document_title: Upper Peninsula of Michigan

question_text: when did the up become part of michigan

question_tokens: when did the up become part of michigan

root

text: Upper Peninsula of Michigan

text: History[edit]

text: The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages. They arrived roughly around A.D. 800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki. Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East.[2] French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions and fur trading posts such as Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace. Following the end of the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War) in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan and the site of Native American settlements for centuries.

tag: p

text: American Indian tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples. In 1763, tribes united in Pontiac's Rebellion to try to drive the British from the area. American Indians captured Fort Michilimackinac, near present-day Mackinaw City, Michigan, then the principal fort of the British in the Michilimackinac region, as well as others and killed hundreds of British. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British which resulted in temporary peace and changes in objectionable British policies.

text: Although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade. John Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808; however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted.[3]

text: When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula. In 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota (previously included in the Indiana and Illinois Territories). When Michigan was preparing for statehood in the 1830s, the boundaries proposed corresponded to the original territorial boundaries, with some proposals even leaving the Upper Peninsula out entirely. Meanwhile, the territory was involved in a border dispute with the state of Ohio in a conflict known as the Toledo War.

text: The people of Michigan approved a constitution in May 1835 and elected state officials in late autumn 1835. Although the state government was not yet recognized by the United States Congress, the territorial government effectively ceased to exist. A constitutional convention of the state legislature refused a compromise to accept the full Upper Peninsula in exchange for ceding the Toledo Strip to Ohio. A second convention, hastily convened by Governor Stevens Thomson Mason, consisting primarily of Mason supporters, agreed in December 1836 to accept the U.P. in exchange for the Toledo Strip.

text: In January 1837, the U.S. Congress admitted Michigan as a state of the Union. At the time, Michigan was considered the losing party in the compromise. The land in the Upper Peninsula was described in a federal report as a "sterile region on the shores of Lake Superior destined by soil and climate to remain forever a wilderness."[2]

text: This belief changed when rich mineral deposits (primarily copper and iron) were discovered in the 1840s. The Upper Peninsula's mines produced more mineral wealth than the California Gold Rush, especially after shipping was improved by the opening of the Soo Locks in 1855 and docks in Marquette in 1859. The Upper Peninsula supplied 90% of America's copper by the 1860s. It was the largest supplier of iron ore by the 1890s, and production continued to a peak in the 1920s, but sharply declined shortly afterward. The last copper mine closed in 1995, although the majority of mines had closed decades before. Some iron mining continues near Marquette.[2] The Eagle Mine, a nickel-copper mine, opened in 2014.[4]

text: Thousands of Americans and immigrants moved to the area during the mining boom, prompting the federal government to create Fort Wilkins near Copper Harbor to maintain order. The first wave were the Cornish from England, with centuries of mining experience; followed by Irish, Germans, and French Canadians. During the 1890s, Finnish immigrants began settling there in large numbers, forming the population plurality in the northwestern half of the peninsula. In the early 20th century, 75% of the population was foreign-born.[3]

text: From 1861 to 1865, 90,000 Michigan men fought in the American Civil War, including 1,209 from the Upper Peninsula. Houghton County contributed 460 soldiers, while Marquette County, Michigan sent 265.[5]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula contains 16,377 square miles (42,420 km2),[6] about 29 percent of the land area of the state (exclusive of territorial waters, which constitute about 40% of Michigan's total jurisdictional area). The maximum east–west distance in the Upper Peninsula is about 320 miles (510 km), and the maximum north–south distance is about 125 miles (201 km). It is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by St. Mary's River, on the south by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the west by Wisconsin and (counting the water border on Lake Superior) by Minnesota. It has about 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of continuous shoreline with the Great Lakes. There are about 4,300 inland lakes, the largest of which is Lake Gogebic, and 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of streams.[7]

text: The peninsula is divided between the flat, swampy areas in the east, part of the Great Lakes Plain, and the steeper, more rugged western half, called the Superior Upland, part of the Canadian Shield.[8] The rock in the western portion is the result of volcanic eruptions and is estimated to be at least 3.5 billion years old (much older than the eastern portion) and contains the region's ore resources. Banded-iron formations were deposited 2 billion years ago; this is the Marquette Range Supergroup. A considerable amount of bedrock is visible. Mount Arvon, the highest point in Michigan, is found in the region, as well as the Porcupine and Huron mountains. All of the higher areas are the remnants of ancient peaks, worn down over millions of years by erosion and glaciers.[9]

text: The Keweenaw Peninsula is the northernmost part of the peninsula. It projects into Lake Superior and was the site of the first copper boom in the United States, part of a larger region of the peninsula called the Copper Country.[10] Copper Island is its northernmost section.

text: About one third of the peninsula is government-owned recreational forest land today, including the Ottawa National Forest and Hiawatha National Forest. Although heavily logged in the 19th century, the majority of the land was forested with mature trees by the 1970s.[2]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula contains a large variety of wildlife. Some of the mammals found in the U.P. include shrews, moles, mice, white-tailed deer, moose, black bears, cougar, gray and red foxes, wolves, river otters, martens, fishers, muskrats, bobcats, coyotes, snowshoe hares, cotton-tail rabbits, porcupines, chipmunks, squirrels, raccoons, opossum and bats. There is a large variety of birds, including hawks, osprey, owls, gulls, hummingbirds, chickadees, robins, woodpeckers, warblers, and bald eagles. In terms of reptiles and amphibians, the U.P. has common garter snakes, red bellied snakes, pine snakes, northern water snakes, brown snakes, eastern garter snakes, eastern fox snakes, eastern ribbon back snakes, green snakes, northern ringneck snakes, Eastern Milk Snakes (Mackinac and Marquette counties) and Eastern Hognose snakes (Menominee County only), plus snapping turtles, wood turtles, and painted turtles (the state reptile), green frogs, bullfrogs, northern leopard frogs, and salamanders. Lakes and rivers contain many fish such as walleye, muskie, northern pike, trout, salmon, bullhead catfish, and bass. Invasive species like the alewife and sea lamprey can be found in the Great Lakes. The U.P. also contains many shellfish, such as clams, aquatic snails, and crayfish. The American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society have designated several locations as internationally Important Bird Areas.[citation needed]

text: There is significant controversy over the presence of Eastern Cougars in the U.P.[11] Historically, the last of the species, or subspecies, was extirpated near Newberry in 1906, although there have been sightings of the creatures over the years since.[12][13] These reports increased in number over the first decade of the 21st century. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE)[a] formed a four-person team to investigate sightings in the state. The biologists with the DNRE currently do not believe that there is a breeding population anywhere in the state, rather that the sighted animals are visitors to the state.[15] As late as January 2007, the DNRE's official position was that no cougars lived in Michigan.[16] Several residents in the state disagree with both current and previous positions on the part of the DNRE.[16][17] Researchers at Central Michigan University and the Michigan Wildlife Conservancy in 2006 published the findings of a study using DNA analysis of fecal samples taken in the Upper and Lower peninsulas that showed the presence of cougars at the time.[18] These results were disputed in a second journal article in 2007 by other researchers from Eastern Michigan University and the U.S. Forest Service.[19] A citizen's group, the Michigan Citizens for Cougar Recognition (MCCR), independently tracked sightings and in 2009 listed Delta County as the location with the greatest number of reports in the state.[20] The DNRE verified five sets of tracks and two trail camera photos in Delta, Chippewa, Marquette, and Menominee counties since 2008.[21] DNRE officials acknowledge that there are cougars in the UP, but not elsewhere in the state. Critics of the DNRE's position on the species, including the founder of the MCCR, say that the department is attempting to "avoid paying for a cougar management program".[17]

text: There are also many invasive species that are primarily brought in the ballast water of foreign ships, usually from the ocean bordering Northeastern Asia. This water is dumped directly into the Great Lakes, depositing a variety of fresh and salt water fish and invertebrates, most notably the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. There are also many plant species that have been transported to the Great Lakes, including Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria[22] and Phragmites australis, both of which are considered to be a threat to native hydrophyte wetland plants.[23][24]

text: The Emerald ash borer was first reported in the U.P. at Brimley State Park,[25] and is considered to be a serious ecological threat to the habitat and economy.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification system). The Great Lakes have a great effect on the larger part of the peninsula. Winters tend to be long, cold, and snowy for most of the peninsula, and because of its northern latitude, the daylight hours are short—around 8 hours between sunrise and sunset in the winter. Lake Superior has the greatest effect on the area, especially the northern and western parts. Lake-effect snow causes many areas to get in excess of 100–250 inches (250–640 cm) of snow per year—especially in the Keweenaw Peninsula and Gogebic County, and to a lesser extent Baraga, Marquette and Alger counties, making the western U.P. a prominent part of the midwestern snow belt.

text: Records of 390 inches (990 cm) of snow or more have been set in many communities in this area.[26] The Keweenaw Peninsula averages more snowfall than any other location east of the Mississippi River.[27] Because of the howling storms across Lake Superior, which cause dramatic amounts of precipitation, it has been said that the lake-effect snow makes the Keweenaw Peninsula the snowiest place east of the Rockies. Herman averages 236 inches (600 cm) of snow every year.[28] Lake-effect snow can cause blinding whiteouts in just minutes, and some storms can last for days. Hancock is found frequently on lists of the snowiest cities in America.[29]

text: The banana belt along the Wisconsin border has a more continental climate since most of its weather does not arrive from the lakes. Summers tend to be warmer and winter nights much colder. Coastal communities have temperatures tempered by the Great Lakes. In summer, it might be 10 °F (5.6 °C) cooler at lakeside than it is inland, and the opposite effect is seen in winter. The area of the Upper Peninsula north of Green Bay though Menominee and Escanaba (and extending west to Iron River) does not have the extreme weather and precipitation found to the north.[2] The coldest temperature officially recorded in the Upper Peninsula was −48 °F (−44 °C) in Humboldt in January 1915.[30]

text: Time zones[edit]

text: Like the entire Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula observes Eastern Time. However, the four counties bordering Wisconsin are in the Central Time zone.

text: In 1967, when the Uniform Time Act came into effect, the Upper Peninsula went under year-round CST, with no daylight saving time.[31] In 1973, the majority of the peninsula switched to Eastern Time;[32] only the four western border counties of Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee continue to observe Central Time. Daylight savings time is observed peninsula-wide.

text: Government[edit]

text: There are 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula (see map). Note that the counties extend into the Great Lakes with precise, well defined boundaries.[citation needed]

text: State prisons are located in Baraga, Marquette, Munising, Newberry, Marenisco and Kincheloe.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Historically, the Upper Peninsula has tended to vote for the United States' Democratic Party due to its legacy of mining and historically high union membership. However, as Democrats have shifted toward social liberalism and as union strength in the peninsula has declined, the region has become steadily less receptive to the Democratic party, and has alternately swung toward either party in recent years. Split-ticket voting has become a common practice in the peninsula. In 2012, for example, Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow carried every county in the peninsula in her 2012 reelection campaigns, but Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney carried all but two counties in the 2012 presidential election. Donald Trump swept all counties across the Upper Peninsula except Marquette County.

text:
2012 presidential election[33][34]

