document_title: National Football League Most Valuable Player Award

question_text: who won mvp of the national football league

text: Associated Press NFL MVP award[edit]

text: The AP has presented an MVP award since 1957.[3][4] The award is voted upon by a panel of 50 sportswriters at the end of the regular season, before the playoffs, though the results are not announced to the public until the day before the Super Bowl.

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position

1957
Brown, JimJim Brown
Cleveland Browns
Running back

1958
Brown, JimJim Brown (2)
Cleveland Browns
Running back

1959
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1960
Van Brocklin, NormNorm Van Brocklin
Philadelphia Eagles
Quarterback

1961
Hornung, PaulPaul Hornung
Green Bay Packers
Running back

1962
Taylor, JimJim Taylor
Green Bay Packers
Running back

1963
Tittle, Y. A.Y. A. Tittle
New York Giants
Quarterback

1964
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas (2)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1965
Brown, JimJim Brown (3)
Cleveland Browns
Running back

1966
Starr, BartBart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1967
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas (3)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1968
Morrall, EarlEarl Morrall
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1969
Gabriel, RomanRoman Gabriel
Los Angeles Rams
Quarterback

1970
Brodie, JohnJohn Brodie
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1971
Page, AlanAlan Page
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive tackle

1972
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
Washington Redskins
Running back

1973
Simpson, O. J.O. J. Simpson
Buffalo Bills
Running back

1974
Stabler, KenKen Stabler
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback

1975
Tarkenton, FranFran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Quarterback

1976
Jones, BertBert Jones
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1977
Payton, WalterWalter Payton
Chicago Bears
Running back

1978
Bradshaw, TerryTerry Bradshaw
Pittsburgh Steelers
Quarterback

1979
Campbell, EarlEarl Campbell
Houston Oilers
Running back

1980
Sipe, BrianBrian Sipe
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback

1981
Anderson, KenKen Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback

1982
Moseley, MarkMark Moseley
Washington Redskins
Placekicker

1983
Theismann, JoeJoe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Quarterback

1984
Marino, DanDan Marino
Miami Dolphins
Quarterback

1985
Allen, MarcusMarcus Allen
Los Angeles Raiders
Running back

1986
Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor
New York Giants
Linebacker

1987
Elway, JohnJohn Elway
Denver Broncos
Quarterback

1988
Esiason, BoomerBoomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback

1989
Montana, JoeJoe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1990
Montana, JoeJoe Montana (2)
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1991
Thomas, ThurmanThurman Thomas
Buffalo Bills
Running back

1992
Young, SteveSteve Young
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1993
Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith
Dallas Cowboys
Running back

1994
Young, SteveSteve Young (2)
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1995
Favre, BrettBrett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1996
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1997
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (3)
Sanders, BarryBarry Sanders
Green Bay Packers
Detroit Lions
Quarterback
Running back

1998
Davis, TerrellTerrell Davis
Denver Broncos
Running back

1999
Warner, KurtKurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Quarterback

2000
Faulk, MarshallMarshall Faulk
St. Louis Rams
Running back

2001
Warner, KurtKurt Warner (2)
St. Louis Rams
Quarterback

2002
Gannon, RichRich Gannon
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback

2003
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning
McNair, SteveSteve McNair
Indianapolis Colts
Tennessee Titans
Quarterback
Quarterback

2004
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning (2)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2005
Alexander, ShaunShaun Alexander
Seattle Seahawks
Running back

2006
Tomlinson, LaDainianLaDainian Tomlinson
San Diego Chargers
Running back

2007
Brady, TomTom Brady
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2008
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning (3)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2009
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning (4)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2010
Brady, TomTom Brady (2)
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2011
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

2012
Peterson, AdrianAdrian Peterson
Minnesota Vikings
Running back

2013
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning (5)
Denver Broncos
Quarterback

2014
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

2015
Newton, CamCam Newton
Carolina Panthers
Quarterback

2016
Ryan, MattMatt Ryan
Atlanta Falcons
Quarterback

2017
Brady, TomTom Brady (3)
New England Patriots
Quarterback

text: Pro Football Writers Association NFL MVP award[edit]

text: Pro Football Writers of America began naming their most valuable player in 1975 and continue to do so as of the 2017 season.[1][5]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position
Ref

1975
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Quarterback

1976
Bert Jones
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1977
Walter Payton
Chicago Bears
Running back

1978
Earl Campbell
Houston Oilers
Running back

1979
Earl Campbell (2)
Houston Oilers
Running back

1980
Brian Sipe
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback

1981
Ken Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback

1982
Dan Fouts
San Diego Chargers
Quarterback

1983
Joe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Quarterback

1984
Dan Marino
Miami Dolphins
Quarterback

1985
Marcus Allen
Los Angeles Raiders
Running back

1986
Lawrence Taylor
New York Giants
Linebacker

1987
Jerry Rice
San Francisco 49ers
Wide receiver
[6]

1988
Boomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback
[7]

1989
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1990
Randall Cunningham
Philadelphia Eagles
Quarterback

1991
Thurman Thomas
Buffalo Bills
Running back

1992
Steve Young
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1993
Emmitt Smith
Dallas Cowboys
Running back

1994
Steve Young (2)
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback
[8]

1995
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1996
Brett Favre (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1997
Barry Sanders
Detroit Lions
Running back

1998
Terrell Davis
Denver Broncos
Running back

1999
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Quarterback

2000
Marshall Faulk
St. Louis Rams
Running back

2001
Marshall Faulk (2)
St. Louis Rams
Running back

2002
Rich Gannon
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback

2003
Jamal Lewis
Baltimore Ravens
Running back

2004
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2005
Shaun Alexander
Seattle Seahawks
Running back

2006
LaDainian Tomlinson
San Diego Chargers
Running back

2007
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2008
Peyton Manning (2)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2009
Peyton Manning (3)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2010
Tom Brady (2)
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2011
Aaron Rodgers
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

2012
Adrian Peterson
Minnesota Vikings
Running back

2013
Peyton Manning (4)
Denver Broncos
Quarterback
[9]

2014
Aaron Rodgers (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback
[10]

2015
Cam Newton
Carolina Panthers
Quarterback
[1]

2016
Matt Ryan
Atlanta Falcons
Quarterback
[11]

2017
Tom Brady (3)
New England Patriots
Quarterback
[12]

text: Sporting News NFL Player of the Year award[edit]

text: Sporting News began awarding a National Football League (NFL) player of the year award in 1954. From 1970 to 1979, Sporting News chose American Football Conference (AFC) and National Football Conference (NFC) players of the year, and returned to a single winner in 1980. Beginning in 2012 Sporting News chose an offensive player of the year and a defensive player of the year.[13][14]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position

1954
Lou Groza
Cleveland Browns
Tackle-K

1955
Otto Graham
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback

1956
Frank Gifford
New York Giants
Running back

1957
Jim Brown
Cleveland Browns
Fullback

1958
Jim Brown (2)
Cleveland Browns
Fullback

1959
Johnny Unitas
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1960
Norm Van Brocklin
Philadelphia Eagles
Quarterback

1961
Paul Hornung
Green Bay Packers
Running back

1962
Y. A. Tittle
New York Giants
Quarterback

1963
Y. A. Tittle (2)
New York Giants
Quarterback

1964
Johnny Unitas (2)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1965
Jim Brown (3)
Cleveland Browns
Running back

1966
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1967
Johnny Unitas (3)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1968
Earl Morrall
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1969
Roman Gabriel
Los Angeles Rams
Quarterback

1970
NFC- John Brodie
AFC- George Blanda
San Francisco 49ers
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback
QB-K

