document_title: Penguin

question_text: where do penguins live north pole or south pole

root

text: Penguin

text: Etymology

text: The word penguin first appears in the 16th century as a synonym for great auk.[2] When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their similar appearance to the great auk of the Northern Hemisphere, and named them after this bird, although they are not closely related.[3]

tag: p

text: The etymology of the word penguin is still debated. The English word is not apparently of French,[2] Breton[4] or Spanish[5] origin (the latter two are attributed to the French word pingouin "auk"), but first appears in English or Dutch.[2]

text: Some dictionaries suggest a derivation from Welsh pen, "head" and gwyn, "white",[6] including the Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary,[7] the Century Dictionary[7] and Merriam-Webster,[8] on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, either because it was found on White Head Island (Welsh Pen Gwyn) in Newfoundland, or because it had white circles around its eyes (though the head was black).

text: An alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which means "fat" or "oil".[9] Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin, fettgans or "fat-goose", and the related Dutch word vetgans.

text: Systematics and evolution

text: Living species and recent extinctions

text: The number of extant penguin species is debated. Depending on which authority is followed, penguin biodiversity varies between 17 and 20 living species, all in the subfamily Spheniscinae. Some sources consider the white-flippered penguin a separate Eudyptula species, while others treat it as a subspecies of the little penguin;[10][11] the actual situation seems to be more complicated.[12] Similarly, it is still unclear whether the royal penguin is merely a color morph of the macaroni penguin. The status of the rockhopper penguins is also unclear.

text: Updated after Marples (1962),[13] Acosta Hospitaleche (2004),[14] and Ksepka et al. (2006).[15]

text: Subfamily Spheniscinae – modern penguins

text:
Aptenodytes – great penguins

King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus
Emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri

Pygoscelis – brush-tailed penguins

Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae
Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarctica
Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua

Eudyptula – little penguins

Little blue penguin, Eudyptula minor
Australian little penguin, Eudyptula novaehollandiae
White-flippered penguin, Eudyptula albosignata (provisional)

Spheniscus – banded penguins

Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus
Humboldt penguin, Spheniscus humboldti
Galapagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus
African penguin, Spheniscus demersus

Megadyptes

Yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes
†Waitaha penguin, Megadyptes waitaha (extinct)

Eudyptes – crested penguins

Fiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrynchus
Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus
Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri
Western rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome
Eastern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes filholi
Northern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi
Royal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli (disputed)
Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus
†Chatham penguin, Eudyptes chathamensis (extinct)

tag: ul

text: Fossil genera

text:
Phylogeny of Spheniscidae[16]

†Waimanu

†Kumimanu

†Delphinornis

†Marambiornis

†Mesetaornis

†Perudyptes

†Anthropornis

†Palaeeudyptes

†Icadyptes

†Pachydyptes

†Inkayacu

†Kairuku

†Paraptenodytes

Spheniscinae

tag: table

text: Order Sphenisciformes[17]

text:
Basal and unresolved taxa (all fossil)

Anthropodyptes (Middle Miocene)
Arthrodytes (San Julian Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
Aprosdokitos Hospitaleche, Reguero & Santillana 2017
Crossvallia (Cross Valley Late Paleocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
Ichthyopteryx Wiman 1905
Inguza (Late Pliocene)
Kaiika Fordyce & Tomas 2011 (Maxwell's penguin)
Korora (Late Oligocene of S Canterbury, New Zealand)
Nucleornis (Early Pliocene of Duinfontain, South Africa)
Orthopteryx Wiman 1905
Palaeoapterodytes (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Argentina)
Pseudaptenodytes (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
Tasidyptes Van Tets & O’Connor 1983 nomen dubium (Hunter Island penguins)
Tereingaornis (Middle Pliocene of New Zealand)
Tonniornis (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
Wimanornis (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)

Spheniscidae

A reconstruction of the ancient penguin Icadyptes

Waimanu Jones, Ando & Fordyce 2006 (Middle-Late Paleocene)
Kumimanu Mayr, 2017
Delphinornis Wiman 1905 (Middle/Late Eocene? – Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
Marambiornis Myrcha et al. 2002 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
Mesetaornis Myrcha et al. 2002 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
Perudyptes Clarke et al. 2007 (Middle Eocene of Atacama Desert, Peru)
Anthropornis Wiman 1905 (Middle Eocene? – Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica)
Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859 (Middle/Late Eocene – Late Oligocene)
Icadyptes Clarke et al. 2007 (Late Eocene of Atacama Desert, Peru)
Pachydyptes Oliver 1930 (Late Eocene)
Inkayacu Clarke et al. 2010 (Late Eocene of South America)
Kairuku Ksepka et al. 2012 (Late Oligocene of E South Island, New Zealand)
Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891 (Early – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
Archaeospheniscus Marples 1952 (Middle/Late Eocene – Late Oligocene)
Duntroonornis Marples 1953 (Late Oligocene of Otago, New Zealand)
Platydyptes Marples 1952 (Late Oligocene of New Zealand)[18]
Dege Simpson 1979 (Early Pliocene of South Africa) – possibly Spheniscinae
Marplesornis Simpson 1972 (Early Pliocene)
Subfamily Palaeospheniscinae (slender-footed penguins) (fossil)

Eretiscus Olson 1986 (Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
Palaeospheniscus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (Early? – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene) – includes Chubutodyptes

Subfamily Spheniscinae

Spheniscidae gen. et sp. indet. CADIC P 21 (Leticia Middle Eocene of Punta Torcida, Argentina)[19]
Spheniscidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Hakataramea, New Zealand)[20]
Madrynornis (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Argentina)

text: The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae, however reexamination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae.[21] Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis.[22]

text: Taxonomy

text: Some recent sources[15][19] apply the phylogenetic taxon Spheniscidae to what here is referred to as Spheniscinae. Furthermore, they restrict the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa, and establish the phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to the Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes,[19] i.e., including any flying basal "proto-penguins" to be discovered eventually. Given that neither the relationships of the penguin subfamilies to each other nor the placement of the penguins in the avian phylogeny is presently resolved, this is confusing, so the established Linnean system is followed here.

text: Evolution

text: The evolutionary history of penguins is well-researched and represents a showcase of evolutionary biogeography; though as penguin bones of any one species vary much in size and few good specimens are known, the alpha taxonomy of many prehistoric forms still leaves much to be desired. Some seminal articles about penguin prehistory have been published since 2005;[15][20][23][24] the evolution of the living genera can be considered resolved by now.

text: The basal penguins lived around the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event somewhere in the general area of (southern) New Zealand and Byrd Land, Antarctica.[15] Due to plate tectonics, these areas were at that time less than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) apart rather than the 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) of today. The most recent common ancestor of penguins and their sister clade can be roughly dated to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, around 70–68 mya.[20][24][25] What can be said as certainly as possible in the absence of direct (i.e., fossil) evidence is that, by the end of the Cretaceous, the penguin lineage must have been evolutionarily well distinct, though much less so morphologically; it is fairly likely that they were not yet entirely flightless at that time, as flightless birds have generally low resilience to the breakdown of trophic webs that follows the initial phase of mass extinctions because of their below-average dispersal capabilities (see also Flightless cormorant).[citation needed]

text: Basal fossils

text: The oldest known fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi, which lived in the early Paleocene epoch of New Zealand, or about 62 mya.[24] While they were not as well-adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins, Waimanu were generally loon-like birds but already flightless, with short wings adapted for deep diving.[24] They swam on the surface using mainly their feet, but the wings were – as opposed to most other diving birds (both living and extinct) already adapting to underwater locomotion.[26]

text: Perudyptes from northern Peru was dated to 42 mya. An unnamed fossil from Argentina proves that, by the Bartonian (Middle Eocene), some 39–38 mya,[27] primitive penguins had spread to South America and were in the process of expanding into Atlantic waters.[19]

text: Palaeeudyptines

text: During the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene (40–30 mya), some lineages of gigantic penguins existed. Nordenskjoeld's giant penguin was the tallest, growing nearly 1.80 meters (5.9 feet) tall. The New Zealand giant penguin was probably the heaviest, weighing 80 kg or more. Both were found on New Zealand, the former also in the Antarctic farther eastwards.

text: Traditionally, most extinct species of penguins, giant or small, had been placed in the paraphyletic subfamily called Palaeeudyptinae. More recently, with new taxa being discovered and placed in the phylogeny if possible, it is becoming accepted that there were at least two major extinct lineages. One or two closely related ones occurred in Patagonia, and at least one other—which is or includes the paleeudyptines as recognized today – occurred on most Antarctic and Subantarctic coasts.

text: But size plasticity seems to have been great at this initial stage of penguin radiation: on Seymour Island, Antarctica, for example, around 10 known species of penguins ranging in size from medium to huge apparently coexisted some 35 mya during the Priabonian (Late Eocene).[28] It is not even known whether the gigantic palaeeudyptines constitute a monophyletic lineage, or whether gigantism was evolved independently in a much restricted Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae – whether they were considered valid, or whether there was a wide size range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited as usually done these days (i.e., including Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi).[15] The oldest well-described giant penguin, the 5-foot (1.5 m)-tall Icadyptes salasi, actually occurred as far north as northern Peru about 36 mya.

text: In any case, the gigantic penguins had disappeared by the end of the Paleogene, around 25 mya. Their decline and disappearance coincided with the spread of the Squalodontoidea and other primitive, fish-eating toothed whales, which certainly competed with them for food, and were ultimately more successful.[20] A new lineage, the Paraptenodytes, which includes smaller but decidedly stout-legged forms, had already arisen in southernmost South America by that time. The early Neogene saw the emergence of yet another morphotype in the same area, the similarly sized but more gracile Palaeospheniscinae, as well as the radiation that gave rise to the penguin biodiversity of our time.

text: Origin and systematics of modern penguins

text: Modern penguins constitute two undisputed clades and another two more basal genera with more ambiguous relationships.[23] The origin of the Spheniscinae lies probably in the latest Paleogene, and geographically it must have been much the same as the general area in which the order evolved: the oceans between the Australia-New Zealand region and the Antarctic.[20] Presumably diverging from other penguins around 40 mya,[20] it seems that the Spheniscinae were for quite some time limited to their ancestral area, as the well-researched deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia have not yielded Paleogene fossils of the subfamily. Also, the earliest spheniscine lineages are those with the most southern distribution.

