document_title: Pet Sematary (film)

question_text: what was the name of the little boy in pet cemetery

text: Pet Sematary (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Creed family—Louis, Rachel, and their children Ellie and Gage—move from Chicago to rural Ludlow, Maine, after Louis is offered a job as a doctor with the University of Maine. They befriend their elderly neighbor Jud Crandall, who takes them to an isolated pet cemetery in the forest behind the Creeds' new home.

text: On his first day at work, Louis meets Victor Pascow, a jogger who is brought in with severe injuries from a car accident. He warns Louis about the pet cemetery before he dies, calling Louis by name despite the fact they have not previously met. After he dies, Pascow comes to Louis in the night and leads him to the Pet Sematary, warning him not to cross the barrier because the ground beyond is "sour". Louis awakens assuming it was a dream, but notices his feet are covered in dirt.

text: During Thanksgiving while the family is gone, Ellie's cat, Church, is run down on the highway in front of the house. Realizing that Ellie will be devastated, Jud takes Louis beyond the cemetery and deep into the woods, where they reach an abandoned Micmac burial ground. Without explanation Jud instructs Louis to bury the cat and warns him not to tell anyone else about what they have done. The next day Church comes back to life, though a shell of what he was before; he stinks, moves sluggishly, and is vicious towards Louis. Jud explains that he himself revived his beloved pet dog in the Micmac ground as a boy, and that although the cat might be different, it will save Ellie the grief of losing her favorite pet.

text: Sometime later, Gage is killed by a truck along the same highway. The family is devastated, and Jud anticipates that Louis is considering burying his son in the Micmac ground, although Louis denies it. Jud believes that introducing Louis to the ritual ground aroused the malevolent forces present there, which caused Gage's death.

text: He tells him the story of a local named Bill Baterman who buried his son Timmy in the Micmac ground after he was killed in World War II. Timmy returned as a malevolent zombie, terrifying the townsfolk. A group of men including Jud tried destroying Timmy by lighting the Baterman house on fire, only for the deranged Bill to perish with his son. Jud insists that the burial ground is evil and Louis must never try to bury his son there.

text: After the funeral, Rachel and Ellie leave for Chicago while Louis remains home. Despite Pascow and Jud's warnings, Louis exhumes his son's body and buries him at the ritual site. In Chicago, Pascow appears to Ellie in a dream and warns her that Louis is about to do something terrible. Rachel is unnerved by her daughter's dream, but is only able to reach Jud when she calls, who tells her Louis is not home. She decides to return to Maine, much to Jud's alarm.

text: That night, Gage returns home and steals a scalpel from his father's bag. He taunts Jud before slashing his Achilles tendon and throat, killing him. Rachel returns home and is lured into Jud's house by the voice and specter of her dead sister Zelda, only to discover that she is actually seeing Gage, holding a scalpel. In shock and disbelief, Rachel reaches down to hug her son and he kills her.

text: Waking up from his sleep, Louis notices Gage's muddy footprints in the house and discovers that his scalpel is missing. Receiving a phone call from Gage that he has "played" with Jud and Mommy, he fills two syringes with morphine and heads to Jud's house. Encountering Church, he kills the cat with an injection before entering the house. Gage taunts him further and Louis is startled by Rachel's corpse falling hanged from the attic before he is attacked by his son.

text: After a brief battle, Louis kills Gage with the morphine injection. He then lights the house on fire, leaving it to burn as he carries Rachel's body from the fire. Pascow appears and warns Louis not to "make it worse" but Louis, now grief-stricken to the point of insanity, believes that because Rachel was not dead as long as Gage was, burying her "will work this time". Pascow cries out in frustration and vanishes as Louis passes through him.

text: That night, the horribly mutilated Rachel returns to Louis and the couple embrace. Rachel takes a large knife from the counter; Louis screams as the screen cuts to black.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dale Midkiff as Louis Creed
Fred Gwynne as Jud Crandall
Denise Crosby as Rachel Goldman-Creed
Miko Hughes as Gage Creed
Blaze Berdahl as Ellie Creed
Brad Greenquist as Victor Pascow
Michael Lombard as Irwin Goldman
Susan Blommaert as Missy Dandridge
Mara Clark as Marcy Charlton
Kavi Raz as Steve Masterton
Mary Louise Wilson as Dory Goldman
Andrew Hubatsek as Zelda Goldman
Lisa Stathoplos as Jud's mother
Stephen King as Minister
Chuck Courtney as Bill Baterman
Peter Stader as Timmy Baterman

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

text: The film rights were sold to George A. Romero in 1984 for $10,000. King had previously declined several other offers for a film adaptation.[3] Romero eventually had to pull out of the production, as he was busy with Monkey Shines.[4] As stipulated by King when selling the rights to Paramount, Pet Sematary was shot in Maine where the story was set.[5][6] The house used for the Creeds' home is a private residence near Hancock, while Jud's house across the street was actually a facade constructed around an existing house that was insulated with fireproof material for film's climax. Other locations included an abandoned granite quarry on Mount Desert Island in Acadia National Park, where the burial ground was constructed, a forest near Ellsworth for the pet sematary, and Mount Hope Cemetery in Bangor for the graveyard scenes.[7][8]

text: Initially, Paramount executives wanted a pair of twins to play the role of Gage, like those chosen to play Ellie, which was the more cost-effective option. However, Lambert was very impressed with three-year old Miko Hughes, whom she felt was a natural talent despite his young age, so she lobbied the studio to accept her choice.[9] She also cast Andrew Hubatsek in the role of Zelda, because she felt having a grown man playing the role of a teenage girl deformed by spinal meningitis made the character more frightening.[10]

text: Pet Sematary was director Mary Lambert's second feature film. She was better known for her work directing music videos, especially those for Madonna including "Like a Prayer" and "Material Girl". Through her work in the music industry Lambert was friends with The Ramones, who were one of Stephen King's favorite bands. She approached them about recording a song for the film and they agreed to write and perform Pet Sematary, which is featured in the closing credits.[11]

text: The original cut of the film delivered to Paramount's executives was judged to be too long, so excess footage had to be removed. They also decided that the closing scene was too tame and at their request it was re-shot to be more graphic.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score was written by Elliot Goldenthal.[13] The film features two songs by the Ramones, one of Stephen King's favorite bands: "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker" appears in a scene, and "Pet Sematary", a new track written specially for the movie, plays over the credits.[14][15]

text: The song "Pet Sematary" became one of the Ramones' biggest charting hits, reaching number four on the Billboard 'Modern Rock Tracks' list, despite being, in the words of AMG, "reviled by most of the band's hardcore fans".[16]

text: In 2002, New York horrorcore rapper Cage (rapper) wrote the song "Ballad of Worms" which was featured on the album "Eastern Conference All Stars II" for the independent hip-hop label Eastern Conference Records. Before thought to be about his relationship and struggle with the hip-hop community, he later revealed it was a love song dedicated to the Pet Sematary character Zelda.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "defied the critics and opened at blockbuster levels".[18] The film grossed $57 million in North America.[19] Released in 1989 by Paramount Home Video, Pet Sematary was a best-selling video.[20] Paramount released it on DVD in 2006 and on Blu-ray in 2012.[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 48% of 25 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.2/10.[22] Variety called it "undead schlock dulled by a slasher-film mentality".[1] Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film "has some effectively ghoulish moments" but "fails mostly because it doesn't trust the audience to do any of the work".[23] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Lambert goes for strong, succinct images and never stops to worry whether there's a lack of credibility or motivation."[24] Richard Harrington of The Washington Post called it "bland, cliched, cheap".[25] Harrington criticized Gage's actions as disturbing and the climax as "an ugly payoff to an inept setup".[25] Bloody Disgusting rated it 4.5/5 stars and wrote, "The plot alone would make for a scary movie, but by injecting excellent atmosphere, capable acting and generally nightmarish scenes, Pet Sematary is a truly effective horror flick and well worth the price of admission."[26] At Dread Central, Steve Barton rated it 4/5 stars and called it one of the best King adaptations;[27] Jason Jenkins rated it 3.5/5 stars and called it "one of the better King adaptations of the period".[21]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: A sequel, Pet Sematary Two was released in 1992 to poor reviews and a disappointing box office. The film has acquired a cult following in recent years and members of the cast occasionally appear at horror conventions to discuss it. A documentary, Unearthed & Untold: The Path to Pet Sematary, premiered in September 2014, and was released in January 2017.[28] Pet Sematary was ranked #16 on IFC's list of the best Stephen King film and television adaptations, and also placed at 16 on Rolling Stone's Top 30 King adaptations.[29][30]

