotel owner Chuck Chesser, and scandal strikes the Marbella again when Scott's bones are found on the shore. Rafael develops feelings for Petra again, and she struggles between choosing between him and Chuck. She chooses Rafael but backs down when realizing he'll never be truly over Jane. In the finale, she finds herself held at gunpoint by Anezka.

text: Petra wrestles the gun from Anezka and survives, but trouble still brews when Rafael's sister Luisa takes his shares of the hotel. Along with that, Magda gets out of jail, and she and Anezka work with Luisa against Petra and Rafael. Petra ends all romantic ties with Rafael, but the two work together to get the hotel back. When Anezka gains control of the Marbella after convincing Luisa she's insane, checking herself into a mental hospital, Petra realizes it was all a set-up. Anezka goes to push Petra off the balcony of the Marbella to keep her quiet, but winds up the one to fall and die instead. Afterwards, Petra hires lawyer Jane Ramos to defend her, but it seems Jane has ulterior motives.

text: Rafael Solano[edit]

text: Rafael Solano (portrayed by Justin Baldoni) is former playboy and owner of the Marbella. After a few good years of marriage to Petra, a miscarriage and cancer take a toll, and the couple begins to fall apart. With Rafael plotting to leave her, Petra decides to artificially inseminate herself with his sperm sample, only for his sister, Luisa, to accidentally inseminate the wrong woman. This woman happens to be Jane Villanueva, a girl with whom he shared a passionate kiss with years before and never called back. Rafael breaks things off with Petra once learning she had an affair with his now supposedly deceased best friend, Roman Zazo, and he and Jane pursue a relationship when she and her fiancé Michael break up. Things start out well enough for Jane and Rafael, but the relationship starts to fall apart as Rafael's life begins to unravel. The two remain on good terms though, and welcome their newborn son into the world in the season finale. Meanwhile, Petra learns that Rafael has another sperm sample which she steals for herself, and Rafael's son, Mateo, is kidnapped by his stepmother Rose/crime lord Sin Rostro.

text: Rafael works with Jane and Michael to rescue Mateo, and he and Jane embrace co-parenting their newborn. Meanwhile, Rafael also learns that Petra's pregnant as well, thus forever intertwining their lives. Rafael supports both women, though his hopes of rebuilding a romantic relationship fall through when she learns he got Michael fired. Rafael helps Petra when she gets in trouble with the law, helping her mother cover up a murder, and remains by her side throughout the rest of her pregnancy. In the fourteenth episode of the second season, the two welcome twin daughters Anna and Elsa Solano. Rafael struggles with family drama as well though, for he learns that his mother is Rose's rival, a crime lord by the name of Mutter. He also meets his half-brother Derek who gets him into some trouble with insider trading. Rose is supposedly killed and his mother is arrested, but all is not well as he watches Jane get back together with Michael, the two deciding to finally get married. He stands by, choosing to not confess his undying love to Jane on her wedding day. Unbeknownst to him, however, Petra's twin sister Anezka paralyzes her and takes her place. She then seduces Rafael as Petra, despite him making clear that his heart still belongs to Jane.

text: After Michael is shot, word quickly gets out that Rose is in fact alive. She has Rafael's mother killed with only a Bible left behind for him. He begins to investigate it, all the while deciding he no longer has feelings for Jane. This allows the two to have a healthy friendship while also meaning Rafael can stand up for himself when he disagrees with any of Jane's parenting choices. As he continues to dig into his past, he soon learns that he was in fact adopted and that he is not a Solano. After Petra becomes de-paralyzed, she begins to spiral, but Rafael gets her help. He decides to turn himself in for insider trading, leaving Petra to care for their kids. Three years later, he's out of jail and the Marbella has been rebranded a kids hotel. Rafael is dating Abbey and platonically co-parenting with Jane and Petra, but he soon breaks things off with Abbey and realizes he has feelings for Petra again. He pursues her, but Petra ultimately decides against taking back because he'll never truly be over Jane. Meanwhile, Rafael works with the police to get Luisa and Rose back into town where Rose is arrested. Luisa falls out with Rafael and then learns from Anezka the truth about her supposed brother not being a Solano after all. Rafael finds himself kicked out of the Marbella with Luisa claiming what's rightfully hers.

text: Now with no money, Rafael moves in with the Villanuevas. After making one final attempt at a relationship with Petra, the two end things for good and focus on getting the Marbella back. Rafael begins to spiral though, becoming the person that he once was, until Jane finally manages to get through to him. Once her relationship with Adam ends and she returns from her book tour, the two share a kiss, re-opening the possibility of them being an item again.

text: Alba Villanueva[edit]

text: Alba Gloriana Villanueva (portrayed by Ivonne Coll) is the deeply religious mother of Xiomara's and grandmother of Jane. Emigrating from Venezuela at a young age, she and her husband Mateo established lives for themselves and the generations to come. When Jane is ten years old, Alba makes her vow to save herself until marriage, a vow that Jane keeps. Alba often acts as the voice of reason in the Villanueva household, recognized as wise and looked up to as such. She supports Jane when she finds herself accidentally artificially inseminated, and makes it no secret that she supports Jane being with Rafael. However, she's very accepting of Michael during the time Jane is with him. Alba does not always get along with Xiomara due to her loose morals, but at the end of the day the mother and daughter find themselves making amends, with or without Jane's help. Alba, like her daughter and granddaughter, has a love for grilled cheese sandwiches and telenovelas. She's a fan of Rogelio De La Vega, and is very welcoming of him into the family when it gets out that he's Jane's biological father.

text: Alba is pushed down the stairs at the Marbella by Petra's mother, Magda, and ends up in a temporary coma. At this time, Xiomara makes a vow to God to not have sex again until she's married. Alba wakes up during this but pretends to be asleep until the vow is finished. Xiomara keeps this up for a while, but Alba eventually releases her from it. In the second season, it's discovered that Alba actually lost her virginity before marriage to a man named Pablo Alonso Segura. Jane and Xiomara invite Pablo to Miami despite Alba's pleas for them not to, deeming him to be bad luck. Still, Alba gives Pablo a chance, and the two wind up sharing a tango together as the Villanueva house floods. Alba soon learns Pablo is cheating on her though and so she breaks things off. During the second season, Alba also has a brief relationship with a priest, but it's presumably ended since then. Despite being deeply religious, Alba proves to be a very open minded person, having read up on LGBT activism as well as accepting when Xiomara decides to have an abortion.

text: After years of being in the United States illegally, Alba finally decides to apply for a greencard and gets approved. After this, she gets a job in the gift shop at the Marbella. There, she meets Jorge, a co-worker who she develops a crush for. After three years, Jorge finally gets out of a relationship and Alba decides to make her move. The two begin seeing one another, and Alba promises to keep his immigration status secret when learning he's in the country illegally. In the fourth season, Jorge proposes marriage to Alba, but she rejects him.

text: Michael Cordero, Jr.[edit]

text: Jane's 29-year-old husband who was a detective. He is aware of Petra's affair, and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact, so that Jane will give the baby to them, however later he decides to support Jane's decision to keep the baby. He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane's, and eventually Rafael's, attraction to one another. He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro, a high-profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel, however he later quits to become a lawyer. Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale. He dies in season three by an aortic dissection caused by a gunshot. (seasons 1-3). However, he is seen again and comes back to life in the season 4 finale.

text: Rogelio De La Vega[edit]

text: A self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season three finale.

text: Mateo Solano Villanueva[edit]

text: Jane and Rafael's baby. Named after Jane's grandfather and Alba's husband, who died before Jane was born.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Seasons

