document_title: Amazon basin

question_text: where is amazon basin located on a map

question_tokens: where is amazon basin located on a map

text: Amazon basin

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Amazon River rises in the Andes Mountains at the west of the basin with its main tributary the Marañón River in Peru. It is usually considered to be the second longest river in the world.[2] However, a team of Brazilian scientists has claimed that the Amazon is the longest river in the world.[3] It covers about 6,400 km before draining into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon and its tributaries form the largest volume of water. The Amazon accounts for about 20% of the total water carried to the oceans by rivers. Some of the Amazon rainforests are deforested because of the increasing of cattle ranches and soy beans field.

text: The highest point in the watershed of the Amazon is the peak of Yerupajá at 6,635 m (21,768 ft).

text: The Amazon basin formerly flowed west to Pacific Ocean until the Andes formed, causing the basin to flow eastward towards the Atlantic Ocean.[4]

text: Politically the basin is divided into the Brazilian Amazônia Legal, the Peruvian Amazon, the Amazon region of Colombia and parts of Bolivia, Ecuador and the Venezuelan state of Amazonas.

text: Plant life[edit]

text: Plant growth is dense and its variety of animal inhabitants is comparatively high due to the heavy rainfall and the dense and extensive evergreen and coniferous forests. Little sunlight reaches the ground due to the dense roof canopy by plants. The ground remains dark and damp and only shade tolerant vegetation will grow here. Orchids and bromeliads exploit trees and other plants to get closer to the sunlight. They grow hanging onto the branches or tree trunks with aerial roots, not as parasites but as epiphytes. Species of tropical trees native to the Amazon include Brazil nut, rubber tree and Assai palm.[5][6]

text: Animal life[edit]

text: Mammals[edit]

text: More than 1,400 species of mammals are found in the Amazon, the majority of which are species of bats and rodents. Its larger mammals include the jaguar, ocelot, capybara and South American tapir.

text: Birds[edit]

text: About 1500 bird species inhabit the Amazon Basin.[7] The biodiversity of the Amazon and the sheer number of diverse bird species is given by the number of different bird families that reside in these humid forests. An example of such would be the cotinga family, to which the Guianan cock-of-the-rock belong. Birds such as toucans, and hummingbirds are also found here. Macaws are famous for gathering by the hundreds along the clay cliffs of the Amazon River. In the western Amazon hundreds of macaws and other parrots descend to exposed river banks to consume clay on an almost daily basis,[8] the exception being rainy days.[9]

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: The green anaconda inhabits the shallow waters of the Amazon and the emerald tree boa and boa constrictor live in the Amazonian tree tops.

text: Many reptiles species are illegally collected and exported for the international pet trade. Live animals are the fourth largest commodity in the smuggling industry after drugs, diamonds, and weapons.[10]

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: More than 1,000 species of amphibians swim and are found in the Amazon. Unlike temperate frogs which are mostly limited to habitats near water, tropical frogs are most abundant in the trees and relatively few are found near bodies of water on the forest floor. The reason for this occurrence is quite simple: frogs must always keep their skin moist since almost half of their respiration is carried out through their skin. The high humidity of the rainforest and frequent rainstorms gives tropical frogs infinitely more freedom to move into the trees and escape the many predators of rainforest waters. The differences between temperate and tropical frogs extend beyond their habitat.

text: Fish[edit]

text: About 2,500 fish species are known from the Amazon basin and it is estimated that more than 1,000 additional undescribed species exist.[11] This is more than any other river basin on Earth, and Amazonia is the center of diversity for Neotropical fishes.[12] About 45% (more than 1,000 species) of the known Amazonian fish species are endemic to the basin.[13] The remarkable species richness can in part be explained by the large differences between the various parts of the Amazon basin, resulting in many fish species that are endemic to small regions. For example, fauna in clearwater rivers differs from fauna in white and blackwater rivers, fauna in slow moving sections show distinct differences compared to that in rapids, fauna in small streams differ from that in major rivers, and fauna in shallow sections show distinct differences compared to that in deep parts.[14][15][16] By far the most diverse orders in the Amazon are Characiformes (43% of total fish species in the Amazon) and Siluriformes (39%), but other groups with many species include Cichlidae (6%) and Gymnotiformes (3%).[11]

text: In addition to major differences in behavior and ecology, Amazonian fish vary extensively in form and size. The largest, the arapaima and piraiba can reach 3 m (9.8 ft) or more in length and up to 200 kg (440 lb) in weight, making them some of the largest strict freshwater fish in the world.[17][18] The bull shark and common sawfish, which have been recorded far up the Amazon, may reach even greater sizes, but they are euryhaline and often seen in marine waters.[19][20] In contrast to the giants, there are Amazonian fish from several families that are less than 2 cm (0.8 in) long. The smallest are likely the Leptophilypnion sleeper gobies, which do not surpass 1 cm (0.4 in) and are among the smallest fish in the world.[21]

text: The Amazon supports very large fisheries, including well-known species of large catfish (such as Brachyplatystoma, which perform long breeding migrations up the Amazon), arapaima and tambaqui, and is also home to many species that are important in the aquarium trade, such as the oscar, discus, angelfish, Corydoras catfish and neon tetra.[11] Although the true danger they represent often is greatly exaggerated, the Amazon basin is home to several feared fish species such as piranhas (including the famous red-bellied), electric eel, river stingrays and candiru. Several cavefish species in the genus Phreatobius are found in the Amazon, as is the cave-dwelling Astroblepus pholeter in the far western part of the basin (Andean region).[22] The Tocantins basin, arguably not part of the Amazon basin, has several other cavefish species.[22] The deeper part of the major Amazonian rivers are always dark and a few species have adaptions similar to cavefish (reduced pigement and eyes). Among these are the knifefish Compsaraia and Orthosternarchus, some Cetopsis whale catfish (especially C. oliveirai), some Xyliphius and Micromyzon banjo catfish,[23] and the loricariid catfish Loricaria spinulifera, L. pumila, Peckoltia pankimpuju, Panaque bathyphilus and Panaqolus nix (these five also occur in "normal" forms of shallower waters).[24][25][26] The perhaps most unusual habitat used by Amazonian fish is land. The splash tetra is famous for laying its eggs on plants above water, keeping them moist by continuously splashing on them,[27] the South American lungfish can survive underground in a mucous cocoon during the dry season,[28] some small rivulid killifish can jump over land between water sources (sometimes moving relatively long distances, even uphill) and may deliberately jump onto land to escape aquatic predators,[29][30] and an undescribed species of worm-like Phreatobius catfish lives in waterlogged leaf litter near (not in) streams.[31][32]

text: Some of the major fish groups of the Amazon basin include:

text:
Order Gymnotiformes: Neotropical electric fishes
Order Characiformes: characins, tetras and relatives
Family Potamotrygonidae: river stingrays
Family Arapaimidae: bonytongues
Family Loricariidae: suckermouth catfishes
Family Callichthyidae: armored catfishes
Family Pimelodidae: pimelodid catfishes
Family Trichomycteridae: pencil catfishes
Family Auchenipteridae: driftwood catfishes
Subfamily Cichlinae: pike cichlids, peacock cichlids and relatives
Subfamily Geophaginae: Eartheaters and Neotropical dwarf cichlid
Subfamily Poeciliinae: guppies and relatives

text: Insects[edit]

text: More than 90% of the animal species in the Amazon are insects,[33] of which about 40% are beetles (Coleoptera constituting almost 25% of all known types of animal life-forms[34][35][36]).

text: Whereas all of Europe has some 321 butterfly species, the Manú National Park in Peru (4000 hectare-survey) has 1300 species, while Tambopata National Reserve (5500 hectare-survey) has at least 1231 species.

text: Climate and seasons[edit]

text: The Amazon River basin has a low-water season, and a wet season during which, the rivers flood the adjacent, low-lying forests. The climate of the basin is generally hot and humid. In some areas, however, the winter months (June–September) can bring cold snaps, fueled by Antarctic winds travelling along the adjacent Andes mountain range. Such cold conditions can be devastating for some of the region's tropical plant and animal species.[37]

text: Human lifestyle[edit]

text: Amazonia is sparsely populated. There are scattered settlements inland, but most of the population lives in a few larger cities on the banks of the Amazon and other major rivers, such as in Iquitos, Peru, and Manaus and Belém (Brazil). In many regions, the forest has been cleared for soya bean plantations and ranching (the most extensive non-forest use of the land); some of the inhabitants harvest wild rubber latex, and Brazil nuts. This is a form of extractive farms, where the trees are not cut down. These are relatively sustainable operations in contrast to lumbering or agriculture dependent on clearing the rainforest.

text: The largest organization fighting for the indigenous peoples in this area is COICA. It is a supra organization encompassing all indigenous rights organizations working in the Amazon basin area, and covers the people living in several countries.

text: River commerce[edit]

text: The river is the principal path of transportation for people and produce in the regions, with transport ranging from balsa rafts and dugout canoes to hand built wooden river craft and modern steel hulled craft.

