document_title: Three-Point Contest

question_text: who has the record for the 3 point contest

text: Three-Point Contest

text: Rules[edit]

text: In this contest, participants attempt to make as many three-point field goals as possible from five positions behind the three-point arc in one minute. Players begin shooting from one corner of the court, and move from station to station along the three point arc until they reach the other corner.[3] At each shooting station is a rack with five basketballs. Out of the five balls, four are worth one point (the standard orange Spalding game balls) and the fifth one (a red/white/blue ABA-style ball; often nicknamed the "money ball")[4][5] is worth two points. The goal of this contest is to score as many points as possible within one minute. A perfect score used to be 30 points.[6][7] In the 2014 contest, a rack consisting only of "money balls" was added, and can be placed on any of the 5 spots of the player's choice, bringing up the maximum possible score to 34 points.[8]

text: In the qualifying round, each player has a chance to score as many points as possible. The three players with the top scores advance to the finals. The final round is played in the same way as the qualifying round, but players shoot according to the ascending order of their first-round scores. In each round, the shots and the score are confirmed by the referee and the television instant replay system.[5][9] The final round will be shot in reverse direction (left to right corner for a left-handed shooter and vice versa). In the case of a tie, multiple extra rounds of 30 seconds (60 seconds in the final) are played to determine the winner.

text: Prize money[edit]

text: Contestants compete for a total of $86,000. The first-place winner receives $35,000; the second-place finisher receives $22,500, and the third-place winner receives $15,000. Finishers, from fourth to sixth place, receive $4,500 each.[9]

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
Larry Bird, the inaugural winner of this contest, and Craig Hodges have each won three consecutive times, while Mark Price, Jeff Hornacek, Peja Stojaković and Jason Kapono have each won two consecutive times.
Craig Hodges holds the record for most shots made in one round (21/25), as well as most consecutive shots made (19).
Devin Booker (final round, 2018) holds the record with 28 points, albeit in the newer 34-point format.
Detlef Schrempf and Michael Jordan share the record for the fewest points scored in any round with five in 1988 and 1990 respectively.[10]
Kyrie Irving is the youngest player to win the contest at the age of 20.
Rimas Kurtinaitis is the only non-NBA player to participate in the contest.
Dirk Nowitzki is the only 7-foot player to win the contest.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Players with multiple wins

#
Player
First Place
Second Place

T-1
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges
3
2

T-1
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
3
0

2
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
2
2

T-3
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek
2
0

T-3
Price, MarkMark Price
2
0

T-3
Kapono, JasonJason Kapono
2
0

text:
^
Denotes players who are still active

*
Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (#)
Denotes the number of times the player has won

Team (#)
Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won

text:
Season
Location
Player
Team
Final score / max

1985–86
Dallas, TX
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Boston Celtics
7001220000000000000♠22 / 30

1986–87
Seattle, WA
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
Boston Celtics (2)
7001160000000000000♠16 / 30

1987–88
Chicago, IL
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)
Boston Celtics (3)
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30

1988–89
Houston, TX
Ellis, DaleDale Ellis
Seattle SuperSonics
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

1989–90
Miami, FL
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges
Chicago Bulls
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

1990–91
Charlotte, NC
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges (2)
Chicago Bulls (2)
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30

1991–92
Orlando, FL
Hodges, CraigCraig Hodges (3)
Chicago Bulls (3)
7001160000000000000♠16 / 30

1992–93
Salt Lake City, UT
Price, MarkMark Price
Cleveland Cavaliers
7001180000000000000♠18 / 30

1993–94
Minneapolis, MN
Price, MarkMark Price (2)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
7001240000000000000♠24 / 30

1994–95
Phoenix, AZ
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
Miami Heat
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30

1995–96
San Antonio, TX
Legler, TimTim Legler
Washington Bullets
7001200000000000000♠20 / 30

1996–97
Cleveland, OH
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr
Chicago Bulls (4)
7001220000000000000♠22 / 30

1997–98
New York City, NY
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek
Utah Jazz
7001160000000000000♠16 / 30

1998–99[a]
Canceled due to the 1998-99 NBA lockout[a]

1999–00
Oakland, CA
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek (2)
Utah Jazz (2)
7001130000000000000♠13 / 30

2000–01
Washington, D.C.
Allen, RayRay Allen
Milwaukee Bucks
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

2001–02
Philadelphia, PA
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
Sacramento Kings
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30[b]

2002–03
Atlanta, GA
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković (2)
Sacramento Kings (2)
7001220000000000000♠22 / 30[b]

2003–04
Los Angeles, CA
Lenard, VoshonVoshon Lenard
Denver Nuggets
7001180000000000000♠18 / 30

2004–05
Denver, CO
Richardson, QuentinQuentin Richardson
Phoenix Suns
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30

2005–06
Houston, TX
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Dallas Mavericks
7001180000000000000♠18 / 30

2006–07[11]
Las Vegas, NV
Kapono, JasonJason Kapono
Miami Heat (2)
7001240000000000000♠24 / 30

2007–08[2]
New Orleans, LA
Kapono, JasonJason Kapono (2)
Toronto Raptors
7001250000000000000♠25 / 30

2008–09
Phoenix, AZ
Cook, DaequanDaequan Cook
Miami Heat (3)
7001190000000000000♠19 / 30[b]

2009–10
Dallas, TX
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce
Boston Celtics (4)
7001200000000000000♠20 / 30

2010–11
Los Angeles, CA
Jones, JamesJames Jones
Miami Heat (4)
7001200000000000000♠20 / 30

2011–12
Orlando, FL
Love, KevinKevin Love^
Minnesota Timberwolves
7001170000000000000♠17 / 30[b]

2012–13
Houston, TX
Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving^
Cleveland Cavaliers (3)
7001230000000000000♠23 / 30

2013–14
New Orleans, LA
Belinelli, MarcoMarco Belinelli^
San Antonio Spurs
7001240000000000000♠24[b] / 34[c]

2014–15
New York City - Brooklyn, NY
Stephen Curry^
Golden State Warriors
7001270000000000000♠27 / 34[c]

2015–16
Toronto, ON
Klay Thompson^
Golden State Warriors (2)
7001270000000000000♠27 / 34[c]

2016–17
New Orleans, LA
Eric Gordon^
Houston Rockets
7001210000000000000♠21[b] / 34[c]

2017–18
Los Angeles, CA
Devin Booker^
Phoenix Suns (2)
28 / 34[c]

text: All-time participants[edit]

text:
Player
(in bold text)
Indicates the winner of the contest

Player (#)
Denotes the number of times the player has been in the contest

text:
Season
Players

1985–86
Larry Bird, Dale Ellis, Sleepy Floyd, Craig Hodges, Norm Nixon, Kyle Macy, Trent Tucker, Leon Wood

1986–87
Danny Ainge, Larry Bird (2), Michael Cooper, Dale Ellis (2), Craig Hodges (2), Detlef Schrempf, Byron Scott, Kiki Vandeweghe

1987–88
Danny Ainge (2), Larry Bird (3), Dale Ellis (3), Craig Hodges (3), Mark Price, Detlef Schrempf (2), Byron Scott (2), Trent Tucker (2)

1988–89
Michael Adams, Danny Ainge (3), Dale Ellis (4), Derek Harper, Gerald Henderson, Craig Hodges (4), Rimas Kurtinaitis, Reggie Miller, Jon Sundvold

1989–90
Larry Bird (4), Craig Ehlo, Bobby Hansen, Craig Hodges (5), Michael Jordan, Reggie Miller (2), Mark Price (2), Jon Sundvold (2)

1990–91
Danny Ainge (4), Clyde Drexler, Tim Hardaway, Hersey Hawkins, Craig Hodges (6), Terry Porter, Glen Rice, Dennis Scott

1991–92
Dell Curry, Craig Ehlo (2), Craig Hodges (7), Jeff Hornacek, Jim Les, Dražen Petrović, Mitch Richmond, John Stockton

1992–93
B. J. Armstrong, Dana Barros, Craig Hodges (8), Dan Majerle, Reggie Miller (3), Terry Porter (2), Mark Price (3), Kenny Smith

1993–94
B. J. Armstrong (2), Dana Barros (2), Dell Curry (2), Dale Ellis (5), Steve Kerr, Eric Murdock, Mark Price (4), Mitch Richmond (2)

1994–95
Nick Anderson, Dana Barros (3), Scott Burrell, Steve Kerr (2), Dan Majerle (2), Reggie Miller (4), Chuck Person, Glen Rice (2)

1995–96
Dana Barros (4), Hubert Davis, Steve Kerr (3), Tim Legler, George McCloud, Glen Rice (3), Dennis Scott (2), Clifford R. Robinson

1996–97
Dale Ellis (6), Steve Kerr (4), Tim Legler (2), Terry Mills, Sam Perkins, Glen Rice (4), John Stockton (2), Walt Williams

1997–98
Hubert Davis (2), Dale Ellis (7), Jeff Hornacek (2), Sam Mack, Reggie Miller (5), Tracy Murray, Glen Rice (5), Charlie Ward

1998–99[a]
Cancelled due to the 1998-99 NBA lockout

1999–00
Ray Allen, Mike Bibby, Hubert Davis (3), Jeff Hornacek (3), Allen Iverson, Dirk Nowitzki, Terry Porter (3), Bob Sura

2000–01
Ray Allen (2), Pat Garrity, Allan Houston, Rashard Lewis, Dirk Nowitzki (2), Steve Nash, Bryon Russell, Peja Stojaković

2001–02
Ray Allen (3), Wesley Person, Mike Miller, Steve Nash (2), Paul Pierce, Quentin Richardson, Steve Smith, Peja Stojaković (2)

2002–03
Brent Barry, Pat Garrity (2), Wesley Person (2), Peja Stojaković (3), Antoine Walker, David Wesley