1

2

3

4

Yara Martinez

Luisa Alver

Recurring

Bridget Regan

Rose Solano / Sin Rostro / Clara Ruvelle

Recurring

Carlo Rota

Emilio Solano

Recurring

Diane Guerrero

Lina Santillan

Recurring

Guest

Priscilla Barnes

Magda Andel

Recurring

Azie Tesfai

Nadine Hanson

Recurring

Alano Miller

Aaron ZazoRoman Zazo

Recurring

Guest

Camille Collard

Frankie

Recurring

Brian Dare

Luca

Recurring

Guest

Chris Corbin

Ivan Rogachevsky

Recurring

Vanessa & Veronica Merrell

Valeria & Victoria

Recurring

Max Bird-Ridnell

Miloš Dvoracek

Recurring

Nicholas Gonzalez

Marco

Recurring

Keller Wortham

Esteban Santiago

Recurring

Wes Armstrong

Scott Archuletta

Recurring

Rita Moreno

Liliana De La Vega

Guest

Rachel DiPillo

Andie

Recurring

Fabiana Udenio

Elena Di Nola

Recurring

Megan Ketch

Susanna Barnett / Sin Rostro

Recurring

Guest

Shelly Bhalla

Krishna

Recurring

Dennis Mencia

Mateo Villanueva I

Recurring

Adam Rodriguez

Jonathan Chavez

Recurring

Guest

Brian Jordan Alvarez

Wesley Masters

Recurring

N/A

Cástulo Guerra

Manuel De La Vega

Guest

Ana de la Reguera

xLola

Recurring

Mat Vairo

Derek Ruvelle

Recurring

Mia and Ella Allen

Anna and Ellie Solano

Recurring

Melanie Mayron

Marlene Donaldson

Recurring

Guest

Molly Hagan

Patricia Cordero

Recurring

Guest

Marcelo Tubert

Pablo Alonso Segura

Recurring

Yael Grobglas

Anežka Archuletta

Recurring

Alfonso DiLuca

Jorge

Recurring

Sofia Pernas

Catalina Maria Mora

Recurring

Ricardo Antonio Chavira

Bruce

Recurring

Justina Machado

Darci Factor

Recurring

Elisabeth Röhm

Eileen / Sin Rostro

Recurring

Christopher Allen

Dennis Chambers

Recurring

Guest

Johnny Messner

Chuck Chesser

Recurring

Guest

Minka Kelly

Abbey Whitman

Recurring

Francisco San Martin

Fabian Regalo del Cielo

Recurring

Tyler Posey

Adam Alvaro

Guest

Recurring

Alex Meneses

Katherine Cortes

Recurring

Uncredited baby actors

Baby Michaelina De La Vega Factor

Recurring

Rosario Dawson

Jane Ramos

Recurring

Brooke Shields

River Fields

Recurring

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text:
Luisa Alver (Yara Martinez): the doctor who artificially inseminated Jane, as well as Rafael's sister. She's an alcoholic and in love with her stepmother, Rose. The two have an on and off relationship before spending three years together until Rose is found and arrested. She owns the Marbella.
 Rose Solano (Bridget Regan): a crime lord who falls in love with Luisa. She kills Emilio, kidnaps Mateo, and shoots Michael. After three years on the run with Luisa, she's arrested.
 Susanna Barnett (Megan Ketch, season 2): Rose's fake identity, acting as Michael's new partner after Nadine is killed.
 Eileen (Elisabeth Röhm, season 3): Rose's second fake identity that she uses for a total of three years in order to be with Luisa.
 Magda (Priscilla Barnes): Petra's scheming mother who fakes paralysis. She pushes Alba down a flight of stairs and kills Ivan, winding up arrested on both occasions. She later uses her other daughter Anezka to get revenge against Petra, though this doesn't go as planned. She's released from prison in the fourth season for unknown reasons.
 Lina Santillan (Diane Guerrero): Jane's best friend and co-worker at the Marbella. The two aren't as close after the three time jump, with Lina having moved away and gotten engaged.
 Nadine Hanson (Azie Tesfai): Michael's partner who turns out to be working for Sin Rostro. She's shot dead in the second season.
 Roman and Aaron Zazo (Alano Miller): Roman was Rafael's friend who was having an affair with Petra. He later faked his death by killing his twin brother, Aaron, who he pretended was him. When later pursuing Petra, she kills him in self-defense.
 Emilio Solano (Carlo Rota): Rafael's adoptive father and Luisa's biological father. Always disappointed in Rafael, he owns the Marbella and was married to Rose before she drowned him in cement.
 Frankie (Camille Collard): Jane's friend who worked at the Marbella. The two have a falling out when Frankie gets fired and Jane does nothing to stop it. They've yet to make up.
 Luca (Brian Dare): Jane's gay friend who works at the Marbella.
 Lachlan Moore (Michael Rady): Rafael's rival and Petra's former fiancé. She leaves Lachlan for Rafael.
 Ivan Rogachevsky (Chris Corbin): Milos' goon hired to track down Petra and Magda. He comes after them on more than one instance, and Magda ends up slitting his throat with her hook.
 Valeria & Victoria (Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell): Rogelio's former stepdaughters who serve as thorns in Jane's side.
 Miloš Dvoracek (Max Bird-Ridnell): Petra's abusive boyfriend from the Czech Republic. Petra and her mother flee the country with new identities to get away from him. He later tracks Petra down, and Petra even marries him for a short time before he's sent away for good.
 Esteban Santiago (Keller Wortham): Rogelio's acting rival. He has a fling with Xiomara, who gets pregnant and secretly decides to get an abortion. He's in a relationship with Rogelio's other babymama, Darci.
 Scott Archuletta (Wes Armstrong): the Marbella's sleazy lounge manager. He keeps a burnbook on the Marbella, and eventually marries Anezka. During the three year time jump he winds up dead, killed by Eileen.
 Liliana De La Vega (Rita Moreno): Rogelio's mother who disapproves of Xiomara.
 Andie (Rachel DiPillo): once Jane's friend, she later dates Michael.
 Elena Di Nola (Fabiana Udenio): Emilio's second wife and Rafael's adoptive mother, she's a crime lord that rivals Rose. After serving as a threat to Rafael, she winds up imprisoned and later killed by Rose.

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text:
Krishna (Shelly Bhalla): Petra's (formerly Rafael's) assistant. In the third season it's revealed she's gay.
 Mateo Villanueva (Dennis Mencia): Alba's late husband, Xiomara's father, and Jane's grandfather.
 Jonathan Chavez (Adam Rodriguez): Jane's mentor who she has a brief relationship with. When choosing to not have sex with him, they break things off and agree that it's best they cut ties all together.
 Wesley Masters (Brian Jordan Alvarez): one Jane's classmates who betrays her trust and writes a scandalous piece on the Solanos.
 Manuel De La Vega (Cástulo Guerra): Rogelio's homosexual father.
 Paola/Lola (Ana de la Reguera): once Rogelio's prison pen pal, she gets out of jail and becomes his assistant before kidnapping him. She plans to stream their live suicide, but Michael defeats her and saves Rogelio before this can occur.
 Derek Ruvelle (Mat Vairo): Elena's son who was at one point believed to be Rafael's half-brother. He was supposedly killed by Rose.
 Anna & Elsa Solano (uncredited baby actors, seasons 2-3; Mia and Ella Allen, season 3 onward): Petra and Rafael's twin daughters. Unlike their half brother, they grow up to be well behaved with good manners.
 Marlene Donaldson (Melanie Mayron): Jane's mentor when looking to become a writer.
 Patricia Cordero (Molly Hagan): Michael's mother who has a poor relationship with Jane.
 Pablo Alonso Segura (Marcelo Tubert): the man Alba lost her virginity to who's known to be bad luck.
 Anezka Archuletta (Yael Grobglas): Petra's long lost twin sister who paralyzes and steals her identity. She also marries Scott and continues to scheme against Petra following his death. She ends up being flung from Petra's balcony and to her death in the mid-season finale of the fourth season.

text: Introduced in season three[edit]

text:
Jorge (Alfonso DiLuca): Alba's co-worker at the Marbella giftshop. The two enter into a relationship after Alba spends three years having a crush on him. During the span of their relationship, Alba learns that Jorge is an undocumented citizen and agrees to keep it a secret. The relationship ends once Alba rejects Jorge's marriage proposal, and so he reconciles with his ex.
 Catalina Maria Mora (Sofia Pernas): Jane's opportunist cousin who has a brief fling with Rafael.
 Bruce (Ricardo Antonio Chavira): a married man Xiomara used to have an affair with. When he finally gets a divorce, he and Xiomara enter into a relationship, but the couple is met with disapproval by both Xo's daughter Jane and Bruce's daughter Tess. Both eventually give their blessing, however, and Xo and Bruce date for the next three years, even moving in with one another. They briefly get engaged, but Bruce ends things with Xo when realizing she still has feelings for Rogelio.
 Darci Factor (Justina Machado): a matchmaker who Rogelio meets with in order to have a child. The two end up falling for one another, entering into a relationship and starring in a reality show together, but three years pass and it's reveal they have broken up. As it turns out, Rogelio backed out of having a child with Darci after she had already unfrozen her eggs. The two now despise one another as their show comes to an end, and they part ways on bad terms. However, Darci returns months later, eight months pregnant with Rogelio's child, as they were secretly having hate sex during the final months of filming their show. Darci goes on to have a daughter, and she and Rogelio agree to raise the baby together, naming her Baby Michaelina De La Vega Factor. Darci is dating Rogelio's arch-rival, Esteban Santiago.
 Eileen (Elisabeth Röhm): a woman whose identity and face Rose uses in order to be with Luisa in front of her family. One night, when a drunken Scott recognizes Eileen after having seen Rose disguised as her, Eileen kills him in order to prevent him from figuring anything out. She buries him in a ditch on the Marbella's beach and is never seen or heard from again.
 Dennis Chambers (Christopher Allen): Michael's best friend and the detective in charge of investigating Scott's death. He and Jane begin spending time together after Michael dies, but they fall out when Jane realizes he's using her to get to Michael's case files. The two eventually make amends, Dennis teaching Jane boxing as a mean of letting out her anger. The two also go on a date, but realize there are no sparks, and so nothing becomes of it.
 Chuck Chesser (Johnny Messner): the Fairwick Hotel's newest owner who has a longterm feud with Petra. The two have a no-strings-attached sexual relationship for six months before eventually deciding to be a couple, but drama follows when it becomes known that Petra pushed the late Scott's bones onto the Fairwick Hotel's property and when it turns out Scott and Chuck secretly knew one another. Despite this, Petra and Chuck prevail, but the relationship fully falls through when Petra rediscovers her feelings for Rafael and chooses to be with him over Chuck. This also falls through though, and Petra decides she needs a fresh start when it comes to love all together.
 Abbey Whitman (Minka Kelly): Rafael's girlfriend of two years who runs a greeting card company. The two move in together, but the relationship falls through when Rafael finds himself unable to fully commit, and also rediscovers his feelings for Petra.
 Alex (Deniz Akdeniz): Mateo's aide at preschool who Jane later mistakes as being flirty with her rather than just friendly.
 Fabian Regalo del Cielo (Francisco San Martin): Rogelio's telenovela costar who Jane has her first fling with. The relationship becomes complicated when Fabian finds himself wanting more from Jane, but Jane does not reciprocate. When the two finally end things, this results in Fabian having a falling out with Rogelio, resulting in on-set drama and Rogelio getting Fabian's character on their telenovela killed off.
 Adam Alvaro (Tyler Posey): Jane's first love who she almost married after high school. The two get back together after Adam delivers Jane a letter he found that was addressed to her from her late husband, Michael. During the course of their relationship, Adam designs the cover of Jane's book, gets to know her son Mateo, and gives Jane a lesson on what it means to be bisexual. Their relationship comes to a sudden end when Adam leaves Jane for a job out in California, much to her dismay.

