document_title: Keystone Studios

question_text: who was the creator of keystone film corp and specialized in slapstick comedy films

text: Keystone Studios

text: Production[edit]

text: The studio is perhaps best remembered for the era under Mack Sennett when he created the slapstick antics of the Keystone Cops, from 1912, and for the Sennett Bathing Beauties, beginning in 1915. Charles Chaplin got his start at Keystone when Sennett hired him fresh from his vaudeville career to make silent films. Charlie Chaplin at Keystone Studios is a 1993 compilation of some of the most notable films Chaplin made at Keystone, documenting his transition from vaudeville player to true comic film actor to director. In 1915, Keystone Studios became an autonomous production unit of the Triangle Film Corporation with D. W. Griffith and Thomas Ince. In 1917, Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company.

text: Many other important actors also worked at Keystone toward the beginning of their film careers, including Marie Dressler, Harold Lloyd, Mabel Normand, Roscoe Arbuckle, Gloria Swanson, Louise Fazenda, Raymond Griffith, Ford Sterling, Ben Turpin, Harry Langdon, Al St. John and Chester Conklin.

text: Sennett, by then a celebrity, departed the studio in 1917 to produce his own independent films (eventually distributed through Paramount). Keystone's business decreased after his departure, and finally closed after bankruptcy in 1935.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Much of the lighting and studio equipment from Keystone was bought by Reymond King, who started the "Award Cinema Movie Equipment" company in Venice, CA in November, 1935.

text: "Keystone Studios" is the fictional studio in the film Swimming With Sharks.

text: A new legal corporate entity named Keystone Studios began again during 2005. Keystone obtained its new trademark in 2006.[5]

text: The Keystone Studios lot was an explorable location, as well as a major plot element, in the 2011 video game L.A. Noire, published by Rockstar Games.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Mabel Normand, Mack Sennett and Charles Chaplin in The Fatal Mallet (1914)

Charles Baumann

Adam Kessel

Keystone Studios building, Echo Park - Present Day


document_title: Italian honorifics

question_text: what title would you use to address your female doctor in italian

root

text: Italian honorifics

text: Nobility[edit]

text: As part of the republican constitution that became effective in Italy on 1 January 1948, titles of nobility ceased to be recognized in law (although they were not, strictly, abolished or banned), and the organ of state which had regulated them, the Consulta Araldica, was eliminated.[1] However the so-called predicati — territorial or manorial designations that were often connected to a noble title by use of a nobiliary particle such as di, da, della, dei, could be resumed as part of the legal surname upon judicial approval for persons who possessed it prior to 28 October 1922 (date of Italian fascism's accession to power).[2] In practice, this meant that, e.g., "John Doe, Duke of Somewhere" or "Princess Jane of Kingdom" might become "John Doe di Somewhere" or "Jane della Kingdom", respectively. Nonetheless, titles are often still used unofficially in villages, private clubs and some social sets. Signore and Signora (formerly signifying landed nobility) are translations of "Lord" and "Lady", used also in the military hierarchy and for persons in official positions or for members of a society's elite. A few titles are also common in diminutive form as terms of affection for young people (e.g. Principino for "Princekin" or Contessina for "the Little Countess").

tag: p

text:
Imperatore (Emperor) / Imperatrice (Empress)
Re (King) / Regina (Queen)
Principe (Prince) / Principessa (Princess)
Duca (Duke) / Duchessa (Duchess)
Marchese (Marquis) / Marchesa (Marchioness)
Conte (Count or Earl) / Contessa (Countess)
Visconte (Viscount) / Viscontessa (Viscountess)
Barone (Baron) / Baronessa (Baroness)
Coscritto (Select) / Coscritta
Patrizio (Patrician) / Patrizia
Nobiluomo – n.h./n.u. (Nobleman) / Nobildonna – n.d. (Noblewoman)
Cavaliere Ereditario (Baronet) / no female equivalent[2]

tag: ul

text: Use of the prefix "Don" as a style for certain persons of distinction spread to the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily during the Spanish domination of southern Italy in the 16th Century. Officially, it was the style to address a noble (as distinct from a reigning) prince (principe) or duke (duca), and their children and agnatic descendants. Any Italian monarch (as in Spain) might informally be addressed or referred to with this prefix, for example King Carlos III of Spain was widely known in his Neapolitan realm as "Don Carlo". Genealogical databases and dynastic works still reserve the title for this class of noble by tradition, although it is no longer a right under Italian law. In practice, especially in the countryside, Don was also used as an honorific title for untitled noblemen, such as knights. The feminine is "Donna".