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Seasonal floods excavate and redistribute nutrient-rich silt onto beaches and islands, enabling dry-season riverside agriculture of rice, beans, and corn on the river's shoreline without the addition of fertilizer, with additional slash and burn agriculture on higher floodplains. Fishing provides additional food year round, and free-range chickens need little or no food beyond what they can forage locally. Charcoal made largely from forest and shoreline deadfall is produced for use in urban areas. Exploitation of bush meat, particularly deer and turtles is common.

text: Extensive deforestation, particularly in Brazil, is leading to the extinction of known and unknown species, reducing biological diversity and adversely impacting soil, water, and air quality. A final part of the deforestation process is the large-scale production of charcoal for industrial processes such as steel manufacturing. Soils within the region are generally shallow and cannot be used for more than a few seasons without the addition of imported fertilizers and chemicals.

text: Languages[edit]

text: The most widely spoken language in the Amazon is Portuguese, followed closely by Spanish. On the Brazilian side Portuguese is spoken by at least 98% of the population, whilst in the Spanish-speaking countries a large number of speakers of indigenous languages are present, though Spanish is predominant.

text: There are hundreds of native languages still spoken in the Amazon, most of which are spoken by only a handful of people, and thus are critically endangered. One of the more widely spoken indigenous languages in the Amazon is Nheengatu, which descends from the ancient Tupi language, originally spoken in the coastal and central regions of Brazil. It was brought to its present location along the Rio Negro by Brazilian colonizers who, until the mid-17th century, primarily used Tupi rather than the official Portuguese to communicate. Besides modern Nheengatu, other languages of the Tupi family are spoken there, along with other language families like Jê, Arawak, Karib, Arawá, Yanomamo, Matsés and others.


document_title: List of UEFA Champions League hat-tricks

question_text: who has the highest hattrick in champions league

root

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text: As of 3 October 2018[16]

tag: p

text:
Key

4

Player scored four goals

5

Player scored five goals

Player's team lost the match

Player's team drew the match

()

Number of times player scored a hat-trick (only for players with multiple hat-tricks)

tag: table

text:
Player

For

Against

Result

Date

Ref

 Juul Ellerman

 PSV Eindhoven
 FK Žalgiris Vilnius
6–0
16 September 1992
[17]

 Romário

 PSV Eindhoven
 AEK Athens
3–0
4 November 1992
[18]

 Marco van Basten4

 Milan
 IFK Göteborg
4–0
25 November 1992
[19]

 Franck Sauzée

 Marseille
 CSKA Moscow
6–0
17 March 1993
[20]

 Sergey Rodionov

 Spartak Moscow
 Skonto
5–0
15 September 1993
[21]

 Bernd Hobsch

 Werder Bremen
 Dinamo Minsk
5–2
16 September 1993
[22]

 Luc Nilis

 Anderlecht
 HJK Helsinki
3–0
29 September 1993
[23]

 Jari Litmanen

 Ajax
 Ferencváros
5–1
27 September 1995
[24]

 Raúl

 Real Madrid
 Ferencváros
6–1
18 October 1995
[25]

 Mike Newell

 Blackburn Rovers
 Rosenborg
4–1
6 December 1995
[26]

 Marco Simone

 Milan
 Rosenborg
4–1
25 September 1996
[27]

 Faustino Asprilla

 Newcastle United
 Barcelona
3–2
17 September 1997
[28]

 Andriy Shevchenko (1)

 Dynamo Kyiv
 Barcelona
4–0
5 November 1997
[29]

 Andy Cole (1)

 Manchester United
 Feyenoord
3–1
5 November 1997
[30]

 Filippo Inzaghi (1)

 Juventus
 Dynamo Kyiv
4–1
18 March 1998
[31]

 Alessandro Del Piero

 Juventus
 Monaco
4–1
1 April 1998
[32]

 Sigurd Rushfeldt

 Rosenborg
 Galatasaray
3–0
21 October 1998
[33]

 Ruud van Nistelrooy (1)

 PSV Eindhoven
 HJK Helsinki
3–1
25 November 1998
[34]

 Uwe Rösler

 Kaiserslautern
 HJK Helsinki
5–2
9 December 1998
[35]

 Andrei Tikhonov

 Spartak Moscow
 Willem II
3–1
15 September 1999
[36]

 Simone Inzaghi4

 Lazio
 Marseille
5–1
14 March 2000
[37]

 Gerard López

 Valencia
 Lazio
5–2
5 April 2000
[38]

 Andy Cole (2)

 Manchester United
 Anderlecht
5–1
13 September 2000
[39]

 Filippo Inzaghi (3)

 Juventus
 Hamburg
4–4
13 September 2000
[40]

 Frode Johnsen

 Rosenborg
 Helsingborg
6–1
26 August 2000
[41]

 Marco Simone (1)

 Monaco
 Sturm Graz
5–0
27 September 2000
[42]

 Rivaldo

 Barcelona
 Milan
3–3
18 October 2000
[43]

 Claudio López

 Lazio
 Shakhtar Donetsk
5–1
25 October 2000
[44]

 Walter Pandiani

 Deportivo La Coruña
 Paris Saint-Germain
4–3
7 March 2001
[45]

 Predrag Đorđević

 Olympiacos
 Bayer Leverkusen
6–2
18 September 2002
[46]

 Roy Makaay (1)

 Deportivo La Coruña
 Bayern Munich
3–2
18 September 2002
[47]

 Filippo Inzaghi (2)

 Milan
 Deportivo La Coruña
4–0
24 September 2002
[48]

 Yakubu

 Maccabi Haifa
 Olympiacos
3–0
24 September 2002
[49]

 Michael Owen (1)

 Liverpool
 Spartak Moscow
3–1
22 October 2002
[50]

 Thierry Henry

 Arsenal
 Roma
3–1
27 November 2002
[51]

 Alan Shearer

 Newcastle United
 Bayer Leverkusen
3–1
26 February 2003
[52]

 Ronaldo

 Real Madrid
 Manchester United
3–4
23 April 2003
[53]

 Didier Drogba (1)

 Marseille
 Partizan
3–0
1 October 2003
[54]

 Dado Pršo4

 Monaco
 Deportivo La Coruña
8–3
5 November 2003
[55]

 Roy Makaay (2)

 Bayern Munich
 Ajax
4–0
28 September 2004
[56]

 Wayne Rooney

 Manchester United
 Fenerbahçe
6–2
28 September 2004
[57]

 Ivan Klasnić

 Werder Bremen
 Anderlecht
5–1
2 November 2004
[58]

 Ruud van Nistelrooy (2)4

 Manchester United
 Sparta Prague
4–1
3 November 2004
[59]

 Sergei Semak

 CSKA Moscow
 Paris Saint-Germain
3–1
7 December 2004
[60]

 Tuncay Şanlı

 Fenerbahçe
 Manchester United
3–0
8 December 2004
[61]

 Sylvain Wiltord

 Lyon
 Werder Bremen
7–2
8 March 2005
[62]

 Adriano (1)

 Internazionale
 Porto
3–1
15 March 2005
[63]

 Vincenzo Iaquinta

 Udinese
 Panathinaikos
3–0
14 September 2005
[64]

 Ronaldinho

 Barcelona
 Udinese
4–1
27 September 2005
[65]

 Samuel Eto'o (1)

 Barcelona
 Panathinaikos
5–0
2 November 2005
[66]

 Andriy Shevchenko (2)4

 Milan
 Fenerbahçe
4–0
23 November 2005
[67]

 Adriano (2)

 Internazionale
 Artmedia Bratislava
4–0
23 November 2005
[68]

 Levan Kobiashvili

 Schalke 04
 PSV Eindhoven
3–0
23 November 2005
[69]

 Fernando Morientes

 Valencia
 Olympiacos
4–2
12 September 2006
[70]

 Didier Drogba (2)

 Chelsea
 Levski Sofia
3–1
27 September 2006
[71]

 Kaká

 Milan
 Anderlecht
4–1
1 November 2006
[72]

 Yossi Benayoun

 Liverpool
 Beşiktaş
8–0
6 November 2007
[73]

 Joseba Llorente

 Villarreal
 AaB
6–3
21 October 2008
[74]

 Jádson

 Shakhtar Donetsk
 Basel
5–0
26 November 2008
[75]

 Grafite

 Wolfsburg
 CSKA Moscow
3–1
15 September 2009
[76]

 Michael Owen (2)

 Manchester United
 Wolfsburg
3–1
8 December 2009
[77]

 Nicklas Bendtner

 Arsenal
 Porto
5–0
9 March 2010
[78]

 Lionel Messi (1)4

 Barcelona
 Arsenal
4–1
6 April 2010
[79]

 Ivica Olić

 Bayern Munich
 Lyon
3–0
27 April 2010
[80]

 Samuel Eto'o (2)

 Internazionale
 Werder Bremen
4–0
29 September 2010
[81]

 Gareth Bale

 Tottenham Hotspur
 Internazionale
3–4
20 October 2010
[82]

 André-Pierre Gignac

 Marseille
 MŠK Žilina
7–0
3 November 2010
[83]

 Mario Gómez (1)

 Bayern Munich
 CFR Cluj
4–0
3 November 2010
[84]

 Karim Benzema (1)

 Real Madrid
 Auxerre
4–0
8 December 2010
[85]

 Lionel Messi (2)

 Barcelona
 Viktoria Plzeň
4–0
1 November 2011
[86]

 Mario Gómez (2)

 Bayern Munich
 Napoli
3–2
2 November 2011
[87]

 Roberto Soldado (1)

 Valencia
 Genk
7–0
23 November 2011
[88]

 Bafétimbi Gomis4

 Lyon
 Dinamo Zagreb
7–1
7 December 2011
[89]

 Lionel Messi (3)5

 Barcelona
 Bayer Leverkusen
7–1
7 March 2012
[90]

 Mario Gómez (3)4

 Bayern Munich
 Basel
7–0
13 March 2012
[91]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (1)

 Real Madrid
 Ajax
4–1
3 October 2012
[92]

 Roberto Soldado (2)

 Valencia
 BATE Borisov
3–0
23 October 2012
[93]

 Claudio Pizarro

 Bayern Munich
 Lille
6–1
7 November 2012
[94]

 Burak Yılmaz

 Galatasaray
 CFR Cluj
3–1
7 November 2012
[95]

