document_title: Baby Boom (film)

question_text: who was the baby in baby boom movie

question_tokens: who was the baby in baby boom movie

root

text: Baby Boom (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: J. C. Wiatt (Diane Keaton) is a driven Manhattan career woman (nicknamed the "Tiger Lady") typical of the 1980s whose fast-paced life leaves her with no time for romance or relaxation (or as the narrator in the beginning puts it she works "5 to 9"), though she derives pleasure from her frantic schedule and demanding job. She works as a management consultant and lives with an investment banker, Steven Buchner (Harold Ramis), whose job and life are likewise hectic. Her life is thrown into turmoil when she inherits a toddler, Elizabeth (twins Kristina and Michelle Kennedy[3][4]), from a deceased cousin whom she had not seen in over 30 years.

tag: p

text: J.C. tries to give Elizabeth up for adoption but finds that she has grown too attached to the child, forcing a reevaluation of her priorities. When Steven learns of this, he is not thrilled. J.C. explains to Steven that a lot of working people raise kids and she believes she can, too. Steven is aware of that but tells J.C. that he just can't raise the baby with her as raising children just doesn't fit into his hectic life. Steven packs his belongings and moves out. J.C. is left to raise the child on her own, though she hires a nanny to watch Elizabeth while she's at work.

text: Her boss, Fritz Curtis (Sam Wanamaker) tells her that Hughes Larrabee (Pat Hingle), the head of "The Food Chain," a major organization that owns and operates many brands of foods, is looking for someone to manage The Food Chain account. Fritz tells J.C. that landing this account could make her a partner. J.C. manages to land the account with her tough business attitude and is put in charge of it. Fritz also decides that Ken Arrenberg (James Spader), J.C.'s young apprentice whom she also recruited 2 years ago, is ready for the big time and will be on her team with the Food Chain account.

text: Caring for the child soon occupies much of her time and her career begins to suffer, especially when she starts bringing Elizabeth to classes that are intended to help boost babies' intelligence. As a result, Ken starts taking up the slack on the Food Chain account without J.C.'s consent, though it pleases Fritz and Larrabee. This starts to get on J.C.'s nerves, especially when Ken starts making decisions without her. J.C. tells Fritz that she wants Ken off the Food Chain account but instead to her surprise, Fritz tells her that he's decided that for the good of the account and the company, he's going to take her off the Food Chain account and have Ken take over as the one in charge of it. J.C. is offended as she got them the account in the first place. Fritz, knowing how unstable J.C. has become, tells her that he can't afford to take risks with the Food Chain account. He tells J.C. that he wants her to do low profile accounts from now on as he feels they would be better suited for her now that she is raising a child. J.C. has too much pride to take such a big step down and quits her job instead.

text: She moves into a house in the country in Vermont. Purchasing the home without first having seen it in person or having it inspected she finds it is riddled with problems (failing plumbing and heating, lack of water, bad roof). Suffering a nervous breakdown and on the brink of financial collapse, she sees an opportunity to sell baby food applesauce she had concocted for Elizabeth from fresh ingredients. Amid the clamor for her new products she develops a relationship with local veterinarian Jeff Cooper (Sam Shepard). At first annoyed by him, she is opposed to Jeff's overtures and is focused now on returning to New York as fast as possible. Finding a buyer for the house proves almost impossible as it was for sale for 5 years and she was the only interested buyer.

text: After a rough start she succeeds in selling "Country Baby", her gourmet baby food, and soon business is booming. Orders for it start pouring in from all over America. J.C. and Jeff start to grow closer, even Elizabeth grows fond of him. Finally, her old boss Fritz and his client, Larrabee take notice. The Food Chain offers to buy her company for millions, take her product nationwide, and give her back her career and high-prestige life. On the brink of accepting, she decides that she can grow her enterprise on her own without having to sacrifice her personal life. She returns to Vermont, to her new lover and adopted daughter.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diane Keaton as J.C. Wiatt[5]
Sam Shepard as Dr. Jeff Cooper
Harold Ramis as Steven Buchner
Sam Wanamaker as Fritz Curtis
James Spader as Ken Arrenberg
Pat Hingle as Hughes Larrabee
Britt Leach as Verne Boone
Annie Golden as a Nanny
Linda Ellerbee as Narrator
Kim Sebastian as Robin
Mary Gross as Charlotte Elkman
Kristina & Michelle Kennedy as Baby Elizabeth