County
Registered voters
Votes cast
Romney/Ryan
Obama/Biden
Result

Alger
4,671
4,618
2,330
2,212
REP

Baraga
3,540
3,490
1,866
1,574
REP

Chippewa
15,790
15,564
8,278
7,100
REP

Delta
18,968
18,050
9,534
8,330
REP

Dickinson
12,950
12,810
7,688
4,952
REP

Gogebic
7,689
7,576
3,444
4,058
DEM

Houghton
15,477
15,282
8,196
6,801
REP

Iron
6,065
5,988
3,224
2,687
REP

Keweenaw
1,411
1,392
774
582
REP

Luce
3,401
2,596
1,580
991
REP

Mackinac
6,170
6,099
3,397
2,652
REP

Marquette
32,551
32,194
13,606
18,115
DEM

Menominee
11,043
10,923
5,564
5,242
REP

Ontonagon
3,599
3,539
1,906
1,586
REP

Schoolcraft
4,104
4,048
2,142
1,865
REP

Total
147,429
144,168
73,529
70,639
REP

text: All counties in the U.P. are part of Michigan's 1st congressional district. Jack Bergman, a Republican, has been the U.S. Representative for this district since January 2017.

text:
Upper Peninsula vote
by party in presidential elections [35]

Year
REP
DEM
Others

2016[36]
56.40% 82,018
37.77% 54,923
5.83% 8,476

2012[37]
50.80% 73,529
47.49% 68,747
1.71% 2,477

2008[38]
46.12% 69,647
51.82% 78,257
2.06% 3,108

2004[39]
51.52% 78,276
47.31% 71,888
1.17% 1,781

2000[40]
50.61% 70,256
45.95% 63,791
3.43% 4,768

text: In Michigan's 2010 gubernatorial election Republican Rick Snyder carried every U.P. county but one, Gogebic, on his way to victory over his Democratic opponent, Virg Bernero.[41]

text: Proposed statehood[edit]

text: Due to the geographic separation and perceived cultural and political differences from the Lower Peninsula, at various times there have been proposals for the Upper Peninsula to secede from Michigan as a 51st state named Superior, sometimes including portions of northern Wisconsin and/or the northern Lower Peninsula. Several prominent legislators, including the region's long-serving state representative Dominic Jacobetti, attempted unsuccessfully to gain passage of such a bill in the 1970s.[42] It would be the least populous state in the union, and as stronger connections to the rest of Michigan have developed since completion of the Mackinac Bridge in the 1950s, the proposal's future is vague.[43]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula remains a predominantly rural region. As of the 2010 census, the region had a population of 311,361—scarcely more than 3% of Michigan's total population.[44]

text: According to the 2010 census, 103,211 people live in the 12 towns of at least 4,000 people, covering 96.5 square miles (250 km2). A total of 116,548 people live in the 18 towns and villages of at least 2,000 people, which cover 108.5 square miles (281 km2)—less than 1% of the peninsula's land area.

text:
Cities and villages of the Upper Peninsula[44]

City
Population
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(km²)

Marquette
21,355
11.4
30

Sault Ste. Marie
14,144
14.8
38

Escanaba
12,616
12.7
33

Menominee
8,599
5.2
13

Houghton
7,708
4.3
11

Iron Mountain
7,624
7.2
19

Ishpeming
6,470
8.7
23

Ironwood
5,387
6.6
17

Kingsford
5,133
4.3
11

Gladstone
4,973
5.0
13

Hancock
4,634
2.5
6.5

Negaunee
4,568
13.8
36

Manistique
3,097
3.2
8.3

Iron River
3,029
3.5
9.1

Norway
2,845
8.8
23

St. Ignace
2,452
2.7
7.0

Munising
2,355
5.4
14

Baraga
2,053
2.2
5.7

L'Anse
2,011
2.6
6.7

Total
118,601
96.5
250

Upper Peninsula land area and population density by county[6]

County
Population
Land area (sq mi)
Land area (km²)
Population density
(per sq mi)
Population density
(per km²)

Alger
9,601
915
2,370
10.5
4.1

Baraga
8,860
898
2,330
9.8
3.8

Chippewa
38,520
1,558
4,040
24.7
9.5

Delta
37,069
1,171
3,030
31.6
12.2

Dickinson
26,168
761
1,970
34.4
13.3

Gogebic
16,427
1,101
2,850
14.9
5.8

Houghton
36,628
1,009
2,610
36.3
14.0

Iron
11,817
1,166
3,020
10.1
3.9

Keweenaw
2,156
540
1,400
4.0
1.5

Luce
6,631
899
2,330
7.3
2.8

Mackinac
11,113
1,021
2,640
10.8
4.2

Marquette
67,077
1,808
4,680
37.1
14.3

Menominee
24,029
1,044
2,700
23.0
8.9

Ontonagon
6,780
1,311
3,400
5.1
2.0

Schoolcraft
8,485
1,171
3,030
7.2
2.8

Total
311,361
16,377
42,420
19.0
7.3

text: The Upper Peninsula has experienced population decline, although this has not been the case for every county. In some areas of the Upper Peninsula the population has declined more than in others, with the six westernmost counties having witnessed the largest decrease, from a 1920 population of 153,674 to a 2010 population of 82,668. Some ghost towns exist in the region.[45]

text: The population of the Upper Peninsula grew throughout the 19th century and then leveled off and experienced decline during the 20th century.[46][47] A "" indicates an increase in population from the previous census, and a "" indicates a decrease in population from the previous census.

text:
Population by census year of the Upper Peninsula by county

County
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

Alger
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
01238 !1,238
05868 !5,868
07675 !7,675
09983 !9,983
09327 !9,327
10167 !10,167
10007 !10,007
09250 !9,250
08568 !8,568
09225 !9,225
08972 !8,972
09862 !9,862
09601 !9,601

Baraga
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
01804 !1,804
03036 !3,036
04320 !4,320
06125 !6,125
07662 !7,662
09168 !9,168
09356 !9,356
08037 !8,037
07151 !7,151
07789 !7,789
08494 !8,484
07954 !7,954
08735 !8,735
08864 !8,860

Chippewa
00626 !626
00534 !534
00898 !898
01603 !1,603
01689 !1,689
05248 !5,248
12018 !12,018
21338 !21,338
24472 !24,472
24818 !24,818
25047 !25,047
27807 !27,807
29206 !29,206
32655 !32,655
32412 !32,412
29029 !29,029
34604 !34,604
38413 !38,543
38520 !38,520

Delta
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
01172 !1,172
02542 !2,542
06812 !6,812
15330 !15,330
23881 !23,881
30108 !30,108
30909 !30,909
32280 !32,280
34037 !34,037
32913 !32,913
34298 !34,298
35924 !35,924
38947 !38,947
37780 !37,780
38510 !38,520
37069 !37,069

Dickinson
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
17890 !17,890
20524 !20,524
19456 !19,456
29941 !29,941
28731 !28,731
24844 !24,844
23917 !23,917
23753 !23,753
25341 !25,341
26831 !26,831
27427 !27,427
26168 !26,168

Gogebic
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
13166 !13,166
16738 !16,738
23333 !23,333
33225 !33,225
31577 !31,577
31797 !31,797
27053 !27,053
24730 !24,370
20676 !20,676
19686 !19,686
18052 !18,052
17370 !17,370
16427 !16,427

Houghton
00000 !—
00000 !—
00708 !708
09234 !9,234
13879 !13,879
22473 !22,473
35389 !35,389
66063 !66,063
88098 !88,098
71930 !71,930
52851 !52,851
47631 !47,631
39771 !39,771
34654 !34,654
34652 !34,652
37872 !37,872
35446 !35,446
36016 !36,016
36268 !36,628

Iron
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
04432 !4,432
08990 !8,990
15164 !15,164
22107 !22,107
20805 !20,805
20243 !20,243
17692 !17,692
17184 !17,184
13813 !13,813
13635 !13,635
13175 !13,175
13138 !13,138
11817 !11,817

Keweenaw
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
04205 !4,205
04270 !4,270
02894 !2,894
03217 !3,217
07156 !7,156
06322 !6,322
05076 !5,076
04004 !4,004
02918 !2,918
02417 !2,417
02264 !2,264
01963 !1,963
01701 !1,701
02301 !2,301
02156 !2,156

Luce
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
02455 !2,455
02983 !2,983
04004 !4,004
06149 !6,149
06528 !6,528
07423 !7,423
08147 !8,147
07827 !7,827
06789 !6,789
06659 !6,659
05763 !5,763
07024 !7,024
06631 !6,631

Mackinac
00877 !877
00923 !923
03598 !3,598
01938 !1,938
01716 !1,716
02902 !2,902
07830 !7,830
07703 !7,703
09249 !9,249
08026 !8,026
08783 !8,783
09438 !9,438
09287 !9,287
10853 !10,853
09660 !9,660
10178 !10,178
10674 !10,674
11943 !11,943
11113 !11,113

Marquette
00000 !—
00000 !—
00136 !136
02821 !2,821
15033 !15,033
25394 !25,394
39521 !39,521
41239 !41,239
46739 !46,739
45786 !45,786
44076 !44,076
47144 !47,144
47654 !47,654
56154 !56,154
64686 !64,686
74101 !74,101
70887 !70,887
64634 !64,634
67077 !67,077

Menominee
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
00000 !—
01791 !1,791
11987 !11,987
33639 !33,639
27046 !27,046
25648 !25,648
23778 !23,778
23652 !23,652
24883 !24,883
25299 !25,299
24685 !24,685
24587 !24,587
26201 !26,201
24920 !24,920
25109 !25,109
24029 !24,029

Ontonagon
00000 !—
00000 !—
00389 !389
04568 !4,568
02845 !2,845
02565 !2,565
03756 !3,756
06197 !6,197
08650 !8,650
12428 !12,428
11114 !11,114
11359 !11,359
10282 !10,282
10584 !10,584
10548 !10,548
09861 !9,861
08854 !8,854
07818 !7,818
06780 !6,780

Schoolcraft
00000 !—
00000 !—
00016 !16
00078 !78
00000 !—
01575 !1,575
05818 !5,818
07889 !7,889
08681 !8,681
09977 !9,977
08451 !8,451
09524 !9,524
09148 !9,148
08953 !8,953
08226 !8,226
08575 !8,575
08302 !8,302
08903 !8,903
08485 !8,485

Total
1,503
1,457
5,745
21,414
43,700
85,030
180,522
261,362
325,626
332,556
318,676
323,544
302,258
304,952
304,347
319,757
313,915
317,213
311,361

text: Economy[edit]

text: Industries[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula is rich in mineral deposits including iron, copper, nickel and silver. Small amounts of gold have also been discovered and mined. In the 19th century, mining dominated the economy, and the U.P. became home to many isolated company towns. For many years, mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula were the world's largest producers of copper (see Copper mining in Michigan). The mines began declining as early as 1913, with most closing temporarily during the Great Depression. Mines reopened during World War II, but almost all quickly closed after the war ended. The last copper mine in the Copper Country was the White Pine mine, which closed in 1995.

text: From approximately 1870 to 1915, about thirty-two quarries mined Jacobsville Sandstone in the Upper Peninsula, particularly near Marquette and the town of Jacobsville. The sandstone was used in many buildings, both locally and around the United States.[48]

text: Ever since logging of white pine began in the 1880s, timber has been an important industry.[49] However, the stands of hemlock and hardwood went under-exploited until the mid-twentieth century as selection cutting was practiced in the western reaches of the forest. Because of the highly seasonal climate and the short growing season, agriculture is limited in the Upper Peninsula, though potatoes, strawberries and a few other small fruits are grown.