text: Introduced in season four[edit]

text:
Katherine Cortes (Alex Meneses): a Miami socialite who Rafael has a fling with during his plan to take back the Marbella.
 Baby Michaelina De La Vega Factor (uncredited baby actors): Rogelio and Darci's newborn daughter, Xiomara's stepdaughter, and Jane's half-sister. Rogelio takes a break from acting to be a stay-at-home dad while Darci continues working, but soon discovers it to not be as fun as he expected, instead becoming neglectful of his duties.
 Jane "JR" Ramos (Rosario Dawson): Petra's attorney following Anezka's death. Though seemingly a friend to Petra, it turns out she was being blackmailed to help frame Petra for murder, the life of her schizophrenic mother being at stake. Petra and JR eventually develop romantic feelings for one another and enter into a relationship once Petra's blackmailer - Krishna - is exposed.
 River Fields (Brooke Shields): A famous actress and spokeswoman for postpartum depression, the latter of which she and Rogelio do not see eye-to-eye on. The two later agree to set aside their differences and work together on the American remake of The Passions of Santos.


document_title: NSW Photo Card

question_text: how much does a proof of age card cost nsw

root

text: NSW Photo Card

text:
NSW Photo Card

The front of a NSW Photo Card with highlighted photo card number

Issued by
 New South Wales

Type of document
photo card

Purpose
Identification

Eligibility requirements
Residents of NSW aged 16 or over

Expiration
5 years or 10 years if over 21

Cost
$5 if obtained with a drivers licence or $14. Free to NSW seniors, concession card holders and Centrelink carers.

tag: table

text: The NSW Photo Card is a voluntary photo card provided by the Roads and Maritime Services, New South Wales, Australia. It is credit-card sized and bears the cardholder’s photo, signature, name, address and date of birth. Notably absent is the gender of the holder.

tag: p

text: The NSW Photo Card replaced the 'proof of age' card on 14 December 2005. The proof of age card was age-restricted to adults between 18 and 25 years old, initially, the NSW Photo Card was issued to anyone over 16 years of age not in possession of a state driver licence. As of 1 March 2017, the NSW Photo Card is available to all residents of NSW aged 16 and over, whether or not they have a state driver's licence. At the time of driver licence renewal, a discounted fee can be paid to obtain the additional card.[1] According to the Roads and Maritime Services, the card can be used to enter licensed premises and to open bank accounts.

text: There are three numbers on the photo card, that could cause confusion: First the photo card number (PC Number) on the front centre-left. This number does not change even after re-issue. Second there is a card number on the front top, and finally a number on the rear, top left.

text: The rear of the card has a space for an address label and displays the date of birth with the last two digits of the year in large numbers, e.g. "85" for 1985 - possibly to help with quick age identification at restricted premises.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/licence/nsw-photo-card.html

tag: ol


document_title: 7 Days to Die

question_text: when will alpha 16 be released xbox one

question_tokens: when will alpha 16 be released xbox one

text: 7 Days to Die

text: Story[edit]

text: The game's events happen after a nuclear Third World War that destroyed an extremely large part of the world, except for some areas such as the fictional county of Navezgane, Arizona. The player is a survivor of the war who must survive by finding shelter, food and water, as well as scavenging supplies to fend off the numerous zombies (hinted to be the consequence of nuclear fallout) that populate Navezgane. Though there is no real objective except surviving at this moment, the developers hinted at a possible storyline that will be added in future updates.[citation needed]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: In 7 Days to Die, the player spawns into a randomly-generated world or the present world of Navezgane, Arizona, with the objective of surviving for as long as possible against the elements and the zombie hordes. As a survival game, the player character is in constant need of water and food for sustenance, as well as being vulnerable to injury and illness. The game is voxel-based (similar in some respects to Minecraft), allowing for simple building, and destruction of objects in a physics-simulated environment (for example, building a structure with no support such as pillars and walls can lead to its collapse).[1][2] Objects in the world degrade through use, so the player has to search for or make new tools as the game progresses. The player can also gather and create materials—from nature and the remnants of human civilization—to construct these necessary items.[3][4]

text: While the game includes wildlife that can be hunted for food or will hunt the player, the main hazard is zombies, which are affected by the game's day/night cycle—during the day they are relatively slow-moving and easy targets that can only detect the player at relatively close ranges, but at night they become feral, which makes them move much faster and thus greatly increases their threat. As the in-game days progress, tougher and more aggressive variants begin to appear.[5] Stealth and distraction can be used to avoid unnecessary conflict, while carrying foods that have a smell (such as raw meat) will attract zombies. They are also drawn to areas of human (i.e. player) activity, and will relentlessly attack anything that impedes their movement until they are killed or the obstacle is destroyed—this includes player fortifications. Should they detect the player, zombies will apply the same single-minded pursuit until the player is either dead, or leaves the immediate area.

text: The game's title is a reference to an important event that occurs every seventh day of in-game time, whereby hordes of zombies attack the player's current location en masse—unless sufficient preparation has been made and defences constructed, the player will quickly be overwhelmed.

text: Multiplayer[edit]

text: Multiplayer is available through player-hosted servers and enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world. Interactions can be cooperative or hostile depending on the used server options. Players can run their own servers or use a hosting provider. Single player worlds have local area network support, allowing players to join worlds on locally interconnected computers without a server setup. Players are also able to provide Wide Area Network support via single player worlds. 7 Days to Die servers can run on consoles, Windows and Linux.[6] There are two supported game modes for multiplayer: Survival (both randomly generated and standard) and Creative.

text: Development[edit]

text: The Windows alpha version of the game was released on August 16, 2013, for people who pre-ordered the game on either Kickstarter or PayPal. As of August 11, 2013, development of the game is ongoing with a Kickstarter campaign ending on August 15.[7] The estimated release date was May 2014 for Microsoft Windows; Macintosh and Linux versions were planned for later in the year.[8]

text: The game was also greenlit on Steam[9] after 23 days getting over 75,000 yes votes, 8,340 followers, and 8,700 favorites. It was number one on Steam Greenlight, after only 16 days with over 56,000 votes.[10] The Mac version was released on September 13, 2013 at the same time as update Alpha 1.1.[11]

text: Alpha[edit]

text: 7 Days To Die was released to the public on Alpha 1.0. Only users who had backed the game via the Kickstarter Campaign or who bought it via PayPal had access to the Alpha until Alpha 5.0 which was released on Steam as an Early Access game on December 13, 2013.[12]

text: Since the Alpha release of 7 Days To Die there were multiple game changing updates that contained features such as a new snow biome, forging systems, new weapons, general graphical changes and smoother terrains which would be completed by Alpha 8.

text: Alpha 7.8 was released on April 4, 2014 and was promptly followed by Alpha 7.9 on April 8, 2014.[13] Alpha 7.10 was later added on April 19, 2014. Alpha 8 was released on May 7, 2014 which updated the visuals to zombie animations and smoothed the terrain for a final time.[14] Alpha Version 9 was released on August 19, 2014 and added random generated worlds, new injuries, new light effects, and new graphics.[citation needed] Alpha Version 10 was released on November 22, 2014 and added a new character creation system with face/body morphing and visible clothing, a new zombie horde world heat map system and a new wellness system.[15]

text: Alpha Version 11 was released on April 2, 2015, where the developers updated to Unity 5, which includes many graphical improvements, a new quality range system for guns, weapons, tools and armor and a new Zombie called "Feral".[16] Alpha 12 was released on July 3, 2015, and added a new vehicle system with a Mini Bike, first weather system, new sound and physic systems, among other fixes and additions.[17] Alpha 13 was released on December 10, 2015, adding temperature survival elements, a skill system, and a redesigned crafting system.[18] The difficulty of the game has increased, but it continues to be popular.[19]

text: Alpha 14 was released on March 26, 2016, with further improvements and more features, a lot of bug fixes, as well as some performance and graphic optimizations.[20] Alpha 15 was then released on October 5, 2016 with major improvements to random generated maps, a trader system, a new difficulty scaling and several more features. The UMA-Zombies that were introduced in this Alpha would be removed in Alpha 16.[21]

text: On June 6, 2017, Alpha 16 was released.[22] This release added electricity to the game for the first time and introduced various traps including electric fences and spinning blades.

text: In April 2016, the game was announced for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was published by Telltale Publishing and released in June and July 2016.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)

text: ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScorePS4Xbox OneDestructoidN/A3/10[24]GamesMaster48%[25]N/AGameSpotN/A2/10[26]IGNN/A4.9/10[27]OPM (UK)5/10[28]N/AThe Digital FixN/A4/10[29]MetroN/A2/10[30]Aggregate scoreMetacritic45/100[31]35/100[32]

text: The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of 7 Days to Die received "unfavorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[31][32]

text: As of June 2018 the game scored a "very positive" review by over 46,000 reviews on Steam[33] and was one of the "Top 100 Selling games of 2017" on Steam, despite still being in alpha stage development.[34]


document_title: Gun laws in Michigan

question_text: legal age to own a pistol in michigan

question_tokens: legal age to own a pistol in michigan

text: Gun laws in Michigan

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long Guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit required to purchase?
No
Not from FFL

Permit required for purchase from an individual if purchaser does not have a CPL or an FFL and the transaction is not processed through an FFL dealer.