text: State honorifics[edit]

text: The President of the Republic can give “honours of the Republic”. These are:

text:
Medals (Gold, Silver, Bronze) to persons or entity for merit or valor
Knighthood (Cavaliere di Gran Croce, Grande Ufficiale, Commendatore – comm., Cavaliere Ufficiale – cav. uff., Cavaliere – cav.) of five Orders (Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana, Ordine Militare d’Italia, Ordine al Merito del Lavoro, Ordine della Stella d'Italia, Ordine di Vittorio Veneto)

Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Order of Merit of the Italian Republic) is for outstanding merit in regard to the nation
Ordine Militare d’Italia (Military Order of Italy) rewards the actions of units of the armed forces or by soldiers, demonstrating expertise, responsibility and valour. The title may be given posthumously
Ordine al Merito del Lavoro (Order of Merit for Labour) for those who have worked with skilfulness, contributing to the development of the nation and to a better status to the workers
Ordine della Stella d'Italia (Order of the Star of Italy) for the post-war reconstruction of Italy
Ordine di Vittorio Veneto (Order of Vittorio Veneto) for the Italian soldiers of the First World War

text: In addition, the orders of chivalry of the Royal House of Savoy and other Italian dynasties confer honorifics (Cavaliere and Dama), as do the Holy See and the Order of Malta. Oddly, the Italian Republic bestows the rank of knight but not that of dame, though ladies may be decorated with knightly rank.

text: State rules[edit]

text:
Presidente – pres. (President): used for the President of the Republic, or for the President of the Senate, of the Chamber of Deputies, of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister), of the Constitutional Court, of a Region Council, for Judges president of a Court
Presidente emerito – pres. em. (Emeritus President): used for ex President of the Republic
Senatore – sen. (Senator): some are for life (ex Presidents of the Republic and persons who glorified the Country)
Onorevole - on. (Honourable): member of the Chamber of Deputies
Ministro – min. (Minister)
Giudice (Judge)
Console – cons. (Consul)
others

text: Work[edit]

text:
Dottore / Dottoressa – dott. (Doctor; in Italy it is used for any person holding a university degree. This usage often confuses foreigners.)
Maestro / Maestra (teacher or expert artisan or musician)

Mastro (archaic for artisans)

Professore – prof. / Professoressa – prof.ssa (Professor, usually used for university teachers, and high school teachers)

Full professors in the university are most formally addressed as Chiarissimo Professor (Chiar.mo Prof.), derived from Latin clarus which meant famed. University headmasters (Rettore) are formally addressed as Magnifico Rettore (Magnificent Headmaster).

text: Academic degrees[edit]

text:
High school diplomas:

Ragioniere – rag. (business economics).
Geometra – geom. (land surveying and construction).
Perito – per. (degree of technical extraction in a specific branch, such as chemistry or mechanics or naval or nautical; in some cases, however, a perito holds no more than a three-year university laurea.)
Maestro / Maestra (degree from a music conservatory or educational program). Note, however, that grade-school teachers of all levels are frequently called "maestro" in common, everyday use, while high-school teachers are called "professore").

University degrees:

Dottore – dott. (all people holding a laurea degree). The laurea was previously the only academic degree given by Italian Universities. With the Riforma Universitaria, the Italian system has moved closer to conformity with the rest of Europe and North America. Laurea may now refer to a three-year degree (the laurea triennale) or to a laurea magistrale, which requires two additional years of study. The former confers the title dottore; holders of the latter receive the academic title dottore magistrale. Outside of Italy, however, it is inappropriate for the holder of a new laurea to use the title "Doctor."
Avvocato – avv. (Lawyer, a laurea specialistica in law and a state-exam are both required.)
Ingegnere – ing. (Engineer, a laurea specialistica in engineering and a state-exam are both required.)
Architetto – arch. (Architect, a laurea specialistica in architecture and a state-exam are both required.)
Dottore di Ricerca (holder of a Ph.D., literally "Doctor of Research").