text: Tourism has become the main industry in recent decades. In 2005, ShermanTravel, LLC listed the Upper Peninsula as No. 10 in its assessment of all travel destinations worldwide.[50] The article was republished in April 2006 by MSN.com.[51] The peninsula has extensive coastline on the Great Lakes, large tracts of state and national forests, cedar swamps, more than 150 waterfalls, and low population densities. Because of the camping, boating, fishing, snowmobiling, hunting, and hiking opportunities, many Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin families spend their vacations in the U.P. Tourists also go there from Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee and other metropolitan areas. The opening of the Mackinac Bridge in 1957 (see below) has made the Upper Peninsula easily accessible to tourists and has helped make the UP a year-round tourist destination.

text: Notable attractions[edit]

text:
Au Train Falls
Bond Falls
Calumet Theatre
Calumet Downtown Historic District
Castle Rock
Copper Harbor
Copper Peak, Ironwood Township
DeYoung Family Zoo
Fayette Historic State Park
Fort Mackinac
Garlyn Zoo
Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island)
Grand Island National Recreation Area
The Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum
Iron County Historical Museum Complex – Caspian
Iron Industry Museum – Negaunee
Iron Mountain Iron Mine – Vulcan
Isle Royale National Park
The Keystone Bridge- Ramsay, Michigan
Keweenaw National Historical Park
Keweenaw Waterway and Portage Lake Lift Bridge
Kitch-iti-kipi
Lake Superior
Lake Superior State University, Lakers
Laughing Whitefish Falls
Mackinac Bridge
Mackinac Island
Marquette Arts and Culture Center – Marquette
The Marquette Lighthouse
Marquette Mountain Ski Resort
Michigan Technological University, Huskies
Mount Bohemia ski center (with the highest vertical drop, 900 feet (270 m), in the Midwest)
Munising Falls
National Ski Hall of Fame
Northern Michigan University, Wildcats
Marquette Ore Dock
Paulding Light
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
Pine Mountain ski jump in Iron Mountain is one of the largest artificial ski jumps in the world.[52]
Porcupine Mountains State Park
Quincy Copper Mine offering guided tours
Seney National Wildlife Refuge
Ski Brule in Iron River
The Soo Locks
Suicide Hill Ski Jump, Ishpeming, Michigan[53]
Sylvania Wilderness
Tahquamenon Falls State Park
Upper Peninsula Children's Museum – Marquette

tag: ul

text: Casinos[edit]

text: American Indian casinos contribute to the tourist attractions and are popular in the U.P. Originally the casinos were simple, one-room affairs. Some of the casinos are now quite elaborate and are being developed as part of resort and conference facilities, including features such as golf courses, pool and spa, dining, and rooms to accommodate guests.

text:
Bay Mills Resort & Casino – Brimley
Island Resort & Casino – Harris
Kewadin Casinos – Christmas; Hessel; Manistique; St. Ignace; Sault Ste. Marie
Kings Club Casino – Brimley
Lac Vieux Desert Casino – Watersmeet
Ojibwa Casinos – Baraga; Marquette

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower by the Straits of Mackinac, five miles (8 km) across at the narrowest, and is connected to it by the Mackinac Bridge at St. Ignace, one of the longest suspension bridges in the world. Until the bridge was completed in 1957, travel between the two peninsulas was difficult and slow (and sometimes even impossible during winter months). In 1881, the Mackinac Transportation Company was established by three railroads, the Michigan Central Railroad, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad, to operate a railroad car ferry across the Straits. Beginning in 1923, the State of Michigan operated automobile ferries between the two peninsulas. At the busiest times of year the wait was several hours long.[54] In winter, travel was possible over the ice only after the straits had solidly frozen.

text: Highways[edit]

text: Interstate Highways[edit]

text: I-75 crosses the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula from the Straits of Mackinac on the south to Sault Ste. Marie and the border with Canada on the north. There it connects with the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge across to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

text: U.S. Highways[edit]

text:
US 2 crosses into Michigan from Wisconsin at Ironwood and runs east to Crystal Falls, where it dips back into Wisconsin. The highway crosses back into Michigan for a second time at Iron Mountain and runs east to its terminus at St. Ignace.
 US 8 enters the state from Wisconsin at Dickinson County's Norway township, crossing the Menominee River and proceeding north into the city of Norway where it ends at US 2.
 US 41 enters at Menominee and goes north to Copper Harbor.
 US 45 crosses into Michigan south of Watersmeet and ends in Ontonagon.
 US 141 enters the state south of Quinnesec. US 141 runs concurrently with US 2 through the Iron Mountain area and crosses back into Wisconsin. US 141 separates from US 2 at Crystal Falls and runs north to US 41 at Covington in Baraga County.

text: State Trunkline Highways[edit]

text: Of the many "M-" prefixed trunklines crisscrossing the U.P., the four longest (in order of length) are,

text:
M-28 runs from Wakefield east across the U.P. to south of Sault Ste. Marie. At 290.373 miles (467.310 km) in length, it is the state's longest trunkline with an M- prefix.
 M-35 runs from Menominee north to Negaunee.
 M-26 runs from Rockland north to Copper Harbor.
 M-123 runs from St. Ignace north and then makes a southward U-turn before terminating at Newberry.

text: Special road designations[edit]

text:
The U.S. Forest Service and Federal Highway Administration have designated certain roads within the several National Forests in the U.P. as Federal Forest Highways.[55]
State-maintained highways closest to the Upper Peninsula's Great Lakes shorelines are marked by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) with signs indicating that they are part of the Great Lakes Circle Tour, a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[56]
MDOT has designated five UP highways as Pure Michigan Byways for their historic, recreational or scenic qualities.[57][58] They are: US 2 in Iron County (Iron County Heritage Trail), US 41 from Houghton to Copper Harbor (Copper County Trail, also a National Scenic Byway), M-35 (UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail), and M-123 (Tahquamenon Scenic Heritage Route') and M-134 (M-134 North Huron Byway)

text: Airports[edit]

text: There are 43 airports in the Upper Peninsula. Of these, six airports have commercial passenger service: Gogebic-Iron County Airport north of Ironwood, Houghton County Memorial Airport southwest of Calumet, Ford Airport west of Iron Mountain, Sawyer International Airport south of Marquette, Delta County Airport in Escanaba, and Chippewa County International Airport south of Sault Ste. Marie. There are 19 other public use airports with a hard surface runway. These are used for general aviation and charter. Notably, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, and Drummond Island are all accessible by airports. There are five public access airports with turf runways and thirteen airports for the private use of their owners.[citation needed] There is only one control tower in the Upper Peninsula, at Sawyer.[59]

text: Ferries and bridges[edit]

text: The Eastern Upper Peninsula Transportation Authority operates car ferries in its area. These include ferries for Sugar Island, Neebish Island, and Drummond Island. Three ferry companies run passenger ferries from St. Ignace to Mackinac Island.

text: The three major bridges in the Upper Peninsula are:

text:
Mackinac Bridge, connecting the Lower Peninsula of Michigan with the Upper;
Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, which connects the city of Sault Ste. Marie to its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie in Canada; and
Portage Lift Bridge, which crosses Portage Lake. The Portage Lift Bridge is the world's heaviest and widest double-decked vertical lift bridge. Its center span "lifts" to provide 100 feet (30 m) of clearance for ships. Since rail traffic was discontinued in the Keweenaw, the lower deck is used to accommodate snowmobile traffic in the winter. As the only land-based link between the north and south sections of the Keweenaw Peninsula, the bridge is crucial to transportation.

text: Railways[edit]

text:
Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad: Transports iron ore over a 16-mile (26 km) line from the Empire-Tilden Mine (operated by Cliffs Natural Resources), south of Ishpeming, to Marquette's port on Lake Superior.
Two railroads originally crossed the Upper Peninsula east to west: the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway, informally known as the Soo Line, running west from Sault Ste. Marie roughly along the Lake Michigan shore, and the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad running west from St. Ignace roughly along the Lake Superior shore. In 1960, both railroads were merged into the Soo Line Railroad, the U.S. arm of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Soo Line trackage in the Upper Peninsula was purchased by the Wisconsin Central Railroad in 1987. In 1997, the Wisconsin Central also purchased from the Union Pacific Railroad the former Chicago and North Western Railway line running into the Upper Peninsula from Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Central was in turn purchased by the Canadian National Railway in 2001. The Canadian National now operates much of the remaining railroad trackage in the Upper Peninsula.
Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad: Chartered in 1898, the E&LS is an industrial beltline railroad with 347 miles (558 km) of trackage connecting Escanaba, Ontonagon, Republic, and Green Bay, Wisconsin, with a common junction at Channing, and a spur to Nestoria from Sidnaw.

text: Bus systems[edit]

text: Despite its rural character, there are public buses in several counties of the Upper Peninsula.[60]

text: Education[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan has three state universities (Lake Superior State University in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Technological University in Houghton, and Northern Michigan University in Marquette), one private university (Finlandia University located in Hancock, Michigan, on the Keweenaw Peninsula), and five community colleges (Bay Mills Community College in Brimley, Bay de Noc Community College in Escanaba and Iron Mountain, Gogebic Community College in Ironwood, and Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College in Baraga).

text: Culture[edit]

text: Early settlers included multiple waves of people from Nordic countries, and people of Finnish ancestry make up 16% of the peninsula's population; the UP is home to the highest concentration of Finns outside Europe and the only counties of the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. The Finnish sauna and the concept of sisu have been adopted widely by residents of the Upper Peninsula. The television program Finland Calling was for a long period the only Finnish-language television broadcast in the United States; it aired on Marquette station WLUC-TV from March 25, 1962, until March 29, 2015.[61] Finlandia University, America's only college with Finnish roots, is located in Hancock.[62] Street signs in Hancock appear in English and Finnish to celebrate this heritage.

text: Other sizable ethnic communities in the Upper Peninsula include French-Canadian, German, Cornish, Italian, and Ojibwe ancestry.

text: Upper Peninsula natives speak a dialect influenced by Scandinavian and French-Canadian speech. A popular bumper sticker, a parody of the "Say YES to Michigan" slogan promoted by state tourism officials, shows an outline of the Upper Peninsula and the slogan, "Say ya to da U.P., eh!" The dialect and culture are captured in many songs by Da Yoopers, a comedy music and skit troupe from Ishpeming, Michigan.

text: Throughout the Upper Peninsula there are newspapers, such as The Daily News in Iron Mountain, The Menominee County Journal in Stephenson, The Daily Mining Gazette in Houghton, The Daily Press in Escanaba, and the Sault Ste. Marie Evening News that serve the rest of the U.P. The Mining Journal, based in Marquette, is the only daily newspaper that publishes a Sunday edition, which is distributed, with the exception of Chippewa and eastern Mackinac counties, across the entire U.P. (the other six days are distributed in its local area only).

text: The Keweenaw Peninsula is home to several ski areas. Mont Ripley, just outside Houghton, is popular among students of Michigan Technological University (the university actually owns the mountain). Further up the peninsula in the small town of Lac La Belle is Mt. Bohemia. A skiing purist's resort, Bohemia is a self-proclaimed "experts only" mountain, and it does not groom its heavily gladed slopes.[63] Other ski areas are Pine Mountain located in Iron Mountain, Norway Mountain in the town of the same name, and the Porcupine Mountains located in Ontonagon.

