document_title: List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks

question_text: first indian to take hattrick in one day cricket

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text: Key

text:
*
Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match

(b)
Bowled

(c)
Caught

(c b)
Caught and bowled

(lbw)
Leg before wicket

(st)
Stumped

Wicket-keeper

text:
№
ODI №
Bowler
For
Against
Wickets
Venue
Date

1.
7002158000000000000♠158[6]
Jalal-ud-Din
 Pakistan
 Australia

• Rod Marsh (b)
• Bruce Yardley (c Wasim Bari)
• Geoff Lawson (b)

Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad
000000001982-09-20-000020 September 1982

2. [H]
7002359000000000000♠359[7]
Reid, BruceBruce Reid
 Australia
 New Zealand

• Bruce Blair (c Greg Matthews)
• Ervin McSweeney (c Allan Border)
• Stu Gillespie (b)

Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
000000001986-01-29-000029 January 1986

3.
7002474000000000000♠474[8]
Chetan SharmaChetan Sharma
 India
 New Zealand

• Ken Rutherford (b)
• Ian Smith (b)
• Ewen Chatfield (b)

Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur
000000001987-10-31-000031 October 1987*

4.
7002570000000000000♠570[9]
Wasim AkramWasim Akram
 Pakistan
 West Indies

• Jeff Dujon (b)
• Malcolm Marshall (b)
• Curtly Ambrose (b)

Sharjah Stadium, Sharjah
000000001989-10-14-000014 October 1989

5.[A]
7002631000000000000♠631[10]
Wasim AkramWasim Akram
 Pakistan
 Australia

• Merv Hughes (b)
• Carl Rackemann (b)
• Terry Alderman (b)

Sharjah Stadium, Sharjah
000000001990-05-04-00004 May 1990

6. [H]
7002661000000000000♠661[11]
Kapil DevKapil Dev
 India
 Sri Lanka

• Roshan Mahanama (c Kiran More)
• Rumesh Ratnayake (lbw)
• Sanath Jayasuriya (c Sanjay Manjrekar)

Eden Gardens, Calcutta
000000001991-01-04-00004 January 1991

7.[B]
7002685000000000000♠685[12]
Aaqib JavedAaqib Javed
 Pakistan
 India

• Ravi Shastri (lbw)
• Mohammad Azharuddin (lbw)
• Sachin Tendulkar (lbw)

Sharjah Stadium, Sharjah
000000001991-10-25-000025 October 1991

8. [H]
7002896000000000000♠896[13]
Morrison, DannyDanny Morrison
 New Zealand
 India

• Kapil Dev (b)
• Salil Ankola (b)
• Nayan Mongia (b)

McLean Park, Napier
000000001994-03-25-000025 March 1994

9.[A]
7002966000000000000♠966[14]
Waqar YounisWaqar Younis
 Pakistan
 New Zealand

• Chris Harris (b)
• Chris Pringle (b)
• Richard de Groen (b)

Buffalo Park, East London
000000001994-12-19-000019 December 1994

10.[C]
7003113600000000000♠1,136[15]
Saqlain MushtaqSaqlain Mushtaq
 Pakistan
 Zimbabwe

• Grant Flower (c Moin Khan)
• John Rennie (c Moin Khan)
• Andy Whittall (c Saleem Malik)

Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
000000001996-11-03-00003 November 1996

11.[D] [H]
7003115800000000000♠1,158[16]
Brandes, EddoEddo Brandes
 Zimbabwe
 England

• Nick Knight (c Andy Flower)
• John Crawley (lbw)
• Nasser Hussain (c Andy Flower)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
000000001997-01-03-00003 January 1997

12.
7003116400000000000♠1,164[17]
Stuart, AnthonyAnthony Stuart
 Australia
 Pakistan

• Ijaz Ahmed (c Ian Healy)
• Mohammad Wasim (c Ian Healy)
• Moin Khan (c Mark Taylor)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
000000001997-01-16-000016 January 1997

13.[A]
7003147900000000000♠1,479[18]
Saqlain MushtaqSaqlain Mushtaq
 Pakistan
 Zimbabwe

• Henry Olonga (st Moin Khan)
• Adam Huckle (st Moin Khan)
• Pommie Mbangwa (lbw)

The Oval, London
000000001999-06-11-000011 June 1999*

14.[E]
7003177600000000000♠1,776[19]
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe

• Stuart Carlisle (c Suresh Perera)
• Craig Wishart (lbw)
• Tatenda Taibu (lbw)

Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002001-12-08-00008 December 2001

15.[A]
7003180800000000000♠1,808[20]
Mohammad SamiMohammad Sami
 Pakistan
 West Indies

• Ridley Jacobs (lbw)
• Corey Collymore (b)
• Cameron Cuffy (b)

Sharjah Stadium, Sharjah
000000002002-02-15-000015 February 2002

16.[C][D][F]
7003195000000000000♠1,950[21]
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh

• Hannan Sarkar (b)
• Mohammad Ashraful (c and b)
• Ehsanul Haque (c Mahela Jayawardene)

