document_title: Celibacy

question_text: one who has vowed not to marry one word

question_tokens: one who has vowed not to marry one word

text: Celibacy

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The English word celibacy derives from the Latin caelibatus, "state of being unmarried", from Latin caelebs, meaning "unmarried". This word derives from two Proto-Indo-European stems, *kaiwelo- "alone" and *lib(h)s- "living".[7]

text: Abstinence and celibacy[edit]

text: The words abstinence and celibacy are often used interchangeably, but are not necessarily the same thing. Sexual abstinence, also known as continence,[8] is abstaining from some or all aspects of sexual activity, often for some limited period of time,[9] while celibacy may be defined as a voluntary religious vow not to marry or engage in sexual activity.[10][11][12][13] Asexuality is commonly conflated with celibacy and sexual abstinence, but it is considered distinct from the two,[14][15] as celibacy and sexual abstinence are behavioral and those who use those terms for themselves are generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal or religious beliefs.[16]

text: A. W. Richard Sipe, while focusing on the topic of celibacy in Catholicism, states that "the most commonly assumed definition of celibate is simply an unmarried or single person, and celibacy is perceived as synonymous with sexual abstinence or restraint."[17] Sipe adds that even in the relatively uniform milieu of Catholic priests in the United States "there is simply no clear operational definition of celibacy".[18] Elizabeth Abbott commented on the terminology in her A History of Celibacy (2001): "I also drafted a definition that discarded the rigidly pedantic and unhelpful distinctions between celibacy, chastity and virginity".[19]

text: The concept of "new celibacy" was introduced by Gabrielle Brown in her 1980 book The New Celibacy.[20] In a revised version (1989) of her book, she claims that "abstinence is a response on the outside to what's going on, and celibacy is a response from the inside".[21] According to her definition, celibacy (even short-term celibacy that is pursued for non-religious reasons) is much more than not having sex. It is more intentional than abstinence, and its goal is personal growth and empowerment. This new perspective on celibacy is echoed by several authors including Elizabeth Abbott, Wendy Keller, and Wendy Shalit.[22]

text: Buddhism[edit]

text: The rule of celibacy in the Buddhist religion, whether Mahayana or Theravada, has a long history. Celibacy was advocated as an ideal rule of life for all monks and nuns by Gautama Buddha, except for Japan where it is not strictly followed due to historical and political developments following the Meiji Restoration. In Japan, celibacy was an ideal among Buddhist clerics for hundreds of years. But violations of clerical celibacy were so common for so long that, finally, in 1872, state laws made marriage legal for Buddhist clerics. Subsequently, ninety percent of Buddhist monks/clerics married.[23] An example is Higashifushimi Kunihide, a prominent Buddhist priest of Japanese royal ancestry who was married and a father whilst serving as a monk for most of his lifetime.

text: Gautama, later known as the Buddha, is known for his renunciation of his wife, Princess Yasodharā, and son, Rahula. In order to pursue an ascetic life, he needed to renounce aspects of the impermanent world, including his wife and son. Later on both his wife and son joined the ascetic community and are mentioned in the Buddhist texts to have become enlightened. In another sense, a buddhavacana recorded the zen patriarch Vimalakirti as being an advocate of marital continence instead of monastic renunciation, the sutra became somewhat popular due to its brash humour as well as integrating the role of women in laity as well as spiritual life.[24]

text: Brahma Kumaris[edit]

text: In the religious movement of Brahma Kumaris, celibacy is also promoted for peace and to defeat power of lust and to prepare for life in forthcoming Heaven on earth for 2,500 years when children will be created by the power of the mind even for householders to like holy brother and sister.[25][26]

text: In this belief system, celibacy is given the utmost importance. It is said that, as per the direction of the Supreme God those lead a pure and celibate life will be successfully able to conquer the surging vices. The power of celibacy creates an unseen environment of divinity bringing peace, power, purity, prosperity and fortune. Those with the power of celibacy are eligible to claim a bright future of Golden Age of heaven / Paradise. Brahma Kumaris' concept of identifying the self as a soul, different from physical body, is deeply linked to the philosophy of celibacy. It is said that the craving for sex and impure thoughts are the reason for the whole trouble in the universe today. And celibacy is to lead the pure relationship in one's life.[citation needed]

text: Christianity[edit]

text: When Jesus discusses marriage, he points out that there is some responsibility for a man marrying a woman (and vice versa). Not having assets of their own, women needed to be protected from the risk of their husbands' putting them on the street at whim. In those times marriage was an economic matter[27] rather than one of love. A woman and her children could easily be rejected.[citation needed] Restriction of divorce was based on the necessity of protecting the woman and her position in society, not necessarily in a religious context, but an economic context.[28] He also points out that there are those "which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake", but in the original Greek, the word εὐνοῦχος means "castrated person". It was the custom at the time Jesus lived for priests of some ancient gods and goddesses to be castrated.[29] In the pre-Christian period Vestals, who served the virgin goddess of the hearth, were obliged to forgo marriage, and so were some priests and servants of some ancient deities such as Isis.[29]

text: There is no commandment in the New Testament that Jesus' disciples have to live in celibacy.[27] The general view on sexuality among the early Jewish Christians was quite positive.[30] Jesus himself does not speak in negative terms of the body in the New Testament. While the Jewish sect of essenes practiced celibacy the general practice of the Jewish community by that time prescribed marriage for everybody, and at an early age.[27] Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, the Apostle was married; Jesus healed Simon Peter's mother-in-law (Matt. 8:14), and other apostles and church members among the early Jewish Christians were also married: Paul's personal friends, Priscilla and Aquila (Romans 16:3), who were Paul's coworkers, Andronicus of Pannonia (Romans 16:7), and Junia (Romans 16:7), who were highly regarded among the apostles, Ananias and Sapphira (Ap 5:1), Apphia and Philemon (Phil 1: 1). According to Eusebius Church History (Historia Ecclesiastica), Paul the Apostle, also known as Saul of Tarsus, was also married. It was the custom in the Jewish community to marry early.[30]

text: In his early writings, Paul the Apostle described marriage as a social obligation that has the potential of distracting from Christ. Sex, in turn, is not sinful but natural, and sex within marriage is both proper and necessary.[31] In his later writings, Paul made parallels between the relations between spouses and God's relationship with the church. "Husbands love your wives even as Christ loved the church. Husbands should love their wives as their own bodies" (Ephesians 5:25–28). The early Christians lived in the belief that the End of the World would soon come upon them, and saw no point in planning new families and having children.[27] This was why Paul encouraged both celibate and marital lifestyles[27] among the members of the Corinthian congregation, regarding celibacy as the preferable of the two.

text: Paul the Apostle emphasized the importance of overcoming the desires of the flesh and saw the state of celibacy being superior to the marriage.[32]

text: In the Catholic Church, a consecrated virgin, is a woman who has been consecrated by the church to a life of perpetual virginity in the service of God. According to most Christian thought, the first sacred virgin was Mary, the mother of Jesus, who was consecrated by the Holy Spirit during the Annunciation. Tradition also has it that the Apostle Matthew consecrated virgins. A number of early Christian martyrs were women or girls who had given themselves to Christ in perpetual virginity, such as Saint Agnes and Saint Lucy.

text: Desert Fathers[edit]

text: The Desert Fathers were Christian hermits, and ascetics[33] who had a major influence on the development of Christianity and celibacy. Paul of Thebes is often credited with being the first hermit monk to go to the desert, but it was Anthony the Great who launched the movement that became the Desert Fathers.[34] Sometime around AD 270, Anthony heard a Sunday sermon stating that perfection could be achieved by selling all of one's possessions, giving the proceeds to the poor, and following Christ.(Matt. 19.21) He followed the advice and made the further step of moving deep into the desert to seek complete solitude.[33]

text: Over time, the model of Anthony and other hermits attracted many followers, who lived alone in the desert or in small groups. They chose a life of extreme asceticism, renouncing all the pleasures of the senses, rich food, baths, rest, and anything that made them comfortable.[35] Thousands joined them in the desert, mostly men but also a handful of women. Religious seekers also began going to the desert seeking advice and counsel from the early Desert Fathers. By the time of Anthony's death, there were so many men and women living in the desert in celibacy that it was described as "a city" by Anthony's biographer.[33] The first Conciliar document on celibacy of the Western Christian Church (Canon 33 of the Synod of Elvira, c. AD 305) states that the discipline of celibacy is to refrain from the use of marriage, i.e. refrain from having carnal contact with your spouse.[36]

text:
According to the later St. Jerome (c. 347 – 420) celibacy is a moral virtue, consisting of living in the flesh, but outside the flesh, and so being not corrupted by it (vivere in carne praeter carnem). Celibacy excludes not only libidinous acts, but also sinful thoughts or desires of the flesh.[37] Jerome referred to marriage prohibition for priests when he claimed in Against Jovinianus that Peter and the other apostles had been married before they were called, but subsequently gave up their marital relations.[38]
Celibacy as a vocation may be independent from religious vows (as is the case with consecrated virgins, ascetics and hermits). In the Catholic, Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions, bishops are required to be celibate. In the Eastern Christian traditions, priests and deacons are allowed to be married, yet have to remain celibate if they are unmarried at the time of ordination.

text: Augustinian view[edit]

text:
In the early Church higher clerics lived in marriages. Augustine of Hippo was one of the first to develop a theory that sexual feelings were sinful and negative. Augustine taught that the original sin of Adam and Eve was either an act of foolishness (insipientia) followed by pride and disobedience to God, or else inspired by pride.[39] The first couple disobeyed God, who had told them not to eat of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2:17).[40] The tree was a symbol of the order of creation.[41] Self-centeredness made Adam and Eve eat of it, thus failing to acknowledge and respect the world as it was created by God, with its hierarchy of beings and values.[42] They would not have fallen into pride and lack of wisdom, if Satan hadn't sown into their senses "the root of evil" (radix Mali).[43] Their nature was wounded by concupiscence or libido, which affected human intelligence and will, as well as affections and desires, including sexual desire.[44]
The sin of Adam is inherited by all human beings. Already in his pre-Pelagian writings, Augustine taught that Original Sin was transmitted by concupiscence,[45] which he regarded as the passion of both, soul and body,[46] making humanity a massa damnata (mass of perdition, condemned crowd) and much enfeebling, though not destroying, the freedom of the will.