Firearm registration?
No
Yes

Some handgun sales are required to be registered to local law enforcement. There are several exceptions, including, but not limited to, police and US citizens holding a concealed pistol license from another state. [5]

Owner license required?
No
No

Carry permit required?
No
Yes
MCL 28.452b
Michigan is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.

Open carry permitted?
Yes
Yes

Open carry is generally permitted.[6] Carry in a vehicle requires a license.[7]

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
MCL 123.1102
City or Charter Township may restrict the discharge of firearms (see MCL 123.1104).

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No

Short barreled shotguns, short barreled rifles, automatic weapons, AOW's, and silencers/suppressors are allowed if in compliance with federal law.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
Yes
MCL 28.422a
A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun purchase license or a license to carry a concealed handgun. A background check is required to obtain either of these licenses.

text: "Firearm" defined[edit]

text: The word 'firearm', except as otherwise specifically defined in statute, includes any weapon which will, is designed to, or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by action of an explosive. "[8] Michigan's Attorney General has ruled that the definition of "firearm" includes a Taser.[9] As of August 6, 2012, under essentially the same laws applicable to pistols in Michigan, private citizens may purchase and use Tasers (a portable device that uses electro-muscular disruption technology).[10]

text: According to the State of Michigan's Penal Code, a pistol is defined as "a loaded or unloaded firearm that is 26 inches or less in length, or a loaded or unloaded firearm that by its construction and appearance conceals itself as a firearm";[11] A person who knowingly sells a pistol without complying with MCL 28.422, is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or a fine of not more than $100.00, or both; Michigan Penal Code pg. 386 Sec. 223 (1). A person 18 years of age can legally purchase a pistol from a private seller, but first must obtain a purchasing permit which is good for 30 days.

text: Purchasing firearms[edit]

text: At the age of 18 or up, it is legal to buy a pistol with a purchase license from a private seller, at the age of 21, it is legal to buy a firearm from a Federally licensed (FFL) dealer. No purchase license is required to purchase a long gun (a firearm that is more than 26 inches long) in Michigan. According to state law, a long gun may be purchased by anyone aged 18 or over who is not subject to restrictions based on criminal history, mental health history, or other disqualifying factor. A person must be at least 18 years old to purchase a long gun from a federal dealer or a private seller under Michigan law.

text: Only Michigan residents may purchase pistols (meaning firearms that are 26 inches or less in length) in Michigan. Residents of any state may purchase long guns in Michigan [12] and Michigan residents may purchase long guns in any state [13]

text: NON-CPL Holders Only that are buying a pistol from a private seller:[14] An individual must apply to their local police or sheriff's department for a purchase license before obtaining a pistol from a private seller. The police authority will check the applicant's criminal history and for disqualifying factors such as whether the person has been ordered to undergo involuntary mental health treatment or is subject to a restraining order for domestic violence.

text: As of December 18, 2012, no purchase permit is required for purchases from a Class 1 FFL Dealer.[15]

text: Purchases from a private party will require a purchase permit that can be acquired at any police or sheriff's office statewide.

text: A License to Purchase a Pistol is valid for 30 days from a private party.[16] The buyer and seller must both sign the license and may each keep one copy for his or her records. An individual must return to the local police department within 10 days of purchasing the pistol to return the remaining two copies of the license. Some agencies require all unused license-to-purchase forms to be returned to them for record-keeping purposes.

text: CPL Holders:[17] A License to Purchase is not needed for anyone with a valid Michigan Concealed Pistol License even when buying from a private seller. Someone with a valid Michigan Concealed Pistol License must, however, complete a Pistol Sales Record when purchasing or acquiring a pistol (http://www.michigan.gov/documents/ri-060_6454_7.pdf).

text: Pawn shops, second hand dealers, and junk shops are not allowed to accept a pistol in Pawn, and must be FFL dealers to buy & sell.[18]

text: Concealed carry[edit]

text: Michigan's concealed carry law is "shall issue," meaning that anyone 21 or older may obtain a license to carry a concealed pistol, so long as the person is not prohibited from owning a firearm, has not been found guilty of any felonies or certain misdemeanors within a time period of either 3 or 8 years dependent upon the charge, and has completed state-approved firearms training. Concealed Pistol License (CPL) holders are not required to obtain a license to purchase a pistol; however, they must fulfill the registration requirement (a sales record of the pistol acquisition). Under Michigan law, carrying a concealed pistol under a CPL constitutes implied permission for chemical testing for illegal drugs or alcohol; and it is strictly forbidden for someone with a concealed pistol license to carry a pistol while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

text: Individuals licensed to carry a concealed pistol by Michigan or another state are prohibited from carrying a concealed pistol on the following premises: schools or school property, public or private day care center, public or private child caring agency, or public or private child placing agency, sports arena or stadium, a tavern where the primary source of income is the sale of alcoholic liquor by the glass consumed on the premises, any property or facility owned or operated by a church, synagogue, mosque, temple, or other place of worship, unless the presiding official allows concealed weapons, an entertainment facility that the individual knows or should know has a seating capacity of 2,500 or more, a hospital, a dormitory or classroom of a community college, college, or university, and casinos. "Premises" does not include the parking areas of the places listed above. Openly carried firearms by CPL holders in most of these locations is generally lawful.[19]

text: State requirements for obtaining a Concealed Pistol License in the State of Michigan

text: 1. Be at least 21 years of age

text: 2. Be a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted into the United States

text: 3. Be a resident of the State of Michigan for at least 6 months prior to application. An applicant is a state resident if one of the following applies. The applicant possesses a valid, lawfully obtained Michigan driver's license or state identification card. The applicant is lawfully registered to vote in Michigan. The applicant is on active duty status with the United States Armed Forces and stationed outside of Michigan, but Michigan is the home on record. The applicant is on active duty status with the United States Armed Forces and is permanently stationed in Michigan, but the home of record is another state.

text: 4. Have successfully completed a pistol safety training course

text: 5. Not be subject to the following. An order requiring involuntary hospitalization or alternative treatment. An order finding legal incapacitation. A finding not guilty by reason of insanity.

text: 6. Not to be subject to a conditional bond release prohibiting the possession of a firearm

text: 7. Not be subject to a Personal Protection Order (PPO)

text: 8. Not be prohibited from possessing, using, transporting, selling, carrying, shipping, receiving, or distributing a firearm under MCL 750.224f

text: 9. Have never been convicted of a felony in Michigan or elsewhere

text: 10. Have no felony charges pending in Michigan or elsewhere

text: 11. Have not been dishonorably-discharged from the United States Armed Forces

text: 12. Have not been convicted of one of the following misdemeanors in the last eight years immediately-preceding the date of application: Failing to stop when involved in a personal injury accident, MCL 257.617a, Operating while intoxicated, seconded offense, MCL 257.625(9)(b), Drunk driving, commercial vehicle, MCL 257.625m(4), Reckless driving, MCL 257.626

text: 13. Have not been convicted of one of the following misdemeanor in the three years immediately preceding the date of application: Operating under the influence, MCL 257.625, Embezzlement, MCL 750.174, Larceny MCL 750.365, Malicious destruction of stolen property, MCL 750.377a, Second degree retail fraud, MCL 750.356d

text: 14. Have not been found guilty of any crime and has not offered a plea of not guilty of, or been acquitted of, any crime by any reason of insanity

text: 15. Have never been subject to an order of involuntary commitment in an inpatient or outpatient setting due to a mental treatment

text: 16. Have not had a diagnosed mental illness at the time the application is made, regardless of whether he or she is receiving treatment

text: 17. Not be under a court order of legal incapacity in this State or elsewhere

text: 18. Not be detrimental to the safety of his or her self or any other person

text: - As issued by the Michigan State Police "Concealed Pistol License Guide" RI-012 (02/2009)

text: A pistol is subject to immediate seizure if the CPL permit holder is carrying a concealed pistol in a "pistol-free" area. Open carry with a CPL in state defined "pistol-free" areas is legal. Please refer to Michigan AG opinion No. 7097 and Michigan State Police Legal Update #86.