2003–04
Chauncey Billups, Kyle Korver, Voshon Lenard, Rashard Lewis (2), Cuttino Mobley, Peja Stojaković (4)

2004–05
Ray Allen (4), Joe Johnson, Voshon Lenard (2), Kyle Korver (2), Vladimir Radmanović, Quentin Richardson (2)

2005–06
Gilbert Arenas, Ray Allen (5), Chauncey Billups (2), Dirk Nowitzki (3), Quentin Richardson (3), Jason Terry

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas (2), Damon Jones, Jason Kapono, Mike Miller (2), Dirk Nowitzki (4), Jason Terry (2)

2007–08
Daniel Gibson, Richard Hamilton, Jason Kapono (2), Steve Nash (3), Dirk Nowitzki (5), Peja Stojaković (5)

2008–09
Mike Bibby (2), Daequan Cook, Danny Granger, Jason Kapono (3), Rashard Lewis (3), Roger Mason

2009–10
Chauncey Billups (3), Daequan Cook (2), Stephen Curry, Channing Frye, Danilo Gallinari, Paul Pierce (2)

2010–11
Ray Allen (6), Kevin Durant, Daniel Gibson (2), James Jones, Paul Pierce (3), Dorell Wright

2011–12
Ryan Anderson, Mario Chalmers, James Jones (2), Anthony Morrow, Kevin Love, Kevin Durant (2)

2012–13
Ryan Anderson (2), Matt Bonner, Stephen Curry (2), Paul George, Kyrie Irving, Steve Novak

2013–14
Arron Afflalo, Bradley Beal, Marco Belinelli, Stephen Curry (3), Kyrie Irving (2), Joe Johnson (2), Damian Lillard, Kevin Love (2)

2014–15
Marco Belinelli (2), Stephen Curry (4), James Harden, Kyrie Irving (3), Kyle Korver (3), Wesley Matthews, J.J. Redick, Klay Thompson

2015–16
Devin Booker, Stephen Curry (5), James Harden (2), Kyle Lowry, Khris Middleton, J.J. Redick (2), Klay Thompson (2), C.J. McCollum[d]

2016–17
Klay Thompson (3), C. J. McCollum (2), Kyle Lowry (2), Eric Gordon, Kyrie Irving (4), Kemba Walker, Nick Young, Wesley Matthews (2)

2017–18
Bradley Beal (2), Devin Booker (2), Wayne Ellington, Paul George (2), Tobias Harris, Kyle Lowry (3), Klay Thompson (4), Eric Gordon (2)

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most points in a round

Player
Score/Max
Season

Devin Booker
28 / 34[c]
2018

Stephen Curry
27 / 34[c]
2015

Klay Thompson
27 / 34[c]
2016

Craig Hodges
25 / 30
1986

Jason Kapono
25 / 30
2008

Eric Gordon
25 / 34[c]
2017

Klay Thompson 2
25 / 34
2018

Craig Hodges 2
24 / 30
1991

Mark Price
24 / 30
1994

Hubert Davis
24 / 30
1998

Jason Kapono 2
24 / 30
2007

Marco Belinelli
24[b] / 34[c]
2014

Klay Thompson 3
24 / 34[c]
2015

Minimum 24

Most points in the finals

Player
Score/Max
Season

Devin Booker
28 / 34[c]
2018

Stephen Curry
27 / 34[c]
2015

Klay Thompson
27 / 34[c]
2016

Jason Kapono
25 / 30
2008

Klay Thompson 2
25 / 34
2018

Mark Price
24 / 30
1994

Jason Kapono 2
24 / 30
2007

Marco Belinelli
24[b] / 34[c]
2014

Kyrie Irving
23 / 30
2013

Larry Bird
22 / 30
1986

Steve Kerr
22 / 30
1997

Peja Stojaković
21 / 30
2004

Eric Gordon
21[b] / 34[c]
2017

Tim Legler
20 / 30
1996

Paul Pierce
20 / 30
2010

James Jones
20 / 30
2011

Matt Bonner
20 / 30
2013

Minimum 20

text:
Most shots made in one round (max 25)

Player
Shots
Season

Craig Hodges
21
1991

Craig Hodges 2
≥ 20[e]
1986

Mark Price
20
1994

Jason Kapono
20
2008

Kyrie Irving
20
2013

Stephen Curry
20
2015

Devin Booker
20
2018

Hubert Davis
19
1998

Jason Kapono 2
19
2007

Larry Bird
18
1986

Larry Bird 2
18
1988

Tim Legler
18
1996

Tim Legler 2
18
1996

Gilbert Arenas
18
2007

James Jones
18
2012

Marco Belinelli
18
2014

Klay Thompson
18
2016

Eric Gordon
18
2017

Klay Thompson 2
18
2018

Minimum 18

Most consecutive shots made (max 25)

Player
Shots
Season

Craig Hodges
19
1991

Stephen Curry
13
2015

Larry Bird
11
1986

Hubert Davis
11
1996

Stephen Curry 2
11
2016

Jason Kapono
10
2008

Ray Allen
10
2011

Kyrie Irving
10
2013

Dennis Scott
9
1991

Steve Kerr
9
1997

Kyle Korver
9
2004

Minimum 9

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a The 1999 All-Star Game was cancelled due to the 1998–99 NBA lockout.
b Denote contests that required a tiebreaking round. The final score given here came from the tiebreaker.[14]
c Starting with the 2014 Three-Point Contest, the format includes four extra "money balls".
d C.J. McCollum was named as a replacement to Chris Bosh due to the latter being unable to participate in the event with a calf injury (and later on, a blood clot in his leg).
e It is unknown how many of the five "money balls" Hodges hit during his round.


document_title: Marriage in Canada

question_text: what is the legal age to get married in canada

root

text: Marriage in Canada

text: Marriage restrictions[edit]

text: Consanguinity[edit]

text: The federal Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act [2] prevents the following persons from getting married:

tag: p

text: Consent of the spouses[edit]

text: Both parties must freely consent. Forcing somebody to get married is a criminal offense under s. 293.1 of the Criminal Code.[3] In addition, s. 2.1 of the Civil Marriage Act stipulates, "Marriage requires the free and enlightened consent of two persons to be the spouse of each other."[4]

text: Age of the spouses[edit]

text: The minimum marriageable age throughout Canada is 16. In Canada the age of majority is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so minors under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Section 293.2 of the Criminal Code also addresses marriages of individuals under the age of 16, reading: Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is under the age of 16 years is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.[3] Section 2.2 of the Civil Marriage Act also states: No person who is under the age of 16 years may contract marriage.[4]

text: Divorce[edit]

text: Termination of marriage in Canada is covered by the federal Divorce Act.[5]

text: A divorce may be granted for one of the following reasons:

text:
the marriage has irretrievably broken down, and the two parties have been living apart for a year (s.8(2)(a) of the Act)
one party has committed adultery (s.8(2)(b)(i) of the Act)
one party has treated the other party "with physical or mental cruelty of such a kind as to render intolerable the continued cohabitation of the spouses" (s.8(2)(b)(ii) of the Act)

tag: ul

text: Key headings of the Divorce Act:

text:
Interpretation[6]
Jurisdiction[7]
Divorce[8]
Child support orders[9]
Spousal support orders[10]
Priority[11]
Custody orders[12]
Variation, rescission or suspension of orders[13]
Provisional orders[14]
Appeals[15]
General[16]

text: Rates by year[edit]

text:
Divorce Rate (per 100,000 residents per year) in Canada, by year[17]

Year
Rate

1950
39.3

1951
37.6

1952
39.1

1953
41.5

1954
38.7

1955
38.6

1956
37.3

1957
40.3

1958
36.8

1959
37.4

1960
39.1

1961
36.0

1962
36.4

1963
40.6

1964
44.7

1965
45.7

1966
51.2

1967
54.8

1968
54.8

1969
124.2

1970
139.8

1971
135.2

1972
145.8

1973
163.2

1974
197.4

1975
218.7

1976
231.2

1977
233.4

1978
238.5

1979
245.7

1980
253.0

1981
272.6

1982
280.4

1983
270.3

1984
254.5

1985
239.8

1986
300.0

1987
363.8

1988
311.7

1989
296.9

1990
283.4

1991
274.7

1992
278.6

1993
272.7

1994
272.0

1995
264.9

1996
241.6

1997
225.4

1998
229.1

1999
233.2

2000
231.8

2001
229.2

2002
223.8

2003
223.9

2004
218.0

2005
221.0

2006
229.3

2007
222.2

2008
210.8

tag: table

text: Polygamy[edit]

text: In Canada, polygamy is a criminal offence,[3] but prosecutions are rare. As of January 2009, no person has been prosecuted for polygamy in Canada in over sixty years.[18] In 2007, an independent prosecutor in British Columbia recommended that Canadian courts be asked to rule on the constitutionality of laws against polygamy.[19] The Supreme Court of British Columbia upheld Canada's polygamy laws in a 2011 reference case.[20][21]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game venues

question_text: where will future mlb all star games be held

text: Venue selection[edit]

text: The venue for each All-Star Game is chosen by an MLB selection committee. This choice may be made to commemorate a particular historical occasion, the opening of a new ballpark, or a significant milestone. The criteria for choosing the venue are subjective; for the most part, cities with new parks and cities who have not hosted the game in a long time –  or ever –  tend to be favored. The venues among the major league franchises: between 1964 and 2015, five teams hosted 3 times, 13 teams twice, ten teams once, and two teams not at all. The "home team" is the league in which the host franchise plays its games. Through the 2018 season, the American League has hosted 43 times, and the National League has hosted 46 times. Traditionally, the game's venue alternated between the two leagues from year to year with six exceptions:

text:
1950–1951 (American League)
1952–1953 (National League)
1959 both games (National League)
1960 both games (American League)
1961 second game – 1962 (American League)
2006–2007 (National League)

text: This tradition was discontinued after the 2015 game.