text: In the early 3rd century, the Canons of the Apostolic Constitutions decreed that only lower clerics might still marry after their ordination, but marriage of bishops, priests, and deacons were not allowed.[47][48][49] Augustine's view of sexual feelings as sinful affected his view of women. For example, he considered a man's erection to be sinful, though involuntary,[50] because it did not take place under his conscious control. His solution was to place controls on women to limit their ability to influence men.[51] He equated flesh with woman and spirit with man.[52]

text: He believed that the serpent approached Eve because she was less rational and lacked self-control, while Adam's choice to eat was viewed as an act of kindness so that Eve would not be left alone.[51] Augustine believed sin entered the world because man (the spirit) did not exercise control over woman (the flesh).[53] Augustine's views on women were not all negative, however. In his Tractates on the Gospel of John, Augustine, commenting on the Samaritan woman from John 4:1–42, uses the woman as a figure of the church.

text: According to Raming, the authority of the Decretum Gratiani, a collection of Roman Catholic canon law which prohibits women from leading, teaching, or being a witness, rests largely on the views of the early church fathers, especially St. Augustine.[54] The laws and traditions founded upon St. Augustine's views of sexuality and women continue to exercise considerable influence over church doctrinal positions regarding the role of women in the church.[55]

text: After Augustine[edit]

text: One explanation for the origin of obligatory celibacy is that it is based on the writings of Saint Paul, who wrote of the advantages celibacy allowed a man in serving the Lord.[56] Celibacy was popularised by the early Christian theologians like Saint Augustine of Hippo and Origen. Another possible explanation for the origins of obligatory celibacy revolves around more practical reason, "the need to avoid claims on church property by priests' offspring".[57] It remains a matter of Canon Law (and often a criterion for certain religious orders, especially Franciscans) that priests may not own land and therefore cannot pass it on to legitimate or illegitimate children. The land belongs to the Church through the local diocese as administered by the Local Ordinary (usually a bishop), who is often an ex officio corporation sole. Celibacy is viewed differently by the Catholic Church and the various Protestant communities. It includes clerical celibacy, celibacy of the consecrated life, voluntary lay celibacy, and celibacy outside of marriage.

text: The Protestant Reformation rejected celibate life and sexual continence for preachers. Protestant celibate communities have emerged, especially from Anglican and Lutheran backgrounds.[citation needed] A few minor Christian sects advocate celibacy as a better way of life. These groups included the Shakers, the Harmony Society and the Ephrata Cloister. Celibacy not only for religious and monastics (brothers/monks and sisters/nuns) but also for bishops is upheld by the Catholic Church traditions.[58]

text: Many evangelicals prefer the term "abstinence" to "celibacy." Assuming everyone will marry, they focus their discussion on refraining from premarital sex and focusing on the joys of a future marriage. But some evangelicals, particularly older singles, desire a positive message of celibacy that moves beyond the "wait until marriage" message of abstinence campaigns. They seek a new understanding of celibacy that is focused on God rather than a future marriage or a lifelong vow to the Church.[59]

text: There are also many Pentecostal churches which practice celibate ministry. For instance, The full-time ministers of the Pentecostal Mission are celibate. Most of them are single, married couples can become celibate.[60]

text: Catholic Church[edit]

text: During the first three or four centuries, no law was promulgated prohibiting clerical marriage. Celibacy was a matter of choice for bishops, priests, and deacons.[61]

text: Statutes forbidding clergy from having wives were written beginning with the Council of Elvira (306) but these early statutes were not universal and were often defied by clerics and then retracted by hierarchy.[62] The Synod of Gangra (345) condemned a false asceticism whereby worshipers boycotted celebrations presided over by married clergy."[63] The Apostolic Constitutions (c. 400) excommunicated a priest or bishop who left his wife ‘under the pretense of piety”’ (Mansi, 1:51).[64]

text: "A famous letter of Synesius of Cyrene (c. 414) is evidence both for the respecting of personal decision in the matter and for contemporary appreciation of celibacy. For priests and deacons clerical marriage continued to be in vogue".[65]

text: "The Second Lateran Council (1139) seems to have enacted the first written law making sacred orders a diriment impediment to marriage for the universal Church."[62] Celibacy was first required of some clerics in 1123 at the First Lateran Council. Because clerics resisted it, the celibacy mandate was restated at the Second Lateran Council (1139) and the Council of Trent (1545–64).[66] In places, coercion and enslavement of clerical wives and children was apparently involved in the enforcement of the law.[67] “The earliest decree in which the children [of clerics] were declared to be slaves and never to be enfranchised [freed] seems to have been a canon of the Synod of Pavia in 1018. Similar penalties were promulgated against wives and concubines (see the Synod of Melfi, 1189 can. Xii), who by the very fact of their unlawful connexion with a subdeacon or clerk of higher rank became liable to be seized by the over-lord”.[67] Celibacy for priests continues to be a contested issue even today.

text: In the Roman Catholic Church, the Twelve Apostles are considered to have been the first priests and bishops of the Church. Some say the call to be eunuchs for the sake of Heaven in Matthew 19 was a call to be sexually continent and that this developed into celibacy for priests as the successors of the apostles. Others see the call to be sexually continent in Matthew 19 to be a caution for men who were too readily divorcing and remarrying.

text: The view of the Church is that celibacy is a reflection of life in Heaven, a source of detachment from the material world which aids in one's relationship with God. Celibacy is designed to "consecrate themselves with undivided heart to the Lord and to "the affairs of the Lord, they give themselves entirely to God and to men. It is a sign of this new life to the service of which the Church's minister is consecrated; accepted with a joyous heart celibacy radiantly proclaims the Reign of God."[68] In contrast, Saint Peter, whom the Church considers its first Pope, was married given that he had a mother-in-law whom Christ healed (Matthew 8).

text: Usually, only celibate men are ordained as priests in the Latin Rite.[69][70] Married clergy who have converted from other Christian denominations can be ordained Roman Catholic priests without becoming celibate.[71] Priestly celibacy is not doctrine of the Church (such as the belief in the Assumption of Mary) but a matter of discipline, like the use of the vernacular (local) language in Mass or Lenten fasting and abstinence.[72] As such, it can theoretically change at any time though it still must be obeyed by Catholics until the change were to take place. The Eastern Catholic Churches ordain both celibate and married men. However, in both the East and the West, bishops are chosen from among those who are celibate.[73][74] In Ireland, several priests have fathered children, the two most prominent being Bishop Eamonn Casey and Father Michael Cleary.

text: The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. Will Durant has made a case that certain prominent features of Plato's ideal community were discernible in the organization, dogma and effectiveness of "the" Medieval Church in Europe:[75]

text: "The clergy, like Plato's guardians, were placed in authority... by their talent as shown in ecclesiastical studies and administration, by their disposition to a life of meditation and simplicity, and ... by the influence of their relatives with the powers of state and church. In the latter half of the period in which they ruled [AD 800 onwards], the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire [for such guardians]... [Clerical] Celibacy was part of the psychological structure of the power of the clergy; for on the one hand they were unimpeded by the narrowing egoism of the family, and on the other their apparent superiority to the call of the flesh added to the awe in which lay sinners held them...."[75] "In the latter half of the period in which they ruled, the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire".[75]

text: "Greater understanding of human psychology has led to questions regarding the impact of celibacy on the human development of the clergy. The realization that many non-European countries view celibacy negatively has prompted questions concerning the value of retaining celibacy as an absolute and universal requirement for ordained ministry in the Roman Catholic Church"[76]

text:
"The declining number of priests in active ministry, the exemption from the requirement of celibacy for married clergy who enter the Catholic Church after having been ordained in the Episcopal Church, and reported incidences of de facto nonobservance of the requirement by clergy in various parts of the world, especially in Africa and Latin America, suggests that the discussion [of celibacy] will continue"[76]
Catholic Churches developed the less well-known institution of chaste marriage.

text: The reintroduction of a permanent diaconate has permitted the Church to allow married men to become deacons but they may not go on to become priests.

text: Celibate homosexual Christians[edit]

text: Some homosexual Christians choose to be celibate following their denomination's teachings on homosexuality.[77]

text: In 2014, the American Association of Christian Counselors amended its code of ethics to eliminate the promotion of conversion therapy for homosexuals and encouraged them to be celibate instead.[77]

text: Hinduism[edit]

text: In Hinduism, celibacy is usually associated with the sadhus ("holy men"), ascetics who withdraw from society and renounce all worldly ties. Celibacy, termed brahmacharya in Vedic scripture, is the fourth of the yamas and the word literally translated means "dedicated to the Divinity of Life". The word is often used in yogic practice to refer to celibacy or denying pleasure, but this is only a small part of what brahmacharya represents. The purpose of practicing brahmacharya is to keep a person focused on the purpose in life, the things that instill a feeling of peace and contentment.

text: Islam[edit]

text: Islamic attitudes toward celibacy have been complex, Muhammad denounced it, however some Sufi orders embrace it. Islam does not promote celibacy; rather it condemns premarital sex and extramarital sex. In fact, according to Islam, marriage enables one to attain the highest form of righteousness within this sacred spiritual bond and is as such to be sought after and desired. It disagrees with the concept that marriage acts as a form of distraction in attaining nearness to God. The Qur'an (57:27) states, "But the Monasticism which they invented for themselves, We did not prescribe for them but only to please God therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance."