text: Regional identity[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Today, the Upper Peninsula is home to 299,184 people—only about 3% of the state's population— living in almost one-third of the state's land area. Residents are known as Yoopers (from "U.P.ers"), and many consider themselves Yoopers before they consider themselves Michiganders. (People living in the Lower Peninsula are commonly called "trolls" by Upper Peninsula residents, as they live "Under the Bridge".) This regionalism is not only a result of the physical separation of the two peninsulas, but also the history of the state.

text: Residents of the western Upper Peninsula take on some of the cultural identities of both Wisconsin and Michigan. In terms of sports fandom, residents may support Detroit professional teams or those of Wisconsin—particularly the Green Bay Packers. This is a result of both proximity and the broadcast and print media of the area. The four counties that border Wisconsin are also in the Central Time Zone, unlike the rest of Michigan, which is on Eastern time.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: The Upper Peninsula has a distinctive local cuisine. The pasty (pronounced "pass-tee"), a kind of meat turnover originally brought to the region by Cornish miners, is popular among locals and tourists alike. Pasty varieties include chicken, venison, pork, hamburger, and pizza. Many restaurants serve potato sausage and cudighi, a spicy Italian meat.

text: Finnish immigrants contributed nisu, a cardamom-flavored sweet bread; pannukakku, a variant on the pancake with a custard flavor; viili (sometimes spelled "fellia"), a stretchy, fermented Finnish milk; and korppu, hard slices of toasted cinnamon bread, traditionally dipped in coffee. Some Finnish foods such as juustoa (squeaky cheese, essentially a cheese curd, like Leipäjuusto) and saunamakkara (a ring-bologna sausage) have become so ubiquitous in Upper Peninsula cuisine that they are now commonly found in most grocery stores and supermarkets.

text: Maple syrup is a highly prized local delicacy.[64] Fresh Great Lakes fish, such as the lake trout, whitefish, and (in the spring) smelt are widely eaten. There is minimal concern about contamination of fish from Lake Superior waters.[65] Smoked fish is also popular. Thimbleberry jam and chokecherry jelly is a treat.[66]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Robert J. Flaherty, a filmmaker who directed and produced the first commercially successful feature-length documentary film, Nanook of the North, in 1922, is from Iron Mountain.
George Gipp, the "Gipper"—immortalized in the film Knute Rockne, All American by Ronald Reagan—was born in Laurium.[67] He was the first All-American player of the Notre Dame football program.
Crystal Hayes, 2005 Miss Michigan, is originally from Rock.
Tom Izzo, Michigan State basketball coach and Hall of Famer; a native of Iron Mountain, went to Northern Michigan University.
Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson, aircraft engineer and aeronautical innovator, was born in Ishpeming.
John Lautner, a native of Marquette and alumnus of Northern Michigan University, was one of Frank Lloyd Wright's most successful Taliesin fellows. His Modernist residence, Chemosphere, is a Los Angeles landmark.
Mitchell Leisen, film director, was born Menominee in 1898. He directed the films Midnight, Easy Living, and other screwball comedies.
Steve Mariucci, former San Francisco 49ers and Detroit Lions head coach; a native of Iron Mountain, went to Northern Michigan University, where Mariucci was quarterback of the Wildcats' 1975 NCAA Division II national championship team.
Terry O'Quinn, actor, was born in Sault Ste. Marie in 1952 and grew up in Newberry. O'Quinn most notably played John Locke in the hit TV show Lost. He also currently plays a recurring role as Joe White in CBS police drama Hawaii Five-0.
Chase Osborn was the only Governor of Michigan from the Upper Peninsula (1911–1913).
Pam Reed is an ultrarunner who currently resides in Tucson, Arizona. She grew up in Palmer, and graduated from Michigan Technological University.
Gene Ronzani was a professional football running back for the Chicago Bears and head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1950–53; born in Iron Mountain.
Glenn T. Seaborg, a Nobel Prize-winning chemist and major contributor in the discovery of several of the transuranium elements, was born in Ishpeming.[68] Before his death in 1999, he was the only living person to have a chemical element named after him (seaborgium, abbreviated as Sg and with atomic number 106). This name caused controversy because Seaborg was still alive, but eventually it was accepted by international chemists. Though he lived most of his life in California, the Seaborg Center at Northern Michigan University is named in his honor.
Howard Schultz, chairman of Starbucks Coffee Co., is a Northern Michigan University alumnus.
Mike Shaw, professional wrestler, was born in Skandia. He wrestled in the WWF as Bastion Booger and in the WCW as Norman the Lunatic.
Matthew Songer, founder of Pioneer Surgical Technology, lives in Marquette.
Mary Chase Perry Stratton, founder of Pewabic Pottery, was born in Hancock.[69]
Lou Thesz, professional wrestler who held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship longer than anyone in history, was born in Banat, on April 24, 1916.
James Tolkan, an actor often cast as a strict, overbearing, bald-headed authority who appeared in Back to the Future and Top Gun, was born in Calumet, Michigan.
Art Van Damme, jazz accordionist, was born in Norway.[70]
Hon. John D. Voelker, Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, wrote the best-selling book Anatomy of a Murder under the pen name Robert Traver. The film—shot in Big Bay and Ishpeming with some courtroom scenes in Marquette—was directed by Otto Preminger.


document_title: Millennium Dome

question_text: what is the diameter of the millennium dome

text: Millennium Dome

text: Construction[edit]

text: The dome is one of the largest of its type in the world.[2] Externally, it appears as a large white marquee with twelve 100 m-high yellow support towers, one for each month of the year, or each hour of the clock face, representing the role played by Greenwich Mean Time. In plan view it is circular, 365 m (one metre for each day in a standard year) in diameter. It has become one of the United Kingdom's most recognisable landmarks. It can easily be seen on aerial photographs of London. Its exterior is reminiscent of the Dome of Discovery built for the Festival of Britain in 1951.

text: The architect was Richard Rogers and the contractor was a joint venture company, McAlpine/Laing Joint Venture (MLJV) formed between Sir Robert McAlpine and Laing Management.[3] The building structure was engineered by Buro Happold, and the entire roof structure weighs less than the air contained within the building. Although referred to as a dome it is not strictly one as it is not self-supporting, but is in fact a giant Big Top, the canopy being supported by a dome-shaped cable network, from twelve king posts.[4] For this reason, it has been disparagingly referred to as the Millennium Tent.[5][6][7] The twelve posts represent the twelve months of the year, another reference to time in its dimensions, alongside its height and diameter.[8]

text: The canopy is made of PTFE-coated glass fibre fabric, a durable and weather-resistant plastic, and is 52 m high in the middle – one metre for each week of the year. Its symmetry is interrupted by a hole through which a ventilation shaft from the Blackwall Tunnel rises. As with all tent canopies, the roof has a finite weathering life; and once this is reached the decision will need to be made, either to replace it, at enormous cost, or to remove the entire structure.

text: The critic Jonathan Meades has scathingly referred to the Millennium Dome as a "Museum of Toxic Waste",[9] and apart from the dome itself, the project included the reclamation of the entire Greenwich Peninsula. The land was previously derelict and contaminated by toxic sludge from East Greenwich Gas Works that operated from 1889 to 1985 . The clean-up operation was seen by the then Deputy Prime Minister Michael Heseltine as an investment that would add a large area of useful land to the crowded capital. This was billed as part of a larger plan to regenerate a large, sparsely populated area to the east of London and south of the River Thames, an area initially called the East Thames Corridor but latterly marketed as the "Thames Gateway".

text: Background to the Dome project[edit]

text: The Dome project was conceived, originally on a somewhat smaller scale, under John Major's Conservative government, as a Festival of Britain or World's Fair-type showcase to celebrate the third millennium. The incoming Labour government elected in 1997 under Tony Blair greatly expanded the size, scope and funding of the project.[citation needed] It also significantly increased expectations of what would be delivered. Just before its opening Blair claimed the Dome would be "a triumph of confidence over cynicism, boldness over blandness, excellence over mediocrity".[10] In the words of BBC correspondent Robert Orchard, "the Dome was to be highlighted as a glittering New Labour achievement in the next election manifesto", but criticised in the 2001 Conservative Party manifesto as "banal, anonymous and rootless", and lacking "a sense of Britain’s history or culture".[11]

text: However, before its opening, The Dome was excoriated in Iain Sinclair's diatribe, Sorry Meniscus – Excursions to the Millennium Dome (Profile Books: London 1999, ISBN 1-86197-179-6), which accurately forecast the hype, the political posturing and the eventual disillusion. The post-exhibition plan had been to convert The Dome into a football stadium which would last for 25 years: Charlton Athletic at one point considered a possible move but instead chose to redevelop their own stadium. Fisher Athletic were a local team interested in moving to the Dome, but they were considered to have too small a fan base to make this feasible. The Dome was planned to take over the functions performed by the London Arena, after its closure. This is the function which The O2 Arena has now undertaken.

text: Millennium Experience[edit]

text: After a private opening on the evening of 31 December 1999 the Millennium Experience at the Dome was open to the public for the whole of 2000, and contained a large number of attractions and exhibits.

text: The exhibits[edit]

text: The interior space was subdivided into 14 zones (with the lead designers of the zones):

text: Who we are:

text:
Body, sponsored by Boots, supported by L'Oréal and Roche (Branson Cortes Architecture)
Mind, sponsored by BAE Systems and Marconi (Office of Zaha Hadid)
Faith comprised 5 sections: History of Christianity, Making of Key Life Experiences, How Shall I live?, Night Rain (a contemplation area designed by James Turrell) and Faith Festivals Calendar[12] (Eva Jiricna Architects with Jasper Jacobs Associates)
Self Portrait, sponsored by Marks & Spencer (Caribiner with Lorenzo Apicella at Pentagram), sculpture design by Gerald Scarfe

text: What we do:

text:
Work, sponsored by Manpower Inc. (WORK)
Learning, sponsored by Tesco (WORK)
Rest (Richard Rogers Partnership)
Play (Land Design Studio)
Talk, sponsored by BT Group (Imagination Group)
Money, sponsored by the City of London (Caribiner with Bob Baxter at Amalgam)
Journey, sponsored by Ford Motor Company (Imagination Group)

text: Where we live:

text:
Shared Ground, was made from recycled card[13] sponsored by Camelot Group plc (WORK)
Living Island (WORK)
Home Planet, sponsored by British Airways and BAA plc (Park Avenue Productions)

text: Many of the Zones were perceived as lacking in content. The Journey Zone, outlining the history and development of transport, was one of the few singled out for praise.[citation needed]

text: Surrounded by the zones was a performance area in the centre of the dome. With music composed by Peter Gabriel and an acrobatic cast of 160, the Millennium Dome Show was performed 999 times over the course of the year. Throughout the year, the specially-commissioned film Blackadder: Back & Forth was shown in Skyscape (a separate cinema on the site sponsored by BSkyB).[14] There was also the McDonald's Our Town Story project in which each Local Education Authority in the UK was invited to perform a show of their devising which characterised their area and its people.

text: As well as the above, the first ever series of Techno Games was filmed there and shown on BBC Two the same year.

