document_title: If the South Had Won the Civil War

question_text: who would have been president if the south won the civil war

text: If the South Had Won the Civil War

text: Alternate historical timeline[edit]

text: The book starts with the assumption that Union General Ulysses S. Grant was killed by being accidentally thrown off his horse on May 12, 1863, at the start of the Vicksburg Campaign. In the aftermath, General John Alexander McClernand insisted on assuming command despite being a political appointee who was not fit for the job. By thoroughly bad generalship, McClernand managed to totally lose the Vicksburg Campaign and get the Army of the Tennessee almost completely destroyed. Soon afterwards, at the Battle of Gettysburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee made some better decisions than in our history and managed to win the battle and largely destroy the Union Army of the Potomac as well.

text: Two such major disasters following one upon the other caused a panic reaction in the North. Washington, D.C. descended into total chaos, with mobs running through the streets, looting, raping, and lynching blacks; Lee's army captured the city without firing a shot and proceeded to restore order. With the mobs howling for Abraham Lincoln's blood, it was safest for him to be taken into a comfortable custody at Richmond, Virginia from where he sent northwards a letter announcing his resignation and conceding the Confederacy's victory.

text: To Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, who became President following Lincoln's resignation, fell the bitter work of negotiating the border with the newly independent CSA. The most bitter pill he had to swallow was to concede the permanent loss of Washington and its transformation into the Confederate capital (with the District of Columbia being renamed the District of Dixie), made inevitable by Maryland joining the Confederacy like Kentucky.

text: Hamlin's main achievement was the retention of West Virginia in the Union as well as preventing pro-Confederate militias in Missouri from detaching that State. The Indian Territory remained an unresolved bone of contention.

text: In the debate over the location of the new US capital, President Hamlin strongly opposed the proposal of making Philadelphia the capital, which would have alienated all the states west of the Alleghenies, and supported the finally-accepted compromise of Columbus, Ohio, which is renamed "Columbia". As he declined to run in the 1864 presidential election, Hamlin did not actually get to take residence in the new capital, which was only made ready years later.

text: Meanwhile, Lincoln was released by the Confederates in 1864 and started a law office in Chicago. However, he was still assassinated in a theater, in this case at McVicker's Theater in Chicago.

text: The newly independent Confederacy suffered some instability, especially since the restive Texas seized the contested Indian Territory and finally declared its complete independence. That brought the specter of war close, with either the US going to war over the Indian Territory or the Confederacy seeking to retain Texas by force, but it was averted; Texas was allowed to amicably go its own way, and relations between all three nations steadily improved. The two terms of US President James B. McPherson (in actual history, a Union officer who was killed during the Battle of Atlanta in July 1864) were marked by a strong tendency towards reconciliation with the Confederate States. His Second Inaugural Speech, arguing that the war ending in 1863 saved the lives of many who would have been killed had it dragged on, was warmly received south of the Mason–Dixon line, became part of the school curriculum, and helped achieve an eventual reunification (though it came only long after his death).

text: The Confederacy was also faced with the issue of slavery, very much contested despite its victory in what came to be known as "The War of the Southern Revolution." With the rest of the world abolishing slavery, Confederates started feeling that they were out of step. Virginia abolished slavery in its territory, followed by Kentucky and North Carolina, and later Maryland and Tennessee. A new political force named the Jeffersonian Party called for abolition of slavery and gained the support of such prominent persons as Stephen Dodson Ramseur, Robert E. Rodes, John Pegram and, later, Leonidas Polk. Finally, Confederate slavery was fully abolished in 1885, the Liberation Bill being adopted with little opposition under the presidency of James Longstreet. Southerners having resolved this by themselves, rather than having the decision forced upon them by a victorious hostile army, helped avoid any lingering bitterness, and no organization resembling the Ku Klux Klan arose.

text: In 1898, it was the Confederacy that went to war with Spain, and seized and annexed Cuba. The flamboyant Rel Stuart, a son of Jeb Stuart born in 1867, had a major role in this war and was eventually the first governor of the State of Cuba. (In one illustration, Rel Stuart is portrayed as looking like Theodore Roosevelt).

text: In the Twentieth Century, the US, CSA, and Texas became increasingly integrated economically and removed all tariff barriers between them. In 1917, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt of the USA and Woodrow Wilson of the CSA brought their countries into World War I, as did the independent Texas. The soldiers of all three joined the Entente powers and fought as close allies against Germany and the Central Powers. Similar developments took place against the Axis powers in World War II. Kantor does not provide much detail of this but clearly assumes that three allied armies crossing the Atlantic together and fighting together in Europe would have achieved much the same result as a single US army achieved in the actual history.

text: In the aftermath, the USA, CSA, and Texas all felt threatened by Soviet missile bases and armored brigades in Alaska (which had never been purchased from Russia in 1867). Therefore, they finally announced a formal reunification at a Washington summit in 1961, on the precise centennial of Fort Sumter.

text: Thus, Kantor's version of history comes full circle, the situation in 1961 being not too different from that in actual history: a single United States as a major world power locked in Cold War with the Soviet Union, but at a considerable disadvantage compared to the actual timeline due to the Soviet position in Alaska.

text: Influence on Harry Turtledove[edit]

text: Harry Turtledove, who wrote extensively in this subgenre, acknowledged the influence of Kantor's book on his own work.

text: In The Guns of the South, Turtledove, like Kantor, has Lee's army occupying Washington and Lee acting as a wise and generous victor. Turtledove's Southern Victory includes various elements recognizable from Kantor's book, such as abolition of Southern slavery occurring in the 1880s under President James Longstreet, Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson being simultaneous Presidents of the USA and CSA respectively, Cuba annexed and incorporated into the Confederacy, and Alaska not purchased and remaining part of Russia. However, these plot elements were inserted by Turtledove into an alternate history quite antithetical to Kantor's in which, far from being reconciled, USA and CSA become hereditary enemies that go to war again and again and take opposing sides in both World Wars, with drastic results for the rest of the world.


document_title: Billie Reed

question_text: who played billie reed on days of our lives

root

text: Billie Reed

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role of Billie Reed was originated by actress Lisa Rinna. She first aired on September 18, 1992.[4][5] After three years, Rinna vacated the role on September 28, 1995. The show recast the role, which led to Krista Allen assuming the role from September 6, 1996 to November 5, 1999.[6] When Allen vacated the role, rumors arose that ex-Port Charles actress Julie Pinson would claim the role of Billie.[7] However, Rinna was announced to reprise the role for a short-term stint. Rinna returned to the role in July 3, 2002 and once again vacated in January 8, 2003. In 2004, two years following the online rumors, Pinson was hired into the role. She accepted after Rinna declined to return to the show.[8] Pinson debuted as Billie on September 13, 2004 and vacated the role four years later on February 5, 2008.

tag: p

text: In 2011, it was announced that Rinna would reprise the role of Billie and returned on March 9, 2012.[9][10] In August 2012, it was confirmed by Huffington Post that Rinna would once again leave the series to develop a panel-focused talk show. Rinna taped her final episode on October 9 and her final episode aired on January 30, 2013.[11]

text: In September 2017, it was revealed that Rinna will once again return to the role of Billie, airing some time in 2018.[12][13]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016)

tag: table

text: When Curtis takes the children, he changes their names to prevent Kate from finding them. All that is known is that her original surname was Brown.[14] Also, Billie and Chelsea once reside at 890 Whitley Street in Salem, USA (zip code 06642).[15] The mother and daughter now move into Billie's brother, Lucas Roberts' apartment after Bonnie Lockhart throws them out after her son Patrick Lockhart goes to prison and Conner Lockhart returns to town. Despite being evicted from this apartment, by Victor, Billie continues to live in it, until leaving for London. Chelsea moves in with Bo and Hope, after learning of Nick and Billie's one-night stand.