text: Roman Catholic Church hierarchy[edit]

text: Besides normal titles, there are some words that are peculiar to the Catholic Church, being found in European countries of catholic tradition:

text:
Don - used for members of the secular clergy, more a form of address than a title as such, don comes from a medieval styling for very esteemed persons, it is a colloquial form of Dominus - the Latin for Lord, Sir. It is still used for Bishops, or citizens in some areas (as in Spain, Portugal and Latin America).
prevosto: provost - title used in northern Italy and Tuscany for important parish priests.
arciprete: archpriest - usually used for the senior priest in an important or significant town that is not a bishop's seat, i.e. not the centre of a diocese.
curato: curate - parish priest of the countryside.
canonico: canon - the senior priests attached to the cathedral, who have special liturgcial and administrative responsibilities both there and in the diocese.

text: Military hierarchy[edit]

text:
Esercito (Army): see Italian Army enlisted military ranks and Italian Army officers military ranks
Marina Militare (Navy): see Naval officer ranks
Aeronautica Militare (Air force)
Carabinieri (gendarmerie): officers ranks are the same as in the Italian Army.

text: Style for letters[edit]

text: Excluding special titles or antique versions, in Italy this is the manner of address in letters:

text:
to men:
Egregio signor / Egr. sig.
lit. 'eminent' (equiv. 'Dear' Mr (Mister) [name] / [name]...Esq.)

to men or women:
Gentile signore/signora / Gentile sig./sig.ra'
lit. 'kind' (equiv. 'Dear' Mr / Mrs / Ms / Sir/Madam)

to agencies/organisations
Spettabile / Spett.le
lit. 'esteemed' (equiv. 'Messrs.')

tag: table


document_title: Leonard (song)

question_text: who is merle haggard singing about in the song leonard

text: Leonard (song)

text:
"Leonard"

Single by Merle Haggard

from the album Back to the Barrooms

B-side
"Our Paths May Never Cross"

Released
February 14, 1981

Genre
Country

Length
3:38

Label
MCA

Songwriter(s)
Merle Haggard

Producer(s)
Jimmy Bowen

Merle Haggard singles chronology

"I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink"
(1980)
"Leonard"
(1981)
"Rainbow Stew"
(1981)

"I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink"
(1980)
"Leonard"
(1981)
"Rainbow Stew"
(1981)

text: "Leonard" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard. The song is a tribute to songwriter Tommy Collins. It was released in February 1981 as the third single from the album Back to the Barrooms. The song reached number 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1]

text: Tommy Collins birth name, Leonard Raymond Sipes, was the source of the song's title and like Haggard, was also songwriter with Oklahoma roots. He wrote"Carolyn" and "The Roots of My Raising" for Haggard. [2]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1981)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3]
9

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
7


document_title: The Secret Life of Pets

question_text: what is the name of the rabbit in secret life of pets

text: The Secret Life of Pets

text: Plot[edit]

text: A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment. While she is at work during the day, he hangs out with other pets in the building: tabby cat Chloe, pug Mel, dachshund Buddy, and budgerigar Sweet Pea. One day, Katie adopts Duke, a large mongrel from the pound, leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke. Enraged by Max's attitude towards him, Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley, but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removed both dogs' collars and leave them to be caught by Animal Control. Duke fears that he will be put down if he goes back to the pound. To her desperation, Gidget, a white Pomeranian actually discovers that Max is missing.

text: Meanwhile, he and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball, the leader of "The Flushed Pets" – a gang of sewer-dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them. After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners, the Flushed Pets invite them to join. Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one-fanged viper to bite them, Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated. The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn, inadvertently killing the viper in the process; Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them.

text: Meanwhile, Gidget recruits a red-tailed hawk named Tiberius to find him, but mistakenly returns carrying Ozone, whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs. They then enlisted Mel, Buddy, Chloe, guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea. On the way, they meet Pops, an old Basset Hound, who helps Gidget and the pets find Max. Meanwhile, Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food. Gidget and co. encounter Snowball, who vows to kill them as well, and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget's team flees.

text: Meanwhile, Duke tells Max about his previous owner, Fred, an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him. One day, Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control, but Fred never came to claim him. Max convinces him to visit Fred's house in a nearby neighborhood, confident Fred will still love him and take him back. When they arrive at Fred's house, they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died. Heartbroken, Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who had just returned to the house, who call Animal Control. The handlers catch Max, but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead.