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Los Angeles, New York City and Peru, Vermont. Filming took place between November 5, 1986 and February 3, 1987.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Baby Boom was favorably received by audiences and critics alike. The Rotten Tomatoes criticism aggregation website gives it an approval rating of 79% based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10.[6][7][8][9][10]

text: Diane Keaton's performance was singled out by Pauline Kael from The New Yorker, who described it as "a glorious comedy performance that rides over many of the inanities in this picture (...) Keaton is smashing: the Tiger Lady's having all this drive is played for farce and Keaton keeps you alert to every shade of pride and panic the character feels. She's an ultra-feminine executive, a wide-eyed charmer, with a breathless ditziness that may remind you of Jean Arthur in THE MORE THE MERRIER."[11]

text: Baby Boom's writers combat a one-dimensional review in which American journalist, writer, and university professor Caryn James expresses her distaste in J.C. "abandon[ing] a high-powered Manhattan career for the joys of life in Vermont with a baby and Sam Shepard." The article, published on August 13, 1989 by the New York Times, calls forth the intersectionality of a working mother and explains how J.C.'s search for equality prompted her to leave her elite New York position. According to its writers, Baby Boom depicts "the increasing prejudice women face today" stereotyped into two categories - the sweet caregiver or the self-reliant businesswoman - and aims to destroy that outdated mindset.[12]

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical - Diane Keaton (Nominated)
Golden Globe Best Motion Picture Comedy or Musical (Nominated)
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress - Diane Keaton (Nominated)
American Comedy Awards Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture - Diane Keaton (Nominated)[13]

text: Box office[edit]

text: It earned a respectable USD$1,608,924 in its opening weekend in the U.S. and earned approximately $26,712,476 in its entire run.[14][15]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film debuted strongly on VHS.[16]


document_title: Functional psychology

question_text: who founded the school of functionalism and what were its primary beliefs

text: Functional psychology

text: History[edit]

text: This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Functionalism [3] was a philosophy opposing the prevailing structuralism of psychology of the late 19th century. Edward Titchener, the main structuralist, gave psychology its first definition as a science of the study of mental experience, of consciousness, to be studied by trained introspection.

text: William James is considered to be the founder of functional psychology. Although he would not consider himself as a functionalist, nor did he truly like the way science divided itself into schools. John Dewey, George Herbert Mead, Harvey A. Carr, and especially James Rowland Angell were the main proponents of functionalism at the University of Chicago. Another group at Columbia, including notably James McKeen Cattell, Edward L. Thorndike, and Robert S. Woodworth, were also considered functionalists and shared some of the opinions of Chicago's professors. Egon Brunswik represents a more recent, but Continental, version. The functionalists retained an emphasis on conscious experience.

text: Behaviourists also rejected the method of introspection but criticized functionalism because it was not based on controlled experiments and its theories provided little predictive ability.[citation needed] B.F. Skinner was a developer of behaviourism. He did not think that considering how the mind affects behaviour was worthwhile, for he considered behaviour simply as a learned response to an external stimulus. Yet, such behaviourist concepts tend to deny the human capacity for random, unpredictable, sentient decision-making, further blocking the functionalist concept that human behaviour is an active process driven by the individual. Perhaps, a combination of both the functionalist and behaviourist perspectives provides scientists with the most empirical value,[citation needed] but, even so, it remains philosophically (and physiologically) difficult to integrate the two concepts without raising further questions about human behaviour.[citation needed] For instance, consider the interrelationship between three elements: the human environment, the human autonomic nervous system (our fight or flight muscle responses), and the human somatic nervous system (our voluntary muscle control). The behaviourist perspective explains a mixture of both types of muscle behaviour, whereas the functionalist perspective resides mostly in the somatic nervous system. It can be argued that all behavioural origins begin within the nervous system, prompting all scientists of human behaviour to possess basic physiological understandings, something very well understood by the functionalist founder William James.

text: Contemporary descendants[edit]

text: Evolutionary psychology is based on the idea that knowledge concerning the function of the psychological phenomena affecting human evolution is necessary for a complete understanding of the human psyche. Even the project of studying the evolutionary functions of consciousness is now an active topic of study. Like evolutionary psychology, James's functionalism was inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.[4]


document_title: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

question_text: which of santa's reindeer is rudolph's dad

question_tokens: which of santa 's reindeer is rudolph 's dad

text: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. May considered naming the reindeer "Rollo" or "Reginald" before deciding upon using the name "Rudolph."[8] In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story.[9] The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas").[citation needed] Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC.[citation needed]

text: While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. "Suddenly I had it!" he recalled. "A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight."[10]

text: The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930's popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver Gillen, to draw "cute reindeer", using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea.[11]

text: Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of Rudolph in 1947[citation needed] and a sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again, in 1954.[citation needed] In 1992, Applewood Books published Rudolph's Second Christmas, an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947.[citation needed] In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp.[citation needed] Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph's Second Christmas (now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue).[12]

text: The story[edit]

text: The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph, a youthful reindeer buck (male) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose. Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait, Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening. Rudolph agrees, and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment.