text: Other attractions[edit]

text: There were a number of other attractions both in and outside of The Dome. Inside the Dome there was a play area named Timekeepers of the Millennium (featuring the characters Coggsley and Sprinx), The Millennium Coin Minting Press in association with the Royal Mint, the 1951 Festival of Britain Bus, and the Millennium Star Jewels (focus of the failed Millennium Diamond heist.[15]) Outside was the Millennium Map (thirteen metres high), the Childhood Cube, Looking Around (a hidden installation), Greenwich Pavilion, the Hanging Gardens at the front of the Dome, as well as a number of other installations and sculpture.

text: Financial and management problems[edit]

text:
At worst it is a millennial metaphor for the twentieth century. An age in which all things, like the Dome itself, became disposable. A century in which forest and cities, marriages, animal species, races, religions and even the Earth itself, became ephemeral. What more cynical monument can there be for this totalitarian cocksure fragile age than a vast temporary plastic bowl, erected from the aggregate contribution of the poor through the National Lottery. Despite the spin, it remains a massive pantheon to the human ego, the Ozymandias of its time.[16][17]

Bob Marshall-Andrews MP, Sunday Times 1st February 1998

tag: div

text: The project was largely reported by the press to have been a flop: badly thought-out, badly executed, and leaving the government with the embarrassing question of what to do with it afterwards.[citation needed] During 2000 the organisers repeatedly asked for, and received, more cash from the Millennium Commission, the Lottery body which supported it.[citation needed] Numerous changes at management and Board level, before and during the exhibition, had only limited, if any, results.[citation needed] Jennifer Page was sacked as chief executive of the New Millennium Experience Company just one month after the dome's opening.[18] Press reports suggested that the then Prime Minister Tony Blair personally placed a high priority on making the Dome a success.[citation needed] But part of the problem was that the financial predictions were based on an unrealistically high forecast of visitor numbers at 12 million. During the 12 months it was open there were approximately 6.5 million visitors – significantly fewer than the approximately 10 million paying visitors that attended the Festival of Britain, which only ran from May to September. Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938 held in Glasgow attracted more than 12 million visitors being open May to October. Unlike the press, visitor feedback was extremely positive. It was the most popular tourist attraction in 2000, second was the London Eye; third was Alton Towers, which had been first in 1999.[citation needed]

text: According to the UK National Audit Office,[19] the total cost of The Dome at the liquidation of the New Millennium Experience Company in 2002 was £789 million, of which £628 million was covered by National Lottery grants and £189 million through sales of tickets etc. A surplus of £25 million over costs meant that the full lottery grant was not required. However, the £603 million of lottery money was still £204 million in excess of the original estimate of £399 million required, due to the shortfall in visitor numbers.[20]

text: The aftermath[edit]

text: It was, however, still of interest to the press, the government's difficulties in selling the Dome being the subject of much critical comment.[21] The amount spent on maintaining the closed building was also criticised.[citation needed] Shortly after it had closed, Lord Falconer reported that The Dome was costing over £1 million per month to maintain.[22]

text: Dispersal of exhibits[edit]

text: Following closure of the Dome, some Zones were dismantled by the sponsoring organisations, but much of the content was auctioned. This included a number of artworks specially commissioned from contemporary British artists. A piece by Gavin Turk was sold for far below his then auction price though Turk stated that he did not think the piece had worked.[clarification needed] The Timekeepers of the Millennium attraction was acquired by the Chessington World of Adventures theme park in Surrey. A unique record of the memorabilia and paraphernalia of the Millennium Experience is held by a private collector in the United States.[23] Many of the fixtures and fittings were also purchased by Paul Scally, chairman of Gillingham F.C., for the club's stadium.[24]

text: Temporary reopenings[edit]

text: Despite the ongoing debate about the Dome's future use, the Dome opened again during December 2003 for the Winter Wonderland 2003 experience. The event, which featured a large funfair, ice rink, and other attractions, culminated in a laser and firework display on New Year's Eve. It also served as the venue for a number of free music festivals organised by the Mayor of London under the "Respect" banner.[25][26]

text: Over the 2004 Christmas period, part of the main dome was used as a shelter for the homeless and others in need, organised by the charity Crisis after superseding the London Arena, which had previously hosted the event. In 2005, when work began for the redevelopment of the Dome, the London Arena hosted the event again.[27][28]

text: Redevelopment and rebranding as The O2[edit]

text: By late 2000, a proposal had been made for a high-tech business park to be erected under the tent area, creating an "indoor city" complete with streets, parks, and buildings. The business park was actually the original 1996 proposal for the site of the peninsula before the plans for the Millennium Dome were proposed.

text: In December 2001, it was announced that Meridian Delta Ltd. had been chosen by the government to develop the Dome as a sports and entertainment centre, and to develop housing, shops and offices on 150 acres (0.61 km2) of surrounding land. It also hoped to relocate some of London's tertiary education establishments to the site.[citation needed] Meridian Delta is backed by the American billionaire Philip Anschutz, who has interests in oil, railways, and telecommunications, as well as a string of sports-related investments.

text: A report in 2005 by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee found that the cost of the process of selling the Dome and surrounding land (which increased to 170 acres from the initial offering of the 48 acres enclosed by the Dome) and managing the Dome until the deal was closed was £28.7 million. £33 million were expected to be returned to the taxpayer by 2009. The value of the 48 acres occupied by the Dome was estimated at £48 million, which could have been realised by demolishing the structure, but it was considered preferable to preserve the Dome.[29]

text: The dome was publicly renamed as The O2 on 31 May 2005, in a £6 million-per-year deal with telecommunications company O2 plc, now a subsidiary of Telefónica Europe. This announcement, which presaged a major redevelopment of the site that retained little beyond the shell of the dome, gave publicity to the dome's transition into an entertainment district including an indoor arena, a music club, a cinema, an exhibition space and bars and restaurants. This redevelopment was undertaken by the dome's new owners, the Anschutz Entertainment Group, to a design by HOK SVE and Buro Happold. It cost £600 million, and the resulting venue opened to the public on 24 June 2007, with a concert by rock band Bon Jovi.[30]

text: During the 2012 Summer Olympics, the artistic gymnastics events, along with the medal rounds of basketball, were held at The O2. It also held wheelchair basketball events during the 2012 Summer Paralympics. For sponsorship reasons, during those times the arena was temporarily renamed the North Greenwich Arena.

text: Effects on political careers[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2008)

tag: table

text: Issues related to the Dome damaged Peter Mandelson's[31] and John Prescott's political careers.[32] The scheme was seen as an early example of what some saw as Tony Blair's often excessive optimism, who stated at the Dome's opening: "In the Dome we have a creation that, I believe, will truly be a beacon to the world".[33] The fact that Mandelson's grandfather was Herbert Morrison who as a minister had been involved with the Festival of Britain often was drawn on for negative comparisons.[31]

text: Chronology of the project[edit]

text:
1994: Millennium Commission established by Prime Minister John Major and handed over to Deputy Prime Minister Michael Heseltine.
1 March 1995: chief executive Jennie Page appointed.
19 June 1996: Greenwich Peninsula site selected over Birmingham by the Millennium Commission. The Birmingham NEC, Pride Park in Derby and Bromley-by-Bow in East London were the other locations on the final short list.[citation needed]
December 1996: Government decides to support the project with public money after being unable to raise private capital.[34]
19 June 1997: New Prime Minister Tony Blair visits Greenwich to announce that the Millennium Dome has been saved. The decision was taken only after a difficult Cabinet debate which lasted for more than an hour.[35]
20 June 1997: Tony Blair appointed Peter Mandelson to the role of Minister for the Millennium after his announcement that the beleaguered £580 million dome would go ahead.[36]
10 January 1998: Creative director Stephen Bayley quits the project. He is said to have been at "loggerheads" with Peter Mandelson as to who was in charge with the project.[37]
23 December 1998: Peter Mandelson resigns from government after a financial scandal.
4 January 1999: Lord Falconer of Thoroton replaces Mandelson.
May 1999: The Jubilee Line Extension opens, putting the Dome on the London Underground. This too is seen as disorderly, opening 14 months late and with station facilities not yet complete (e.g. lifts for wheelchair access).
22 June 1999: structure of Dome completed.
31 December 1999: the BBC Balloon was Flying during 2000 Today and used throughout 2000.
31 December 1999 and 1 January 2000: VIP guests are kept waiting outside for hours because of a ticketing problem.
1 January 2000: Dome structure opens to public as the Millennium Dome containing an exhibition to celebrate the third millennium.
5 February 2000: chief executive Jennie Page sacked.
26 July 2000: Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee publishes adverse report on Dome's management.
7 November 2000: Thieves break into the diamond exhibit during opening hours but are foiled by waiting police. Four men were jailed for the attempted robbery on 18 February 2002.
9 November 2000: National Audit Office publishes report blaming unrealistic attendance targets for the Dome's financial problems.
14 November 2000: Michael Heseltine (MP for Henley), the Dome's original political supporter, states "I have seen the inside story, and of course, with hindsight, all of us would do it differently".[38]
31 December 2000: Dome closed to the public, having attracted just over six million visitors. The initial projected figure was twelve million.
27 February 2001 – 2 March 2001: One Amazing Auction Sale: Four-day public auction with 17,000 lots of Dome/NMEC items, managed by auctioneer Henry Butcher.
18 December 2001: Announcement of sale of site to Meridian Delta Ltd, who plan to turn it into a 20,000-seat sports and entertainment venue. Houses and offices will be built on the surrounding land, subject to the consent of the London Borough of Greenwich
6 December 2003: opening of Winter Wonderland 2003.
25 May 2005: Anschutz Entertainment Group sells the naming rights to the former Millennium Dome to O2 plc, a British mobile phone company.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
During the political controversy surrounding the dome in 1996 Wonderbra ran an advertising campaign with the slogan 'Not all domes lack public support'.
Within the foundations of the Dome in 1998, a time capsule was buried by Katy Hill and Richard Bacon, two of the then current presenters of the long running BBC children's programme Blue Peter. The capsule was due to be opened in 2050, but was accidentally unearthed and damaged in 2017 during construction work. It will be reburied once it has been repaired. [39]
The Dome was featured in a chase sequence of the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, culminating in Bond rolling down the roof of the Dome.
The song "Silvertown Blues" from Mark Knopfler's album Sailing to Philadelphia deals with the construction of The Dome.
Since its construction in 1999, it has been a prominent feature in the title sequence of the popular soap opera EastEnders, having been built in that area of London. During a climactic scene in October 1999, involving an argument and fight between Grant and Phil Mitchell, the Dome was a part of the background as the scene took place directly on the opposite side of the river.
Two books about the attempted robbery of the De Beers diamonds from the Dome were published in 2004: Diamond Geezers – The Inside Story of the Crime of the Millennium (ISBN 1843171228) written by Kris Hollington, published by Michael O'Mara Books Ltd, and Dome Raiders – How Scotland Yard Foiled the Greatest Robbery of All Time (ISBN 1852271949) written by Jon Shatford and William Doyle, published by Virgin Books.
Gideon's Daughter is a 2006 BBC television drama written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff, stars Bill Nighy as a publicist working to promote the Dome in the run-up to its grand opening. Emily Blunt plays the titular daughter who is disdainful of the project, while Miranda Richardson plays Gideon's love interest whose simple observations about his life – and the Dome – reshape Gideon's life. Both Nighy and Blunt received Golden Globe Awards for their performances. The show won a Peabody Award in April 2007.