text: While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van, Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him. However, when his gang is captured, Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them. They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge, stopping traffic. The Flushed Pets encircle Max, unaware of his partnership with Snowball, but Gidget and her team save him. When Gidget is using her kung-fu fighting skills, Max starts to fall in love with her. The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape. Once Max got the keys to Duke's cage, the van plummets into the East River with him inside. Max is unable to free Duke, so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys, allowing them to escape the sinking van. Once out of the river, Snowball realizes how good being heroic feels.

text: The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig-driven taxi. Max expresses his love for Gidget, who returns his affection. Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans, but a little girl named Molly arrives to adopt Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers. At first, Snowball resists, but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet. The domesticated pets return to their homes and embrace their owners, and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie, sparking a true friendship.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard's apartment. Leonard's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis C.K. as Max, a Jack Russell Terrier.[8]
Eric Stonestreet as Duke, a large, brown, shaggy mongrel.[8]
Kevin Hart as Snowball, a white rabbit.[8]
Jenny Slate as Gidget, a white Pomeranian and Max's love interest.
Ellie Kemper as Katie, Max and Duke's friendly owner.[1][9]
Lake Bell as Chloe, an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat[9] who is one of Max's friends.
Dana Carvey as Pops, an elderly Basset Hound,[10] who is paralyzed in his back legs.
Hannibal Buress as Buddy, a laid-back dachshund[9][11] and one of Max's friends.
Bobby Moynihan as Mel, an hyperactive pug and one of Max's friends.
Steve Coogan as Ozone, a Cockney-accented Sphynx cat.

Steve Coogan also voices Reginald, a malevolent Himalayan cat.

Albert Brooks as Tiberius, a curmudgeonly red-tailed hawk.[9][11]
Chris Renaud as Norman, a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment.
Michael Beattie as Tattoo, a slow-witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets.
Sandra Echeverría as Maria, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Jaime Camil as Fernando, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Kiely Renaud as Molly, a little girl who adopts Snowball.

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Louis C.K., Eric Stonestreet, and Kevin Hart had joined the cast of the film, with Chris Renaud set to direct from a screenplay written by Brian Lynch, Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, while Illumination Entertainment would produce, and Universal Pictures would distribute the film and was originally titled Max.[12][8] In June 2014, Albert Brooks, Hannibal Buress, Bobby Moynihan, Lake Bell and Ellie Kemper joined the cast.[9] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[13]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Secret Life of Pets (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat

Released
July 1, 2016 (2016-07-01)

Recorded
2016

Genre

Film score
Jazz
Classical

Length
51:31

Label
Back Lot Music

Producer
Dominique Lemonnier

Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology

Florence Foster Jenkins
(2016)Florence Foster Jenkins2016
The Secret Life of Pets
(2016)
The Light Between Oceans
(2016)The Light Between Oceans2016

text: The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat.[14] The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016 by Back Lot Music.[15]

text: All music composed by Alexandre Desplat, except "We Go Together" by The Sausage Factory Singers.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Meet the Pets"
2:37

2.
"Katie's Leaving"
0:55

3.
"Meet Duke"
3:36

4.
"Fetch Me a Stick"
3:09

5.
"Telenovela Squirrels"
1:24

6.
"Hijack!"
2:00

7.
"Gidget Meets Tiberius"
4:56

8.
"Initiation Time"
1:01

9.
"Rooftop Route"
1:27

10.
"The Viper"
1:49

11.
"You Have an Owner?"
3:04

12.
"Good Morning Max"
1:21

13.
"Sewer Chase"
1:09

14.
"Who's With Me?"
1:21

15.
"Me Like What Me See"
0:54

16.
"Traveling Bossa"
1:56

17.
"Flushed Out To Brooklyn"
2:47

18.
"Sausages!"
1:13

19.
"Duke's Old House / Captured"
3:03

20.
"Brooklyn Bridge Showdown"
2:34

21.
"Rescuing Duke"
2:46

22.
"Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi"
1:24

23.
"Max and Gidget"
1:36

24.
"Welcome Home"
1:57

25.
"We Go Together" (originally from Grease)
1:24

Total length:
51:31

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12, 2016, but was pushed back to July 8, 2016.[2] It was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D using DMR.[16][better source needed] The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16, 2016, and was screened at VidCon.[17] The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22, 2016, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on December 6, 2016. In addition to the short film Mower Minions, which was released theatrically with the feature film, the releases also include two short films: Norman Television and Weenie.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S., and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[4] Its internationally takings helped push Universal Pictures [International] past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year,[19] and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010.[20]

text: Worldwide, it is the fifth highest-grossing original film of all time (behind Avatar, Zootopia, The Lion King, and Finding Nemo),[21] the sixth highest-grossing film of 2016,[22] the 12th highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 50th highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable release of 2016.[23]