text: The following sayings about the Prophet also address celibacy:

text: "There have been people who have come to the prophet and explained how they love to be engaged in prayer and fasting for the sake of God. The Prophet Mohammed told them that, despite this being good, it is also a blessing to raise a family, to remain moderate and not to concentrate too much on one aspect as not only can this be unhealthy for an individual as well as upon society, it may also take one away from God."[citation needed]

text: Celibacy appears as a peculiarity among some Sufis.[78]

text: Celibacy was practiced by women saints in Sufism.[79] Celibacy was debated along with women's roles in Sufism in medieval times.[80]

text: Celibacy, poverty, meditation, and mysticism within an ascetic context along with worship centered around Saint's tombs were promoted by the Qadiri Sufi order among Hui Muslims in China.[81][82] In China, unlike other Muslim sects, the leaders (Shaikhs) of the Qadiriyya Sufi order are celibate.[83][84][85][86][87] Unlike other Sufi orders in China, the leadership within the order is not a hereditary position, rather, one of the disciples of the celibate Shaikh is chosen by the Shaikh to succeed him . The 92-year-old celibate Shaikh Yang Shijun was the leader of the Qadiriya order in China as of 1998.[88]

text: Celibacy is practiced by Haydariya Sufi dervishes.[89][90]

text: Meher Baba[edit]

text: The spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that "[F]or the [spiritual] aspirant a life of strict celibacy is preferable to married life, if restraint comes to him easily without undue sense of self-repression. Such restraint is difficult for most persons and sometimes impossible, and for them married life is decidedly more helpful than a life of celibacy. For ordinary persons, married life is undoubtedly advisable unless they have a special aptitude for celibacy".[91] Baba also asserted that "The value of celibacy lies in the habit of restraint and the sense of detachment and independence which it gives"[92] and that "The aspirant must choose one of the two courses which are open to him. He must take to the life of celibacy or to the married life, and he must avoid at all costs a cheap compromise between the two. Promiscuity in sex gratification is bound to land the aspirant in a most pitiful and dangerous chaos of ungovernable lust."[93]

text: Ancient Greece and Rome[edit]

text: In Sparta and many other Greek cities, failure to marry was grounds for loss of citizenship, and could be prosecuted as a crime. Both Cicero and Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated that Roman law forbade celibacy. There are no records of such a prosecution, nor is the Roman punishment for refusing to marry known.[94]

text:
Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers. Pythagorean  thinking  was dominated by  a profoundly mystical view of the world. The Pythagorean code further restricted his members from eating meat, fish, and beans  which they practised for religious, ethical and ascetic reasons, in particular the idea of metempsychosis – the transmigration of souls into the bodies of other animals.[95][96]
"Pythagoras himself established a small community that set a premium on study, vegetarianism, and sexual restraint or abstinence.   Later philosophers believed that celibacy would be conducive to the detachment and equilibrium required by the philosopher's calling."[97]

text: The Balkans[edit]

text: The tradition of sworn virgins developed out of the Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit (English: The Code of Lekë Dukagjini, or simply the Kanun). The Kanun is not a religious document – many groups follow it, including Roman Catholics, the Albanian Orthodox, and Muslims.

text: Women who become sworn virgins make a vow of celibacy, and are allowed to take on the social role of men: inheriting land, wearing male clothing, etc.


document_title: School bus yellow

question_text: why the colour of school buses is yellow

root

text: School bus yellow

text:
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tag: table

text:
School bus yellow

     Color coordinates

Hex triplet
#FFD800

sRGBB  (r, g, b)
(255, 216, 0)

CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)
(1, 12, 100, 0)

HSV       (h, s, v)
(51°, 100%, 100%)

Source
[Unsourced]

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

text: School bus yellow is a color which was especially formulated for use on school buses in North America in 1939. The color is now officially known in Canada and the U.S. as National School Bus Glossy Yellow and was originally called National School Bus Chrome. The pigment used for this color was, for a long time, the lead-containing chrome yellow.[1]

tag: p

text: The color was chosen because it attracts attention and is noticed quickly in peripheral vision, faster than any other color. Scientists describe this as follows: "Lateral peripheral vision for detecting yellows is 1.24 times greater than for red."[2]

text: In April 1939, Dr. Frank W. Cyr, a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York organized a conference that established national school-bus construction standards for the U.S., including the standard color of yellow for the school bus. It became known officially as "National School Bus Chrome". The color was selected because black lettering on that hue was easiest to see in the semi-darkness of early morning.

text: The conference met for seven days and the attendees created a total of 44 standards, including specifications regarding body length, ceiling height and aisle width. Paint experts from DuPont and Pittsburgh Paints participated. Dr. Cyr's conference, funded by a $5,000 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, was also a landmark event inasmuch as it included transportation officials from each of the then-48 states, as well as specialists from school bus manufacturing and paint companies. The color was adopted by the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) as Federal Standard No. 595a, Color 13432.

text: The conference approach to school bus safety, as well as the yellow color, have endured into the 21st century. Dr. Cyr became known as the "Father of the Yellow School Bus."

text: Use in other vehicles[edit]

text: The yellow color of other public vehicles, including taxicabs, did not derive from Dr. Cyr's standardization. Rather, it was from a much earlier choice made by Chicago-based entrepreneur John D. Hertz, who founded the Yellow Cab Company in 1914, and used the color to brand his business. Hertz's later car rental company would also use the bright yellow shade as part of its logo, which is still in use today. It is not known[according to whom?] whether or to what extent Hertz's choice influenced Dr. Cyr's conception, or whether Hertz himself had the same concerns about visibility in mind that Dr. Cyr had.

text: The yellow used on Beijing "breadloaf" or "miandi" taxis shown in the photo below was likely influenced by yellow taxicabs in the US.[original research?]

text: School bus yellow outside North America[edit]

text: In Sweden yellow buses were operated as postbuses in sparsely populated regions by the Swedish Postal Service from 1923 to 1991, i.e., since before "school bus yellow" was created in 1939 (see image in gallery), with the color chosen because it was the traditional color of the Swedish Postal Service, and as such was the color used on both post boxes (US: collection boxes) and vehicles. Other national postal services in Europe, including in Germany and Switzerland, also operated yellow buses for the same reason, since long before 1939, and some still do.[citation needed]

text: School bus yellow is also the traditional color of long-distance coaches and intercity buses used in Hungary.

text: North American-style yellow school buses (built by European manufacturers) are being introduced in some parts of the United Kingdom, prompted by corporate links to the American industry, for example First Student UK, or a desire to re-brand school buses, such as West Yorkshire Metro's Mybus.[3]

text: A similar shade of yellow was used in Santiago, Chile's bus lines in the 1992-2007 period.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Examples of buses in school bus yellow

Swedish Scania-Vabis postbus from mid-1920s

German postbus from 1925

German Reichspost parcel delivery van from mid-1920s

Nineteenth century German Reichspost mail coach for both passengers and mail

German postbus (1980's)

Swiss Saurer postbus from 1953

A First Student UK school bus painted in American school bus yellow

A Hong Kong nanny van in yellow (but see note above about Hertz and taxicabs)

tag: ul


document_title: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...

question_text: who played the role of shahrukh khan son in kabhi khushi kabhi gham

text: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...

text: Plot[edit]

text: Yashvardhan "Yash" Raichand (Amitabh Bachchan) is a rich business tycoon, living in Delhi with his wife Nandini (Jaya Bachchan) and two sons Rahul and Rohan. Rahul is the elder son and was adopted by Yash and Nandini at birth. This is known to everyone in the Raichand household, except Rohan. The Raichand household is highly patriarchal and follows traditions. While grown up, Rahul (Shahrukh Khan) comes across the vivacious Anjali Sharma (Kajol), and they eventually fall in love, but their love is forbidden, because Anjali is from a low-income background. Yash and Nandini soon send Rohan to a boarding school, which all the males in their family have attended. Yash announces his desire for Rahul to marry Naina (Rani Mukherji), as he believes that parents have the right to choose their offspring's spouse, but Naina learns that Rahul is in love with Anjali, and encourages him to pursue her. When Yash comes to know of this, he is enraged, and Rahul promises not to marry Anjali, as he wants to please his father. En route to tell her of his promise, he discovers that her father (Alok Nath) has died, and decides to marry her despite his father's hostility. Yash learns of the marriage and disowns Rahul, whereupon Nandini and Rahul share a tearful goodbye. Nandini sends Sayeeda (Farida Jalal) (Rahul and Rohan's nanny) to watch over him, so that he does not feel separated from a mother's love. Rahul visits Rohan in the Boarding School and begs of Rohan never to ask where he went or why he left, and asks that he take care of Nandini.

text: Ten years later, Rohan (Hrithik Roshan) returns home from boarding school and accidentally overhears a conversation from his grandmothers (Achala Sachdev and Sushma Seth) concerned Rahul's adoption and the reason why Rahul left home, whereupon Rohan vows to reunite the family. He learns that Rahul, Anjali, and her younger sister Pooja (with whom he shared a playful relationship during his childhood) moved to London, and tells his parents that he wishes to pursue further studies in London. Yash is skeptical at first, but once Rohan emphasizes that he is following the family traditions, his parents agree to let him go. In London, Rahul and Anjali now have their own son, Krish. Pooja (Kareena Kapoor), now a popular fashion-obsessed diva, is a student at King's College London, where Rohan enrolls. He and Pooja meet again and he tells her that he has come to London to bring his brother and sister-in-law back home. Pooja tells Rahul that Rohan is her friend's brother who currently has nowhere to stay. After some persuasion, Rahul agrees to let Rohan stay as Rohan uses the name 'Yash' to hide his real identity. Right before the family attends Krish's school functin, Sayeeda and Anjali find out his real identity, though they promise to keep quiet. At Krish's school function, Krish leads his class in singing Jana Gana Mana (Indian national anthem), and later recites advice which Rohan had given him. Rahul, having given Rohan this advice ten years ago, now realizes that Rohan is his brother.