text: There has been intermittent buzz about a possible remake of Pet Sematary but as of 2017 no remake has been commissioned. A remake was rumored in 2011.[31] Juan Carlos Fresnadillo was announced as directing the remake in October 2013.[32] In August 2017, the brother-sister team behind the 2017 remake of Stephen King's It, Andrés and Barbara Muschietti, told the Toronto Sun that they hoped to adapt Pet Sematary after they finished part two of It.[33]


document_title: Speed Skating Canada

question_text: where did the first recorded speed skating race take place in canada

root

text: Speed Skating Canada

text: History[edit]

text: In 1854, three British army officers raced on the St. Lawrence River, going from Montreal to Quebec City, which marked Canada's first recorded ice skating race. It is believed that from then on, ice skating races became a part of Canadian culture.[1][2][3]

tag: p

text: In 1887, the Amateur Skating Association of Canada was formed. That year, the first official speed skating championships took place. At that time, figure skating and speed skating shared an organization, however the needs of the speed skaters were predominant. In 1894, the Amateur Skating Association of Canada became the first non-European organization to be a member of the International Skating Union.[1][2][3]

text: In 1905, short track speed skating was created and gaining popularity in Canada and the United States.[2]

text: In 1939, the figure skaters formed their own organization and thus the Amateur Skating Association of Canada was made up of speed skaters only. Now that it was a speed skating only organization, the name was changed to the Canadian Amateur Speed Skating Association (or CASSA) in 1960.[2]

text: It was not until 2000 that CASSA changed their name, yet again, to Speed Skating Canada.[1][2]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The organization is governed by the Board of Directors which is elected by the members. It is composed of the President, the Athletes Director, the Treasurer, and five Directors at Large.[7]

text: Branches[edit]

text: Speed Skating Canada is split up into thirteen branches, each representing a Canadian province or territory, as follows:

text:
Alberta Amateur Speed Skating Association
British Columbia Speed Skating Association
Manitoba Speed Skating Association
Newfoundland & Labrador Speed Skating Association
Nunavut Speed Skating Association
NWT Amateur Speed Skating Association
Ontario Speed Skating Association
Quebec Speed Skating Federation
Saskatchewan Amateur Speed Skating Association
Speed Skate New-Brunswick
Speed Skate Nova Scotia
Speed Skate PEI
Yukon Amateur Speed Skating Association

tag: ul


document_title: Shaft (TV series)

question_text: who played shaft in the original tv series

text: Shaft (TV series)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Shaft

Richard Roundtree and Ed Barth in "The Killing", 1973.

Genre
Detective fiction

Starring
Richard Roundtree

Country of origin
United States

Original language(s)
English

No. of seasons
1

No. of episodes
7

Production company(s)
MGM Television

Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution

Release

Original network
CBS

Original release
October 9, 1973 – February 19, 1974

Chronology

Preceded by
Shaft  (1971 film)

text: Shaft is a series of TV movies that aired along with Hawkins and other TV movies during 1973-74 television season on The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies. Broadcast every third week, the series is a continuation of the three films beginning with Shaft (1971), and starring Richard Roundtree as private detective John Shaft.[1]

text: Because it was aired on over-the-air television, CBS felt that the narrative needed to be toned down. Now instead of working alongside the police, Shaft worked with them, creating cross-overs with Hawkins, another police series with a starkly conflicting demographic. The show was cancelled after one season. Contemporary analysts suggested that since the two shows—Shaft and Hawkins—appealed to vastly different audience bases, alternating them only served to confuse fans of both series, giving neither one the time to build up a large viewership.[2][3][4][5] Richard Roundtree himself has publicly expressed his disdain for the small-screen version of Shaft.[6][7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original airdate

1
"The Executioners"
October 9, 1973 (1973-10-09)

2
"The Killing"
October 30, 1973 (1973-10-30)

3
"Hit-Run"
November 20, 1973 (1973-11-20)

4
"The Kidnapping"
December 11, 1973 (1973-12-11)

5
"Cop Killer"
January 1, 1974 (1974-01-01)

6
"The Capricorn Murders"
January 29, 1974 (1974-01-29)

7
"The Murder Machine"
February 19, 1974 (1974-02-19)


document_title: Interstate 495 (New York)

question_text: what exit does hov lane start on lie

question_tokens: what exit does hov lane start on lie

text: Interstate 495 (New York)

text: Route description[edit]

text: New York City[edit]

text: The expressway begins at the western portal of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel in the Murray Hill section of Manhattan. The route heads eastward, passing under FDR Drive and the East River as it proceeds through the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority-maintained tunnel to Queens. Once on Long Island, the highway passes through the tunnel's former toll plaza and becomes known as the Queens–Midtown Expressway as it travels through the western portion of the borough. A mile after entering Queens, I-495 meets I-278 (the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway) at exit 17. At this point, I-495 becomes the unsigned highway NY 495, although it is still signed as an Interstate Highway. It continues as a limited-access expressway, on a generally easterly path, to the Rego Park neighborhood, where it connects to New York State Route 25 (NY 25, named Queens Boulevard) and becomes the Horace Harding Expressway. NY 495 heads northeast through Corona to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, intersecting both the Grand Central Parkway and the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) within the park limits, where unsigned NY 495 ends and I-495 officially resumes. Because the interchanges in this area are close together, the highway employs two sets of collector/distributor roads through this area: one between 69th and 99th Streets, and one between the Grand Central Parkway and I-678.

text: The expressway continues east, veering to the southeast to bypass Kissena Park before curving back to the northeast to meet the Clearview Expressway (I-295) at the northern edge of Cunningham Park. Past I-295, I-495 passes by the "Queens Giant", the oldest and tallest tree in the New York metropolitan area. The tree, located just north of I-495 in Alley Pond Park, is visible from the highway's westbound lanes. To the east, the freeway connects to the Cross Island Parkway at exit 31 in the park prior to crossing into Nassau County and becoming the Long Island Expressway (LIE). Although the name officially begins here, almost all locals and most signage use "the Long Island Expressway" or "the LIE" to refer the entire length of I-495.[5]

text: The service roads of I-495 are called the "Queens–Midtown Expressway" between the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway and Queens Boulevard, and the "Horace Harding Expressway" between Queens Boulevard and the Nassau County line. They are generally signed as such like any other city streets. It is common to refer to the service roads by these names—particularly Horace Harding—in local usage, for instance when referring to the location of a building along the road. The names may have been intended to refer to sections of the expressway proper, but current guide signs (and Queens residents) simply refer to it as the Long Island Expressway.

text: The Horace Harding Expressway section follows the path of Horace Harding Boulevard (also previously called Nassau Boulevard),[6][7] which was named for Horace J. Harding (1863–1929), a finance magnate who directed the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and the New York Municipal Railways System. Harding used his influence to promote the development of Long Island's roadways, lending strong support to Robert Moses's "great parkway plan". Harding also urged construction of a highway from Queens Boulevard to the Nassau County Line, in order to provide better access to Oakland Country Club, where he was a member. After his death, the boulevard he helped build was named for him. Horace Harding was not related to the former President Warren G. Harding.

text: Nassau and Suffolk counties[edit]

text: Heading into Nassau County, the expressway sports a High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane (HOV), which begins at exit 33 and runs to central Suffolk County. In its run through Nassau, it is the only major east–west highway that does not interchange with the Meadowbrook or Wantagh state parkways, both of which end to the south at the adjacent Northern State Parkway, which parallels the LIE through the county. The two highways meet three times, although it actually crosses only once at exit 46 near the county line. I-495 does, however, interchange with the Seaford–Oyster Bay Expressway (NY 135) as the east–west parkways do, and often has heavy traffic. In Suffolk County, the LIE continues its eight-lane configuration with the HOV lane to exit 64 (NY 112). At this point, the HOV lane ends and the highway narrows to six lanes; additionally, the concrete Jersey barrier gives way to a wide, grassy median, the asphalt road surface is replaced by a concrete surface, and the expressway is no longer illuminated by streetlights, reflecting the road's location in a more rural area of Long Island.