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada and the United States, the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend, with some predictions going as high as $100 million.[24][25][26] It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG-rated film (breaking Shrek Forever After's record) and the seventh widest of all time overall, across 4,370 theaters, the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises.[25][27][28][29] It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters, which is the second biggest of all time for Illumination, behind only Minions ($6.2 million), and the third biggest of all time for an animated film, behind Finding Dory ($9.2 million) and Minions.[26][30] This was followed by a record-breaking $38.5 million opening day gross (including previews), the biggest for an original film.[31][32] In its opening weekend, it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million, finishing first at the box office.[33] Its debut is the sixth biggest for an animated film, the sixth highest weekend debut in July, and the fourth biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures.[34] It also set the record for largest opening for an original film, eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out.[35][36]

text: In its second weekend, the film made $50.8 million (-51.3%) while maintaining the top spot, despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters.[37] Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend, it was still able to fend off the two other new releases—Lights Out and Ice Age: Collision Course—by earning another $29.6 million.[38] It passed $300 million on its twenty-sixth day—the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide[39]—becoming the seventh film of 2016,[40] the seventh Universal Pictures film (the first for the year),[41] and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark.[42]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets, and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age: Collision Course in the course of its release.[43][44][45] In total, it had number-one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories, and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets.[20][46] It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets (dethroning Suicide Squad).[47] However, this wasn't the film's biggest single weekend gross. Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million. That weekend it was No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ($133.3 million) and Chinese film Time Raiders ($64.6 million).[48]

text: It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release, where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets.[43] Prior to its official debut in the UK and Ireland on June 24, the film had two days worth of previews on June 18 and 19, from which it made £3.63 million ($5.2 million) in two days. This figure was later counted in the film's official opening weekend.[49] It went on to score the fourth biggest original animation opening weekend ever there, with £9.58 million ($13.4 million) from 592 theaters, trailing behind Inside Out, Monsters, Inc., and Up. Excluding previews, its total three-day opening was $8.1 million.[50][51] This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day: Resurgence.[43][52] The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20% and 24%, earning £4.47 million ($6.1 million) and £3.62 million ($4.8 million) respectively despite facing some competitions.[53][54] It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there.[55] In Norway, it took the number one spot as well, with $778,000.[43] It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ($2 million)—behind Madagascar, and Hong Kong ($1.9 million)—behind Inside Out.[44]

text: In Argentina, the film had a record-breaking number-one debut with $4 million from 195 screens — the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second biggest opening ever for any film (behind Furious 7). Similarly, Chile also recorded the second biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million (behind Minions). Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million.[56] In Mexico, other than opening at No. 1, it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million, surpassing the studio's own previous record holder Inside Out.[45] Also in Russia, it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second biggest ever for an animated film, behind Minions with $16.3 million, although this included $6.4 million five days worth of previews.[47] It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the summer that year.[57] In Japan, the film opened on August 11—the date of Japan's first Mountain Day national holiday—with Toho-Towa distributing, and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two-day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot. The cumulative total for the four-day holiday (August 11–14) was $9.7 million.[19][58] Similarly, it had number-one debuts in Germany ($7.1 million) and France ($5.9 million), Australia ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.1 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.5 million), Poland ($1.7 million), Singapore ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.2 million) and Denmark ($1.2 million), Indonesia ($1.1 million), the Philippines ($1 million), and South Africa ($463,000). In Germany, it scored the best animation opening since Minions.[45][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia, Russia and Spain for three weekends.[45][47][61][63] In Japan, the film was the highest-grossing foreign release of the weekend, holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends.[60]

text: In China—the world's second biggest film market—the film opened on a Tuesday, earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day. To Sunday, it achieved a six-day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone (Friday to Sunday), with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day. In both instances, it was behind the local film Time Raiders.[59][66][67] In South Korea, despite debuting in fifth place, it had an opening of $6.9 million.[59] Elsewhere, it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands, $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000,[59] and also in Portugal ($965,000), Latvia ($224,000),[47] and South Africa.[64]