text: Rohan begs Rahul to come home, but Rahul refuses. Pooja convinces Rohan to invite his parents to London; Rahul and Nandini are overjoyed to see one another, but Rahul still refuses to talk to his father. When Yash goes to a store, Anjali stumbles by and Rohan reveals that they have been living in London the whole time. Yash soon learns that his mother had died and that her last wish was for Yash, Rahul, and Rohan to light her funeral pyre together. Therefore, the entire family attends the funeral, and Nandini tells Yash that she thought he was wrong for disowning Rahul. Rohan and Pooja convince Rahul to talk to Yash, who apologizes and allows Rahul and Anjali into the house. Rohan and Pooja are married, and the family hold a belated celebration of Rahul and Anjali's wedding.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amitabh Bachchan as Yashvardhan "Yash" Raichand, a Delhi based business tycoon. Fiercely dominating, he insists on controlling the life of his wife and sons. Amitabh Bachchan was Karan's first choice for the portrayal of Yash Raichand. Karan added, "As I wrote the film, I realised that Yashvardhan Raichand is the backbone of the film and I could only see one actor playing the role — Amitabh Bachchan." Bachchan, on his part, agreed to do the film without a script narration.[4] Karan mentioned that he was initially scared to direct a star of the stature of Bachchan, but the latter "soon became an actor instead of a superstar".[5]
Jaya Bachchan as Nandini Raichand, Yash's wife. She shares a close bond with her sons but remains in the shadow of her husband. According to Karan Johar, Jaya Bachchan was the "obvious" choice for the character of Nandini, and added that her "acting prowess and stature" were the other reasons for him preferring to cast her.[4] The film also marked the return of Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan together on screen after a gap of 18 years.[6] Of her character, she said that Nandini was an extension of her own self. She elaborated, "My personal feelings towards Shah Rukh are similar to what I was supposed to portray in the film. There's something about him that makes me want to mother him." She added that she modelled her character on Karan's mother, Hiroo Johar, who "is a very emotional and sentimental person."[7]
Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Raichand, Yash and Nandini's adopted son. Rahul feels indebted to his parents and tries to fulfill all their wishes. However, he falls in love with Anjali and invites the wrath of Yash. When Karan offered the role to Shah Rukh, he immediately agreed to do it and accommodated his dates, despite having several other commitments.[4] Khan described the character of Rahul by saying, "I love the vulnerability and the honesty in his eyes. He has the appeal of a boy next door. Besides, his intensity and ability to convey emotions without words is amazing."[8]
Kajol as Anjali Sharma, Rahul's love-interest and later, wife. She is a fun-loving woman living in the Chandni Chowk area of Delhi. Belonging to a lower socio-economic group than the Raichand family, she is not accepted by Yash as his daughter-in-law. Karan was initially hesitant to cast Kajol in the film, as he felt that she would refuse the offer due to her recent marriage. Kajol, however, was moved to tears during the script narration and agreed to do the film.[4] In an interview to Filmfare, Kajol said, "One tiny fact that Karan forgot to mention during his narration was just how much Punjabi my character spoke in the film. I nearly died when I saw the lines of dialogue on the first day of shooting." However, she learnt the right pronunciation and diction with the help of Yash Johar and the crew members.[9]
Hrithik Roshan as Rohan Raichand, Yash and Nandini's biological son. He wants his elder brother Rahul to return home. Karan signed Roshan to play the character of Rohan after watching a rough cut of the latter's debut film, Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000).[4] Roshan described his character as a "buffer" in a film that primarily focused on Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan.[10]
Kareena Kapoor as Pooja "Poo" Sharma, Anjali's younger sister. She is a sophisticated girl, who helps Rohan in his plan to reunite Rahul with his parents. After spotting Kapoor at a party organised by Bombay Times, Karan decided to cast her immediately for the role of the glamorous diva, Poo.[4] Kapoor stated that in her opinion, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... was primarily Kajol's film, and that her own character was a supporting one. In order to prepare for her role, she worked hard on her dancing skills, as she did not want audiences to know that she could not dance well.[11]
Rani Mukerji as Naina Kapoor, a socialite girl who loves Rahul and wants to marry him, and Yashvardhan approves of her. Following the success of Karan's previous film, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), which starred Khan, Kajol and Mukerji, he wanted her presence in this film too. He thus cast Mukerji in a guest appearance.[4] Initially, Karan wanted her presence in the film to be a surprise, but an accidental slip by Sony Music during the promotional activities led to her discovery.[5]
Farida Jalal as Sayeeda / Daijan (DJ), Rahul and Rohan's nanny
Simone Singh as Rukhsaar, Sayeeda's daughter and Anjali's best friend
Alok Nath as Bauji Sharma, Anjali and Pooja's father
Kavish Majumdar as the younger Rohan Raichand
Malvika Raj as the younger Pooja Sharma
Jugal Hansraj as Rohan's friend (special appearance)

text: Achala Sachdev and Sushma Seth were cast as Yash and Nandini's mothers, respectively. The film also featured Johnny Lever as Haldiram (a shopkeeper in Chandni Chowk), Himani Shivpuri as Haldiram's wife, Jibraan Khan as Krish Raichand (Rahul and Anjali's son), Amar Talwar as Mr. Kapoor (Yash's friend and Naina's father). Ramona Sunavala, Jeroo Writer and Vikas Sethi feature as Poo's friends Sonya, Tanya and Robbie, respectively. Additionally, Ashutosh Singh features as Ashfaque, Rukshaar's husband. Shilpa Mehta, Shashikala and Parzan Dastur were cast as Ashfaque's mother, grandmother and nephew, respectively. Shashikala played the in-law to Rukhsaar. Punit Malhotra and Johnny Lever's real-life son Jesse Lever had small parts.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
“
At a certain age, boys are very demonstrative about their love towards their fathers. They hug and kiss them. But after that, they withdraw, become less demonstrative. My film is about relationships, about sons going up to their fathers and saying they love them.
”

— Karan Johar[13]

text: After the success of Karan's debut film, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), he began work on a story dealing with the concept of "generations". The idea initially revolved around two daughters-in-law. However, on the advice of filmmaker Aditya Chopra, who thought that the male characters would be too weak, Karan decided to tweak the story-line to make it the story of two brothers.[14]

text: The inspiration behind Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... came from Yash Chopra's Kabhi Kabhie (1976). On being inspired by the classic, Karan quoted, "What appealed to me was the fact that the love story stretched out across generations. It began with youth and went on as the people grew older. You could say that Kabhi Kabhie is the starting point for my new film, that I am inspired by it. But the film, I am sure, will be very different. It will look different, feel different."[15] Similarly, Karan added an extra "e" to the second Kabhi in the title of his film, due to numerological reasons.[16] In an interview with The Times of India, Karan dispelled comparisons with Kuch Kuch Hota Hai and said that while his debut film was "frothy and bubble-gummish", this one was "more classy and sophisticated". He added that there would be "plenty of drama" in this film too, but handled more maturely.[17]

text: Before principal photography could begin, Karan and the contracted costume designers (Manish Malhotra, Shabina Khan and Rocky S) shopped in several locations of USA, London, Milan, and New Delhi to get the right look for each of the cast members.[18] Additionally, Karan had only one expectation from the contracted actors; to "look good and do their job". He did not organise any rehearsals for them, except for a scene involving a climatic encounter between Amitabh Bachchan and Roshan.[14] Additional production people hired included choreographer Farah Khan, production designer Sharmishta Roy and cinematographer Kiran Deohans.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first schedule of the film began in Mumbai on 16 October 2000, with the picturisation of the song "Bole Chudiyan" involving Roshan, Kapoor, Khan and Kajol. Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan joined the schedule on 20 October. Due to the immense stress caused by the presence of these actors, Karan fainted on the sets.[20] However, he continued directing the rest of the song while lying in bed.[21]

text: For the first half of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..., the production design team led by Sharmishtha Roy, recreated Chandni Chowk in a studio at Film City of Mumbai.[22] In order to lend authenticity, the team took several pictures of the original area and also shopped in the various alleys of Chandni Chowk. Roy later won Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction her work.[23] The inside of a palatial mansion was developed from scratch in the same studio to double as the home of the Raichand family.[24] In order to lend authenticity to the house of the multi-multimillionaires, several expensive paintings were hung from the walls.[25] A total of 18–19 elaborate sets were constructed by Roy, as Karan wanted the look of the film to be "larger-than-life".[26]

text: The second half of the film was shot in the city of London. Karan chose to set the film there due to his fondness for the city. He added, "I could have based my plot in New York City or anywhere else. But London is kind of close to my heart. I like to weave my films around London." Shooting locations include the Wales Millennium Centre, Bluewater in Kent,[27] Blenheim Palace, St Paul's Cathedral and the banks of River Thames.[28] The outdoor scenes of the Raichand family mansion were shot at Waddesdon Manor.[29] The crew faced enormous difficulties while filming an emotional scene between Jaya Bachchan and Khan at the Bluewater Complex, as a massive crowd had gathered there to watch them at work. The situation, eventually, got worse and the complex officials asked them to wrap up the shoot within two hours.[30]

text: British journalist, Fuad Omar, wrote extensively about the filming of the film in the UK, covering much of the shoot in a series of online articles and for regional press. Many of these were reprinted in an unedited format in his book, Bollywood: An Insider's Guide.[citation needed]

text: Another song sequence ("Suraj Hua Maddham") involving Khan and Kajol was shot with the backdrop of the Pyramids of Giza in the city of Cairo in Egypt.[31] Due to the lighting conditions, the crew could shoot only between 7 and 9 am in the morning. As a result, the song took several days to film.[32] In addition, Kajol suffered from a minor injury while filming for the song, as she had experienced a bad fall.[33]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...

Soundtrack album by Jatin Lalit
Sandesh Shandilya
Aadesh Shrivastava

Released
2001

Genre
Film Soundtrack

Language
Hindi

Label
Sony Music India

Producer
Yash Johar

text: The music of the film was composed by Jatin Lalit, Sandesh Shandilya and Aadesh Shrivastava. The lyrics were provided by Sameer, except for "Suraj Hua Maddham" which was penned by Anil Pandey. A total of 11 tracks are present in the album, which was released by Sony Music on 16 October 2001.[34][35] Explaining the album, Karan Johar said, "I wanted music that had all kinds of tunes — pop, romantic, bhangra – but one sound. It had to be larger than life." He added that Jatin-Lalit came up with three "haunting melodies", while Shandilya and Shrivastava came up with the pop and bhangra songs, respectively.[36] A legal suit was filed against Johar for using the song "It's Raining Men" in the film without obtaining prior permission.[37]

text: Upon release, the soundtrack of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... emerged as a major success by selling 2.5 million units within 30 days.[38] Additionally, it became the largest selling album of the year in India.[39] Writing for Rediff, Sukanya Varma praised most of the compositions, while being critical of the song "Say Shava Shava" due to the "overdose of Punjabi emotions". She summed up by saying, "The music of K3G has a presence. Hate it or love it, you certainly won't ignore it."[40] Planet Bollywood gave it 8 of 10 stars, calling "Suraj Hua Maddham" by Sonu Nigam the best song, and the best reason to buy the album. [41]

text: Karan Johar said, "The music composers did an excellent job but appreciating the songs without appreciating Sonu Nigam is hollow. I fought with the producers to give Sonu a chance and today he's made the songs immortal."[citation needed]

text: In 2002, Sony released another album titled Klub K3G, featuring remixes by Indian electronic music producers Akshai Sarin, Harshdeep Sidhu, Prempal Hans and others.[42]

text:
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... Album: Track listing