text: The genus Aptenodytes appears to be the basalmost divergence among living penguins[15][29] they have bright yellow-orange neck, breast, and bill patches; incubate by placing their eggs on their feet, and when they hatch the chicks are almost naked. This genus has a distribution centered on the Antarctic coasts and barely extends to some Subantarctic islands today.

text: Pygoscelis contains species with a fairly simple black-and-white head pattern; their distribution is intermediate, centered on Antarctic coasts but extending somewhat northwards from there. In external morphology, these apparently still resemble the common ancestor of the Spheniscinae, as Aptenodytes' autapomorphies are in most cases fairly pronounced adaptations related to that genus' extreme habitat conditions. As the former genus, Pygoscelis seems to have diverged during the Bartonian,[30] but the range expansion and radiation that led to the present-day diversity probably did not occur until much later; around the Burdigalian stage of the Early Miocene, roughly 20–15 mya.[20]

text: The genera Spheniscus and Eudyptula contain species with a mostly Subantarctic distribution centered on South America; some, however, range quite far northwards. They all lack carotenoid coloration, and the former genus has a conspicuous banded head pattern; they are unique among living penguins by nesting in burrows. This group probably radiated eastwards with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current out of the ancestral range of modern penguins throughout the Chattian (Late Oligocene), starting approximately 28 mya.[20] While the two genera separated during this time, the present-day diversity is the result of a Pliocene radiation, taking place some 4–2 mya.[20]

text: The Megadyptes–Eudyptes clade occurs at similar latitudes (though not as far north as the Galapagos penguin), has its highest diversity in the New Zealand region, and represents a westward dispersal. They are characterized by hairy yellow ornamental head feathers; their bills are at least partly red. These two genera diverged apparently in the Middle Miocene (Langhian, roughly 15–14 mya), but again, the living species of Eudyptes are the product of a later radiation, stretching from about the late Tortonian (Late Miocene, 8 mya) to the end of the Pliocene.[20]

text: The geographical and temporal pattern or spheniscine evolution corresponds closely to two episodes of global cooling documented in the paleoclimatic record.[20] The emergence of the Subantarctic lineage at the end of the Bartonian corresponds with the onset of the slow period of cooling that eventually led to the ice ages some 35 million years later. With habitat on the Antarctic coasts declining, by the Priabonian more hospitable conditions for most penguins existed in the Subantarctic regions rather than in Antarctica itself.[31] Notably, the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current also started as a continuous circumpolar flow only around 30 mya, on the one hand forcing the Antarctic cooling, and on the other facilitating the eastward expansion of Spheniscus to South America and eventually beyond.[20] Despite this, there is no fossil evidence to support the idea of a crown radiation from the Antarctic continent in the Paleogene, although DNA study favors such a radiation.[31]

text: Later, an interspersed period of slight warming was ended by the Middle Miocene Climate Transition, a sharp drop in global average temperature from 14–12 mya, and similar abrupt cooling events followed at 8 mya and 4 mya; by the end of the Tortonian, the Antarctic ice sheet was already much like today in volume and extent. The emergence of most of today's Subantarctic penguin species almost certainly was caused by this sequence of Neogene climate shifts.

text: Relationship to other bird orders

text: Penguin ancestry beyond Waimanu remains unknown and not well-resolved by molecular or morphological analyses. The latter tend to be confounded by the strong adaptive autapomorphies of the Sphenisciformes; a sometimes perceived fairly close relationship between penguins and grebes is almost certainly an error based on both groups' strong diving adaptations, which are homoplasies. On the other hand, different DNA sequence datasets do not agree in detail with each other either.

text: What seems clear is that penguins belong to a clade of Neoaves (living birds except paleognaths and fowl) that comprises what is sometimes called "higher waterbirds" to distinguish them from the more ancient waterfowl. This group contains such birds as storks, rails, and the seabirds, with the possible exception of the Charadriiformes.[32]

text: Inside this group, penguin relationships are far less clear. Depending on the analysis and dataset, a close relationship to Ciconiiformes[24] or to Procellariiformes[20] has been suggested. Some think the penguin-like plotopterids (usually considered relatives of anhingas and cormorants) may actually be a sister group of the penguins, and that penguins may have ultimately shared a common ancestor with the Pelecaniformes and consequently would have to be included in that order, or that the plotopterids were not as close to other pelecaniforms as generally assumed, which would necessitate splitting the traditional Pelecaniformes in three.[33]

text: A 2014 analysis of whole genomes of 48 representative bird species has concluded that penguins are the sister group of Procellariiformes,[34] from which they diverged about 60 million years ago (95% CI, 56.8-62.7).[35]

text: The distantly related puffins, which live in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, developed similar characteristics to survive in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments. Like the penguins, puffins have a white chest, black back and short stubby wings providing excellent swimming ability in icy water. But, unlike penguins, puffins can fly, as flightless birds would not survive alongside land-based predators such as polar bears and foxes; there are no such predators in the Antarctic. Their similarities indicate that similar environments, although at great distances, can result in similar evolutionary developments, i.e. convergent evolution.[citation needed]

text: Anatomy and physiology

text: Penguins are superbly adapted to aquatic life. Their vestigial wings have become flippers, useless for flight in the air. In the water, however, penguins are astonishingly agile. Penguins' swimming looks very similar to bird's flight in the air.[36] Within the smooth plumage a layer of air is preserved, ensuring buoyancy. The air layer also helps insulate the birds in cold waters. On land, penguins use their tails and wings to maintain balance for their upright stance.

text: All penguins are countershaded for camouflage – that is, they have black backs and wings with white fronts.[37] A predator looking up from below (such as an orca or a leopard seal) has difficulty distinguishing between a white penguin belly and the reflective water surface. The dark plumage on their backs camouflages them from above.

text: Diving penguins reach 6 to 12 km/h (3.7 to 7.5 mph), though there are reports of velocities of 27 km/h (17 mph) (which are more realistic in the case of startled flight).[citation needed] The small penguins do not usually dive deep; they catch their prey near the surface in dives that normally last only one or two minutes. Larger penguins can dive deep in case of need. Dives of the large emperor penguin have been recorded reaching a depth of 565 m (1,854 ft) for up to 22 minutes.

text: Penguins either waddle on their feet or slide on their bellies across the snow while using their feet to propel and steer themselves, a movement called "tobogganing", which conserves energy while moving quickly. They also jump with both feet together if they want to move more quickly or cross steep or rocky terrain.

text: Penguins have an average sense of hearing for birds;[38] this is used by parents and chicks to locate one another in crowded colonies.[39] Their eyes are adapted for underwater vision, and are their primary means of locating prey and avoiding predators; in air it has been suggested that they are nearsighted, although research has not supported this hypothesis.[40]

text: Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water (heat loss in water is much greater than in air). The emperor penguin has the largest body mass of all penguins, which further reduces relative surface area and heat loss. They also are able to control blood flow to their extremities, reducing the amount of blood that gets cold, but still keeping the extremities from freezing. In the extreme cold of the Antarctic winter, the females are at sea fishing for food leaving the males to brave the weather by themselves. They often huddle together to keep warm and rotate positions to make sure that each penguin gets a turn in the center of the heat pack.

text: Calculations of the heat loss and retention ability of marine endotherms [41] suggest that most extant penguins are too small to survive in such cold environments.[42] In 2007, Thomas and Fordyce wrote about the "heterothermic loophole" that penguins utilize in order to survive in Antarctica.[43] All extant penguins, even those that live in warmer climates, have a counter-current heat exchanger called the humeral plexus. The flippers of penguins have at least three branches of the axillary artery, which allows cold blood to be heated by blood that has already been warmed and limits heat loss from the flippers. This system allows penguins to efficiently use their body heat and explains why such small animals can survive in the extreme cold.[44]

text: They can drink salt water because their supraorbital gland filters excess salt from the bloodstream.[45][46][47] The salt is excreted in a concentrated fluid from the nasal passages.

text: The great auk of the Northern Hemisphere, now extinct, was superficially similar to penguins, and the word penguin was originally used for that bird, centuries ago. They are only distantly related to the penguins, but are an example of convergent evolution.[48]

text: Isabelline penguins

text: Perhaps one in 50,000 penguins (of most species) are born with brown rather than black plumage. These are called isabelline penguins. Isabellinism is different from albinism. Isabelline penguins tend to live shorter lives than normal penguins, as they are not well-camouflaged against the deep, and are often passed over as mates.

text: Distribution and habitat

text: Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Several species live in the temperate zone;[49] one, the Galápagos penguin, lives as far north as the Galápagos Islands, but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt Current that flows around these islands.[50]

text: Several authors have suggested that penguins are a good example of Bergmann's Rule[51][52] where larger bodied populations live at higher latitudes than smaller bodied populations. There is some disagreement about this, and several other authors have noted that there are fossil penguin species that contradict this hypothesis and that ocean currents and upwellings are likely to have had a greater effect on species diversity than latitude alone.[53][54]

text: Major populations of penguins are found in Angola, Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[55][56]

text: Behaviour

text: Breeding

text: Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies, the exceptions being the yellow-eyed and Fiordland species; these colonies may range in size from as few as a 100 pairs for gentoo penguins, to several hundred thousand in the case of king, macaroni and chinstrap penguins.[57] Living in colonies results in a high level of social interaction between birds, which has led to a large repertoire of visual as well as vocal displays in all penguin species.[58] Agonistic displays are those intended to confront or drive off, or alternately appease and avoid conflict with, other individuals.[58]

text: Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the emperor and the king penguins, lay only one.[59] With the exception of the emperor penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins share the incubation duties.[60] These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea.

text: Penguins generally only lay one brood; the exception is the little penguin, which can raise two or three broods in a season.[61]

text: Penguin eggs are smaller than any other bird species when compared proportionally to the weight of the parent birds; at 52 g (2 oz), the little penguin egg is 4.7% of its mothers' weight, and the 450 g (1 lb) emperor penguin egg is 2.3%.[59] The relatively thick shell forms between 10 and 16% of the weight of a penguin egg, presumably to reduce the effects of dehydration and to minimize the risk of breakage in an adverse nesting environment.[62] The yolk, too, is large, and comprises 22–31% of the egg. Some yolk often remains when a chick is born, and is thought to help sustain the chick if the parents are delayed in returning with food.[63]

text: When mothers lose a chick, they sometimes attempt to "steal" another mother's chick, usually unsuccessfully as other females in the vicinity assist the defending mother in keeping her chick.[citation needed] In some species, such as emperor penguins, young penguins assemble in large groups called crèches.