text: Billie Reed first comes to Salem in 1992 as a professional singer, but her cocaine addiction ruins that opportunity. Billie believes her father is dead and has never known her mother. Her only relative in Salem is her brother Austin Reed. Luckily, Carrie Brady befriends her and gives Billie a place to stay. It took a while before Billie can get clean and rid her life of past demons.

text: Eventually, Billie decides to turn her life around and starts her own cosmetics company, Countess Wilhelmina. Kate Roberts buys out Countess Wilhelmina to spite Billie. Later that year, Billie befriends Tony DiMera. He brings up 49% of Titan Industries and then brings Billie in to run the Countess Wilhelmina division.

text: Billie's father Curtis Reed, who had been presumed dead, returns. Curtis, who got Billie addicted to drugs as a young girl and raped her, is eventually murdered in Nov 1993, and Billie is arrested for killing him. However, Billie refuses to tell Bo Brady how she knows Curtis and she makes her brother, Austin, keep quiet. Billie thinks that if Bo learns the truth, he won't love her. Nevertheless, Bo falls in love with Billie during the trial and is determined to prove that she is innocent.

text: Billie and Austin are both shocked when they learn Kate was married to Curtis Reed. Eventually Billie admits that Curtis is her father. Stefano DiMera had killed Curtis in self-defense and framed Billie. Billie is let go and Bo tells her that he loves her no matter what. Billie and Austin are also reunited with Kate, the mother they thought abandoned them. Kate tells them that Curtis had taken them from her and she believed they had all been killed in a car crash.

text: In May 1994 Bo and Billie discover a woman named Gina who looks just like Bo's first wife, Hope. She has no memories of her past and Bo is convinced there is no way Hope could have survived the explosion all those years ago. Bo and Billie become engaged Dec 1994

text: Bo and Billie try to marry in Jan 1995, but the "Desecrator" struck and a falling chandelier almost kills them. They try again, but learn that they could not marry if there was any chance that Gina could be Hope. In order to help them, Gina signs a paper declaring that Hope is dead and Bo and Billie are finally married in Feb 1995. Gina opens a puzzle box and is proven to be Hope Brady, Bo's wife. Bo and Hope get a divorce so Billie and Bo can marry legally. But soon after the divorce papers are signed, Billie realizes that Bo is still in love with Hope, his one true love, so she leaves Salem in September 1995 to let them be together as a family with their son.

text: Billie returns a year later in September 1996 and moves into the Kiriakis Mansion. She begins to date Franco Kelly, which upsets Bo, who is now getting ready to remarry Hope. Bo insists Franco is dangerous, but Hope accuses him of being jealous. The night before Bo and Hope's wedding, Bo gets caught in the middle of a massive storm and ends stranded on an island with Billie. Desperate to make it to his wedding, Bo tried to swim to shore, but almost drowned. Billie rescues him and helps him back to the cabin. Bo was in a hypothermic state, so help his get warm, Billie strips all their clothing and snuggled close to Bo. Hope, looking for Bo, arrived in time to witness the close encounter and jumped to the wrong conclusion. Upset, she calls off the wedding, much to Bo's despair, and he vows to get Hope back.

text: Billie soon discovered that Bo was going undercover in an effort to expose and bring down drug lord J.L. King in Feb 1997. Billie gets in over her head with JL King and was forced to play along as Bo’s girlfriend or risk Bo getting killed. They were also forced to keep up their ruse in front of Hope, otherwise their cover would be blown. Bo reminds Billie that he only sees her as a friend and Hope is the only woman he loves.

text: Bo and Billie were forced to travel to Rome with King, where he had arranged a wedding for them to test them. Coincidentally, Hope and Franco were also in Rome during that time and King invited them to the ceremony. To prove loyalty to JL, Bo agreed. The wedding went off without a hitch, to Billie’s delight and Hope’s devastation. (June 1997)

text: King was arrested in Rome soon afterwards. One of his goons, Max, kidnapped Billie and tied her to a bed where he injected her with heroin and other drugs. While under the influence, she saw visions of her dead father Curtis, who tormented her. Bo found Billie and saved her from becoming hooked on drugs again. Bo, believing Hope had moved on and no longer loved him anymore, made love to Billie. As a result of their lovemaking, Billie discovered she was pregnant (Jan 1998).

text: Despite Billie's pregnancy and his commitment to be there for the baby, he still longed for Hope and told Billie this. Billie taunted Hope about her and Bo being lovers in Rome, even though she knew Bo really only loved Hope. Hope began looking for her missing years as Gina and Bo started helping her. Bo and Hope begin to reconcile. When she was around five months into her pregnancy, she followed Bo and Hope to New Orleans and was accosted by two young men. As a result, Billie went into premature labor and gave birth to a stillborn daughter, whom she named Georgia. (summer 1998) She buried her daughter in the swamp.

text: She then faked a fall after a fight with Hope and blamed Hope for her miscarriage. The guilt Hope had about Billie losing her baby kept Bo and Hope apart. Bo was there for Billie during the loss of their daughter, but still told her that Hope was the one he loved and wanted to build a future with, not Billie. Billie was outraged. Then everyone found out she had lied about the miscarriage and Bo would have nothing to do with her (fall 1998). He kept trying to win back Hope (and eventually succeeded). Billie stayed in Salem a little longer, and dated Roman Brady. After then being rejected by Nicholas Alamain, who was in love with Kate, she decided she had enough of Salem and moved back to Paris in Oct 1999.

text: Hope's disdain for Billie only grew over time. When Billie returns to Salem in 2002 and joins the police force, it only gets worse. Billie swears her motives are pure and not to create more trouble for Bo and Hope. She has a short-lived relationship with Jack Deveraux that never really gets off the ground. However her real reason for returning is to cause more problems for Bo and Hope. She assists Larry Welch in kidnapping Hope and Zack because she believes Larry is working for the ISA. However, she can't stand seeing what this was doing to Bo and when she goes to stand up against Larry, he shoots her. Fortunately she survives and leaves Salem when she is released from the hospital in early 2003 to join the ISA in London.

text: When the Salem stalker murders began she has a message for Bo saying she knows who the killer is but she goes missing along that same time.

text: When Bo helps rescue the victims of the Salem Stalker, he bumps into Billie on the mysterious island. Together they help rescue the others, and upon their return to Salem, Billie makes the shocking discovery that their daughter Georgia, who she thought had died in childbirth, is still alive. In fact, she is Chelsea Benson, one of Abby Deveraux's friends. When Chelsea's adoptive parents are killed in a car accident, Billie reveals the truth and has Chelsea move in with her.

text: Hope is not thrilled by yet another link between Billie and Bo, but tries to remain supportive. However, when Bo and Hope's son Zack is killed in a car accident, everyone soon learns that Chelsea was the driver, and thus responsible. Billie is desperate to protect Chelsea and Bo is torn between the two women in his life. At one point, Chelsea manipulates Billie into making it appear that Bo has slept with her in a hotel and arranges for Hope to discover this truth. Billie deeply regrets this and admitted to it in court when Hope tries to divorce Bo.

text: Billie has repeatedly stated she believes Bo and Hope belong together and will not try to get back with Bo, against Chelsea's wishes. Recently, she finds herself involved with another man who is not exactly available: Steve "Patch" Johnson. Steve feels very pressured by Kayla's hopes that he will remember their past, and he rebels by starting to see Billie.

text: While she is drunk, she has sex with Nick Fallon, who has developed strong feelings for her daughter Chelsea. Her falls from the wagon didn't last long. She makes amends with Chelsea and is working at Salem University as head of security. She uses her connections to help her younger half brother Philip Kiriakis find his missing son, Tyler. She works on finding the campus rapist. Unbeknown to her, Ford Decker is already dead.