text: In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets are China ($58 million), United Kingdom and Ireland ($47.2 million), Japan ($41.6 million) and Russia ($34.2 million).[19][47][68] It became the third highest-grossing film of all time in Russia (behind Avatar and Zootopia)[61] and the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Spain.[20][62]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 200 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fast-paced, funny, and blessed with a talented voice cast, The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated, cheerfully undemanding family-friendly diversion."[69] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[70] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[71]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it "an animated fluffball-a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible."[72] Scott Tobias, writing for NPR, characterized the film's concept as "Toy Story but with house pets," highlighting the film's "thinly distinguished characters" and "gloppy sentimentality."[73] Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said "In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together, The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us. Let the fur – and the warm, fuzzy feelings – fly."[74]

text: However, some critics disliked the film's unexpected similarities with Pixar's Toy Story.[75] Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that "The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour-long ripoffs you'd see on a children's television network."[76] Ethan Anderton of the website /Film criticised the film's characterisation, and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to "Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again."[77]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Eric Guillon
Nominated
[78]

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
Alexandre Desplat

British Academy Children's Awards
November 20, 2016
BAFTA Kids' Vote
The Secret Life of Pets
[79][80]

Cinema Audio Society
February 18, 2017
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated
David Accord, Jason Butler, Gary A. Rizzo, Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf
[81]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Score – Animated Film
Alexandre Desplat
Won
[82][83]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
The Secret Life of Pets
Nominated
[84]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Kevin Hart

Favorite Villain
Won

Most Wanted Pet

NAACP Image Awards
February 11, 2017
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Nominated
[85]

People's Choice Awards
January 18, 2017
Favorite Family Movie
The Secret Life of Pets
[86]

Favorite Animated Movie Voice
Kevin Hart

Producers Guild of America
January 28, 2017
Best Animated Motion Picture
Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri
[87]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In August 2016 it was announced that there would be a sequel, with director Chris Renaud, producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, and writer Brian Lynch, with a release date of July 13, 2018.[88] On January 25, 2017, its release date was pushed back to July 3, 2019.[7] On August 15, 2017, its release date was moved forward to June 7, 2019.


question_text: who was the only indian to be elected as president of the united nations general assembly

text: Election[edit]

text: The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September—any special, or emergency special, assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of the UN General Assembly.

text: The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups: African, Asia-Pacific, Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, and Western European and other States.[1]

text: Because of their powerful stature globally, some of the largest, most powerful countries have never held the presidency, such as the People's Republic of China, France, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In particular, it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as General Assembly president.

text: The only country that had a national elected as President of the United Nations General Assembly twice is Argentina; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office. This does not include special and emergency special sessions of the General Assembly.

text: List of presidents[edit]

text:
Year elected
Name of President[2]
UN member state
Region
Sessions

1946
Paul-Henri Spaak
 Belgium
WES
First

1947
Oswaldo Aranha
 Brazil
LAS
First special
Second

1948.1 !1948
José Arce
 Argentina
LAS
Second special

1948.2 !1948
Herbert Vere Evatt
 Australia
COS
Third

1949
Carlos P. Romulo
 Philippines
EAS
Fourth

1950
Nasrollah Entezam
 Iran
EAS
Fifth

1951
Luis Padilla Nervo
 Mexico
LAS
Sixth

1952
Lester B. Pearson
 Canada
COS
Seventh

1953
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
 India
COS
Eighth, First woman president

1954
Eelco van Kleffens
 Netherlands
WES
Ninth

1955
José Maza Fernández
 Chile
LAS
Tenth

1956.1 !1956
Rudecindo Ortega (de)
 Chile
LAS
First emergency special
Second emergency special

1956.2 !1956
Wan Waithayakon
 Thailand
EAS
Eleventh

1957
Leslie Munro
 New Zealand
COS
Twelfth
Third emergency special

1958
Charles Malik
 Lebanon
MES
Thirteenth

1959
Víctor Andrés Belaúnde
 Peru
LAS
Fourteenth
Fourth emergency special

1960
Frederick Boland
 Ireland
WES
Fifteenth
Third special

1961
Mongi Slim
 Tunisia
MES
Sixteenth

1962
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
 Pakistan
COS
Seventeenth
Fourth special