text: Penguins and humans

text: Penguins seem to have no special fear of humans, and will approach groups of people without hesitation. This is probably because penguins have no land predators in Antarctica or the nearby offshore islands. Dogs preyed upon penguins while they were allowed in Antarctica during the age of early human exploration as sled dogs, but dogs are now banned from Antarctica.[64] Instead, adult penguins are at risk at sea from predators such as sharks, the orca, and the leopard seal. Typically, penguins do not approach closer than around 9 feet (3 meters) at which point they appear to become nervous. This is also the distance that Antarctic tourists are instructed to maintain between themselves and penguins: tourists are instructed not to approach closer than 9 feet, but need not withdraw if the penguins come closer.

text: In June 2011, a penguin came ashore on New Zealand's Peka Peka Beach, 3200 km off course on its journey to Antarctica.[65] Nicknamed Happy Feet, after the movie of the same name, it was suffering from heat exhaustion and had to undergo a number of operations to remove objects like driftwood and sand from its stomach.[66] Happy Feet was a media sensation, with extensive coverage on TV and the web, including a live stream that had thousands of views[67] and a visit from English actor Stephen Fry.[68]

text: Once he had recovered, Happy Feet was released back into the water south of New Zealand.[69]

text: In popular culture

text: Penguins are popularly loved around the world, primarily for their unusually upright, waddling gait, impressive swimming ability and (compared to other birds) lack of fear of humans. Their striking black-and-white plumage is often likened to a white tie suit. Mistakenly, some artists and writers have penguins based at the North Pole. This is incorrect, as there are no wild penguins in the Northern Hemisphere. The cartoon series Chilly Willy helped perpetuate this myth, as the title penguin would interact with northern-hemisphere species, such as polar bears and walruses.

text: Penguins have been the subject of many books and films, such as Happy Feet, Surf's Up and The Penguins of Madagascar, all CGI films; March of the Penguins, a documentary based on the migration process of the emperor penguin; and a parody titled Farce of the Penguins. Mr. Popper's Penguins is a children's book written by Richard and Florence Atwater; it was named a Newbery Honor Book in 1939. Penguins have also found their way into a number of cartoons and television dramas; perhaps the most notable of these is Pingu, created by Silvio Mazzola in 1986 and covering more than 100 short episodes. At the end of 2009, Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Whether they were walking (March of the Penguins), dancing (Happy Feet), or hanging ten (Surf's Up), these oddly adorable birds took flight at the box office all decade long."[70]

text: A video game called Pengo was released by Sega in 1982. Set in Antarctica, the player controls a penguin character who must navigate mazes of ice-cubes. The player is rewarded with cut-scenes of animated penguins marching, dancing, saluting and playing peekaboo. Several remakes and enhanced editions have followed, most recently in 2012.

text: Several pro, minor, college and high school sport teams have named themselves after the species, with the Pittsburgh Penguins team in the National Hockey League and the Youngstown State Penguins being the most recognizable.

text: The tendency of penguins to form large groups feeds the stereotype that they all look exactly alike, a popular notion exploited by cartoonists such as Gary Larson.

text: Penguins featured regularly in the cartoons of UK cartoonist Steve Bell in his strip in The Guardian newspaper, particularly during and following the Falklands War, and the well-known Opus the Penguin, from the cartoons of Berkeley Breathed, is also described as hailing from the Falklands. Opus was a comical, "existentialist" penguin character in the cartoons Bloom County, Outland and Opus. He was also the star in the Christmas show A Wish for Wings That Work.

text: In the mid-2000s, penguins became one of the most publicized species of animals that form lasting homosexual couples. A children's book, And Tango Makes Three, was written about one such penguin family in the New York Zoo.


document_title: All Falls Down

question_text: meaning of the song all falls down by kanye west

text: All Falls Down

text: Background[edit]

text: The song features an interpolation of Lauryn Hill's "Mystery of Iniquity." Kanye originally attempted to acquire legal clearance to sample the recording but due to various complications, the permission was withheld.[2] West then called upon Syleena Johnson to re-sing the relevant vocal portions of "Mystery of Iniquity" which ended up in the final track.[3] The version of the song with the original sample can be heard on West's Freshman Adjustment mixtape. However, the earliest version of the song can be found on West's 2001 mixtape The Prerequisite, on which it called "Dream Come True". Lyrically, "All Falls Down" examines the self-consciousness and insecurity within society, particularly the black community, and how these characteristics pertain to economic materialism.[4]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video for "All Falls Down" was directed by Chris Milk and shot at Ontario International Airport in Ontario, California.[5] It follows Kanye as he accompanies his girlfriend, played by Stacey Dash, to the airport to catch her flight. The music video is shot in first-person perspective, displaying the journey from their car to the airport terminal through West's eyes. The video also features cameos by Syleena Johnson, Common, and Kel Mitchell, who act as a ticket counter, gate agent, and valet, respectively. In addition, rappers Common, GLC and Consequence can also be seen as Kanye is running through the airport in slow motion.

text: Track listings[edit]

text: 12" vinyl #1[edit]

text: A-Side

text:
"All Falls Down" (Clean)
"All Falls Down" (Dirty)
"All Falls Down" (A cappella)

tag: ol

text: B-Side

text:
"Get 'Em High" (Clean)
"Get 'Em High" (Extended Dirty)
"Get 'Em High" (A cappella)

text: 12" vinyl #2[edit]

text: A-Side

text:
"All Falls Down" (Explicit)
"All Falls Down" (Edited)

text: B-Side

text:
"Heavy Hitters" (Dirty)
"Heavy Hitters" (A cappella)

text: CD single #1[edit]

text:
"All Falls Down" (Album Version Explicit)
"Heavy Hitters" (Dirty)

text: CD single #2[edit]

text:
"All Falls Down"
"Get 'Em High"
"Heavy Hitters"
"Through the Wire"

text: CD single #3[edit]

text:
"All Falls Down - Explicit"
"All Falls Down" - Edited"
"Heavy Hitters (Feat. GLC)"
"Get 'Em High (Feat. Talib Kweli & Common)"
"All Falls Down - Video"

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Information taken from The College Dropout liner notes.[6]

text:
Songwriters: Kanye West, Lauryn Hill
Producer: Kanye West
Record engineer: Tatsuya Sato, Rabeka Tunei
Mix engineer: Manny Marroquin
Guitar: Eric "E-Bass" Johnson
Acoustic guitar: Ken Lewis

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2004)[7][8]
Peak
position

Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[9]
7

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[10]
18

Canadian Singles Chart
9

Europe Official Top 100[11]
71

German Singles Chart
72

Irish Singles Chart
23

New Zealand Singles Chart
19

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12]
85

UK Singles Chart
10

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
7

U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
4

U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks
2

U.S. Billboard Pop Songs
22

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[13]
Platinum
1,000,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Neritic zone

question_text: what is the drop off in the ocean

question_tokens: what is the drop off in the ocean

text: Neritic zone

text: Definition (marine biology), context, extra terminology[edit]

text: In marine biology, the neritic zone, also called coastal waters, the coastal ocean or the sublittoral zone,[3] refers to that zone of the ocean where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone.[? or entire top-layer clarification needed] It extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, with a relatively shallow depth extending to about 200 meters (667 feet). Above the neritic zone lie the intertidal (or eulittoral) and supralittoral zones; below it the continental slope begins, descending from the continental shelf to the abyssal plain and the pelagic zone.

text: Within the neritic, marine biologists also identify the following:[citation needed]

text:
The infralittoral zone is the algal dominated zone to maybe five metres below the low water mark.
The circalittoral zone is the region beyond the infralittoral, which is dominated by sessile animals such as oysters.
The subtidal zone is the region of the neritic zone which is below the intertidal zone, therefore never exposed to the atmosphere.

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: The neritic zone is permanently covered with generally well-oxygenated water, receives plenty of sunlight and has low water pressure; moreover, it has relatively stable temperature, pressure, light and salinity levels, making it suitable for photosynthetic life. In particular, the benthic zone (shallow ocean floor) in the neritic is much more stable than in the intertidal zone.

text: Life forms[edit]

text: The above characteristics make the neritic zone the location of the majority of sea life:[4] they result in high primary production by photosynthetic life such as phytoplankton and floating sargassum; zooplankton, free-floating creatures ranging from microscopic foraminiferans to small fish and shrimp, feed on the phytoplankton (and one another); both trophic levels in turn form the base of the food chain (or, more properly, web) that supports most of the world's great wild fisheries. Corals are also mostly found in the neritic zone, where they are more common than in the intertidal zone as they have less change to deal with.

text: Definition (physical oceanography)[edit]

text: In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone[or "neritic"? clarification needed] refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and ocean fronts.[citation needed] As in marine biology, this zone typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf.


document_title: Invoice processing

question_text: what does it mean when an invoice has been posted

text: Invoice processing

text: Typical Process[edit]

text: A typical process involving paying a supplier invoice begins at the arrival of invoice at the door of the organization regardless of the methods of arrival such as via email, postal mail, facsimile, etc. Once the invoice arrives, the accounts payable clerk must ensure that the document is indeed an invoice. Then the clerk classifies and sorts the invoice into various categories. The definition of various categories is not always the same across different organizations but is normally defined by each organization.

text: Once its category defined, the invoice is forwarded to the responsible person for that particular invoice. This is normally the person who has placed that order. If there has been a purchase order involved when placing that order, the invoice must then be matched against the purchase order to ensure that the amount invoiced is correctly stated on the invoice. If the amount is right and the goods have arrived, the responsible person will have to approve the invoice by signing off on it. If the amount invoiced exceeds a certain amount that is limited by the organization, the superior of that person may have to approve the invoice as well. This, of course, differs from organization to organization.

text: Once the invoice has been approved and there have been no variances, the invoice is posted into the accounting system.[1][2][3][4]

text: A manual invoice process can sometimes exceed 15 steps before the final posting is done.