text: Billie leaves town in the wake of the death of Ford Decker. Victor gives her a job at Titan in England, after she is fired from the university. Billie is in a car accident, and has to have her mom, Kate and her daughter, Chelsea come over to London to help her recover. Chelsea stays with Billie while Kate goes back home. Chelsea then returns home to Salem and reunites with Max. They get engaged and leave the show with the storyline of living in London with Billie, helping her to get better.

text: In March 2012, a fully recovered Billie came to Salem, seemingly to help her mom run Countess Wilhemina Cosmetics. However, it was soon revealed that Billie was back working for the ISA and was assigned to get information on Stefano. Billie convinced her mom to let her move into the DiMera Mansion.

text: But, Stefano was actually working as a CIA informant, so her investigation came to a halt. And, when Stefano and Kate's relationship fell apart, Billie stayed in town to support her mom and work with her at Mad World Cosmetics. But Billie and Kate eventually grew apart. Frustrated with Kate's scheming, Billie decided to take a new job in Europe. But, she made peace with Kate before she left.

text: On May 22, 2013, Kate asked Gabi if she took pictures of Arianna, since her great-aunt, Billie, wanted to see her.


document_title: Night at the Museum

question_text: who plays octavius in night at the museum

text: Night at the Museum

text: Plot[edit]

text: Larry Daley is a divorced man from Queens, hoping to find a good job to impress his ten-year old son Nick, his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son. Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks and his colleagues Gus and Reginald. Larry meets the museum’s neurotic curator Dr. McPhee, and museum docent Rebecca Hutman, who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea. On his first night, Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum, warning him not to let anything “in or out.”

text: Larry soon discovers that at night, the museum’s exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him. Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions; the warring factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius; violent Attila the Hun; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum; the fire-seeking neanderthals; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt, who is in love with Sacagawea.

text: Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact, the Tablet of Akhmenrah, the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus. He also explains to Larry that as night guard, it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum, otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside. The next day, Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions’ destruction. He studies in libraries and from Rebecca. Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night, but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire, leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside. After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day, Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca, but she thinks he is mocking her.

text: On his third night, Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life, but they strangely do not. They catch Cecil, Gus, and Reginald stealing artifacts, who explain the tablet’s magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age, and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement. Nick activates the tablet, but Cecil steals it, locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit. They free Akhmenrah, and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park. Gus and Reginald are captured, but Cecil escapes by stagecoach.

text: Larry and several exhibits give chase, where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet, using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise. Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry, subsequently introduced to Sacagawea. The next day McPhee fires Larry, but when they go into the museum, they find it is crowded due to last night’s strange activities, and Larry is rehired. During the credits, Cecil, Gus, and Reginald were granted mercy by Larry and work as janitors.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a night-shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks, a veteran security guard
Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman, a museum docent
Mickey Rooney as Gus, a veteran security guard
Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a veteran security guard
Jake Cherry as Nick Daley, Larry's son
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry's boss
Kim Raver as Erica Daley, Larry's former wife
Charlie Murphy as the taxi-driver
Paul Rudd as Don, Erica's fiancé
Anne Meara as Debbie

tag: ul

text: Exhibits[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt
Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun
Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah
Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a miniature cowboy figure
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a miniature Roman general figure
Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea
Kerry van der Griend, Dan Rizzuto, Matthew Harrison, and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals
Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis
Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark
Randy Lee, Darryl Quon, Gerald Wong, and Paul Chih-Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns
Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head
Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a stuffed capuchin monkey

text: Production[edit]

text: The building featured in the film, which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby, British Columbia, is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, external shots of which were used in the movie.[2]

text: Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal, who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter, to slap and bite Stiller in the film.

text: Robin Williams' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne's character in The Shootist.[3]

text: Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast: "When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him. It['s] a high-water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I'm convinced that's a big part of why we got this cast."[4]

text: Music[edit]

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"Friday Night" - performed by McFly; not featured in American version of the film, but heard in some international cuts, used during the end credits. It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub.
"September" - performed by Earth, Wind and Fire; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying.
"Weapon of Choice" - performed by Fatboy Slim; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos.
"Tonight" - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham; used for the end credits (U.S. theatrical version only).
"Eye of the Tiger" - performed by Ben Stiller; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music.
An instrumental version of "Mandy" by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator, while escaping from Attila the Hun.
"Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones" is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night.
"Camptown Races" by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama. This is a period-correct song.

text: Score[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer.[5] Silvestri's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who!

text:
Night at the Museum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Alan Silvestri

Released
December 19, 2006 (2006-12-19)

Recorded
2006

Genre
Film score

Length
53:19

Label
Varese Sarabande

text: Track list[edit]

text: Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19, 2006.[6]

text: All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.

text:
Night at the Museum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Night at the Museum"
02:35

2.
"One of Those Days"
00:49

3.
"An Ordinary Guy?"
01:27

4.
"Tour of the Museum"
02:35

5.
"Civil War Soldiers"
04:08

6.
"Out of Africa"
01:07

7.
"Meet Dexter"
01:27

8.
"Mayan Warriors"
00:57

9.
"Where's Rexy?"
00:48

10.
"West from Africa"
01:49

11.
"The Iron Horse"
01:06

12.
"Saved by Teddy"
01:57

13.
"Tablet of Akmenrah"
00:37

14.
"Tracking, Dear Boy"
01:08

15.
"Some Men Are Born Great"
00:50

16.
"Sunrise"
00:42

17.
"Study Up on History"
02:15

18.
"Teddy Likes Sacagawea"
01:53

19.
"Tearing Limbs"
01:45

20.
"Caveman on Fire"
00:43

21.
"Outrun the Sun"
00:58

22.
"Show You What I Do"
02:55

23.
"Tablet's Gone"
02:45

24.
"Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service"
01:11

25.
"This Is Your Moment"
02:10

26.
"Rally the Troops"
01:07

27.
"Tree Take Down"
01:21

28.
"Cecil's Escape"
01:26

29.
"Stage Coach"
02:28

30.
"Teddy in Two"
01:18

31.
"Cab Ride"
00:50

32.
"Big Fan"
01:03

33.
"Heroes Return"
00:54

34.
"A Great Man"
00:57

35.
"Full House"
01:21

Total length:
53:19

text: Release[edit]

text: Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17, 2006, in South Korea on December 21, 2006, on December 22, 2006 in United States, December 26, 2006 in UK, January 12, 2007 in Brazil, on February 14, 2007 in China and on March 17, 2007 in Japan.[7]

text: The film was released under the title of "Noche en el museo" in Spain, "Una notte al museo" in Italy, "La nuit au musée" in France, "Ночь в музее" in Russia and "Uma Noite no Museu" in Brazil.[7]

text: Box office[edit]

text: At the end of its box office run, Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million.[1] It is also the highest-grossing film worldwide of the trilogy.[8]

text: It was the highest-grossing film in its opening weekend, grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters, with a $8,258 per-theater average. For the four-day Christmas holiday weekend, it took in $42.2 million.[1] The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format, often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle.

text: In its second weekend, Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million, out-grossing its opening weekend. It maintained the top position in its third week, with an additional $23.7 million.[9]

text: During its opening weekend of December 15, 2006, the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million, with the highest debut coming from South Korea ($5.04 million).[10] The biggest market in the other territories were the UK, Japan, South Korea, and Germany, where it grossed $40.8 million, $30 million, $25.7 million, $22.9 million.[11]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43%, based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Parents might call this either a spectacle-filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest, depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids".[12] On Metacritic, the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13]

text: James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4, and commented on Stiller's performance by stating "It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an 'A' for effort, but to call what he does in this movie "acting" is a misnomer. He does a lot of running around, occasionally falling down or bumping into things."[14] One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, gave it a B-, and stated that the film was "Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history, and that's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy."[15] In a case of life imitating art, museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20%. According to a museum official, between December 22, 2006, and January 2, 2007, there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year.[16] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on a 2-Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2, 2007. It was released on 1-Disc and 2-Disc DVD editions and Blu-ray Disc format on April 24, 2007 elsewhere.