Pietermaritzburg Oval, Pietermaritzburg
000000002003-02-14-000014 February 2003*

17.[D]
7003199000000000000♠1,990[22]
Lee, BrettBrett Lee
 Australia
 Kenya

• Kennedy Otieno (b)
• Brijal Patel (c Ricky Ponting)
• David Obuya (b)

Kingsmead, Durban
000000002003-03-15-000015 March 2003*

18.[A]
7003202600000000000♠2,026[23]
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 England
 Pakistan

• Abdul Razzaq (c Marcus Trescothick)
• Shoaib Akhtar (c Chris Read)
• Mohammad Sami (b)

The Oval, London
000000002003-06-20-000020 June 2003

19.[A]
7003216400000000000♠2,164[24]
Harmison, SteveSteve Harmison
 England
 India

• Mohammad Kaif (c Geraint Jones)
• Lakshmipathy Balaji (c Andrew Flintoff)
• Ashish Nehra (c and b)

Trent Bridge, Nottingham
000000002004-09-01-00001 September 2004

20.[A]
7003224300000000000♠2,243[25]
Langeveldt, CharlCharl Langeveldt
 South Africa
 West Indies

• Ian Bradshaw (b)
• Daren Powell (b)
• Corey Collymore (lbw)

Kensington Oval, Barbados
000000002005-05-11-000011 May 2005

21.
7003239400000000000♠2,394[26]
Shahadat HossainShahadat Hossain
 Bangladesh
 Zimbabwe

• Tafadzwa Mufambisi (c Khaled Mashud)
• Elton Chigumbura (lbw)
• Tawanda Mupariwa (c Khaled Mashud)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
000000002006-08-02-00002 August 2006

22.
7003243200000000000♠2,432[27]
Taylor, JeromeJerome Taylor
 West Indies
 Australia

• Michael Hussey (b)
• Brett Lee (lbw)
• Brad Hogg (b)

Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai
000000002006-10-18-000018 October 2006

23.
7003247400000000000♠2,474[28]
Bond, ShaneShane Bond
 New Zealand
 Australia

• Cameron White (c Craig McMillan)
• Andrew Symonds (c Brendon McCullum)
• Nathan Bracken (b)

Bellerive Oval, Hobart
000000002007-01-14-000014 January 2007

24.[G][H]
7003255600000000000♠2,556[29]
Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 South Africa

• Shaun Pollock (b)
• Andrew Hall (c Upul Tharanga)
• Jacques Kallis (c Kumar Sangakkara)
• Makhaya Ntini (b)

Providence Stadium, Georgetown
000000002007-03-28-000028 March 2007*

25.
7003283300000000000♠2,833[30]
Flintoff, AndrewAndrew Flintoff
 England
 West Indies

• Denesh Ramdin (b)
• Ravi Rampaul (lbw)
• Sulieman Benn (b)

Beausejour Stadium, Gros Islet, Saint Lucia
000000002009-04-03-00003 April 2009

26.
7003299900000000000♠2,999[31]
Maharoof, FarveezFarveez Maharoof
 Sri Lanka
 India

• Ravindra Jadeja (lbw)
• Praveen Kumar (b)
• Zaheer Khan (c Kumar Sangakkara)

Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla
000000002010-06-22-000022 June 2010

27.[H][I]
7003307300000000000♠3,073[32]
Razzak, AbdurAbdur Razzak
 Bangladesh
 Zimbabwe

• Prosper Utseya (c Naeem Islam)
• Ray Price (lbw)
• Christopher Mpofu (lbw)

Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur
000000002010-12-03-00003 December 2010

28.[A]
7003311200000000000♠3,112[33]
Roach, KemarKemar Roach
 West Indies
 Netherlands

• Pieter Seelaar (lbw)
• Bernard Loots (lbw)
• Berend Westdijk (b)

Feroz Shah Kotla, New Delhi
000000002011-02-28-000028 February 2011*

29.[H]
7003311300000000000♠3,113[34]
Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya

• Tanmay Mishra (lbw)
• Peter Ongondo (b)
• Shem Ngoche (b)

R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-03-01-00001 March 2011*

30.
7003318400000000000♠3,184[35]
Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 Australia

• Mitchell Johnson (b)
• John Hastings (lbw)
• Xavier Doherty (b)

R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-08-22-000022 August 2011

31.
7003325300000000000♠3,253[36]
Christian, DanDan Christian
 Australia
 Sri Lanka

• Thisara Perera (c Michael Hussey)
• Sachithra Senanayake (lbw)
• Nuwan Kulasekara (lbw)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
000000002012-03-02-00002 March 2012

32.
7003327500000000000♠3,275[37]
Perera, ThisaraThisara Perera
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan

• Younis Khan (c Kumar Sangakkara)
• Shahid Afridi (c Dinesh Chandimal)
• Sarfraz Ahmed (c Mahela Jayawardene)

R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002012-06-16-000016 June 2012

33.[D]
7003341500000000000♠3,415[38]
McKay, ClintClint McKay
 Australia
 England

• Kevin Pietersen (lbw)
• Jonathan Trott (c Aaron Finch)
• Joe Root (c Shane Watson)

Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
000000002013-09-14-000014 September 2013

34.
7003342300000000000♠3,423[39]
Hossain, RubelRubel Hossain
 Bangladesh
 New Zealand

• Corey Anderson (b)
• Brendon McCullum (c Shamsur Rahman (sub))
• Jimmy Neesham (c Mushfiqur Rahim)

Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur
000000002013-10-29-000029 October 2013

35.
7003351800000000000♠3,518[40]
Utseya, ProsperProsper Utseya
 Zimbabwe
 South Africa

• Quinton de Kock (c Tendai Chatara)
• Rilee Rossouw (c John Nyumbu)
• David Miller (lbw)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
000000002014-08-29-000029 August 2014

36.[H][I]
7003355900000000000♠3,559[41]
Islam, TaijulTaijul Islam
 Bangladesh
 Zimbabwe

• Tinashe Panyangara (b)
• John Nyumbu (lbw)
• Tendai Chatara (b)

Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur
000000002014-12-01-00001 December 2014

37.[A]
7003360000000000000♠3,600[42]
Finn, StevenSteven Finn
 England
 Australia

• Brad Haddin (c Stuart Broad)
• Glenn Maxwell (c Joe Root)
• Mitchell Johnson (c James Anderson)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015*

38.[H]
7003364000000000000♠3,640[43]
Duminy, JPJP Duminy
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka

• Angelo Mathews (c Faf du Plessis)
• Nuwan Kulasekara (c Quinton de Kock)
• Tharindu Kaushal (lbw)

Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
000000002015-03-18-000018 March 2015*

39.[I]
7003366300000000000♠3,663[3]
Rabada, KagisoKagiso Rabada
 South Africa
 Bangladesh

• Tamim Iqbal (b)
• Litton Das (c Farhaan Behardien)
• Mahmudullah Riyad (lbw)

Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur
000000002015-07-10-000010 July 2015

40.[H]
7003376900000000000♠3,769[44]
Faulkner, JamesJames Faulkner
 Australia
 Sri Lanka

• Kusal Perera (lbw)
• Angelo Mathews (c Moises Henriques)
• Thisara Perera (b)

Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002016-08-24-000024 August 2016

41.[A]
7003385600000000000♠3,856[45]
Ahmed, TaskinTaskin Ahmed
 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka

• Asela Gunaratne (c Soumya Sarkar)
• Suranga Lakmal (c Mustafizur Rahman)
• Nuwan Pradeep (b)

Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla
000000002017-03-28-000028 March 2017

42.[A][I]
7003389900000000000♠3,899[46]
Hasaranga, WaniduWanidu Hasaranga
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe

• Malcolm Waller (b)
• Donald Tiripano (lbw)
• Tendai Chatara (b)

Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002017-07-02-00002 July 2017

43.
7003391200000000000♠3,912[47]
Yadav, KuldeepKuldeep Yadav
 India
 Australia

• Matthew Wade (b)
• Ashton Agar (lbw)
• Pat Cummins (c MS Dhoni)

Eden Gardens, Kolkata
000000002017-09-21-000021 September 2017

44.[A][H][I]
7003396700000000000♠3,967[48]
Madushanka, ShehanShehan Madushanka
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh

• Mashrafe Mortaza (c Kusal Mendis)
• Rubel Hossain (b)
• Mahmudullah (c Upul Tharanga)

Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur
000000002018-01-27-000027 January 2018

text: By team[edit]

text:
ODI hat-tricks by team

Team
Hat-tricks

 Sri Lanka
9

 Pakistan
8

 Australia
6

 Bangladesh
5

 England
4

 India
3

 South Africa
3

 New Zealand
2

 West Indies
2

 Zimbabwe
2


document_title: Bully pulpit

question_text: where did the term bully pulpit come from

root

text: Bully pulpit

text:
A bully pulpit is a conspicuous position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to.
This term was coined by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who referred to his office as a "bully pulpit", by which he meant a terrific platform from which to advocate an agenda. Roosevelt used the word bully as an adjective meaning "superb" or "wonderful", a more common usage at that time.[1][2]

tag: p


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: hero academia season 2 episode 23 release date

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin"
"Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン)
April 3, 2016

In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero, despite not having a Quirk himself, until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by no other than All Might, the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood.

2
"What It Takes to Be a Hero"
"Hiro no Jouken" (ヒーローの条件)
April 10, 2016

Izuku discovers that All Might's true form is that of a frail, emaciated man, who suffered a massive injury years ago. All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream. Disheartened, Izuku makes his way home, only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain. With no heroes around able to fight the villain, Izuku, without any thought given, rushes in.

3
"Roaring Muscles"
"Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉)
April 17, 2016

All Might tells Izuku of his quirk, "One For All", a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person. While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk, bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body. All Might then designs a ten-month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it.

4
"Start Line"
"Sutaatorain" (スタートライン)
April 24, 2016

After receiving All Might's Quirk, the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training. During the practical exam, Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue.

5
"What I Can Do For Now"
"Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを)
May 1, 2016

It's Izuku's first day as a student of U.A. High School. However, his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks. Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion, and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly.