1963
Carlos Sosa Rodríguez (es)
 Venezuela
LAS
Eighteenth

1964
Alex Quaison-Sackey
 Ghana
COS
Nineteenth

1965
Amintore Fanfani
 Italy
WES
Twentieth

1966
Abdul Rahman Pazhwak
 Afghanistan
Asia
Twenty-first
Fifth special
Fifth emergency special

1967
Corneliu Mănescu
 Romania
EEG
Twenty-second

1968
Emilio Arenales Catalán
 Guatemala
GRULAC
Twenty-third

1969
Angie Brooks
 Liberia
Africa
Twenty-fourth

1970
Edvard Hambro
 Norway
WEOG
Twenty-fifth

1971
Adam Malik
 Indonesia
Asia
Twenty-sixth

1972
Stanisław Trepczyński
 Poland
EEG
Twenty-seventh

1973
Leopoldo Benites
 Ecuador
GRULAC
Twenty-eighth
Sixth special

1974
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
 Algeria
Africa
Twenty-ninth
Seventh special

1975
Gaston Thorn
 Luxembourg
WEOG
Thirtieth

1976
Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe
 Sri Lanka
Asia
Thirty-first

1977
Lazar Mojsov
 Yugoslavia
EEG
Thirty-second
Eighth special
Ninth special
Tenth special

1978
Indalecio Liévano
 Colombia
GRULAC
Thirty-third

1979
Salim Ahmed Salim
 United Republic of Tanzania
Africa
Thirty-fourth
Sixth emergency special
Seventh emergency special
Eleventh special

1980
Rüdiger von Wechmar
 Federal Republic of Germany
WEOG
Thirty-fifth
Eighth emergency special

1981
Ismat T. Kittani
 Iraq
Asia
Thirty-sixth
Seventh emergency special—Continuation
Ninth emergency special
Twelfth special

1982
Imre Hollai
 Hungary
EEG
Thirty-seventh

1983
Jorge Illueca
 Panama
GRULAC
Thirty-eighth

1984
Paul J. F. Lusaka
 Zambia
Africa
Thirty-ninth

1985
Jaime de Piniés
 Spain
WEOG
Fortieth
Thirteenth special

1986
Humayun Rashid Choudhury
 Bangladesh
Asia
Forty-first
Fourteenth special

1987
Peter Florin
 German Democratic Republic
EEG
Forty-second
Fifteenth special

1988
Dante Caputo
 Argentina
GRULAC
Forty-third

1989
Joseph Nanven Garba
 Nigeria
Africa
Forty-fourth
Sixteenth special
Seventeenth special
Eighteenth special

1990
Guido de Marco
 Malta
WEOG
Forty-fifth

1991
Samir Shihabi
 Saudi Arabia
Asia
Forty-sixth

1992
Stoyan Ganev
 Bulgaria
EEG
Forty-seventh

1993
Rudy Insanally
 Guyana
GRULAC
Forty-eighth

1994
Amara Essy
 Ivory Coast
Africa
Forty-ninth

1995
Diogo de Freitas do Amaral
 Portugal
WEOG
Fiftieth

1996
Razali Ismail
 Malaysia
Asia
Fifty-first
Tenth emergency special
Nineteenth special

1997
Hennadiy Udovenko
 Ukraine
EEG
Fifty-second
Tenth emergency special—Continuation
Twentieth special

1998
Didier Opertti
 Uruguay
GRULAC
Fifty-third
Tenth emergency special—Continuation
Twenty-first special

1999
Theo-Ben Gurirab
 Namibia
Africa
Fifty-fourth
Twenty-second special
Twenty-third special
Twenty-fourth special

2000
Harri Holkeri
 Finland
WEOG
Fifty-fifth
Tenth emergency special—Continuation
Twenty-fifth special
Twenty-sixth special

2001
Han Seung-soo
 Republic of Korea
Asia
Fifty-sixth
Tenth emergency special—Continuation

2002
Jan Kavan
 Czech Republic
EEG
Fifty-seventh
Tenth emergency special—Continuation

2003
Julian Hunte
 Saint Lucia
GRULAC
Fifty-eighth
Tenth emergency special—Continuation

2004
Jean Ping
 Gabon
Africa
Fifty-ninth

2005
Jan Eliasson
 Sweden
WEOG
Sixtieth

2006
Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa
 Bahrain
Asia
Sixty-first
Tenth emergency special—Continuation

2007
Srgjan Kerim
 Republic of Macedonia
EEG
Sixty-second

2008
Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann
 Nicaragua
GRULAC
Sixty-third