1971
NFC- Roger Staubach
AFC- Bob Griese
Dallas Cowboys
Miami Dolphins
Quarterback
Quarterback

1972
NFC- Larry Brown
AFC- Earl Morrall (2)
Washington Redskins
Miami Dolphins
Running back
Quarterback

1973
NFC- John Hadl
AFC- O.J. Simpson
Los Angeles Rams
Buffalo Bills
Quarterback
Running back

1974
NFC- Chuck Foreman
AFC- Ken Stabler
Minnesota Vikings
Oakland Raiders
Running back
Quarterback

1975
NFC- Fran Tarkenton
AFC- O. J. Simpson (2)
Minnesota Vikings
Buffalo Bills
Quarterback
Running Back

1976
NFC- Walter Payton
AFC- Ken Stabler (2)
Chicago Bears
Oakland Raiders
Running back
Quarterback

1977
NFC- Walter Payton (2)
AFC- Craig Morton
Chicago Bears
Denver Broncos
Running back
Quarterback

1978
NFC- Archie Manning
AFC- Earl Campbell
New Orleans Saints
Houston Oilers
Quarterback
Running back

1979
NFC- Ottis Anderson
AFC- Dan Fouts
St. Louis Cardinals
San Diego Chargers
Running back
Quarterback

1980
Brian Sipe
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback

1981
Ken Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback

1982
Mark Moseley
Washington Redskins
Kicker

1983
Eric Dickerson
Los Angeles Rams
Running back

1984
Dan Marino
Miami Dolphins
Quarterback

1985
Marcus Allen[15]
Los Angeles Raiders
Running back

1986
Lawrence Taylor
New York Giants
Linebacker

1987
Jerry Rice
San Francisco 49ers
Wide Receiver

1988
Boomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback

1989
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1990
Jerry Rice (2)
San Francisco 49ers
Wide Receiver

1991
Thurman Thomas
Buffalo Bills
Running back

1992
Steve Young
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1993
Emmitt Smith
Dallas Cowboys
Running back

1994
Steve Young (2)
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1995
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1996
Brett Favre (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1997
Barry Sanders
Detroit Lions
Running back

1998
Terrell Davis
Denver Broncos
Running back

1999
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Quarterback

2000
Marshall Faulk
St. Louis Rams
Running back

2001
Marshall Faulk (2)
St. Louis Rams
Running back

2002
Rich Gannon
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback

2003
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2004
Peyton Manning (2)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2005
Shaun Alexander
Seattle Seahawks
Running back

2006
LaDainian Tomlinson
San Diego Chargers
Running back

2007
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2008
Peyton Manning (3)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2009
Peyton Manning (4)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2010
Tom Brady (2)
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2011
Aaron Rodgers
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

2012
Adrian Peterson
Minnesota Vikings
Running back

2013
Peyton Manning (5)
Denver Broncos
Quarterback

2014
Aaron Rodgers (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

2015
Cam Newton
Carolina Panthers
Quarterback

2016
Tom Brady (3)
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2017
Tom Brady (4)
New England Patriots
Quarterback

text: Defunct awards[edit]

text: Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL MVP award[edit]

text: The Newspaper Enterprise Association presented its MVP award from 1955 to 2008.[16] The winner was chosen by a poll of NFL players and received the Jim Thorpe Trophy,[17] which by 1975 was described as "one of the pros' most coveted honors."[18] Beginning in 1997, the trophy was presented by the Jim Thorpe Association, with the winner determined by a "vote of NFLPA representatives".[19]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position
Ref

1955
Harlon Hill
Chicago Bears
End
[20]

1956
Frank Gifford
New York Giants
Running back
[21]

1957
Johnny Unitas
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback
[22]

1958
Jim Brown
Cleveland Browns
Fullback
[23]

1959
Charlie Conerly
New York Giants
Quarterback
[24]

1960
Norm Van Brocklin
Philadelphia Eagles
Quarterback
[17]

1961
Y. A. Tittle
New York Giants
Quarterback
[25]

1962
Jim Taylor
Green Bay Packers
Running back
[26]

1963
Y. A. Tittle (2)
Jim Brown (2)
New York Giants
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback
Running back
[27]

1964
Lenny Moore
Baltimore Colts
Halfback
[28]

1965
Jim Brown (3)
Cleveland Browns
Running back
[29]

1966
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback
[30]

1967
Johnny Unitas (2)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback
[31]

1968
Earl Morrall
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback
[32]

1969
Roman Gabriel
Los Angeles Rams
Quarterback
[33]

1970
John Brodie
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback
[34]

1971
Bob Griese
Miami Dolphins
Quarterback
[35]

1972
Larry Brown
Washington Redskins
Running back

1973
O. J. Simpson
Buffalo Bills
Running back

1974
Ken Stabler
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback

1975
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings
Quarterback
[36]

1976
Bert Jones
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1977
Walter Payton
Chicago Bears
Running back

1978
Earl Campbell
Houston Oilers
Running back
[37]

1979
Earl Campbell (2)
Houston Oilers
Running back

1980
Earl Campbell (3)
Houston Oilers
Running back
[38]

1981
Ken Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals
Quarterback

1982
Dan Fouts
San Diego Chargers
Quarterback

1983
Joe Theismann
Washington Redskins
Quarterback

1984
Dan Marino
Miami Dolphins
Quarterback

1985
Walter Payton (2)
Chicago Bears
Running back

1986
Phil Simms
New York Giants
Quarterback

1987
Jerry Rice
San Francisco 49ers
Wide receiver

1988
Roger Craig
San Francisco 49ers
Running back

1989
Joe Montana
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1990
Warren Moon
Houston Oilers
Quarterback

1991
Thurman Thomas
Buffalo Bills
Running back

1992
Emmitt Smith
Dallas Cowboys
Running back

1993
Emmitt Smith (2)
Dallas Cowboys
Running back

1994
Steve Young
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback

1995
Brett Favre
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1996
Brett Favre (2)
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1997
Barry Sanders
Detroit Lions
Running back

1998
Randall Cunningham
Minnesota Vikings
Quarterback

1999
Kurt Warner
St. Louis Rams
Quarterback

2000
Marshall Faulk
St. Louis Rams
Running back

2001
Kurt Warner (2)
St. Louis Rams
Quarterback

2002
Rich Gannon
Oakland Raiders
Quarterback

2003
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2004
Peyton Manning (2)
Indianapolis Colts
Quarterback

2005
Shaun Alexander
Seattle Seahawks
Running back

2006
LaDainian Tomlinson
San Diego Chargers
Running back

2007
Tom Brady
New England Patriots
Quarterback

2008
Kurt Warner (3)
Arizona Cardinals
Quarterback

text: Joe F. Carr Trophy[edit]

text: The Joe F. Carr Trophy was the first award in the NFL to recognize a most valuable player. It was named in honor of NFL commissioner Joseph Carr and remains the only MVP award the NFL has officially sanctioned.[39]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position

1938
Mel Hein
New York Giants
Center, linebacker

1939
Parker Hall
Cleveland Rams
Quarterback, halfback

1940
Ace Parker
Brooklyn Dodgers
Quarterback, halfback

1941
Don Hutson
Green Bay Packers
End

1942
Don Hutson (2)
Green Bay Packers
End

1943
Sid Luckman
Chicago Bears
Quarterback

1944
Frank Sinkwich
Detroit Lions
Halfback

1945
Bob Waterfield
Cleveland Rams
Quarterback

1946
Bill Dudley
Pittsburgh Steelers
Halfback

text: United Press International NFL MVP/POY award[edit]

text: United Press International gave an NFL MVP/player of the year award from 1948 through 1969, excepting 1949–50, and 1952. In 1970 UPI instituted separate awards for the NFC and AFC. In 1975 UPI added a Defensive Player of the Year Award for both the NFC and AFC.[40]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position
Ref

1948
Pat Harder
Chicago Cardinals
Fullback
[41]

1949

No Award

1950

No Award

1951
Otto Graham
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback

1952

No Award

1953
Otto Graham (2)
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback
[42]

1954
Joe Perry
San Francisco 49ers
Fullback
[43]

1955
Otto Graham (3)
Cleveland Browns
Quarterback

1956
Frank Gifford
New York Giants
Halfback

1957
Y. A. Tittle
San Francisco 49ers
Quarterback
[44]

1958
Jim Brown
Cleveland Browns
Fullback
[45]

1959
Johnny Unitas
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1960
Norm Van Brocklin
Philadelphia Eagles
Quarterback
[46]