 Rui Pedro

 CFR Cluj
 Braga
3–1
20 November 2012
[96]

 Luiz Adriano (1)

 Shakhtar Donetsk
 Nordsjælland
5–2
20 November 2012
[97]

 Robert Lewandowski (1)4

 Borussia Dortmund
 Real Madrid
4–1
24 April 2013
[98]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (2)

 Real Madrid
 Galatasaray
6–1
17 September 2013
[99]

 Lionel Messi (4)

 Barcelona
 Ajax
4–0
18 September 2013
[100]

 Kostas Mitroglou

 Olympiacos
 Anderlecht
3–0
2 October 2013
[101]

 Zlatan Ibrahimović4

 Paris Saint-Germain
 Anderlecht
5–0
23 October 2013
[102]

 Álvaro Negredo

 Manchester City
 CSKA Moscow
5–2
5 November 2013
[103]

 Arturo Vidal

 Juventus
 Copenhagen
3–1
27 November 2013
[104]

 Neymar (1)

 Barcelona
 Celtic
6–1
11 December 2013
[105]

 Robin van Persie

 Manchester United
 Olympiacos
3–0
19 March 2014
[106]

 Yacine Brahimi

 Porto
 BATE Borisov
6–0
17 September 2014
[107]

 Danny Welbeck

 Arsenal
 Galatasaray
4–1
1 October 2014
[108]

 Luiz Adriano (2)5

 Shakhtar Donetsk
 BATE Borisov
7–0
21 October 2014
[109]

 Luiz Adriano (3)

 Shakhtar Donetsk
 BATE Borisov
5–0
5 November 2014
[110]

 Lionel Messi (5)

 Barcelona
 APOEL
4–0
25 November 2014
[111]

 Sergio Agüero (1)

 Manchester City
 Bayern Munich
3–2
25 November 2014
[112]

 Mario Mandžukić

 Atlético Madrid
 Olympiacos
4–0
26 November 2014
[113]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (3)

 Real Madrid
 Shakhtar Donetsk
4–0
15 September 2015
[114]

 Robert Lewandowski (2)

 Bayern Munich
 Dinamo Zagreb
5–0
29 September 2015
[115]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (4)4

 Real Madrid
 Malmö FF
8–0
8 December 2015
[116]

 Karim Benzema (2)

 Real Madrid
 Malmö FF
8–0
8 December 2015
[117]

 Olivier Giroud

 Arsenal
 Olympiacos
3–0
9 December 2015
[118]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (5)

 Real Madrid
 Wolfsburg
3–0
12 April 2016
[119]

 Lionel Messi (6)

 Barcelona
 Celtic
7–0
13 September 2016
[120]

 Sergio Agüero (2)

 Manchester City
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
4–0
14 September 2016
[121]

 Lionel Messi (7)

 Barcelona
 Manchester City
4–0
19 October 2016
[122]

 Mesut Özil

 Arsenal
 Ludogorets Razgrad
6–0
19 October 2016
[123]

 Lucas Pérez

 Arsenal
 Basel
4–1
6 December 2016
[124]

 Arda Turan

 Barcelona
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
4–0
6 December 2016
[125]

 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang

 Borussia Dortmund
 Benfica
4–0
8 March 2017
[126]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (6)

 Real Madrid
 Bayern Munich
4–2
18 April 2017
[127]

 Cristiano Ronaldo (7)

 Real Madrid
 Atlético Madrid
3–0
2 May 2017
[128]

 Harry Kane

 Tottenham Hotspur
 APOEL
3–0
26 September 2017
[129]

 Wissam Ben Yedder

 Sevilla
 Maribor
3–0
26 September 2017
[130]

 Layvin Kurzawa

 Paris Saint-Germain
 Anderlecht
5–0
31 October 2017
[131]

 Philippe Coutinho

 Liverpool
 Spartak Moscow
7–0
6 December 2017
[132]

 Sadio Mané

 Liverpool
 Porto
5–0
14 February 2018
[133]

 Lionel Messi (8)

 Barcelona
 PSV Eindhoven
4–0
18 September 2018
[134]

 Paulo Dybala

 Juventus
 Young Boys
3–0
2 October 2018
[135]

 Edin Džeko

 Roma
 Viktoria Plzeň
5–0
2 October 2018
[136]

 Neymar (2)

 Paris Saint-Germain
 Red Star Belgrade
6–1
3 October 2018
[137]

text: Multiple hat-tricks[edit]

text: The following table lists the number of hat-tricks scored by players who have scored two or more hat-tricks. Boldface indicates a player who is currently active.