text: The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney (now known as DVDizzy.com), due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney.[18][19]

text: As of 6 December 2009[update], the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales.[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film
N/A
Nominated

ASCAP Award
Top Box Office Films
Alan Silvestri
Won

Artios
Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy
Ilene Starger
Coreen Mayrs (Vancouver casting)
Heike Brandstatter (Vancouver casting)
Won

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
N/A
Nominated
[21]

MTV Movie Award
Best Comedic Performance
Ben Stiller
Nominated

National Movie Award
Best Comedy
N/A
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Comedy and Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Ben Stiller
Nominated

Taurus Award
Hardest Hit
Greg Fitzpatrick
Nominated
[22]

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger
Jake Cherry
Nominated
[23]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The first installment in the trilogy, Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian,[24] which was released on May 22, 2009 in North America. The third and final installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, was released on December 19, 2014 in North America.[25]


document_title: The Cat in the Hat (film)

question_text: who plays the cat in the hat movie

question_tokens: who plays the cat in the hat movie

text: The Cat in the Hat (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother, Joan. Joan works for neat-freak Hank Humberfloob, as a real estate agent, and is hosting an office party at her house. One day, she is called back to the office, leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan, a tired babysitter, and forbidding them to enter the living room, which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party. Joan is also dating their next-door neighbor, Larry Quinn, much to Conrad's dismay. Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to, as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school, as Conrad has earned the reputation of "hot-headed trouble-maker", while his sister is characterized as "perfect and well-behaved".

text: Once their mother leaves, Sally and Conrad meet a humanoid, oversized talking cat in a hat in their house. The Cat reveals he wants them to learn to have fun, but the children's pet fish doesn't want the Cat around when Joan is away. The Cat then leaves a trail of destruction across the house. In the process, he releases two trouble-making things, Thing 1 and Thing 2, from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world. The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule: never open the crate, then allows the Things to have fun, but they make a mess out of the house. Despite the Cat's warning, Conrad picks the lock on the crate. When the crate's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog, Nevins, Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock. They drive a super-powered car which Cat names it S.L.O.W. (Super Luxurious Omnidirectional Whatchamajigger) in search of Nevins and use Cat's magic hat. Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told, and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan.

text: Meanwhile, Larry is revealed to be an unemployed slob with dentures, and is in financial debt, though claiming that he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying Joan for her money. Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her, but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road, posing as police officers. Larry goes back to the house, telling Joan to meet him there.

text: By the time the kids and the Cat (and Larry) return to the house with the lock, a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house, seemingly killing Larry in the process. They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up. The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart. The Cat tells the kids that he planned the whole day, including making not opening the crate his one rule, as he knew Conrad could not resist. The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house. Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home, but Sally says she will share the blame. The Cat, having overheard this, happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption. named D.I.R.T. (Dynamic Industrial Renovating Tractormajigger) Afterwards The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving. Larry returns, revealing he survived when all is restored, thinking he has busted the kids, but when Joan sees the clean house (and a messy Larry), she does not believe Larry and dumps him. After the successful party, Joan spends time with her children and the Cat finishes narrating. The film ends as he and his things decide to go on a vacation.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mike Myers as the Cat in the Hat, a tall, anthropomorphic, wise-cracking cat with a Brooklyn accent who wears a special hat which reveals many magical abilities.
Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden, Joan's destructive and misbehaved son.
Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden, Joan's dull, well-behaved, and rule-obeying daughter.
Kelly Preston as Joan Walden, Conrad and Sally's mother, and a workaholic real-estate agent.
Alec Baldwin as Lawrence "Larry" Quinn, the Waldens' pompous, lazy, unemployed next-door neighbor. He is revealed to be allergic to cats, steals food from the Waldens and gets away with it, and is determined to both marry Joan for her wealth and send Conrad to military school to straighten up his behavior.
Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan, an elderly Taiwanese woman who gets hired to watch the kids, though she sleeps through her job. Her weight and sleep serves as a running gag. She sits down on the couch to watch brawling in Taiwanese parliament.
Sean Hayes as Mr. Hank Humberfloob, Joan's boss. Hayes is also the voice of the family fish.
Danielle Chuchran and Taylor Rice as Thing 1, and Brittany Oaks and Talia-Lynn Prairie as Thing 2; two gibbering trouble-making creatures that the Cat brings in with him. Dan Castellaneta provided the voices for both Things.
Steven Anthony Lawrence as Dumb Schweitzer. He whacks Cat in the testicles with a wooden baseball bat
Paris Hilton as a female club-goer
Bugsy as Nevins, the Waldens' pet dog. Frank Welker provided his voice.
Candace Dean Brown as a secretary who works for the Humberfloob Real Estate.
Daran Norris as the Astounding Products Announcer
Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer
Paige Hurd as Denise, who does not speak to Sally anymore, not long after she talked back to her. She never invited Sally to her birthday party either since Sally earlier stated that she told Denise not to speak to her anymore.
Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan
Roger Morrisey as Mr. Vompatatat
Victor Brandt as the Narrator, who tells the story; he is revealed to be the Cat using a voice-changer at the end.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: DreamWorks Pictures acquired rights to the original book in 1997.[4] However, production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas/comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas, based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name, became a commercial success. Brian Grazer, who was the producer of The Grinch, stated, "Because we grew up with these books, and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child — the aggregation of all those feelings — it leaves an indelible, positive memory. And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then, The Cat in the Hat, into movies, I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen."[5] Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film, and he accepted.[6] When production began, songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior. Newman's cousin, David Newman, composed the score for the film. Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it, several people said Myers had considerable input into the film's direction, telling some of the cast (co-stars Baldwin and Preston) how to perform their scenes.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat. The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen, who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss' "mischievous feline" babysitter. Allen stated, "My dream is to give it the edge that scared me."[8] However, producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001, when Alec Berg, Jeff Schaffer, and Dave Mandel (who were also writers on Seinfeld) were hired to write the script (replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before),[9] so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline. Allen was also committed to shooting Disney's The Santa Clause 2, which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite.[10] Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2,[11] he dropped out his role.[12] In March 2002, the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers,[13] even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter.[14] Myers stated in an interview that he was a long-time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book, and that it was the first book he ever read.[15]

text: Makeup and visual effects[edit]

text: Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson. The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system. To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots, a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots. The tail and ears were battery operated.[16] The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues (responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and Scooby-Doo), in that the character had no shoulders, hips or legs, so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes, head and fin motion. Sean Hayes, who provided the voice for the Fish, found the role significantly different from his usual on-camera jobs; he did not know how the final animation would look, and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Prior to filming, giant props for the film were stolen from the set. Local police found the props vandalized in a mall car park in Pomona, California. The props were covered with graffiti. No arrests had been made, and filming was to start the next week.[18] Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 2002 until January 2003. The neighborhood and the town centre was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley, where 24 houses (each 26-feet square and 52-feet tall) were constructed.[19] The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located. The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended, so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen as it appears in the film. Because of so much smog in the area, the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon-like sky and colours of the background had to be digitally fixed.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat

Film score / Soundtrack album by David Newman

Released
November 18, 2003

Recorded
2002

Genre
Orchestra

Length
51:55

Label
BMG Soundtracks

text: The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2003.[20] It includes David Newman's score, plus a song by Smash Mouth ("Getting Better") and ("Hang On") that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in a film starring Mike Myers, after Shrek (2001) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers (the role of the Cat). Newman's score won a BMI Film Music Award.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by David Newman, except as noted.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"Main Title; The Kids"

8:07

2.
"Getting Better" (Performed by Smash Mouth)
Lennon–McCartney
2:24

3.
"The Cat"

3:50

4.
"Two Things - Couch Jumping - Lea..."