6
"Rage, You Damned Nerd"
"Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード)
May 8, 2016

Now donning their own hero costumes, the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities. Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka, the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy. However, also to his dismay, one of his opponents is Bakugō, who always mocked him for his quirklessness, and is now furious at him.

7
"Deku vs. Kacchan"
(デクvsかっちゃん)
May 15, 2016

The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō's devastating attacks, leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself. As the time limit approaches, Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him, until he comes up with a better idea.

8
"Bakugō's Starting Line"
"Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。)
May 22, 2016

After losing against Izuku in the mock battle, Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers. After recovering from his injuries, Izuku attempts to cheer him up, to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret. Meanwhile, news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt.

9
"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!"
"Ii zo Ganbare Iida-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！)
May 29, 2016

Izuku is chosen as the class president, much to his surprise, but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position. The students are then assigned to another field exercise, but before it begins, a horde of villains suddenly appear before them.

10
"Encounter with the Unknown"
"Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇)
June 5, 2016

The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap. Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta, but after learning more about their powers, he comes up with a plan to turn the tides literally. Elsewhere, Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help.

11
"Game Over"
"Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー)
June 12, 2016

The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends' help. Once it's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them, the Villains' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might's pride before they leave, when All Might himself appears.

12
"All Might"
"Ōrumaito" (オールマイト)
June 19, 2016

Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon, the multi-quirk monster called "Noumu" against All Might, who finds himself in a pinch, until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him, but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school.

13
"In Each of Their Hearts"
"Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に)
June 26, 2016

Although he was able to defeat the Noumu, All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki, but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and forcing him to retreat. As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued, All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life, but elsewhere, Shigaraki confers with his master, implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning.

tag: table

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Series no.
Episode no.
Title[a]
Original air date[9]

13.5
0
"Hero Notebook"
"Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート)
March 25, 2017[11]

A recap of the first season.
Note: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[10]

14
1
"That's the Idea, Ochaco"
"Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん)
April 1, 2017

Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[12]

15
2
"Roaring Sports Festival"
"Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭)
April 8, 2017

Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[13]

16
3
"In Their Own Quirky Ways"
"Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね)
April 15, 2017

During the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round.

17
4
"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy"
"Saku Saku Saku" (策策策)
April 22, 2017

In the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Fumikage and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves.

18
5
"Cavalry Battle Finale"
"Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着)
April 29, 2017

As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together.

19
6
"The Boy Born with Everything"
"Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子)
May 6, 2017

The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[14]

20
7
"Victory or Defeat"
"Kachimake" (勝ち負け)
May 13, 2017

In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[15]

21
8
"Battle on, Challengers!"
"Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー)
May 20, 2017

The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[16]

22
9
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka"
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪)
May 27, 2017

Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki.

23
10
"Shoto Todoroki: Origin"
"Todoroki ase kō: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン)
June 3, 2017

Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[17]

24
11
"Fight on, Iida"
"Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト)
June 10, 2017

Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League.

25
12
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo"
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪)
June 17, 2017

Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his "Howitzer Impact", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years.

26
13
"Time to Pick Some Names"
"Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会)
June 24, 2017

The Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship.

27
14
"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears"
"Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る)
July 8, 2017

The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All.

28
15
"Midoriya and Shigaraki"
"Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木)
July 15, 2017

Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Haso, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[18]

29
16
"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students"
"Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒)
July 22, 2017

Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.
Note: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[19]

30
17
"Climax"
"Ketchaku" (決着)
July 29, 2017

Tenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.
Note: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[20]

31
18
"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain"
"'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波)
August 5, 2017

Following Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself.

32
19
"Everyone's Internships"
"Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験)
August 12, 2017

Anime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.
Note: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[21]

33
20
"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past"
"Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話)
August 19, 2017

Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.
Note: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[22]

34
21
"Gear up for Final Exams"
"Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト)
September 2, 2017

Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.
Note: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[23]

35
22
"Yaoyorozu: Rising"
"Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング)
September 9, 2017

Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[24]

36
23
"Stripping the Varnish"
"Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮)
September 16, 2017

Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.
Note: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25]

37
24
"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin"
"Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン)
September 23, 2017

The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26]

38
25
"Encounter"
"Enkauntā" (エンカウンター)
September 30, 2017

At the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp.

text: OVA[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

OVA 1
"Save! Rescue Training!"
(救え!救助訓練! Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!)
November 27, 2016 (event)
April 4, 2017 (DVD)

OVA 2
"Training Of The Dead"
(トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド)
June 2, 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.

tag: ol


document_title: Caribbean Sea

question_text: where is jamaica located in the caribbean sea

text: Caribbean Sea

text: History[edit]

text: The name "Caribbean" derives from the Caribs, one of the region's dominant Native American groups at the time of European contact during the late 15th century. After the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Spanish term Antillas applied to the lands; stemming from this, "Sea of the Antilles" became a common alternative name for "Caribbean Sea" in various European languages. During the first century of development, Spanish dominance in the region remained undisputed.