text: An individual licensed to carry a concealed pistol who is stopped by a police officer (traffic stop or otherwise) while in possession of a concealed pistol shall immediately disclose to the police officer that he or she is carrying a concealed pistol either on their person or in their motor vehicle.[20]

text: On March 29, 2001, per Administrative Order 2001-1 of the Michigan Supreme Court: "Weapons are not permitted in any courtroom, office, or other space used for official court business or by judicial employees unless the chief judge or other person designated by the chief judge has given prior approval consistent with the court's written policy."[21]

text: There are few places where open carry is expressly prohibited by federal or state law. Discharging a firearm remains illegal in many cities and charter townships (and such an ordinance is not preempted by state law).[22] In addition, there are laws regulating how firearms may be transported in motor vehicles, which must be followed. By its express terms, the criminal prohibition in section 227(2) does not apply to a person licensed to carry a pistol, provided that the pistol is carried in a manner or place consistent with any restriction upon that license. This conclusion is further supported by section 425c(2) of the Concealed Pistol Licensing Act, MCL 28.425c(2), which expressly authorizes a concealed pistol licensee to "[c]arry a pistol in a vehicle, whether concealed or not concealed, anywhere in this state." Moreover, section 231a(1)(a) of the Penal Code, MCL 750.231a(1)(a), provides that the prohibition against carrying a concealed pistol in a motor vehicle does not apply to a person holding a valid license to carry a concealed pistol, provided that the pistol is carried in conformity with any restrictions appearing on the license. A person who is not licensed to carry a concealed pistol must keep the pistol either in a box that can be locked and safely stored in the trunk out of arms reach or if however the motor vehicle does not have a trunk, the pistol must then be safely placed in a box that is specifically designed to carry a firearm in-which can be locked in present view, or with its specified holster unloaded with the pistol itself in present view and magazine separated having one or the other, or both locked in the glove compartment and or furthest in the back seat out of arms reach.

text: No one is allowed to bring a firearm, concealed or openly, onto the property of a correctional facility, under a law prohibiting weapons that could help prisoners escape.[23] If someone who is carrying openly, who is not on their own private property, puts a coat on over his firearm or otherwise hides it, even temporarily, and he or she does not have a concealed pistol license, he or she has committed the felony crime of carrying a concealed weapon without a license. The Michigan Attorney General has released an opinion stating that open carry is not considered reasonable suspicion of a crime,[24] but there are no Michigan court decisions definitively ruling on this point. In addition, the Michigan Attorney General has released an opinion that "a reserve police officer" who carries a visible, holstered pistol is neither brandishing it nor disturbing the peace.[25] Michigan formerly did not allow ownership of NFA firearms, though the Attorney General has issued an opinion, 7183, that allows machine guns to be legally-transferred to Michigan residents who comply with federal laws. A 2011 opinion by Attorney General Bill Schuette allows the possession and transfer of suppressors in Michigan.[26] Armor-piercing ammunition for handguns is illegal in Michigan.

text: Michigan prohibits the possession of Tasers or stun guns by private citizens, unless they have a concealed pistol licence, and have taken the proper Taser safety course.


document_title: Alex McArthur

question_text: who played the father in papa don't preach

question_tokens: who played the father in papa do n 't preach

text: Alex McArthur

text:
Alex McArthur

Born
(1957-03-06) March 6, 1957 (age 60)[1]
Telford, Pennsylvania, USA

Occupation
Actor

Years active
1981 –

text: Alex McArthur (born March 6, 1957) is an American actor.

text: He was born in Telford, Pennsylvania, the son of Bruce, a contractor, and Dolores McArthur.[1] He studied acting at De Anza College and San Jose State University,[2][3] and worked as a bartender at the legendary nightclub Studio 54 in New York.[4][5]

text: He is well-known for playing the serial killer Charles Reece in the film Rampage, and the honest cowboy Duell McCall in the western TV film series Desperado, whose original screenplay was written by Elmore Leonard.[6][7] He was nominated for Gemini Awards for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, for the television film Woman on Trial: The Lawrentia Bemberke Story.[8]

text: He also appeared in the music video for Madonna's song "Papa Don't Preach", a segment of The Immaculate Collection video compilation, as Madonna's boyfriend and the father of her child in the video.[2][3]

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
They All Laughed (1981) uncredited
Desert Hearts (1985)
Silent Witness (1985) TV movie
Knots Landing (1985-1986) TV series
Desperado (1987) TV movie
Rampage (1987)
The Return of Desperado (1988) TV movie
Desperado: Avalanche at Devil's Ridge (1988) TV movie
L.A. Takedown (1989) TV movie
Race for Glory (1989) Movie
Desperado: The Outlaw Wars (1989) TV movie
Desperado: Badlands Justice (1989) TV movie
Drug Wars: The Cocaine Cartel (1992) TV movie
The Fifth Corner (1992) TV series
Woman on Trial: The Lawrencia Bembenek Story (1993) TV movie
The Road Home (1994) TV series
Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning (1995) TV movie
Perfect Alibi (1995)
Conspiracy Theory (1997)
Kiss the Girls (1997)
The Outer Limits Episode: "Josh" (1995) TV series
Scene of the Crime (1996)
Devil in the Flesh (1998)
Running Home (1999)
Dead Man's Gun (1999) TV series
The Spiral Staircase (2000) TV movie
Route 666 (2001)
Suspended Animation (2002)
Stealing Candy (2003)
Wraiths of Roanoke (2007) TV movie
Hydra (2009) TV movie

tag: ul


document_title: Phlebotomy

question_text: what is the name of the medical profession that draws blood

text: Phlebotomy

text: Phlebotomists[edit]

text: Phlebotomists are people trained to draw blood from a patient [mostly from veins] for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research. Phlebotomists collect blood primarily by performing venipunctures (or, for collection of minute quantities of blood, finger sticks).[2] Blood may be collected from infants by means of a heel stick. The duties of a phlebotomist may include properly identifying the patient, interpreting the tests requested on the requisition, drawing blood into the correct tubes with the proper additives, accurately explaining the procedure to the patients, preparing patients accordingly, practicing the required forms of asepsis, practicing standard and universal precautions, performing the skin/vein puncture, withdrawing blood into containers or tubes, restoring hemostasis of the puncture site, instructing patients on post-puncture care, ordering tests per the doctor's requisition, affixing tubes with electronically printed labels, and delivering specimens to a laboratory.

text: Some countries, states, or districts require that phlebotomy personnel be licensed or registered:

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, there are a number of courses in phlebotomy offered by educational institutions, but training is typically provided on the job. The minimum primary qualification for phlebotomists in Australia is a Certificate III in Pathology Collection (HLT37215) from an approved educational institution.[3]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the UK there is no requirement for holding a formal qualification or certification prior to becoming a phlebotomist as training is usually provided on the job. The NHS offers training with formal certification upon completion.[4]

text: United States[edit]

text: Special state certification in the United States is required only in four states: California, Washington, Nevada, and Louisiana. A phlebotomist can become nationally certified through many different organizations. However, California currently only accepts national certificates from six agencies. These include: American Certification Agency (ACA), American Medical Technologists (AMT), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), National Center for Competency Testing/Multi-skilled Medical Certification Institute (NCCT/MMCI), National Credentialing Agency (NCA), National Healthcareer Association (NHA), National Phlebotomy Certification Examination (NPCE).[5] These and other agencies also certify phlebotomists outside the state of California. To qualify to sit for an examination, candidates must complete a full phlebotomy course and provide documentation of clinical or laboratory experience.

text: History[edit]

text: Early "phlebotomists" used techniques such as leeches and incision to extract blood from the body. Bloodletting was used as a therapeutic as well as a prophylactic process, thought to remove toxins from the body and to balance the humours. While physicians did perform bloodletting, it was a specialty of barber-surgeons, the primary provider of health care to most people in the medieval and early modern eras.


document_title: The Host (novel)

question_text: who does melanie end up with in the host

text: The Host (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A species of parasitic aliens called "Souls" have invaded Earth, deeming the humans too violent to deserve the planet. When a Soul is implanted into a host body, the consciousness of the original owner is erased, leaving their memories and knowledge. Wanderer, a Soul, is placed into the body of Melanie Stryder. However, Melanie's consciousness is still alive and begins to communicate with Wanderer mentally. Wanderer's assigned "Seeker" suggests that she should find a way to remove Melanie through surgery, but Wanderer makes several attempts to deny her Seeker's wishes. As Wanderer starts to uncover some of Melanie's memories of her younger brother Jamie Stryder and her boyfriend Jared Howe, Melanie gets her to follow a series of landmarks throughout the Arizona desert to find her Uncle Jeb, hoping that Jared and Jamie are with him. By doing so, she would be denying the Seeker's ability to get Melanie out of her mind.

text: When Jeb comes across Melanie's dying body, he realizes what's happened to her but still leads her to his hideout: a network of caves housing more than thirty people. Most of the other humans want her to be killed with the exception of Jared and Jamie, and later on Ian, who develops feelings for Wanderer. As days pass and she starts to become a part of the community, many of the community members start to trust her with jobs and eventually give her a teaching role among the colony. She is also given the name Wanda in replacement of the name Wanderer. After tending to a cancer patient one night, Wanda is attacked by Ian's brother, Kyle. After managing to save both herself and Kyle from drowning, the two are taken into the infirmary. Shortly after recovering, Wanda stumbles across a slew of mutilated bodies that cause her to hide by herself in terror for three days. During her time in isolation, Wanda learns from Jeb that the humans are trying to cut Souls out of their hosts in attempt to restore the consciousness and life of the humans but so far each attempt has resulted in a dead body.