5:16

5.
"Military Academy Seduction"

3:02

6.
Untitled

2:12

7.
"Surfer Cat - the Phunometer"

2:23

8.
"Fun, Fun, Fun" (Performed by Mike Myers)
Marc Shaiman, Scott Wittman
2:38

9.
"The Contract"

1:53

10.
"Oven Explodes - "Clean Up This Mess!""

1:36

11.
"Things Wreck the House"

2:52

12.
"Larry the Slob"

3:10

13.
"Birthday Party"

2:11

14.
"S.L.O.W. Drive"

2:32

15.
"Rescuing Nevins"

4:27

16.
"Clean Up" (Performed by Mike Myers)
Shaiman, Whitman
0:23

17.
"Hang On" (Performed by Smash Mouth)
Scott Wittman
3:00

Total length:
47:25

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Cat in the Hat was released on VHS and DVD on March 16, 2004.[21] It features 16 deleted scenes, 20 outtake scenes, almost a dozen featurettes, and a "Dance with the Cat" tutorial to teach kids a Cat in the Hat dance.[22] On February 7, 2012, the film was released on Blu-ray.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21, 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend, ranking first in the North American box office.[24] The film ended its theatrical run on March 18, 2004, having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 10% approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics. The website's consensus reads: "Filled with double entendres and potty humor, this Cat falls flat."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 19/100 based on 37 reviews, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[26]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star, stating, "Cat, another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss, has a draw on Mike Myers, who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. Although he praised the production design, he considered the film to be "all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics, with no room for lightness and joy".[27] Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film "Two Thumbs Down". Roeper said of Myers' performance that "Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live-action version of The Cat in the Hat just wasn't a great idea." Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas, in that "If there is one thing I've learned from these two movies is that we don't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch, and we don't want to see Mike Myers as a cat. These are talented comedians, let's see them do their stuff, don't bury them under a ton of technology."

text: Concerns were also raised over the PG rating of the film with some critics, stating that it should have instead been rated PG-13 in relation to its high amount of adult content.[28]

text: Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the "Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for, injecting potty humor and adult (wink-wink) jokes into a mixture of heavy-handed slapstick and silliness." Maltin also claimed that the film's official title which included Dr Seuss' The Cat in the Hat was "an official insult".[29] However, Jeffrey Lyons from NBC-TV, enjoyed the film and considered it "enormously funny".[citation needed]

text: Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material. He expressed a belief that a film is "an idea about something" and that because Dr. Seuss' work is so unique, making a feature-length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations.[30]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Subject
Nominee
Result

BMI Film Awards
Best Music
David Newman
Won

DFWFCA Awards
Worst Film

Won

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Actor
Mike Myers
Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Actor of the Decade
Nominated

Worst Actor
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor
Alec Baldwin
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress
Kelly Preston
Nominated

Worst Picture

Nominated

Worst Director
Bo Welch
Nominated

Worst Screenplay
Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, based on the book by Dr. Seuss
Nominated

Worst Screen Couple
Mike Myers and either Thing One or Thing Two
Nominated

Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie (All Concept/No Content)

Won

Worst "Comedy" of Our First 25 Years

Nominated

Stinkers Bad Movie Awards[31]
Worst Picture

Won

Worst Director
Bo Welch
Nominated

Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide
Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, based on the book by Dr. Seuss
Won

Worst Actor
Mike Myers
Nominated

Worst Fake Accent - Male
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor
Alec Baldwin
Nominated

Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy

Nominated

Worst Song
"Fun, Fun, Fun"; music by Marc Shaiman, lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman
Nominated

Most Annoying Non-Human Character
Cat in the Hat
Won

Thing One and Thing Two (voices by Dan Castellaneta)
Nominated

The Spencer Breslin Award (Worst Performance by a Child Actor)
Spencer Breslin
Won

Dakota Fanning
Nominated

text: The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards.[32]

text: Scrapped sequel[edit]

text: On the day of the film's release, Mike Myers stated in an interview that he expected a sequel where the kids meet the Cat again, since there was a sequel to the book. A sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was in development, a little more than a month before the film's release.[33] In February 2004, Dr. Seuss' widow, Audrey Geisel, said she would never allow any further live action adaptations of her husband's works, and the sequel was eventually cancelled.[34]

text: Animated version[edit]

text: On March 15, 2012, a computer animated Cat in the Hat adaptation was announced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, following the success of The Lorax.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] On January 24, 2018, Warner Animation Group announced that they have picked up the rights for the animated Cat in the Hat reboot movie, along with many of Seuss' works.[42]

text: Video game[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat

Developer(s)
Magenta Software (PS2, Xbox)
Digital Eclipse (Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance)

Publisher(s)
Vivendi Universal Games[a]

Platform(s)

PlayStation 2
Microsoft Windows
Xbox
Game Boy Advance

Release

NA: November 5, 2003 (PS2, Xbox, GBA)
NA: November 9, 2003 (PC)
EU: March 19, 2004
JP: March 25, 2004 (Xbox)

Genre(s)

Platform
Action

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse. It is based on the film of the same name. The game was released for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance on November 5, 2003, and PC on November 9, 2003, shortly before the film's theatrical release. A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be released, but it was later cancelled.

text: Video game reviews[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
(Xbox) 52.67%[43]
(PS2) 50%[44]
(GBA) 46.50%[45]
(PC) 19.50%[46]

Metacritic
(Xbox) 56/100[47]
(PS2) 56/100[48]
(GBA) 40/100[49]
(PC) 40/100[50]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Famitsu
27/40[51]

GameSpot
3.8/10[52]

GameZone
(PC) 8/10[53]
(PS2) 7.2/10[54]
(GBA) 5/10[55]

IGN
6/10[56]
(GBA) 4/10[57]

Nintendo Power
2.3/5[58]

OPM (US)
[59]

OXM (US)
5.5/10[60]

PC Gamer (UK)
9%[61]

PC Zone
30%[62]

X-Play
[63]

text: The Cat in the Hat game received mixed reviews[43][44][45][47][48][49] (except for the PC version, which received negative reviews).[46][50]


document_title: Char siu

question_text: what cut of pork is used in chinese food

text: Char siu

text: Meat cuts[edit]

text: Pork cuts used for char siu can vary, but a few main cuts are common:[2]

text:
Pork loin
Pork belly - produces juicy and fatter char siu
Pork butt (shoulder) - produces leaner char siu
Pork fat - fat
Pork neck end - very marbled (jyu geng yuk)

text: Chinese cuisine[edit]

text: Char siu literally means "fork burn/roast" (siu being burn/roast and char being fork, both noun and verb) after the traditional cooking method for the dish: long strips of seasoned boneless pork are skewered with long forks and placed in a covered oven or over a fire[citation needed].

text: In ancient times, wild boar and other available meats were used to make char siu. However, in modern times, the meat is typically a shoulder cut of domestic pork, seasoned with a mixture of honey, five-spice powder, red fermented bean curd, dark soy sauce, hoisin sauce, red food colouring (not a traditional ingredient but very common in today's preparations and is optional), and sherry or rice wine (optional). These seasonings turn the exterior layer of the meat dark red, similar to the "smoke ring" of American barbecues. Maltose may be used to give char siu its characteristic shiny glaze.