No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham"
Sameer
Jatin Lalit
Lata Mangeshkar
7:55

2.
"Bole Chudiyan"
Sameer
Jatin Lalit
Kavita K. Subramaniam, Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, Udit Narayan, Amit Kumar
6:50

3.
"You Are My Soniya"
Sameer
Sandesh Shandilya
Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam
5:45

4.
"Suraj Hua Maddham"
Anil Pandey
Sandesh Shandilya
Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam
7:08

5.
"Say Shava Shava"
Sameer
Aadesh Shrivastava
Alka Yagnik, Sunidhi Chauhan, Udit Narayan, Sudesh Bhonsle, Aadesh Shrivastava, Amitabh Bachchan
6:50

6.
"Yeh Ladka Hai Allah"
Sameer
Jatin Lalit
Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan
5:28

7.
"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham — Sad (Part 1)"
Sameer
Jatin Lalit
Sonu Nigam
1:53

8.
"Deewana Hai Dekho"
Sameer
Sandesh Shandilya
Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, Kareena Kapoor
5:46

9.
"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham — Sad (Part 2)"
Sameer
Jatin Lalit
Lata Mangeshkar
1:53

10.
"Soul of K3G"

Sandesh Shandilya
Instrumental
2:18

11.
"Vande Mataram"
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Sandesh Shandilya
Kavita K. Subramaniam, Usha Uthup
4:15

Total length:
56:01

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Initially scheduled for a theatrical release during the Diwali celebrations of 2001, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... released a month later on 14 December.[43] Due to the long duration of the film, theatres screened three shows daily, instead of four. Additionally, due to a massive rush in advance bookings, several theatres increased their ticket prices.[44]

text: The use of "Jana Gana Mana" by Rabindranath Tagore during the film was met with criticism from a certain section of the audiences, and politicians of the Bharatiya Janata Party, for being "out-of-context" and "insulting the national pride".[45] Subsequently, a writ was issued against Dharma Productions in the Allahabad High Court by a petitioner based in Uttar Pradesh.[46] However, the court did not entertain the complainant's petition.[47]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: In India, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... met with polarised reactions from film critics. While certain critics praised the visual richness and the performances of the cast, certain others were negative about the lengthy run time and criticised the script strength and inconsistencies. Khalid Mohamed of The Times of India applauded the film and reviewed, "K3G is the complete commercial banquet delivered with fabulous finesse by Karan Johar. So, go indulge yourself. Cry your heart out and surprisingly, you'll feel life's finally alive and kicking in Mumbai's dream world."[49] Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars. He praised the emotional sequences, as well as the choreography, production design, costumes, and cinematography. He added that Karan Johar was the real star, for creating many memorable sequences.[19] Rakesh Budhu of Planet Bollywood gave the film 8 out of 10 stars, saying "Dharma Productions has kept its promise in giving us a lovable film to remember in coming times." He pointed out several flaws in the script, but added that the positive aspects of the film managed to outweigh the negative ones. He quoted, "K3G is one heck of an entertainer and was worth the wait".[50] In the film review section of his book Bollywood: An Insider's Guide, Fuad Omar showered overwhelming praise on the film and called it a "masterpiece from the first frame to the last". In summary he said, "Overall Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... is without a doubt the most enthralling, entertaining, emotional and complete vision and definition of Hindi cinema I have ever seen. It is simply the perfect Hindi film."[51]

text: Contrary to the positive reviews, Anjum N., writing for Rediff, said that despite an extraordinary cast and a big budget, "Karan Johar disappoints." He praised Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan's performance and noted Hrithik Roshan for holding his own against the veteran actors. However, in summary he called the film "a bad remix of Mohabbatein and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai".[52] Writing for The Hindu, Ziya Salam praised Kajol's performance and Karan's ability to "keep the viewer occupied". She commented, "Watch Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... not because of the hype which preceded its release but because in these meagre times not many have come up with better fare. The film at least partially redeems the hope surrounding it. Again, just like its name. Some joy, some disappointment."[48] Namarata Joshi of Outlook gave a mixed review and said that while the film "makes you laugh and cry alternately", the shenanigans were nevertheless "fake and affected" and "monochromatic despite the profusion of colours".[53]

text: Overseas[edit]

text: Overseas too, the reviews were mostly mixed, with several critics praising the technical production details of the film, while being somewhat less enthusiastic about the story line. Shamaila Khan of BBC gave the film 9 out of 10 stars and praised the performances of Khan, Kajol and Kapoor. She summed up by saying, "(K3G is) a well made film, with some magical moments (hilarious and weepy) and possibly the world's best looking family!"[54] Derek Elley of Variety said that it "is a highly enjoyable, often dazzlingly staged vehicle dragged down by a sluggish final half-hour". He also praised the cinematography, and the picturisation of the song, "Say Shava Shava".[55] Corey K. Creekmur, of the University of Iowa, said that there were many ignored or illogical plot points and inconsistencies between the moral messages meant to be portrayed and the manner in which they came off on screen. Overall, he called the film a letdown.[56]

text: Box Office[edit]

text: Upon release, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... broke all opening records. The film opened to around ₹70 million (US$1.1 million) nett collections in its first weekend in India, with the first week total at around ₹140 million (US$2.2 million).[3] The domestic opening week collections were 70% higher than the previous record and never before had opening records been eclipsed by such large margins. It also set new records for the second and third weeks, by collecting ₹105 million (US$1.6 million) and ₹80 million (US$1.2 million) respectively.[57] The film went on to become the second highest grosser of 2001 domestically, netting ₹550 million (US$8.6 million) in India, and earning "Blockbuster" status.[3][58]

text: The film was released in around 125 prints in the overseas markets, grossing a total of $8.9 million at the end of its theatrical run.[3][59] It performed very well in the United Kingdom, with a gross of $689,000 in its opening weekend. It thus debuted at the third position at the British box-office.[60] The total earnings of the film reached over $3.2 million in the UK.[59] The film also had the biggest opening ever for a Bollywood film in North America, with a gross of $1.1 million in 73 screens.[2] However, according to a report by Rediff, the numbers were so high that the official reporting agency did not believe it, and asked for evidence that could not be furnished until after the reporting deadline had passed. If reported on time, the film would have opened at the number 10 spot in the North American box-office.[60] However, according to figures from Box Office Mojo, the film debuted at the 32nd place at the American box office during the week of 4 January 2002.[61] It eventually gathered a total of $2.9 million there.[59] Additionally, in 2003, the film became the first from India to be given a theatrical release in Germany.[62]

text: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... earned a worldwide gross of ₹1.35 billion (US$21 million).[3] It was the highest-grossing film of the year in the overseas market, surpassing Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, which was the top grosser of the year. Its record of being the highest grosser in the overseas was broken only by Johar's next directorial, Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006). When adjusted for inflation, the film is still among the highest grossers worldwide.[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... received fifteen nominations at the Filmfare Awards, ultimately winning five awards.[64][65] In an interview with Filmfare, Karan Johar said that he was not dejected to have not won many awards at the ceremony, as he felt that Lagaan was "a classic" and deserved to win.[30]

text: The film won several awards at the International Indian Film Academy Awards (IIFA),[66][67] and some at the Zee Cine Awards[68] and Screen Awards[69] ceremonies, among others. Among the cast members, Kajol and Jaya Bachchan won several awards in the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress category, respectively. At the 13th annual Valenciennes International Film Festival, the film won five major awards, including three Best Film awards and Best Actress for Kajol.[70]

text: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... received the highest number of acting nominations ever received (6) by a film at Filmfare Awards.[citation needed]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Filmfare Awards
Best Actress
Kajol
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Jaya Bachchan

Best Dialogue
Karan Johar

Best Art Direction
Sharmishta Roy

Best Scene of the Year[30]
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...

Best Film
Yash Johar
Nominated

Best Director
Karan Johar

Best Actor
Shahrukh Khan

Best Supporting Actor
Amitabh Bachchan

Best Supporting Actor
Hrithik Roshan

Best Supporting Actress
Kareena Kapoor

Best Music Direction
Jatin Lalit

Best Lyricist
Anil Pandey ("Suraj Hua Maddham")

Best Lyricist
Sameer ("Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham")

Best Male Playback
Sonu Nigam ("Suraj Hua Maddham")

Screen Awards
Best Actress
Kajol
Won

Jodi No. 1
Shahrukh Khan & Kajol

Valenciennes International Film Festival
Best Film (Special Jury Award)
Yash Johar

Best Film (Audience Jury Award)
Yash Johar

Best Film (Student Jury Award)
Yash Johar

Best Actress
Kajol

Bleu Nord Award
Jatin Lalit, Sandesh Shandilya, Aadesh Shrivastava

IIFA Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Jaya Bachchan

Best Male Playback
Sonu Nigam ("Suraj Hua Maddham")

Best Dialogue
Karan Johar

Best Art Direction
Sharmishta Roy

Best Background Score
Babloo Chakravarty

Best Sound Recording
Anil Mathur and Nakul Kante

Best Costume Design
Manish Malhotra

Best Makeup
Mikey Contractor

Zee Cine Awards
Best Playback Singer – Male
Sonu Nigam ("Suraj Hua Maddham")