text: From NY 112 east, the expressway runs through more rural, woodland areas on its trek towards Riverhead. Exit 68 (William Floyd Parkway) marks the terminus of the service roads, which are fragmented by this point. Exit 70 (CR 111) in Manorville is the last full interchange, as it is the last interchange that allows eastbound traffic on, and the first to allow westbound off. After exit 71 (NY 24 / Nugent Drive), the expressway begins to narrow as it approaches its eastern terminus. Until 2008, just before exit 72 (NY 25), the three eastbound lanes narrowed to two, which in turn narrowed almost immediately to a single lane at exit 73, which lies 800 feet (240 m) east of exit 72. As of 2008, of the two lanes, one lane is designated for exit 72 and the other is for exit 73, which ends the squeeze into a single lane that formerly existed at exit 73. At exit 73, all traffic along the expressway is diverted onto a ramp leading to eastbound CR 58, marking the east end of the route.

text: History[edit]

text: Construction[edit]

text: A portion of the path of the Long Island Expressway was along the former road path and right of way of a streetcar line that went from the southern part of Long Island City to southern Flushing.[8]

text: The Long Island Expressway was constructed in stages over the course of three decades. The first piece, the Queens–Midtown Tunnel linking Manhattan and Queens, was opened to traffic on November 15, 1940.[9] The highway connecting the tunnel to Laurel Hill Boulevard was built around the same time and named the "Midtown Highway".[10][11] The tunnel, the Midtown Highway, and the segment of Laurel Hill Boulevard between the highway and Queens Boulevard all became part of a realigned NY 24 in the mid-1940s.[11][12] In the early 1950s, work began on an eastward extension of the Midtown Highway. The road was completed to 61st Street by 1954, at which point it became known as the "Queens–Midtown Expressway".[13][14] By 1956, the road was renamed the "Long Island Expressway" and extended east to the junction of Queens (NY 24 and NY 25) and Horace Harding (NY 25D) Boulevards. NY 24 initially remained routed on Laurel Hill Boulevard (by this point upgraded into the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway) and Queens Boulevard, however.[15]

text: In eastern Queens and western Nassau County, the LIE was built over much of Horace Harding Boulevard and Power House Road, designated as NY 25D. The section of the highway in the vicinity of Alley Pond Park was completed by 1958.[16] Within two years time, the expressway was open from Manhattan to Roslyn Heights and entirely designated as NY 24. The old surface alignment of NY 24 south of the expressway became NY 24A.[17] However, the section of the freeway west of the Clearview Expressway was also designated as I-495 in October 1958.[1] The LIE was extended east to NY 25 in Jericho c. 1961[17][18] and to NY 110 in Melville c. 1962. Around the same time, NY 24 was removed from the LIE and reassigned to its former surface alignment to the south while the portion of the freeway east of the Clearview Expressway became NY 495.[18][19]

text: Over one-third of the LIE across Suffolk County—from Melville to Veterans Memorial Highway (now NY 454) near Islandia—was opened to traffic c. 1963.[19][20] Two more sections—from Islandia to exit 61 in Holbrook and from William Floyd Parkway to exit 71 near Riverhead—were completed in the mid-1960s.[21][22] The gap in the freeway between Holbrook and William Floyd Parkway was filled by 1971[23] while the last 2 miles (3.2 km) of the LIE from exit 71 to CR 58 were opened to traffic on June 28, 1972.[24]

text: Unbuilt subway line[edit]

text: A New York City Subway line along the Long Island Expressway corridor had been proposed in the 1929 and 1939 IND Second System plans as an extension of the BMT Broadway Line east of the 60th Street Tunnel, when the LIE was called Nassau Boulevard and later Horace Harding Boulevard prior to the construction of the expressway.[25][26][27]

text: Another line was proposed in 1968 as part of the Program for Action. It would have split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line west of the Woodhaven Boulevard station and go to Kissena Boulevard via a right-of-way parallel and adjacent to the LIE.[28] In Phase I, it would go to Kissena Boulevard at Queens College, and in Phase II, to Fresh Meadows and Bayside.[25] This "Northeastern Queens" line would have been built in conjunction with the planned widening of the expressway. The subway tracks would have been placed under the expressway or its service roads, or in the median of a widened LIE in a similar manner to the Blue Line of the Chicago "L".[28][25][29][30][31] It had been previously proposed to run the line from the 63rd Street tunnel under Northern Boulevard to Flushing (near the current Main Street station), then south under Kissena and Parsons Boulevards to meet with the LIE at Queens College.[31]

text: The LIE line was approved in July 1968,[32] By 1973, the final design for the Northeast Queens LIE line was published.[25] However, later that year, the LIE line was canceled because New York state voters had declined a $3.5 billion bond measure that would have paid for five subway extensions, including the LIE line. This was the second time that voters declined a bond issue to finance this extension, with the first being on November 2, 1971 for $2.5 billion.[33]

text: Extensions[edit]

text: Across Manhattan[edit]

text: NY 495 extends 1.10 miles from the New Jersey state line on the Hudson River in the Lincoln Tunnel and the Lincoln Tunnel Expressway to 34th Street. The principal entrance and exit ramps that span from the Manhattan portal of the tunnel to West 30th Street are designated as the unsigned NY 495.

text: Plans for I-495 called for it to extend across Manhattan on the Mid-Manhattan Expressway to the tunnel, which it would follow into New Jersey and connect to I-95 in Secaucus. The I-495 designation was assigned to the New Jersey approach to the tunnel in anticipation of the Mid-Manhattan Expressway being completed.[21] However, the project was cancelled and the Mid-Manhattan Expressway was officially removed from I-495 on January 1, 1970.[34] The New Jersey stretch of I-495 became Route 495 in 1979.[35]

text: Plans for the Mid-Manhattan Expressway were first proposed in 1937 for an expressway link crossing midtown Manhattan near 34th Street, then, as now, a heavily traveled crosstown surface street. The original idea was a pair of two-laned tunnels, the Mid-Manhattan Expressway or M.M.E. (sometimes called the Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway) connecting the West Side Highway on Hudson River and the Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive on the East River. By 1949, Robert Moses, New York City Parks Commissioner and Arterial Coordinator, proposed a six-lane elevated expressway along 30th Street. The expressway was to have two exits, to connect to the West Side Highway and the Lincoln Tunnel on the west side of Manhattan, and also to the Queens–Midtown Tunnel and FDR Drive on the east side of the island.[36] It would be constructed within a 100-foot (30 m)-wide right-of-way immediately south of 30th Street. The viaduct would require substantial demolition of high-rise buildings within Midtown Manhattan. To cover the costs of construction, Moses suggested charging tolls on the new roadway, which was estimated to cost $26 million to construct plus another $23 million for the land needed for the project.[37]

text: A later proposal had the roadway situated ten stories above valuable commercial real estate. Air rights above the expressway would be sold and new high-rise buildings would be constructed above the expressway; buildings would be constructed below the viaduct as well. One fanciful variation favored by then Mayor William O'Dwyer involved running the roadway through the Empire State Building itself, occupying the tenth and eleventh floors.

text: In 1963, plans for the expressway were finalized and it received the I-495 designation. Beginning from its elevated connections to 12th Avenue (NY 9A) or the West Side Elevated Highway, the Mid-Manhattan Expressway would begin as a six-lane depressed roadway in the center of a widened 30th Street to Tenth Avenue. At this point, it would swing to the north side of 30th Street to make connections between Tenth and Ninth Avenues, with the Lincoln Tunnel Third Tube Approaches. Traveling east from this area, it would underpass Ninth Avenue, but rise so as to overpass Eighth Avenue and ultimately continue across Manhattan as an elevated structure. In an area between Eighth and Seventh Avenues, the roadway would recross 30th Street and occupy a 100 ft (30 m) wide right-of-way immediately south of the thoroughfare. From here it would travel east as a six-lane elevated expressway route, ten stories above the city streets to allow for commercial development both above and below the skyway deck. After overpassing Second Avenue it would swing north to follow the 30th Street alignment as a four-lane elevated expressway route to connections with the East River or FDR Drive. Between First and Second Avenues, ramps would be constructed to provide access to the Queens–Midtown Tunnel. In 1971, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller canceled the Mid-Manhattan Expressway, along with about a dozen other highway plans including I-78 through New York City, of which another crosstown highway known as the Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX) was part.