text: As of 2018, one Major League Baseball franchise has never hosted an All-Star Game: the Tampa Bay Rays. The Miami Marlins hosted for the first time in 2017 following the 2012 opening of Marlins Park, although Miami was initially scheduled to host in 2000, MLB eventually moved the game to Atlanta. All-Star games have been played in D.C., hosted by both incarnations of the Washington Senators (now known as the Minnesota Twins and as the Texas Rangers), as well as by the Washington Nationals in 2018.

text: Of the remaining 27 franchises, the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964, but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013. The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought, since 1980. During that span, 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All-Star Game at least twice since 1964: Atlanta Braves (1972 and 2000), Chicago White Sox (1983 and 2003), Cincinnati Reds (1970, 1988, and 2015), Cleveland Indians (1981, 1997, 2019), Detroit Tigers (1971 and 2005), Houston Astros (1968, 1986, and 2004), Kansas City Royals (1973 and 2012), Los Angeles Angels (1967, 1989, and 2010), Milwaukee Brewers (1975 and 2002), Minnesota Twins (1965, 1985, and 2014), New York Yankees (1977 and 2008), Philadelphia Phillies (1976 and 1996), Pittsburgh Pirates (1974, 1994, and 2006), San Diego Padres (1978, 1992, and 2016), San Francisco Giants (1984 and 2007), Seattle Mariners (1979 and 2001), St. Louis Cardinals (1966 and 2009), and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1969 and 1995).

text: New stadiums that have not hosted the All-Star Game in cities that have hosted it previously are: Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, the new Yankee Stadium in New York City, and SunTrust Park in Atlanta.

text: Future All-Star Games will be played at Progressive Field in 2019 and Dodger Stadium in 2020.

text: Following the game at the first Yankee Stadium in 2008 in its final season, the Bronx's old stadium joined Cleveland's old Cleveland Stadium (also known as Municipal Stadium prior to its own demolition) as the only venues that have hosted four Major League Baseball All-Star games. New York City has hosted it more than any other city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums; after 2017, Tampa Bay will remain the only major league city since the first All-Star Game in 1933 to never have hosted.

text: List of hosts[edit]

text:
Date

City

Stadium

Host team

Attendance

Host League

July 6, 1933

Chicago

Comiskey Park

Chicago White Sox

49,200

American

July 10, 1934

New York City

Polo Grounds

New York Giants

48,363

National

July 8, 1935

Cleveland

Cleveland Stadium

Cleveland Indians

69,812

American

July 7, 1936

Boston

Braves Field

Boston Bees

25,556

National

July 7, 1937

Washington, D.C.

Griffith Stadium

Washington Senators

31,391

American

July 6, 1938

Cincinnati

Crosley Field

Cincinnati Reds

27,067

National

July 11, 1939

New York City (2)

Yankee Stadium

New York Yankees

62,892

American

July 9, 1940

St. Louis

Sportsman's Park

St. Louis Cardinals

32,373

National

July 8, 1941

Detroit

Briggs Stadium

Detroit Tigers

54,674

American

July 6, 1942

New York City (3)

Polo Grounds (2)

New York Giants (2)

34,178

National

July 13, 1943

Philadelphia

Shibe Park

Philadelphia Athletics

31,938

American

July 11, 1944

Pittsburgh

Forbes Field

Pittsburgh Pirates

29,589

National

1945

Not held because of World War II

July 9, 1946

Boston (2)

Fenway Park

Boston Red Sox

34,906

American

July 8, 1947

Chicago (2)

Wrigley Field

Chicago Cubs

41,123

National

July 13, 1948

St. Louis (2)

Sportsman's Park (2)

St. Louis Browns

34,009

American

July 12, 1949

New York City (4)

Ebbets Field

Brooklyn Dodgers

32,577

National

July 11, 1950

Chicago (3)

Comiskey Park (2)

Chicago White Sox (2)

46,127

American

July 10, 1951

Detroit (2)

Briggs Stadium (2)

Detroit Tigers (2)

52,075

American

July 8, 1952

Philadelphia (2)

Shibe Park (2)

Philadelphia Phillies

32,785

National

July 14, 1953

Cincinnati (2)

Crosley Field (2)

Cincinnati Redlegs

30,846

National

July 13, 1954

Cleveland (2)

Cleveland Stadium (2)

Cleveland Indians (2)

69,751

American

July 12, 1955

Milwaukee

County Stadium

Milwaukee Braves

45,643

National

July 10, 1956

Washington, D.C. (2)

Griffith Stadium (2)

Washington Senators (2)

28,843

American

July 9, 1957

St. Louis (3)

Busch Stadium

St. Louis Cardinals (2)

30,693

National

July 8, 1958

Baltimore

Memorial Stadium

Baltimore Orioles

48,829

American

July 7, 1959

Pittsburgh (2)

Forbes Field (2)

Pittsburgh Pirates (2)

35,277

National

August 3, 1959

Los Angeles

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Los Angeles Dodgers

55,105

National

July 11, 1960

Kansas City

Municipal Stadium

Kansas City Athletics

30,619

American

July 13, 1960

New York City (5)

Yankee Stadium (2)

New York Yankees (2)

38,362

American

July 11, 1961

San Francisco

Candlestick Park

San Francisco Giants

44,115

National

July 31, 1961

Boston (3)

Fenway Park (2)

Boston Red Sox (2)

31,851

American

July 10, 1962

Washington, D.C. (3)

D.C. Stadium

Washington Senators

45,480

American

July 30, 1962

Chicago (4)

Wrigley Field (2)

Chicago Cubs (2)

38,359

National

July 9, 1963

Cleveland (3)

Cleveland Stadium (3)

Cleveland Indians (3)

44,160

American

July 7, 1964

New York City (6)

Shea Stadium

New York Mets

50,850

National

July 13, 1965

Bloomington

Metropolitan Stadium

Minnesota Twins

46,706

American

July 12, 1966

St. Louis (4)

Busch Memorial Stadium

St. Louis Cardinals (3)

49,936

National

July 11, 1967

Anaheim

Anaheim Stadium

California Angels

46,309

American

July 9, 1968

Houston

Astrodome

Houston Astros

48,321

National

July 23, 1969

Washington, D.C. (4)

RFK Stadium

Washington Senators (2)

45,259

American

July 14, 1970

Cincinnati (3)

Riverfront Stadium

Cincinnati Reds (2)

51,838

National

July 13, 1971

Detroit (3)

Tiger Stadium

Detroit Tigers (3)

53,559

American

July 25, 1972

Atlanta

Atlanta Stadium

Atlanta Braves

53,107

National

July 24, 1973

Kansas City (2)

Royals Stadium

Kansas City Royals

40,849

American

July 23, 1974

Pittsburgh (3)

Three Rivers Stadium

Pittsburgh Pirates (3)

50,706

National

July 15, 1975

Milwaukee (2)

County Stadium (2)

Milwaukee Brewers

51,480

American

July 13, 1976

Philadelphia (3)

Veterans Stadium

Philadelphia Phillies (2)

63,974

National

July 19, 1977

New York City (7)

Yankee Stadium (3)

New York Yankees (3)

56,683

American

July 11, 1978

San Diego

San Diego Stadium

San Diego Padres

51,549

National

July 17, 1979

Seattle

Kingdome

Seattle Mariners

58,905

American

July 8, 1980

Los Angeles (2)

Dodger Stadium

Los Angeles Dodgers (2)

56,088

National

August 9, 1981

Cleveland (4)

Cleveland Stadium (4)

Cleveland Indians (4)

72,086

American

July 13, 1982

Montreal

Olympic Stadium

Montreal Expos

59,057

National

July 6, 1983

Chicago (5)

Comiskey Park (3)

Chicago White Sox (3)

43,801

American

July 10, 1984

San Francisco (2)

Candlestick Park (2)

San Francisco Giants (2)

57,756

National

July 16, 1985

Minneapolis

Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome

Minnesota Twins (2)

54,960

American

July 15, 1986

Houston (2)

Astrodome (2)

Houston Astros (2)

45,774

National

July 14, 1987

Oakland

Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum

Oakland Athletics

49,671

American

July 12, 1988

Cincinnati (4)

Riverfront Stadium (2)

Cincinnati Reds (3)

55,837

National

July 11, 1989

Anaheim (2)

Anaheim Stadium (2)

California Angels (2)

64,036

American

July 10, 1990

Chicago (6)

Wrigley Field (3)

Chicago Cubs (3)

39,071

National

July 9, 1991

Toronto

SkyDome

Toronto Blue Jays

52,383

American

July 14, 1992

San Diego (2)

Jack Murphy Stadium (2)

San Diego Padres (2)

59,372

National

July 13, 1993

Baltimore (2)

Oriole Park at Camden Yards

Baltimore Orioles (2)

48,147

American

July 12, 1994

Pittsburgh (4)

Three Rivers Stadium (2)

Pittsburgh Pirates (4)

59,568

National

July 11, 1995

Arlington

The Ballpark in Arlington

Texas Rangers

50,920

American

July 9, 1996

Philadelphia (4)

Veterans Stadium (2)

Philadelphia Phillies (3)

62,670

National

July 8, 1997

Cleveland (5)

Jacobs Field

Cleveland Indians (5)

44,916

American

July 7, 1998

Denver

Coors Field

Colorado Rockies

51,267

National

July 13, 1999

Boston (4)

Fenway Park (3)

Boston Red Sox (3)

34,187

American

July 11, 2000

Atlanta (2)

Turner Field

Atlanta Braves (2)

51,323

National

July 10, 2001

Seattle (2)

Safeco Field

Seattle Mariners (2)

47,364

American

July 9, 2002

Milwaukee (3)