Zee Cine Special Award for Outstanding Performance – Female
Kajol

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Film critics and academics have analysed Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... in several ways. In the book, Encyclopedia of Religion and Film, Eric Mazur described several "mythological subtexts" in the film. While mentioning the opening scene of the film, which features the Raichand family worshiping "Hindu deities during the annual Diwali holiday", he explained that the scene allowed the Hindu audiences to participate in the darshan along with the characters.[71]

text: Author Rajani Mazumdar compared Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... to Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994) and added that the film dealt with themes of family and moral values through a "spectacular stage that moves across global locations".[72] She further stated that the buildup to the story was juxtaposed with the backdrop of two contrasting places – the Raichand home and the interiors of Chandni Chowk. While the Raichand house is described as "expensive, almost like a museum", Chandni Chowk is shown as a world of crowds, chaos and festivities. She also made a note of the use of frontal camera angles in order to ensure that the "spectators eye travels throughout the interior expanse".[73]

text: Writer Sangita Gopal analysed the "intensification of the aesthetic effects of Hindi cinema" in the narrative scheme of the film. During the confrontation scene between Yash and Rahul Raichand, a "thundering background score" coupled with "360° panning shots" were used to build up melodrama. She added that while such scenes simply began by reprising previous face-offs in several melodramatic Hindi films (such as Mohabbatein of 2000), they gradually shifted "to a more realist register as the framework moves from a sociology to a psychology of the family".[74] Mazur mentioned the use of "dream sequences" in the film as a means of escapism. He referred to the song "Suraj Hua Maddham" as an extradiegetic sequence that allowed Rahul and Anjali to be physically intimate "in ways that they could not in the real world of the film." He added that the characters conveyed a plethora of emotions not through extensive dialogue but through the exchange of glances, which were demonstrated by extreme close-ups on their eyes.[75]

text: Writing for the book Movie Blockbusters, Andrew Willis commented that the film was specifically written to appeal to the Indian diaspora. He explained that the film was aimed at invoking nostalgia among the large section of NRI's in Canada, United Kingdom and North America.[76] In the second half of the film, Rahul and Anjali move to London, where they enjoy an affluent lifestyle, among several non-Indian neighbours and friends. However, there is a perpetual dissatisfaction among them, especially Anjali, in living away from home.[77] Additionally, she dresses up in a traditional sari and performs the duties of a loyal housemaker. She also frets about her son and younger sister being "too influenced" by Western culture. The film, thus tries to form an emotional connection with the expatriate Indian audiences.[78][79]

text: According to Eckstein, several sequences convey a "culturally conservative" and "idealistic image" of India, while maintaining that the diaspora living in Britain lead a life of "involuntary exile". Western ideology is equated with economic success, with emphasis on Western consumerism such as Starbucks and Burger King.[80] Creekmur believes that Rohan was the only character in the film who could navigate multiple cultural spaces with ease. He seems totally at ease both at his ancestral home in India and in London. Though the tagline for the film was "It's all about loving your parents", Creekmur was skeptical and suggested "the film seems to actually admonish stern fathers to trust and love their children — mothers, aunties, and grandmothers, of course, love their children unconditionally even while respecting the idiotic wishes of vain patriarchs."[56]

text: Other media[edit]

text: During the production and filming process, a book entitled The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham was written by Niranjan Iyengar. It features materials and interviews concerning the producer, director, cinematographer, art director, cast and crew that Iyengar gathered over an 18-month period during the production of the film. The book was released a few days prior to the theatrical release of the film.[81][82][83][84]

text: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... has been released on VHS and DVD (one and two disc version) formats, beginning in 2002, and in the Blu-ray format beginning in 2010.[85] The two disc DVD version of the film contains a 45-minute documentary entitled The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham along with deleted scenes, a theatrical trailer, and several television promos.[86]


document_title: Walk the Line

question_text: who played carl perkins in walk the line

text: Walk the Line

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1968, as an audience of inmates at Folsom State Prison cheer for Johnny Cash's band, he waits backstage near a table saw, reminding him of his early life.

text: In 1944, Johnny, then known as J.R., is raised on a cotton farm in Dyess, Arkansas with his brother Jack, father Ray, and mother Carrie. J.R. is known for his singing of hymns, while his brother Jack trains himself to become a pastor. While Jack is sawing wood for a neighbor with a table saw, J.R. goes fishing until he is spotted by his father for wandering off. Both J.R. and Ray return home to see Jack dying after being severely injured by the saw in an accident. In 1950, J.R. enlists in the Air Force as Johnny Cash, and is stationed in West Germany. He purchases a guitar, and in 1952, finds solace in writing songs, one of which he develops as "Folsom Prison Blues".

text: After his discharge, Cash returns to the United States and marries his girlfriend, Vivian Liberto. The couple moves to Memphis, Tennessee, where Cash works as a door-to-door salesman to support his growing family. He walks past a recording studio, which inspires him to organize a band to play gospel music. Cash's band auditions for Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Records. After they play "Folsom Prison Blues", the band receives a contract, and launch to stardom at the beginning of the rock and roll era.

text: The band begins touring as Johnny Cash and the Tennessee Two. On tour, Johnny meets June Carter, with whom he falls in love. Cash begins spending more time with June, who divorces her first husband, Carl Smith. After his attempt to woo June fails, Cash starts abusing drugs and alcohol. After his behavior reaches a bottom during a performance with June, they separate.

text: Later, over Vivian's objections, Johnny persuades June to come out of semi-retirement, and tour with him. The tour is a success, but backstage, Vivian becomes critical of June's influence. After one performance in Las Vegas, Johnny and June sleep together. The next morning, she notices Johnny taking pills, and doubts her choices. At that evening's concert, Johnny, upset by June's apparent rejection, behaves erratically, and eventually passes out on stage. June disposes of Johnny's drugs, and begins to write "Ring of Fire", describing her feelings for him and her pain at watching him descend into addiction.

text: Returning to California, Cash travels to Mexico to purchase more drugs, and is arrested. Cash's marriage to Vivian implodes; the pair divorce and Cash moves to Nashville in 1966. Trying to reconcile with June, Johnny purchases a large house near a lake in Hendersonville. His parents and the extended Carter family arrive for Thanksgiving, at which time Ray dismisses his son's achievements and behavior. After the meal, June's mother encourages her daughter to help Cash. He goes into detox and wakes with June; she says they have been given a second chance. Though not married, the two begin spending most of their time with each other.

text: Cash discovers that most of his fan mail is from prisoners, who are impressed with his outlaw image. He proposes to Columbia Records that he will record an album live inside Folsom Prison. Despite Columbia's doubts, Cash says that he will perform, and his label can use the tapes if they wish. At the Folsom Prison concert, Cash says that he has been sympathetic to prisoners, explaining that his arrest for drug possession helped him to relate to them. With this success, Cash embarks on a tour with June and his band. On the bus, he stops to talk with June and proposes to her, but she turns him down. At the next concert, June says she will only speak with him on stage. Cash later performs "Ring of Fire" on stage. After the song, Cash invites June to a duet and stops in the middle, saying he cannot sing "Jackson" any more unless June agrees to marry him. June accepts and they share a passionate embrace on stage.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny Cash
Reese Witherspoon as June Carter
Ginnifer Goodwin as Vivian Liberto, Johnny's first wife
Robert Patrick as Ray Cash, Johnny's father
Hailey Anne Nelson as Rosanne Cash, Johnny's oldest daughter
Dallas Roberts as Sam Phillips, the founder, owner, and producer of Sun Records
Dan John Miller as Luther Perkins, Johnny's first guitarist
Johnny Holiday as Carl Perkins
Larry Bagby as Marshall Grant, Johnny's bassist
Shelby Lynne as Carrie Cash, Johnny's mother
Sandra Ellis Lafferty as Maybelle Addington Carter, June's mother
Tyler Hilton as Elvis Presley
Waylon Payne as Jerry Lee Lewis
Shooter Jennings as Waylon Jennings, Johnny's future bandmate
Clay Steakley as Fluke Holland, Johnny's drummer
Johnathan Rice as Roy Orbison
Lucas Till as Jack Cash, Johnny's brother
Ridge Canipe as young Johnny Cash
James Keach as Folsom Prison Warden

text: Development and pre-production[edit]

text: The film has its origins in a 1993 episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.,[2] That year, Cash was a guest star on the show, where he and June Carter became friends with Jane Seymour, the star of the show, and Seymour's husband James Keach who was directing the episode. By the mid-1990s, Cash had asked Keach to make a film of his life; he and Seymour began the process with a series of interviews.[2] In 1997, the interviews had been the basis of a screenplay written by Gill Dennis, with input from Keach; two years later, still lacking any studio interest, Keach contacted James Mangold, who had been "angling to become involved in the project for two years."[2] Mangold and his wife, producer Cathy Konrad, developed the script for Sony, and by 2001, they had a script they thought they could pitch to a studio. Sony and others turned it down, but Fox 2000 agreed to make the film.[2]

text: The film was in part based on two autobiographies, both of which were optioned: Man in Black (1975) and Cash: The Autobiography (1997), though the film "burrows deep into painful territory that Mr. Cash barely explored."[2]

text: Phoenix met Cash months before hearing about the film. When he read the script, he felt there were at least ten other actors who would be better in the role.[3] To prepare for her role as June Carter, Witherspoon watched several videos of the singer; she also listened to her singing and telling stories to get her voice right.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Walk the Line was released on November 18, 2005, in 2,961 theaters, grossing $22.3 million on its opening weekend. It went on to earn $119.5 million in North America and $66.9 million in the rest of the world for a total of $186.4 million, well above its $28 million budget, making it a box office success.[5] It was the all-time highest grossing music biopic until Straight Outta Compton surpassed it in 2015.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critics generally responded with positive reviews, garnering an 82% on Rotten Tomatoes. The two lead performances received rave reviews, particularly Witherspoon's, whose performance is described by critics as her best work to date. Roger Ebert praised Witherspoon for her "boundless energy" and predicted her to win the Academy Award for Best Actress.[6][7] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Carina Chocano wrote, "Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon do first-rate work — they sing, they twang, they play new-to-them instruments, they crackle with wit and charisma, and they give off so much sexual heat it's a wonder they don't burst into flames".[8]

text: A. O. Scott, in his review for The New York Times, had problems with Phoenix's performance: "Even though his singing voice doesn't match the original - how could it? - he is most convincing in concert, when his shoulders tighten and he cocks his head to one side. Otherwise, he seems stuck in the kind of off-the-rack psychological straitjacket in which Hollywood likes to confine troubled geniuses".[9] In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "A lot of credit for Phoenix's performance has to go to Mangold, who has always been good at finding the bleak melodrama in taciturn souls ... If Mangold's new movie has a problem, it's that he and co-screenwriter Gill Dennis sometimes walk the lines of the inspirational biography too rigorously".[10]