text: In media[edit]

text: Theatrical cartoon short (1948)[edit]

text: Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948, in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May's original story than Marks' song, which had not yet been written.[13] It was reissued in 1951 with the song added.[13]

text: Song (1949)[edit]

text: May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, adapted the story of Rudolph into a song. Gene Autry's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949. Autry's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year, eventually selling a total of 25 million, and it remained the second best-selling record of all time until the 1980s.[14]

text: Comic books (beginning in 1950)[edit]

text: DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962.[15][16] Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories.[17]

text: In 1972, DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format. Subsequently, they published six more in that format: Limited Collectors' Edition C-24, C-33, C-42, C-50[18] and All-New Collectors' Edition C-53, C-60.[19]

text: Additionally, one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980).[20] The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer.[21][22]

text: Children's book (1958)[edit]

text: In 1958, Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook, adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry. The book, similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short, is no longer in print,[citation needed] but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972.

text: Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)[edit]

text: Perhaps the most well-known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin/Bass Productions version of 1964.[citation needed] Filmed in Japan, with all sound recordings done in Toronto, Canada, the show premièred on NBC. As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book, they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song, one that differed from the book. This re-telling chronicles Rudolph's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home. Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey, who skipped elf practice to become a dentist, along with a loud, boisterous, eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth. Additional original characters include Rudolph's love interest, Clarice; the antagonistic "Abominable Snow Monster"; and, as narrator, the living Sam the Snowman, voiced by Burl Ives.

text: In the 1964 stop-motion movie, Rudolph is born to Donner the Reindeer and Donner's wife. He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny, glowing red nose. Donner, regardless of Rudolph's defect, trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the "Abominable Snow Monster", a giant, furry white beast. To hide Rudolph's nose, Donner puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating. This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent, as told by the Rudolph's peers. A short time later, Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games, where he meets Fireball, who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head, and Clarice, a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph. Clarice's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying, but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose, revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him; this distraction, in turn, prompts the coach (Comet) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games. Clarice remains loyal to him, only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with "a red-nosed reindeer."

text: Rudolph soon runs into Hermey, an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole's toy factory; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry. They come to the conclusion that they're both misfits and decide to run away together. On their aimless journey, they run into Yukon Cornelius, the self-described "greatest prospector of the North" who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold, and attempt to stay away from the Bumble, a huge abominable snow monster. Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys, where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners. King Moonracer, the winged lion that lords over the Island, refuses to let them stay there permanently, instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys' plight, in exchange for one night's stay on the island. Rudolph refuses the offer and, fearing for his friends' life, runs off alone.

text: A now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.

text: After the story's initial broadcast, its closing credits were revised. Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below, where they were found by children who loved them. The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy. The special now airs annually on CBS, rather than NBC, and is hailed as a classic by many. The special's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status, and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing.

text: The sequel Rudolph's Shiny New Year (premier air date December 10, 1976) continued the reindeer's journeys, and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature-length film Christmas in July, which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin/Bass's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman.

text: Animated feature-length films[edit]

text: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998) is an animated feature film. It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video. Its inclusion of a villain, a love interest, a sidekick, and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin/Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song (the characters of Stormella, Zoey, Arrow, Slyly, and Leonard parallel the Rankin/Bass characters of the Bumble, Clarice, Fireball, Hermey, and Yukon, respectively). The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph's harassment by his schoolmates (primarily his cousin Arrow) during his formative years.

text: GoodTimes Entertainment, the producers of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001). Unlike the previous film, the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin/Bass special (as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin/Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use).

text:
Role
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
(1998)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer:
The Island of Misfit Toys
(2001)

Director
William R. Kowalchuk

Producer

Writer
Michael Aschner

Composer
Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd
Bruce Roberts and Diana B

Editor
Tom Hok
Lennie Nelson

Production Companies
GoodTimes Entertainment
Golden Books Family Entertainment
Tundra Productions

Distributor
Legacy Releasing
GoodTimes Entertainment

Running Time
80 minutes
74 minutes

Release Date
October 6, 1998
October 30, 2001

text: Other[edit]

text: A live-action version of Rudolph (complete with glowing nose) along with Donner and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special, "Last Christmas" which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014.[23] In this special, Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose.

text: Nathaniel Dominy, an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College (Robert L. May's alma mater), published a scholarly paper on Rudolph's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015. In the paper, Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans, allowing them to see ultraviolet light; ultraviolet light, however, is much more easily scattered in fog, which would blind reindeer. Thus, Rudolph's red nose, emitting longer-wavelength red light, would penetrate the fog more easily. A summary of Dominy's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22.[24]

text: Homages in media[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)

text: Film[edit]

text:
In the film remake of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), The Grinch disguises his dog, Max, as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville, to stop Christmas from coming. He also changes Rudolph's story saying, he hates Christmas and is gonna steal it. He then yells "Action!" through a megaphone. But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him.
In the film Fred Claus (2007), Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen, although his red nose is not glowing. Fred (Vince Vaughn) is filling in for his injured brother Nick (Paul Giamatti) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve. While en route, he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to "shake it off". There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries. Willie the elf says, "Fred, I have a bad feeling about this", followed by a shot of the full moon. The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera. Here, you can see Rudolph leading the pack. In slow motion, you can clearly count nine reindeer.