text: Across Suffolk County[edit]

text: Long Island, meanwhile, lobbied to extend I-495 east over NY 495. The extension took place in the early 1980s, at which time the NY 495 signs were taken down and I-495 was extended to the east end of the LIE. The section of I-495 in the vicinity of the Lincoln Tunnel was redesignated as NY 495 at this time. The extension of I-495 to Riverhead makes the highway a spur, which should have an odd first digit according to the Interstate Highway System's numbering scheme. Even first digits are usually assigned to bypasses, connectors, and beltways, as I-495 was prior to the 1980s.[1] A proposed Long Island Crossing would have extended the LIE across Long Island Sound to I-95 in either Guilford, Connecticut, Old Saybrook, Connecticut, or Rhode Island via a series of existing and man-made islands, but a lack of funding as well as public opposition led to the demise of these proposals.[38]

text: CR 48 in Suffolk County was originally intended to become part of the North Fork extension of the Long Island Expressway.[39][40]

text: Improvements[edit]

text: From 1994 to 2005, High-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV) were added to I-495. Beginning with a small section in Western Suffolk County, the lanes were added in subsequent sections until their completion on June 30, 2005. There is one HOV lane in each direction, in the median of the highway. They now run from exit 31 Cross Island Parkway to exit 64 at Medford in central Suffolk County.[1] From 6:00 am to 10:00 am and from 3:00 pm to 8:00 pm Monday through Friday, the HOV lanes are limited to buses, motorcycles, and Clean Pass vehicles without occupancy requirement and passenger vehicles with at least two occupants. Trailers and commercial trucks are always prohibited therein.[41]

text: I-495 lacked proper lighting along its route in Nassau and Suffolk counties for many years. Because of this, motorists would be driving into complete darkness after crossing the Queens-Nassau border. Despite constant requests from Nassau local officials, no immediate plans were made. Finally, in 1980, the first streetlights were installed in eastern Nassau county. The final streetlights were installed between exits 39 and 40 in 2002 in Nassau County.[1]

text: Proposed interchanges and service road configurations[edit]

text: As the Long Island Expressway was being built across Long Island, it was specifically designed to accommodate certain topographical conditions and proposed interchanges. Exit 30 was originally a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Cross Island Parkway. Eastbound exit 30S was for Easthampton Boulevard with a connecting ramp to the southbound Cross Island Parkway. Exit 31 was originally a westbound only interchange for Douglaston Parkway;[42] it was later combined with the exit for the Little Neck Parkway. Exit 39A was intended for the proposed extension of the Wantagh State Parkway near Powell Road in Old Westbury. It was intended to be a full Y interchange with an east-to-southbound-only off-ramp and a north-to-westbound-only on-ramp running beneath Powell Road.[43][44]

text: Exit 40 originally had only same-directional off-ramps under the expressway providing access to realigned sections of NY 25. When exit 41 was originally constructed, it had no south-to-west connecting ramp. Westbound access to the expressway was provided at the nearby exit 40 on-ramp at NY 25.[45] An alternate design for exit 42 called for it to be similar to the one proposed for NY 135 and Bethpage State Parkway,[46] and westbound exit 46 was originally a partial cloverleaf.[47][48] Exit 47 was intended for the extension of the Bethpage State Parkway near Washington Avenue in Plainview. This was to be a partial cloverleaf with southbound-only off-ramps and northbound-only on-ramps in both directions. The west-to-southbound ramp would also have an additional connecting ramp to a two-way frontage road for a development and an industrial area near exit 46.[49] Exit 47 is now intended as a truck inspection site between exits 46 and 48.

text: The original rights-of-way for the service roads between exits 48 and 49 were intended to weave around the steep Manetto Hills area of the main road, rather than running parallel to the road as it does today. The land between the service road and the main road was reserved for housing developments. The right-of-way for the original westbound service road still weaves through the development on the north side of the road.[39] Exit 49 was originally a cloverleaf interchange with the outer ramps connecting to the service roads at a point closer to NY 110. This was in preparation for NY 110's formerly proposed upgrade into the Broad Hollow Expressway. After the project was canceled in the 1970s, the west-to-northbound on-ramp was moved to nearby CR 3 (Pinelawn Road), and the original ramp was replaced with a park and ride. Other outer ramps were eventually moved further away from NY 110.

text: Exit 52 (Commack Road/CR 4) was intended to be moved west to an interchange with the formerly proposed Babylon–Northport Expressway (realigned NY 231) in the vicinity of the two parking areas. These ramps would have been accessible from the service roads. The westbound off-ramp and service road at exit 54 (Wicks Road/CR 7) originally terminated at Long Island Motor Parkway, east of Wicks Road. The westbound on-ramp was squeezed between the northwest corner of the Wicks Road bridge and exit 53. Excessive weaving between exits 52, 53, and 54 caused NYSDOT to reconstruct all three interchanges into one, and replace the west-to-southbound off-ramp to Sagtikos State Parkway with a flyover ramp.[50] Exit 55A was meant to be a trumpet interchange for the Hauppauge Spur of NY 347, between Long Island Motor Parkway (exit 55) and NY 111 (exit 56). The service roads were intended to go around the interchange, rather than run parallel to the main road. Ramps on the east side of Motor Parkway and west side of NY 111 would be eliminated as part of the interchange's construction. Between exits 57 and 58, there was a proposed extension of Northern State Parkway.[51][52]

text: Prior to the construction of the interchange with CR 97 (Nicolls Road), exit 62 was for Morris Avenue and Waverly Avenue eastbound, and Morris Avenue westbound.[53][54] Between exits 63 and 64, the eastbound service road was intended to weave around a recharge basin and replace a local residential street. Residents would have lived on both sides of the service road, similar to the segment between exits 59 and 60.[55] Exit 68 was originally planned to be built as a cloverleaf interchange without collective-distributor roads.[56] Additionally in the 1970s, Suffolk County Department of Public Works proposed an extension of East Main Street in Yaphank (CR 102) that would have terminated at the west end of this interchange.[57]

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, the Suffolk County Planning Department considered extending CR 55 to the Grumman Calverton Naval Air Base between exits 70 and 71. This would have provided an additional interchange known as exit 70A. Exit 71 itself was intended to be a cloverleaf interchange with CR 94 (Nugent Drive) and the Hamptons Spur of the Long Island Expressway.[58] After the Hamptons Spur proposal was cancelled, the plans for exit 71 were altered to call for a complete diamond interchange.

text: Exit list[edit]

text:
County
Location
mi[2]
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes

Manhattan
Murray Hill
0.00
0.00

34th–35th Streets / Second Avenue – Downtown

37th Street – Crosstown

Third Avenue / 38th–41st Streets – Uptown
Westbound exits from the Queens–Midtown Tunnel

Second Avenue / 34th Street–40th Streets
Eastbound entrances to the Queens–Midtown Tunnel

East River
1.01
1.63
Queens–Midtown Tunnel ($8.50 toll[59])

Queens
Hunters Point
1.43
2.30
13
Borden Avenue – Pulaski Bridge
Eastbound exit and entrance

1.53
2.46
14
 NY 25A east (21st Street) – Long Island City
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; western terminus of NY 25A

Long Island City
2.09
3.36
15
Van Dam Street – Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge
Westbound exit and entrance

2.34
3.77
16
Hunters Point Avenue / Greenpoint Avenue – Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

2.61
4.20
17W
 I-278 west (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway) / 48th Street – Brooklyn, Staten Island
Exits 35W-E on I-278; access via service roads; unsigned transition between I-495 and NY 495

17E
 I-278 east (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway) – Bronx, LaGuardia Airport
Westbound exit is via exit 17W and 48th Street

Maspeth
3.47
5.58
18
Maurice Avenue
Eastbound exit is part of exit 17

Elmhurst
4.30
6.92
–
69th Street / Grand Avenue
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; part of exit 19