text: Char siu is typically consumed with starch, whether inside a bun (chasiu baau, 叉燒包), with noodles (chasiu min, 叉燒麵), or with rice (chasiu faan, 叉燒飯) in fast food establishments, or served alone as a centerpiece or main dish in traditional family dining establishments. If it is purchased outside of a restaurant, it is usually taken home and used as one ingredient in various complex entrees consumed at family meals.

text: Hong Kong cuisine[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, char siu is usually purchased from a siu mei establishment, which specializes in meat dishes—char siu pork, soy sauce chicken, white cut chicken, roasted goose, roasted pork, etc. These shops usually display the merchandise by hanging them in the window. As a result, char siu is often consumed alongside one of these other meat dishes when eaten as an independent lunch item on a per-person basis in a "rice box" meal. More commonly it is purchased whole or sliced and wrapped and taken home to be used in family meals either by itself or cooked into one of many vegetable or meat dishes which use char siu pork as an ingredient.

text: Southeast Asian cuisine[edit]

text: In Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand, char siew rice is found in many Chinese shāolà (烧腊) stalls along with roast duck and roast pork. The dish consists of slices of char siu, cucumbers, white rice and is drenched in sweet gravy or drizzled with dark soy sauce. Char siu rice is also a popular food within the Chinese community in Medan, Indonesia, where it is more called cha sio. Char siew rice can also be found in Hainanese chicken rice stalls, where customers have a choice of having their char siew rice served with plain white rice or chicken-flavoured rice, and choose from garlic, chilli and soy sauces. Char siew is called mu daeng (Thai: หมูแดง, pronounced [mǔː dɛ̄ːŋ], "red pork") in Thailand.

text: In the Philippines, it is known as Chinese Asado and usually eaten with cold cuts or served stuffed in siopao. In Flanders and Holland it's known by the Indonesian name 'babi panggang'.

text: Vegetarian char siu also exists, usually made from wheat gluten. It can be found in vegetarian restaurants and stalls in South East Asian Chinese communities.

text: Japanese cuisine[edit]

text: Japanese culture has adapted 叉燒 as chāshū (チャーシュー). Unlike its Chinese variant, it is prepared by rolling the meat into a log and then braising it at a low temperature. The Japanese adaptation is typically seasoned with honey and soy sauce, without the red food colouring, sugar, or five-spice powder. It is a typical ingredient in rāmen.

text: Pacific Rim cuisine[edit]

text: As a means of exceptional flavor and preparation, char siu applications extend far beyond pork. In Hawaii, various meats are cooked char siu style. The term char siu refers to meats which have been marinated in char siu seasoning prepared either from scratch or from store-bought char siu seasoning packages, then roasted in an oven or over a fire. Ingredients in marinades for char siu are similar to those found in China (honey, five-spice, wine, soy, hoisin, etc.), except that red food coloring is often used in place of the red bean curd for convenience. Char siu is used to marinate and prepare a variety of meats which can either be cooked in a conventional or convection oven (often not requiring the use of a fork or cha(zi) as traditional Chinese ovens do), on a standard barbecue, or even in an underground Hawaiian imu. In Hawaii, char siu chicken is as common as char siu pork, and various wild birds, mountain goat, and wild boar are also often cooked char siu style, as are many sausages and skewers.

text: As char siu grows in popularity, innovative chefs from around the world, especially chefs from around the Pacific Rim, from Australia to California, are using various meats prepared char siu style in their cuisines and culinary creations.


document_title: Authority

question_text: who said legitimate power is often called authority

text: Authority

text: In various settings[edit]

text: In government, the term authority is often used interchangeably with power. However, their meanings differ: while power is defined as "the ability to influence somebody to do something that he/she would not have done", authority refers to a claim of legitimacy, the justification and right to exercise that power. For example, while a mob has the power to punish a criminal, for example by lynching, people who believe in the rule of law consider that only a court of law has the authority to punish a criminal legally as the law says.

text: Political philosophy[edit]

text: There have been several contributions to the debate of political authority. Among others, Max Weber, Hannah Arendt, Alexandre Kojève and Giorgio Agamben have provided some of the most remarkable texts.

text: In political philosophy, the jurisdiction of political authority, the location of sovereignty, the balancing of freedom and authority (cf. Cristi 2005), and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from Plato and Aristotle to the present. Most democratic societies are engaged in an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of the exercise of governmental authority. In the United States, for instance, there is an apparent prevailing belief that the political system as instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable, and that government should limit its authority accordingly.

text: In the discussion regarding the legitimacy of political authority, the ends of the spectrum of views could be described as either a belief in the absolute freedom of the individual (i.e. Political anarchism), or the belief that there must be a central authority (in the form of a sovereign) that claims ownership and control over the masses (i.e. statism). The argument for political anarchy and anti-statism is made by Michael Huemer PhD, in his 2013 book, The Problem of Political Authority. In that book, he delves into the various justifications used by political theorists throughout history to justify the legitimacy of political authority via the State. On the other hand, one of the main arguments for the legitimacy of the state, the “social contract theory”, is made by Thomas Hobbes in his 1668 book, Leviathan.

text: Other social sciences[edit]

text: Since the emergence of social sciences, authority has become a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings: the family (parental authority), small groups (informal authority of leadership), intermediate organizations such as schools, churches, armies, industries and bureaucracies (organizational and bureaucratic authorities), and society-wide or inclusive organizations, ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation-state and intermediate organization (political authority).

text: The definition of authority in contemporary social science remains a matter of debate. According to Michaels in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, authority is the capacity, innate or acquired for exercising ascendancy over a group.[citation needed] Other scientists argue that. It is power that is sanctioned and institutionalized.

text: Howard Bloom hints at a parallel between authority and respect/reverence for ancestors.[1]

text: Max Weber[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Max Weber, in his sociological and philosophical work, identified and distinguished three types of legitimate domination (Herrschaft in German, which generally means 'domination' or 'rule'), that have sometimes been rendered in English translation as types of authority, because domination isn't seen as a political concept in the first place.[citation needed] Weber defined domination (authority) as the chance of commands being obeyed by a specifiable group of people. Legitimate authority is that which is recognized as legitimate and justified by both the ruler and the ruled.

text: Weber divided legitimate authority into three types:

text:
The first type discussed by Weber is Rational-legal authority. It is that form of authority which depends for its legitimacy on formal rules and established laws of the state, which are usually written down and are often very complex. The power of the rational legal authority is mentioned in the constitution. Modern societies depend on legal-rational authority. Government officials are the best example of this form of authority, which is prevalent all over the world.
The second type of authority is Traditional authority, which derives from long-established customs, habits and social structures. When power passes from one generation to another, then it is known as traditional authority. The right of hereditary monarchs to rule furnishes an obvious example. The Tudor dynasty in England and the ruling families of Mewar, in Rajasthan (India) are some examples of traditional authority.
The third form of authority is Charismatic authority. Here, the charisma of the individual or the leader plays an important role. Charismatic authority is that authority which is derived from "the gift of grace" or when the leader claims that his authority is derived from a "higher power" (e.g. God or natural law or rights) or "inspiration", that is superior to both the validity of traditional and rational-legal authority and followers accept this and are willing to follow this higher or inspired authority, in the place of the authority that they have hitherto been following. Examples in this regard can be NT Rama Rao, a matinee idol, who went on to become one of the most powerful Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh.

text: History has witnessed several social movements or revolutions, against a system of traditional or legal-rational authority, which are usually started by Charismatic authorities. Weber states that what distinguishes authority from coercion, force and power on the one hand, and leadership, persuasion and influence on the other hand, is legitimacy. Superiors, he states, feel that they have a right to issue commands; subordinates perceive an obligation to obey. Social scientists[who?] agree that authority is but one of several resources available to incumbents in formal positions.[citation needed] For example, a Head of State is dependent upon a similar nesting of authority. His legitimacy must be acknowledged, not just by citizens, but by those who control other valued resources: his immediate staff, his cabinet, military leaders and in the long run, the administration and political apparatus of the entire society.