text: Games[edit]

text:
Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two (2008) during a tutorial video about the use of the game's Aggro feature.
In Guild Wars Nightfall (2006), player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest.

text: Music[edit]

text:
Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys' song "Little Saint Nick" (1963) in the following lyric: "Now haulin' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead."[25]
"Run Rudolph Run" (1958) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music (ASCAP). The song was released as a single on Chess Records (label no. 1714) and has since been covered by numerous other artists, sometimes under the title "Run, Run, Rudolph". The song is a 12-bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry's popular and recognizable song, "Johnny B. Goode" (1958);[citation needed] it is also melodically identical to Berry's "Little Queenie" (1959).[citation needed]
In Ray Stevens' novelty song "Santa Claus Is Watching You" (1962), Rudolph is replaced on Santa's team by "Clyde the Camel", a character from Steven's earlier hit, "Ahab the Arab". In the original version, aimed at children in a similar fashion to "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during "a twist contest"; a later version, warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching, has Rudolph on a "stakeout at (the lover's) house".

text: Television and webisodes[edit]

text:
In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode, "Songtaran Carols" (2012), the Sontaran warrior-nurse-detective, Strax, stated: "Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, had a very shiny nose. It proved to be a tactical disadvantage, because it enabled me to punch him in the dark."
Rudolph along with Donner and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special, Last Christmas.
The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper, a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve, who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose. However his background and story is otherwise very different.
MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin-Bass special called Raging Rudolph. Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose, and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius (a hitman in the special) to kill and decapitate Santa. Rudolph then takes over the North Pole. A sequel to the skit, The Reinfather, shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman's death in a nod to The Godfather.

text: Relatives in different adaptations[edit]

text: Parents[edit]

text:
Robert L. May's original book does not name Rudolph's parents.
The animated specials produced by both Rankin/Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents:

In Rankin/Bass's holiday special, he is Donner's son, and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donner.
In GoodTimes' retelling, Rudolph's father is Blitzen, and his mother is named Mitzi.

text: Offspring[edit]

text: Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph's son, Robbie the Reindeer. However, Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name (references are replaced by the first and second films' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase, "Don't say that name!", or something similar, presumably for copyright reasons.)

text: Siblings[edit]

text: Rudolph is also given a younger brother, Rusty Reindeer, in the American special, Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006). Unlike in the "Robbie the Reindeer" cartoons, Rudolph's name is mentioned in the film.

text: Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips: an overweight, emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph, the Infra-Red nosed Reindeer, who is referred to as Rudolph's older brother. Ralph's red nose is good for defrosting Santa's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph's publicity and his own anonymity.

text: Aunts, uncles, and cousins[edit]

text:
Rudolph has a cousin, Leroy, in Joe Diffie's 1995 song, "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer" (1995), which tells the story of Leroy's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph, who was ill.
In GoodTimes' retelling, three of Santa's reindeer (Dasher, Comet, and Cupid) are his uncles, and Cupid's son Arrow is Rudolph's cousin and rival.


document_title: Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament

question_text: who won the gold medal in womens ice hockey at the 2006 olympics

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Canada, United States, Finland and Sweden qualified as the top four teams in the IIHF World Ranking in 2004. Italy qualified as host team. The remaining three teams qualified from qualification tournaments.

text:
Event
Date
Location
Vacancies
Qualified

Host

1
 Italy

2004 IIHF World Ranking[a]
5 March 2001 – 6 April 2004
 Halifax[b]
4
 Canada
 United States
 Finland
 Sweden

Qualification tournament
11–13 November 2004
 Podolsk
1
 Russia

Qualification tournament
11–14 November 2004
 Bad Tolz
1
 Germany

Qualification tournament
11–14 November 2004
 Beijing
1
  Switzerland

Total

8

text:
a 2004 IIHF World Ranking were comprising the following events: 2000 World Championship, 2001 World Championship, 2002 Winter Olympic Games and 2004 World Championship.
b Halifax was the site for 2004 World Championship; at the conclusion of the tournament the ranking were finalized with regards to the qualification slots.

tag: ol

text: Rosters[edit]

text: Preliminary round[edit]

text: All times are local (UTC+1).

text: Group A[edit]

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Canada
3
3
0
0
36
1
+35
6
Semifinals

2
 Sweden
3
2
0
1
15
9
+6
4

3
 Russia
3
1
0
2
6
16
−10
2
5–8th place semifinals

4
 Italy (H)
3
0
0
3
1
32
−31
0

text:
11 February 2006 v
15:35
 Sweden
3–1
(0–0, 2–1, 1–0)
 Russia
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 6,500

text:
[show]Game reference

Kim Martin
Goalies
Irina Gashennikova
Referee:
 Stephanie Normand
Linesmen:
 Michaela Kiefer
 Julie Piacentini