text: From the 16th century, Europeans visiting the Caribbean region identified the "South Sea" (the Pacific Ocean, to the south of the isthmus of Panama) as opposed to the "North Sea" (the Caribbean Sea, to the north of the same isthmus).[3]

text: The Caribbean Sea had been unknown to the populations of Eurasia until 1492, when Christopher Columbus sailed into Caribbean waters on a quest to find a sea route to Asia. At that time the Western Hemisphere in general was unknown to Europeans. Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was quickly colonised by several Western cultures (initially Spain, then later England, the Dutch Republic, France, Courland and Denmark). Following the colonisation of the Caribbean islands, the Caribbean Sea became a busy area for European-based marine trading and transport, and this commerce eventually attracted pirates such as Samuel Bellamy and Blackbeard. (See Piracy in the Caribbean)

text: Due to the abundance of sunshine, year-round tropical temperatures moderated by the almost constant trade winds and the great variety of scenic destinations to visit, during the second half of the 20th century and on into the 21st the Caribbean Sea became a popular place for tourism.

text: As of 2015[update] the area is home to 22 island territories and borders 12 continental countries.

text: Extent[edit]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Caribbean Sea as follows:[4]

text: Note that, although Barbados is an island on the same continental shelf, it is considered to be in the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Caribbean Sea.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate. The Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad and Tobago off the coast of Venezuela. This arc was formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Caribbean Plate and includes active and extinct volcanoes such as Mount Pelee, the Quill (volcano) on Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean Netherlands and Morne Trois Pitons on Dominica. The larger islands in the northern part of the sea Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico lie on an older island arc.

text: The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a horizontal fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era.[5] It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period. In the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Sea's formation began in the Triassic. Powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression, water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool. The emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting. The emergence of these basins marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean and contributed to the destruction of Pangaea at the end of the late Jurassic. During the Cretaceous the Caribbean acquired the shape close to that seen today. In the early Paleogene due to Marine regression the Caribbean became separated from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean by the land of Cuba and Haiti. The Caribbean remained like this for most of the Cenozoic until the Holocene when rising water levels of the oceans restored communication with the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The Caribbean's floor is composed of sub-oceanic sediments of deep red clay in the deep basins and troughs. On continental slopes and ridges calcareous silts are found. Clay minerals likely having been deposited by the mainland river Orinoco and the Magdalena River. Deposits on the bottom of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico have a thickness of about 1 km (0.62 mi). Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic (250 million years ago to present) and the lower layers from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic.

text: The Caribbean sea floor is divided into five basins separated from each other by underwater ridges and mountain ranges. Atlantic Ocean water enters the Caribbean through the Anegada Passage lying between the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands and the Windward Passage located between Cuba and Haiti. The Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba links the Gulf of Mexico with the Caribbean. The deepest points of the sea lie in Cayman Trough with depths reaching approximately 7,686 m (25,220 ft). Despite this, the Caribbean Sea is considered a relatively shallow sea in comparison to other bodies of water.

text: The pressure of the South American Plate to the east of the Caribbean causes the region of the Lesser Antilles to have high volcanic activity. There was a very serious eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 which caused many casualties.

text: The Caribbean sea floor is also home to two oceanic trenches: the Cayman Trench and Puerto Rico Trench, which put the area at a high risk of earthquakes. Underwater earthquakes pose a threat of generating tsunamis which could have a devastating effect on the Caribbean islands. Scientific data reveals that over the last 500 years the area has seen a dozen earthquakes above 7.5 magnitude.[8] Most recently, a 7.1 earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010.

text: List of islands in the Caribbean

tag: ul

text: Oceanography[edit]

text: The hydrology of the sea has a high level of homogeneity. Annual variations in monthly average water temperatures at the surface do not exceed 3 °C (5.4 °F). Over the past fifty years the Caribbean has gone through three stages: cooling until 1974; a cold phase with peaks during 1974–1976 and 1984–1986 then; a warming phase with an increase in temperature of 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) per year. Virtually all temperature extremes were associated with the phenomena of El Niño and La Niña. The salinity of seawater is about 3.6% and its density is 1,023.5–1,024.0 kg/m3 (63.90–63.93 lb/cu ft). The surface water colour is blue-green to green.

text: The Caribbean's depth in its wider basins and deep water temperatures are similar to those of the Atlantic. Atlantic deep water is thought to spill into the Caribbean and contribute to the general deep water of its sea.[9] The surface water (30 feet; 100 m) acts as an extension of the northern Atlantic as the Guiana Current and part of the North Equatorial Current enter the sea on the east. On the western side of the sea the trade winds influence a northerly current which causes an upwelling and a rich fishery near Yucatán.[10]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The Caribbean is home to about 9% of the world's coral reefs covering about 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi), most of which are located off the Caribbean Islands and the Central American coast.[11] Among them stands out the Belize Barrier Reef with an area of 963 km2 (372 sq mi) which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. It forms part of the Great Mayan Reef also known as the MBRS and being over 1,000 km (600 mi) in length is the world's second longest. It runs along the Caribbean coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras.