1961
Paul Hornung
Green Bay Packers
Halfback

1962
Y. A. Tittle (2)
New York Giants
Quarterback

1963
Jim Brown (2)
Cleveland Browns
Fullback

1964
Johnny Unitas (2)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1965
Jim Brown (3)
Cleveland Browns
Fullback

1966
Bart Starr
Green Bay Packers
Quarterback

1967
Johnny Unitas (3)
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1968
Earl Morrall
Baltimore Colts
Quarterback

1969
Roman Gabriel
Los Angeles Rams
Quarterback


question_text: who did percy jackson fight in the lightning thief

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: In New York City, Zeus and Poseidon meet at the top of the Empire State Building, where Zeus reveals that his master lightning bolt has been stolen and accuses Poseidon's demigod son, Percy Jackson, of the theft. Poseidon reminds him that Percy is unaware of his true identity, but Zeus declares that unless his master bolt is returned to Mount Olympus before the summer solstice, in two weeks' time, war will be waged between all the gods.

tag: p

text: Percy is a 16-year-old boy who appears to his peers to be dyslexic and has a unique ability to stay underwater for a long time. While on a school trip to the local museum, Percy is attacked by Alecto, a Fury disguised as his substitute teacher, Mrs. Dodds who demands the lightning bolt. Percy's best friend, Grover Underwood, and his Latin teacher, Mr. Brunner — both of whom appear disabled — help Percy and scare off the fury using a pen from Brunner. Grover tells Percy to use the pen, and Percy discovers it is a sword. Upon learning of the Fury's reason for the attack, Brunner has Grover take Percy and his mother Sally to Camp Half-Blood, leaving behind Sally's abusive husband, Gabe Ugliano. However, the three are attacked by a minotaur that appears to kill Sally, who is unable to enter the camp. He uses his sword to fight the Minotaur, without initial success. Percy kills the minotaur with its own horn, then faints from shock.

text: Three days later, Percy wakes up in the camp. He learns he is the son of Poseidon, Grover is a satyr and his protector, and Brunner is the centaur Chiron, also initially disguised. Chiron suggests that Percy go to Mount Olympus to convince Zeus of his innocence. Percy begins training to use his demigod powers, which include water manipulation and using water to heal. He also meets other demigods, including Annabeth Chase, daughter of Athena; and Luke Castellan, son of Hermes. Percy is visited by a fiery apparition of his uncle Hades, who reveals that Sally is with him in the Underworld and that he will return her safely if Percy hands over the lightning bolt. Defying Chiron's orders, Percy decides to go to the Underworld, joined by Grover and Annabeth. They visit Luke, who gives them a map showing the location of three pearls belonging to Hades' wife, Persephone, which they can use to escape the Underworld. They are also given a pair of winged sneakers Luke stole from his father and a shield Luke describes as his favorite.

text: The trio heads out, locating the first pearl at an old garden center before they suddenly encounter Medusa, who tries to kill them until decapitated by Percy; they take her head with them for later use. They locate the second pearl in the Parthenon in Nashville; Percy uses the winged shoes to take it from a statue of Athena. However, they are then confronted by the Hydra, which Grover turns to stone and kills using Medusa's head. The third pearl is located at the Lotus Casino in Las Vegas, where the three eat lotus flowers and forget their reason for being there. They stay in the casino for five days until Poseidon speaks in Percy's mind, helping Percy return to his senses. Percy frees Grover and Annabeth from the effects of the flowers and they flee, discovering that the casino is run by the Lotus-Eaters, and they had been keeping people captive since ancient times. With all three pearls, Percy, Grover, and Annabeth head into the Underworld, the portal to which is located in Hollywood.

text: In the Underworld, they meet Hades and Persephone. Though Percy tells Hades that he does not have the lightning bolt, Hades finds it hidden inside Luke's shield, revealing that Luke is the lightning thief. Persephone knocks Hades unconscious with the lightning bolt to get her revenge on him for imprisoning her for all eternity and hands the bolt to Percy. However, because they only have three pearls, Grover remains with Persephone to allow Percy's mother to leave. Percy, Annabeth, and Sally teleport to the Empire State Building but are attacked by Luke, who wants to destroy Mount Olympus to secure the demigods' place as the new rulers of Western Civilization. After a fight across Manhattan, Percy defeats and apparently kills Luke and returns the lightning bolt to Zeus, who forgives Percy and allows Poseidon to briefly speak with his son. The film ends with Percy and Annabeth reuniting with Grover, furloughed from Hades and sporting a new pair of small horns that designate his promotion to senior protector. Percy and Annabeth are reunited, and they nearly kiss but Annabeth tricks Percy and they continue to train.

text: In the post credits-scene, Ugliano is kicked out of the apartment. He decides to get a beer but finds a note from Percy saying that he should not open the refrigerator. He breaks the lock anyway and is turned to stone and killed by Medusa's head inside, though this occurs off-screen as the movie fades to black.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, the demigod son of Poseidon[9]
Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Percy's protector, a satyr[9]
Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, the demigod daughter of Athena, and Percy's romantic foil[10]
Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, the demigod son of Hermes
Sean Bean as Zeus, god of the sky, thunder, lightning, king of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus and brother of Poseidon and Hades. He blames Percy for stealing his bolt.
Kevin McKidd as Poseidon, Percy's father, god of the seas, earthquakes, horses and brother of Zeus and Hades[11]
Steve Coogan as Hades, god of the Underworld, the dead, riches and brother of Zeus and Poseidon[12]
Melina Kanakaredes as Athena, Annabeth's mother, goddess of crafts, domestic arts, strategic warfare, peace and wisdom[11]
Rosario Dawson as Persephone, goddess of springtime and wife of Hades[12]
Dylan Neal as Hermes, Luke's father, god of trade, thieves, travelers, sports, athletes, and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus.
Erica Cerra as Hera, goddess of birth, family, marriage, women and queen of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus, sister and wife of Zeus
Stefanie von Pfetten as Demeter, goddess of agriculture, fertility, and the harvest, sister of Zeus and mother of Persephone
Dimitri Lekkos as Apollo, god of the sun, light, knowledge, healing, plague and darkness, the arts, music, poetry, prophecy, archery, and twin brother of Artemis
Ona Grauer as Artemis, goddess of the hunt, virginity, the moon, and all animals, and twin sister of Apollo
Serinda Swan as Aphrodite, goddess of love, beauty, wife of Hephaestus and lover of Ares
Conrad Coates as Hephaestus, god of fire, forge, blacksmiths, craftsmen and husband of Aphrodite
Ray Winstone as Ares, god of war, lover of Aphrodite (uncredited)[citation needed]
Luke Camilleri as Dionysus, god of wine, celebrations, ecstasy, and theatre
Uma Thurman as Medusa, a gorgon cursed by Athena[11]
Pierce Brosnan as Chiron, also known as Mr. Brunner, a centaur who trains heroes at Camp Half-Blood, the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hera
Maria Olsen as Mrs. Dodds / Alecto, a Fury, servant to Hades
Julian Richings as Charon, ferryman of the River Styx, servant to Hades
Catherine Keener as Sally Jackson, Percy's mother[13]
Joe Pantoliano as Gabe Ugliano, Percy's stepfather

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book.[14] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project.[15] Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver.[11] Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens.[16] Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009.[17] Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009.[18] Christophe Beck composed the score.[19] Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind. "I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters".[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened on February 12, 2010, in 3,356 theaters; its opening weekend box-office results totaled $31,236,067[4] in the U.S., finishing at #3 below The Wolfman, which opened at #2 with $31,479,235 and below Valentine's Day, which opened at #1 with $56,260,707.[21] The film had a strong opening weekend for its genre, posting the highest opening weekend for a fantasy film not from the Harry Potter, Chronicles of Narnia, or Lord of the Rings series.[22] As of September 14, 2010, it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world, bringing it to $226,497,209.[4]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 49% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 142 collected reviews, with an average score of 5.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Though it may seem like just another Harry Potter knockoff, Percy Jackson benefits from a strong supporting cast, a speedy plot, and plenty of fun with Greek mythology."[23] It also holds a Metacritic score of 47 out of 100, based on 31 sampled reviews, indicating "mixed to average reviews."[24] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as "standard Hollywood product... unadventurous and uninteresting".[25] The reviewer for The Washington Post thought "the movie suffers by taking itself a little too seriously. It's not just that it's a lot less funny than the book. It's also a lot less fun".[26] On BBC Radio 5, Mark Kermode criticized the similarity of the film to director Chris Columbus's Harry Potter films, likening it to a Harry Potter parody book and dubbing it Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins.[27] This comment later sparked a satirical fan creation with precisely that title, narrated by Stephen Fry.[28]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category/Recipient(s)
Result
References