Jansson (Lindberg, Winberg) (PP) – 23:26
1–0

Timglas (Rooth, O'Konor) (PP) – 25:14
2–0

2–1
39:21 – Trefilova

Rooth (G. Andersson) (PP) – 40:32
3–1

14 min
Penalties
14 min

24
Shots
31

text:
11 February 2006 v
20:35
Canada
16–0
(5–0, 4–0, 7–0)
 Italy
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 8,399

text:
[show]Game reference

Kim St-Pierre
Goalies
Debora Montanari
Luana Frasnelli
Referee:
 Danyel Howard
Linesmen:
 Sanna Mattila
 Ilse Robben

Ouellette (Hefford, MacLeod) – 01:36
1–0

Ouellette (Hefford, Botterill) – 01:52
2–0

Wickenheiser (Piper) – 04:04
3–0

Ouellette (Botterill, Campbell) (PP) – 06:53
4–0

Pounder (Kellar) – 11:34
5–0

Vaillancourt (Piper) – 20:25
6–0

MacLeod (Campbell, Apps) – 22:32
7–0

Piper (Wickenheiser, Apps) – 38:45
8–0

Wickenheiser (Piper, Apps) – 39:56
9–0

Apps (Piper, Wickenheiser) – 41:35
10–0

Botterill (Ouellette, MacLeod) – 47:31
11–0

Hefford (Ouellette, Botterill) (PP) – 48:41
12–0

Pounder – 49:42
13–0

Goyette (Campbell, Sunohara) – 52:19
14–0

Apps (Piper, Wickenheiser) (PP) – 56:15
15–0

Weatherston (Agosta, Vaillancourt) – 57:37
16–0

8 min
Penalties
10 min

66
Shots
5

text:
12 February 2006 v
16:35
Russia
0–12
(0–7, 0–2, 0–3)
 Canada
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,414

text:
[show]Game reference

Irina Gashennikova
Nadezhda Alexandrova
Goalies
Charline Labonte
Referee:
 Joy Tottman
Linesmen:
 Johanna Suban
 Jana Zítková

0–1
04:53 – Sunohara (Ouellette, Goyette)

0–2
06:52 – Agosta (Kinsbury, Weatherston)

0–3
10:00 – Piper (Apps) (SH)

0–4
15:14 – Goyette (Campbell)

0–5
16:18 – Piper (Wickenheiser)

0–6
17:48 – Wickenheiser (SH)

0–7
19:20 – Agosta (Vaillancourt)

0–8
27:19 – Weatherston (Ouellette, Vaillancourt)

0–9
33:27 – Agosta (PP)

0–10
41:16 – Piper (Wickenheiser)

0–11
47:47 – Vaillancourt (Hefford, Botterill)

0–12
52:33 – MacLeod (Wickenheiser)

28 min
Penalties
14 min

17
Shots
43

text:
13 February 2006 v
15:05
Sweden
11–0
(3–0, 5–0, 3–0)
 Italy
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,156

text:
[show]Game reference

Cecilia Andersson
Goalies
Debora Montanari
Luana Frasnelli
Referee:
 Kateřina Ivičičová
Linesmen:
 Marte Hove
 Johanna Suban

Sjolander (Winberg) (PP) – 07:09
1–0

Sjolander (Lindberg, Asserholt) (PP) – 15:45
2–0

G. Andersson (Holst) – 18:15
3–0

Jansson (Eliasson) – 20:59
4–0

Holst (Rooth) – 25:05
5–0

Edstrand (Sjolander) – 31:45
6–0

Rooth (Holst) (SH) – 32:37
7–0

G. Andersson (Nevalainen) – 34:16
8–0

Sjolander (Nevalainen, Asserholt) – 49:31
9–0

Rooth (G. Andersson) (PP) – 50:55
10–0

Edstrand (Rooth, G. Andersson) (PP) – 58:08
11–0

16 min
Penalties
22 min

52
Shots
4

text:
14 February 2006 v
13:05
Italy
1–5
(1–1, 0–1, 0–3)
 Russia
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,046

text:
[show]

Debora Montanari
Goalies
Irina Gashennikova
Referee:
 Bianca Walter
Linesmen:
 Anne-Sophie Boniface
 Michaela Kiefer

Florian (Leitner, Bettarini) (PP2) – 8:02
1–0

1–1
11:17 – Gladysheva (PP)

1–2
25:51 – Trefilova (Pashkevich) (PP)

1–3
44:31 – Gavrilova (Khomich) (PP)

1–4
46:53 – Gavrilova (Sotnikova)

1–5
53:04 – Trefilova (Shchelchkova) (PP)