text: Andrew Sarris, in his review for The New York Observer praised Witherspoon for her "spine-tingling feistiness", and wrote, "This feat has belatedly placed it (in my mind, at least) among a mere handful of more-than-Oscar-worthy performances this year".[11] Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "while Witherspoon, a fine singer herself, makes Carter immensely likable, a fountain of warmth and cheer, given how sweetly she meshes with Phoenix her romantic reticence isn't really filled in".[12] Baltimore Sun reviewer Michael Sragow wrote, "What Phoenix and Witherspoon accomplish in this movie is transcendent. They act with every bone and inch of flesh and facial plane, and each tone and waver of their voice. They do their own singing with a startling mastery of country music's narrative musicianship".[13] In his review for Sight and Sound, Mark Kermode wrote, "Standing ovations, too, for Witherspoon, who has perhaps the tougher task of lending depth and darkness to the role of June, whose frighteningly chipper stage act - a musical-comedy hybrid - constantly courts (but never marries) mockery".[14]

text: Some critics found the film too constrained by Hollywood plot formulas of love and loss, ignoring the last twenty years of Cash's life and other more socio-politically controversial reasons he was considered "the man in black".[15]

text: Rosanne Cash was quite critical of the film. She saw a rough edit and described the experience like "having a root canal without anaesthetic".[citation needed] Her half-brother John Carter Cash was instrumental in having the filmmakers remove two scenes that were not flattering to her mother. Furthermore, she said, "The movie was painful. The three of them [in the film] were not recognizable to me as my parents in any way. But the scenes were recognizable, and the storyline, so the whole thing was fraught with sadness because they all had just died, and I had this resistance to seeing the screen version of my childhood".[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Academy Awards

1. Best Actress in a Leading Role (Reese Witherspoon)

Golden Globe Awards

1. Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

2. Best Actor in a Leading Role – Musical or Comedy (Joaquin Phoenix)

3. Best Actress in a Leading Role – Musical or Comedy (Reese Witherspoon)

BAFTA Awards

1. Best Actress (Reese Witherspoon)

2. Best Sound

text: Witherspoon's performance was repeatedly recognized, including an Academy Award for Best Actress[17] and other awards such as:

text:
BAFTA Award as Best Actress
Broadcast Film Critic Award as Best Actress
Golden Globe Award as Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
National Society of Film Critics Award as Best Actress
Online Film Critics Society award as Best Actress
Satellite Award as Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
Screen Actors Guild Award as Best Actress

text: Film critic Andrew Sarris ranked Walk the Line number seven in top films of 2005 and cited Reese Witherspoon as the best female performance of the year.[18] Witherspoon was also voted Favorite Leading Lady at the 2006 People's Choice Awards.[19] David Ansen of Newsweek ranked Witherspoon as one of the five best actresses of 2005.[20]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On February 28, 2006, a single-disc DVD and a two-disc collector edition DVD were released; these editions sold three million copies on their first day of release.[21] On March 25, 2008, a two-disc 'extended cut' DVD was released for region one. The feature on disc one is 17 minutes longer than the theatrical release, and disc two features eight extended musical sequences with introductions and documentaries about the making of the film. The film has been released on Blu-ray Disc in France, Sweden and the UK in the form of its extended cut. The American Blu-ray features the shorter theatrical cut.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Wind-up Records released the soundtrack in November 2005. It featured nine songs performed by Joaquin Phoenix, four songs by Reese Witherspoon, two songs by Tyler Hilton, and one song each by Waylon Payne, Johnathan Rice, and Shooter Jennings. The album received a Grammy at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.


document_title: List of awards and nominations received by R. Kelly

question_text: how many grammy awards does r kelly have

text: American Music Awards[edit]

text: Created by Dick Clark in 1973, the American Music Awards is an annual music awards ceremony, and one of several major annual American music awards shows.[2]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1993
"Honey Love"
Favorite Soul/R&B Single
Nominated

1995
12 Play
Favorite Soul/R&B Album
Nominated

1997
R. Kelly
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist
Nominated

2000
R. Kelly
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist
Won

2002
R. Kelly
Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
Nominated

R. Kelly
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist
Nominated

2003
R. Kelly
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist
Nominated

Chocolate Factory
Favorite Soul/R&B Album
Nominated

2004
R. Kelly
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist
Nominated

2005
R. Kelly
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist
Won

2007
Double Up
Favorite Soul/R&B Album
Nominated

text: BET Awards[edit]

text: The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network to celebrate African Americans and other minorities in music, acting, sports and other fields of entertainment. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on BET.

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2001
R. Kelly
Best Male R&B Artist
Nominated

R. Kelly
BET Award for Viewer's Choice
Nominated

2003
R. Kelly
Best Male R&B Artist
Won

R. Kelly
BET Award for Viewer's Choice
Nominated

2004
R. Kelly
Best Male R&B Artist
Nominated

2006
Trapped in the Closet
Video of the Year
Nominated

2011
R. Kelly
Centric Award
Nominated

text: Billboard Awards[edit]

text: The Billboard Music Award is an honor that began in 1989 given by Billboard, a publication and music popularity chart covering the music business.[3][4][5]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1994
R. Kelly
Number One R&B Producer
Won

R. Kelly
R&B Artist of the Year
Won

1996
R. Kelly
Top R&B Artist
Won

"Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)"
Top R&B Song
Nominated

1999
R. Kelly
Top Male Artist
Nominated

R. Kelly
Top R&B Album Artist
Nominated

"Fortunate" (As songwriter)
R&B Single of the Year
Won

R. Kelly
Top R&B Artist
Won

2001
R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist
Won

TP-2.com
Top R&B/Hip Hop Album
Won

"Fiesta"
Top R&B/Hip Hop Single & Tracks
Won

"R. Kelly"
Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Won

"R. Kelly"
Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Won

"R. Kelly"
Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Won

2003
"Ignition (Remix)"
Best Hip-Hop/R&B Single
Won

text: Billboard R&B/Hip Hop Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2001
R. Kelly
R&B/Hip-Hop Songwriter of the Year
Won

2004
R. Kelly
Top R&B /Hip-hop Albums Artist
Nominated

"Step in the Name of Love"
Top R&B/Hip-hop Singles
Won

"Step in the Name of Love"
Top R&B/Hip-hop Singles - Airplay
Won

R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip-hop Artist
Won

R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip-hop Artist - Male
Won

R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip-hop Singles Artist
Won

R. Kelly
Top Songwriters
Won

R. Kelly
Top Producers
Won

2005
R. Kelly
Top Songwriters
Nominated

2006
"In the Kitchen"
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Sales
Nominated

R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Songwriter
Nominated

text: Billboard.com's Readers Poll[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2013
"Do What U Want" (Lady Gaga ft. R. Kelly)
Best Collaboration[6]
Won

text: Billboard End Of Year Chart Awards[edit]

text: This award is based on U.S. sales and airplay on music. A nomination means that it is in the top five or three that year.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1994
R. Kelly
Top Hot 100 Singles Artist - Male
Won

Top R&B/Hip Artist
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Artist - Male
Won

Top Pop Artist
Nominated

Top Billboard 200 Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Hot Dance Music Maxi-Singles Sales Artist
Nominated

Top Singles Artist - Male
Won

Top Pop Artist - Male
Won

12 Play
Top R&B/Hip Album
Nominated

Bump N' Grind
Top Singles Sales
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Airplay
Nominated

Your Body's Callin'
Won

Back And Forth (As songwriter)
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales
Nominated

1996
R. Kelly
Top Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Singles Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Singles Songwriter - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Producers
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Songwriters
Nominated

Down Low (Nobody Has To Know)
Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Airplay
Nominated

Hot Dance Music Maxi- Singles Sales
Nominated

1997
R. Kelly
Top Singles Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Artist - Male
Nominated

I Believe I Can Fly
Top Singles Sales
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales
Nominated

Top Soundtrack Singles
Won

G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T. (As songwriter)
Top R&B/Hip Singles & Tracks
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Songs Airplay
Nominated

1999
R. Kelly
Top Pop Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Singles Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Singles Songwriter
Won

Top Singles Producer
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Songwriter
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Producer
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Artist - Male
Won

I'm Your Angel (With Celine Dion)
Top Singles Sales
Nominated

R.
Top R&B/Hip Hop Album
Nominated

Fortunate (As songwriter)
Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Airplay
Won

Top Soundtrack Singles
Nominated

2001
R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Won

TP-2.com
Top R&B/Hip Hop Album
Won

Fiesta
Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks
Won

2003
R. Kelly
Top Pop Artist
Nominated

Top Pop Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top Singles Artist
Nominated

Top Singles Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Producer
Won

Top R&B/Hip Hop Songwriter
Won

Top Producer
Won

Top Songwriter
Won

Ignition (Remix)
Top Singles & Tracks
Nominated

Top Airplay Tracks
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Track
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Airplay
Nominated

2004
R. Kelly
Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Album Artist - Male
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Artist
Nominated

Top R&B/Hip Hop Singles & Tracks Artist - Male
Nominated

2005
In The Kitchen/Trapped in the Closet
Top R&B/Hip Hop Song Sales
Nominated

text: BMI Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1998
R. Kelly
Pop Songwriter of the Year
Won

2000
"I'm Your Angel"
Most Performed Songs
Won

2015
"Do What U Want" FT. Lady Gaga
Most Performed Songs
Won

text: BMI Film & TV Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2000
"Fortunate" (as songwriter)
Most Performed Song from a Film
Won

text: BMI Urban Awards[edit]

text: Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) is one of three U.S. performing rights organizations, along with ASCAP and SESAC. It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters, composers, and music publishers, and distributes them as royalties to those members whose works have been performed. In 2012, BMI collected $898.7 million in licensing fees and distributed $749.8 million in royalties.[15][16][17][18]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2001
I Wish
Most-Performed Song
Won

2002
R. Kelly
Songwriters of the Year
Won

R. Kelly
Top Producer
Won

Contagious
Most-Performed Song
Won

Fiesta (Remix)
Most-Performed Song
Won

2003
R. Kelly
Top 10 Songwriter/Producer
Won

2004
"Ignition (Remix)"
Song of the Year
Won

R. Kelly
Producer of the Year
Won

2005
R. Kelly
Songwriters of the Year
Won

R. Kelly
Producer of the Year
Won

Gigolo (Nick Cannon ft. R. Kelly)
Most-Performed Song
Won

Hotel (Cassidy ft. R. Kelly)
Most-Performed Song
Won

Step in the Name of Love
Most-Performed Song
Won

Thoia Thoing
Most-Performed Song
Won

2010
R. Kelly
Top Producer
Won

text: ECHO Awards, Germany[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2008
R. Kelly
International Hip-Hop/R&B Artist
Nominated

text: Black Real Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2001
"Bad Man"
Best Song From a Film
Nominated