document_title: That's Why God Made the Radio

question_text: who wrote that's why god made the radio

question_tokens: who wrote that 's why god made the radio

text: That's Why God Made the Radio

text: Background[edit]

text: Jim Peterik has said that the album's title came from a comment made by Brian in response to Peterik's description of an AM radio broadcast filtering through a car's oval speaker.[3]

text: According to record producer Joe Thomas, Brian Wilson circa 2008 or 2010 inquired to him about demo tapes recorded during the sessions for Wilson's 1998 solo album Imagination which Thomas co-produced: "He called up and said I've got some ideas for some new Beach Boys songs, and I said, That’s great, and I pointed out to him that when we worked together several years ago he had the genesis of some other Beach Boy songs that he had never really wanted to put on any of his solo records. That he had isolated specifically for the Beach Boys. So he asked me to compile those and it was more than a few."[4] The two proceeded to meet with Mike Love in Palm Springs, who then agreed to a collaboration.[4]

text: In the late 2000s, reports began to circulate that the surviving members of the Beach Boys would reunite for a 50th Anniversary tour and album. Despite some uncertainty[5] and initial denials,[6] on December 16, 2011 it was announced that Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston and David Marks would reunite for a new album and The Beach Boys 50th Anniversary Reunion Tour.[7] The studio reunion was kicked off by a remake of the band's 1968 single, "Do It Again", recorded earlier that May. The next day, the group recorded the album's opening track, "Think About the Days".[8]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Wilson and Love discussed the upcoming album and tour in an interview on February 16, 2012. The duo said the album was halfway done with Wilson doing most of the writing and stating that all of the songs will flow into each other. Wilson considers the title track, "That's Why God Made the Radio", to be one of the group's best.[9] The album ends with a Pet Sounds- and Smile-inspired suite. The suite, originally six tracks and dubbed the "Life Suite",[citation needed] ended up to be the final four tracks on the album: "Strange World", "From There to Back Again", "Pacific Coast Highway", and "Summer's Gone."[10] One song, "I'd Go Anywhere", was left off as it was unfinished, along with a couple of other tracks.[10] Thomas described the making:

text: He really wanted to do like a kind of reflection of California from the standpoint of a, you know, a guy who’s almost 70 years old. So it’s driving down Pacific Coast Highway and thinking about his life in retrospect. So this suite was a series of maybe one or two minute vignettes that he had like 15 of them that he would start and never finish. When I put them together on ProTools, it was eerie to me that they all fit together. It was like, wow. This song was written a year before the song that followed it, but yet they fit completely perfectly: modulation, key move, the whole thing. Then Brian started assembling these little bits and I kind of dreamed… I was 10 years old when Smile was recorded, but I kind of dreamed that was how that happened. I have no special authority to tell you that’s how it did. It just seemed like all these little pieces became like this theme, and instead of being Americana or whatever Smile was, it was his drive down Pacific Coast Highway.[4]

text:
Sometimes he’ll have a great chorus and I’ll just add a couple lines in a verse. Or a lot of times we’ll just play. What Brian likes is chords. So I’ll play the piano and I’ll play maybe five or six or seven chord progressions, and we’ll just sit there. And sometimes he won’t say anything, and then all of sudden he’ll come up with this brilliant melody while I’m playing the chords.

—Joe Thomas[4]

text: Many of the songs were written in collaboration with Thomas, whose input sometimes included entire chord progressions.[4] Classified as baroque pop,[11] many of the songs have a considerable history: "That's Why God Made the Radio" was written by Brian Wilson, Jim Peterik, Joe Thomas and Larry Millas back in the late 1990s,[10] and that "about 80 hours worth" of demo tapes were sourced from that period.[12] "Spring Vacation" originated during Your Imagination and contained new lyrics by Love written reportedly in five minutes.[4] The track "Summer's Gone" was originally meant to be the final song on the final Beach Boys album, and according to Thomas, the album's original title was Summer's Gone with the intention that it would be the final Beach Boys album. It was changed when Wilson decided he would like to record a follow-up.[4] The song was written in reflection of his mother's death and the end of Carl's life, who died two months after their mother.[10] Whereas songs like "From There to Back Again", "Isn't It Time", "Beaches in Mind", "Shelter" and "The Private Life of Bill and Sue" were written for the new album.[4] During the band's June 15, 2012 show they decided to change some of the lyrics to "Isn't It Time" for unknown reasons. The changes would continue to appear each time they performed the song following that show.[12] The song "Daybreak Over the Ocean" was originally recorded in 1978 by Mike Love for his first, as yet unreleased solo album, First Love (and also re-recorded for his equally unreleased solo album of a few years ago, Mike Love Not War a.k.a. Unleash The Love: this is the version - with additional Beach Boys vocals - that appears on the album).[citation needed]

text: Thomas describes the two sides of the album as the "dark side" and the "sunny side", and also believed that it was important for a Beach Boys album to have a sunny side, catering to both "hardcore Brian Wilson fans" and "Beach Boys fans".[4] For the album, Wilson is credited as the sole producer, a first for the group since 1977's Love You, while Love is credited as executive producer, and Thomas for "recording". Thomas explains his and Wilson's roles in production:

text: Brian is still, as you would imagine, the taskmaster in terms of what people play. He’s in charge of those sessions. ... He arranges all the vocals and produces the record. I record it because I think he really likes the fact that technically… you gotta kind of keep up on all the techniques that are available to us right now and that’s kind of what my role is. He’s not going to tell me to use an SM-58 microphone instead of a U-67. He trusts me in that way. But he’s the producer in absolutely every way. I couldn’t even begin to think than anybody could produce Brian Wilson. It would be like how can anybody direct Richard Burton, you know?[4]

text: 28 songs were written and recorded for the album.[13] Al Jardine stated that Carl Wilson's voice would be featured on the new album. Jardine said he found a song Carl had sung on and recorded and it will be used on the new song, "Waves of Love".[14] Jardine said he only wished there was a way to include Dennis Wilson as well.[10] However, while pre-recorded segments from both Carl and Dennis Wilson are featured during concerts on the band's 50th Anniversary Tour, neither "Waves of Love" nor any vocals from Carl or Dennis are featured in the final version of the new album. Johnston contributed one song titled, "She Believes in Love Again", a song he wrote in 1985 (and that was recorded by the band on that year's The Beach Boys); however, the song was not included on the final version of the new album. According to Johnston before its release, the album's track listing was determined by Capitol.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The first single from the album, "That's Why God Made the Radio", made its national radio debut April 25, 2012, on ESPN's Mike and Mike in the Morning.[16] It was released to the band's YouTube channel later that same day, with accompanying lyrics. In addition, the song has been released and is now available as a single on digital outlets such as iTunes and Amazon. As of September 2012[update], the album's title track, "Isn't It Time", and "Summer´s Gone" have been the only songs from the album to be performed live.

text: The band appeared on various television shows throughout the tour performing the song, including an hour-long performance and interview segment on the shopping channel QVC in which close to 20,000 copies of the album were sold.[17] QVC will give away an exclusive eleven track greatest hits CD with the purchase of the album. The hits CD will not be available anywhere else.[18] On May 1, 2012, Walmart scheduled an exclusive limited edition 50th anniversary collection 'ZinePak, to include a 72-page magazine with rare photos and new interviews with the group, as well as an 11-song CD including the group's recent re-recording of "Do It Again".[19]

text: Doin' It Again, an hour-long documentary that aired during the summer of 2012 on PBS, was released on DVD and Blu-ray August 28, 2012. The documentary features a new biography with new interviews of the current lineup, footage of the band recording the new album, and live performances from the 50th anniversary tour. In November 2012, a DVD and Blu-ray titled The Beach Boys Live in Concert: 50th Anniversary was released featuring a performance by the band from July 2012 in Phoenix, AZ. The release featured a heavily edited performance which was cut down to sixty minutes and only 21 of the 50 songs performed. There was also mention of plans to release a DVD of their performance at Red Rocks although nothing has been officially announced.[20]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Aggregate scores

Source
Rating

Metacritic
64/100[21]

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[22]

Consequence of Sound
B-[23]

Digital Spy
[24]

Entertainment Weekly
B+[25]

The Guardian
[26]

Los Angeles Times
[27]

NME
6/10[28]

Paste
6.0/10[29]

Rolling Stone
[30]

Spin
6/10[31]

text: According to Bruce Johnston, the album's overall aesthetic compares to their 1970 album Sunflower.[15] It received generally favorable reviews, and reviewers unanimously highlighted the album's four-song closing suite as its crowning moment,[21] which Consequence of Sound called "a funeral dirge full of majesty"[23] and The Guardian touted "the best thing Brian Wilson has put his name to in the last 30 years."[26]

text: Most critics were disparaging of the other more upbeat and lighthearted tracks in comparison,[27][32][33] and cited the album's use of autotune as glaring.[30][34] Others accredited the album's low points specifically to Mike Love's contributions,[29] as NOW Magazine wrote "Since 'Ronald Reagan-lite Love' thinks the Beach Boys’ best period was their most profitable, we get bankable early 60s simplicity and zero evidence that these guys were once the coolest, funniest, strangest guys in music."[35] Beats Per Minute summarized, "The album as a whole isn't flawless, yet by sounding utterly enchanting during its climax it leaves a listener feeling genuinely touched."[36]

text: In 2013, Mike Love expressed to various news outlets that he was "disappointed" with the album's direction, claiming that he was denied much songwriting input by an unnamed third party.[37] "I was hoping to get together with Brian on That's Why God Made the Radio, but a guy who was involved in the production of that album engineered it otherwise,"[38] Love explains, "I talked to Brian about a year before we even started doing any of the recording for [the album]. He and I talked about doing a project and he was excited about doing it, but it never came to fruition at all. It was given another direction—not by me and not by Brian but by others. We were supposed to be allowed to get together to write songs from scratch like we did in the '60s, but that was never to be."[39]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: It debuted at No. 3 and became the group's highest charting album in 37 years—since 1974's compilation Endless Summer and highest charting studio album since 1965's Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!). It also became the band's first top 10 studio album since 1976's 15 Big Ones and the highest debuting album of their entire career.[40] The album made its debut in the UK charts at number 15 giving the group their highest studio album debut since 1971's Surf's Up. The album debuted at number 15 on the Canadian Albums Chart.[41]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead vocal(s)
Length

1.
"Think About the Days"

Brian Wilson
Joe Thomas

group
1:27

2.
"That's Why God Made the Radio"

Wilson
Thomas
Larry Millas
Jim Peterik

Brian Wilson
3:19

3.
"Isn't It Time"

Wilson
Mike Love
Thomas
Millas
Peterik

Wilson
Bruce Johnston
Al Jardine
Mike Love
Jeff Foskett

3:45

4.
"Spring Vacation"

Wilson
Love
Thomas

Love
Johnston
Wilson

3:06

5.
"The Private Life of Bill and Sue"

Wilson
Thomas

Wilson
4:17

6.
"Shelter"

Wilson
Thomas

Wilson
Foskett

3:02

7.
"Daybreak Over the Ocean"
Love
Love
4:20

8.
"Beaches in Mind"

Wilson
Love
Thomas

Love
2:38

9.
"Strange World"

Wilson
Thomas

Wilson
3:03

10.
"From There to Back Again"

Wilson
Thomas

Jardine
Wilson

3:23

11.
"Pacific Coast Highway"

Wilson
Thomas

Wilson
1:47

12.
"Summer's Gone"