text: During the past ten years,[when?] unusually warm Caribbean waters have been increasingly threatening Caribbean coral reefs. Coral reefs support some of the most diverse marine habitats in the world, but they are fragile ecosystems. When tropical waters become unusually warm for extended periods of time, microscopic plants called zooxanthellae, which are symbiotic partners living within the coral polyp tissues, die off. These plants provide food for the corals, and give them their color. The result of the death and dispersal of these tiny plants is called coral bleaching, and can lead to the devastation of large areas of reef. Over 42% of corals are completely bleached and 95% are experiencing some type of whitening.[12] Historically the Caribbean is thought to contain 14% of the world's coral reefs.[13]

text: The habitats supported by the reefs are critical to such tourist activities as fishing and diving, and provide an annual economic value to Caribbean nations of US$3.1–4.6 billion. Continued destruction of the reefs could severely damage the region's economy.[14] A Protocol of the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region came in effect in 1986 to protect the various endangered marine life of the Caribbean through forbidding human activities that would advance the continued destruction of such marine life in various areas. Currently this protocol has been ratified by 15 countries.[15] Also, several charitable organisations have been formed to preserve the Caribbean marine life, such as Caribbean Conservation Corporation which seeks to study and protect sea turtles while educating others about them.[16]

text: In connection with the foregoing, the Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, conducted a regional study, funded by the Department of Technical Cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency, in which specialists from 11 Latin American countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Dominican Republic, Venezuela plus Jamaica) participated. The findings indicate that heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and lead, have been identified in the coastal zone of the Caribbean Sea. Analysis of toxic metals and hydrocarbons is based on the investigation of coastal sediments that have accumulated less than 50 meters deep during the last hundred and fifty years. The project results were presented in Vienna in the forum "Water Matters", and the 2011 General Conference of said multilateral organization.[17]

text: Weather[edit]

text: The Caribbean weather is influenced by the Gulf Stream and Humboldt Current ocean currents.[19] The tropical location of the sea helps the water to maintain a warm temperature ranging from the low of 21–26 °C (70–79 °F) by the season.

text: The Caribbean is a focal area for many hurricanes within the Western Hemisphere. A series of low pressure systems develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way across the Atlantic Ocean. While most of these systems do not become tropical storms, some do. The tropical storms can develop into Atlantic hurricanes, often in the low pressure areas of the eastern Caribbean. The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June through November, with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September. On average around 9 tropical storms form each year, with 5 reaching hurricane strength. According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900.

text: Every year hurricanes represent a potential threat to the islands of the Caribbean, due to the extremely destructive nature of these powerful weather systems. Coral reefs can easily be damaged by violent wave action, and can be destroyed when a hurricane dumps sand or mud onto a reef. When this happens, the coral organisms are smothered and the reef dies and ultimately breaks apart.

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: The region has a high level of biodiversity and many species are endemic to the Caribbean.

text: Vegetation[edit]

text: The vegetation of the region is mostly tropical but differences in topography, soil and climatic conditions increase species diversity. Where there are porous limestone terraced islands these are generally poor in nutrients. It is estimated that 13,000 species of plants grow in the Caribbean of which 6,500 are endemic. For example, guaiac wood (Guaiacum officinale), the flower of which is the national flower of Jamaica and the Bayahibe rose (Pereskia quisqueyana) which is the national flower of the Dominican Republic and the ceiba which is the national tree of both Puerto Rico and Guatemala. The mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize. The caimito (Chrysophyllum cainito) grows throughout the Caribbean. In coastal zones there are coconut palms and in lagoons and estuaries are found thick areas of black mangrove and red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle).

text: In shallow water flora and fauna is concentrated around coral reefs where there is little variation in water temperature, purity and salinity. Leeward side of lagoons provide areas of growth for sea grasses. Turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) is common in the Caribbean as is manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme) which can grow together as well as in fields of single species at depths up to 20 m (66 ft). Another type shoal grass (Halodule wrightii) grows on sand and mud surfaces at depths of up to 5 m (16 ft). In brackish water of harbours and estuaries at depths less than 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima) grows. Representatives of three species belonging to the genus Halophila, (Halophila baillonii, Halophila engelmannii and Halophila decipiens) are found at depths of up to 30 m (98 ft) except for Halophila engelmani which does not grow below 5 m (16 ft) and is confined to the Bahamas, Florida, the Greater Antilles and the western part of the Caribbean. Halophila baillonii has been found only in the Lesser Antilles.[20]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: Marine biota in the region have representatives of both the Indian and Pacific oceans which were caught in the Caribbean before the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama four million years ago.[21] In the Caribbean Sea there are around 1,000 documented species of fish, including sharks (bull shark, tiger shark, silky shark and Caribbean reef shark), flying fish, giant oceanic manta ray, angel fish, spotfin butterflyfish, parrotfish, Atlantic Goliath grouper, tarpon and moray eels. Throughout the Caribbean there is industrial catching of lobster and sardines (off the coast of Yucatán Peninsula).