2002
"The World's Greatest"
Best Song From a Film
Won

2013
"Celebrate" (As songwriter)
Best Original or Adapted Song.
Nominated

text: Chicago Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2013
R. Kelly
Pop Superstar of the Year[19]
Won

text: Key To The City[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2013
R. Kelly
Key To The City of Baton Rouge
Won

text: Grammy Awards[edit]

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Kelly has won three awards from 25 nominations. "Lean On Me" by Kirk Franklin, which features Kelly, has been nominated for three awards, only one is featured; the other two (Song of The Year and Best R&B Song) are for the songwriter Franklin. Other songs that Kelly has worked on, written and that have been nominated for a Grammy are: Best Pop Vocal Performance ("You Are Not Alone"), Best R&B Male Vocalist ("Fortunate" and "When You Call On Me"),

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1996
"You Are Not Alone" (Michael Jackson's song)
Song of The Year
Nominated

1998
"I Believe I Can Fly"
Record of the Year
Nominated

Song of the Year
Nominated

Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
Won

Best R&B Song
Won

Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Won

1999
"I'm Your Angel" (with Celine Dion)
Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
Nominated

"Lean On Me" (with Kirk Franklin, Mary J. Blige, Crystal Lewis, & Bono)
Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group
Nominated

2000
"When a Woman's Fed Up"
Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
Nominated

R.
Best R&B Album
Nominated

"Satisfy You" (with Puff Daddy)
Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
Nominated

2001
"I Wish"
Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
Nominated

2003
"The World's Greatest"
Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
Nominated

2004
"Step in the Name of Love"
Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
Nominated

Chocolate Factory
Best Contemporary R&B Album
Nominated

2005
"Happy People"
Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
Nominated

2006
Trapped in the Closet Chapters 1–12
Best Long Form Music Video
Nominated

2008
"Same Girl" (with Usher)
Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Nominated

Trapped in the Closet Chapters 13–22
Best Long Form Music Video
Nominated

2011
"When a Woman Loves"
Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance
Nominated

Untitled
Best Contemporary R&B Album
Nominated

2012
"Radio Message"
Best Traditional R&B Performance
Nominated

Love Letter
Best R&B Album
Nominated

2013
Write Me Back
Best R&B Album
Nominated

2015
"It's Your World" (with Jennifer Hudson)
Best R&B Performance
Nominated

text: International Dance Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2004
Step In The Name Of Love
Best R&B/Urban Dance Track[21]
Nominated

2005
Happy People
Best R&B/Urban Dance Track[21]
Nominated

text: MOBO Awards[edit]

text: The Music of Black Origin (MOBO) Awards were established in 1996 by Kanya King. They are held annually in the United Kingdom to recognize artists of any race or nationality performing music of black origin.[22][23]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2001
R. Kelly
MOBO Outstanding Achievement
Won

2003
Ignition (Remix)
Best single
Nominated

2004
R. Kelly
Best Producer
Nominated

text: MTV Awards[edit]

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1997
"I Believe I Can Fly"
Best Movie Song
Nominated

text: MTV Video Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1994
"Bump n' Grind"
Best R&B Video
Nominated

1996
"Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)" (ft. Ernie Isley & Ronald Isley)
Best Male Video
Nominated

1996
"I Believe I Can Fly"
Best Male Video
Nominated

"I Believe I Can Fly"
Best Video from a Film
Nominated

2001
"I Wish"
Best R&B Video
Nominated

2003
"Ignition (Remix)"
Best R&B Video
Nominated

2004
"Step in the Name of Love (Remix)"
Best R&B Video
Nominated

text: MTV Europe Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1997
R. Kelly
Best R&B
Nominated

text: MTV Australia Video Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2007
"That's That" (Snoop Dogg ft. R. Kelly)
Best Hip Hop Video
Won

text: NAACP Image Awards[edit]

text: The NAACP Image Awards is an award ceremony from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1998
"I Believe I Can Fly"
Outstanding Song
Won

"I Believe I Can Fly"
Outstanding Music Video
Won

1999
"Lean On Me" (Kirk Franklin ft. R. Kelly, Mary J Blige, Bono, Crystal Lewis & The Family)
Outstanding Song
Won

2000
"If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time"
Outstanding Music Video
Nominated

2001
R. Kelly
Outstanding Male Artist
Won

"I Wish"
Outstanding Music Video
Won

2004
"Chocolate Factory"
Outstanding Album
Nominated

2013
"I Look to You" (Duet with Whitney Houston)
Outstanding Song
Won

text: Soul Train Music Awards[edit]

text: The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show aired in national broadcast syndication that honors the best in African American music and entertainment, established in 1987.[25] No other artist has been nominated for more Soul Train awards than Kelly.[26]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1995
"Bump n' Grind"
R&B/Soul or Rap Song of the Year
Nominated

Bump N' Grind
Best R&B/Soul Single - Male
Nominated

Age Ain't Nothing But A Number (As songwriter)
R&B/Soul Album of the Year - Female
Nominated

1997
R. Kelly
R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year
Nominated

R. Kelly
Best R&B/Soul Album, Male
Nominated

1998
"I Believe I Can Fly"
Best R&B/Soul Single - Male
Nominated

1999
R.
Best R&B/Soul Album, Male
Won

"Lean On Me"
Best R&B/Soul Single - Male
Nominated

"Half on a Baby"
Best R&B/Soul Single - Male
Nominated

R. Kelly
Sammy Davis Jr. Entertainer of the Year Award
Won

2000
R.
Best R&B/Soul or Rap Album
Won

Fortunate (As songwriter)
Best R&B/Soul Single, Male
Won

2001
"I Wish"
Best R&B/Soul Single, Male
Won

TP-2.com
R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year
Nominated

TP-2.com
Best R&B/Soul Album, Male
Won

2002
"Contagious" (As songwriter)
Best R&B/Soul Single, Group, Band or Duo
Won

2003
The Best of Both Worlds
Best R&B/Soul Album - Group, Band or Duo
Nominated

Bump, Bump, Bump (As songwriter)
Best R&B/Soul Single - Group, Band or Duo
Won

2004
Chocolate Factory
R&B/Soul Album, Male
Won

Chocolate Factory
Best Album of the Year
Nominated

R. Kelly
Quincy Jones Award for Outstanding Career Achievements
Won

2005
Happy People/U Saved Me
Best R&B/Soul Album - Male
Nominated

2006
R. Kelly
Stevie Wonder Award for Outstanding Achievements in Song Writing
Won

Trapped in the Closet
The Michael Jackson Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video
Nominated

Trapped in the Closet
Best R&B/Soul Single, Male
Nominated

TP.3 Reloaded
Best R&B/Soul Album, Male
Nominated

2010
"When a Woman Loves"
Record of the Year (Songwriter's Award)
Nominated

2012
Write Me Back
Album of the Year
Nominated

"Share My Love"
Record of the Year (The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award)
Nominated

text: The Source Hip Hop Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1999
R. Kelly
R&B Artist of the Year
Won

2001
Won

2003
Won

2004
Nominated

Hotel (With Cassidy)
Best R&B/Rap Collaboration
Nominated

text: Vibe Awards[edit]

text: In 2013, Kely was named the number one musical genius since 1993 by Vibe.[27][28][29][30]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2003
R. Kelly
R&B Vanguard Award
Won

R. Kelly
Artist of the Year
Nominated

2004
Hotel (Cassidy ft. R. Kelly)
Coolest Collabo
Nominated

R. Kelly
R&B Voice Of The Year
Nominated

2005
Trapped in the Closet (Chapter 1-5)
Reelest Video
Won

2007
R. Kelly
R&B Artist of the year
Nominated

Same Girl (Duet with Usher)
Best Collaboration
Nominated

Same Girl (Duet with Usher)
Video of the year
Nominated

2013
R. Kelly
Greatest Genius Since 93'
Won

text: Blockbuster Entertainment Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1999
Fortunate (As songwriter)
Favorite Song
Nominated

2001
R. Kelly
Favorite Male Artist - R&B
Nominated

text: Stellar Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2000
"Lean On Me" (Kirk Franklin ft. R. Kelly, Mary J Blige, Bono, Crystal Lewis & The Family)
Song of the Year
Won

"Lean On Me" (Kirk Franklin ft. R. Kelly, Mary J Blige, Bono, Crystal Lewis & The Family)
Music Video of the Year
Won

text: Ozone Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2007
Go Getta (Young Jeezy ft. R. Kelly)
Best Rap/R&B Collaboration
Nominated

2008
Speedin (Rick Ross ft. R. Kelly)
Best Rap/R&B Collaboration
Nominated

Speedin (Rick Ross ft. R. Kelly)
Best Video
Nominated

text: Dove Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2002
I Believe I Can Fly
Urban Recorded Song of the Year
Nominated

I Believe I Can Fly
Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year
Nominated

text: Whudat Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2004
Chocolate Factory
R&B Album of the Year
Won

"Step in the Name of Love"
R&B Single of the Year
Won

text: MuchMusic Video Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1999
"I'm Your Angel"
MuchMoreMusic Award
Nominated

text: World Music Awards[edit]

text: The World Music Award is an international awards show founded in 1989, that annually honors recording artists based on worldwide sales figures provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).[34]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

2005
R. Kelly
World's Best Selling R&B Artist
Nominated

2014
"Do What U Want"
World's Best Song
Nominated

"PYD"
Nominated

Black Panties
World's Best Album
Nominated

R. Kelly
World's Best Male Artist
Nominated

R. Kelly
World's Best Entertainer of the Year
Nominated

text: Hong Kong Hit Radio Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1996
"You Are Not Alone" (as songwriter)
Best Song of the Year
Won

text: Guinness Book of World Records[edit]

text:
Year
Recipient
Award
Result

1995
"You Are Not Alone" (as songwriter)
First Song to Debut the US Single Chart at Number One
Won