text: Automatic Process[edit]

text: Technology has long enabled the automation of invoice processing from arrival to post. This means that at arrival of the invoice, the same accounts payable clerk will only need to scan the invoice into an automation software. The automation software then converts the invoice's scanned image into a text researchable document. The different fields on an invoice can also be defined into the software so that it remembers which fields it should capture and register into the ERP systems, for instance, the amount purchase, the quantity, the supplier name, the supplier code, and so on. The benefits of an automatic processing work flow may include reduced human error, on-demand reports, and data resilience. Automated invoice processing solution vendors include Oracle AP Solutions, Basware, Tipalti, Palette Software, IQ software, Smarty Software, Itesoft, docSTAR, Top Image Systems, Kofax, Artsyl Technologies, ABBYY, CharacTell, iPayables, Transcepta, Automation Centre, Compello, Tradeshift, Ariba, Hyland Software, Open Text, Perceptive Software, ARDEM, Esker, ReadSoft and SER Group. Most automation software today integrates into common organizational ERP systems such as those offered by Dajon Data Management SAP, and Microsoft.

text: In an automatic process, once the data is extracted or captured from the invoice the data is sent into the system for automatic matching against the purchase order. This matching process can compare just the invoice data with that shown on the purchase order or be expanded to include a deeper level that looks at the receiving documents.[5] Workflow steps can be configured such that the responsible person will then receive an email alert so that he or she can approve the invoice. If there are other people involved in the approval work flow, email alerts to them will also be automatically generated.[6] The typical workflow is a four step process beginning with 1. Import of the images through scanning or email, 2. Identification of the vendor and business unit associated with the invoice, 3. Data extraction, and 4. Export of the extracted data and images.[7]

text: Automation Software[edit]

text: Pay Stream Advisors, an industry analyst, has defined accounts payable automation as the solutions and services which automate the people and paper-based processing invoices for approval and posting into the accounting system.[8] According to the Document Imaging Report, issue no. 8-17-07, there are around 3757 invoice processing applications in the world.[9]

text: In the 2008 report, "Optical Character Recognition: Invoice Imaging and Data Capture for Accounts Payable," Pay Stream advisors writes:

text: Intelligent Data Capture (IDC) or learning systems enable end users to extract content from invoices without the system having to learn the layout of the invoice. Some intelligent engines are able to correctly sort batches on the fly, locate data fields such as invoice and PO number, as well as line item information, and then extract the desired content from those data fields. Intelligent solutions do not require the coding of rules or design form templates. Rather the system learns by reviewing a relatively small number of invoice samples. This helps the system scale to large invoice volumes and widely varying document layouts without requiring a human operator to specify a template for each one, or explicitly create and tune an extensive library of keywords.[10]

text: Invoice processing automation software has emerged as what one consulting company has called a "disruptive innovation" whereby this new technological innovation has created a demand for a whole line of software products that previously did not exist. An example given was GPS tracking software for caregivers who were dealing with relatives suffering with dementia.[11] Invoice processing software as a disruptive innovation has produced tremendous labor savings to the extent that many companies have begun to consider it as a commodity much like word processing software.[12]


document_title: The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)

question_text: who was the bad guy in magnificent seven

text: The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1879, robber baron Bartholomew Bogue besieges the gold-mining town of Rose Creek and slaughters a group of locals, led by Matthew Cullen, when they attempt to stand up to him. Matthew's wife, Emma Cullen, and her friend Teddy Q, ride to the nearest town in search of someone who can help them. They come upon Sam Chisolm, a duly sworn peace officer discharging warrants, who initially declines their proposal until he learns of Bogue's involvement.

text: Chisolm sets out to recruit a group of gunslingers who can help him, starting with gambler (and drinker) Joshua Faraday. Sam and Emma split up and head into the mountains where they recruit a notorious Mexican outlaw named Vasquez. Meanwhile, Faraday and Teddy are sent to the supply station of Volcano Springs, where they meet and recruit an old friend of Chisolm's named Goodnight Robicheaux, a former Confederate sharpshooter. They also meet Goodnights friend/partner, the knife-wielding Oriental named Billy Rocks. They head out together and eventually locate skilled tracker Jack Horne, who initially refuses to join them. But he tracks them down later as they are approached by a lone Comanche warrior named Red Harvest, who is on a different path than his tribe.

text: Arriving in Rose Creek, the seven engage in a short, intense battle with Bogue's enforcer McCann and his men, killing 22 of them. Chisolm send the corrupt sheriff Mr. Harp away to inform Bogue that they now control his holdings in Rose Creek. Surmising that Bogue and his forces will return in a week, the seven train the townspeople and the miners to defend their homes and livelihood, growing fond of them in the process. Robicheaux, haunted by the horrors of the American Civil War and afraid to kill again, abandons the group and is replaced by Emma.

text: Bogue, after killing Harp for his failure, arrives with an army of mercenaries and attacks the city, which has been rigged with multiple explosives and traps. A massive shootout ensues, during which Robicheaux rejoins the group. McCann shoots and wounds Faraday but is killed by Vasquez. Bogue then unveils his secret weapon, a Gatling gun, with which he decimates the town and kills many of both sides. Realizing they are outgunned, the seven evacuate the townspeople and mount their last stand. Horne is killed by Bogue's Comanche assassin Denali, who is later killed by Red Harvest.

text: Robicheaux and Rocks are killed by a second round of gunfire as they cover the mortally wounded Faraday's charge to the Gatling gun, which he destroys by detonating a stick of dynamite, finishing himself and killing the last of Bogue's men. Bogue flees into town, where he is confronted by Chisolm, who disarms and wounds Bogue. As Chisolm is strangling Bogue, he reveals that Bogue and his men raped and murdered his mother and sisters during a raid several years earlier, in which he himself survived being hanged. Bogue tries to shoot Chisholm with a gun hidden in his boot, but Emma guns him down just in time.

text: In the aftermath, Faraday, Robicheaux, Rocks and Horne are buried in town and honored by the people of Rose Creek as heroes, while Chisolm, Vasquez, and Red Harvest ride off. The film ends with Emma remarking that their heroism made them "magnificent" legends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Denzel Washington as Sam Chisolm, an African American United States Marshal warrant officer from Wichita, Kansas, and leader of the Seven.
Chris Pratt as Joshua Faraday, a gambler with a fondness for explosives and card tricks.
Ethan Hawke as Goodnight Robicheaux, a former Confederate soldier and sharpshooter who is troubled by his past.
Vincent D'Onofrio as Jack Horne, a very religious tracker and mountain man.
Byung-hun Lee as Billy Rocks, a Korean immigrant and companion of Robicheaux and assassin who uses knives.
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Vasquez, a Mexican outlaw who has been on the run for several months.
Martin Sensmeier as Red Harvest, an exiled Comanche warrior and the youngest of the Seven.

text:
Haley Bennett as Emma Cullen, a young widow who hires the Seven.
Peter Sarsgaard as Bartholomew Bogue, a corrupt industrialist.
Luke Grimes as Teddy Q, Emma's friend who helps her hire the Seven.
Matt Bomer as Matthew Cullen, Emma's farmer husband who is murdered by Bogue.
Jonathan Joss as Denali, an exiled Comanche warrior who works with Bogue.
Cam Gigandet as McCann, Bogue's right-hand-man.
Sean Bridgers as Fanning
Billy Slaughter as Josiah
Mark Ashworth as The Preacher, the parish priest of Rose Creek.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
When I first said yes, it was on my mind. Absolutely. But once you go in, you just go in. You just say, "OK, I'm going do it and make my version of it." My big lesson so far is that when you do that you have to respect the film's DNA and you have to respect certain elements of the film because when you respect that you're respecting the people that love the film. Sometimes when people see movies they take whatever is going on in their life into the movie theater. And if the movie affects them a certain way, if you don't give them at least that feeling again or that idea again — even if it's done in a different package — then it's difficult to satisfy them. On Magnificent Seven, I kept reminding myself of when I was a 12‑year‑old boy, when I was a kid watching it with my grandmother, what was the feeling I had? How much fun was it? How cool were they? For me, I always had my grandmother in my mind when making a film. Would she enjoy this film?.

—Director Antoine Fuqua on his approach to the remake.[5]

tag: div

text: Fuqua has loved Western films since he was a young boy, watching them at home with his family. He discovered the genre at the age of 12 and has said that his grandmother was a key influence and inspiration in the remake.[5][6][7] The two of them had a penchant for Western films and would watch them together, including films such as Duel in the Sun (1946), Shane (1953) The Searchers (1956), The Magnificent Seven (1960), and The Wild Bunch (1969), and the movies of Steve McQueen, Yul Brynner, James Cagney, and Humphrey Bogart.[6][8][9] Fuqua tried to stay true to the DNA of Seven Samurai in his remake.[7] The film was reported to be in the planning stages in 2012, with Tom Cruise starring. It was reported that Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman, and Matt Damon might join the film.[10] In early 2014, MGM chairman Gary Barber and his cohorts approached Fuqua to read the script by Richard Wenk and Nic Pizzolatto, while Fuqua was making Southpaw.[11] Fuqua said he wanted to remake the film because the subject of tyranny and terrorism still prevails as it did in Seven Samurai. He has said that there is therefore a strong need for people to come and serve, which is what samurai means – "to serve."[12] Fuqua never thought of getting a chance to direct a Western film, and when MGM called him to helm the picture, he hesitated at first, recalling how amazing he thought Seven Samurai and its director, Kurosawa, were. The decision was not easy for him, citing for example of how many people are unaware that Scarface was a remake from the film of the same name released in 1932.[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Fuqua worked to create a diverse cast[13] by incorporating actors of color such as African-American Denzel Washington, Korean Byung-hun Lee and Mexican Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, as well as a woman (Haley Bennett).[14] It is a decision Fuqua says reflects historical reality more than it does any conscious attempt to update the story. "There were a lot of black cowboys, a lot of Native Americans; Asians working on the railroads. The truth of the West is more modern than the movies have been."[15] When Fuqua met studio executives to see the possible actors for the film, he found out that they were all white. He found this to be problematic and wanted instead to make the cast diverse so that the audience could identify with more of the characters.[16] The actors were cast between December 2014 and July 2015.[17][18][19][20] At one point, Jason Momoa was in talks to join the project but had had to leave because he was already booked to play Aquaman.[21] The cast were put through cowboy training before filming commenced.[6] They were sent to boot camps in order to hone their skills.[16] Fuqua further brought the remake up-to-date by changing the names and occupations of the seven, casting a diverse set of actors and making sure the lead female Emma Cullen, played by Haley Bennett, did not conform to stereotypes.[16]