5.27
8.48
19
 NY 25 (Queens Boulevard) / Woodhaven Boulevard – Rockaways
No eastbound entrance from Woodhaven Boulevard

5.58
8.98
20
Junction Boulevard
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

Corona
6.91
11.12
21
108th Street
Westbound exit is part of exit 22A

7.25
11.67
22A
 Grand Central Parkway – RFK Bridge, Eastern Long Island, LaGuardia Airport
Signed eastbound as exits 22A (east) and 22B (west); exits 10W-E on G.C. Parkway

7.35
11.83
22B
 I-678 (Van Wyck Expressway) / College Point Bouelvard – Whitestone Bridge, Kennedy Airport
Signed eastbound as exits 22C (I-678 south), 22D (I-678 north), 22E (C.P. Blvd);
exits 12W-E on I-678; unsigned transition between I-495 and NY 495

Flushing
8.45
13.60
23
Main Street

9.10
14.65
24
Kissena Boulevard
Eastbound access to 164th Street

Fresh Meadows
10.02
16.13
25
Utopia Parkway / 164th Street / 188th Street
Signed for 188th Street eastbound and 164th Street westbound

11.04
17.77
26
Francis Lewis Boulevard
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

Bayside
11.43
18.39
27
 I-295 (Clearview Expressway) to Grand Central Parkway – Bronx
Signed as exits 27S (south) and 27N (north); exits 4W-E on I-295

11.93
19.20
28
Oceania Street / Francis Lewis Boulevard
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; also provides access to 188th Street

12.31
19.81
29
Springfield Boulevard

12.91
20.78
30
East Hampton Boulevard / Douglaston Parkway
Eastbound exit only

Oakland Gardens
13.27
21.36
31S
 Cross Island Parkway south – Kennedy Airport
Exits 30W-E on Cross Island Parkway

31N
 Cross Island Parkway north – Whitestone Bridge
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

Little Neck
14.25
22.93
32
Little Neck Parkway / Douglaston Parkway

Nassau
Lake Success
15.43
24.83
33
Lakeville Road (CR 11) / Community Drive (CR 11A) – Great Neck
Western terminus of HOV lane

North Hills
16.37
26.34
34
New Hyde Park Road (CR 5B)

17.57
28.28
35
Shelter Rock Road (CR 8) – Manhasset
Westbound exit is via exit 36

18.43
29.66
36
Searingtown Road (CR 101) – Port Washington

Roslyn Heights
18.95
30.50
37
Willis Avenue – Mineola, Roslyn

East Hills
20.14
32.41
38
 Northern State Parkway east – Hauppauge
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 29A on Northern State Parkway

Old Westbury
20.31
32.69
39
Glen Cove Road (CR 1) – Hempstead, Glen Cove

Jericho
24.07
38.74
40
 NY 25 (Jericho Turnpike) – Mineola, Syosset
Signed as exits 40W (west) and 40E (east)

25.23
40.60
41
 NY 106 / NY 107 (N Broadway) – Hicksville, Oyster Bay
Signed as exits 41S (south) and 41N (north)

26.05
41.92
42
 Northern State Parkway – New York, Hauppauge
Same-directional exit ramps only; entrance ramps located west of exit 46

Syosset

43A
Robbins Lane
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

27.07
43.56
43
South Oyster Bay Road (CR 9) – Bethpage, Syosset

27.83
44.79
44
 NY 135 – Seaford, Syosset
Signed as exits 44S (south) and 44N (north) eastbound; exits 13W-E on NY 135

Plainview
28.17
45.34
45
Manetto Hill Road – Plainview, Woodbury
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

28.95
46.59
46
Sunnyside Boulevard – Plainview

29.65
47.72
Truck inspection station (eastbound only)

Nassau–Suffolk
county line
Plainview–Melville
hamlet line
29.68
47.77
48
Round Swamp Road (CR 110) – Old Bethpage, Farmingdale

Suffolk
Melville
31.82
51.21
49
 NY 110 – Amityville, Huntington
Signed as exits 49S (south) and 49N (north)

Dix Hills
34.25
55.12
50
Bagatelle Road – Dix Hills, Wyandanch

35.87
57.73
51
 NY 231 – Babylon, Northport

38.56
62.06
52
 CR 4 (Commack Road) – North Babylon, Commack
Westbound exit is part of exit 53

Brentwood
39.28
63.22
53
 Sagtikos State Parkway / CR 7 (Wicks Road) – Bay Shore, Kings Park
Exits S1W-E on Sagtikos Parkway; Wicks Road (CR 7) was formerly signed separately as exit 54

41.72
67.14
55
 CR 67 (Motor Parkway) – Central Islip

Hauppauge
42.66
68.65
56
 NY 111 – Islip, Smithtown

Islandia
44.30
71.29
57
 NY 454 – Patchogue, Commack

45.64
73.45
58
Old Nichols Road – Central Islip, Nesconset

Ronkonkoma
47.50
76.44
59
 CR 93 (Ocean Avenue) – Oakdale, Ronkonkoma

48.19
77.55
60
 CR 29 (Ronkonkoma Avenue) – Lake Ronkonkoma, Sayville

Holbrook
49.62
79.86
61
 CR 19 (Patchogue–Holbrook Road) – Patchogue, Holbrook

Holtsville
51.24
82.46
62
 CR 97 (Nicolls Road) – Stony Brook, Blue Point

Farmingville
53.04
85.36
63
 CR 83 (North Ocean Avenue) – Mount Sinai, Patchogue

Medford
54.29
87.37
64
 NY 112 – Patchogue, Port Jefferson
Eastern terminus of HOV lane

55.44
89.22
65
 CR 16 (Horse Block Road) – Centereach, Shirley

Yaphank
57.41
92.39
66
 CR 101 (Sills Road) – East Patchogue, Yaphank

58.55
94.23
67
 CR 21 (Yaphank Avenue) – Yaphank, Brookhaven

60.17
96.83
68
 CR 46 (William Floyd Parkway) – Wading River, Shirley
Signed as exits 68S (south) and 68N (north)

Manorville
64.05
103.08
69
 CR 25 (Wading River Road) – Wading River, Center Moriches

65.25
105.01
70
 CR 111 – Eastport, Manorville

Calverton
69.27
111.48
71
 NY 24 – Hampton Bays, Calverton
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

70.75
113.86
72
 NY 25 (Middle Country Road) – Riverhead, Calverton
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

71.02
114.30
73
 CR 58 east (Old Country Road) – Greenport, Orient

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

      Incomplete access
      Tolled
      Route transition

text: Mid-Manhattan Expressway (canceled)[edit]

text: If built, the Mid-Manhattan Expressway would have the following exits:[36]

text:
mi
km
Destinations
Notes

0.00
0.00
 I-495 west (Lincoln Tunnel)
Continuation into New Jersey

0.20
0.32
 NY 9A (West Side Elevated Highway)

1.50
2.41
 FDR Drive

1.65
2.66
 I-495 east (Queens–Midtown Tunnel)
Continuation into Queens

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

      Incomplete access
      Tolled


document_title: Family Ties

question_text: who did courtney cox play on family ties

text: Family Ties

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in suburban Columbus, Ohio, during the Reagan administration, Steven and Elyse Keaton (Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter) are baby boomers, liberals and former hippies,[3] raising their three children: ambitious, would-be millionaire entrepreneur Alex (Michael J. Fox); fashion-conscious, gossipy Mallory (Justine Bateman); and tomboy Jennifer (Tina Yothers). Married in 1964, Elyse is an independent architect and Steven, a native of Buffalo, New York, is the station manager of WKS, a local public television station.

text: Much of the humor of the series focuses on the cultural divide during the 1980s when younger generations rejected the counterculture of the 1960s and embraced the materialism and conservative politics which came to define the 1980s.[4] Both Alex, and, to a lesser extent, Mallory, embrace Reaganomics and exhibit conservative attitudes: Alex is a "Young Republican", and Mallory, while not overtly political, is a more materialistic young woman in contrast to her feminist mother.[3] Mallory was also presented as a vacuous airhead, who was fodder for jokes and teasing from her brother. Jennifer, an athletic tomboy and the youngest child, shares more the values of her parents and just wants to be a normal kid. Steven and Elyse had a fourth child, Andrew (or "Andy", for short), who was born in early 1985. Andy is the youngest, on whom Alex doted and quickly molded in his conservative image.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Meredith Baxter-Birney as Elyse Donelly Keaton
Michael Gross as Steven Keaton
Michael J. Fox as Alex P. Keaton
Justine Bateman as Mallory Keaton
Tina Yothers as Jennifer Keaton
Brian Bonsall as Andrew "Andy" Keaton (seasons 5–7)