Miller Park

Milwaukee Brewers (2)

41,871

National

July 15, 2003

Chicago (7)

U.S. Cellular Field

Chicago White Sox (4)

47,609

American

July 13, 2004

Houston (3)

Minute Maid Park

Houston Astros (3)

41,886

National

July 12, 2005

Detroit (4)

Comerica Park

Detroit Tigers (4)

41,617

American

July 11, 2006

Pittsburgh (5)

PNC Park

Pittsburgh Pirates (5)

38,904

National

July 10, 2007

San Francisco (3)

AT&T Park

San Francisco Giants (3)

43,965

National

July 15, 2008

New York City (8)

Yankee Stadium (4)

New York Yankees (4)

55,632

American

July 14, 2009

St. Louis (5)

Busch Stadium

St. Louis Cardinals (4)

46,760

National

July 13, 2010

Anaheim (3)

Angel Stadium of Anaheim (3)

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

45,408

American

July 12, 2011

Phoenix

Chase Field

Arizona Diamondbacks

49,033

National

July 10, 2012

Kansas City (3)

Kauffman Stadium (2)

Kansas City Royals (2)

40,933

American

July 16, 2013

New York City (9)

Citi Field

New York Mets (2)

45,186

National

July 15, 2014

Minneapolis (2)

Target Field

Minnesota Twins (3)

41,048

American

July 14, 2015

Cincinnati (5)

Great American Ball Park

Cincinnati Reds (4)

43,656

National

July 12, 2016

San Diego (3)

Petco Park

San Diego Padres (3)

42,386

National

July 11, 2017

Miami

Marlins Park

Miami Marlins

37,188

National

July 17, 2018

Washington, D.C. (5)

Nationals Park

Washington Nationals

43,843

National

July 9, 2019

Cleveland (6)

Progressive Field (2)

Cleveland Indians (6)

American

July 14, 2020

Los Angeles (3)

Dodger Stadium (2)

Los Angeles Dodgers (3)

National

July 13, 2021

Atlanta (3)

SunTrust Park

Atlanta Braves (3)

National

text: Various statistics[edit]

text: Times hosted by city[edit]

text:
City

Times Hosted

Years

New York City

9

1934, 1939, 1942, 1949, 1960, 1964, 1977, 2008, 2013

Chicago

7

1933, 1947, 1950, 1962, 1983, 1990, 2003

Cleveland

6

1935, 1954, 1963, 1981, 1997, 2019

Pittsburgh

5

1944, 1959, 1974, 1994, 2006

St. Louis

5

1940, 1948, 1957, 1966, 2009

Cincinnati

5

1938, 1953, 1970, 1988, 2015

Washington, D.C.

5

1937, 1956, 1962, 1969, 2018

Boston

4

1936, 1946, 1961, 1999

Detroit

4

1941, 1951, 1971, 2005

Philadelphia

4

1943, 1952, 1976, 1996

Kansas City

3

1960, 1973, 2012

Milwaukee

3

1955, 1975, 2002

San Diego

3

1978, 1992, 2016

San Francisco

3

1961, 1984, 2007

Houston

3

1968, 1986, 2004

Anaheim

3

1967, 1989, 2010

Minneapolis

3

1965, 1985, 2014

Baltimore

2

1958, 1993

Los Angeles

3

1959, 1980, 2020

Atlanta

2

1972, 2000

Seattle

2

1979, 2001

Montreal

1

1982

Oakland

1

1987

Toronto

1

1991

Arlington

1

1995

Denver

1

1998

Phoenix

1

2011

Miami

1

2017

St. Petersburg

0

--

text: Times hosted by club[edit]

text:
Club

Times Hosted

Years

Cleveland Indians

6

1935, 1954, 1963, 1981, 1997, 2019

New York/San Francisco Giants

5

1934, 1942, 1961, 1984, 2007

Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins

5

1937, 1956, 1965, 1985, 2014

Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs

5

1938, 1953, 1970, 1988, 2015

Pittsburgh Pirates

5

1944, 1959, 1974, 1994, 2006

Chicago White Sox

4

1933, 1950, 1983, 2003

Boston Bees/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves

4

1936, 1955, 1972, 2000

New York Yankees

4

1939, 1960, 1977, 2008

St. Louis Cardinals

4

1940, 1957, 1966, 2009

Detroit Tigers

4

1941, 1951, 1971, 2005

Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics

3

1943, 1960, 1987

Boston Red Sox

3

1946, 1961, 1999

Chicago Cubs

3

1947, 1962, 1990

St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles

3

1948, 1958, 1993

Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers

3

1949, 1959, 1980, 2020

Philadelphia Phillies

3

1952, 1976, 1996

Washington Senators/Texas Rangers

3

1962, 1969, 1995

California/Los Angeles Angels

3

1967, 1989, 2010

Houston Astros

3

1968, 1986, 2004

San Diego Padres

3

1978, 1992, 2016

New York Mets

2

1964, 2013

Kansas City Royals

2

1973, 2012

Milwaukee Brewers

2

1975, 2002

Seattle Mariners

2

1979, 2001

Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals

2

1982, 2018

Toronto Blue Jays

1

1991

Colorado Rockies

1

1998

Arizona Diamondbacks

1

2011

Miami Marlins

1

2017

Tampa Bay Rays

0

–

text: The Tampa Bay Rays have yet to host the All-Star Game.[2]

text: Ballparks that have hosted more than one All-Star Game[edit]

text: Active baseball parks[edit]

text:
Wrigley Field 1947, 1962, 1990
Fenway Park 1946, 1961, 1999
Angel Stadium 1967, 1989, 2010
Kauffman Stadium 1973, 2012

text: Progressive Field and Dodger Stadium will join this list in 2019 and 2020, respectively.

text: Discontinued baseball parks[edit]

text:
Yankee Stadium 1939, 1960, 1977, 2008
Cleveland Stadium 1935, 1954, 1963, 1981
Sportsman's Park 1940, 1948, 1957
Tiger Stadium 1941, 1951, 1971
Comiskey Park 1933, 1950, 1983
Polo Grounds 1934, 1942
Shibe Park 1943, 1952
Crosley Field 1938, 1953
Griffith Stadium 1937, 1956
Forbes Field 1944, 1959
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium 1962, 1969
Milwaukee County Stadium 1955, 1975
Candlestick Park 1961, 1984
Houston Astrodome 1968, 1986
Riverfront Stadium 1970, 1988
Jack Murphy Stadium 1978, 1992
Three Rivers Stadium 1974, 1994
Veterans Stadium 1976, 1996

text: The only discontinued ballparks that hosted one All-Star Game are: Ebbets Field in 1949, Memorial Stadium in 1958, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 1959, Shea Stadium in 1964, Metropolitan Stadium in 1965, Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, Fulton County Stadium in 1972, the Kingdome in 1979, Olympic Stadium (Montreal) in 1982, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in 1985, and Turner Field in 2000.

text: Ballparks that have never hosted an All-Star Game[edit]

text: Active baseball parks (oldest parks listed first)[edit]

text:
Tropicana Field, opened in 1990; the Rays have played there since 1998.
Citizens Bank Park, opened in 2004; the Phillies last hosted the ASG in 1996 in Veterans Stadium.
Yankee Stadium (New), opened in 2009; the Yankees last hosted the ASG in 2008 at the previous park.
SunTrust Park, opened in 2017; the Braves last hosted the ASG in 2000 in Turner Field.

text: Discontinued baseball parks (oldest parks listed first)[edit]

text:
Baker Bowl, the Phillies played there from 1895 to 1938 (the All-Star game began in 1933)
League Park, the Indians split games between League Park and Cleveland Stadium off and on until the end of the 1946 season
Seals Stadium, the Giants played there from 1958 to 1959 *
Wrigley Field of Los Angeles, the Angels played there in 1961 *
Colt Stadium, the Colt .45s (now the Astros) played there from 1962 to 1964 *
Sick's Stadium, the Pilots played there in 1969 *
Jarry Park, the Expos played there from 1969 to 1976 *
Arlington Stadium, the Rangers played there from 1972 to 1993
Exhibition Stadium, the Blue Jays played there from 1977 to 1989
Mile High Stadium, the Rockies played there from 1993 to 1994 *
Sun Life Stadium, the Marlins played there from 1993 to 2011

text: A * indicates that the stadium was a temporary facility, used in the short term by a team awaiting the construction of a larger, permanent home park.