text: Denzel Washington plays Sam Chisolm ("the Bounty Hunter"), a duly sworn warrant officer from Wichita, Kansas who goes after bad guys.[22] Washington's character was renamed from Chris Adams (played by Yul Brynner in the original film) to Sam Chisolm.[23] It is Washington's first Western film.[24] Washington did not watch Western films growing up since it was the end of the Western era in the movies. Moreover, he and his siblings were barred from going to the cinema since his father was a minister in a church. They instead grew up watching biblical films like King of Kings and The Ten Commandments. However, he has admitted seeing portions of Rawhide and Bonanza shows.[12][24] He did not watch the original film in preparation for this but has watched Seven Samurai.[24] This was an arbitrary decision of his, since he figured that watching the original film would not help him much, "[Not seeing it] allowed me to do whatever I wanted to do. Instead of trying not to do what someone else did."[25][26] As with his previous films, Washington would start off the day by kneeling down and praying, asking for forgiveness for all his wrong-doings, "For me, this is more than just making movies. It is a platform."[12] Fuqua said that Washington, whom he has twice collaborated with, was his first choice to be cast irrespective of which role. The producers were skeptical whether he would take the job since it was a Western film. Fuqua then flew to New York City to negotiate with Washington, who accepted the offer.[5][8]

text: Chris Pratt plays Josh Faraday ("the Gambler").[27] According to Pratt, Faraday is "a bit of a fox, a trickster. He's a gambler, a drinker. He loves the ladies. But he's deadly in a fire fight."[22] Like Washington, it is also Pratt's first Western film and the first film in which the two have starred together.[24] Pratt began watching Western films at the age of 31 while filming in London and would watch films like The Westerner (1940). He credits Gary Cooper for revitalizing his perspective towards Western films.[12][24] Pratt's character was the toughest to find. Fuqua was well aware of Pratt's penchant towards Western films. He and his team then approached Pratt who called back in a few days singing "Oh Shenandoah," to which Fuqua replied, "He's it. He's Steve McQueen."[5]

text: Ethan Hawke is Goodnight Robicheaux ("the Sharpshooter"), a former Confederate soldier. Fuqua had one idea – to keep picturing Goodnight as if Christopher Walken's character Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich in The Deer Hunter was a Civil War veteran; just a shattered person.[28] Hawke was the first person to come on board after the project was finalized.[11] Like Washington, The Magnificent Seven marks the third collaboration between Hawke and Fuqua after Training Day (2001) and Brooklyn's Finest (2009).[28] Hawke stumbled upon Fuqua and Washington during the New York premiere of The Equalizer in 2014 and, upon learning that a remake was in the works, he asked Fuqua to cast him in the film.[28]

text: Manuel Garcia-Rulfo plays Vasquez ("the Outlaw"), a bandit, robber, and criminal who has been on the run for several months. He does not have anything to lose because he has no family. He describes his character as someone who loves gunfighting.[29]

text: Martin Sensmeier plays Red Harvest ("the Warrior"), a native Comanche who joins the group.[27][29] Sensmeier auditioned several times in order to get the role. He stayed off social media and studied intently in order to portray his part.[13] Scotty Augere, who previously worked on Dances with Wolves, taught Sensmeier how to ride a horse bareback and would ride with him two hours a day.[13]

text: Vincent d'Onofrio was cast as Jack Horn, ("the Mountain Man"), on the urging of co-stars Chris Pratt and Ethan Hawke.[30] For the role, d'Onofrio developed a raw, high-pitched voice to give the impression of a man who'd lived in the wilderness for years without speaking to people, and, when he wanted to test the voice for Fuqua, the director refused to listen, instructing the actor to surprise him with it in his first scene, which resulted in a delighted Fuqua laughing so hard that he almost ruined the scene by interfering with the sound recording.[31]

text: Byung-hun Lee plays Billy Rocks, ("the Assassin") the knife wielding Asian member of the seven. Director Antoine Fuqua compared the way he handled his knives to a ballet dancer.

text: Music[edit]

text: James Horner was tapped to write the film's score, but he died in June 2015, before filming could commence. In July 2015, Fuqua learned that Horner had already begun working on the music before his passing, and had intended to present it as a surprise.[32] Horner's friend and score producer Simon Franglen co-composed the score afterward. It was released on September 16, 2016 by Sony Classical, and is the third Horner-score released posthumously.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film lasted 64 days, from March 18 to August 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[34][35][36] Other locations include St. Francisville; Zachary, Louisiana; Ridgway, Colorado; and New Mexico.[11][35][36] Filming in St. Francisville was completed between May 18 and May 29, 2015.[37]

text: The climactic battle between the Seven and a small army led by Bogue took three weeks to shoot; the weather was inclement.[11] Sometimes the cast and crew would wait in the on-set saloon for storms to pass, and, at times when the storm would worsen, the trailer would rock and they would have to leave the set.[11] Since his grandmother was the prime influence on the film, every day after filming, Fuqua would ask himself if she would have fun watching it.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2016,[38][39] and served as the closing-night film at the Venice Film Festival on September 9, 2016.[40] The film was originally set to be released on January 13, 2017;[41] however in February 2016, Sony Pictures Entertainment moved the release date this time from January 13, 2017, and then to September 23, 2016.[42]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Sony kicked off its campaign on April 20, 2016, by launching the first trailer,[43] and the cast took to their social media platforms to reveal character-by-character.[44] Television advertisement began during the summer when the trailers were paired with the NBA finals and BET Awards as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics. Sony rounded out the campaign with a presence in live sporting events such as National Football League, NCAA Football and local Major League Baseball as well as highly anticipated fall premieres and original programming, like Empire, The Voice, American Horror Story, Fear the Walking Dead and Designated Survivor.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Magnificent Seven grossed $93.4 million in the United States Canada and $68.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $162.4 million, against a net production budget of $90 million.[3] The film had a global 2D IMAX opening of $4.3 million from 606 theaters.[45]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Magnificent Seven opened alongside Storks, and was projected to open to around $30 million, with some estimates going as high as $50 million, which would make it one of the biggest September debuts of all-time.[46][47][48][49] The film opened in 3,674 theaters, including having the benefit of playing in all IMAX theaters for one week and a number of premium large formats and D-Box screens.[50] It made $1.75 million from Thursday previews and $12.7 million on its first day.[51][52] The film went on to gross $35.7 million in its opening weekend of which $2.9 million came from 372 IMAX theaters and managed to top the box office and scored the third biggest Western openers (not accounting for inflation), behind Rango ($38.1 million) and Cowboys & Aliens ($36.4 million).[53] It is also director Fuqua's second biggest opening and Washington's third biggest.[54]

text: According to The Los Angeles Times, the film was released in theaters at a time when the Western genre had been struggling to attract wide audiences and accrue lucrative revenues, as it has shown considerable downfall in interest among patrons since the 1970s. The genre has had several recent box office flops such as The Lone Ranger (2013) and Cowboys & Aliens (2011), but has also found success in films like Django Unchained (2012) and True Grit (2010).[47] Its strong debut in North America was partly attributed to the presence of Denzel Washington, who industry analysts say is one of only a handful of movie stars today who consistently draws large audiences to theaters,[55] and also to Fuqua's direction.[56] Deadline.com pointed out that the production budget of films also plays an important role in determining a film's success. By comparison to other recent Western films, The Magnificent cost $90 million to make before promotion and marketing costs are included. The site pointed out that "the trick is keeping their budgets reasonable", unlike The Lone Ranger which cost a hefty $215 million to make and Cowboys & Aliens cost $163 million.[54] It became a financial recoverer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after the studio lost a great deal of money with Ben-Hur the previous month and became the studio's second hit of the year following the sleeper hit Me Before You released in June this year.[57]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: The film was projected to make around $100 million with foreign box office prognosticators expecting a similar $101.6 million total of The Hateful Eight.[45][54] It was released in South Korea (the first market worldwide) on September 14, 2016 and delivered an opening of $5.1 million, finishing in third place at the box office behind local film The Age of Shadows and Hollywood tent pole Ben-Hur.[58] Internationally, it next opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Germany, Spain, and Russia.[48] The following weekend, the film expanded to 62 markets and grossed $19.2 million from 63 markets (including Korea). IMAX made up $1.4 million from 234 theaters.[45]

text: It opened in first place in Russia ($1.8 million) Spain ($1.1 million) and Malaysia ($560,000) and second in the United Kingdom and Ireland ($2.6 million), Germany ($1.4 million) and Brazil ($1.1 million),[45] and had similar openings in Australia ($2.8 million) and France ($1.9 million).[59] China is not yet determined.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Magnificent Seven received mixed reviews, with critics praising the cast but noting the film did not offer much that is original or innovative.[60] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63%, based on 257 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Magnificent Seven never really lives up to the superlative in its title – or the classics from which it draws inspiration – but remains a moderately diverting action thriller on its own merits."[61] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[62] According to CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average "A–" grade, on an A+ to F scale.[63]

text: IGN critic Terri Schwartz gave the film a 6.7/10 and summarized her review with: "The Magnificent Seven ends up being a bit too predictable to reach its full potential, but the fun the cast clearly had making it allows the movie to be an enjoyable ride while it lasts. Fuqua does his best to update the Western for the modern audience, but doesn't capture what made those films great in the process. The action is big and sleek, the characters are charismatic and the film looks beautiful, but this won't be a movie that stays with you long after you leave the theater.[64]

text: Chicago Sun-Times' Richard Roeper praised the film by giving a score of 3 stars out of 4, writing: "Over all  [sic], this is a rousing, albeit sometimes cheesy, action-packed Western bolstered by Denzel Washington’s baddest-of-the-baddasses lead performance, mostly fine supporting work, and yep, some of the most impressively choreographed extended shootout sequences in recent memory."[65]

text: James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave a score of 2 stars out of 4, writing: "The original The Magnificent Seven found a perfect balance between moments of grand triumph and the understated, solemn denouement. This The Magnificent Seven has the dour ending without the high points preceding it. With two better versions of this story readily available, why bother with this mediocre re-telling? 'Currently recognizable actors' hardly seems like a good justification."[66]

text: MTV's Amy Nicholson decried the film, writing: "Fuqua’s made two clean piles separating good and evil, and in doing so, he’s thrown away the film’s point. Now we can trade our conscience for a bucket of popcorn. Today’s The Magnificent Seven is just another superhero flick that spends half its running time assembling a band of bulletproof daredevils. Which makes sense — the original inspired The Avengers, which published its first comic three years after it was a hit."[67]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "The new Seven isn't aiming for cinema immortality. It's two hours of hardcore, shoot-em-up pow and it's entertaining as hell."[68]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
December 21, 2016
Remake or Sequel That Shouldn't Have Been Made
The Magnificent Seven
Nominated
[69]
[70]