2010 MTV Movie Awards
Breakthrough Performance
Logan Lerman

Nominated
[29]

Best Fight
Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards 2010
Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy
Rosario Dawson

Nominated
[30][31]

Choice: Breakout Female
Alexandra Daddario

Nominated

Choice: Breakout Male
Logan Lerman

Nominated

Choice: Fight
Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel

Nominated

37th Saturn Awards
Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Logan Lerman

Nominated
[32]

2010 Scream Awards
Best Cameo
"Rosario Dawson"

Nominated
[33]

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief

Soundtrack album by Christophe Beck

Released
February 9, 2010 (2010-02-09)

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
59:07

Label
ABKCO Records

text: All music composed by Christophe Beck.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Prelude"
2:29

2.
"The Minotaur"
5:09

3.
"Chiron"
2:02

4.
"Victory"
1:32

5.
"The Fury"
2:16

6.
"Dyslexia"
1:02

7.
"The Hydra"
6:54

8.
"Medusa"
2:43

9.
"Son of Poseidon"
1:57

10.
"The Parthenon"
3:42

11.
"Hollywood"
2:32

12.
"Lost Souls"
2:35

13.
"Fighting Luke, Part 1"
3:54

14.
"Fighting Luke, Part 2"
2:47

15.
"Hades"
2:47

16.
"Mount Olympus"
1:27

17.
"Poseidon"
3:07

18.
"Homecoming"
3:06

19.
"End Credits"
7:12

text: Songs featured in the film that were not included in the soundtrack:

text:
No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Highway to Hell"
AC/DC
3:28

2.
"I'll Pretend"
Dwight Yoakam
2:22

3.
"A Little Less Conversation"
Elvis Presley
3:30

4.
"Poker Face"
Lady Gaga
3:58

5.
"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)"
Three Dog Night
2:58

6.
"Tik Tok"
Kesha
3:21

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010.[34] GameZone's Michael Splechta gave it a 6/10, saying "Percy Jackson might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie-in games, but fans of turn-based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare-bones game."[35] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the game has a score of 56 (citing "mixed or average reviews") based on 6 reviews.[36]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD[7] and Blu-ray.[8] The movie itself charted at the top of the charts (DVD sales) with $13,985,047 in revenue in its first week.[37] As of October 2011, the movie had sold 2,087,368 DVDs with over $37 million in sales.[38]

text: Stand-alone sequel[edit]

text: In October 2011, 20th Century Fox announced a stand-alone sequel based on the second book, The Sea of Monsters.[39][40] The film was released on August 7, 2013.[41]


document_title: Concrete and Gold Tour

question_text: who's opening for foo fighters in nashville

question_tokens: who 's opening for foo fighters in nashville

text: Concrete and Gold Tour

text: Setlist[edit]

text: This set list is representative of the show on October 20, 2017. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.

text:
"Run"
"All My Life"
"Learn to Fly"
"The Pretender"
"The Sky Is a Neighborhood"
"Walk"
"Rope"
"Sunday Rain"
"My Hero"
"These Days"
"Let it Die"
"I'll Stick Around"
"White Limo"
"Arlandria"
"Times Like These"
"Breakout"
"Make it Right"
"Skin and Bones"
"Fly Like an Eagle" (Steve Miller Band cover)
"Another One Bites the Dust" (Queen cover)
"Blitzkrieg Bop" (Ramones cover)
"Monkey Wrench"
"Best of You"

tag: ol

text: Encore

text:
"Dirty Water"
"This Is a Call"
"Breakdown" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers cover)
"Everlong"

text: Shows[edit]

text:
List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, attendance, and gross revenue

Date
City
Country
Venue
Opening acts
Attendance
Revenue

Europe[2][3][4]

June 16, 2017
Reykjavík
Iceland
Laugardalur Park
N/A
N/A
N/A

June 19, 2017
Helsinki
Finland
Hietaniemi Beach
Biffy Clyro
The Kills
Apulanta
VANT

June 21, 2017
Riga
Latvia
Lucavsala Island
Biffy Clyro
The Kills

June 24, 2017[a]
Pilton
England
Glastonbury Festival

June 26, 2017
Budapest
Hungary
Budapest Sports Arena
God Damn

June 27, 2017
Prague
Czech Republic
O2 Arena
Red Fang

June 29, 2017[b]
Gdynia
Poland
Gdynia-Kosakowo Airport
G-Eazy
The Kills

June 30, 2017[c]
Roskilde
Denmark
Roskilde Fairgrounds
Seun Kuti
Yasiin Bey
Father John Misty

July 2, 2017[d]
Werchter
Belgium
Werchter Festival Park

July 3, 2017
Paris
France
AccorHotels Arena

July 6, 2017[e]
Madrid
Spain
Caja Mágica
The Lumineers

July 7, 2017[f]
Lisbon
Portugal
Passeio Marítimo de Algés
The Kills
The Courteeners
The Cult
Tiago Bettencourt

July 10, 2017
Athens
Greece
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
N/A

Asia[5][6]

August 19, 2017[g]
Osaka
Japan
Maishima Sports Island
Babymetal
Man with a Mission
Royal Blood
All Time Low
Circa Waves
The Struts
N/A
N/A

August 20, 2017[h]
Chiba
Chiba Marine Stadium

August 22, 2017
Seoul
South Korea
Jamsil Soccer Field
N/A

August 24, 2017
Bangkok
Thailand
Challenger Hall Arena

August 26, 2017
Singapore
National Stadium

Europe[7]

September 10, 2017[i]
Berlin
Germany
Treptower Park
N/A
N/A
N/A

September 14, 2017
Stockholm
Sweden
Vasateatern
N/A
N/A
N/A

September 16, 2017
Barcelona
Spain
BARTS
N/A
N/A
N/A

September 19, 2017
London
England
The O2 Arena
Idles
18,285 / 19,013
$1,641,900

September 21, 2017
Royal Albert Hall
N/A
N/A
N/A

North America[8][9]

October 7, 2017[j]
San Bernardino
United States
Glen Helen Regional Park
N/A
N/A
N/A

October 12, 2017
Washington, D.C.
The Anthem
6,000 / 6,000
$610,525

October 14, 2017
Richmond
Richmond Coliseum
The Struts
10,758 / 10,758
$1,019,176

October 15, 2017
Greensboro
Greensboro Coliseum
—
—

October 17, 2017
Columbia
Colonial Life Arena
—
—

October 18, 2017
Knoxville
Thompson–Boling Arena
—
—

October 20, 2017
Cincinnati
U.S. Bank Arena
—
—

October 26, 2017
Birmingham
Legacy Arena
10,684 / 11,200
$912,536

October 28, 2017
New Orleans
Voodoo Music + Arts Experience
N/A
—
—

November 7, 2017
Madison
Kohl Center
The Struts
12,229 / 12,229
$1,205,329

November 8, 2017
Champaign
State Farm Center
8,877 / 9,000
$826,803

November 10, 2017
Des Moines
Wells Fargo Arena
13,660 / 13,660
$1,287,310

November 11, 2017
Sioux Falls
Denny Sanford Premier Center
10,945 / 10,945
$1,018,273

November 13, 2017
Wichita
Intrust Bank Arena
7,193 / 8,600
$585,835

November 15, 2017
Tulsa
BOK Center
12,064/
12,064

$1,011,911

November 18, 2017[k]
Mexico City
Mexico
Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez
N/A
—
—

December 1, 2017
Fresno
United States
Save Mart Center
The Struts
—
—

December 2, 2017
Sacramento
Golden 1 Center
—
—

December 4, 2017
Spokane
Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena
—
—