Garrett and Tyler Merriman as Baby Andrew "Andy" Keaton (season 4)

text: Main stars Meredith Baxter and Michael Gross are exactly the same age, sharing the same birthday on June 21, 1947. In the series, their characters were intended to be approximately five or six years older, given that their "son", played by Michael J. Fox, was in fact only fourteen years younger than Baxter and Gross in real life.[5]

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Marc Price as Irwin "Skippy" Handelman
Scott Valentine as Nick Moore (seasons 4–7)
Tracy Pollan as Ellen Reed (season 4)
Courteney Cox as Lauren Miller (seasons 6–7)

text: The show had been sold to the network using the pitch "hip parents, square kids."[6] Originally, Elyse and Steven were intended to be the main characters. However, the audience reacted so positively to Alex during the taping of the fourth episode that he became the focus on the show.[3][6] Fox had received the role after Matthew Broderick turned it down.[7]

text: Supporting cast and characters includes neighbor Alex's best friend Irwin "Skippy" Handelman (Marc Price); Mallory's Sylvester Stallone-esque boyfriend artist Nick Moore (Scott Valentine); and Alex's feminist artist girlfriend Ellen Reed (Tracy Pollan, whom Michael J. Fox later married in 1988). In season 3, episode 17, Elyse gave birth to her fourth child, Andrew (who was played by Brian Bonsall from season 5 onward). Garrett Merriman played baby Andrew.

text: Production[edit]

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The theme song,"Without Us" (credited in Season One as "Us"), was composed by Jeff Barry and Tom Scott in 1982. During the first season, it was originally performed by Dennis Tufano and Mindy Sterling.[8][9] For the rest of the show's run, the song was performed by Deniece Williams and Johnny Mathis.

text: Connection to Day by Day[edit]

text: During its final two seasons, Family Ties was scheduled on Sunday nights often followed by Day by Day, another series from Ubu Productions. Michael Gross and Brian Bonsall brought their respective roles of Steven and Andy Keaton to the Day by Day episode "Trading Places", which reveals that Steven went to college with Brian Harper (Doug Sheehan).

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[10]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating

1
21
September 22, 1982 (1982-09-22)
April 4, 1983 (1983-04-04)
56[11]
N/A

2
22
September 23, 1983 (1983-09-23)
May 10, 1984 (1984-05-10)
42
16.0 [12]

3
22
September 20, 1984 (1984-09-20)
March 7, 1985 (1985-03-07)
5
22.1

Film
September 23, 1985 (1985-09-23)
N/A
N/A

4
22
September 26, 1985 (1985-09-26)
May 1, 1986 (1986-05-01)
2
30.0

5
24
September 25, 1986 (1986-09-25)
April 30, 1987 (1987-04-30)
2
32.7

6
24
September 13, 1987 (1987-09-13)
March 13, 1988 (1988-03-13)
17
17.3

7
20
October 30, 1988 (1988-10-30)
April 9, 1989 (1989-04-09)
35
14.5 [13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
1986: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Michael J. Fox)
1987: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Michael J. Fox)
1987: Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series
1987: Outstanding Technical Direction
1988: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Michael J. Fox)

text: Golden Globes[edit]

text: 1989: Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series (Michael J. Fox)

text: TV Land Awards[edit]

text:
2008: Character You'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You (Michael J. Fox)
2011: Fan Favorite, Presented by Ben Stiller

text: Young Artist Awards[edit]

text:
1985: Best Young Actress in a Television Comedy Series (Justine Bateman)
1985: Best Young Supporting Actress in a Television Comedy Series (Tina Yothers)
1986: Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series (Marc Price)
1988: Best Young Actor Under Nine Years of Age (Brian Bonsall)
1989: Best Young Actor Under Ten Years of Age in Television or Motion Pictures (Brian Bonsall)

text: Syndication[edit]

text: NBC aired reruns of Family Ties weekday mornings from December 1985 until January 1987. In the fall of 1987, the series went into syndication in the United States. Currently, it airs on UP and Antenna TV. Reruns previously aired on WFMZ, MeToo, Disney Channel, FamilyNet, WGN America, TBS, YTV, Nick at Nite, TV Land, Hallmark Channel and The Hub.

text: In Canada, reruns of Family Ties began airing on CTS, a Christian-based network, on September 6, 2010. On May 15, 2011 Netflix began to stream season 1-7 on its "watch instantly" streaming service.[14]

text: In Australia, reruns aired on Eleven (a digital channel of Network Ten) in the afternoons and late night until June 2013. As of November 2015, two episodes are shown on weekdays between 11 am and midday. Family Ties was a perennial favourite seen on the Nine Network from 1983 to 2008. Prior to Eleven, the show screened on pay TV network TV1.

text: In the UK, Family Ties aired on Channel 4 from July 1985.

text: Home media[edit]

text: DVD[edit]

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all seven seasons of Family Ties on DVD in Region 1, as of August 13, 2013. The second through fifth season releases contain special features, gag reels and episodic promos. The second season contains interviews with Michael Gross and Michael J. Fox along with other cast members. The fourth season contains the made-for-TV-movie, Family Ties Vacation. Paramount has also released the first three seasons on DVD in Region 4.

text: On November 5, 2013, CBS Home Entertainment released Family Ties - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

text: On November 11, 2014, CBS Home Entertainment re-released a repackaged version of the complete series set, at a lower price, but did not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set.[15]

text:
DVD name
No. of
episodes
Release dates

Region 1
Region 4

The Complete First Season
22
February 20, 2007
April 9, 2008

The Second Season
22
October 9, 2007
September 4, 2008

The Third Season
24
February 12, 2008
April 2, 2009

The Fourth Season
24
August 5, 2008

The Fifth Season
30
March 10, 2009

The Sixth Season
28
April 9, 2013

The Seventh Season
26
August 13, 2013

The Complete Series
176
November 5, 2013/November 11, 2014
TBA

text: Streaming[edit]

text: All seven seasons of the series were made available for streaming through Netflix (removed again August 15, 2015[16]) and Amazon Video as well as Hulu Plus.[17]

text: References in other media[edit]

text: Over a decade after the cancellation of Family Ties, Michael J. Fox's final episodes on Spin City featured numerous allusions to the show. In these episodes, Michael Gross played a therapist for Fox's character Michael Patrick Flaherty[18] and the episode contained a reference to an off-screen character named "Mallory".[19] In the episode, after Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington D.C., he meets a "conservative junior senator named Alex P. Keaton."[20] Meredith Baxter also portrayed Mike Flaherty's mother, Macy Flaherty, in the episodes "Family Affair" (Parts 1 and 2).

text: The cast of Family Ties publicly reunited for the first time on February 7, 2008 for an interview on The Today Show.[21]

text: Family Ties was referenced on Naughty By Nature's 1995 song "Craziest". The second line of the first verse said "You ain't a pal of me, my family ties but not wit Mallory."[citation needed]


document_title: Ex on the Beach

question_text: where is ex on the beach filmed season 7

text: Ex on the Beach

text: Series[edit]

text:
Year
Series
Predominant Location
Number of Episodes
Average MTV viewers 1

2014
Series 1
Marbella, Spain
8
764,000

2015
Series 2
Marbella, Spain
8
712,000

Series 3
Cancun, Mexico
10
777,000

2016
Series 4
Algarve, Portugal
8
896,000

Series 5
Koh Samui, Thailand
10
800,000

2017
Series 6
Crete, Greece
10
805,000

Series 7
Bali, Indonesia
10
525,000

2018
Series 8
TBA
10

text: Series 1 (2014)[edit]

text: The first series of the show was announced in February 2014[1] and premiered on MTV on 22 April 2014.[2] The series ran for eight episodes and concluded on 10 June 2014. The official list of cast members was released on 13 March 2014 and includes four single boys: Ashley Cain, Jack Lomax, Liam Lewis and Marco Alexandre; as well as four single girls: Chloe Goodman, Emily Gillard, Farah Sattaur and Vicky Pattison.[5] It was announced that Geordie Shore star Vicky Pattison would be taking part in the series; she was joined by ex-fiancé and former Geordie Shore co-star Ricci Guarnaccio as well as Australian fling Daniel Conn who featured briefly in series 6 of Geordie Shore.[6] On 7 January 2015, cast member Chloe Goodman entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the fifteenth series. However she became the first Housemate to be evicted. Ashley later returned for Series 2 as an ex, whilst Vicky returned in the third series. Liam and Chloe both returned again for Series 5, whilst Ashley and Joss made appearances as exes. Ross was another cast member from this series to make a return, this time during Series 6.