text: When Jamie is suffering from a fever caused by infection from a leg injury, Wanda realizes that she must recover medicine from the Souls to cure Jamie before it is too late. With the assistance of Jared, the two manage to cure Jamie's ailments in time. Thanks to her efforts, Wanda is entrusted with attending raids for supplies and it is now believed by many that Melanie is still present inside Wanda's mind. Not long after the raiders return to the colony, they learn that the caves have been attacked and Wanda's Seeker has been captured. After coming to a conclusion about the Seeker's life, Wanda decides to tell Doc how to properly remove Souls from human bodies. Once the Seeker is disposed of, Wanda devises another plan to remove herself from Melanie's body and let herself die in order to allow Melanie to return to Jared once more. Learning of Wanda's plan, Ian becomes furious and calls a tribunal to stop her plans. Despite his attempts, Wanda manages to get herself to Doc's beforehand. Before going through the procedure though, Wanda declares her love for Ian.

text: To her surprise, Wanda wakes up in a new host whose consciousness has not returned. In her new body, Wanda gains wide acceptance from the humans and is free to be in a relationship with Ian while Melanie goes back with Jared. Over the course of time following the surgery, the colony begins to grow and many of its residents become more prosperous than ever before. The novel ends with their discovery of another group of like humans like theirs who have a Soul named Burns in their group.

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Wanderer or 'Wanda' for a nickname - A parasitic alien Soul who is inserted into Melanie Stryder's body. She received her name because of the number of planets she has lived on, having never settled on one she truly liked. She is later nicknamed "Wanda" by Mel's Uncle Jeb. Initially only interested in enjoying her new life, Melanie's love for her brother and boyfriend spills over to Wanda and she finds herself abandoning her kind to seek them out in the desert. She slowly develops sympathy for humans, eventually acknowledging that they have a right to their own lives, and attempting to sacrifice herself so that Melanie can have her life back. Like all Souls, she is naturally altruistic, horrified by violence, and finds it difficult to believably lie (to humans). She hates upsetting people and so suffers endlessly trying to be as little of a burden as possible.

text: Melanie Stryder  – Melanie is a human rebel who was captured and implanted with a Soul after years of evading the Seekers. She is Wanderer's host body. Melanie's consciousness survives and resists Wanderer's control as best she can. She likes the feeling of being physically strong and berates Wanderer for neglecting to keep her that way. She has a temper and is often quick to use threats of violence, much to Wanda's displeasure. Melanie is passionately in love with Jared and shares a strong bond with her brother, Jamie, of whom she is fiercely protective. Despite initial anger at Wanderer for stealing her life, their shared love of Jamie and Jared turns them into unwilling allies. Their relationship grows to the point where Melanie tearfully begs Wanda not to give her body back, knowing the alien plans to kill herself once removed. Melanie is described as having hazel eyes, dark hair and tan skin and is half Latina on her mother's side.[4]

text: Ian O'Shea – Wanderer calls Ian "as kind as a Soul, but strong as only a human could be". Like most of the group, he has a strong dislike of the Souls in the beginning, but quickly abandons it once he begins to empathize with Wanderer. Other characters seem to view him as mostly level-headed. Ian befriends Wanderer and gradually falls in love with her because of her personality, insisting he cares very little about Mel's body. He is constantly annoyed at how selfless and self-sacrificing she is, worrying that she is willing to do things she does not want because she thinks it will make others happy. Once Wanda is put into a new host they begin a relationship. He does not help Melanie find a new body for Wanda, which surprises Melanie. Ian said that he did not care what she looked like; he loved Wanda for her personality. He is described as being tall and muscular, with black hair, sapphire blue eyes and fair skin.

text: Jared Howe – Melanie's lover. Jared met Melanie while they were both stealing food from the same house, each believing the other to be a Soul; when he realized he had found another human he was so excited he kissed her. Loving, aggressive and somewhat excitable in Melanie's memories, by the time Wanderer meets him he has become bitter and hardened. He originally despises Wanda for taking Mel's life, but he cannot bring himself to let Doc experiment on her. He starts to change his views on the Soul when he sees her comforting a dying friend. His survival skills are an asset to the group, and he is often charged with leading the raids because of his rationality and levelheadedness. He has a somewhat parental relationship with Jamie, whom he continued to care for after Melanie's capture. He is described as being muscular and tall, with tan skin, sienna-colored eyes and naturally dark, but sun-bleached hair.

text: Jamie Stryder – Jamie is Melanie's younger brother. Unlike most characters, he holds no animosity towards Wanderer for stealing his sister's body or life and quickly comes to view her as a substitute sibling. He is fascinated with Wanda's stories about the other planets and the species that live on them. Despite his apparent innocence and naivete, Jamie wants to be treated like an adult; he yearns to go on raids with the others, and is uncomfortable with the coddling he receives when he is injured.

text: Uncle Jeb – Jebediah "Jeb" is Melanie's eccentric uncle. A paranoid survivalist before the invasion, Jeb had constructed an elaborate hide-out in caves beneath the Arizona desert. He maintains strict control over the hide-out by virtue of having the only firearm. He believes Wanderer can fit in with the humans and pushes for this to the point of creating great strain within the group. He is calm and deliberate in his decision-making, and despite being one of the most welcoming towards Wanderer, nonetheless does not hesitate to explain and justify the human perspective to her.

text: The Seeker – The Soul who originally caught Melanie. Her calling is to search for and track down humans who have managed to avoid implantation, although she takes her job more seriously than most others. Mutual spite towards the Seeker is the basis of Melanie and Wanderer's early relationship. She is unusually irritable and edgy for her species, at one point even shooting a human in cold blood, despite most Souls not being able to even pick up a gun. She mocks Wanderer for not being able to completely drive out Melanie's consciousness. This is later revealed to be because of her insecurity at having failed to subdue her own host, Lacey, who speaks to her like Melanie does to Wanda. Lacey is just as abrasive as the Seeker.

text: Kyle O'Shea – Kyle, Ian's brother, is impulsive, quick-tempered, and often considered a pain by the others. His hate for Souls is extreme, even among the group. He tries to kill Wanda, despite being warned not to hurt her, and ironically has to be saved by her from falling to his death after he is knocked out in the struggle. When he realises the Seeker's host was able to get her body back, he leaves to kidnap Sunny, the Soul now inhabiting Jodi's body, and takes her back to the cave to see if he can get Jodi back. He is shocked to discover that Sunny is not scared and feels an attachment to him, the way Wanderer did to Jared. When Jodi does not wake up after Sunny is removed, he allows Sunny to stay. Although still wishing Jodi could return, he becomes close to Sunny and they are described as being inseparable.

text: Doc – A tall, slim human who was a surgeon and serves as the group's doctor. Wanda's initial impression of him is that he is a cold-hearted torturer, but he is later shown as being deeply affected by the suffering of his patients and is one of the first humans to accept Wanda. He is fascinated by how effective Soul medicine is and is desperate to find a way to remove Souls without killing either the parasite or the host. Doc is prone to alcoholic binges when he fails in these endeavors. His real name is Eustace, as he mentioned to Wanda before he removed her from her host. A man of his word, Doc is only stopped from letting Wanda die like he promised her because Jared threatens him with a hunting knife. Some of his characteristics were influenced by Meyer's younger brother, Seth.[5]

text: Major themes[edit]

text: In an interview with Vogue, Meyer stated that body image was a major aspect of her novel. She noted that she is "very critical" of her body, but not others'. In The Host, she tried to convey "what a gift it is to just have a body, and really love it". This is something most humans would take for granted before being captured, and something of which Melanie is all-too aware once she loses control of her body.[6] Other themes Meyer explored were the mother/child bond, the need to change our lives for the ones we love or because our community expects of us something other than what we want, and not fitting in.[7] In other interviews, various themes were noted including the value of the Soul and faith in a world that has been destroyed,[5] tolerance, forgiveness and understanding.[8] Identity issues are also frequently mentioned, as Wanderer notes whether other characters differentiate between her personality and Melanie's identity as they interact with her.