December 5, 2017
Eugene
Matthew Knight Arena
—
—

December 7, 2017
Nampa
Ford Idaho Center
Bob Mould
—
—

December 9, 2017
Billings
Rimrock Auto Arena at MetraPark
—
—

December 10, 2017
Casper
Casper Events Center
—
—

December 12, 2017
Salt Lake City
Vivint Smart Home Arena
—
—

December 31, 2017
Las Vegas
The Cosmopolitan at Las Vegas
N/A
—
—

Oceania [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

January 20, 2018
Perth
Australia
nib Stadium
Weezer
31,231 / 32,000
—

January 23, 2018
Adelaide
Coopers Stadium
20,000 / 20,000
—

January 25, 2018
Brisbane
Suncorp Stadium
49,852 / 52,500
—

January 27, 2018
Sydney
ANZ Stadium
71,314 / 83,500
—

January 30, 2018
Melbourne
Etihad Stadium
70,000 / 72,000
—

February 3, 2018
Auckland
New Zealand
Mt Smart Stadium
—
—

South America (joint tour with Queens of the Stone Age)

February 25, 2018
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
Maracanã Stadium
Ego Kill Talent
—
—

February 27, 2018
São Paulo
Allianz Parque
—
—

February 28, 2018

March 2, 2018
Curitiba
Pedreira Paulo Leminski
—
—

March 4, 2018
Porto Alegre
Estádio Beira-Rio
—
—

March 7, 2018
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Vélez Sarsfield
COYA[22]
—
—

North America

April 18, 2018
Austin
United States
Austin360 Amphitheater
The Struts
—
—

April 19, 2018
The Woodlands
Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion
—
—

April 21, 2018
Dallas
Starplex Pavilion
—
—

April 22, 2018
Bossier City
CenturyLink Center
—
—

April 25, 2018
Tampa
MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre
—
—

April 26, 2018
West Palm Beach
Coral Sky Amphitheater
—
—

April 28, 2018
Atlanta
Georgia State Stadium
—
—

April 29, 2018
Jacksonville
Metropolitan Park
—
—

May 1, 2018
Lexington
Rupp Arena
—
—

May 3, 2018
Memphis
FedEx Forum
—
—

May 4, 2018
Nashville
Bridgestone Arena
—
—

Europe

June 1, 2018[l]
Nürburg
Germany
Nürburgring
N/A
—
—

June 3, 2018[m]
Nuremberg
Zeppelinfeld
—
—

June 5, 2018
Gothenburg
Sweden
Ullevi
Goat
Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes
—
—

June 10, 2018
Hamburg
Germany
Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld
The Kills
Wolf Alice
—
—

June 11, 2018
Antwerp
Belgium
Sportpaleis
Wolf Alice
—
—

June 13, 2018
Bern
Switzerland
Stade de Suisse
The Kills
Wolf Alice
—
—

June 14, 2018[n]
Florence
Italy
Ippodromo delle Cascine
N/A
—
—

June 16, 2018[o]
Landgraaf
Netherlands
Megaland
—
—

June 17, 2018
Paris
France
Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base
—
—

June 19, 2018
Manchester
England
Etihad Stadium
Wolf Alice
The Cribs
—
—

June 22, 2018
London
London Stadium
Wolf Alice
Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes
—
—

June 23, 2018
The Kills
Slaves
Starcrawlers

North America

July 6, 2018
Columbia
United States
Merriweather Post Pavilion

—
—

July 7, 2018
Camden
BB&T Pavilion
—
—

July 9, 2018
Quebec City
Canada
Festival de Quebec
—
—

July 10, 2018
Ottawa
Ottawa Bluesfest
—
—

July 12, 2018
Toronto
Rogers Centre
—
—

July 14, 2018
Wantagh
United States
Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater
—
—

July 16, 2018
New York City
Madison Square Garden
—
—

July 17, 2018

July 19, 2018
Pittsburgh
PPG Paints Arena
—
—

July 21, 2018
Boston
Fenway Park
—
—

July 22, 2018

July 25, 2018
Cuyahoga Falls
Blossom Music Center
—
—

July 26, 2018
Noblesville
Ruoff Home Mortgage Music Center
The Struts
—

July 29, 2018
Chicago
Wrigley Field
—
—

July 30, 2018

September 1, 2018
Seattle
Safeco Field
—
—

September 4, 2018
Edmonton
Canada
Rogers Place
—
—

September 6, 2018
Calgary
Scotiabank Saddledome
—
—

September 8, 2018
Vancouver
Rogers Arena
—
—

September 10, 2018
Portland
United States
Moda Center
—
—

September 12, 2018
San Jose
SAP Center
—
—

September 14, 2018
San Diego
KABOO Del Mar
—
—

October 6, 2018[p]
San Bernardino
Glen Helen Regional Park
—
—

October 8, 2018
Phoenix
Talking Stick Resort Arena
—
—

October 10, 2018
Denver
Pepsi Center
—
—

October 12, 2018
Kansas City
Sprint Center
—
—

October 13, 2018
St. Louis
Scottrade Center
—
—

October 15, 2018
Detroit
Little Caesars Arena
—
—

October 17, 2018
Milwaukee
Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center
—
—

October 18, 2018
St. Paul
Xcel Energy Center
—
—

Total
98,631 / 101,405 (97.3%)
$9,107,687

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The show on June 24, 2017, in Pilton at Worthy Farm is part of the Glastonbury Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on June 29, 2017, in Gdynia at Gdynia-Kosakowo Airport is part of the Open'er Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on June 30, 2017, in Roskild at Roskilde Fairgrounds is part of the Roskilde Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on July 2, 2017, in Roskild at Werchter Festival Park is part of the Rock Werchter.
Jump up ^ The show on July 6, 2017, in Madrid at Caja Mágica is part of the Mad Cool Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on July 7, 2017, in Madrid at Passeio Marítimo de Algés is part of the Nos Alive Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on August 19, 2017, in Osaka at Maishima Sports Island is part of the Summer Sonic Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on August 20, 2017, in Chiba at Chiba Marine Stadium is part of the Summer Sonic Festival.
Jump up ^ The show on September 19, 2017, in Berlin at Treptower Park is part of the Lollapalooza.
Jump up ^ The show on October 7, 2017, in San Bernardino at Glen Helen Regional Park is part of the Cal Jam 17.
Jump up ^ The show on November 18, 2017, in Mexico City at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez is part of the Corona Capital.
Jump up ^ The show on June 1, 2018, in Nürburg at Nürburgring is part of the Rock am Ring festival.
Jump up ^ The show on June 3, 2018, in Nuremberg at Zeppelinfeld is part of the Rock im Park festival.
Jump up ^ The show on June 14, 2018, in Firenze at Ippodromo delle Cascine is part of the Firenze Rocks festival.
Jump up ^ The show on June 16, 2018, in Landgraaf at Megaland is part of the Pinkpop festival.
Jump up ^ The show on October 6, 2018, in San Bernardino at Glen Helen Regional Park is part of the Cal Jam 18.


document_title: Maurya Empire

question_text: who invaded south asia and set up a state following the mauryan period

question_tokens: who invaded south asia and set up a state following the mauryan period

text: Maurya Empire

text: History[edit]

text: Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya[edit]

text: The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, with help from Chanakya, at Takshashila, a noted center of learning. According to several legends, Chanakya travelled to Magadha, a kingdom that was large and militarily powerful and feared by its neighbours, but was insulted by its king Dhana Nanda, of the Nanda dynasty. Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire.[15] Meanwhile, the conquering armies of Alexander the Great refused to cross the Beas River and advance further eastward, deterred by the prospect of battling Magadha. Alexander returned to Babylon and re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus River. Soon after Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE, his empire fragmented into independent kingdoms led by his generals.[16]

text: The Greek generals Eudemus and Peithon ruled in the Indus Valley until around 317 BCE, when Chandragupta Maurya (with the help of Chanakya, who was now his advisor) orchestrated a rebellion to drive out the Greek governors, and subsequently brought the Indus Valley under the control of his new seat of power in Magadha.[5]

text: Chandragupta Maurya's rise to power is shrouded in mystery and controversy. On one hand, a number of ancient Indian accounts, such as the drama Mudrarakshasa (Signet ring of Rakshasa – Rakshasa was the prime minister of Magadha) by Vishakhadatta, describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. A kshatriya clan known as the Maurya's are referred to in the earliest Buddhist texts, Mahaparinibbana Sutta. However, any conclusions are hard to make without further historical evidence. Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as "Sandrokottos". As a young man he is said to have met Alexander.[17] He is also said to have met the Nanda king, angered him, and made a narrow escape.[18] Chanakya's original intentions were to train  army under Chandragupta's command.