text:
Rank

Player

Hat-tricks

1

 Lionel Messi

8

2

 Cristiano Ronaldo

7

3

 Mario Gómez

3

 Luiz Adriano

 Filippo Inzaghi

6

 Adriano

2

 Robert Lewandowski

 Sergio Agüero

 Neymar

 Karim Benzema

 Andy Cole

 Didier Drogba

 Samuel Eto'o

 Roy Makaay

 Michael Owen

 Marco Simone

 Andriy Shevchenko

 Roberto Soldado

 Ruud van Nistelrooy


document_title: List of Schitt's Creek episodes

question_text: how many episodes of schitts creek in season 4

text: List of Schitt's Creek episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)213January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)313January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)412January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)11"Our Cup Runneth Over"Jerry CiccorittiDan LevyJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)1011.359[14]
After their business manager steals all of their money, the once-wealthy Roses are forced to move to the town of Schitt's Creek, which Johnny bought in 1991 as a joke gift for David; they take up residence in the town's motel.
22"The Drip"Jerry CiccorittiChris PozzebonJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)1021.366[14]
Johnny tries to get permission to sell Schitt's Creek; Johnny, Moira, and David have dinner at Roland and Jocelyn Schitt's home; Alexis goes to a truck party to try to find a young man to make out with.
33"Don't Worry, It's His Sister"Paul FoxMichael ShortJanuary 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)1031.266[15]
Johnny tries to have the offensive town sign removed; Moira has one of her periodic emotional crises after reading nasty things about herself on the Internet, and Johnny places Alexis in charge of taking care of Moira until the crisis passes; Moira accepts Jocelyn's invitation to discuss acting with the students at the elementary school; David searches for a job.
44"Bad Parents"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteJanuary 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)1040.834[16]
Worried that they have been bad parents, Johnny and Moira try to get to know David and Alexis better; teamed with Mutt while performing community service as a result of a drunk-driving conviction, Alexis comes to believe that Mutt is having an affair with Jocelyn; with David in need of money to fund his extravagant lifestyle, Stevie helps him try to sell his clothes.
55"The Cabin"Paul FoxAmanda WalshFebruary 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)1050.724[17]
Tired of the lack of privacy at the motel, Johnny and Moira borrow Roland's and Jocelyn's cabin for a romantic overnight visit; Alexis talks David into having a games night at the motel while their parents are at the cabin, but invites additional people without his permission and turns the evening into a drunken party.
66"Wine and Roses"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteFebruary 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)1060.759[18]
A winery hires Moira as its commercial spokesperson; David suffers a panic attack; David and Alexis attend a partner yoga class with Jocelyn, Mutt, and Twyla.
77"Turkey Shoot"Paul FoxDan LevyFebruary 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)1070.688[19]
David's inability to kill an insect in his room inspires Stevie to invite him to the town's annual turkey shoot. Meanwhile, Jocelyn invites Moira to a day out at a beauty salon.  Ted, the veterinarian, asks Alexis out on a date.
88"Allez-Vous"Paul FoxChris PozzebonFebruary 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)108N/A
Moira receives a package from an old friend which turns out to be a starter kit for a multi-level marketing cosmetics company.  She and David arrange a demonstration in her motel room.  Meanwhile, Johnny tries to apply for unemployment and has trouble finding reliable transportation. Alexis thinks Ted is too nice a person.
99"Carl's Funeral"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteMarch 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)1090.837[20]
Johnny is asked to do the eulogy at the funeral of a man he never knew. Two rowdy relatives of the deceased arrive in town which disgusts David but they are related to Stevie. Alexis thinks Ted is too kind to animals.
1010"Honeymoon"Jerry CiccorittiDan LevyMarch 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)110N/A
Johnny and Moira, realizing they have no social life, get invited to a party hosted by Jocelyn and Roland. Meanwhile, Ted invites his friends including Alexis, David, Stevie, Mutt and Twyla to a social gathering. The two parties become a study in contrasts between the two generations of Schitt's Creek residents.
1111"Little Sister"Paul FoxMichael ShortMarch 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)1110.622[21]
Moira's estranged younger sister pays a surprise visit. Meanwhile, David agrees to talk to a student in Jocelyn's class about being 'different'.
1212"Surprise Party"Paul FoxChris PozzebonMarch 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)112N/A
Johnny wants to throw a surprise birthday party for Moira, but complications develop when Moira takes over planning for what she thinks is a fundraiser, which is really the party.
1313"Town for Sale"Jerry CiccorittiKevin White (story by Dan Levy)March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)1130.872[22]
Johnny finds a potential buyer for the town, but Alexis and David develop an attachment to Schitt's Creek.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)141"Finding David"Jerry CiccorittiDan LevyJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)2010.808[23]
While the family searches for the missing David, Alexis takes her relationship with Mutt to the next level while still technically engaged to Ted.
152"Family Dinner"Jerry CiccorittiDavid West ReadJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)2020.775[23]
David helps Moira cook dinner.  Johnny looks for an office for his consulting business and Alexis comes clean with Ted about their engagement.
163"Jazzagals"Paul FoxMichael ShortJanuary 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)203N/A
Moira tries to join the town's a capella group. She's annoyed (and in denial) to learn that they are extremely good, and she, a "professional", is by far the weakest singer in the group; Alexis enjoys her latest relationship and Johnny attempts to help out at Bob's Garage.
174"Estate Sale"Jerry CiccorittiTeresa PavlinekJanuary 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)2040.656[24]
Moira and Johnny try to acquire a mattress at an auction but end up competing with the mayor and his wife for it. They give up when it turns out they can't afford it. The mayor quickly pawns off the mattress to them after it doesn't have enough bounce for he and his wife's lovemaking. David takes the mayor to shop for fetish clothing for his wife, and ends up insulting the clothes there. After Mutt gets Alexis a bicycle she is ashamed to admit she can't ride it.
185"Bob's Bagels"Paul FoxChris Pozzebon and Dan LevyFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)205N/A
Johnny is dismayed to learn of the lack of local bagel producers. When asked about business ideas, he throws out a bagel shop as an example. The mayor and Bob take it seriously, and they end up getting a guy to build a brick oven for him. Alexis gets sick and Moira ends up going shopping for her medicine but is upset when Mutt is already taking care of her. David has difficulty applying for a job at the clothing store he had previously insulted owner Wendy Kurtz when taking the mayor there to buy clothing for his wife.
196"Moira vs. Town Council"Jerry CiccorittiDan LevyFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)206N/A
Moira wants to put flowers in front of their hotel room and gets her way. David does not fully understand the idea of tax write-offs and thinks that deducting business purchases from his income means that he gets them for free. Mutt shaves off his beard which upsets Alexis, which in turn upsets Mutt since he thought their relationship was based on something deeper.
207"The Candidate"Paul FoxKevin WhiteFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)207N/A
Johnny is considering running for town council but backs out once he learns his wife is interested. Alexis is needy and craves the attention she no longer gets due to her breakup with Mutt. David and Stevie go out drinking.
218"Milk Money"Paul FoxMichael ShortFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)208N/A
After finding out that the raw milk of Bob's that he used in his coffee is expensive, Johnny decides to get into the raw milk business. Alexis says she can get some through her ex-boyfriend Ted, but misremembers 12 pints as 12 "things" and ends up getting much more than they could account for. They plan to try and sell the milk anyway with Mayor Schitt's help but get pulled over by cops who force them to dump out the raw milk on the road since it is illegal. David ends up helping Moira's opponent (the mayor's wife) select a wardrobe, which upsets Moira, saying he stabbed her in the back.
229"Moira's Nudes"Jerry CiccorittiDavid West ReadMarch 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)209N/A
David's new car leaves Alexis and Johnny jealous. Alexis is also concerned by Johnny's tab at the local eatery being cut off. He explains this is because of the unemployment cheque getting used up purchasing raw milk. Pictures of Moira with OJ Simpson and Robert Blake are located on the internet. Alexis finds employment at Ted's vet clinic.
2310"Ronnie's Party"Paul FoxMatt KippenMarch 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)210N/A
As part of Moira's election campaign, she and Johnny go to the Women's Business Association meeting.  Alexis is struggling at her new job at the vet clinic; and David offers emotional support to his boss's 14-year-old stepdaughter when she gets her period.
2411"The Motel Guest"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteMarch 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)211N/A
Roland, briefly separated from Jocelyn, stays in an adjacent motel room and plays loud music which disturbs Johnny and Moira.  Alexis and David are looking for an apartment.
2512"Lawn Signs"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteMarch 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)212N/A
Moira's campaign signs are missing, Wendy encounters problems regarding the Blouse Barn name so David and Alexis offer legal assistance, ultimately negotiating a deal with a huge clothing retailer for licensing of the name "Blouse Barn" so lucrative that Wendy can retire, and making up for David having squandered all the business' money with his "tax write offs" previously.
2613"Happy Anniversary"Jerry CiccorittiDan LevyMarch 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)213N/A
While celebrating their anniversary at an elegant restaurant, Johnny and Moira encounter a couple from their previous life.  Meanwhile, Alexis and David are enjoying themselves at Mutt's annual party in his barn.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)271"Opening Night"T. W. PeacockeDan LevyJanuary 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)3010.992[25]
Johnny struggles to get a new business venture off the ground while dealing with unwelcome competition at Bob’s Garage. Moira makes a splash at her first Town Council meeting, but quickly encounters roadblocks from the other councillors.  Meanwhile, David and Stevie are shocked to learn that their romantic lives are intersecting.  Alexis receives a generous offer from Mutt, but has to deal with Mutt’s new girlfriend.
282"The Throuple"T. W. PeacockeDavid West ReadJanuary 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)302N/A
Johnny offers to help out an injured Twyla by waiting tables at the café, but soon gets in over his head. Alexis and Moira make a plan to have lunch, despite the fact that they’re both anxious about spending time alone together.  David and Stevie try to figure out the boundaries of their three-way relationship with Jake.
293"New Car"Paul FoxKevin WhiteJanuary 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)303N/A
Johnny decides to buy a new car, and he and Moira craft an increasingly elaborate ruse to avoid getting gouged by the dealership. David accompanies Stevie as she says goodbye to her great-aunt and confronts her own mortality in the process. Alexis and Ted negotiate the rules of their professional relationship when Ted receives a gift from a female client.
304"Driving Test"Paul FoxMichael ShortJanuary 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)304N/A
As the new owner of the motel, Stevie is in over her head, and Johnny and Moira employ different strategies to discourage Stevie from selling. Meanwhile, Alexis drives a stressed-out David to his driving test, and Alexis finds herself in the unusual position of coaching her older brother.
315"Rooms By the Hour"T.W. PeacockeMonica Heisey and Dan LevyFebruary 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)305N/A
Johnny innocently rents rooms to a local businesswoman looking to meet clients from a nearby conference, but must do damage control when he learns more about the nature of the woman’s business. David helps Moira tape an audition for a horror film, but has trouble keeping his feelings about the script to himself. Alexis convinces Ted that a live stream bunny cam will help advertise the vet clinic. But the discreet camera ends up advertising more than expected.
326"Murder Mystery"T.W. PeacockeMichael ShortFebruary 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)306N/A
Johnny and Stevie visit a nearby golf course to pitch a package deal with the motel, but Johnny becomes distracted by his desire to play a round of golf. After agreeing to attend Twyla’s murder mystery party, Moira must help her recruit other guests. Alexis entertains a suggestion from Ted to go back to school.
337"General Store"Paul FoxDan LevyFebruary 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)307N/A
When David contemplates starting a new business in town, Moira uses her seat on Town Council to protect her son’s interests. Alexis discovers high school isn’t as easy as it used to be. Johnny reluctantly offers romantic advice to Ivan, the hapless baker, in return for help with the motel’s continental breakfast.
348"Motel Review"Paul FoxKevin WhiteFebruary 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)308N/A
David meets a new friend while setting up his business, Johnny defends Alexis’s schoolwork, and Moira deals with a difficult guest at the motel.
359"The Affair"T.W. PeacockeDavid West ReadMarch 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)309N/A
Moira and Roland find themselves in a compromising situation. Alexis drives a wedge between David and Patrick.
3610"Sebastien Raine"T.W. PeacockeKevin WhiteMarch 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)310N/A
David’s photographer ex-boyfriend arrives in town to do a photo series on Moira. Johnny and Roland suspect that Bob is cheating at poker.
3711"Stop Saying Lice!"Paul FoxDan LevyMarch 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)311N/A
Alexis contracts head lice from the high school which spread into the motel.  Moira opposes having a public garden named after her.
3812"Friends and Family"Paul FoxDavid West ReadMarch 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)312N/A
Johnny and Moira have trouble trying to find a location for their large family portrait.  David launches a soft opening for his new store.
3913"Grad Night"T.W. PeacockeKevin White and Dan LevyApril 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)313N/A
Johnny and Stevie celebrate the motel being fully booked.  The Jazzagals prepare for a gig, Alexis graduates from high school and makes a decision, It's David's birthday and he goes on an accidental date with Patrick.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)401"Dead Guy in Room 4"Bruce McCullochDan LevyJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)401N/A
Moira fears she killed a motel guest and David and Patrick make their romance official.
412"Pregnancy Test"Sturla GunnarssonDavid West ReadJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)402N/A
After a positive pregnancy test, Johnny braces himself to the possibility of a new baby in the family.  Meanwhile, David and Patrick search for some privacy.
423"Asbestos Fest"Bruce McCullochMonica HeiseyJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)403N/A
Moira prepares for her headline debut at the Asbestos Fest; David deals with some loitering teens in the apothecary.
434"Girls' Night"Sturla GunnarssonMichael ShortJanuary 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)404N/A
Alexis and Twyla go out for a girls' night; David gets a lesson on compromise.
445"RIP Moira Rose"Bruce McCullochRupinder GillFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)405N/A
A rumour appears on line that Moira died; Roland asks Johnny to be the godfather of his child.
456"Open Mic"Bruce McCullochDan Levy and Rebecca KohlerFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)406N/A
David and Patrick throw an open mic to promote their shop; David gets nervous when Patrick states he will be performing.  Johnny and Alexis rebrand the motel, but Stevie fears they are overexpanding.  Moira tries to keep secret the gender of  the Schitts' new baby.
467"The Barbecue"Sturla GunnarssonDavid West ReadMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)407N/A
David and Moira hold a party for Patrick, but David worries about how his family would adversely affect Patrick.  Alexis investigates with help a mysterious text from Ted.
478"The Jazzaguy"Sturla GunnarssonKevin WhiteMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)408N/A
After the barbecue fiasco, Stevie takes David to a spa for some consoling, but she bought a honeymoon package making things worse.  Johnny impresses the Jazzagals with his talents, but Moira doesn't like his joining the group.  Alexis tries out a dating app and dates a cute local.
489"The Olive Branch"Bruce McCullochRupinder GillMarch 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)409N/A
David tries to reconcile with Patrick.  Moira pitches a singles event at Town Hall while Johnny buys Stevie a gift for her help at the motel.
4910"Baby Sprinkle"Bruce McCullochDavid West ReadMarch 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)410N/A
For research, Johnny and Moira attend a singles event but get too involved.  Alexis runs into an old friend, David agrees to help Jocelyn in planning her baby shower.
5011"The Rollout"Sturla GunnarssonMichael ShortApril 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)411N/A
Moira tries to avoid jury duty and David issues a recall on a Rose Apothecary product that causes rashes.
5112"Singles Week[26]"Sturla GunnarssonDaniel LevyApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)412N/A
As Singles Week gets underway, Jocelyn has her baby.  Patrick takes his relationship with David to the next level.