Black Reel Awards
February 16, 2017
Outstanding Actor
Denzel Washington
Nominated
[71]

Outstanding Director
Antoine Fuqua
Nominated

Jupiter Awards
March 29, 2017
Best International Film
The Magnificent Seven
Nominated
[72]

Best International Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Action or Adventure Film
The Magnificent Seven
Nominated
[73]

Teen Choice Awards
July 31, 2016
Choice Movie Actor: AnTEENcipated
Chris Pratt
Nominated
[74]


document_title: Pueblo Revolt

question_text: who led a spanish force that attacked pueblo villages in 1598

text: Pueblo Revolt

text: Background[edit]

text: For more than 100 years beginning in 1540, the Pueblo Indians of present-day New Mexico were subjected to successive waves of soldiers, missionaries, and settlers. These encounters, referred to as the Entradas, were characterized by violent confrontations between Spanish colonists and Pueblo peoples. The Tiguex War, fought in the winter of 1540–41 by the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen pueblos of Tiwa Indians, was particularly destructive to Pueblo and Spanish relations.

text: In 1598 Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan Catholic priests plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico.  There were at the time approximately 40,000 Pueblo Indians inhabiting the region. Oñate put down a revolt at Acoma Pueblo by killing and enslaving hundreds of the Indians and sentencing all men 25 or older to have their foot cut off. The Acoma Massacre would instill fear of the Spanish in the region for years to come, though Franciscan missionaries were assigned to several of the Pueblo towns to Christianize the natives.[2]

text: Spanish colonial policies in the 1500s regarding the humane treatment of Indians were difficult to enforce on the northern frontier. With the establishment of the first permanent colonial settlement in 1598, the Pueblos were forced to provide tribute to the colonists in the form of labor, ground corn and textiles. Encomiendas were soon established by colonists along the Rio Grande, restricting Pueblo access to fertile farmlands and water supplies and placing a heavy burden upon Pueblo labor.[3] Especially egregious to the Pueblo was the assault on their traditional religion. Franciscan priests established theocracies in many of the Pueblo villages. The priests converted the Pueblos to build the Spanish empire in New Mexico. In 1608, when it looked as though Spain might abandon the province, the Franciscans baptized seven thousand Pueblos to try to convince the Crown otherwise.[4] Although the Franciscans initially tolerated manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray Alonso de Posada (in New Mexico 1656–1665) outlawed Kachina dances by the Pueblo Indians and ordered the missionaries to seize and burn their masks, prayer stick, and effigies.[5]  The Franciscan missionaries also forbade the use of entheogenic drugs in the traditional religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. Several Spanish officials, such as Nicolas de Aguilar, who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the Inquisition.

text: In the 1670s drought swept the region, causing a famine among the Pueblo and increased raids by the Apache, which Spanish and Pueblo soldiers were unable to prevent. Fray Alonso de Benavides wrote multiple letters to the King, describing the conditions, noting "the Spanish inhabitants and Indians alike to eat hides and straps of carts".[6] The unrest among the Pueblos came to a head in 1675. Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing "sorcery".[7][8] Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño was forced to accede to the Pueblo demand for the release of the prisoners.  Among those released was a San Juan ("Ohkay Owingeh" in the Tewa Language) Indian named "Popé".[7]

text: Rebellion[edit]

text: Following his release, Popé, along with a number of other Pueblo leaders (see list below), planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt.  Popé took up residence in Taos Pueblo far from the capital of Santa Fe and spent the next five years seeking support for a revolt among the 46 Pueblo towns.  He gained the support of the Northern Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Tano, and Keres-speaking Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley.  The Pecos Pueblo, 50 miles east of the Rio Grande pledged its participation in the revolt as did the Zuni and Hopi, 120 and 200 miles respectively west of the Rio Grande. The Pueblos not joining the revolt were the four southern Tiwa (Tiguex) towns near Santa Fe and the Piro Pueblos south of the principal Pueblo population centers near the present day city of Socorro. The southern Tiwa and the Piro were more thoroughly integrated into Spanish culture than the other groups.[9] The Spanish population of about 2,400, including mixed-blood mestizos, and Indian servants and retainers, was scattered thinly throughout the region. Santa Fe was the only place that approximated being a town.  The Spanish could only muster 170 men with arms.[10] The Pueblos joining the revolt probably had 2,000 or more adult men capable of using native weapons such as the bow and arrow.  It is possible that some Apache and Navajo participated in the revolt.

text: The Pueblo revolt was typical of millenarian movements in colonial societies. Popé promised that, once the Spanish were killed or expelled, the ancient Pueblo gods would reward them with health and prosperity.[9] Popé's plan was that the inhabitants of each Pueblo would rise up and kill the Spanish in their area and then all would advance on Santa Fe to kill or expel all the remaining Spanish.  The date set for the uprising was August 11, 1680. Popé dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords. Each morning the Pueblo leadership was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison.  On August 9, however, the Spaniards were warned of the impending revolt by southern Tiwa leaders and they captured two Tesuque Pueblo youths entrusted with carrying the message to the pueblos.  They were tortured to make them reveal the significance of the knotted cord.[11]

text: Popé then ordered the revolt to begin a day early. The Hopi pueblos located on the remote Hopi Mesas of Arizona did not receive the advanced notice for the beginning of the revolt and followed the schedule for the revolt.[12] On August 10, the Puebloans rose up, stole the Spaniards' horses to prevent them from fleeing, sealed off roads leading to Santa Fe, and pillaged Spanish settlements. A total of 400 people were killed, including men, women, children, and 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. Survivors fled to Santa Fe and Isleta Pueblo, 10 miles south of Albuquerque and one of the Pueblos that did not participate in the rebellion. By August 13, all the Spanish settlements in New Mexico had been destroyed and Santa Fe was besieged. The Puebloans surrounded the city and cut off its water supply. In desperation, on August 21, New Mexico Governor Antonio de Otermín, barricaded in the Palace of the Governors, sallied outside the palace with all of his available men and forced the Puebloans to retreat with heavy losses. He then led the Spaniards out of the city and retreated southward along the Rio Grande, headed for El Paso del Norte. The Puebloans shadowed the Spaniards but did not attack. The Spaniards who had taken refuge in Isleta had also retreated southward on August 15, and on September 6 the two groups of survivors, numbering 1,946, met at Socorro. About 500 of the survivors were Indian slaves. They were escorted to El Paso by a Spanish supply train. The Puebloans did not block their passage out of New Mexico.[13][14]

text: Popé's Land[edit]

text: The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico in the power of the Puebloans.[15] Popé was a mysterious figure in the history of the southwest as there are many tales among the Puebloans of what happened to him after the revolt. Later testimony to the Spanish by Pueblo Indians was probably colored by anti-Popé sentiments and a desire to tell the Spanish what they wanted to hear.[16]

text: Apparently, Popé and his two lieutenants, Alonso Catiti from Santo Domingo and Luis Tupatu from Picuris, traveled from town to town ordering a return "to the state of their antiquity." All crosses, churches, and Christian images were to be destroyed.  The people were ordered to cleanse themselves in ritual baths, to use their Puebloan names, and to destroy all vestiges of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees.[17] Popé, it was said, forbade the planting of wheat and barley and commanded those Indians who had been married according to the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives and to take others after the old native tradition.[18]

text: The Puebloans had no tradition of political unity. Popé was a man of trust and strict policy. Therefore, each pueblo was self-governing, and some, or all, apparently resisted Popé's demands for a return to a pre-Spanish existence. The paradise Popé had promised when the Spanish were expelled did not materialize. A drought continued, destroying Puebloan crops, and the raids by Apache and Navajo increased. Initially, however, the Puebloans were united in their objective of preventing a return of the Spanish.[19][20]

text: Popé was deposed as the leader of the Puebloans about a year after the revolt and disappears from history.[21] He is believed to have died shortly before the Spanish reconquest in 1692.[22][23]

text: Spanish attempt to return[edit]

text: In November 1681, Antonio de Otermin attempted to return to New Mexico. He assembled a force of 146 Spanish and an equal number of Indian soldiers in El Paso and marched north along the Rio Grande. He first encountered the Piro pueblos, which had been abandoned and their churches destroyed. At Isleta pueblo he fought a brief battle with the inhabitants and then accepted their surrender. Staying in Isleta, he dispatched a company of soldiers and Indians to establish Spanish authority. The Puebloans feigned surrender while gathering a large force to oppose Otermin. With the threat of a Puebloan attack growing, on January 1, 1682 Otermin decided to return to El Paso, burning pueblos and taking the people of Isleta with him. The first Spanish attempt to regain control of New Mexico had failed.[14]

text: Some of the Isleta later returned to New Mexico, but others remained in El Paso, living in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. The Piro also moved to El Paso to live among the Spaniards, eventually forming part of the Piro, Manso, and Tiwa tribe.[24]

text: The Spanish were never able to re-convince some Puebloans to join Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and the Spanish often returned seeking peace instead of reconquest. For example, the Hopi remained free of any Spanish attempt at reconquest; though they did, at several non-violent attempts, try for unsuccessful peace treaties and unsuccessful trade agreements.[25] For some Puebloans, the Revolt was a success in its objective to drive away European influence.

text: Reconquest[edit]

text: The Spanish return to New Mexico was prompted by their fears of French advances into the Mississippi valley and their desire to create a defensive frontier against the increasingly aggressive nomadic Indians on their northern borders.[26][27]  In August 1692, Diego de Vargas marched to Santa Fe unopposed along with a converted Zia war captain, Bartolomé de Ojeda. De Vargas, with only sixty soldiers, one hundred Indian auxiliaries, seven cannons (which he used as leverage against the Pueblo inside Santa Fe), and one Franciscan priest, arrived at Santa Fe on September 13.  He promised the 1,000 Pueblo people assembled there clemency and protection if they would swear allegiance to the King of Spain and return to the Christian faith. After a while the Pueblo rejected the Spaniards. After much persuading, the Spanish finally made the Pueblo agree to peace.  On September 14, 1692,[28] de Vargas proclaimed a formal act of repossession. It was the thirteenth town he had reconquered for God and King in this manner, he wrote jubilantly to the Conde de Galve, viceroy of New Spain.[28]  During the next month de Vargas visited other Pueblos and accepted their acquiescence to Spanish rule.