text: Conquest of Magadha[edit]

text:
Territorial evolution of the Mauryan Empire

Territory of Magadha and the Maurya Empire between 600 and 180 BCE, including Chandragupta's overthrow of the Nanda Empire (321 BCE) and gains from the Seleucid Empire (303 BCE), the southward expansion (before 273 BCE), and Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga (261 BCE).[19]

The same animation, modified in accordance with Kulke and Rothermund (see right). Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund believe that Ashoka's empire did not include large parts of India, which were controlled by autonomous tribes.[20]

text: Chanakya encouraged Chandragupta Maurya and his army to take over the throne of Magadha. Using his intelligence network, Chandragupta gathered many young men from across Magadha and other provinces, men upset over the corrupt and oppressive rule of king Dhana Nanda, plus the resources necessary for his army to fight a long series of battles. These men included the former general of Taxila, accomplished students of Chanakya, the representative of King Parvataka, his son Malayaketu, and the rulers of small states. The Macedonians (described as Yona or Yavana in Indian sources) may then have participated, together with other groups, in the armed uprising of Chandragupta Maurya against the Nanda dynasty. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvataka, often identified with Porus,[21][22] although this identification is not accepted by all historians.[23] This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and powerful army made up of Yavanas (Greeks), Kambojas, Shakas (Scythians), Kiratas (Himalayans), Parasikas (Persians) and Bahlikas (Bactrians) who took Pataliputra (also called Kusumapura, "The City of Flowers"):[24][25]

text: Preparing to invade Pataliputra, Maurya came up with a strategy. A battle was announced and the Magadhan army was drawn from the city to a distant battlefield to engage with Maurya's forces. Maurya's general and spies meanwhile bribed the corrupt general of Nanda. He also managed to create an atmosphere of civil war in the kingdom, which culminated in the death of the heir to the throne. Chanakya managed to win over popular sentiment. Ultimately Nanda resigned, handing power to Chandragupta, and went into exile and was never heard of again. Chanakya contacted the prime minister, Rakshasas, and made him understand that his loyalty was to Magadha, not to the Nanda dynasty, insisting that he continue in office. Chanakya also reiterated that choosing to resist would start a war that would severely affect Magadha and destroy the city. Rakshasa accepted Chanakya's reasoning, and Chandragupta Maurya was legitimately installed as the new King of Magadha. Rakshasa became Chandragupta's chief advisor, and Chanakya assumed the position of an elder statesman.

text: Chandragupta Maurya[edit]

text: In 305 BCE, Chandragupta led a series of campaigns to retake the satrapies left behind by Alexander the Great when he returned westwards, while Seleucus I Nicator fought to defend these territories. The two rulers concluded a peace treaty in 303 BCE, including a marital alliance. Chandragupta snatched the satrapies of Paropamisade (Kamboja and Gandhara), Arachosia (Kandhahar) and Gedrosia (Balochistan), and Seleucus I Nicator received 500 war elephants that were to have a decisive role in his victory against western Hellenistic kings at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Diplomatic relations were established and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, Deimakos and Dionysius resided at the Mauryan court. Megasthenes in particular was a notable Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya.[27] According to Arrian, ambassador Megasthenes (c.350–c.290 BCE) lived in Arachosia and travelled to Pataliputra.[28]

text: Chandragupta established a strong centralized state with an administration at Pataliputra, which, according to Megasthenes, was "surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers". Aelian, although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentionning Pataliputra, described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia's Susa or Ectabana.[29] The architecture of the city seems to have had many similarities with Persian cities of the period.[30]

text: Chandragupta's son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. The famous Tamil poet Mamulanar of the Sangam literature described how the Deccan Plateau was invaded by the Maurya army.[31] He also had a Greek ambassador at his court, named Megasthenes.[32]

text: Megasthenes describes a disciplined multitude under Chandragupta, who live simply, honestly, and do not know writing:

text: Chandragupta renounced his throne and followed Jain teacher Bhadrabahu.[33][34][35] He is said to have lived as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before fasting to death, as per the Jain practice of sallekhana.[36]

text: Bindusara[edit]

text: Bindusara was born to Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. This is attested by several sources, including the various Puranas and the Mahavamsa.[38] He is attested by the Buddhist texts such as Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa ("Bindusaro"); the Jain texts such as Parishishta-Parvan; as well as the Hindu texts such as Vishnu Purana ("Vindusara").[39][40] According to the 12th century Jain writer Hemachandra's Parishishta-Parvan, the name of Bindusara's mother was Durdhara.[41] Some Greek sources also mention him by the name "Amitrochates" or its variations.[42][43]

text: Historian Upinder Singh estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE.[44] Bindusara, just 22 years old, inherited a large empire that consisted of what is now, Northern, Central and Eastern parts of India along with parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Bindusara extended this empire to the southern part of India, as far as what is now known as Karnataka. He brought sixteen states under the Mauryan Empire and thus conquered almost all of the Indian peninsula (he is said to have conquered the 'land between the two seas' – the peninsular region between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea). Bindusara didn't conquer the friendly Tamil kingdoms of the Cholas, ruled by King Ilamcetcenni, the Pandyas, and Cheras. Apart from these southern states, Kalinga (modern Odisha) was the only kingdom in India that didn't form the part of Bindusara's empire.[45] It was later conquered by his son Ashoka, who served as the viceroy of Ujjaini during his father's reign, which highlights the importance of the town.[46][47]

text: Bindusara's life has not been documented as well as that of his father Chandragupta or of his son Ashoka. Chanakya continued to serve as prime minister during his reign. According to the medieval Tibetan scholar Taranatha who visited India, Chanakya helped Bindusara "to destroy the nobles and kings of the sixteen kingdoms and thus to become absolute master of the territory between the eastern and western oceans."[48] During his rule, the citizens of Taxila revolted twice. The reason for the first revolt was the maladministration of Susima, his eldest son. The reason for the second revolt is unknown, but Bindusara could not suppress it in his lifetime. It was crushed by Ashoka after Bindusara's death.[49]

text: Bindusara maintained friendly diplomatic relations with the Hellenic World. Deimachus was the ambassador of Seleucid emperor Antiochus I at Bindusara's court.[50] Diodorus states that the king of Palibothra (Pataliputra, the Mauryan capital) welcomed a Greek author, Iambulus. This king is usually identified as Bindusara.[50] Pliny states that the Egyptian king Philadelphus sent an envoy named Dionysius to India.[51][52] According to Sailendra Nath Sen, this appears to have happened during Bindusara's reign.[50]

text: Unlike his father Chandragupta (who at a later stage converted to Jainism), Bindusara believed in the Ajivika sect. Bindusara's guru Pingalavatsa (Janasana) was a Brahmin[53] of the Ajivika sect. Bindusara's wife, Queen Subhadrangi (Queen Aggamahesi) was a Brahmin[54] also of the Ajivika sect from Champa (present Bhagalpur district). Bindusara is credited with giving several grants to Brahmin monasteries (Brahmana-bhatto).[55]

text: Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE. According to Upinder Singh, Bindusara died around 273 BCE.[44] Alain Daniélou believes that he died around 274 BCE.[56] Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273-272 BCE, and that his death was followed by a four-year struggle of succession, after which his son Ashoka became the emperor in 269-268 BCE.[50] According to the Mahavamsa, Bindusara reigned for 28 years.[57] The Vayu Purana, which names Chandragupta's successor as "Bhadrasara", states that he ruled for 25 years.[58]

text: Ashoka[edit]