document_title: Chapters and verses of the Bible

question_text: what is the middle verse in the kjv bible

text: Chapters and verses of the Bible

text: History[edit]

text: Chapters[edit]

text: Early manuscripts of the biblical texts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers.  In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs (parashot) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Peh פ indicated an "open" paragraph that began on a new line, while Samekh ס indicated a "closed" paragraph that began on the same line after a small space.[1] These two letters begin the Hebrew words open (patuach) and closed (sagoor), and are, themselves, open פ and closed ס. The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions.[2] (This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions, known as acrostics, such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations.)

text: The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections.  In Israel the Torah (its first five books) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years. In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections (Parashat ha-Shavua) so it could be read through in one year.[2]  The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century. Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons. Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions.[3]  (See fuller discussions below.)

text: Chapter divisions, with titles, are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3, the so-called Bible of Rorigo.[4]

text: Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.[5][6][7]

text: While chapter divisions have become nearly universal, editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them.  Such editions, which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead, include John Locke's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1707),[8] Alexander Campbell's The Sacred Writings (1826),[9] Daniel Berkeley Updike’s fourteen-volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, Richard Moulton's The Modern Reader's Bible (1907),[10] Ernest Sutherland Bates's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature (1936),[11] The Books of the Bible (2007) from the International Bible Society (Biblica), Adam Lewis Greene’s five-volume Bibliotheca (2014),[12][13] and the six-volume ESV Reader's Bible[14] (2016) from Crossway Books.

text: Verses[edit]

text: Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon (:) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440.[6]

text: The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini (1470–1541), but his system was never widely adopted.[15] His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today.[16] Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament[17] which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles. Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text. Before this work, they were printed in the margins.[16]

text: The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham (c. 1524–1579). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages.  (Nevertheless, some Bibles have removed the verse numbering, including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses, not chapters, is The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson.)[18]

text: Jewish tradition[edit]

text: The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books:

text: Verse endings[edit]

text: Most important are the verse endings. According to the Talmudic tradition, the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin.[19] In Masoretic versions of the Bible, the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq (which means "stop"). Less formally, verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq.

text: Parashiyot[edit]

text: The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot, which are usually indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section) or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic. Unlike chapters, the parashot are not numbered, but some of them have special titles.

text: In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex), an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always start at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.

text: Sedarim[edit]

text: Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text. For the Torah, this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel.

text: Christian versions[edit]

text: The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions, called kephalaia (singular kephalaion, literally meaning heading).[20] This system, which was in place no later than the 5th century, is not identical to the present chapters. Unlike the modern chapters, which tend to be of roughly similar length, the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next.  For example, the Sermon on the Mount, comprising three chapters in the modern system, has but one kephalaion mark, while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several, one per miracle.  Moreover, there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark, even though the latter is the shorter text. In the manuscripts, the kephalaia with their numbers, their standard titles (titloi) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book; in the book's main body, they would be marked only with arrow-shaped or asterisk-like symbols in the margin, not in the text itself.

text: The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only, and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins (for example, the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage  gets two marked kephalaia, one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture – well before the ruler's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded). Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text, helping a reader to quickly find one of several well-known episodes, than like a true system of chapter divisions.

text: Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense, but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[21]

text: The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars. Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context. Nevertheless, the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.

text: Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011. In 2014, Crossway published the ESV Reader's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV.[22] Projects such as Icthus[23] also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations.

text: Protestant Bible statistics[edit]

text:
The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119, the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms, and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles, are included.
Except where stated, the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66-book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament, not the deuterocanonical books.

text: Chapters[edit]

text:
There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament.
187 chapters in the Pentateuch
249 chapters in the Historical books
243 chapters in the Poetic books ("Wisdom")
183 chapters in the Major prophets
67 chapters in the Minor prophets
There are 260 chapters in the New Testament.
89 chapters in the Gospels
28 chapters in Acts
87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles (excluding Hebrews)
34 chapters in the General Epistles (including Hebrews)
22 chapters in Revelation
This gives a total of 1,189 chapters (on average, 18 per book).
Psalm 117, the shortest chapter, is also the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter.[24]
Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter of the Bible.
Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible.
Five books are a single chapter: Obadiah, Philemon, 2 & 3 John, Jude. In many printed editions, the chapter number is omitted for these books, and references just use the verse numbers.

tag: ul

text:
Old Testament - 929 chapters[25]

Book / Division
Chapters

Pentateuch (or the Law)
187

Genesis
50

Exodus
40

Leviticus
27

Numbers
36

Deuteronomy
34

Historical Books
249

Joshua
24

Judges
21

Ruth
4

1 Samuel
31

2 Samuel
24

1 Kings
22

2 Kings
25

1 Chronicles
29

2 Chronicles
36

Ezra
10

Nehemiah
13

Esther
10

Books of Wisdom (or "Poetry")
243

Job
42

Psalms
150

Proverbs
31

Ecclesiastes
12

Song of Solomon
8

Major Prophets
183

Isaiah
66

Jeremiah
52

Lamentations
5

Ezekiel
48

Daniel
12

Minor Prophets
67

Hosea
14

Joel
3

Amos
9

Obadiah
1

Jonah
4

Micah
7

Nahum
3

Habakkuk
3

Zephaniah
3

Haggai
2

Zechariah
14

Malachi
4

text:
New Testament - 260 chapters[25]

Book / Division
Chapters

Gospels
89

Matthew
28

Mark
16

Luke
24

John
21

History
28

Acts
28

Pauline Epistles
87

Romans
16

1 Corinthians
16

2 Corinthians
13

Galatians
6

Ephesians
6

Philippians
4

Colossians
4

1 Thessalonians
5

2 Thessalonians
3

1 Timothy
6

2 Timothy
4

Titus
3

Philemon
1

General Epistles
34

Hebrews
13

James
5

1 Peter
5

2 Peter
3

1 John
5

2 John
1

3 John
1

Jude
1

Apocalyptic Writings
(Prophecy)

22

Revelation
22

text: Verses[edit]

text:
There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses,[25] which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter.
Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses (31,102), with the two middle verses being Psalm 103:1–2.[26]
John 11:35 ("Jesus wept") is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations — including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader's Version — render Job 3:2 as "He said". However, that is a translators' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is: "And Job answered and said."
The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20:30 ("και ο δευτερος", "And the second") with twelve letters, according to the Westcott and Hort text. In the Textus Receptus, the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5:16 ("παντοτε χαιρετε", "Rejoice always") with fourteen letters,[27] since Stephanus' rendering of Luke 20:30 includes some additional words.[28]
Isaiah 10:8 ("Dicet enim") is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate.[29]
Esther 8:9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran (in the Dead Sea Scrolls) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8:9 in length.


document_title: Durand Cup

question_text: where was the durand cup football tournament first played

text: Durand Cup

text: The Raj Era[edit]

text: The Durand Tournament was initially a military affair, open to the Army in India: the British Army, the regular Indian Army and other Indian military units, such as Provincial frontier-security regiments and the Volunteer regiments of the reserves. In practice, however, the Indian Army traditionally preferred field hockey to football, a fact which has been evident from the Indian and Pakistani dominance of that sport in international events such as the Olympics. The exception to this tradition were the Nepalese men of the Brigade of Gurkhas. Initially, this tended to leave the field open to the British Army until football's popularity took hold and it became the more universal sport it is today. After the Second World War, the British Army left India and the tournament was opened to non-military teams to maintain the level of competition.

text: The initial matches were played in Dagshai, which is actually a short distance outside Simla. The inaugural Final of the Tournament, in 1888, was a Scottish derby, with the first name on the trophy being the Royal Scots Fusiliers, who beat the Highland Light Infantry with a score of 2-1. The Durand Cup has been suspended twice, due to the two World Wars.

text: Post-Independence[edit]

text: In 1940 the venue was transferred to New Delhi, and it is now held at the Ambedkar Stadium in the city. Following India's independence in 1947, the tournament was hosted by the Indian Army, with Durand Football Tournament Society being headed by three Service Chiefs.[4]

text: The most successful teams are currently East Bengal and Mohun Bagan, with 16 wins each, accounting for no less 32 cup victories over the years. With the eclipse of high-profile teams from Hyderabad, since 1970 the Durand Cup has been won mostly by teams from Kolkata, such as East Bengal and Mohun Bagan, or from the Punjab, such as the Border Security Force and JCT Mills. Mohun Bagan also won the first title of the new Millennium. In recent years, however, Goa has also produced a run of winning form. In 1997 a team from the south won for the first time, thanks to FC Kochin. In 2002 for the first time a team from Mumbai won a repeat victory, when Mahindra United won its second title, following its 1998 win. In 2003 Goa matched this feat, when Salgaocar added to its 1999 victory. In 2005 another Goan side, Sporting Clube de Goa, missed the title by a whisker when the Army XI produced an upset to win, but the following year was undeniably Goan when a third Goan team, Dempo S.C., thrashed JCT 2-0 in the 2006 finals. Recent seasons has been dominated by yet another Goan team: Churchill Brothers. They won the tournament three times: in 2007, 2009 and 2011, and narrowly missed a hat-trick, as runners-up in 2008; they were also runners-up in 2001-02.

text: The winning team is presented with three trophies: The President’s Cup (first presented by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India); the Durand Cup (the original challenge prize, which is a rolling trophy); and the Shimla Trophy (first presented by citizens of Shimla in 1904 and, since 1965, a rolling trophy).

text: Despite being the de facto Indian counterpart to the FA Cup in England[citation needed], its winners do not qualify for Asian Football Confederation tournaments. The I-League and Federation Cup (League Cup) are the only ways to qualify for the Asian cup.

text: India's armed forces deserve credit for keeping the Durand Cup tradition alive over the decades.In 2006, Osians, the art house, took over the running and management of the Durand Cup. Prize money, TV coverage and the quality of the football souvenirs produced have improved dramatically[citation needed].

text: Results[edit]

text:
Year
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Ref.