text: The last time each franchise has hosted an All-Star Game[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers, 1980 (will host the 2020 All-Star Game)
Oakland Athletics, 1987
Chicago Cubs, 1990
Toronto Blue Jays, 1991
Baltimore Orioles, 1993
Texas Rangers, 1995
Philadelphia Phillies, 1996
Cleveland Indians, 1997 (will host the 2019 All-Star Game)
Tampa Bay Rays, never (Franchise started in 1998)
Colorado Rockies, 1998
Boston Red Sox, 1999
Atlanta Braves, 2000
Seattle Mariners, 2001
Milwaukee Brewers, 2002
Chicago White Sox, 2003
Houston Astros, 2004
Detroit Tigers, 2005
Pittsburgh Pirates, 2006
San Francisco Giants, 2007
New York Yankees, 2008
St. Louis Cardinals, 2009
Los Angeles Angels, 2010
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2011
Kansas City Royals, 2012
New York Mets, 2013
Minnesota Twins, 2014
Cincinnati Reds, 2015
San Diego Padres, 2016
Miami Marlins, 2017
Washington Nationals, 2018

text: Hosting All-Star Game and post-season games in same season[edit]

text: The following teams have hosted the All-Star Game in the summer then proceeded to host post-season games in the fall:

text:
1939: New York Yankees – won World Series
1946: Boston Red Sox – lost World Series
1949: Brooklyn Dodgers – lost World Series
1954: Cleveland Indians – lost World Series
1959: (Game 2): Los Angeles Dodgers – won World Series
1960: (Game 2): New York Yankees – lost World Series
1965: Minnesota Twins – lost World Series

text: League Championship Series play began 1969

text:
1970: Cincinnati Reds – lost World Series – also first season for Riverfront Stadium
1974: Pittsburgh Pirates – lost NLCS
1976: Philadelphia Phillies – lost NLCS
1977: New York Yankees – won World Series
1983: Chicago White Sox – lost ALCS
1986: Houston Astros – lost NLCS
1991: Toronto Blue Jays – lost ALCS

text: Division Series play began 1995

text:
1997: Cleveland Indians – lost World Series
1999: Boston Red Sox – lost ALCS
2000: Atlanta Braves – lost NLDS
2001: Seattle Mariners – lost ALCS
2004: Houston Astros – lost NLCS
2009: St. Louis Cardinals – lost NLDS
2011: Arizona Diamondbacks – lost NLDS


document_title: Taekwondo

question_text: what is the meaning of black belt in taekwondo

question_tokens: what is the meaning of black belt in taekwondo

text: Taekwondo

text: History of Taekwondo[edit]

text:
Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in Japanese, Chinese and Korean martial arts. The umbrella term traditional taekwondo typically refers to the martial arts practiced by the kwans during the 1940s and 1950s, though in reality the term "taekwondo" had not yet been coined at that time, and indeed each Kwan was practicing its own unique style of martial art. During this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools.
[6]
[7]

text: After witnessing a martial arts demonstration by the military in 1952, South Korean President Syngman Rhee urged that the martial arts styles of the kwans be merged. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified style of Korean martial arts. The name Tae Soo Do was used to describe this unified style.  This name consists of the hanja 跆 tae "to stomp, trample", 手 su "hand" and 道 do "way, discipline".

text:
Choi Hong Hi advocated the use of the name Tae Kwon Do, i.e. replacing su "hand" by 拳 kwon (Revised Romanization: gwon; McCune–Reischauer: kkwŏn) "fist", the term also used for "martial arts" in Chinese (pinyin quán). The new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans.
In 1959 the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts. In 1966, Choi broke with the KTA to establish the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) as a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing his own style of taekwondo.
[6][7]

text:
Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s complicated the adoption of ITF-style taekwondo as a unified style, however. The South Korean government wished to avoid North Korean influence on the martial art. Conversely, ITF president Choi Hong Hi sought support for the martial art from all quarters, including North Korea. In response, in 1973 South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an independent federation, then headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1987 publication of his Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. After Choi's retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate federations each of which continues to operate today under the same name.
[6][7]

text:
In 1973 the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established the Kukkiwon as the new national academy for taekwondo. Kukkiwon now served many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, renamed to World Taekwondo in 2017 due to confusion with the initialism[8]) to promote taekwondo specifically as an international sport. WT competitions employ Kukkiwon-style taekwondo.
[6]
[9]
For this reason, Kukkiwon-style taekwondo is often referred to as WT-style taekwondo, sport-style taekwondo, or Olympic-style taekwondo, though in reality the style is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WTF.

text:
Since 2000, taekwondo has been one of only two Asian martial arts (the other being judo) that are included in the Olympic Games. It became a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport.
[10]

text: Features[edit]

text: Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, World Taekwondo sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the head, or both.[11] To facilitate fast, turning kicks, taekwondo generally adopts stances that are narrower and taller than the broader, wide stances used by martial arts such as karate. The tradeoff of decreased stability is believed to be worth the commensurate increase in agility, particularly in Kukkiwon-style taekwondo.

text: Theory of power[edit]

text:
The emphasis on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong Hi. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi's Theory of Power. Choi based his understanding of power on biomechanics and Newtonian physics as well as Chinese martial arts. For example, Choi observed that the power of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the strike, but increases only linearly with the mass of the striking object. In other words, speed is more important than size in terms of generating power. This principle was incorporated into the early design of taekwondo and is still used.
[7]
[12]

text:
Choi also advocated a relax/strike principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the sine wave technique. This involves raising one's centre of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.
[12]
The sine wave is generally practiced, however, only in schools that follow ITF-style taekwondo. Kukkiwon-style taekwondo, for example, does not employ the sine wave and advocates a more uniform height during movements, drawing power mainly from the rotation of the hip.

text: The components of the Theory of Power include:[13]

text:
Reaction Force - the principle that as the striking limb is brought forward, other parts of the body should be brought backwards in order to provide more power to the striking limb. As an example, if the right leg is brought forward in a roundhouse kick, the right arm is brought backwards to provide the reaction force.
Concentration - the principle of bringing as many muscles as possible to bear on a strike, concentrating the area of impact into as small an area as possible.
Equilibrium - maintaining a correct centre-of-balance throughout a technique.
Breath Control - the idea that during a strike one should exhale, with the exhalation concluding at the moment of impact.
Mass - the principle of bringing as much of the body to bear on a strike as possible; again using the turning kick as an example, the idea would be to rotate the hip as well as the leg during the kick in order to take advantage of the hip's additional mass in terms of providing power to the kick.
Speed - as previously noted, the speed of execution of a technique in taekwondo is deemed to be even more important than mass in terms of providing power.

text: Typical curriculum[edit]

text:
While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their taekwondo practices. Although each taekwondo club or school is different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following:
[14]

text:
Forms (pumsae / poomsae 품새, hyeong / hyung 형/型 or teul / tul 틀) - these serve the same function as kata in the study of karate
Sparring (gyeorugi 겨루기 or matseogi 맞서기) - sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored)
Breaking (gyeokpa 격파/擊破 or weerok) - the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types:
Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible
Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break
Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles
Self-defense techniques (hosinsul 호신술/護身術)
Learning the fundamental techniques of taekwondo; these generally include kicks, blocks, punches, and strikes, with somewhat less emphasis on grappling and holds
Throwing and/or falling techniques (deonjigi 던지기 or tteoreojigi 떨어지기)
Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
Relaxation and meditation exercises, as well as breathing control
A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, and self-confidence
Examinations to progress to the next rank
Development of personal success and leadership skills

text: Though weapons training is not a formal part of most taekwondo federation curricula, individual schools will often incorporate additional training with staffs, knives, sticks, etc.

text: Equipment and facilities[edit]

text: A taekwondo practitioner typically wears a uniform (dobok 도복/道服), often white but sometimes black (or other colors), with a belt tied around the waist. White uniforms are considered the traditional color and are usually encouraged for use at formal ceremonies such as belt tests and promotions. Colored uniforms are often reserved for special teams (such as demonstration teams or leadership teams) or higher-level instructors. There are at least three major styles of dobok, with the most obvious differences being in the style of jacket:

text:
The cross-over front jacket (usually seen in ITF style), in which the opening of the jacket is vertical.
The cross-over Y-neck jacket (usually seen in the Kukkiwon/WT style, especially for poomase competitions), in which the opening of the jacket crosses the torso diagonally.
The pull-over V-neck jacket (usually seen in Kukkiwon/WT style, especially for sparring competitions).

tag: ol

text: White uniforms in the Kukkiwon/WT tradition will typically be white throughout the jacket (black trim along the collars only for dan grades), while ITF-style uniforms are usually trimmed with a black border along the collar and bottom of the jacket (for dan grades). The belt color and any insignia thereon indicate the student's rank. Different clubs and schools use different color schemes for belts. In general, the darker the color, the higher the rank. Taekwondo is traditionally performed in bare feet, although martial arts training shoes may sometimes be worn.

text: When sparring, padded equipment is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. For this reason, ITF sparring often employs only light-contact sparring. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called homyun are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called hogu; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn.

text: The school or place where instruction is given is called the dojang (도장, 道場). Specifically, the term dojang refers to the area within the school in which martial arts instruction takes place; the word dojang is sometimes translated as gymnasium. In common usage, the term dojang is often used to refer to the school as a whole. Modern dojangs often incorporate padded flooring, often incorporating red-and-blue patterns in the flooring to reflect the colors of the taegeuk symbol. Some dojangs have wooden flooring instead. The dojang is usually decorated with items such as flags, banners, belts, instructional materials, and traditional Korean calligraphy.

text: Styles and organizations[edit]

text: There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style. The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around:

text:
the patterns practiced by each style (called hyeong 형, pumsae 품새, or teul 틀, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique
differences in the sparring rules for competition.
martial arts philosophy.

text: 1946: Traditional taekwondo[edit]

text:
The term traditional taekwondo typically refers to martial arts practised in Korea during the 1940s and 1950s by the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, after the conclusion of the Japanese occupation of Korea at the end of World War II. The term taekwondo had not yet been coined, and in reality, each of the nine original kwans practised its own style of martial arts. The term traditional taekwondo serves mostly as an umbrella term for these various styles, as they themselves used various other names such as Tang Soo Do (Chinese Hand Way), Kong Soo Do (Empty Hand Way) and Tae Soo Do (Foot Hand Way). Traditional Taekwondo is still studied today but generally under other names, such as Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do.
[6][7]
In 1959, the name Taekwondo was agreed upon by the nine original kwans as a common term for their martial arts. As part of the unification process, The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed through a collaborative effort by representatives from all the kwans, and the work began on a common curriculum, which eventually resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Style of Taekwondo. The original kwans that formed KTA continues to exist today, but as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the World Taekwondo and Kukkiwon. The kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. The official curriculum of those kwans that joined the unification is that of the Kukkiwon, with the notable exception of half the Oh Do Kwan which joined the ITF instead and therefore uses the Chan Hon curriculum.