text: Authority can be created either expressly or by implication; (2) public entities act publicly, using the same means to communicate the grant of authority to their agents that they use to communicate this to third parties; (3) apparent authority describes the situation when a principal has placed restrictions on an agent that are not known to a third party; (4) restrictions on government agents are accomplished in the open, through laws and regulations; (5) everyone, including contractors, are supposed to know the laws and regulations of our government; and thus (6) the concept of "apparent authority" is often inapt when dealing with the government, insofar as the only cognizable restrictions on the agent's authority are deemed known to third parties, shattering any appearance of authority.


document_title: Man Booker International Prize

question_text: who won the man booker international prize recently

text: Man Booker International Prize

text: Prizes[edit]

text: Whereas the Man Booker Prize was open only to writers from the Commonwealth, Ireland and Zimbabwe, the International Prize was open to all nationalities.[5] The award was worth £60,000 and an author could win only once.[3] The Man Booker International prize also allowed for a separate award for translation. The winning author could choose a translator of his or her work into English to receive a prize sum of £15,000.[6]

text: On 7 July 2015, the Booker Prize Foundation announced that from 2016 onwards the Man Booker International Prize was to be a prize for fiction in translation. Its aim is to encourage publishing and reading of quality works in translation and to highlight the work of translators. The award is now given annually to a book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, to be shared equally between author and translator. Each shortlisted author and translator receives £1,000. This brings the total prize fund to £62,000 per year, compared to the previous £37,500 for the Man Booker International Prize. Judges select a longlist of 12 or 13 books in March, followed by a shortlist of six in April, with the winner announced in May.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural winner was Albanian writer Ismail Kadare. He was followed by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe in 2007, and two years later the Canadian writer Alice Munro won the award. In 2011 the prize was awarded to American Philip Roth. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize was "fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".[8]

text: In 2015 it was announced that the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize would be disbanded.[4] The prize money from that award would be folded into the Man Booker International Prize, and the latter would become what the Independent prize used to be: a yearly book award for English translations, with the prize split between author and translator.[9]

text: Award winners[edit]

text:
Year

Name

Work

Translator

Language(s)

2005

Ismail Kadare

Albanian

2007

Chinua Achebe

n/a

English

2009

Alice Munro

n/a

English

2011

Philip Roth

n/a

English

2013

Lydia Davis

n/a

English

2015

László Krasznahorkai

George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet

Hungarian

2016

Han Kang

The Vegetarian

Deborah Smith

Korean

2017

David Grossman

A Horse Walks Into a Bar

Jessica Cohen

Hebrew

2018

Olga Tokarczuk

Flights

Jennifer Croft

Polish

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Ismail Kadare

text: Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005.[10] Head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is "a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer."[10] Kadare said he was "deeply honoured" at being awarded the prize.[10] Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive an additional prize of £15,000.[10] The writer received his award in Edinburgh on 27 June.[10]

text:
John Carey (Chair)[10]
Alberto Manguel[1]
Azar Nafisi[1]

text:
Margaret Atwood (Canada)
Saul Bellow (US)
Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
Günter Grass (Germany)
Ismail Kadare (Albania)
Milan Kundera (Czech Republic)

Stanisław Lem (Poland)
Doris Lessing (UK)
Ian McEwan (UK)
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)
Tomas Eloy Martinez (Argentina)
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan)

Cynthia Ozick (US)
Philip Roth (US)
Muriel Spark (UK)
Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
John Updike (US)
A.B. Yehoshua (Israel)

text: The nominees for the inaugural Man Booker International Prize were announced on 2 June 2005 at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[3]

text: Chinua Achebe

text: Nigerian author Chinua Achebe was awarded the International Prize for his literary career in 2007.[11] Judge Nadine Gordimer said Achebe was "the father of modern African literature" and that he was "integral" to world literature.[11] Achebe received his award on 28 June in Oxford.[11]

text:
Elaine Showalter[5]
Nadine Gordimer[5]
Colm Tóibin[5]

text:
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
Margaret Atwood (Canada)
John Banville (Ireland)
Peter Carey (Australia)
Don DeLillo (US)

Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
Doris Lessing (UK)
Ian McEwan (UK)
Harry Mulisch (Netherlands)
Alice Munro (Canada)

Michael Ondaatje (Sri Lanka/Canada)
Amos Oz (Israel)
Philip Roth (US)
Salman Rushdie (India/UK)
Michel Tournier (France)

text: The nominees for the second Man Booker International Prize were announced on 12 April 2007 at Massey College in Toronto.[5]

text: Alice Munro

text: Canadian short story writer Munro was named the winner of the prize in 2009 for her lifetime body of work.[12] Judge Jane Smiley said picking a winner had been "a challenge", but Munro had won the panel over.[12] On Munro's work, Smiley said "Her work is practically perfect. Any writer has to gawk when reading her because her work is very subtle and precise. Her thoughtfulness about every subject is so concentrated."[12] Munro, who said she was "totally amazed and delighted" at her win, received the award at Trinity College, Dublin on 25 June.[2][12]

text:
Jane Smiley (Chair)[12]
Amit Chaudhuri[12]
Andrey Kurkov[2]

text:
Peter Carey (Australia)
Evan S. Connell (US)
Mahasweta Devi (India)
E. L. Doctorow (US)
James Kelman (UK)[13]

Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
Arnošt Lustig (Czech Republic)
Alice Munro (Canada)
V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad/UK)
Joyce Carol Oates (US)

Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya)[14]
Dubravka Ugrešić (Croatia)
Lyudmila Ulitskaya (Russia)

text: The nominees for the third Man Booker International Prize were announced on 18 March 2009 at The New York Public Library.[15]

text: Philip Roth

text: American novelist Roth was announced as the winner on 18 May 2011 at the Sydney Writers' Festival.[16] Of his win, Roth said "This is a great honour and I'm delighted to receive it."[16] The writer said he hoped the prize would bring him to the attention of readers around the world who are not currently familiar with his body of work.[16] Roth received his award in London on 28 June; however, he was unable to attend in person due to ill health, so he sent a short video instead.[16][17]

text:
Rick Gekoski (Chair)[18]
Carmen Callil (withdrew in protest over choice of winner)[18]
Justin Cartwright[18]

text: After Roth was announced as the winner, Carmen Callil withdrew from the judging panel, saying "I don't rate him as a writer at all... in 20 years' time will anyone read him?" Callil later wrote an editorial in The Guardian explaining her position and why she chose to leave the panel.[6][19]

text:
Wang Anyi (China)
Juan Goytisolo (Spain)
James Kelman (UK)
John le Carré (UK)
Amin Maalouf (Lebanon)

David Malouf (Australia)
Dacia Maraini (Italy)
Rohinton Mistry (India/Canada)
Philip Pullman (UK)
Marilynne Robinson (US)

Philip Roth (US)
Su Tong (China)
Anne Tyler (US)

text: The nominees for the fourth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 30 March 2011 at a ceremony in Sydney, Australia.[20] John le Carré asked to be removed from consideration, saying he was "flattered", but that he does not compete for literary prizes.[21] However, judge Dr Rick Gekoski said although he was disappointed that le Carré wanted to withdraw, his name would remain on the list.[21]

text: Lydia Davis[22]

text: Lydia Davis, best known as a short story writer, was announced as the winner of the 2013 prize on 22 May at a ceremony at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[22] The official announcement of Davis' award on the Man Booker Prize website described her work as having "the brevity and precision of poetry." Judging panel chair Christopher Ricks commented that "There is vigilance to her stories, and great imaginative attention. Vigilance as how to realise things down to the very word or syllable; vigilance as to everybody's impure motives and illusions of feeling."[23]

text:
Christopher Ricks (Chair)[24]
Elif Batuman[24]
Aminatta Forna[24]
Yiyun Li[24]
Tim Parks[24]

text:
U R Ananthamurthy (India)
Aharon Appelfeld (Israel)
Lydia Davis (US)
Intizar Hussain (Pakistan)
Yan Lianke (China)