1888
Royal Scots Fusiliers
2-1
Highland Light Infantry

1889
Highland Light Infantry
8-1
Simla Rifles (2nd Punjab Volunteer Rifle Corps)

1890
Highland Light Infantry
2-0
Royal Irish Fusiliers

1891
King's Own Scottish Borderers
2-0
East Lancashire Regiment

1892
King's Own Scottish Borderers
3-1
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

1893
Highland Light Infantry
2-1
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

1894
Highland Light Infantry
2-1
Royal Scots Fusiliers

1895
Highland Light Infantry
1-0
Somerset Light Infantry

1896
Somerset Light Infantry
6-1
Black Watch

1897
Black Watch
1-0
Simla Rifles (2nd Punjab Volunteer Rifle Corps)

1898
Black Watch
4-0
North Staffordshire Regiment

1899
Black Watch
3-0
Yorkshire Regiment

1900
South Wales Borderers
2-0
East Lancashire Regiment

1901
South Wales Borderers
2-1
South Staffordshire Regiment

1902
Hampshire Regiment
2-1
East Lancashire Regiment

1903
Royal Irish Rifles
2-1
Queen's Regiment

1904
North Staffordshire Regiment
1-0
Black Watch

1905
Royal Dragoons
2-0
Dorsetshire Regiment

1906
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
2-1
Bedfordshire Regiment

1907
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
2-0
Royal Welsh Fusiliers

1908
Lancashire Fusiliers
2-0
Royal Irish Rifles

1909
Lancashire Fusiliers
2-0
King's Regiment

1910
Royal Scots
2-0
King's Royal Rifle Corps

1911
Black Watch
1-0
Lancashire Fusiliers

1912
Royal Scots
1-0
Lancashire Fusiliers

1913
Lancashire Fusiliers
2-0
King's Royal Rifle Corps

1914-19
aaaaa !Tournament not held, due to World War I

1920
Black Watch
2-0
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)

1921
Worcestershire Regiment
1-0
Royal Fusiliers

1922
Lancashire Fusiliers
1-0
Royal Field Artillery

1923
Cheshire Regiment
1-0
Essex Regiment

1924
Worcestershire Regiment
2-0
Essex Regiment

1925
Sherwood Foresters
2-0
Worcestershire Regiment

1926
Durham Light Infantry
1-0
Sherwood Foresters

1927
York & Lancaster Regiment
1-0
East Indian Railway Regiment

1928
Sherwood Foresters
4-0
York & Lancaster Regiment

1929
York & Lancaster Regiment
3-0
East Yorkshire Regiment

1930
York & Lancaster Regiment
2-0
Leicestershire Regiment

1931
Devonshire Regiment
3-0
Border Regiment

1932
King's Shropshire Light Infantry
2-1
Devonshire Regiment

1933
King's Shropshire Light Infantry
3-2
Leicestershire Regiment

1934
Royal Signals
3-1
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

1935
Border Regiment
1-0
Royal Norfolk Regiment

1936
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
2-0
Green Howards

1937
Border Regiment
3-1
Royal Scots

1938
South Wales Borderers
2-0
Border Regiment

1939
aaaaa ! Tournament not held, due to World War II in Europe

1940
Mohammedan Sporting Club
2-1
Royal Warwickshire Regiment

1941-49
aaaaa ! Tournament not held, due to World War II & to Partition

1950
Hyderabad City Police
2-2, 1-0
Mohun Bagan AC

1951
East Bengal Club
1-1, 2-1
Rajasthan Armed Constabulary

1952
East Bengal Club
1-0
Hyderabad City Police

1953
Mohun Bagan AC
4-0
National Defence Academy

1954
Hyderabad City Police
1-1, 1-0
Hindustan Aircraft Limited

1955
Madras Regimental Centre
3-2
Indian Air Force

1956
East Bengal Club
2-0
Hyderabad City Police

1957
Hyderabad City Police
2-1
East Bengal Club

1958
Madras Regimental Centre
2-0
Gorkha Brigade

1959
Mohun Bagan AC
1-1, 3-1
Mohammedan Sporting Club

1960
aaaaa !Mohun Bagan AC & East Bengal Club - (joint winners) 1-1, 0-0

1961
Andhra Pradesh Police
1-0
Mohun Bagan AC

1962
aaaaa ! Tournament not held, due to Indo-China War

1963
Mohun Bagan AC
0-0, 2-0
Andhra Pradesh Police

1964
Mohun Bagan AC
2-0
East Bengal Club

1965
Mohun Bagan AC
2-0
Punjab Police

1966
Gorkha Brigade
2-0
Sikh Regimental Centre

1967
East Bengal Club
1-0
Bengal-Nagpur Railway

1968
Border Security Force
1-0
East Bengal Club

1969
Gorkha Brigade
1-0
Border Security Force

1970
East Bengal Club
2-0
Mohun Bagan AC

1971
Border Security Force
0-0, 1-0
Leaders Club Jalandhar

1972
East Bengal Club
0-0, 1-0
Mohun Bagan AC

1973
Border Security Force
2-1
Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (Bikaner)

1974
Mohun Bagan AC
3-2
JCT Mills

1975
Border Security Force
1-1, 2-1
JCT Mills

1976
aaaaa ! Border Security Force & JCT Mills - (joint winners) 0-0, 0-0

1977
Mohun Bagan AC
1-1, 2-1
JCT Mills

1978
East Bengal Club
3-0
Mohun Bagan AC

1979
Mohun Bagan AC
1-0
Punjab Police

1980
Mohun Bagan AC
1-0
Mohammedan Sporting Club

1981
Border Security Force
1-0
JCT Mills

1982
aaaaa ! Mohun Bagan AC & East Bengal Club - (joint winners) 0-0

1983
JCT Mills
2-1
Mohun Bagan AC

1984
Mohun Bagan AC
2-0
East Bengal Club

1985
Mohun Bagan AC
0-0 (aet, 3-2 pens)
JCT Mills

1986
Mohun Bagan AC
1-0
East Bengal Club

1987
JCT Mills
1-0
Mohun Bagan AC

1988
Border Security Force
3-2
East Bengal Club

1989
East Bengal Club
0-0 (aet, 3-1 pens)
Mohun Bagan AC

1990
East Bengal Club
3-2
Mahindra & Mahindra

1991
East Bengal Club
1-1 (aet, 5-3 pens)
Border Security Force

1992
JCT Mills
1-0
Mohammedan Sporting Club

1993
East Bengal Club
1-0
Punjab State Electricity Board

1994
Mohun Bagan AC
1-0
East Bengal Club

1995
East Bengal Club
0-0 (aet, 4-3 pens)
Tata Football Academy

1996
JCT Mills
1-0
al-Naft (Baghdad)

1997
FC Kochin
3-1
Mohun Bagan AC

1998
Mahindra & Mahindra
2-1
East Bengal Club

1999
Salgaocar Sports Club
0-0 (aet, 3-2 [pens)
East Bengal Club

2000
Mohun Bagan AC
1-1, 1-0 (Golden goal)
Mahindra United

2001-02
Mahindra United
5-0
Churchill Brothers SC

2002-03
East Bengal Club
3-0
Army XI

2003-04
Salgaocar Sports Club
1-1 (aet, 4-3 pens)
East Bengal Club

2005
Army XI
0-0 (aet, 5-4 pens)
Sporting Clube de Goa

2006
Dempo Sports Club
1-0
JCT Mills

2007
Churchill Brothers SC
1-0
Mahindra United

2008
Mahindra United
3-2
Churchill Brothers SC

2009
Churchill Brothers SC
3-1
Mohun Bagan AC

2010
Prayag United S.C.
1-0
JCT FC

2011
Churchill Brothers SC
5-4
Prayag United S.C.

2012
Air India
3-2
Dodsal

2013
Mohammedan Sporting Club
2-1
ONGC

2014
Salgaocar FC
1-0
Pune

2016
Army Green
0-0(aet,6-5 pens)
NEROCA
[5][6]

text: Finals performance by team[edit]