text: 1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style taekwondo[edit]

text:
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)-style taekwondo, more accurately known as Chang Hon-style taekwondo, is defined by Choi Hong Hi's Encyclopedia of Taekwon-do published in 1987.
[12]

text: In 1990, the Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) split from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF; the GTF continues to practice ITF-style taekwondo, however, with additional elements incorporated into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself split in 2001 and again in 2002 into three separate federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively.[15][16][17]

text: The GTF and all three ITFs practice Choi's ITF-style taekwondo. In ITF-style taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is teul; the specific set of teul used by the ITF is called Chang Hon. Choi defined 24 Chang Hon teul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon teul refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an additional six teul.

text: Within the ITF taekwondo tradition there are two sub-styles:

text:
The style of taekwondo practised by the ITF before its 1973 split with the KTA is sometimes called by ITF practitioners "traditional taekwondo", though a more accurate term would be traditional ITF taekwondo.
After the 1973 split, Choi Hong Hi continued to develop and refine the style, ultimately publishing his work in his 1987 Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. Among the refinements incorporated into this new sub-style is the "sine wave"; one of Choi Hong Hi's later principles of taekwondo is that the body's centre of gravity should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement.

text: Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. Essentially all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (teul) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms Juche and Ko-Dang.

text: 1969: ATA/Songahm-style taekwondo[edit]

text: In 1969, Haeng Ung Lee, a former taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of martial arts schools in the United States under the banner of the American Taekwondo Association (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA taekwondo has its roots in traditional taekwondo. The style of taekwondo practised by the ATA is called Songahm taekwondo. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of taekwondo schools in the United States.[18]

text: The ATA established international spin-offs called the Songahm Taekwondo Federation (STF) and the World Traditional Taekwondo Union (WTTU) to promote the practice of Songahm taekwondo internationally.  In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International.

text: 1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style taekwondo[edit]

text: In 1962 Jhoon Rhee relocated to the United States and established a chain of martial arts schools primarily in the Washington, D.C. area that practised traditional taekwondo. In the 1970s, at the urging of Choi Hong Hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style taekwondo as well as original elements.[19] (Note that Jhoon Rhee-style taekwondo is distinct from the similarly named Rhee Taekwon-Do, based in Australia and New Zealand).

text: Jhoon Rhee-style taekwondo is still practised primarily in the United States and eastern Europe.

text: 1972: Kukki-style / WT-taekwondo[edit]

text:
In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to Kukkiwon. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of taekwondo.
[9]
In 1973 the KTA established the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, now called World Taekwondo, WT) to promote taekwondo as a sport. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WT and taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style taekwondo, Olympic-style taekwondo, or WT-style taekwondo, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style.[20] Therefore, the correct term for the South Korean government sponsored style of Taekwondo associated with the Kukkiwon, is Kukki Taekwondo, meaning "national taekwondo" in Korean.

text: In Kukki-style taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is poomsae. In 1967 the KTA established a new set of forms called the Palgwae poomse, named after the eight trigrams of the I Ching. In 1971 however (after additional kwans had joined the KTA), the KTA and Kukkiwon adopted a new set of color-belt forms instead, called the Taegeuk poomsae. Black belt forms are called yudanja poomsae. While ITF-style forms refer to key elements of Korean history, Kukki-style forms refer instead to elements of sino-Korean philosophy such as the I Ching and the taegeuk.

text: WT-sanctioned tournaments allow any person, regardless of school affiliation or martial arts style, to compete in WT events as long as he or she is a member of the WT Member National Association in his or her nation; this allows essentially anyone to compete in WT-sanctioned competitions.

text: Other styles and hybrids[edit]

text: As previously mentioned, in 1990 the Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) split from the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) to form its own style of taekwondo based on ITF-style. Essentially this can be considered a variation of ITF-style.

text: Also in 1990, martial artist and actor Chuck Norris, an alumnus of Hwang Kee's Moo Duk Kwan organization, established a hybrid martial art system called Chun Kuk Do. Chun Kuk Do shares many techniques, forms and names with Tang Soo Do and Taekwondo, and so can be considered a variation of traditional taekwondo. Similarly, Lim Ching Sing's Hup Kwon Do and Kwang-jo Choi's Choi Kwang Do also derive from taekwondo.

text: Additionally, there are hybrid martial arts that combine taekwondo with other styles. These include:

text:
Kun Gek Do[21] (also Gwon Gyokdo) - combines taekwondo and muay thai.
Han Moo Do - Scandinavian martial art that combines taekwondo, hapkido, and hoi jeon moo sool.
Han Mu Do - Korean martial art that combines taekwondo and hapkido.
Teukgong Moosool - Korean martial art that combines elements of taekwondo, hapkido, judo, kyuk too ki, and Chinese martial arts.
Yongmudo - developed at Korea's Yong-In University, combines taekwondo, hapkido, judo, and ssireum.

text: Forms (patterns)[edit]

text: Three Korean terms may be used with reference to taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are equivalent to kata in karate.

text:
Hyeong (sometimes romanized as hyung) is the term usually used in traditional taekwondo (i.e., 1950s–1960s styles of Korean martial arts).
Poomsae (sometimes romanized as pumsae or poomse) is the term officially used by Kukkiwon/WT-style and ATA-style taekwondo.
Teul (sometimes romanized as tul) is the term usually used in ITF/Chang Hon-style taekwondo.

text: A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In dojangs (taekwondo training gymnasiums) hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval training that is useful in developing mushin, proper kinetics and mental and physical fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and woven together so as to be an effective conditioning tool. One's aptitude for a particular hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a panel of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In Western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong: creative and standard. Creative hyeong are created by the performer and are generally acrobatic in nature and do not necessarily reflect the kinetic principles intrinsic in any martial system.

text: Different taekwondo styles and associations (ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc.) use different taekwondo forms. Even within a single association, different schools in the association may use slightly different variations on the forms or use different names for the same form (especially in older styles of taekwondo). This is especially true for beginner forms, which tend to be less standardized than mainstream forms.

text:
hideATA Songahm-style[22]

ITF Chang Hon-style[23]

GTF style[24]

WT Kukkiwon-style[25]

Jhoon Rhee style[26]

Beginner Exercises (3)

Beginner Exercises (3)

Unofficial Beginner Forms (usually 3-5)

Beginner Forms (2)

Four Direction Punch

Four Direction Punch

Kicho Hyeong Il Bu, or Kibon Hana

Kamsah

Four Direction Block

Four Direction Block

Kicho Hyeong Ee Bu, or Kibon Dool

Kyu-Yool

Four Direction Thrust

Four Direction Thrust

Kicho Hyeong Sam Bu, or Kibon Set

Color Belt Forms (9)

Color Belt Forms (9)

Color Belt Forms (11)

Color Belt Forms (Taegeuk, 8)

Color Belt Forms (8)

Songahm 1

Chon-Ji

Chon-Ji

Taegeuk Il Jang

Jayoo

Songahm 2

Dan-Gun

Dan-Gun

Taegeuk Ee Jang

Chosang

Songahm 3

Do-San

Do-San

Taegeuk Sam Jang

Hanguk

Songahm 4

Jee-Sang

Taegeuk Sa Jang

Jung-Yi

Songahm 5

Won-Hyo

Won-Hyo

Taegeuk Oh Jang

Pyung-Wa

In Wha 1

Yul-Gok

Yul-Gok

Taegeuk Yook Jang

Meegook

In Wha 2

Dhan-Goon

Taegeuk Chil Jang

Chasin

Choong Jung 1

Joong-Gun

Joong-Gun

Taegeuk Pal Jang

Might for Right

Choong Jung 2

Toi-Gye

Toi-Gye

Hwa-Rang

Hwa-Rang

Choong-Moo

Choong-Moo

Black Belt Forms (8)

Black Belt Forms (15)

Black Belt Forms (19)

Black Belt Forms (9)

Black Belt Forms

Shim Jun

Kwang-Gae

Kwang-Gae

Koryo

Same as ITF

Jung Yul

Po-Eun

Po-Eun

Keumgang

Chung San

Gae-Baek

Gae-Baek

Taebaek

Sok Bong

Jee-Goo

Pyongwon

Chung Hae

Eui-Am

Eui-Am

Sipjin

Jhang Soo

Choong-Jang

Choong-Jang

Jitae

Chul Joon

Juche, or Go-Dang*

Go-Dang

Cheonkwon

Jeong Seung

Jook-Am

Hansoo

Sam-Il

Sam-Il

Ilyeo

Yoo-Sin

Yoo-Sin

Choi-Yong

Choi-Yong

Older Color Belt Forms (Palgwae, 8)

Pyong-Hwa

Palgwae Il Jang

Yon-Gae

Yon-Gae

Palgwae Ee Jang

Ul-Ji

Ul-Ji

Palgwae Sam Jang

Moon-Moo

Moon-Moo

Palgwae Sa Jang

Sun-Duk

Palgwae Oh Jang

So-San

So-San

Palgwae Yook Jang

Se-Jong

Se-Jong

Palgwae Chil Jang

Tong-Il

Tong-Il

Palgwae Pal Jang

Older Black Belt Forms

Older Black Belt Forms

* Go-Dang is considered deprecated in most ITF styles

Original Koryo

U-Nam is an ITF Chang-Hon form that appears only in
the 1959 edition of Choi Hong Hi's Tae Kwon Do
Teaching Manual[27]

Candidate Demo Forms (2007, never officially finalized)

Hanryu

Bikkak

Kukkiwon Competition Poomsae (2016)

Himchari

Yamang

Saebyeol

Nareusya (called Bigak Sam Jang by WT)

Bigak (called Bigak Ee Jang by WT)

Eoullim

Saeara

Hansol

Narae

Onnuri

WT Competition Poomsae (2017)

Bigak Il Jang (developed by WT)

Bigak Ee Jang (based on Kukkiwon's Bigak)