Marie NDiaye (France)
Josip Novakovich (Canada)
Marilynne Robinson (US)
Vladimir Sorokin (Russia)
Peter Stamm (Switzerland)

text: The nominees for the fifth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 January 2013.[25] Marilynne Robinson was the only writer out of the ten nominees who had been nominated for the prize before.[25]

text: László Krasznahorkai[26]

text: László Krasznahorkai became the first author from Hungary to receive the Man Booker award. The prize was given to recognise his "achievement in fiction on the world stage". British author Marina Warner, who chaired the panel of judges that selected Krasznahorkai for the award, compared his writing to Kafka and Beckett. Krasznahorkai's translators, George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet, shared the £15,000 translators' prize.[27]

text:
Marina Warner (Chair)[28]
Nadeem Aslam
Elleke Boehmer
Edwin Frank
Wen-chin Ouyang

text:
César Aira (Argentina)
Hoda Barakat (Lebanon)
Maryse Condé (Guadeloupe)
Mia Couto (Mozambique)
Amitav Ghosh (India)

Fanny Howe (U.S.A.)
Ibrahim al-Koni (Libya)
László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
Alain Mabanckou (Republic of the Congo)
Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa)

text: The nominees for the sixth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 March 2015.[28]

text: Han Kang (South Korea), Deborah Smith (translator), for The Vegetarian

text: Han became the first Korean author to win the prize and, under the new format for 2016, Smith became the first translator to share the prize. British journalist Boyd Tonkin, who chaired the judging panel, said that the decision was unanimous. He also said of the book "in a style both lyrical and lacerating, it reveals the impact of this great refusal both on the heroine herself and on those around her. This compact, exquisite and disturbing book will linger long in the minds, and maybe the dreams, of its readers."[29]

text:
Boyd Tonkin (Chair)
Tahmima Anam
David Bellos
Daniel Medin
Ruth Padel

text:
José Eduardo Agualusa (Angola), Daniel Hahn (translator), for A General Theory of Oblivion
Elena Ferrante (Italy), Ann Goldstein (translator), for The Story of the Lost Child
Yan Lianke (China), Carlos Rojas (translator), for The Four Books
Orhan Pamuk (Turkey), Ekin Oklap (translator), for A Strangeness in My Mind
Robert Seethaler (Austria), Charlotte Collins (translator), for A Whole Life

text:
Maylis de Kerangal (France), Jessica Moore (translator), for Mend the Living
Eka Kurniawan (Indonesia), Labodalih Sembiring (translator), for Man Tiger
Fiston Mwanza Mujila (Democratic Republic of Congo), Roland Glasser (translator), for Tram 83
Raduan Nassar (Brazil), Stefan Tobler (translator), for A Cup of Rage
Marie NDiaye (France), Jordan Stump (translator), for Ladivine
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan), Deborah Boliver Boehm (translator), for Death by Water
Aki Ollikainen (Finland), Emily Jeremiah & Fleur Jeremiah (translator), for White Hunger

text: The nominees for the seventh Man Booker International Prize were announced on 14 April 2016.[31] The six nominees were chosen from a longlist of thirteen.[30][32]

text: David Grossman (Israel), Jessica Cohen (translator), for A Horse Walks Into a Bar[33]

text: Grossman became the first Israeli author to win the prize, sharing the £50,000 award with Cohen. The chair of the judging panel,  Nick Barley, who is the director of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, described the book as "an ambitious high-wire act of a novel [that] shines a spotlight on the effects of grief, without any hint of sentimentality. The central character is challenging and flawed, but completely compelling." The novel won over 126 other contenders.[34]

text:
Nick Barley (Chair)
Daniel Hahn
Helen Mort
Elif Shafak
Chika Unigwe

text:
Mathias Énard (France), Charlotte Mandell (translator), for Compass
David Grossman (Israel), Jessica Cohen (translator), for A Horse Walks Into a Bar
Roy Jacobsen (Norway), Don Bartlett and Don Shaw (translators), for The Unseen
Dorthe Nors (Denmark), Misha Hoekstra (translator), for Mirror, Shoulder, Signal
Amos Oz (Israel), Nicholas de Lange (translator), for Judas
Samanta Schweblin (Argentina), Megan McDowell (translator), for Fever Dream

text:
Wioletta Greg (Poland), Eliza Marciniak (translator), for Swallowing Mercury
Stefan Hertmans (Belgium), David McKay (translator), for War and Turpentine
Ismail Kadare (Albania), John Hodgson (translator), for The Traitor's Niche
Jón Kalman Stefánsson (Iceland), Phil Roughton (translator), for Fish Have No Feet
Yan Lianke (China), Carlos Rojas (translator), for The Explosion Chronicles
Alain Mabanckou (France), Helen Stevenson (translator), for Black Moses
Clemens Meyer (Germany), Katy Derbyshire (translator), for Bricks and Mortar

text: The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. The winner was announced on 14 June 2017.[35][36]

text: Olga Tokarczuk (Poland), Jennifer Croft (translator), for Flights (Fitzcarraldo Editions (UK)  Riverhead Books (USA))[37][38]

text: Tokarczuk is the first Polish author to win the award,[39] and shared the prize with Croft.[40] Lisa Appignanesi, the chair of the judging panel, described Tokarczuk as a "writer of wonderful wit, imagination, and literary panache."[41]

text:
Lisa Appignanesi, OBE, FRSL (Chair)
Michael Hofmann
Hari Kunzru
Tim Martin
Helen Oyeyemi

text: The shortlist of six books was announced on 12 April 2018 at an event at Somerset House in London.

text:
Virginie Despentes (France), Frank Wynne (translator), for Vernon Subutex 1 (MacLehose Press)
Han Kang (South Korea), Deborah Smith (translator), for The White Book (Portobello Books)
László Krasznahorkai (Hungary), John Batki, Ottilie Mulzet & George Szirtes (translators), for The World Goes On (Tuskar Rock Press)
Antonio Muñoz Molina (Spain), Camilo A. Ramirez (translator), for Like a Fading Shadow (Tuskar Rock Press)
Ahmed Saadawi (Iraq), Jonathan Wright (translator), for Frankenstein in Baghdad (Oneworld)
Olga Tokarczuk (Poland), Jennifer Croft (translator), for Flights (Fitzcarraldo Editions)

text:
Laurent Binet (France), Sam Taylor (translator) for The 7th Function of Language (Harvill Secker)
Javier Cercas (Spain), Frank Wynne (translator), for The Impostor (MacLehose Press)
Jenny Erpenbeck (Germany), Susan Bernofsky (translator), for Go, Went, Gone (Portobello Books)
Ariana Harwicz (Argentina), Sarah Moses & Carolina Orloff (translators), for Die, My Love (Charco Press)
Christoph Ransmayr (Austria), Simon Pare (translator),  for The Flying Mountain (Seagull Books)
Wu Ming-Yi (Taiwan), Darryl Sterk (translator), for The Stolen Bicycle (Text Publishing)
Gabriela Ybarra (Spain), Natasha Wimmer (translator), for The Dinner Guest (Harvill Secker)

text: The longlist for the ninth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 12 March 2018. The winner was announced on 22 May 2018 at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London.