text: There are 90 species of mammals in the Caribbean including sperm whales, humpback whales and dolphins. The island of Jamaica is home to seals and manatees. The Caribbean monk seal which lived in the Caribbean is considered extinct. The solenodon is endangered.

text: There are 500 species of reptiles (94% of which are endemic). Islands are inhabited by some endemic species such as rock iguanas and American crocodile. The blue iguana, endemic to the island of Grand Cayman, is endangered. The green iguana is invasive to Grand Cayman. The Mona ground iguana which inhabits the island of Mona, Puerto Rico, is endangered. The rhinoceros iguana from the island of Hispaniola which is shared between Haiti and the Dominican Republic is also endangered. The region has several types of sea turtle (loggerhead, green turtle, hawksbill, leatherback turtle, Atlantic ridley and olive ridley). Some species are threatened with extinction.[22] Their populations have been greatly reduced since the 17th century – the number of green turtles has declined from 91 million to 300,000 and hawksbill turtles from 11 million to less than 30,000 by 2006.[23]

text: All 170 species of amphibians that live in the region are endemic. The habitats of almost all members of the toad family, poison dart frogs, tree frogs and leptodactylidae (a type of frog) are limited to only one island.[24] The Golden coqui is in serious threat of extinction.

text: In the Caribbean 600 species of birds have been recorded of which 163 are endemic such as the tody, Fernandina's flicker and palmchat. The American yellow warbler is found in many areas as is the green heron. Of the endemic species 48 are threatened with extinction including the Puerto Rican amazon, yellow-breasted crake and the Zapata wren. According to Birdlife International in 2006 in Cuba 29 species of bird are in danger of extinction and two species officially extinct.[25] The black-fronted piping guan is endangered as is the plain pigeon. The Antilles along with Central America lie in the flight path of migrating birds from North America so the size of populations is subject to seasonal fluctuations. In the forests are found parrots, bananaquit and toucans. Over the open sea can be seen frigatebirds and tropicbirds.

text: Economy and human activity[edit]

text: The Caribbean region has seen a significant increase in human activity since the colonisation period. The sea is one of the largest oil production areas in the world, producing approximately 170 million tons[clarification needed] per year.[26] The area also generates a large fishing industry for the surrounding countries, accounting for 500,000 tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) of fish a year.[27]

text: Human activity in the area also accounts for a significant amount of pollution, The Pan American Health Organization estimated in 1993 that only about 10% of the sewage from the Central American and Caribbean Island countries is properly treated before being released into the sea.[26]

text: The Caribbean region supports a large tourism industry. The Caribbean Tourism Organization calculates that about 12 million people a year visit the area, including (in 1991–1992) about 8 million cruise ship tourists. Tourism based upon scuba diving and snorkeling on coral reefs of many Caribbean islands makes a major contribution to their economies.[28]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018)

text: The Caribbean is the setting for countless literary efforts often related to piracy acts and swashbuckling. One memorable work of pulp fiction has in its title a geographic feature unique in its way to the islands: Fear Cay, the eleventh Doc Savage adventure by Lester Dent. Many James Bond adventures were set there. It is also well known as the location of the Pirates of the Caribbean films, featuring Port Royal. Peter Matthiessen's Far Tortuga (1975) chronicles the adventures of a turtling crew in the late 1960s.


document_title: Bed size

question_text: what are the dimensions of queen size mattress

text: Bed size

text: Table of common sizes[edit]

text: Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes. Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below. These dimensions are for the mattress – actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress. Mattress thickness varies considerably.

text:
Mattress size (width × length)

US & Canada
Australia
Ireland & UK
New Zealand
Continental Europe
Japan
China
Thailand
Singapore

Small single
or Cot
30 in × 75 in
76 cm × 191 cm

60 cm × 190 cm
24 in × 75 in

80 cm × 190 cm
31 in × 75 in
85 cm × 195 cm
33 in × 77 in
91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in

Single, Twin,
or Bunk
38[1] in × 75 in
97 cm × 191 cm
92 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in
90 cm × 190 cm
35 in × 75 in
91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in
90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in
97 cm × 195 cm
38 in × 77 in
106 cm × 188 cm
42 in × 74 in
107 cm × 198 cm
42 in × 78 in
91 cm × 191 cm
36 in × 75 in

Twin extra long
38[2] in × 80 in
97 cm × 203 cm

91 cm × 203 cm
36 in × 80 in
90 cm × 210 cm
35 in × 83 in
97 cm × 205 cm
38 in × 81 in

King single
or Super single

107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in

107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in
120 cm × 200 cm
47 in × 79 in
110 cm × 195 cm
43 in × 77 in

107 cm × 191 cm
42 in × 75 in

Small double
or Three-quarter
48 in × 75 in
122 cm × 191 cm

120 cm × 190 cm
47 in × 75 in

122 cm × 195 cm
48 in × 77 in

Double or Full
54 in × 75 in
137 cm × 191 cm
138 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in
135 cm × 190 cm
53 in × 75 in
137 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in
140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in
140 cm × 195 cm
55 in × 77 in
152 cm × 188 cm
60 in × 74 in
122 cm × 198 cm
48 in × 78 in