text: Though the 1692 agreement to peace was bloodless, in the years that followed de Vargas maintained increasingly severe control over the increasingly defiant Pueblo. De Vargas returned to Mexico and gathered together about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe in December 1693.  This time, however, 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town opposed his entry.  De Vargas and his forces staged a quick and bloody recapture that concluded with the surrender and execution of the 70 Pueblo warriors and with their families sentenced to ten years' servitude.[29]

text: In 1696 the Indians of fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the murders of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the Indians over the years; de Vargas's retribution was unmerciful, thorough and prolonged.[29][30]  By the end of the century the last resisting Pueblo town had surrendered and the Spanish reconquest was essentially complete. Many of the Pueblos, however, fled New Mexico to join the Apache or Navajo or to attempt to re-settle on the Great Plains.[26] One of their settlements has been found in Kansas at El Quartalejo.[31]

text: While the independence of many pueblos from the Spaniards was short-lived, the Pueblo Revolt gained the Pueblo Indians a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts.  The Franciscan priests returning to New Mexico did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their traditional religion.[27]

text: In the arts[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1995, in Albuquerque, La Compañía de Teatro de Albuquerque produced the bilingual play Casi Hermanos, written by Ramon Flores and James Lujan.  It depicted events leading up to the Pueblo Revolt, inspired by accounts of two half-brothers who met on opposite sides of the battlefield.

text: A statue of Po'Pay was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the US Capitol Building in 2005 as one of New Mexico's two statues.[32]

text: In 2005, in Los Angeles, Native Voices at the Autry produced Kino and Teresa, an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet written by Taos Pueblo playwright James Lujan.  Set five years after the Spanish Reconquest of 1692, the play links actual historical figures with their literary counterparts to dramatize how both sides learned to live together and form the culture that is present-day New Mexico.

text: In 2010, students Clara Natonabah, Nolan Eskeets, Ariel Antone, members of the Santa Fe Indian School Spoken Word Team wrote and performed their spoken word piece telling the story of the Pueblo Revolt, "Po'pay" to critical acclaim in New Mexico and the US. The team performed in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The track can be found on iTunes.

text: Pueblo revolt leaders and their home pueblos[edit]

text:
Ku-htihth (Cochiti): Antonio Malacate
Galisteo (Galisteo): Juan El Tano
Walatowa (Jemez): Luis Conixu
Nambé (Nambé): Diego Xenome
Welai (Picuris): Luis Tupatu (Ciervo Blanco)
Powhogeh (San Ildefonso): Francisco El Ollito and Nicolas de la Cruz Jonv
Ohkay (San Juan): Po'pay and Tagu
San Lazaro: Antonio Bolsas and Cristobal Yope
Khapo (Santa Clara): Domingo Naranjo and Cajete
Kewa (Santo Domingo): Alonzo Catiti
Teotho (Taos): El Saca
Tehsugeh (Tesuque): Domingo Romero [33]


document_title: Coach Trip (series 16)

question_text: who wins coach trip road to zante 2017

question_tokens: who wins coach trip road to zante 2017

text: Coach Trip (series 16)

text: Contestants

text:
Couple were aboard the coach
 Couple got yellow carded
     Couple won a prize at the vote

     Couple were immune from votes
 Couple got red carded
     Couple refused to vote

     Couple left the coach
     Couple were not present at the vote

text:
Couple
Relationship
Trip duration (days)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Joely & Liam
(original 7)
Partners

Eliminated 1st
on 26 July 2017

Charlotte & Mark
(original 7)
Friends

Eliminated 2nd
on 27 July 2017

Paul & Stuart
(replaced Charlotte & Mark)
Solo travellers
Not on Coach

Eliminated 3rd
on 7 August 2017

Mark & Mitch
(original 7)
Friends

Walked 1st
on 8 August 2017

Chantal & Hollye
(original 7)
Solo travellers

Walked 2nd
on 8 August 2017

Grant & Tash
(original 7)
Friends

Eliminated 4th
on 9 August 2017

Jae & Zhana
(original 7)
Sisters

Eliminated 5th
on 11 August 2017

Ash & Latham
(original 7)
Friends

Eliminated 6th
on 15 August 2017

Choon & Jamie
(replaced Paul & Stuart)
Friends
Not on Coach

Walked 3rd
on 17 August 2017

Abbie & Dunstan
(replaced Mark & Mitch)
Partners
Not on Coach

Eliminated 7th
on 17 August 2017

Sarah & Shelley
(replaced Joely & Liam)
Friends
Not on Coach

Eliminated 8th
on 18 August 2017

Ben & Louise
(replaced Ash & Latham)
Friends
Not on Coach

Eliminated 9th
on 22 August 2017

Bella & Molly
(replaced Jae & Zhana)
Solo travellers
Not on Coach

Eliminated 10th
on 24 August 2017

James & Rick
(replaced Sarah & Shelley)
Friends
Not on Coach

Eliminated 11th
on 28 August 2017

Chantal & Jacob
(Chantal is an original 7) (Jacob replaced Hollye)
Solo travellers
Not on Coach

Eliminated 12th
on 29 August 2017

Callum & Ryan
(replaced Grant & Tash)
Friends
Not on Coach

Removed 1st
on 30 August 2017

Lucia & Taylor
(replaced Bella & Molly)
Friends
Not on Coach

Eliminated 13th
on 1 September 2017

Larissa & Paige
(replaced Ben & Louise)
Friends
Not on Coach

Eliminated 14th
on 8 September 2017

Jess & Nic
(replaced Callum & Ryan)
Friends
Not on Coach

Eliminated 15th
on 11 September 2017

Pav & Tre
(replaced Chantal & Jacob)
Solo travellers
Not on Coach

Eliminated 16th
on 12 September 2017

Danny & Fiona
(replaced James & Rick)
Partners
Not on Coach

Eliminated 17th
on 14 September 2017

Phil & Sam
(replaced Lucia & Taylor)
Friends
Not on Coach

Third
on 15 September 2017

Lizzie & Owen
(replaced Larissa & Paige)
Friends
Not on Coach

Third
on 15 September 2017

Allysha & Beth
(replaced Jess & Nic)
Friends
Not on Coach

Third
on 15 September 2017

Shaquirah & Winnie
(replaced Abbie & Dunstan)
Friends
Not on Coach

Second
on 15 September 2017

Jack & Joe
(replaced Choon & Jamie)
Friends
Not on Coach

Winners
on 15 September 2017

text: Voting history

text:
Couple won the series
     Couple were yellow carded
     Couple were not present at the vote

     Couple were runners up
     Couple were red carded
     Couple won a prize at the vote

     Couple were third
     Couple were immune from votes
     Couple refused to vote

     Couple were fourth
     Couple left the coach

text:
Day

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Jack
Joe
Not on Coach
Ben
Louise
Ben
Louise
Bella
Molly
Bella
Molly
James
Rick
James
Rick
Chantal
Jacob
Shaquirah
Winnie
Shaquirah
Winnie
Shaquirah
Winnie
Shaquirah
Winnie
Pav
Tre
Pav
Tre
Jess
Nic
Pav
Tre
Pav
Tre
Pav
Tre
Phil
Sam
Danny
Fiona
Shaquirah
Winnie
Winners
(3 votes)

Chantal
Jacob

Shaquirah
Winnie
Not on Coach
Callum
Ryan
Callum
Ryan
Bella
Molly
James
Rick
James
Rick
Chantal
Jacob
Larissa
Paige
Lucia
Taylor
Jack
Joe
Larissa
Paige
Larissa
Paige
Jess
Nic
Jess
Nic
Phil
Sam
Jess
Nic
Pav
Tre
Phil
Sam
Danny
Fiona
Jack
Joe
Second
(2 votes)

Callum
Ryan

Allysha
Beth
Not on Coach
Pav
Tre
Phil
Sam
Phil
Sam
Jack
Joe
Third
(0 votes)

Lizzie
Owen
Not on Coach
Pav
Tre
Phil
Sam
Phil
Sam
Shaquirah
Winnie
Third
(0 votes)

Phil
Sam
Not on Coach
Danny
Fiona
Shaquirah
Winnie
Pav
Tre
Jess
Nic
Pav
Tre
Danny
Fiona
Danny
Fiona
Jack
Joe
Third
(0 votes)

Danny
Fiona
Not on Coach
Shaquirah
Winnie
Lucia
Taylor
Lucia
Taylor
Larissa
Paige
Pav
Tre
Jess
Nic
Larissa
Paige
Larissa
Paige
Pav
Tre
Pav
Tre
Phil
Sam
Phil
Sam
Red Carded
(Day 39)

Pav
Tre
Not on Coach
Jack
Joe
Larissa
Paige
Larissa
Paige
Jack
Joe
Jack
Joe
Larissa
Paige
Phil
Sam
Danny
Fiona
Red Carded
(Day 37)

Jess
Nic
Not on Coach
Shaquirah
Winnie
Larissa
Paige
Danny
Fiona
Danny
Fiona
Shaquirah
Winnie
Phil
Sam
Red Carded
(Day 36)

Larissa
Paige
Not on Coach
James
Rick
Chantal
Jacob
Shaquirah
Winnie
Lucia
Taylor
Lucia
Taylor
Shaquirah
Winnie
Pav
Tre
Shaquirah
Winnie
Danny
Fiona
Danny
Fiona
Red Carded
(Day 35)

Lucia
Taylor
Not on Coach
Callum
Ryan
Shaquirah
Winnie
Larissa
Paige
Danny
Fiona
Red Carded
(Day 30)

Callum
Ryan
Not on Coach
Ash
Latham
Choon
Jamie
Ash
Latham
Choon
Jamie
Abbie
Dunstan
Sarah
Shelley
Ben
Louise
Ben
Louise
Bella
Molly
Bella
Molly
James
Rick
James
Rick
Shaquirah
Winnie
Refused
Removed
(Day 28)

Shaquirah
Winnie

Chantal
Jacob
Not on Coach
Grant
Tash
None
Jae
Zhana
Abbie
Dunstan
Ash
Latham
Choon
Jamie
Abbie
Dunstan
Callum
Ryan
Ben
Louise
Ben
Louise
Bella
Molly
Bella
Molly
James
Rick
James
Rick
Shaquirah
Winnie
Red Carded
(Day 27)