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text: The second series of the show began airing on 27 January 2015[7] and ran for eight episodes, concluding on 17 March 2015. This was confirmed on 23 July 2014 when it was announced that filming would begin soon, with the series airing in 2015.[8] The official list of cast members was released on 6 January 2015.[9] It included four single boys: Connor Hunter, Luke Goodfellow, Morgan Evans and Rogan O'Connor, as well as four single girls: Anita Kaushik, Kayleigh Morris, Loren Green and Melissa Reeves. It was also announced that Geordie Shore stars Charlotte Crosby and Gary Beadle would be taking part in the series.[10] Ahead of the launch of the new series, it was confirmed that Series 1 cast member Ashley Cain would be returning for the second series as an ex.[11] Rogan later returned for the third series, whilst Jess and Gary both returned for the fifth series as main cast, with Kayleigh and Melissa appearing as exes. Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother in 2017,[12] but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour.[13]

text: Series 3 (2015)[edit]

text: The third series of the show began on 11 August 2015.[14] The official list of cast members was released on 14 July 2015. This series was filmed in Cancun, Mexico, making this the first series to be filmed outside of Europe. They include four boys: Graham Griffiths, Jayden Robins, Kirk Norcross and Stephen Bear, and four girls: Amy Paige Cooke, Laura Alicia Summers, Megan McKenna and Megan Rees.[15] With the announcement of the line-up it was confirmed that former Geordie Shore cast member and star of the first series, Vicky Pattison, would be making her return as an ex alongside Series 2 star Rogan O'Connor. The Only Way Is Essex cast member Kirk Norcross was also confirmed to be taking part in the series, with his ex-fiancée and Celebrity Big Brother star Cami-Li featuring as his ex. Star of Magaluf Weekender Jordan Davies was also revealed to be taking part in the series, also featuring as an ex.[16] Megan McKenna and Jordan later returned for the fourth series. On 5 January 2016, cast member Megan McKenna entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the seveneeth series, and on 28 July 2016, Stephen Bear entered the house to compete in the eighteenth series where he left as the winner. Jordan Davies made another return to the show, this time during the fifth series with Jemma and Bear, and Holly also returning as an ex again.

text: Series 4 (2016)[edit]

text: The fourth series of the show began on 19 January 2016.[17] This series was filmed in Portugal.[18] The official cast list was revealed on 15 December 2015 and includes four girls: Helen Briggs, Nancy-May Turner, Naomi Hedman and Olivia Walsh, as well as four boys: Joe Delaney, Lewis Good, Youssef Hassane and Geordie Shore star Scotty T. Megan McKenna and Magaluf Weekender cast member Jordan Davies would be returning to the series as exes, having previously appeared during the previous series.[19] Olivia later returned to the beach for the fifth series, whilst Kieran Lee went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother, but was evicted during the final week.

text: Series 5 (2016)[edit]

text: The fifth series of the show began on 16 August 2016. This series took place in Koh Samui, Thailand. The series was confirmed on 8 March 2016 after the finale of the fourth series. It was also announced that faces from the past would return for this series with "unfinished business".[20] The official list of cast members were released on 5 July 2016.[21] It features four boys and four girls from previous series. From the first series it includes Chloe Goodman and Liam Lewis. Geordie Shore star Gary Beadle and Jess Impiazzi return having previously appeared in the second series, whilst Jemma Lucy, Jordan Davies and Stephen Bear from the third series all return. Finally Olivia Walsh returns having previously appeared in series 4. Over the course of the series they will be joined by their exes, which also include familiar faces. Series 1's Ashley Cain will be making his third appearance on the show, whilst Joss Mooney also returns. Kayleigh Morris and Melissa Reeves will be back having already appeared in the second series. Holly Rickwood from Series 3 will also be back on the beach. New cast members include Lillie Lexie Gregg, Charlotte Dawson, David Hawley, Aimee Kimber, Conor Scurlock and Alex Stewart.[22] Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother in 2017,[23] but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour.[24]

text: Series 6 (2017)[edit]

text: The sixth series of the show began on 17 January 2017. This series was filmed on location in Crete, Greece. The series was confirmed on 2 November 2016.[25] The official list of cast members were released on 13 December 2016.[26] They include four boys; Alex Leslie, Josh Ritchie, Ross Worsick and Sean Pratt, and four girls; Harriette Harper, Maisie Gillespie, Zahida Allen and ZaraLena Jackson. Ross has previously appeared in the first series of the show whereas Josh featured in the first series of Love Island. With the announcement of the line-up it was also confirmed that Geordie Shore star Aaron Chalmers would be arriving on the beach as an ex as well as former The Only Way Is Essex cast member Nicole Bass. Chanelle McCleary, an ex from this series, later went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother but was evicted a week before the final.

text: Series 7 (2017)[edit]

text: The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017.[27] This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017.[28] The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017[29] which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively.

text: Series 8 (2018)[edit]

text: The eighth series of the show is expected to begin in 2018. The series was confirmed when it was rumoured that Geordie Shore cast member Marnie Simpson had signed up for the show.[30]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: As well as appearing in Ex on the Beach, some of the cast members went on to compete in other reality TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother and Big Brother.

text:
Celebrity Big Brother

Chloe Goodman – Series 15 (2015) – Thirteenth
Megan McKenna – Series 17 (2016) – Tenth
Stephen Bear – Series 18 (2016) – Winner
Jemma Lucy – Series 20 (2017) – Sixth
Jordan Davies – Series 20 (2017) – Twelfth

Big Brother

Chanelle McCleary - Series 18 (2017) – Tenth
Kayleigh Morris – Series 18 (2017) – Eighteenth (Ejected)
Kieran Lee – Series 18 (2017) – Sixth

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Channel
Title
Year
Reference

 Sweden
Kanal 11
Ex on the Beach
2015–
[31]

 France
NRJ 12
La Revanche des Ex
2016–
[32]

 Netherlands  Belgium
MTV Netherlands MTV Flanders
Ex on the Beach: Double Dutch
2016–
[33]

 Russia
Pyatnica!
Ex on the Beach
2016–
[34]

 Brazil
MTV
De Férias com o Ex
2016–
[35]

 Poland
MTV
Ex on the Beach
2016–
[36]

 Hungary
Viasat 3
Exek az Édenben
2017–
[37]

text: Ex on the Beach: Body SOS[edit]

text: On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Vicky Pattison would host a spin-off show entitled "Ex on the Beach: Body SOS" where she will attempt to help members of the public to get into shape.[38] The first series will begin airing on 17 January 2018 and features Joss Mooney, who rose to fame by appearing in the first series of Ex on the Beach.


document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what is the legal drinking age in romania

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking Age
Purchase age

 Algeria
18[2]

 Angola
18[citation needed]

 Botswana
18[2]

 Burundi
16[2]
No limit if accompanied by parents[citation needed]

 Cameroon
18
21
18 on the premises, 21 off the premises[citation needed]

 Cape Verde
18[citation needed]

 Central African Republic
18[citation needed]

 Comoros
None[citation needed]

 Egypt
21[2]

 Equatorial Guinea
18[citation needed]

 Eritrea
18[2]

 Ethiopia
18[2]

 Gabon
18[2]

 Gambia
18[2]

 Ghana
18[3]

 Guinea-Bissau
None[2]

 Kenya
18[2]

 Lesotho
18[2]

 Libya
Illegal[2]

 Malawi
18[2]

 Mauritius
18[2]

 Morocco
16[citation needed]

 Mozambique
18[2]

 Namibia
18[2]

 Niger
18[2]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Republic of the Congo
18[citation needed]

 Rwanda
18[2]

 Senegal
18[citation needed]

 Seychelles
18[2]

 Somalia
Illegal[4]

 South Africa
18
The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[5]

 South Sudan
18[6]

 Sudan
Illegal[7]

 Swaziland
18[2]

 Tanzania
18[8]

 Togo
None[2]

 Tunisia
18[citation needed]

 Uganda
18[2]

 Western Sahara
16[citation needed]

 Zambia
18[2]

 Zimbabwe
18[2]

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Anguilla
16[citation needed]

 Antigua and Barbuda
16[9]
The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina
18[10]

 Bahamas
18[2]

 Barbados
18[11]
Those aged 10–17 are allowed to consume alcohol provided they are with a parent or guardian.