26 min
Penalties
18 min

13
Shots
40

text:
14 February 2006 v
15:35
Canada
8–1
(2–0, 5–1, 1–0)
 Sweden
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 6,850

text:
[show]Game reference

Kim St-Pierre
Goalies
Cecilia Andersson
Referee:
 Anu Hirvonen
Linesmen:
 Sanna Mattila
 Julie Piacentini

Apps – 04:36
1–0

Wickenheiser (Pounder) – 12:28
2–0

Apps (PP) – 23:53
3–0

Apps (Wickenheiser, Piper) – 30:58
4–0

Goyette (Piper, Campbell) (PP) – 34:02
5–0

5–1
36:12 – Lindberg (Jansson, Winberg) (PP)

Weatherston (Kingsbury) – 37:25
6–1

Hefford (PP) – 38:53
7–1

Goyette (Piper, Wickenheiser) (PP) – 46:02
8–1

14 min
Penalties
16 min

47
Shots
8

text: Group B[edit]

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 United States
3
3
0
0
18
3
+15
6
Semifinals

2
 Finland
3
2
0
1
10
7
+3
4

3
 Germany
3
1
0
2
2
9
−7
2
5–8th place semifinals

4
  Switzerland
3
0
0
3
1
12
−11
0

text:
11 February 2006 v
13:05
Finland
3–0
(2–0, 0–0, 1–0)
 Germany
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 3,200

text:
[show]Game reference

Maija Hassinen
Goalies
Stephanie Wartosch-Kuerten
Referee:
 Arina Ustinova
Linesmen:
 Anne-Sophie Boniface
 Klára Quagliato

Pehkonen (Pelttari, Tuominen) – 08:15
1–0

Pelttari (PP2) – 17:02
2–0

Pälvilä (SH) – 43:13
3–0

4 min
Penalties
6 min

27
Shots
24

text:
11 February 2006 v
18:05
United States
6–0
(1–0, 1–0, 4–0)
  Switzerland
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,900

text:
[show]Game reference

Chanda Gunn
Goalies
Patricia Elsmore-Sautter
Referee:
 Kateřina Ivičičová
Linesmen:
 Marina Konstantinova
 Kim Robichaud

Ka. King (Potter) – 02:38
1–0

Dunn-Luoma (SH2) – 32:27
2–0

Wendell (Ruggiero, Potter) – 47:53
3–0

Darwitz (Parsons) – 50:33
4–0

Wendell (Potter) – 52:40
5–0

Potter (Ruggiero) (PP) – 58:50
6–0

18 min
Penalties
14 min

56
Shots
9

text:
12 February 2006 v
19:05
Germany
0–5
(0–2, 0–2, 0–1)
 United States
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 7,794

text:
[show]Game reference

Jennifer Harß
Goalies
Pam Dreyer
Referee:
 Anu Hirvonen
Linesmen:
 Annica Flödén
 Marte Hove

0–1
04:33 – Potter (Ka. King) (PP)

0–2
17:13 – Ka. King (Chu, Potter) (PP)

0–3
21:11 – Parsons (Resor, Stephens)

0–4
29:57 – Darwitz (Parsons, Ka. King)

0–5
50:54 – Parsons (Ruggiero)

20 min
Penalties
16 min

10
Shots
60

text:
13 February 2006 v
17:35
Finland
4–0
(1–0, 0–0, 3–0)
  Switzerland
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 4,259

text:
[show]Game reference

Noora Räty
Goalies
Florence Schelling
Referee:
 Bianca Walter
Linesmen:
 Annica Flödén
 Jana Zítková

Tuominen (Pelttari) (PP) – 14:10
1–0

Rantamäki – 45:21
2–0

Saarinen (Hoikkala, Tallus) – 51:58
3–0

Pehkonen (Rantamaki) – 52:50
4–0

18 min
Penalties
20 min

41
Shots
18

text:
14 February 2006 v
18:05
Switzerland
1–2
(0–0, 1–2, 0–0)
 Germany
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,000

text:
[show]Game reference

Patricia Elsmore-Sautter
Goalies
Jennifer Harß
Referee:
 Danyel Howard
Linesmen:
 Marina Konstantinova
 Ilse Robben

0–1
23:16 – M. Lanzl (Becker)

Schumacher (Ju. Marty) (PP) – 29:00
1–1

1–2
29:36 – Oswald (M. Lanzl, Ritter) (PP)

41 min
Penalties
18 min

22
Shots
31

text:
14 February 2006 v
20:35
United States
7–3
(1–2, 1–1, 5–0)
 Finland
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 7,697

text:
[show]Game reference

Chanda Gunn
Goalies
Maija Hassinen
Referee:
 Stephanie Normand
Linesmen:
 Klára Quagliato
 Kim Robichaud

0–1
00:13 – Pehkonen (Rantamäki)