Bigak Sam Jang (based on Kukkiwon's Nareusya)

text: Ranks, belts, and promotion[edit]

text: Taekwondo ranks vary from style to style and are not standardized. Typically, these ranks are separated into "junior" and "senior" sections, colloquially referred to as "color belts" and "black belts":

text:
The junior section of ranks - the "color belt" ranks - are indicated by the Korean word geup 급  (級) (also Romanized as gup or kup). Practitioners in these ranks generally wear belts ranging in color from white (the lowest rank) to red  (higher ranks, depending on the style of taekwondo). Belt colors may be solid or may include a colored stripe on a solid background. The number of geup ranks varies depending on the style, typically ranging between 8 and 12 geup ranks. The numbering sequence for geup ranks usually begins at the larger number of white belts, and then counts down to "1st geup" as the highest color-belt rank.
The senior section of ranks - the "black belt" ranks - is typically made up of nine ranks. Each rank is called a dan 단 (段) or "degree" (as in "third dan" or "third-degree black belt"). The numbering sequence for dan ranks is opposite that of geup ranks: numbering begins at 1st dan (the lowest black-belt rank) and counts upward for higher ranks. A practitioner's degree is sometimes indicated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods.

text: Some styles incorporate an additional rank between the geup and dan levels, called the "bo-dan" rank—essentially, a candidate rank for black belt promotion. Additionally, the Kukkiwon/WT-style of taekwondo recognizes a "poom" rank for practitioners under the age of 15: these practitioners have passed dan-level tests but will not receive dan-level rank until age 15. At age 15, their poom rank is considered to transition to equivalent dan rank automatically. In some schools, holders of the poom rank wear a half-red/half-black belt rather than a solid black belt.

text: To advance from one rank to the next, students typically complete promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the various aspects of the art before their teacher or a panel of judges. Promotion tests vary from school to school, but may include such elements as the execution of patterns, which combine various techniques in specific sequences; the breaking of boards to demonstrate the ability to use techniques with both power and control; sparring and self-defense to demonstrate the practical application and control of techniques; physical fitness usually with push-ups and sit-ups; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, and history to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the art. For higher dan tests, students are sometimes required to take a written test or submit a research paper in addition to taking the practical test.

text: Promotion from one geup to the next can proceed rapidly in some schools since schools often allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, and then move on to more advanced techniques as they approach first dan. Many of the older and more traditional schools often take longer to allow students to test for higher ranks than newer, more contemporary schools, as they may not have the required testing intervals. In contrast, promotion from one dan to the next can take years. In fact, some styles impose age or time-in-rank limits on dan promotions. For example, the number of years between one dan promotion to the next may be limited to a minimum of the practitioner's current dan-rank, so that (for example) a 5th dan practitioner must wait 5 years to test for 6th dan.

text: Black belt ranks may have titles associated with them, such as "master" and "instructor", but taekwondo organizations vary widely in rules and standards when it comes to ranks and titles. What holds true in one organization may not hold true in another, as is the case in many martial art systems. For example, achieving first dan ( black belt) ranking with three years' training might be typical in one organization but considered too quick in another organization, and likewise for other ranks. Similarly, the title for a given dan rank in one organization might not be the same as the title for that dan rank in another organization.

text: In the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called Boosabum (assistant instructor), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called Sabum (instructor), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called Sahyun (master), and those holding 9th dan are called Saseong (grandmaster).[28] This system does not, however, necessarily apply to other taekwondo organizations.

text: In the American Taekwondo Association, instructor designations are separate from rank.  Black belts may be designated as an instructor trainee (red, white and blue collar), specialty trainer (red and black collar), certified trainer (black-red-black collar) and certified instructor (black collar).  After a one-year waiting period, instructors who hold the sixth dan are eligible for the title of Master.  Seventh dan black belts are eligible for the title Senior Master and eighth dan black belts are eligible for the title Chief Master.

text: In the Kukkiwon/WT-style students holding 1st-3rd dan are considered an Instructor, but generally, have much to learn. Students who hold a 4th - 6th dan are considered Masters. Those who hold a 7th - 9th dan are considered Grandmasters. This rank also holds an age requirement of 40+.[29] In this style, a 10th dan rank is sometimes awarded posthumously for practitioners with a lifetime of demonstrable contributions to the practice of taekwondo.

text: Historical influences[edit]

text:
The oldest Korean martial arts were an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje,[30] where young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop strength, speed, and survival skills. The most popular of these techniques were ssireum, subak, and taekkyeon. The Northern Goguryeo kingdom was a dominant force in Northern Korea and North Eastern China prior to the 1st century CE, and again from the 3rd century to the 6th century. Before the fall of the Goguryeo Dynasty in the 6th century, the Shilla Kingdom asked for help in training its people for defence against pirate invasions. During this time a few select Silla warriors were given training in taekkyeon by the early masters from Goguryeo. These Silla warriors then became known as Hwarang or "blossoming knights." The Hwarang set up a military academy for the sons of royalty in Silla called Hwarang-do {花郎徒}, which means "flower-youth corps." The Hwarang studied taekkyeon, history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, social skills, and military tactics. The guiding principles of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang's five codes of human conduct and included loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, valour, and justice.
[31]

text:
In spite of Korea's rich history of ancient and martial arts, Korean martial arts faded during the late Joseon Dynasty. Korean society became highly centralized under Korean Confucianism, and martial arts were poorly regarded in a society whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings.
[32]
Formal practices of traditional martial arts such as subak and taekkyeon were reserved for sanctioned military uses. However, taekkyeon persisted into the 19th century as a folk game during the May-Dano festival, and was still taught as the formal military martial art throughout the Joseon Dynasty.[30]

text:
Early progenitors of taekwondo - the founders of the nine original kwans - who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo,[33] while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria, as well as to the indigenous Korean martial art of taekkyeon.
[5]
[34]
[35][36] Hwang Kee founder of Moo Duk Kwan, further incorporated elements of Korean Gwonbeop from the Muye Dobo Tongji into the style that eventually became Tang Soo Do.

text: Philosophy[edit]

text: Different styles of taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. Many of these underpinnings however refer back to the Five Commandments of the Hwarang as a historical referent. For example, Choi Hong Hi expressed his philosophical basis for taekwondo as the Five Tenets of Taekwondo:[37]

text:
Courtesy (yeui / 예의, 禮儀)
Integrity (yeomchi / 염치, 廉恥)
Perseverance (innae / 인내, 忍耐)
Self-control (geukgi / 극기, 克己)
Indomitable spirit (baekjeolbulgul / 백절불굴, 百折不屈)

text: These tenets are further articulated in a taekwondo oath, also authored by Choi:

text:
I shall observe the tenets of taekwondo
I shall respect the instructor and seniors
I shall never misuse taekwondo
I shall be a champion of freedom and justice
I shall build a more peaceful world

text: Modern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy.[38][39]

text: The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) also refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its taekwondo philosophy.[40]  Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful society as one of the overarching goals for the practice of taekwondo. The WT's stated philosophy is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ("education in accordance with the reason of heaven"), and by recognition of the philosophies embodied in the taegeuk (the yin and the yang, i.e., "the unity of opposites") and the sam taegeuk (understanding change in the world as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man). The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is likewise based on the Hwarang tradition.[41]

text: Competition[edit]

text: Taekwondo competition typically involves sparring, breaking, and patterns; some tournaments also include special events such as demonstration teams and self-defense (hosinsul). In Olympic taekwondo competition, however, only sparring (using WT competition rules) is performed.[42]

text: There are two kinds of competition sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored. Sparring involves a Hogu, or a chest protector, which muffles any kick's damage to avoid serious injuries. Helmets and other gear are provided as well. Though other systems may vary, a common point system works like this: One point for a regular kick to the Hogu, two for a turning behind the kick, three for a back kick, and four for a spinning kick to the head.

text: World Taekwondo (WT) Competition[edit]

text: Under World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event and takes place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8  meters square or an octagon of similar size.[43]  Competitors are matched within gender and weight division - 8 divisions for World Championships that are condensed to 4 for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can lead to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee's punitive declaration.[44]  Each match consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute rest between rounds, though these are often abbreviated or shortened for some junior and regional tournaments.[43] Competitors must wear a hogu, head protector, shin pads, foot socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup. Tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and World Championship, use electronic hogus, electronic foot socks, and electronic head protectors to register and determine scoring techniques, with human judges used to assess and score technical (spinning) techniques and score punches.[43]

text: Points are awarded for permitted techniques delivered to the legal scoring areas as determined by an electronic scoring system, which assesses the strength and location of the contact. The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle), punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved fully (as of 2017) to electronic scoring, including the use of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring only technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system reduces controversy concerning judging decisions,[45] but this technology is still not universally accepted.,[46] In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the technology has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct taekwondo technique, and the pressure threshold for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foot on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how true to taekwondo those techniques were.[47]

text: Techniques are divided into three categories: scoring techniques (such as a kick to the hogu), permitted but non-scoring techniques (such as a kick that strikes and arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a kick below the waist).

text:
A punch that makes strong contact with the opponent's hogu scores 1 point. The punch must be a straight punch with arm extended; jabs, hooks, uppercuts, etc. are permitted but do not score. Punches to the head are not allowed.
A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 2 points.
A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the head scores 3 points
A technical kick (a kick that involves turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 4 points.
A technical kick to the head scores 5 points.
As of October 2010 4 points were awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. As of June 2018, this was changed to 5 points.[48]

text: The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, called "Gam-jeom" are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. Following 10 "Gam-jeom" a player is declared the loser by referee's punitive declaration[43]

text: At the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match. In the event of a tie, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round, sometimes called a "Golden Point", is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials[48] or number of fouls committed during that round.