Double extra long
54 in × 80 in
137 cm × 203 cm

140 cm × 205 cm
55 in × 81 in

Queen
60 in × 80 in
152 cm × 203 cm
153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in

153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in

154 cm × 195 cm
61 in × 77 in
182 cm × 188 cm
72 in × 74 in
152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in
152 cm × 191 cm
60 in × 75 in

Expanded, Super,
or Olympic queen
66 in × 80 in
168 cm × 203 cm

King
76 in × 80 in
193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in
198 cm square
183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in
152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in
167 cm × 203 cm
66 in × 80 in
160 cm × 200 cm
63 in × 79 in
170 cm × 195 cm
67 in × 77 in
182 cm × 212 cm
72 in × 83 in
183 cm × 198 cm
72 in × 78 in
183 cm × 191 cm
72 in × 75 in

California king
or King long
72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm
72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm

80 in × 80 in
203 cm × 203 cm

170 cm × 205 cm
67 in × 81 in

Grand king,
Super king,
Athletic King
or Texas king
80 in × 98 in
203 cm × 249 cm
203 cm × 203 cm
80 in × 80 in
180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in
183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in
180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in

194 cm × 205 cm
76 in × 81 in

text: Canada and United States[edit]

text: Standard sizes[edit]

text: Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are:

text: Other sizes[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: UK and Ireland[edit]

text: Most modern beds/mattresses sold in the UK and Ireland are constructed using metric dimensions.

text:
Size
Dimensions
Notes

Small-single
75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Common UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed.[citation needed]

European single
75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]

Standard single
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Ireland standard hospitality sized single, two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed.

Small-double (Three Quarter)/Queen
120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[citation needed]

Standard Double
135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[citation needed]

King
152 cm × 198 cm (60 in × 78 in)[citation needed]

Extra-king
180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Hospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together.[citation needed]

Superking
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[citation needed]
Also known as "European King".

Eastern King
200 cm × 210 cm (79 in × 83 in)[citation needed]

Emperor
215 cm × 215 cm (85 in × 85 in)[citation needed]

Caesar
245 cm × 220 cm (96 in × 87 in)[citation needed]

text: It is worth noting that "bed size" in the UK generally refers to mattress size. This is because mattresses have a standard size grading, whereas bed frames do not. While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services, most mass-produced bed linens, bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above. It should be noted that a Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world. However, at 120cm in width, it is smaller than a UK double. Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress.

text: France[edit]

text: Single size beds are usually 90 cm wide by 190 cm long.

text:
Most common sizes for double beds are:
140 cm wide by 190 cm long
160 cm wide by 200 cm long
180 cm wide by 200 cm long (less common, but increasing popularity).

text: Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in "one place" Standard sizes are:[citation needed]

text: Less common:[citation needed]

text: Northern Europe[edit]

text: These sizes are for Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations, but these are the most common sizes:

text: Single:

text:
80 cm × 190 cm (31 in × 75 in), traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in), traditional standard in Germany
75 cm × 200 cm (30 in × 79 in), standard in Norway[citation needed]
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in)
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), standard single bed in Sweden and Germany.
90 cm × 210 cm (35 in × 83 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common variant in The Netherlands
90 cm × 220 cm (35 in × 87 in), Xlarge variant in The Netherlands
100 cm × 200 cm (39 in × 79 in), now very common in Germany
105 cm × 200 cm (41 in × 79 in)
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)[citation needed]

text: Double:

text:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), referred to as a "doubter" in the Netherlands, somewhat common for younger people
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in), common
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), very common[citation needed]
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), very common double bed in current Swedish and Norwegian standards[citation needed]
180 cm × 210 cm (71 in × 83 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in) (very wide)

text: Most beds are 200 cm (79 in) cm long. Extra long beds are usually 220 cm (87 in), but they are rare.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are:

text: Solteiro (single) 80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long (can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long)

text: Casal (double) 140 cm (55 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long

text: Queen Size 160 cm (63 inches) or 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long

text: King Size 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long

text: Super King Size 200 cm (78.74 inches) wide by 200 cm long

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain the most common sizes are:

text: 180/190/200 cm long

text: 80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:

text: "Individual" (single) = 90 cm wide

text: "Matrimonio" (marital) = 135/150 cm wide

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Single:

text:
70 cm × 200 cm (28 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common single bed
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), uncommon, mainly available as European-style futon beds that are sold with mattress, slats and frame
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), common, especially among young people

text: Double:

text:
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), common
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), common
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in), proposed when enough space is available

text: Australia[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in Australia

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in South Africa:

text: Beds are also available in extra length, which is 200 cm.

text: Singapore and Malaysia[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in Singapore and Malaysia:

text: China[edit]

text: In China, the regulation standard has following sizes available:[6]

text:
Length: 1900 mm, 1950 mm, 2000 mm, 2100 mm;
Width: Single: 800 mm, 900 mm, 1000 mm, 1100 mm, 1200 mm;
Width: Double: 1350 mm, 1400 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm.

text: In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two meters, but may vary. The most common sizes are:

text: There are also extra size beds available, but they are less common.