Parsons (Wendell, Potter) (PP) – 08:08
1–1

1–2
11:26 – Laaksonen (Tuominen) (PP)

1–3
32:01 – Kovalainen (Saarinen) (PP2)

Parsons (Chu) – 38:54
2–3

Ka. King – 41:28
3–3

Ruggiero – 50:16
4–3

Darwitz (Wall) (PP) – 51:01
5–3

Wendell (Parsons, Ruggiero) – 52:18
6–3

Ruggiero (Darwitz, Stephens) – 55:36
7–3

38 min
Penalties
22 min

31
Shots
15

text: Placement round[edit]

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
5–8th place semifinals

5th place game

B3
 Germany
5

A4
 Italy
2

B3
 Germany (GWS)
1

A3
 Russia
0

A3
 Russia
6

B4
  Switzerland
2

7th place game

B4
  Switzerland
11

A4
 Italy
0

text: 5–8th place semifinals[edit]

text:
17 February 2006 v
13:05
Russia
6–2
(1–1, 4–1, 1–0)
  Switzerland
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,800

text:
[show]Game reference

Irina Gashennikova
Goalies
Patricia Elsmore-Sautter
Florence Schelling
Referee:
 Kateřina Ivičičová
Linesmen:
 Anne-Sophie Boniface
 Annica Flödén

Trefilova – 02:03
1–0

1–1
10:52 – Rochat

Burina (Mishina, Barykina) – 25:14
2–1

Mishina (Smolentseva) – 26:19
3–1

Mishina (Byalkovskaya) (PP) – 30:00
4–1

4–2
31:55 – Lehmann (Cattaneo, Bullo)

Mishina (Smolentseva) – 39:18
5–2

Kapustina (Shchelchkova) (PP) – 52:17
6–2

16 min
Penalties
12 min

36
Shots
18

text:
17 February 2006 v
18:35
Germany
5–2
(3–2, 0–0, 2–0)
 Italy
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,750

text:
[show]Game reference

Stephanie Wartosch-Kuerten
Goalies
Debora Montanari
Referee:
 Arina Ustinova
Linesmen:
 Marte Hove
 Jana Zítková

Becker (M. Lanzl) – 00:27
1–0

Seiler (Tamas) (PP) – 05:32
2–0

2–1
06:18 – Leitner

2–2
06:59 – Leitner (Kaser, Bazzanella)

Holmes (Soesilo) – 07:47
3–2

Becker (Ritter) – 42:50
4–2

Ritter (Becker, M. Lanzl) – 55:35
5–2

22 min
Penalties
16 min

30
Shots
13

text: Seventh place game[edit]

text:
20 February 2006 v
13:05
Switzerland
11–0
(4–0, 6–0, 1–0)
 Italy
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,500

text:
[show]Game reference

Florence Schelling
Goalies
Luana Frasnelli
Debora Montanari
Referee:
 Stephanie Normand
Linesmen:
 Marina Konstantinova
 Sanna Mattila

Diaz – 04:33
1–0

Diaz (Mosimann) (PP) – 09:54
2–0

Ju. Marty (Diaz) (PP) – 16:06
3–0

Lehmann (S. Marty) – 16:41
4–0

Ruhnke (Rochat) – 22:36
5–0

Ju. Marty (Ruhnke) – 26:51
6–0

Meier (Kunzle) – 31:09
7–0

Lehmann (Mosimann) – 32:48
8–0

Ruhnke (Rochat) – 33:16
9–0

S. Marty (Lehmann) – 35:37
10–0

S. Marty (Lehmann) – 56:08
11–0

20 min
Penalties
20 min

53
Shots
29

text: Fifth place game[edit]

text:
20 February 2006 v
13:05
Germany
1–0 GWS
(0–0, 0–0, 0–0)
(OT: 0–0)
(SO: 1–0)
 Russia
Torino Esposizioni, Turin
Attendance: 2,570

text:
[show]Game reference

Jennifer Harß
Goalies
Irina Gashennikova
Referee:
 Danyel Howard
Linesmen:
 Julie Piacentini
 Ilse Robben

Oswald
M. Lanzl
Scheytt
Becker
Holmes
Shootout
 Pashkevich
 Smolentseva
 Smolina
 Kapustina

4 min
Penalties
14 min

26
Shots
21

text: Playoff round[edit]

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Gold medal game

A1
 United States
2

B2
 Sweden (GWS)
3

B2
 Sweden
1

B1
 Canada
4

B1
 Canada
6

A2
 Finland
0

Bronze medal game

A2
 Finland
0

A1
 United States
4

text: Semifinals[edit]

text:
17 February 2006 v
17:05
United States
2–3 GWS
(1–0, 1–2, 0–0)
(OT: 0–0)
(SO: 0–1)
 Sweden
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 5,654

text:
[show]Game reference

Chanda Gunn
Goalies
Kim Martin
Referee:
 Joy Tottman
Linesmen:
 Sanna Mattila
 Johanna Suban