text:
Finals
appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Last win

27
Mohun Bagan AC
16
11
59.25
2000

26
East Bengal Club
16
10
61.54
2003

9
Border Security Force
7
2
77.78
1988

11
JCT Mills
5
6
.454
1996

7
Black Watch
5
2
.714
1920

6
Highland Light Infantry
5
1
.833
1895

7
Hyderabad City Police
4
3
.571
1954

6
Lancashire Fusiliers
4
2
.666
1922

6
Mahindra United
3
3
.500
2008

4
York & Lancaster Regiment
3
1
.750
1930

5
Churchill Brothers SC
3
2
.600
2011

3
Salgaocar Sports Club
3
0
1.000
2014

4
Border Regiment
2
2
.500
1937

3
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
2
1
.666
1907

3
Gorkha Brigade
2
1
.666
1969

3
Royal Scots Fusiliers
2
1
.666
1912

3
Sherwood Foresters
2
1
.666
1928

2
King's Shropshire Light Infantry
2
0
1.000
1933

2
Madras Regimental Centre
2
0
1.000
1958

2
King's Own Scottish Borderers
2
0
1.000
1892

2
South Wales Borderers
2
0
1.000
1901

4
Mohammedan Sporting Club
2
2
.250
2013

1
FC Kochin
1
0
1.000
1997

1
Prayag United S.C.
1
0
1.000
2010

1
Air India
1
0
1.000
2012

1
Army Green
1
0
1.000
2016


document_title: British Shorthair

question_text: what type of cat is the whiskas cat

question_tokens: what type of cat is the whiskas cat

text: British Shorthair

text: History[edit]

text: The origins of the British Shorthair most likely date back to the first century AD, making it one of the most ancient identifiable cat breeds in the world.[citation needed] It is thought that the invading Romans initially brought Egyptian domestic cats to Great Britain; these cats then interbred with the local European wildcat population. Over the centuries, their naturally isolated descendants developed into distinctively large, robust cats with a short but very thick coat, the better to withstand conditions on their native islands. Based on artists' representations, the modern British Shorthair is basically unchanged from this initial type.[2]

text: Selective breeding of the best examples of the type began in the nineteenth century, with emphasis on developing the unusual blue-grey variant called the "British Blue" or "English type" (to distinguish it from the more fine-boned "Russian type") in particular. Some sources directly credit UK artist and pioneering cat fancier Harrison Weir with the initial concept of standardizing the breed; others suggest a group of breeders may have been involved. The new British Shorthair was featured at the first-ever cat show, organised by Weir and held at the Crystal Palace in London in 1871, and enjoyed great initial popularity.[3]

text: By the 1890s, however, with the advent of the newly imported Persian and other long-haired breeds, the British Shorthair had fallen out of favour, and breeding stock had become critically rare by World War I.[citation needed] At least partially to alleviate this, British Shorthair breeders mixed Persians into their bloodlines.[citation needed] The genes thus introduced would eventually become the basis for the British Longhair; at the time, however, any long-haired cats produced were placed into the Persian breeding program.[citation needed] As all cats with the "blue" colouration were then judged together as variants on a de facto single breed, the Blue Shorthair, outcrossings of the British with the Russian Blue were also common.[2]

text: After the war, in an attempt to maintain the breed standard, the GCCF decided to accept only third-generation Persian/British Shorthair crosses.[citation needed] This contributed to another shortage of pure breeding stock by World War II, at which point the Persian and Russian Blue were reintroduced into the mix.[citation needed] British Shorthair breeders also worked with the French Chartreux, another ancient breed, which although genetically unrelated to the British Blue is a very similar cat in appearance. After the war, breeders worked to re-establish the true British type, and by the late 1970s the distinctive British Shorthair had achieved formal recognition from both the American a (CFA) and The International Cat Association (TICA).[2] According to the GCCF's 2013 registry data, it is once again the most popular pedigreed breed in its native country.[4]

text: Description[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The British Shorthair is a relatively powerful, sturdy and compact cat, having a broad chest, strong thick-set legs with rounded paws and a medium-length, blunt-tipped tail. The head is relatively large and rounded, with a short muzzle, fat chests, broad cheeks (most noticeable in mature males, who tend to develop prominent jowls) and large round eyes that are deep coppery orange in the British Blue and otherwise vary in colour depending on the coat. Their medium-sized ears are broad at the base and widely set.[5]

text: The 'British Blue' variant can often be confused with the grey Scottish Fold. However, the Shorthair can be characterised by having its pointy triangle ears, whereas the Fold has softer, folded ears.

text: They are slow to mature in comparison with most cat breeds, reaching full physical development at approximately three years of age. Unusually among domestic cats they are a noticeably sexually dimorphic breed, with males averaging 9–17 lb (4.1–7.7 kg) and females 7–12 lb (3.2–5.4 kg).[6]

text: Coat and colour[edit]

text: The British Shorthair's coat is one of the breed's defining features. It is very dense but does not have an undercoat; thus, the texture is plush rather than woolly or fluffy, with a firm, "crisp" pile that breaks noticeably over the cat's body as it moves.[2][5]

text: Although the British Blue remains the most familiar variant, British Shorthairs have been developed in many other colours and patterns. Black, blue, white, red, cream, silver, golden and—most recently—cinnamon and fawn are accepted by all official standards, either solid or in colourpoint, tabby, shaded and bicolour patterns; the GCCF and TICA also accept chocolate and its dilute lilac, disallowed in the CFA standard.[7] All colours and patterns also have tortoiseshell variants.[5]

text:
4-month-old golden shaded male kitten

5-month-old lilac female kitten

Blue bicolour adult male

text:
Fawn and white bicolour adult male

Seal point with white adult female

Dilute blue-cream calico adult female

text: Temperament[edit]

text: They are an easygoing and dignified breed, not as active and playful as many but sweet-natured and devoted to their owners, making them a favourite of animal trainers. They tend to be safe around other pets and children since they will tolerate a fair amount of physical interaction, but as a rule do not like to be picked up or carried. They require only minimal grooming and take well to being kept as indoor-only cats; however, they can be prone to obesity unless care is taken with their diet.[2][6]

text: Health[edit]

text: The UK breed committee considers the British Shorthair a long-lived cat, with a life expectancy of 14–20 years.[8] Vet clinic data from England shows a median lifespan of 11.8 years.[9] Swedish insurance data puts the median lifespan of the breed at >12.5 years. 82% of British Shorthairs lived to 10 years or more and 54% lived to 12.5 years or more.[10]

text: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be a problem in the breed. A Danish prevalence study with more than 329 cats showed that 20.4% of males and 2.1% of the females had HCM. On top of this 6.4% of males and 3.5% of females were judged to be equivocal.[11][11] HCM testing of males used for breeding is now mandatory for breeders organized under the Danish Fife member, Felis Danica.[12]

text: The breed is thought to be at high risk of polycystic kidney disease (PKD).[13] A DNA test lab has noted a significant decrease of the PKD mutations in tested populations. Carrier frequency is now at 1%.[14]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Happycat (arguably the first lolcat, and also known as the "I Can Has Cheezburger?" cat), a male British Blue, is the star of a meme started on the Something Awful forums. The original picture apparently came from the front page of happycat.ru, a Russian cat food company.
Sir John Tenniel's famous illustration of the Cheshire Cat in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is based on the British Shorthair.
Smokey the cat in E.B. White's children's novel Stuart Little was a British Blue.
A silver tabby British Shorthair is the mascot of Whiskas brand cat food.
Winston Churchill (Church) from Pet Sematary is a British Blue.
Toby, of the ABC prime time drama Desperate Housewives, is a British Shorthair.
Arlene, Garfield the cat's girlfriend, is portrayed as a British Blue in Garfield: The Movie
Mick, from Kamen Rider W, is a British Shorthair who can turn into the Smilodon Dopant.
Ruby in the film adaptation of the memoir Girl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen is a British Blue.
Puss in Boots from the Shrek franchise is described as and closely resembles a British Shorthair, although he speaks with a strong Spanish accent.
Tsim Tung Brother Cream, a famous Hong Kong cat, is a cream and white British Shorthair.
Sir Claude the cat in the Australian CGI-animated film Blinky Bill the Movie is based on the iconic children's books by Dorothy Wall. Sir Claude is a feral British Shorthair cat voiced by Rufus Sewell.
One of the villains in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable is a British Blue which transforms into a plant.


document_title: Characters of Malcolm in the Middle

question_text: who played the oldest brother in malcolm in the middle

text: Characters of Malcolm in the Middle

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)

text: Originally there were four brothers (although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home). A fifth son was introduced in the show's fourth season, a boy named Jamie. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.

text: During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode "Reese Joins the Army (1)", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of "Jetson" to lie about his age. In the series finale, "Graduation", Francis' employee ID reads "Nolastname" (or "No Last Name", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase "No last name".[1]

text: In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode "Block Party". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, "Wilkerson, why?" the friend replied with the punchline, "Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?"

text: Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Muniz, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 episodes.

text: Character Appearances[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Main characters

Jane Kaczmarek
Lois
Main

Bryan Cranston
Hal
Main

Christopher Masterson
Francis
Main
Recurring

Justin Berfield
Reese
Main

Erik Per Sullivan
Dewey
Main

Frankie Muniz
Malcolm
Main

James and Lukas Rodriguez
Jamie

Recurring
Main

Catherine Lloyd Burns
Caroline Miller
Main
Recurring

Recurring characters

Craig Lamar Traylor
Stevie Kenarban
Recurring

David Anthony Higgins
Craig Feldspar
Recurring

Gary Anthony Williams
Abe Kenarban
Recurring

Evan Matthew Cohen
Lloyd
Recurring

Kyle Sullivan
Dabney
Recurring

Daniel Von Bargen
Edwin Spangler
Recurring
Flashback

Will Jennings
Kyle
Recurring

Flashback

Drew Powell
Drew Horton
Recurring

Flashback

Arjay Smith
Ken Finley
Recurring

Flashback

Karim Prince
Stanley Winn
Recurring

Eric Nenninger
Eric Hansen
Guest
Recurring
Flashback

Merrin Dungey
Kitty Kenarban
Guest
Recurring
Guest

Guest

Kasan Butcher
Joe
Guest
Recurring

Flashback

Tania Raymonde
Cynthia

Recurring
Guest
Guest

Cloris Leachman
Ida

Guest
Recurring

Emy Coligado
Piama Tananahaakna

Recurring

Chris Eigeman
Lionel Herkabe

Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Victor Z. Isaac
Kevin

Recurring

Brenda Wehle
Lavernia

Recurring

Sandy Ward
Pete

Recurring

John Ennis
Artie

Recurring

Kenneth Mars
Otto Mannkusser

Recurring

Meagen Fay
Gretchen Mannkusser

Recurring

text: The Family[edit]

text: Hal[edit]

text: Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode "Forbidden Girlfriend" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode "Poker 2" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban.