Wilson
Jon Bon Jovi
Thomas

Wilson
4:41

Total length:
38:53

text:
[show]Japanese edition bonus track[42]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead vocals
Length

13.
"Do It Again" (2012 version)
Brian Wilson/Mike Love
Mike Love and Brian Wilson
2:57

text:
[show]Vinyl edition; side 1

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead vocals
Length

1.
"Think About the Days"
Brian Wilson/Joe Thomas
The Beach Boys
1:27

2.
"That's Why God Made the Radio"
Wilson/Thomas/Larry Millas/Jim Peterik
Brian Wilson
3:19

3.
"Isn't It Time"
Wilson/Mike Love/Thomas/Millas/Peterik
Brian Wilson, Bruce Johnston, Al Jardine, Mike Love, and Jeff Foskett
3:45

4.
"Spring Vacation"
Wilson/Love/Thomas
Mike Love, Bruce Johnston, and Brian Wilson
3:06

5.
"Beaches in Mind"
Wilson/Love/Thomas
Mike Love
2:38

6.
"Daybreak Over the Ocean"
Love
Mike Love
4:20

text:
[show]Vinyl edition; side 2

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead vocals
Length

7.
"Shelter"
Wilson/Thomas
Brian Wilson and Jeff Foskett
3:02

8.
"The Private Life of Bill and Sue"
Wilson/Thomas
Brian Wilson
4:17

9.
"Strange World"
Wilson/Thomas
Brian Wilson
3:03

10.
"From There to Back Again"
Wilson/Thomas
Al Jardine and Brian Wilson
3:23

11.
"Pacific Coast Highway"
Wilson/Thomas
Brian Wilson
1:47

12.
"Summer's Gone"
Wilson/Jon Bon Jovi/Thomas
Brian Wilson
4:41

text:
[show]50 Years of Hits (QVC exclusive CD)[43]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead vocals
Length

1.
"Catch a Wave"
Brian Wilson/Mike Love
Mike Love, Brian Wilson
2:07

2.
"Surfin' Safari"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:05

3.
"409"
B. Wilson/Love/Gary Usher
Mike Love
1:59

4.
"God Only Knows"
B. Wilson/Tony Asher
Carl Wilson
2:49

5.
"California Girls"
B. Wilson/ Love
Mike Love
2:38

6.
"Heroes and Villains"
B. Wilson/Van Dyke Parks
Brian Wilson, Al Jardine
3:37

7.
"Surfer Girl"
B. Wilson
Brian Wilson
2:26

8.
"Wouldn't It Be Nice"
B. Wilson/Asher/Love
Brian Wilson, Mike Love
2:22

9.
"Little Honda"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
1:52

10.
"Dance, Dance, Dance"
B. Wilson/Carl Wilson/Love
Mike Love, Brian Wilson
1:59

11.
"Do It Again"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:57

text:
[show]50th Anniversary Collection (Reader's Digest Remastered Deluxe Edition)[44]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead vocals
Length

1.
"Wouldn't It Be Nice"
B. Wilson/Tony Asher/Love
Brian Wilson, Mike Love
2:22

2.
"Surfin' U.S.A."
B. Wilson/Chuck Berry
Mike Love
2:27

3.
"Good Vibrations"
B. Wilson/Love
Carl Wilson, Brian Wilson, Mike Love
3:36

4.
"I Get Around"
Brian Wilson/Mike Love
Mike Love, Brian Wilson
2:13

5.
"Sloop John B"
trad. arr. B. Wilson/Jardine
Brian Wilson, Mike Love
2:56

6.
"Rock and Roll Music"
Chuck Berry
Mike Love
2:29

7.
"Surfer Girl"
B. Wilson
Brian Wilson
2:26

8.
"Do You Wanna Dance?"
Bobby Freeman
Dennis Wilson
2:19

9.
"Surfin' Safari"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:05

10.
"God Only Knows"
B. Wilson/Asher
Carl Wilson
2:49

11.
"Little Honda"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
1:52

12.
"It's OK"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:12

13.
"California Dreamin'"
John Phillips/Michelle Phillips
Al Jardine, Carl Wilson
3:12

14.
"Disney Girls (1957)"
Bruce Johnston
Bruce Johnston
4:07

15.
"Then I Kissed Her"
Phil Spector/Ellie Greenwich/Jeff Barry
Al Jardine
2:15

16.
"Why Do Fools Fall In Love"
Frankie Lymon/M. Levy
Brian Wilson
2:07

17.
"You're So Good To Me"
B. Wilson/Love
Brian Wilson
2:14

18.
"Let Him Run Wild"
B. Wilson/Love
Brian Wilson
2:20

19.
"Help Me, Rhonda"
B. Wilson/Love
Al Jardine
2:46

20.
"Barbara Ann"
Fred Fassert
Brian Wilson, Dean Torrence
3:23

21.
"California Girls"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:38

22.
"Fun, Fun, Fun"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:03

23.
"Be True To Your School"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love
2:06

24.
"Dance, Dance, Dance"
B. Wilson/C. Wilson/Love
Mike Love, Brian Wilson
1:59

25.
"Do It Again"
B. Wilson/Love
Mike Love, Carl Wilson
2:25

26.
"Heroes and Villains"
B. Wilson/Van Dyke Parks
Brian Wilson, Al Jardine
3:37

27.
"Little Deuce Coupe"
B. Wilson/Roger Christian
Mike Love
1:38

28.
"Catch a Wave"
B. Wilson/Love
Brian Wilson
2:11

29.
"409"
B. Wilson/Love/Gary Usher
Mike Love
1:59

30.
"Vegetables"
B. Wilson/Van Dyke Parks
Al Jardine, Brian Wilson, Mike Love
2:07

31.
"All This Is That"
Jardine/C. Wilson/Love
Carl Wilson, Al Jardine, Mike Love
4:00

32.
"'Til I Die"
B. Wilson
Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love
2:41

33.
"Cool, Cool Water"
B. Wilson/Love
Brian Wilson, Mike Love
5:03

34.
"Don't Go Near the Water"
Love/Jardine
Mike Love, Al Jardine
2:39

35.
"Wonderful"
B. Wilson/Parks
Carl Wilson
2:21

36.
"You're Welcome"
B. Wilson
Brian Wilson
1:07

text: Personnel[edit]

text: According to AllMusic.[22]

text: The Beach Boys[edit]

text:
Al Jardine – vocals, whistle (on "From There To Back Again")
Bruce Johnston – vocals
Mike Love – vocals
David Marks – guitar
Brian Wilson – vocals

text: Additional musicians[edit]

text: (track number in parentheses )

text:
Vocals: Jeffrey Foskett (all tracks)
Vocals (7): Adrian Baker, Christian Love, Hayleigh Love
Electric guitar: Jeff Baxter (4, 8), Tom Bukovac (2, 4, 6, 10), Jim Riley (4, 8), Nick Rowe (2), Scott Totten (7), Nick Walusko (2, 4, 12)
Acoustic guitar: Tom Bukovac (5, 12), Jeffrey Foskett (2, 4, 5, 6), Probyn Gregory (5, 8), Scott Totten (7)
Bass guitar: Cliff Hugo (7), Larry Millas (3), Michael Rhodes (2, 4, 9, 10, 12), Brett Simons (5, 8, 12)
Ukulele: Jim Peterik (3)
Banjo: Probyn Gregory (5)
Piano: John Hobbs (2, 5), Joe Thomas (1, 11, 12)
Tack piano: John Hobbs (6, 9, 10), Joe Thomas (12)
Organ: Scott Bennett (2, 4, 8), Joe Thomas (8)
Clavinet: Scott Bennett (4, 8)
Harpsichord: Joe Thomas (6)
Keyboards: Paul Fauerso (7)
Accordion: Gary Griffin (9)
Violin (10, 11): Joel Deroulin, Sharon Jackson, Peter Kent, Songa Lee, Julie Rogers, John Wittenberg
Cello (10, 11): Alisha Bauer, Vanessa Freebarin-Smith
Double bass: David Stone (12)
String arrangements: Paul Mertens (9, 10, 11)
Flute: Paul Mertens (10, 11, 12)
Oboe: Chris Bleth (12)
French horn: Probyn Gregory (1, 6, 11, 12)
Baritone saxophone: Paul Mertens (5)
Vibes: Scott Bennett (1, 5, 12), Darian Sahanaja (2, 5)
Percussion: Nelson Bragg (5, 6, 9, 11, 12), Paul Fauerso (7), Jim Peterik (3)
Snaps (5): Jessica Bish, John Cowsill, Jeffrey Foskett, Joe Thomas
Drums: Eddie Bayers (12), Curt Bisquera (7), John Cowsill (5, 8), Chad Cromwell (2, 4, 9)
Radio voiceover: Skip Masters (5)

text: Recording personnel[edit]

text:
Brian Wilson – producer and arranger
Mike Love – executive producer
Joe Thomas – recording
Paul Fauerso - producer and recording (7)
Frank Pappalardo – recording, mixing engineer
Michael Czaszwicz – additional engineering
Wesley M. Seidman – additional engineering
Larry Millas – additional engineering
Tom Gordon – additional engineering
Bob Ludwig – mastering

text: Artwork[edit]

text:
Lawrence Azerrad – graphic design
Guy Webster – photography

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart
Peak
position

Australian Albums Chart[45]
31

Austrian Albums Chart[46]
42

Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) [47]
35

Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)[48]
46

Canadian Albums Chart [41]
14

Danish Albums Chart[49]
12

Dutch Albums Chart[50]
24

Finnish Albums Chart[51]
31

French SNEP Albums Chart[52]
80

German Media Control Albums Chart[53]
36

Japanese Oricon Albums Chart[54]
18

Norwegian VG-lista Albums Chart[55]
8

Spanish Albums Chart[56]
49

Swedish Albums Chart[57]
13

Swiss Albums Chart[58]
36

UK Albums Chart[59]
15

U.S. Billboard 200 [41]
3

U.S. Billboard Vinyl Albums[60]
3

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The Beatles would tie that record with On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2 the following year. Frank Sinatra holds the record at 52 years of top 10 albums.[citation needed]

tag: ol


document_title: MTV Love School

question_text: is the winner of love school season 3

question_tokens: is the winner of love school season 3

text: MTV Love School

text: Series details[edit]

text:
Season

Hosts

Launch Date

Finale Date

Contestants

Episodes

Winner Couple

Runner-up Couple(s)

Couples

Singles

1

Upen Patel and Karishma Tanna

5 December 2015

5 March 2016

10

none

22

Tushar and Karishma

Kabir and Pooja

2

Karan Kundra and Anusha Dandekar

5 November 2016

18 February 2017

20

Pasha Doll and Khem Raj

Bhavya and Rasika

Honey and Ashiya

3

12 May 2018

29 Sep 2018

6

13

21

Lalit and Divya

Ujjwal and Aditi

Aviral and Sakshi

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Kabir and Pooja (Finalist)
Zain and Vishakha (Fake couple)
Tushar and Karishma (Winners of MTV love school)
Malkit and Gurpreet (Maddy and Silky) (Finalist)
Deepesh and Khwaab (Eliminated)
Karan Singh and Neha Singh ( Eliminated)
Abhishek and Veronica (Eliminated)
Ankit and Vishakha (Eliminated)
Gaurav and Akanksha (Eliminated)
Jagnoor and Manisha (Wild Card Entry No 1) (Broke off on the show - eliminated)