text: As a young prince, Ashoka (r. 272–232 BCE) was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Takshashila. As monarch he was ambitious and aggressive, re-asserting the Empire's superiority in southern and western India. But it was his conquest of Kalinga (262–261 BCE) which proved to be the pivotal event of his life. Ashoka used Kalinga to project power over a large region by building a fortification there and securing it as a possession.[59] Although Ashoka's army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal soldiers and civilian units, an estimated 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare, including over 10,000 of Ashoka's own men. Hundreds of thousands of people were adversely affected by the destruction and fallout of war. When he personally witnessed the devastation, Ashoka began feeling remorse. Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed, Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism, and renounced war and violence. He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and spread Buddhism to other countries.[citation needed]

text: Ashoka implemented principles of ahimsa by banning hunting and violent sports activity and ending indentured and forced labor (many thousands of people in war-ravaged Kalinga had been forced into hard labour and servitude). While he maintained a large and powerful army, to keep the peace and maintain authority, Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe, and he sponsored Buddhist missions. He undertook a massive public works building campaign across the country. Over 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history. He remains an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India.[citation needed]

text: The Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, are found throughout the Subcontinent. Ranging from as far west as Afghanistan and as far south as Andhra (Nellore District), Ashoka's edicts state his policies and accomplishments. Although predominantly written in Prakrit, two of them were written in Greek, and one in both Greek and Aramaic. Ashoka's edicts refer to the Greeks, Kambojas, and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire. They also attest to Ashoka's having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the Hellenic world at the time such as Amtiyoko (Antiochus), Tulamaya (Ptolemy), Amtikini (Antigonos), Maka (Magas) and Alikasudaro (Alexander) as recipients of Ashoka's proselytism.[citation needed] The Edicts also accurately locate their territory "600 yojanas away" (a yojanas being about 7 miles), corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece (roughly 4,000 miles).[60]

text: Decline[edit]

text: Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker kings. Brihadratha, the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty, held territories that had shrunk considerably from the time of emperor Ashoka. Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BCE during a military parade by the Brahmin general Pushyamitra Shunga, commander-in-chief of his guard, who then took over the throne and established the Shunga dynasty.[61]

text: Shunga coup (185 BCE)[edit]

text: Buddhist records such as the Ashokavadana write that the assassination of Brihadratha and the rise of the Shunga empire led to a wave of religious persecution for Buddhists,[62] and a resurgence of Hinduism. According to Sir John Marshall,[63] Pushyamitra may have been the main author of the persecutions, although later Shunga kings seem to have been more supportive of Buddhism. Other historians, such as Etienne Lamotte[64] and Romila Thapar,[65] among others, have argued that archaeological evidence in favour of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking, and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated.

text: Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)[edit]

text: The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The Greco-Bactrian king, Demetrius, capitalized on the break-up, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, Menander, became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of Sialkot. However, the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas, Satavahanas, and Kalingas are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamed Indo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura, and Gujarat.[citation needed]

text: Administration[edit]

text: The Empire was divided into four provinces, with the imperial capital at Pataliputra. From Ashokan edicts, the names of the four provincial capitals are Tosali (in the east), Ujjain (in the west), Suvarnagiri (in the south), and Taxila (in the north). The head of the provincial administration was the Kumara (royal prince), who governed the provinces as king's representative. The kumara was assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers. This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his Mantriparishad (Council of Ministers).[citation needed]

text: Historians theorise that the organisation of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Kautilya in the Arthashastra: a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade. The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been one of the largest armies in the world during the Iron Age.[66] According to Megasthenes, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants.[67] A vast espionage system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism, Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain this large army, to protect the Empire and instil stability and peace across West and South Asia.[citation needed]

text: Economy[edit]

text: For the first time in South Asia, political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with increased agricultural productivity. The previous situation involving hundreds of kingdoms, many small armies, powerful regional chieftains, and internecine warfare, gave way to a disciplined central authority. Farmers were freed of tax and crop collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a nationally administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation as advised by the principles in the Arthashastra. Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India, and a network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security for merchants, farmers and traders. The Mauryan army wiped out many gangs of bandits, regional private armies, and powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas. Although regimental in revenue collection, Maurya also sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity, while internal trade in India expanded greatly due to new-found political unity and internal peace.[citation needed]

text: Under the Indo-Greek friendship treaty, and during Ashoka's reign, an international network of trade expanded. The Khyber Pass, on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan, became a strategically important port of trade and intercourse with the outside world. Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became important trade partners of India. Trade also extended through the Malay peninsula into Southeast Asia. India's exports included silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods. The external world came across new scientific knowledge and technology with expanding trade with the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses and other public works. The easing of many over-rigorous administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire.[citation needed]

text: In many ways, the economic situation in the Mauryan Empire is analogous to the Roman Empire of several centuries later. Both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar to corporations. While Rome had organizational entities which were largely used for public state-driven projects, Mauryan India had numerous private commercial entities. These existed purely for private commerce and developed before the Mauryan Empire itself.[68][unreliable source?]

text:
Maurya Empire coinage

Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.

Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.[citation needed]

Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.[citation needed]

Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.[citation needed]

Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.[69]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Jainism[edit]

text: Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism after retiring, when he renounced his throne and material possessions to join a wandering group of Jain monks. Chandragupta was a disciple of the Jain monk Bhadrabahu. It is said that in his last days, he observed the rigorous but self-purifying Jain ritual of santhara (fast unto death), at Shravana Belgola in Karnataka.[36][35][70][34] However, his successor, Bindusara, was a follower of another ascetic movement, Ājīvika,[71] and distanced himself from Jain and Buddhist movements.[citation needed] Samprati, the grandson of Ashoka, also patronized Jainism. Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monks and he is said to have built 125,000 derasars across India.[citation needed] Some of them are still found in the towns of Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Ujjain, and Palitana. It is also said that just like Ashoka, Samprati sent messengers and preachers to Greece, Persia and the Middle East for the spread of Jainism, but, to date, no research has been done in this area.[72][73]

text: Thus, Jainism became a vital force under the Mauryan Rule. Chandragupta and Samprati are credited for the spread of Jainism in South India. Hundreds of thousands of temples and stupas are said to have been erected during their reigns.

text: Buddhism[edit]

text: Magadha, the centre of the empire, was also the birthplace of Buddhism. Ashoka initially practised Hinduism but later embraced Buddhism; following the Kalinga War, he renounced expansionism and aggression, and the harsher injunctions of the Arthashastra on the use of force, intensive policing, and ruthless measures for tax collection and against rebels. Ashoka sent a mission led by his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka, whose king Tissa was so charmed with Buddhist ideals that he adopted them himself and made Buddhism the state religion. Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to West Asia, Greece and South East Asia, and commissioned the construction of monasteries and schools, as well as the publication of Buddhist literature across the empire. He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India, such as Sanchi and Mahabodhi Temple, and he increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan, Thailand and North Asia including Siberia. Ashoka helped convene the Third Buddhist Council of India's and South Asia's Buddhist orders near his capital, a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion. Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a large role in spreading the religion across the Mauryan Empire.[74]

text: Architectural remains[edit]

text: The greatest monument of this period, executed in the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, was the old palace at the site of Kumhrar. Excavations at the site of Kumhrar nearby have unearthed the remains of the palace. The palace is thought to have been an aggregate of buildings, the most important of which was an immense pillared hall supported on a high substratum of timbers. The pillars were set in regular rows, thus dividing the hall into a number of smaller square bays. The number of columns is 80, each about 7 meters high. According to the eyewitness account of Megasthenes, the palace was chiefly constructed of timber, and was considered to exceed in splendour and magnificence the palaces of Susa and Ecbatana, its gilded pillars being adorned with golden vines and silver birds. The buildings stood in an extensive park studded with fish ponds and furnished with a great variety of ornamental trees and shrubs.[75][better source needed] Kauṭilya's Arthashastra also gives the method of palace construction from this period. Later fragments of stone pillars, including one nearly complete, with their round tapering shafts and smooth polish, indicate that Ashoka was responsible for the construction of the stone columns which replaced the earlier wooden ones.[citation needed]

text: During the Ashokan period, stonework was of a highly diversified order and comprised lofty free-standing pillars, railings of stupas, lion thrones and other colossal figures. The use of stone had reached such great perfection during this time that even small fragments of stone art were given a high lustrous polish resembling fine enamel. This period marked the beginning of the Buddhist school of architecture.  Ashoka was responsible for the construction of several stupas, which were large domes and bearing symbols of Buddha. The most important ones are located at Sanchi, Bharhut, Amaravati, Bodhgaya and Nagarjunakonda. The most widespread examples of Mauryan architecture are the Ashoka pillars and carved edicts of Ashoka, often exquisitely decorated, with more than 40 spread throughout the Indian subcontinent.[76][better source needed]

text: The peacock was a dynastic symbol of Mauryans, as depicted by Ashoka's pillars at Nandangarh and Sanchi Stupa.[77]

text:
Maurya structures and decorations at Sanchi(3rd century BCE)

Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa at Sanchi under the Mauryas.

Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone (right of the Southern Gateway).

Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka, under a shed near the Southern Gateway.

Pillar and its inscription (the "Schism Edict") upon discovery.

The capital nowadays.[78]

text: Natural history[edit]

text: The protection of animals in India became serious business by the time of the Maurya dynasty; being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests, their denizens, and fauna in general is of interest.[79]

text: The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as resources. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants; these played a role in the defeat of Seleucus, one of Alexander's former generals. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch, tame and train wild elephants than to raise them. Kautilya's Arthashastra contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the Protector of the Elephant Forests.[80]

text: On the border of the forest, he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. The Office of the Chief Elephant Forester should with the help of guards protect the elephants in any terrain. The slaying of an elephant is punishable by death.

text: The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers for skins. Elsewhere the Protector of Animals also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle.[citation needed]

text: The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. They employed some of them, the food-gatherers or aranyaca to guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire.[81]

text: When Ashoka embraced Buddhism in the latter part of his reign, he brought about significant changes in his style of governance, which included providing protection to fauna, and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was the first ruler in history[not in citation given] to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. The edicts proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states:[81]

text: Our king killed very few animals.

text: However, the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events; the mention of a 100 'panas' (coins) fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting, felling, fishing and setting fires in forests.[81]

text: Contacts with the Hellenistic world[edit]

text: Foundation of the Empire[edit]

text: Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire. Plutarch reports that Chandragupta Maurya met with Alexander the Great, probably around Taxila in the northwest:

text: Reconquest of the Northwest (c. 317–316 BCE)[edit]

text: Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India, in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks, where he fought the satraps (described as "Prefects" in Western sources) left in place after Alexander (Justin), among whom may have been Eudemus, ruler in the western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE or Peithon, son of Agenor, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE.[citation needed]

text: Conflict and alliance with Seleucus (305 BCE)[edit]

text: Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of the Asian portion of Alexander's former empire, conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered into a confrontation with Emperor Chandragupta:

text: Though no accounts of the conflict remain, it is clear that Seleucus fared poorly against the Indian Emperor as he failed to conquer any territory, and in fact was forced to surrender much that was already his. Regardless, Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE, Seleucus, according to Strabo, ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta, including large parts of what is now Afghanistan and parts of Balochistan.[citation needed]

text: Marital alliance[edit]

text: Chandragupta and Seleucus concluded a peace treaty and a marital alliance in 303 BCE. Chandragupta received vast territories, and in a return gesture, gave Seleucus 500 war elephants,[86][87][88][89][90] a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE.[91] In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state). Later, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.[92][better source needed]

text: Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern-day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan.[93][94] Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka, are known as far as Kandahar in southern Afghanistan.

text:
“

"He (Seleucus) crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship."

”

text:
“

"After having made a treaty with him (Sandrakotos) and put in order the Orient situation, Seleucos went to war against Antigonus."

”

— Junianus Justinus, Historiarum Philippicarum, libri XLIV, XV.4.15

text: The treaty on "Epigamia" implies lawful marriage between Greeks and Indians was recognized at the State level, although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people, or both.[citation needed].

text: Exchange of presents[edit]

text: Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus:[42]

text: His son Bindusara 'Amitraghata' (Slayer of Enemies) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged presents with Antiochus I:[42]

text: Greek population in India[edit]

text: The Greek population apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule. In his Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, Ashoka relates that the Greek population within his realm was absorbed, integrated, and converted to Buddhism:

text: Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek, and a full Edict, written in both Greek and Aramaic, has been discovered in Kandahar. It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek, using sophisticated philosophical terms. In this Edict, Ashoka uses the word Eusebeia ("Piety") as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous "Dharma" of his other Edicts written in Prakrit:[non-primary source needed]

text: Buddhist missions to the West (c. 250 BCE)[edit]

text: Also, in the Edicts of Ashoka, Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as recipients of his Buddhist proselytism, although no Western historical record of this event remains:

text: Ashoka also encouraged the development of herbal medicine, for men and animals, in their territories:

text: The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as Dharmaraksita, are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ("Yona") Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa, XII[98][non-primary source needed]).

text: Subhagasena and Antiochos III (206 BCE)[edit]

text: Sophagasenus was an Indian Mauryan ruler of the 3rd century BCE, described in ancient Greek sources, and named Subhagasena or Subhashasena in Prakrit. His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes[citation needed], and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty, as a descendant of Pradyumna. He may have been a grandson of Ashoka, or Kunala, the son of Ashoka. He ruled an area south of the Hindu Kush, possibly in Gandhara. Antiochos III, the Seleucid king, after having made peace with Euthydemus in Bactria, went to India in 206 BCE and is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there:

text: "He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him". Polybius 11.39[non-primary source needed]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
322 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire by overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty.
317–316 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya conquers the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
305–303 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya gains territory from the Seleucid Empire.
298–269 BCE: Reign of Bindusara, Chandragupta's son. He conquers parts of Deccan, southern India.
269–232 BCE: The Mauryan Empire reaches its height under Ashoka, Chandragupta's grandson.
261 BCE: Ashoka conquers the kingdom of Kalinga.
250 BCE: Ashoka builds Buddhist stupas and erects pillars bearing inscriptions.
184 BCE: The empire collapses when Brihadnatha, the last emperor, is killed by Pushyamitra Shunga, a Mauryan general and the founder of the Shunga Empire.

text: In literature[edit]

text: According to Vicarasreni of Merutunga, Mauryans rose to power in 312 BC.[99]


document_title: Lola Rhodes

question_text: when does lola rhodes come into gossip girl

text: Lola Rhodes

text: TV series[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Lola first appeared in "The End Of The Affair?" in a chance meeting with Rufus and Lily Humphrey.[2] She later reappeared as a caterer at the wedding of Blair Waldorf to Louis Grimaldi. During this job she meets Nate Archibald where, despite his insistence for a romantic relationship, she declines. Catering Nate's party for The Spectator, Lola bumps into Ivy Dickens, whom unbeknownst to her has spent the past year posing as her. The two chat about their acting until Nate interrupts and upon Ivy leaving he tells Lola that Ivy is called Charlie Rhodes. Baffled by this new information, she searches for her online and discovers that Ivy has been posing as her.[3]

text: Lola becomes determined to discover Ivy's intentions and later runs into her mother and the rest of her family at the hospital and discovers that her mother paid Ivy to impersonate her.

text: In the final episode of the season, Lola signs over her entire half of Cece's estate to Ivy and asks her to do one favor in return: Take Lily down in revenge for Carol's imprisonment and her manipulation of events.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In season 6 it's revealed Lola is working hard on her acting career but still making sure Ivy is taking Lily down for her. Five years later Lola is starring in a new film which is based on the autobiography that Ivy wrote; while in hair & makeup for filming, she receives the mass text revealing the true identity of Gossip Girl, something she finds hard to believe.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critics have been generally ambivalent towards the character of Lola but have been positive about her relationship with Nate.[4][5][6]

text: Negative reviews of Lola and her relationship with Nate came from Television Without Pity's Jacob Clifton, who wrote that their "entire relationship was based on lies." [7]