text: References to other works[edit]

text: Like Meyer's other books, The Host includes a poem at the beginning of the novel. The poem, by May Swenson, is titled Question, and ties into the idea of the mind's reliance on the existence of the body, just as Melanie experiences when inhabited by Wanderer.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Meyer has said that she is working on additional books in The Host series and that she intends to write a trilogy. She said in an interview that, if published, the first sequel would be entitled The Seeker and the second The Soul.[9] In November 2009, she said, "I'd like to eventually have The Host be part of a trilogy."[10] In a Q&A session in Kansas City, Meyer said that she has outlines for the sequels and has done some writing on them, but she has some qualms since The Host universe is a "dangerous place" where characters might die, and she is not sure if she wants to kill them off.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In a review of the book for The Guardian, Keith Brooke wrote, "When it's good, the novel works well, and will appeal to fans of the author's hugely bestselling Twilight series, but it is little more than a half-decent doorstep-sized chunk of light entertainment."[11]

text: The Host was a #1 New York Times best seller,[12] and remained on this list for 26 weeks.[13] It also spent over 36 weeks on the Los Angeles Times bestseller list.[14] The novel was #1 on Maclean's Magazine's list of 10 top-selling fiction books in Canada.[15] The Host was named one of the "Best Books of May" by Amazon.com.[16]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The Host was developed into a film with Andrew Niccol as director and Saoirse Ronan as Melanie.[17][18] The project was first announced in September 2009 when the producers Nick Wechsler, Steve Schwartz and Paula Mae Schwartz used independent financing to acquire film rights to The Host. Niccol was hired to write the screenplay and to direct the film.[19] In early 2011, before the start of filming, Susanna White had replaced Niccol as the director,[20] but Niccol resumed his role of director in May 2011.[17] In the same month, Ronan was cast to play Melanie in the adaptation.[18] On June 27, it was announced that the film would be released on March 29, 2013, with principal photography to start in February 2012 in Louisiana and New Mexico.[21] Open Road Films acquired the U.S. distribution rights for the film and Meyer acted as producer along with Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz.[22]


document_title: List of solar eclipses visible from the United States

question_text: when is the last time the united states had a solar eclipse

text:
June 28, 1908

Annular
June 8, 1918

Total
November 22, 1919

Annular
September 10, 1923

Total

January 24, 1925

Total
June 29, 1927

Total
April 28, 1930

Hybrid
August 31, 1932

Total

April 19, 1939

Annular
April 7, 1940

Annular
February 4, 1943

Total
July 9, 1945

Total

May 9, 1948

Annular

text:
September 1, 1951

Annular
June 30, 1954

Total
October 2, 1959

Total
July 20, 1963

Total

March 7, 1970

Total
July 10, 1972

Total
February 26, 1979

Total
May 30, 1984

Annular

July 22, 1990

Total
July 11, 1991

Total
January 4, 1992

Annular
May 10, 1994

Annular

text:
May 20, 2012[1]

Annular
August 21, 2017[2]

Total
October 14, 2023[3]

Annular
April 8, 2024[4]

Total

March 30, 2033[5]

Total
June 21, 2039[6]

Annular
August 23, 2044[7]

Total
August 12, 2045[8]

Total

February 5, 2046[9]

Annular
June 11, 2048[10]

Annular

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Solar eclipses

Lists of eclipses

By century

Antiquity
20th BC
19th BC
18th BC
17th BC
16th BC
15th BC
14th BC
13th BC
12th BC
11th BC
10th BC
9th BC
8th BC
7th BC
6th BC
5th BC
4th BC
3rd BC
2nd BC
1st BC
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

Saros series

110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162

Visibility

Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

Historical

Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
Eclipse of Thales (585 BC)

Total/hybrid eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next total/hybrid eclipse

1560 Aug 21
1598 Mar 7
1652 Apr 8
1654 Aug 12
1673 Aug 12
1699 Sep 23
1715 May 3
1724 May 22
1766 Feb 9
1778 Jun 24
1780 Oct 27
1806 Jun 16
1816 Nov 19
1824 Jun 26
1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
1853 Nov 30
1857 Mar 25
1858 Sep 7
1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
1867 Aug 29
1868 Aug 18
1869 Aug 7
1870 Dec 22
1871 Dec 12
1874 Apr 16
1875 Apr 6
1878 Jul 29
1882 May 17
1883 May 6
1885 Sep 8
1886 Aug 29
1887 Aug 19
1889 Jan 1
1889 Dec 22
1893 Apr 16
1896 Aug 9
1898 Jan 22
1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
1904 Sep 9
1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
1909 Jun 17
1910 May 9
1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
1940 Oct 1
1941 Sep 21
1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
1944 Jul 20
1945 Jul 9
1947 May 20
1948 Nov 1
1950 Sep 12
1952 Feb 25
1954 Jun 30
1955 Jun 20
1956 Jun 8
1957 Oct 23
1958 Oct 12
1959 Oct 2
1961 Feb 15
1962 Feb 5
1963 Jul 20
1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
1967 Nov 2
1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
1973 Jun 30
1974 Jun 20
1976 Oct 23
1977 Oct 12
1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
1981 Jul 31
1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
1985 Nov 12
1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
1991 Jul 11
1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
1998 Feb 26
1999 Aug 11
2001 Jun 21
2002 Dec 4
2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
2006 Mar 29
2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
2013 Nov 3
2015 Mar 20
2016 Mar 9
2017 Aug 21
→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
2028 Jul 22
2030 Nov 25
2031 Nov 14
2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
2035 Sep 2
2037 Jul 13
2038 Dec 26
2039 Dec 15
2041 Apr 30
2042 Apr 20
2043 Apr 9
2044 Aug 23
2045 Aug 12
2046 Aug 2
2048 Dec 5
2049 Nov 25
2050 May 20
2052 Mar 30
2053 Sep 12
2055 Jul 24
2057 Jan 5
2057 Dec 26
2059 May 11
2060 Apr 30
2061 Apr 20
2063 Aug 24
2064 Aug 12
2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
2071 Sep 23
2072 Sep 12
2073 Aug 3
2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
2077 May 22
2078 May 11
2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
2082 Aug 24
2084 Dec 27
2086 Jun 11
2088 Apr 21
2089 Oct 4
2090 Sep 23
2091 Aug 15
2093 Jan 27
2094 Jan 16
2095 Jun 2
2096 May 22
2097 May 11
2099 Sep 14
2100 Sep 4
2114 Jun 3
2132 Jun 13
2150 Jun 25
2168 Jul 5
2186 Jul 16

Annular eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next annular eclipse

1820 Sep 7
1854 May 26
1879 Jan 22
1889 Jun 28
1901 Nov 11
1903 Mar 29
1904 Mar 17
1905 Mar 6
1907 Jul 10
1908 Jun 28
1911 Oct 22
1914 Feb 25
1915 Feb 14
1915 Aug 10
1916 Jul 30
1917 Dec 14
1918 Dec 3
1919 Nov 22
1921 Apr 8
1922 Mar 28
1923 Mar 17
1925 Jul 20
1926 Jul 9
1927 Jan 3
1929 Nov 1
1932 Mar 7
1933 Feb 24
1933 Aug 21
1934 Aug 10
1935 Dec 25
1936 Dec 13
1937 Dec 2
1939 Apr 19
1940 Apr 7
1941 Mar 27
1943 Aug 1
1945 Jan 14
1947 Nov 12
1948 May 9
1950 Mar 18
1951 Mar 7
1951 Sep 1
1952 Aug 20
1954 Jan 5
1954 Dec 25
1955 Dec 14
1957 Apr 30
1958 Apr 19
1959 Apr 8
1961 Aug 11
1962 Jul 31
1963 Jan 25
1965 Nov 23
1966 May 20
1969 Mar 18
1969 Sep 11
1970 Aug 31
1972 Jan 16
1973 Jan 4
1973 Dec 24
1976 Apr 29
1977 Apr 18
1979 Aug 22
1980 Aug 10
1981 Feb 4
1983 Dec 4
1984 May 30
1987 Sep 23
1988 Sep 11
1990 Jan 26
1991 Jan 15
1992 Jan 4
1994 May 10
1995 Apr 29
1998 Aug 22
1999 Feb 16
2001 Dec 14
2002 Jun 10
2003 May 31
2005 Oct 3
2006 Sep 22
2008 Feb 7
2009 Jan 26
2010 Jan 15
2012 May 20
2013 May 10
2014 Apr 29
2016 Sep 1
2017 Feb 26
→ 2019 Dec 26
2020 Jun 21
2021 Jun 10
2023 Oct 14
2024 Oct 2
2026 Feb 17
2027 Feb 6
2028 Jan 26
2030 Jun 1
2031 May 21
2032 May 9
2034 Sep 12
2035 Mar 9
2038 Jan 5
2038 Jul 2
2039 Jun 21
2041 Oct 25
2042 Oct 14
2043 Oct 3
2044 Feb 28
2045 Feb 16
2046 Feb 5
2048 Jun 11
2049 May 31
2052 Sep 22
2053 Mar 20
2056 Jan 16
2056 Jul 12
2057 Jul 1
2059 Nov 5
2060 Oct 24
2061 Oct 13
2063 Feb 28
2064 Feb 17
2066 Jun 22
2067 Jun 11
2070 Oct 4
2071 Mar 31
2074 Jan 27
2074 Jul 24
2075 Jul 13
2077 Nov 15
2078 Nov 4
2079 Oct 24
2081 Mar 10
2082 Feb 27
2084 Jul 3
2085 Jun 22
2085 Dec 16
2088 Oct 14
2089 Apr 10
2092 Feb 7
2092 Aug 3
2093 Jul 23
2095 Nov 27
2096 Nov 15
2097 Nov 4
2099 Mar 21
2100 Mar 10

Partial eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next partial eclipse