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Pranav and Rashika (eliminated first due to Pranav's health)
Jagnoor and Monica (broke off on the show in episode 16)
Ipsita and Sandeepan (Graduated in episode 10)
Bhuvan and Ranjana (proved to be a fake couple) (thrown out of show in episode 13)
Bhavya and Rasika (Finalist)
Honey and Ashiya (Finalist)
Varun and Jacqueline (thrown out of show in episode 19)
Pasha Doll and Khem raj bhardwaj(Winner)
Shivam and Sophia(Wild card entry) (Graduated in episode 20)
Anjali and Ashraf (Wild Card Entry) (Graduated in episode 18)

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Couples[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Finish

Place

Sakshi Mago (and aviral)

20

Mumbai

Episode 21

Runner-up

Ujjwal Pathak and Aditi Pandey

N/A

Delhi

Runner-ups

Mohit Duseja (and Sakshi Mago)

22

Delhi

Episode 20

8

Laxya Sharma and Deepali Ogale

N/A

Delhi and Mumbai

Episode 17

13/14

Ankit Arora and Daizy Batra

22 and 21

Ludhiana and Surat

Episode 7

19/20

Akash Lall and Payal Geeupta

28 and 23

Delhi and Kanpur

Episode 5

22/23

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Finish

Place

Lalit Choudhary

24

Jaipur

Episode 21

Ultimate Winner

Divya Sharma

18

Shimla

Aviral Gupta

21

Delhi

Episode 14Re-entry in Episode 16
Episode 21

Runner-up

Christeena Biju

21

Kerala

Episode 14Re-entry in Episode 16
Episode 20

7

Pratik Shehajpal

25

Delhi

Episode 17

11

Nitin Ahuja

24

New Delhi

Episode 9

17

Nisha Khan

N/A

Delhi

18

Gergana Vasileva

N/A

Bulgaria

Episode 7

21

Ruhi Sharma

N/A

Haryana

Episode 3

24

Sumit Singh

N/A

Chandigarh

25

text: Wild-cards[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Entry

Finish

Place

Khushi Mukherjee

21

Mumbai

Episode 9Re-entry in Episode 16

Episode 16Re-eliminatedin Episode 19

9

Madhav Sharma

22

Hoshiarpur

Episode 10Re-entry in Episode 16

10

Vishakha Raghav

19

Delhi

Episode 10

Episode 17

12

Nishank Rajpal & Mansi Batra

21 & 18

Delhi

Episode 10

Episode 13

15/16

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Contestant

2-3

4-5

6-7

8-9

10-11

11-13

13-14

15-16

16

17

18-19

20

21

Lalit

SAFE

SAFE

BTM2

BTM2

WIN

SAVED

WIN

BTM2

-

SAVED

WIN

SAFE

Winner

Divya

WIN

WIN

WIN

BTM2

WIN

SAVED

WIN

BTM2

-

SAVED

WIN

SAFE

Winner

Aditi

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

WIN

WIN

BTM3

SAFE

-

SAFE

BTM3

SAFE

Runner-up

Ujjwal

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

WIN

WIN

BTM3

SAFE

-

SAFE

BTM3

SAFE

Runner-up

Aviral

SAFE

SAVED

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

ELIM

Re-entry

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

Runner-up

Sakshi

SAFE

WIN

WIN

SAFE

BTM3

WIN

BTM3

SAVED

-

WIN

BTM3

SAFE

Runner-up

Mohit

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

BTM3

BTM3

BTM3

SAVED

-

WIN

BTM3

LEFT

Christeena

SAFE

SAVED

SAFE

WIN

ELIM

WIN

ELIM

Re-entry

WIN

SAFE

LEFT

Kushi

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

BTM3

BTM3

WIN

ELIM

Re-entry

WIN

ELIM

Madhav

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

WIN

ELIM

SAFE

ELIM

Re-entry

WIN

ELIM

Pratik

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

ELIM

WIN

WIN

WIN

-

LEFT

Deepali

WIN

WIN

SAFE

WIN

SAVED

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

-

QUIT

Vishakha

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

WIN

ELIM

SAFE

WIN

-

ELIM

Laxya

WIN

WIN

SAFE

WIN

SAVED

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

-

ELIM

Nishank

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

BTM3

QUIT

Mansi

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

WIN

QUIT

Nitin

BTM2

BTM2

WIN

ELIM

Nisha

BTM2

ELIM

SAFE

ELIM

Daizy

SAVED

SAFE

QUIT

Ankit

SAVED

WIN

ELIM

Gergana

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Payal

SAFE

QUIT

Akash

SAFE

ELIM

Sumit

ELIM

Ruhi

ELIM

text: Voting History[edit]

text:
Episode-

3

5

7

9

11

13

14

16

17

19

20-21

Power Couple:

none

Aviral & Sakshi

Laxya, Deepali & Pratik

Lalit & Divya

none

Lalit & Divya

Pratik & Vishakha

none

Lalit

N/A

AkashNisha

Bottom 2

Bottom 2

NishankChristeena

NishankVishakha

AviralSakshi

Bottom 2

-

LaxyaDeepali

Not eligible

Winner

Divya

N/A

AkashPayal

LalitGergana

Gergana

Bottom 2

NishankChristeena

NishankMansi

AviralChristeena

Bottom 2

-

LaxyaDeepali

Not eligible

Winner

Ujjwal

N/A

NitinNisha

AnkitDaizy

Gergana

LalitNisha

PratikKushi

MadhavVishakha

Bottom 3

MadhavKushi

-

LaxyaDeepali

Bottom 3

Runner-up

Aditi

NishaSumit

NitinNisha

LalitGergana

Daizy

LalitNisha

PratikKushi

MadhavVishakha

Bottom 3

MadhavDivya

-

LaxyaDeepali

Bottom 3

Runner-up

Aviral

N/A

AkashPayal

AnkitDaizy

Daizy

LalitDivya

PratikKushi

MadhavVishakha

Bottom 3

Eliminated

Re-entry

LaxyaVishakha

Not eligible

Runner-up

Sakshi

NitinNisha

NitinNisha

LalitGergana

Gergana

LalitNisha

Bottom 3

MadhavVishakha

Bottom 3

MadhavKushi

-

PratikVishakha

Bottom 3

Runner-up

Mohit

NitinRuhi

NitinNisha

AnkitDaizy

Daizy

NitinNisha

Bottom 3

Bottom 3

Bottom 3

LalitKushi

-

PratikVishakha

Bottom 3

Left

Christeena

SumitRuhi

AkashNisha

AnkitDaizy

Gergana

LalitDivya

Bottom 3

NishankVishakha

Bottom 3

Eliminated

Re-entry

LaxyaVishakha

Not eligible

Left

Kushi

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

Bottom 3

Bottom 3

MohitSakshi

Bottom 2

Re-entry

LaxyaVishakha

Bottom 3

Re-Eliminated

Madhav

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

PratikKushi

Bottom 3

UjjwalAditi

Bottom 2

Re-entry

LaxyaVishakha

Bottom 3

Re-Eliminated

Pratik

N/A

AkashPayal

AnkitGergana

Gergana

LalitNisha

Bottom 3

NishankMansi

UjjwalSakshi

MadhavKushi

-

Bottom 2

Left

Deepali

N/A

NitinNisha

LalitGergana

Gergana

NitinDivya

NishankChristeena

MadhavVishakha

UjjwalSakshi

MadhavKushi

-

Bottom 2

Quit

Vishakha

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

PratikChristeena

Bottom 3

UjjwalAditi

MadhavKushi

-

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Laxya

SumitRuhi

NitinNisha

AnkitDaizy

Daizy

NitinDivya

NishankChristeena

NishankVishakha

AviralChristeena

MadhavKushi

-

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Nishank

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

Bottom 3

Bottom 3

Quit

Mansi

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

PratikKushi

Bottom 3

Quit

Nitin

Bottom 2

Bottom 2

AnkitDaizy

Daizy

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Nisha

Bottom 2

Bottom 2

LalitGergana

Gergana

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Daizy

N/A

AkashPayal

Bottom 2

Quit

Ankit

SumitRuhi

AkashPayal

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Gergana

NitinRuhi

AkashPayal

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Payal

N/A

Bottom 2

Quit

Akash

N/A

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Sumit

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Ruhi

Bottom 2

Eliminated

Notes

1, 2

3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8

9, 10

11, 12, 13

14, 15

16, 17

18, 19

20

Eliminated / Quitted

Ruhi

Akash

Gergana

Nisha

NoElimination

Mansi

Aviral

Madhav

Aviral

Laxya

Madhav

Christeena

Mohit

Ankit

Christeena

Vishakha

Ujjwal

Aditi

Sumit

Payal

Nitin

Nishank

Christeena

Kushi

Madhav

Deepali

Kushi

Aviral

Sakshi

Daizy

Kushi

Pratik

Lalit

Divya

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^Note 2 : In week 1, Karan & Anusha saved Ankit & Daizy.
^Note 3 : In week 2, Karan & Anusha saved Aviral & Christeena.
^Note 4 : In this week, Nisha was the girl with higher votes to eliminate than Payal, but Payal decided to quit with Akash. Therefore, Nisha was brought back in the game.
^Note 5 : Aviral & Sakshi had the power to swap 1 of the couples in the danger with 1 of the safe couples. They chose Mohit & Nisha to swap with Laxya & Deepali.
^Note 6 : In week 3, Karan & Anusha saved Laxya & Deepali.
^Note 7 : As it was tie between Daizy and Gergana. Contestants had to vote again to vote-out 1 of the girls.
^Note 8 : As Ankit was eliminated, Daizy decided to quit with Ankit.
^Note 9 : Laxya, Deepali & Pratik had a special power to nullify one of the other contestant's vote. Laxya chose Christeena, Deepali chose Aviral & Pratik chose Aditi.
^Note 10 : In week 4, as it was tie between Lalit and Nitin, Karan & Anusha decided to eliminate Nitin.
^Note 11 : In week 5, Karan & Anusha saved Laxya & Deepali.
^Note 12 : Lalit & Divya had a special power to eliminate one from Christeena and Kushi. They chose Christeena.
^Note 13 : There was no elimination this week. Therefore, Pratik & Christeena were safe.
^Note 14 : In week 6, Karan & Anusha saved Lalit & Divya.
^Note 15 : Actually, Madhav & Vishakha were eliminated, but Nishank & Mansi quit the show due to Mansi's grandmother health problem.
^Note 16 : Lalit & Divya had a super power to send one of the save couples into the danger zone. They chose Mohit & Sakshi.
^Note 17 : This week contestants voted to eliminate but the Twist was the voting was to save. Therefore, Ujjwal & Sakshi were save and Aviral, Christeena, Mhit & Aditi were in the bottom 2. Then Karan & Anusha had the power to eliminate one couple. They chose Aviral & Christeena.
^Note 18 : In week, Karan & Anusha saved Mohit & Sakshi.
^Note 19 : This week contestants voted to eliminate but the Twist was the votes were all nullified. And only Pratik & Vishakha had the ultimate power to eliminate one couple. They chose Madhav & Kushi.
^Note 20 : This week Aviral & Christeena and Madhav & Kushi returned for another chance to be back in the game.

text: Guests[edit]

text: Prince Narula & Yuvika Chaudhary