text: Francis[edit]

text: Francis, played by Christopher Masterson (119 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes "Sleepover" and "The Bots and the Bees" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in "Flashback" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder, he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois doesn't like. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis, and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data. However, he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he's still unemployed.

text: Malcolm[edit]

text: Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis, one year younger than his older brother Reese, Four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, (for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode "Hal Grieves," when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it). In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he can't do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.

text: Lois[edit]

text: Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in "Mono". Unlike Malcolm, Lois isn't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. At the series finale, Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child (actually twins). Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with a tough mother and an uncaring father (both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan).

text: Reese[edit]

text: Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is two years younger than his older brother Francis, one year older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode "Flashback", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.

text: Dewey[edit]

text: Dewey, played by Erik Per Sullivan (all 151 episodes), is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers. He soon finds he is a musical prodigy, and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie, whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese. Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm, who would have to work hard to achieve success, Dewey would have success handed to him. Dewey joins the Buseys, a class for the emotionally disturbed, by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher. He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that, when the mistake was uncovered, he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain. In the final few seasons, Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests. Because of this, he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had. In the last episode, he and Jamie (the only other remaining brother living at home) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house.

text: Jamie[edit]

text: Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (March 2014)

text:
Stevie Kenarban, played by Craig Lamar Traylor (56 episodes), is Malcolm's best friend and classmate. He is wheelchair-bound and is missing a lung, requiring him to speak slowly and take deep breaths after saying a word. Though Malcolm is initially upset when Lois arranges a "playdate" for him and Stevie in the pilot episode, the boys immediately find common ground, particularly their love of comic books, and become friends. His parents are very overprotective of him, although Stevie displays in many episodes that he lives very comfortably with his disability and even has a dark sense of humor about it.
Craig Feldspar, portrayed by David Anthony Higgins (39 episodes), is Lois' co-worker at the Lucky Aide. He is a hopeless romantic, and has unrequited feelings for Lois. He is very childish and is a coward. He plays the ukulele and the banjo, and he sings in a countertenor voice. By the end of the series, Craig becomes Reese's roommate.
Piama Tananahaakna, played by Emy Coligado (29 episodes), is Francis' wife whom he met and married off-screen during his year in Alaska. Piama is about a year older than Francis, and before him, Piama had previously been married briefly. Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances, in which Francis (while still a minor, although emancipated) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal's birthday party, Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth. However, after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in-law's, Lois has been much more respectful of Piama. She originally started off against having children, but by Graduation, Piama got over it after Reese's prank went awry ("We may as well go ahead and have kids now, I'm not afraid of changing diapers any more.")
Victor Welker and Ida Kenzel-Welker, played by Robert Loggia (1 episode) and Cloris Leachman (11 episodes) respectively, are Lois' parents of a Croatian background. Victor dies some time before the events of the season two episode "Christmas", in which Ida is widowed. Ida harbors a strong dislike for both Francis and Lois, evident for the way she has been treated by them. She favors Reese, which allows him to love her. Ida belittles Malcolm for being weak in not standing up against his mother and largely ignores Dewey (although she did, on one occasion, save him from being hit by a car, causing her to lose a leg). Ida harbored resentment towards Victor's secret other family for stealing what was rightfully hers, until Lois discovered that she isn't blood related to Victor (and possibly Susan as well) and abandoned Ida. Ida acknowledged that her life growing up in Croatia under the Ustaše was difficult, possibly due to the Ustaše's policies.
Abraham "Abe" Kenarban, played by Gary Anthony Williams (19 episodes), is Stevie's father and Kitty's husband, and a close family friend of both Lois and particularly Hal. Abe is initially depicted as cowardly and dependent on Kitty's guidance (which he attributes to his upbringing, having been raised by his grandmother and four spinster aunts). However he ultimately becomes more self-reliant after Kitty's departure. Despite this, Abe is more than willing to take Kitty back after her return, going as far as to harbor resentment towards Lois after she criticized Kitty's decision to leave.
Kitty Kenarban, played by Merrin Dungey (5 episodes), is Stevie's mother and Abe's wife. Because of actress Merrin Dungey's commitment to the ABC series Alias, Kitty remains unseen for much of the series before it is revealed that she abandoned her husband and son, briefly throwing Stevie into a deep depression. She returns briefly in the season six episode "Kitty's Back".
Caroline Miller, played by Catherine Lloyd Burns (15 episodes), is the primary teacher of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" class in the first two seasons. She is shown to be overly-earnest as well as to adore Malcolm, who might possibly have been her favorite student. In season 1, she is included as part of the main cast, but in season 2, is a recurring character. In season 2, she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot. After her baby was born, she quit teaching. She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2.
Cynthia Sanders, played by Tania Raymonde (4 episodes), is one of Malcolm's classmates. She has a very extensive vocabulary, but has a difficult time making friends. Depicted as relatively cheerful, Cynthia becomes one of Malcolm's earliest crushes on the show, although a relationship never develops. Cynthia is last seen claiming to never have sex with Malcolm again (which never happened in the first place) to snap him out of a recent funk and keep him from pulling a prank meant to get him sent away like Francis.
Lloyd Jensen, played by Evan Matthew Cohen (25 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. He frequently worries about random small things, gets hurt, and falls victim to bullies. He also has an effeminate personality.
Dabney Hooper, played by Kyle Sullivan (24 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. Often depicted as the weakest and most cowardly of the group, Dabney's life is almost completely controlled by his overbearing mother, although in his last appearance his ability to release his anger towards his mom results in him immediately developing a tougher persona.
Flora Mayesh, played by Kristin Quick (15 episodes), is one of Malcolm's other "Krelboyne" classmates. Flora was mostly just a background character and rarely had dialogue and was therefore not in the credits for 12 of her episodes.
Eraserhead, played by Will Jennings (12 episodes), is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout early episodes of the series.
Kevin, played by Victor Z. Isaac (5 episodes)
Jessica, played by Hayden Panettiere (4 episodes), is a classmate of Malcolm and Reese's. In one instance, she babysat Malcolm and Reese despite being younger than them, embarrassing the brothers.
Mr. Herkabe (first name Lionel), played by Chris Eigeman (8 episodes), is introduced in Season 3 as the Krelboynes' teacher after Caroline leaves. A Krelboyne himself in middle school, he was forced into a teaching career after losing his millions in a failed dot-com company. He is portrayed as an evil and conniving man who thrives on psychological warfare and making children suffer. He is especially threatened by Malcolm and quickly becomes his nemesis at school, even blackmailing North High's principal, Block (before Hodges took over), into hiring him as vice principal when Malcolm enrolls there. For some reason Mr. Herkabe also intensely enjoys humiliating Reese to antagonize Malcolm more. However, Herkabe's arrogance in confessing that he had failed gym and lied about not taking the course, was brought to light that led to his GPA Award being revoked by Mr. Hodges. He was last seen being humiliated by Reese during dodgeball.
Commandant Edwin Spangler, played by Daniel von Bargen (16 episodes), is the military veteran in charge of the cadets at Marlin Academy. He has a contentious relationship with the rebellious Francis throughout his entire stay at the Academy, although the two were shown at times to have a deep sympathy for the other's emotional scarring. After Spangler is fired from Marlin Academy and arrives in Alaska, Francis gets him a job at the Snow Haven Retirement Home where he has free rein to bully the elderly.
Cadet Eric Hansen, played by Eric Nenninger (28 episodes), one of Francis' friends and classmates from Marlin Academy. Francis accompanies Eric in his plan to abandon the Academy to find well-paying labor work in Alaska. At the end of season three, Eric is seen for the final time being left by Francis to hitchhike home, possibly as revenge for even suggesting to find work in Alaska.
Lavernia, played by Brenda Wehle (10 episodes), is Francis and Eric's malevolent boss who owns the logging site in Alaska. She has a debt book and presumably knows every dirty secret about her workers. Lavernia has a personal grudge towards Piama, who blackmailed her to be nice to Francis by holding her pet parakeet hostage.
Otto Mankusser, played by Kenneth Mars (13 episodes), is Francis' friendly and cheerful boss at the dude ranch, albeit a bit naïve at times.
Ed, played by Paul Wilson (5 episodes), is one of the many neighbors who despises Hal and Lois, along with Reese. He has shown some favoritism towards Malcolm for helping him set up his new computer.
Ira Prescott, played by Jonny Acker (3 episodes), is a student of North High School. He is Billy's older brother and Reese's bully. Ira made his first appearance in "Forbidden Girlfriend" in which he owns a car which Reese ruins by using Dewey in pouring cement in it and letting Billy take the blame for the prank. With Dewey's help, Ira got his revenge on Reese for his prank and using Billy by simply beating him up. He returns briefly in Season 5's "Malcolm Films Reese" who is among the students in humiliation and in Reese's Apartment when Malcolm is tutoring Ira and help get him a passing grade in his classes so he can keep his spot on the North High School sports team(which is never specified). Unlike Reese, Ira has more respect for Malcolm.