text: If a competitor has a 20-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 20-point lead at any point in the third round, then the match is over and that competitor is declared the winner.[43]

text: In addition to sparring competition, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a designated pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy (accuracy of movements, balance, precision of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which receive numerical scores, with deductions made for errors.[49] Pair and team competition is also recognized, where two or more competitors perform the same form at the same time. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experimentation with freestyle forms that allow more creativity.[49]

text: The World Taekwondo Federation directly sanctions the following competitions:[50]

text:
World Taekwondo Poomsae Championships
World Taekwondo Championships
World Para Taekwondo Championships (since 2009)[51]
World Taekwondo Cadet Championships
World Taekwondo Junior Championships
World Taekwondo Team Championships
World Taekwondo Para Championships
World Taekwondo Grand Prix
World Taekwondo Beach Championships
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games (debut in 2020 Tokyo Paralympics)[52]

text: International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Competition[edit]

text: The International Taekwon-Do Federation's sparring rules are similar to the WT's rules but differ in several aspects.

text:
Hand attacks to the head are allowed.[53]
The competition is not full contact, and excessive contact is not allowed.
Competitors are penalized with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (knockout).
The scoring system is:
1 point for Punch to the body or head.
2 points for Jumping kick to the body or kick to the head, or a jumping punch to the head
3 points for Jumping kick to the head
The competition area is 9×9 meters for international events.

text: Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points.

text: A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Excessive contact are generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any competitor with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (although these rules vary between ITF organizations). At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time), the competitor with more scoring techniques wins.

text: Fouls in ITF sparring include: attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or intentional attack to a target other than the opponent.[54]

text: ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, breaking, and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights).

text: Multi-discipline competition[edit]

text: Some organizations deliver multi-discipline competitions, for example the British Student Taekwondo Federation's inter-university competitions, which have included separate WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns events run in parallel since 1992.[55]

text: Other organizations[edit]

text: American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.[56]

text: Apart from WT and ITF tournaments, major taekwondo competitions (all featuring WT taekwondo only) include:

text:
Universiade
Asian Games
African Games
European Games
Pan American Games
Pacific Games

text: Taekwondo is also an optional sport at the Commonwealth Games.

text: Korean Taekwondo Vocabulary[edit]

text: In taekwondo schools - even outside Korea - Korean language commands and vocabulary are often used. Korean numerals may be used as prompts for commands or for counting repetition exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the same name. As one example, in Kukkiwon/WT-style taekwondo, the term ap seogi refers to an upright walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, front stance. Korean vocabulary commonly used in taekwondo schools includes:

text:
showBasic Commands

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

Attention
차렷

Charyeot

Ready
준비
準備
Junbi

Begin
시작
始作
Sijak

Finish / Stop
그만

Geuman

Bow
경례
敬禮
Gyeonglye

Resume / Continue
계속
繼續
Gyesok

Return to ready
바로

Baro

Relax / At ease
쉬어

Swieo

Rest / Take a break
휴식
休息
Hyusik

Turn around / About face
뒤로돌아

Dwilodol-a

Yell
기합
氣合
Gihap

Look / Focus
시선
視線
Siseon

By the count
구령에 맞춰서
口令에 맞춰서
Guryeong-e majchwoseo

Without count
구령 없이
口令 없이
Guryeong eobs-i

Switch feet
발 바꿔

Bal bakkwo

Dismissed
해산
解散
Haesan

text:
showHand Techniques

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

Hand Techniques
수 기
手技
Su gi

Attack / Strike / Hit
공격
攻擊
Gong-gyeog

Strike
치기

Chigi

Block
막기

Maggi

Punch/hit
권
拳
Gwon

Punch

지르기

Jileugi

Middle punch
중 권
中拳
Jung gwon

Middle Punch

몸통 지르기

Momtong jileugi

Back fist
갑 권
甲拳 / 角拳
Gab gwon

Back fist

등주먹

Deungjumeog

Knife hand (edge)
수도
手刀
Su Do

Knife hand (edge)

손날

Sonnal

Thrust / spear
관
貫
Gwan

Thrust / spear

찌르기

Jjileugi

Spear hand
관 수
貫手
Gwan su

Spear hand (lit. fingertip)

손끝

Sonkkeut

Ridge hand
역 수도
逆手刀
Yeog su do

Ridge hand (lit. reverse hand blade)

손날등

Sonnaldeung

Hammer fist
권도
拳刀 / 拳槌
Gweon do

Pliers hand
집게 손

Jibge son

Palm heel
장관
掌貫
Jang gwan

Palm heel

바탕손

Batangson

Elbow
팔꿈

Palkkum

Gooseneck
손목 등

Sonmog deung

Side punch
횡진 공격
橫進攻擊
Hoengjin gong gyeog

Side punch

옆 지르기

Yeop jileugi

Mountain block
산 막기
山막기
San maggi

One finger fist
일 지 권
一指拳
il ji gwon

1 finger spear hand
일 지관 수
一指貫手
il ji gwan su

2 finger spear hand
이지관수
二指貫手
i ji gwan su

Double back fist
장갑권
長甲拳
Jang gab gwon

Double hammer fist
장 권도
長拳刀
Jang gwon do

text:
showFoot Techniques

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

Foot Techniques
족기
足技
Jog gi

Kick
차기

Chagi

Front snap kick
앞 차기

Ap chagi

…also Front snap kick
앞 차넣기

Ap chaneohgi

…also Front snap kick
앞 뻗어 차기

Ap ppeod-eo chagi

Inside-out heel kick
안에서 밖으로 차기

An-eseo bakk-eulo chagi

Outside-in heel kick
밖에서 안으로 차기

Baggeso aneuro chagi

Stretching front kick
앞 뻗어 올리 기

Ap ppeod-eo olli gi

Roundhouse kick
돌려 차기

Dollyeo chagi

...also Roundhouse kick

Ap dollyeo chagi

Side kick
옆 차기

Yeop chagi

…also Snap Side kick
옆 뻗어 차기

Yeop ppeod-eo chagi

Hook kick
후려기 차기

Hulyeogi chagi

…also hook kick
후려 차기

Huryeo chagi

Back kick
뒤 차기

Dwi chagi

…also Spin Back kick
뒤 돌려 차기

Dwi dollyeo chagi

Spin hook kick
뒤 돌려 후려기 차기

Dwi dollyeo hulyeogi chagi

Knee strike
무릎 차기

Mu reup chagi

Reverse round kick
빗 차기

Bit chagi

text:
showStances

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

Stances
자세
姿勢
Seogi (stance) or Jase (posture)

Ready stance
준비 자세
準備  姿勢
Junbi seogi (or jase)

Front Stance
전굴 자세
前屈  姿勢
Jeongul seogi (or jase)

Back Stance
후굴 자세
後屈  姿勢
Hugul seogi (or jase)

Horse-riding Stance
기마 자세
騎馬  姿勢
Gima seogi (or jase)

…also Horse-riding Stance
기마립 자세
騎馬立 姿勢
Gimalip seogi (or jase)

...also Horse-riding Stance

주춤 서기

Juchum seogi

Side Stance
사고립 자세
四股立  姿勢
Sagolib seogi (or jase)

Cross legged stance
교차 립 자세
交(叉/差)立  姿勢
Gyocha lib seogi (or jase)

text:
showTechnique Direction

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

Moving forward
전진
推進
Jeonjin

Backing up / retreat
후진
後進
Hujin

Sideways/laterally
횡진
橫進
Hoengjin

Reverse (hand/foot)
역진
逆進
Yeogjin

Lower
하단
下段
Hadan

Middle
중단
中段
Jungdan

Upper
상단
上段
Sangdan

Two handed
쌍수
雙手
Ssangsu

Both hands
양수
兩手
Yangsu

Lowest
최 하단
最下段
Choe hadan

Right side
오른 쪽

Oleun jjog

Left side
왼 쪽

Oen jjog

Other side/Twist
틀어

Teul-eo

Inside-outside
안에서 밖으로

An-eseo bakk-eulo

Outside inside
밖에서 안으로

Bakk-eseo an-eulo

Jumping / 2nd level
이단
二段
Idan

Hopping / Skipping
뜀을

Ttwim-eul

Double kick
두 발

Du bal

Combo kick
연속
連續
Yeonsog

Same foot
같은 발

Gat-eun bal

text:
showTitles

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

Founder/President
관장 님
館長님
Gwanjang nim

Master instructor
사범 님
師範님
Sabeom nim

Teacher
교사 님
敎師님
Gyosa nim

Black Belt
단
段
Dan

Student or Color Belt
급
級
Geup

Master level
고단자
高段者
Godanja

text:
showOther/Miscellaneous

English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization

School
관
館
Gwan (kwan)

Country Flag
국기
國旗
Guggi

Salute the flag
국기 배례
國旗 拜禮
Guggi baerye

Pay respect / bow
경례
敬禮
Gyeongnye

Moment of silence
묵념
默念
Mugnyeom

Sit down!
앉아!

Anj-a!

Thank you
감사합니다
感謝합니다
Gamsa habnida

Informal thank you
고맙습니다

Gomabseubnida

You’re welcome
천만에요

Cheonman-eyo

Uniform
도복
道服
Dobog

Belt
띠
帶
Tti

Studio / School / Gym
도장
道場
Dojang

Test
심사
審査
Simsa

Self Defense
호신술
護身術
Hosinsul

Sparring (Kukkiwon/WT-style)
겨루기

Gyeorugi

...also Sparring (Chang Hon/ITF-style)

맞서기

Matseogi

...also Sparring

대련

對練

Daelyeon

Free sparring
자유 대련
自由  對練
Jayu daelyeon

Ground Sparring
좌 대련
座  對練
Jwa daelyeon

One step sparring
일 수식 대련
一數式  對練
il su sig daelyeon

Three step sparring
삼 수식 대련
三數式  對練
Sam su sig daelyeon

Board Breaking
격파
擊破
Gyeog pa