1902 Apr 8
1902 May 7
1902 Oct 31
1906 Feb 23
1906 Jul 21
1906 Aug 20
1909 Dec 12
1910 Nov 2
1913 Apr 6
1913 Aug 31
1913 Sep 30
1916 Dec 24
1917 Jan 23
1917 Jun 19
1917 Jul 19
1920 May 18
1920 Nov 10
1924 Mar 5
1924 Jul 31
1924 Aug 30
1927 Dec 24
1928 Jun 17
1928 Nov 12
1931 Apr 18
1931 Sep 12
1931 Oct 11
1935 Jan 5
1935 Feb 3
1935 Jun 30
1935 Jul 30
1938 Nov 21
1942 Mar 16
1942 Aug 12
1942 Sep 10
1946 Jan 3
1946 May 30
1946 Jun 29
1946 Nov 23
1949 Apr 28
1949 Oct 21
1953 Feb 14
1953 Jul 11
1953 Aug 9
1956 Dec 2
1960 Mar 27
1960 Sep 20
1964 Jan 14
1964 Jun 10
1964 Jul 9
1964 Dec 4
1967 May 9
1968 Mar 28
1971 Feb 25
1971 Jul 22
1971 Aug 20
1974 Dec 13
1975 May 11
1975 Nov 3
1978 Apr 7
1978 Oct 2
1982 Jan 25
1982 Jun 21
1982 Jul 20
1982 Dec 15
1985 May 19
1986 Apr 9
1989 Mar 7
1989 Aug 31
1992 Dec 24
1993 May 21
1993 Nov 13
1996 Apr 17
1996 Oct 12
1997 Sep 2
2000 Feb 5
2000 Jul 1
2000 Jul 31
2000 Dec 25
2004 Apr 19
2004 Oct 14
2007 Mar 19
2011 Jan 4
2011 Jun 1
2011 Jul 1
2011 Nov 25
2014 Oct 23
2015 Sep 13
→ 2018 Feb 15
2018 Jul 13
2018 Aug 11
2019 Jan 6
2022 Apr 30
2022 Oct 25
2025 Mar 29
2025 Sep 21
2029 Jan 14
2029 Jun 12
2029 Jul 11
2032 Nov 3
2033 Sep 23
2036 Feb 27
2036 Jul 23
2036 Aug 21
2037 Jan 16
2040 May 11
2040 Nov 4
2047 Jan 26
2047 Jun 23
2047 Jul 22
2047 Dec 16
2050 Nov 14
2051 Apr 11
2051 Oct 4
2054 Mar 9
2054 Aug 3
2054 Sep 2
2055 Jan 27
2058 May 22
2058 Jun 21
2058 Nov 16
2062 Mar 11
2062 Sep 3
2065 Feb 5
2065 Jul 3
2065 Aug 2
2065 Dec 27
2068 Nov 24
2069 Apr 21
2069 May 20
2069 Oct 15
2072 Mar 19
2073 Feb 7
2076 Jun 1
2076 Jul 1
2076 Nov 26
2083 Feb 16
2083 Jul 15
2083 Aug 13
2084 Jan 7
2086 Dec 6
2087 May 2
2087 Jun 1
2087 Oct 26
2090 Mar 31
2091 Feb 18
2094 Jun 13
2094 Jul 12
2094 Dec 7
2098 Apr 1
2098 Sep 25
2098 Oct 24

Other bodies

Mars
Moon
Jupiter
Neptune
Pluto
Saturn
Uranus

Related topics

Eclipse chasing

Solar viewer

Solar eclipses in fiction

 Book
 Category
 Commons
 Portal
 WikiProject


document_title: Web server

question_text: who reads the file stored on web servers

text: Web server

text: Overview[edit]

text: The primary function of web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to clients. The communication between client and server takes place using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Pages delivered are most frequently HTML documents, which may include images, style sheets and scripts in addition to the text content.

text: A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is implemented.

text: While the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files.

text: Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting using Active Server Pages (ASP), PHP, or other scripting languages. This means that the behaviour of the web server can be scripted in separate files, while the actual server software remains unchanged. Usually, this function is used to generate HTML documents dynamically ("on-the-fly") as opposed to returning static documents. The former is primarily used for retrieving or modifying information from databases. The latter is typically much faster and more easily cached but cannot deliver dynamic content.

text: Web servers are not only used for serving the World Wide Web. They can also be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and serving only a local network. The web server may then be used as a part of a system for monitoring or administering the device in question. This usually means that no additional software has to be installed on the client computer, since only a web browser is required (which now is included with most operating systems).

text: History[edit]

text: In 1989 Sir Tim Berners-Lee proposed a new project to his employer CERN, with the goal of easing the exchange of information between scientists by using a hypertext system. The project resulted in Berners-Lee writing two programs in 1990:

text:
A browser called WorldWideWeb
The world's first web server, later known as CERN httpd, which ran on NeXTSTEP

text: Between 1991 and 1994, the simplicity and effectiveness of early technologies used to surf and exchange data through the World Wide Web helped to port them to many different operating systems and spread their use among scientific organizations and universities, and subsequently to industry.

text: In 1994 Berners-Lee decided to constitute the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to regulate the further development of the many technologies involved (HTTP, HTML, etc.) through a standardization process.

text: Path translation[edit]

text: Web servers are able to map the path component of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into:

text:
A local file system resource (for static requests)
An internal or external program name (for dynamic requests)

text: For a static request the URL path specified by the client is relative to the web server's root directory.

text: Consider the following URL as it would be requested by a client:

text: The client's user agent will translate it into a connection to www.example.com with the following HTTP 1.1 request:

text: The web server on www.example.com will append the given path to the path of its root directory. On an Apache server, this is commonly /home/www (on Unix machines, usually /var/www). The result is the local file system resource:

text: The web server then reads the file, if it exists, and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will describe the content of the file and contain the file itself or an error message will return saying that the file does not exist or is unavailable.

text: Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers[edit]

text: A web server can be either incorporated into the OS kernel, or in user space (like other regular applications).

text: Web servers that run in user-mode have to ask the system for permission to use more memory or more CPU resources. Not only do these requests to the kernel take time, but they are not always satisfied because the system reserves resources for its own usage and has the responsibility to share hardware resources with all the other running applications. Executing in user mode can also mean useless buffer copies which are another handicap for user-mode web servers.

text: Load limits[edit]

text: A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second (RPS, also known as queries per second or QPS) depending on:

text:
its own settings,
the HTTP request type,
whether the content is static or dynamic,
whether the content is cached, and
the hardware and software limitations of the OS of the computer on which the web server runs.

text: When a web server is near to or over its limit, it becomes unresponsive.

text: Causes of overload[edit]

text: At any time web servers can be overloaded due to:

text:
Excess legitimate web traffic. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval, e.g., Slashdot effect;
Distributed Denial of Service attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users;
Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them)
XSS viruses can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers or web servers;
Internet bots Traffic not filtered/limited on large web sites with very few resources (bandwidth, etc.);
Internet (network) slowdowns, so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached;
Web servers (computers) partial unavailability. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.

text: Symptoms of overload[edit]

text: The symptoms of an overloaded web server are:

text:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
The web server returns an HTTP error code, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even 404, which is inappropriate for an overload condition.
The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) TCP connections before it returns any content.
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a bug, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.

text: Anti-overload techniques[edit]

text: To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular web sites use common techniques like:

text:
Managing network traffic, by using:

Firewalls to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad HTTP patterns
Bandwidth management and traffic shaping, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage

Deploying web cache techniques
Using different domain names to serve different (static and dynamic) content by separate web servers, e.g.:

http://images.example.com
http://www.example.com

Using different domain names or computers to separate big files from small and medium-sized files; the idea is to be able to fully cache small and medium-sized files and to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 - 1000 MB) files by using different settings
Using many internet servers (programs) per computer, each one bound to its own network card and IP address
Using many internet servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a load balancer so that they act or are seen as one big web server
Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.
Using other workarounds, especially if dynamic content is involved

text: Market share[edit]

text: October 2017[edit]

text: Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by W3Techs Usage of Web Servers for Websites.

text:
Product
Vendor
Percent

Apache
Apache
48.5%

nginx
NGINX, Inc.
35.4%

IIS
Microsoft
10.8%

LiteSpeed Web Server
LiteSpeed Technologies
2.9%

GWS
Google
1.1%

text: All other web servers are used by less than 1% of the websites.

text: February 2017[edit]

text: Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by Netcraft February 2017 Web Server Survey.

text:
Product
Vendor
January 2017
Percent
February 2017
Percent
Change
Chart color

IIS
Microsoft
821,905,283
45.66%
773,552,454
43.16%
-2.50
red

Apache
Apache
387,211,503
21.51%
374,297,080
20.89%
-0.63
black

nginx
NGINX, Inc.
317,398,317
17.63%
348,025,788
19.42%
1.79
green

GWS
Google
17,933,762
1.00%
18,438,702
1.03%
0.03
blue

text: February 2016[edit]

text: Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by Netcraft February 2016 Web Server Survey.

text:
Product
Vendor
January 2016
Percent
February 2016
Percent
Change
Chart color

Apache
Apache
304,271,061
33.56%
306,292,557
32.80%
0.76
black

IIS
Microsoft
262,471,886
28.95%
278,593,041
29.83%
0.88
red

nginx
NGINX, Inc.
141,443,630
15.60%
137,459,391
16.61%
-0.88
green

GWS
Google
20,799,087
2.29%
20,640,058
2.21%
-0.08
blue

text: Apache, IIS and Nginx are the most used web servers on the Internet.