Kr. King (Potter, Chu) (PP) – 11:55
1–0

Stephens (Wall, Darwitz) (PP) – 21:04
2–0

2–1
26:17 – Rooth (O'Konor)

2–2
29:40 – Rooth (Holst) (SH)

Darwitz
Potter
Ruggiero
Wendell
Shootout
 Holst
 Jansson
 Winberg
 Rooth

12 min
Penalties
22 min

39
Shots
18

text:
17 February 2006 v
21:05
Canada
6–0
(2–0, 2–0, 2–0)
 Finland
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 7,306

text:
[show]Game reference

Charline Labonté
Goalies
Maija Hassinen
Noora Räty
Referee:
 Danyel Howard
Linesmen:
 Julie Piacentini
 Klára Quagliato

Weatherston (Sostorics) (PP) – 17:33
1–0

Apps (Kingsbury, Goyette) (PP) – 19:15
2–0

Wickenheiser (Apps) (PP) – 34:59
3–0

Ouellette (Sunohara) (PP) – 36:26
4–0

Piper (Wickenheiser, Apps) – 47:49
5–0

Piper (Wickenheiser, Apps) (PP) – 54:47
6–0

14 min
Penalties
16 min

40
Shots
17

text: Bronze medal game[edit]

text:
20 February 2006 v
16:35
Finland
0–4
(0–3, 0–1, 0–0)
 United States 03 !
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 5,150

text:
[show]Game reference

Noora Räty
Maija Hassinen
Goalies
Chanda Gunn
Referee:
 Joy Tottman
Linesmen:
 Michaela Kiefer
 Kim Robichaud

0–1
02:32 – Stephens (Chu, Darwitz) (PP)

0–2
08:09 – Ka. King (Resor)

0–3
11:06 – Ka. King (Potter)

0–4
21:44 – Ka. King (Chu, Kr. King)

12 min
Penalties
20 min

14
Shots
20

text: Gold medal game[edit]

text:
20 February 2006 v
20:35
02 ! Sweden
1–4
(0–2, 0–2, 1–0)
 Canada 01 !
Palasport Olimpico, Turin
Attendance: 6,664

text:
[show]Game reference

Kim Martin
Goalies
Charline Labonté
Referee:
 Anu Hirvonen
Linesmen:
 Klára Quagliato
 Johanna Suban

0–1
03:15 – Apps (Wickenheiser)

0–2
12:13 – Ouellette (Hefford, Botterill)

0–3
28:58 – Piper (Wickenheiser, Pounder)

0–4
30:27 – Hefford (Botterill, Vaillancourt)

G. Andersson (Holst, Rooth) (PP) – 45:24
1–4

6 min
Penalties
12 min

8
Shots
26

text: Final ranking[edit]

text:
Rank
Team

01 !
 Canada

02 !
 Sweden

03 !
 United States

4
 Finland

5
 Germany

6
 Russia

7
  Switzerland

8
 Italy

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Leading scorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
+/−
POS

1
 Hayley Wickenheiser
5
5
12
17
6
+15
F

2
 Cherie Piper
5
7
8
15
0
+15
F

3
 Gillian Apps
5
7
7
14
14
+13
F

4
 Caroline Ouellette
5
5
4
9
4
+12
F

4
 Maria Rooth
5
5
4
9
2
+1
F

6
 Jenny Potter
5
2
7
9
4
+10
F

7
 Katie King
5
6
2
8
2
+6
F

8
 Sarah Parsons
5
4
3
7
0
+9
F

9
 Jayna Hefford
5
3
4
7
0
+8
F

10
 Jennifer Botterill
5
1
6
7
4
+6
F

text:
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in Minutes; +/− = Plus-minus; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com

text: Goaltending leaders[edit]

text: Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.

text:
Rank
Player
TOI
GA
GAA
SA
Sv%
SO

1
 Charline Labonte
180:00
1
0.33
42
97.62
2

2
 Jennifer Harß
190:00
6
1.89
103
94.17
1

3
 Florence Schelling
150:00
6
2.40
90
93.33
1

4
 Kim St-Pierre
120:00
1
0.50
13
92.31
1

5
 Kim Martin
190:00
7
2.21
96
92.71
0

text:
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; SA = Shots Against; Sv% = Save Percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source:IIHF.com

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Most Valuable Player:  Hayley Wickenheiser
Best players selected by the directorate:

Best Goaltender:  Kim Martin
Best Defenceman:  Angela Ruggiero
Best Forward:  Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Source: IIHF.com

text:
Media All-Stars

Goaltender:  Kim Martin
Defencemen:  Angela Ruggiero,  Carla MacLeod
Forwards:  Maria Rooth,  Hayley Wickenheiser,  Gillian Apps

text: Source: IIHF.com