 Belize
18[12]
Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda
18[13]

 Bolivia
18[2]

 Brazil
18[2]

 British Virgin Islands
16[12]
It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada
18[14][15][16]
In Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec, the legal drinking age is 18.

19[14][15][16]
In Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, the legal drinking age is 19.

 Cayman Islands
18[17]

 Chile
18[2]
The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[18]

 Colombia
18[2]

 Costa Rica
18[2]

 Cuba
16[2]

 Dominican Republic
18[19]

 Ecuador
18[2]

 El Salvador
18[2]

 Falkland Islands
18[citation needed]

 Grenada
16[citation needed]

 Guatemala
18[2]

 Guyana
18[2]
Except 16 for wine or malt liquor to be consumed with a meal

 Haiti
None[2]

 Honduras
18[2]

 Jamaica
None[citation needed]
18[citation needed]
Minors can drink if accompanied by parent or legal guardian as well as someone with permission from their parent or legal guardian.[citation needed]

 Mexico
18[2]
A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume alcoholic beverages in Mexico. The drinking age however isn't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested.[citation needed]

 Nicaragua
18[2]

 Panama
18[2]

 Paraguay
20[20]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age.
Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru
18[2]

 Puerto Rico
18

 Trinidad and Tobago
18[2]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
18[citation needed]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
Varies by jurisdiction[2]
21[2]
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[21]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[22]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[23]
See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands
18[24]

 Uruguay
18[2]

 Venezuela
18[2]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
Illegal[25]

 Bangladesh
It is forbidden for Muslims to use or possess alcohol.[26]
Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.[citation needed]

 Bhutan
18[27]

 Brunei
17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[2]
Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[2]

 Cambodia
None[28]

 China
18[2]
Introduced in January 2006.[29]

 Hong Kong
18[30]
The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.[citation needed]

 India
18–25 depending on state[2]

Main article: Alcohol laws of India
Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[31]

 Indonesia
21[32]

 Iran
Illegal [2]
There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[33]

 Iraq
18[34]

 Israel
None
18[2]
Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink, although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public.[citation needed]

 Japan
20[2]

 Jordan
18[35]

 Kazakhstan
21[36]

 Kuwait
Illegal[37]

 Kyrgyzstan
18[2]

 Lebanon
18[2]
Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[38]

 Macau
None[citation needed]

 Malaysia
21
Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017.[39]

 Maldives
Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]
Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[40]

 Mongolia
18[41]

 Myanmar
None
18[42]

   Nepal
18
The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea
18[43]

 Oman
21
Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[44]

 Pakistan
Illegal [2]
Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[2]

 Palestinian Authority
16[citation needed]
Legal in most cities.[citation needed]

 Philippines
18[45]

 Qatar
19[citation needed]
Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia
Illegal
Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore
None (Private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)
18 (Public places e.g. bars and restaurants)
18[2]

Main Legislation

For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".[citation needed]
It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea
None
19[46]
The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[47]

 Sri Lanka
21[2]

 Syria
18[citation needed]

 Taiwan
18[48]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[49]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[50] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[51]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[52] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[53]

 Tajikistan
18[2]

 Thailand
20[54]
The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[54][55]

 Turkmenistan
18[2]

 United Arab Emirates
18–21 (varies between states).[56]
Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[57]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[56]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[56]

 Uzbekistan
None
20[2]

 Vietnam
None
18[58][unreliable source?]

 Yemen
Illegal[citation needed]
Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Albania
18[2]

 Armenia
None
18
There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out.[citation needed]

 Austria
16
 Burgenland,  Lower Austria and  Vienna[59]

16 for beer and wine
18 for distilled beverages
 Carinthia,  Upper Austria,  Salzburg,  Styria,  Tyrol and  Vorarlberg[59]
Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.

 Azerbaijan
18[2]

 Belarus
18[2]

 Belgium
16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits[60]
Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[60] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
None
18[61]

 Bulgaria
18[2]

 Croatia
18[2]

 Cyprus
17[62]

 Czech Republic
None
18[63]
It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[64] (punishable by fine or up to 1[65] or 2[66] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[67]

 Denmark
None
16 to buy alcohol <16.5% ABV
18 to buy alcohol ≥16.5% ABV
While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:

In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[68]

By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[69] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[70] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[71]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia
18[72]

 Finland
18 for possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV
20 for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV
18 for all in bars, clubs and restaurants[73]
All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[74] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[73][75]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[76]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[73]

 France
None
18
France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[77] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[78] and can be fined 7500 euros.[77] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[79][80]

 Georgia
None
16[citation needed]

 Germany
None (on private residence)
16 (in public) (14 when accompanied by a custodial person) for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount[81]

16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts[81]

See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar
None[82]
16/18
It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18.
The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[82]

The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece
None
18[83]
In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.

 Hungary
18[2]

 Iceland
None
20[84]
Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is. However, law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated.

 Ireland
None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians) [85]
18[85]
It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[86]

 Italy
None
18[87]
In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[88] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo
None

 Latvia
None
18[89]

 Liechtenstein
16 for wine, beer and cider
18 for spirits and spirit-based beverages. e.g. alcopops
Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[90]

 Lithuania
20[91]
Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them.

 Luxembourg
None
16[92]

 Macedonia
18 (16 for beer)[93][unreliable source?]
Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.[citation needed]

 Malta
17[94]
Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova
None
16[95]
It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16. There is no consumption age.

 Montenegro
None
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands
18
The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.[citation needed]

 Norway
None[96]
18 (<22%)
20 (≥22% ABV)[2]
Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[97]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[98]

 Poland
None
18[99]
Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[100] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal
None[citation needed]
18[101]

 Romania
None
18[102]
According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia
None
18[103]
There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 Serbia
16[104]

 Slovakia
18[105]

 Slovenia
None
18[106]
There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain
18
Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[107]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants),
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops),
20 (Systembolaget shops[108]),

See also: Alcohol in Sweden
Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private "in moderation". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[109] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland
None
(See notes)
16 for fermented alcoholic drinks (with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV);[110]
18 for spirits [111]
Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[112] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[113]

18
The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[114]

 Turkey
18[2]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine
18[2]

 United Kingdom
18 (on licensed premises)[115]
16 (beer, wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises)[115]
5 (not on licensed premises)[116]
None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[116]
18[115]
None (liqueur-confectionery)[117]
Legislation in  England and  Wales:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions.[115]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[115]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[117]
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[116]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [118]

18 (in public without a meal or adult supervision)
16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)
5 (on private premises)[119]
18
16 (beer, wine, cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises)
None (liqueur-confectionery)[117]
Legislation in  Scotland:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[120]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[120]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[117]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [118]

18
Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[citation needed]

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)
Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[121] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 American Samoa
21[122]

 Australia
18[2][123]

Main article: Alcohol laws of Australia
Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[124]

 Fiji
18[125]
The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[125]

 Guam
21[126]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
21

 New Zealand
None
18[127]
Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[128]
Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[129]

 Northern Mariana Islands
21[citation needed]

 Palau
21[2]

 Papua New Guinea
18[2]

 Samoa
21[2]

 Solomon Islands
21[2]

 Tokelau
18[130]

 Tonga
21[2]

 Vanuatu
18[2]