Shaquirah
Winnie

James
Rick
Not on Coach
Callum
Ryan
Chantal
Jacob
Callum
Ryan
Callum
Ryan
Red Carded
(Day 26)

Chantal
Jacob

Bella
Molly
Not on Coach
Sarah
Shelley
Sarah
Shelley
Callum
Ryan
Ben
Louise
Callum
Ryan
Jack
Joe
Red Carded
(Day 24)

Ben
Louise
Not on Coach
Sarah
Shelley
Chantal
Jacob
Chantal
Jacob
Callum
Ryan
Red Carded
(Day 22)

Sarah
Shelley
Not on Coach
Ash
Latham
Ash
Latham
Jae
Zhana
Ash
Latham
Jae
Zhana
Ash
Latham
Ash
Latham
Jae
Zhana
Grant
Tash
None
Choon
Jamie
Abbie
Dunstan
Ash
Latham
Abbie
Dunstan
Abbie
Dunstan
Callum
Ryan
Red Carded
(Day 20)

Abbie
Dunstan
Not on Coach
None
Jae
Zhana
Sarah
Shelley
Ash
Latham
Chantal
Jacob
Sarah
Shelley
Red Carded
(Day 19)

Choon
Jamie
Not on Coach
Sarah
Shelley
None
Jae
Zhana
Ash
Latham
Ash
Latham
Callum
Ryan
Left
Walked
(Day 19)

Ash
Latham
Charlotte
Mark
Charlotte
Mark
Charlotte
Mark
Charlotte
Mark
Grant
Tash
Grant
Tash
Sarah
Shelley
Sarah
Shelley
Sarah
Shelley
Sarah
Shelley
Paul
Stuart
Grant
Tash
Grant
Tash
None
Choon
Jamie
Abbie
Dunstan
Callum
Ryan
Red Carded
(Day 17)

Jae
Zhana
Charlotte
Mark
Joely
Liam
Joely
Liam
Charlotte
Mark
Grant
Tash
Grant
Tash
Sarah
Shelley
Sarah
Shelley
Paul
Stuart
Sarah
Shelley
Paul
Stuart
Sarah
Shelley
Sarah
Shelley
None
Sarah
Shelley
Red Carded
(Day 15)

Grant
Tash
Charlotte
Mark
Chantal
Hollye
Ash
Latham
Jae
Zhana
Chantal
Hollye
Ash
Latham
Jae
Zhana
Ash
Latham
Paul
Stuart
Paul
Stuart
Ash
Latham
Ash
Latham
Ash
Latham
Red Carded
(Day 13)

Chantal
Hollye
Grant
Tash
Joely
Liam
Joely
Liam
Charlotte
Mark
Grant
Tash
Ash
Latham
Mark
Mitch
Mark
Mitch
Mark
Mitch
Mark
Mitch
Mark
Mitch
Mark
Mitch
Walked
(Day 12)

Mark
Mitch
N/A
Joely
Liam
Charlotte
Mark
Charlotte
Mark
Grant
Tash
Chantal
Hollye
Chantal
Hollye
Chantal
Hollye
Chantal
Hollye
Chantal
Hollye
Chantal
Hollye
Chantal
Hollye
Walked
(Day 12)

Paul
Stuart
Not on Coach
Jae
Zhana
Chantal
Hollye
Jae
Zhana
Jae
Zhana
Grant
Tash
Red Carded
(Day 11)

Charlotte
Mark
Ash
Latham
Mark
Mitch
Ash
Latham
Ash
Latham
Red Carded
(Day 4)

Joely
Liam
Jae
Zhana
Mark
Mitch
Chantal
Hollye
Red Carded
(Day 3)

Notes
1
None
2
None
3
None
4 5 6
7
8
None
9
None
10
None
11
None
12
None

Walked
None
Mark
Mitch
None
Choon
Jamie
None

Hollye

Removed
None
Callum
Ryan
None

Voted Off
Charlotte
Mark
3 votes
Joely
Liam
3 votes
Joely
Liam
2 votes
Charlotte
Mark
4 votes
Grant
Tash
4 votes
Ash
Latham
3 votes
Jae
Zhana
3 votes
Chantal
Hollye
2 votes
Paul
Stuart
2 votes
Sarah
Shelley
2 votes
Paul
Stuart
2 votes
Mark
Mitch
1 vote
Grant
Tash
3 votes
None
Jae
Zhana
3 votes
Abbie
Dunstan
3 votes
Ash
Latham
5 votes
Choon
Jamie
2 votes
Abbie
Dunstan
3 votes
Sarah
Shelley
2 votes
Ben
Louise
3 votes
Ben
Louise
4 votes
Bella
Molly
3 votes
Bella
Molly
4 votes
James
Rick
4 votes
James
Rick
5 votes
Chantal
Jacob
3 votes
Shaquirah
Winnie
4 votes
Lucia
Taylor
3 votes
Lucia
Taylor
2 votes
Larissa
Paige
3 votes
Pav
Tre
3 votes
Danny
Fiona
2 votes
Jess
Nic
2 votes
Larissa
Paige
2 votes
Jess
Nic
2 votes
Pav
Tre
6 votes
Phil
Sam
5 votes
Danny
Fiona
3 votes
None

Chantal
Jacob
2 votes

text: Notes

text: ^1 On Day 1, Mark & Mitch were not present at the vote as they were in hospital due to Mitch being injured in the morning activity.

text: ^2 On Day 5, a couple was randomly selected and the couple that they voted for would receive a yellow card. The couple chosen was Mark & Mitch, meaning that Grant & Tash received a yellow card.

text: ^3 On Day 7, Hollye was not present at the evening's vote after injuring her foot during the morning activity, resulting in her going to hospital. Her partner, Chantal, still delivered their vote.

text: ^4 On Day 12, the vote resulted in no couple receiving a majority as all couples received one vote. The group had to discuss which couple would receive a yellow card. If the group did not reach an agreement, each couple would receive a yellow card, meaning five of the six couples on the coach would be eliminated. The yellow card was awarded to Mark & Mitch.

text: ^5 Shortly after the vote on Day 12, Mark & Mitch announced that they had to return home and walked from the coach.

text: ^6 Following Mark & Mitch's departure, Hollye announced that she had to return home and walked from the coach. Chantal decided to remain on the coach as she began the trip as a solo traveller.

text: ^7 On Day 13, Chantal took part in the vote as an individual as she awaited the arrival of her new partner. She continued to have a yellow card after Chantal & Hollye were voted on Day 8.

text: ^8 On Day 14, the new couples, Choon & Jamie and Abbie & Dunstan, were given the opportunity to remove one couple's yellow card at the vote. Each couple was given the chance to say why they wanted their yellow card removed.

text: ^9 As the couples boarded the coach on Day 19, Brendan announced that Choon & Jamie had decided to walk from the coach. Therefore, they were not present at the evening's vote.

text: ^10 On Day 25, each couple voted for the two couples that they wanted to receive a yellow card. The two couples with the most votes received a yellow card.

text: ^11 On Day 28, Callum & Ryan refused to vote. As voting is mandatory, Brendan had to automatically present the couple with a red card. Larissa & Paige had already voted for Callum & Ryan before their refusal to vote, which therefore became void. Alternatively, each couple was given a chance to discuss the couple that they wanted to vote for following Callum & Ryan's removal.

text: ^12 On Day 34, Brendan announced that the next couple to receive a red card would choose a couple to have immunity until the final day. On Day 35, Larissa & Paige received a red card and chose Jack & Joe to receive immunity.

text: The trip by day

text:
Day
Location
Activity

Morning
Afternoon

1
Nice
Blobbing
Photo shoot

2
Monaco
Rock climbing
Helicopter ride

3
Sanremo
Snorkeling
Life drawing

4
Savona
Prehistoric games
Treasure hunt

5
Genoa
Pesto making
Donkey sanctuary

6
Thai massage
Penalty shootout

7
La Spezia
Kayaking
Henna tattooing

8
Parma
Car racing
Bubble football

9
Bologna
Cookery class
Aerial acrobatics class

10
Rimini
Castle water fight
Beach tennis

11
Ancona
Wakeboarding
Volleyball

12
Split
Traditional dancing
Sea bobbing

13
Hvar
Human table football
Craft beer brewery

14
Paddleboard yoga class
Banana boat ride

15
Split
Waterfall visit
Quad biking

16
Picigin
Cliff jumping

17
Omiš
Pirate roleplay
Klapa singing

18
Makarska
Parasailing
Zip wire

19
Brač
Barbecue
Jet skiing

20
Stone carving class
Inflatable assault course

21
Zaostrog
Language class
Olympic beach games

22
Neretva Valley
Ladja boat race
Village games

23
Ston
Oyster tasting
Salt flats visit

24
Dubrovnik
Abseiling
Semi-submarine trip

25
Sea kayaking
Water polo

26
Bari
Pole dancing
Golf

27
Ostuni
Pottery class
Birds of prey display

28
Taranto
Goat milking
Pizza making

29
Guagnano
Paddleboarding
Wine tasting

30
Gallipoli
Water park
Hammam spa

31
Lecce
Quidditch
Go-kart racing

32
Monopoli
Water sports
Pedalo ride

33
Bari
Octopus curling
Graffiti art

34
Patras
Deck games
Fitness class

35
Contact improvisation
Chicken catching

36
Olympia
Laughter yoga
Beekeeping

37
Kyllini
Windsurfing
Mud bath

38
Zakynthos
Beach rounders
Greek dancing

39
Mini-golf
Body painting

40
Flyboarding
Pool party


document_title: You can run, but you can't hide

question_text: who said he can run but he can't hide

question_tokens: who said he can run but he ca n 't hide

text: You can run, but you can't hide

text: You can run but you can't hide may refer to:

text:
"He can run, but he can't hide", a statement attributed to American boxer Joe Louis
You Can Run But You Can't Hide, a book by Duane "Dog" Chapman
You Can Run (But You Can't Hide), a 1979 song by (The) Razz, co-written by Tommy Keene
You Can Run But You Can't Hide, a 2001 song from Girl Thing's Girl Thing
You Can Run But You Can't Hide (Podes Fugir Mas Não Te Podes Esconder), a 2001 album by Da Weasel
You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International, a Christian youth ministry based in Minnesota