2009
Ali Treki
 Libya
Africa
Sixty-fourth

2010
Joseph Deiss
  Switzerland
WEOG
Sixty-fifth

2011
Nassir Al-Nasser[3]
 Qatar
Asia-Pacific
Sixty-sixth

2012
Vuk Jeremić
 Serbia
EEG
Sixty-seventh (election)

2013
John William Ashe
 Antigua and Barbuda
GRULAC
Sixty-eighth

2014
Sam Kutesa
 Uganda
Africa
Sixty-ninth

2015
Mogens Lykketoft
 Denmark
WEOG
Seventieth

2016
Peter Thomson
 Fiji
Asia-Pacific
Seventy-first (election)

2017
Miroslav Lajčák
 Slovakia
EEG
Seventy-second

text: Abbreviations:

text:
COS: Commonwealth Seat
EAS: Eastern European and Asian Seat
LAS: Latin American Seat
MES: Middle Eastern Seat
WES: Western European Seat

text:
Africa: African Group
Asia-Pacific: Asian Group, since 2011 the Asia-Pacific Group[4]
EEG: Eastern European Group
GRULAC: Latin American and Caribbean Group
WEOG: Western European and Others Group


document_title: List of current champions in WWE

question_text: who is the current universal champion in wwe

text: List of current champions in WWE

text: Current champions[edit]

text: At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy are the WWE Universal Championship on Raw and the WWE Championship on SmackDown. The Universal Champion is Brock Lesnar, who is in his first reign. He defeated Goldberg at WrestleMania 33 on April 2, 2017. The WWE Champion is AJ Styles, who is in his second reign. He won the title on the November 7, 2017, edition of SmackDown Live  by defeating Jinder Mahal.

text: Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown. The Intercontinental Championship is held by Dolph Ziggler, who is in his sixth reign. He won the title by defeating Seth Rollins on the edition of June 18 of Raw. The United States Championship is held by Shinsuke Nakamura, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Jeff Hardy on July 15, 2018, at Extreme Rules.

text: The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under. It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.[1] The title is held by Cedric Alexander, who is in his first reign. He won the vacant title by defeating Mustafa Ali in the finals of a 16-man tournament on April 8, 2018, on the WrestleMania 34 pre-show.

text: The WWE Raw Women's Championship is held by Alexa Bliss, who is in her third reign. She defeated Nia Jax on June 17, 2018, at Money in the Bank by cashing in her Money in the Bank contract. The WWE SmackDown Women's Championship is held by first-time champion Carmella. She won the title by defeating Charlotte Flair on the April 10, 2018, edition of SmackDown Live after cashing in her Money in the Bank contract.

text: The WWE Raw Tag Team Championship is currently held by Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas, who are in their first reign. They won the titles by defeating former champions Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt at Extreme Rules on July 15, 2018. The WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship is held by The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan), who are in their first reign as a team, and the second for Harper individually. They won the titles by defeating Big E and Kofi Kingston of The New Day and former champions The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) in a triple threat tag team match on April 8, 2018, at WrestleMania 34.

text: The top title of NXT is the NXT Championship, which is held by Aleister Black, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Andrade "Cien" Almas on April 7, 2018, at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans. The secondary title of NXT is the NXT North American Championship, which is held by Adam Cole, who defeated EC3, Killian Dain, Lars Sullivan, Ricochet, and Velveteen Dream in a six-way ladder match on April 7, 2018, at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans to become the inaugural champion. The NXT Women's Championship is held by first-time champion Shayna Baszler. She won the title by defeating Ember Moon at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans. The NXT Tag Team Championship is held by two-time title holders The Undisputed Era, They won the titles by defeating Moustache Mountain (Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) on the tapings of the July 11 episode of NXT.

text: The WWE United Kingdom Championship will be the top championship of WWE's U.K.-based brand set to debut in July 2018, but is currently being defended in NXT, as well as in U.K.-based independent promotions; the only active WWE championship to be defended outside of WWE. The current champion is Pete Dunne, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating inaugural champion Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver: Chicago. Two new titles, the WWE United Kingdom Women's Championship as and WWE United Kingdom Tag Team Championship, will also debut along with the brand.[2][3]

text: Raw[edit]

text:
Championship

Current champion(s)

Reign

Date won

Daysheld

Location

Notes

WWE Universal Championship

Brock Lesnar

1

April 2, 2017

470

Orlando, Florida

Defeated Goldberg at WrestleMania 33

WWE Raw Women's Championship

Alexa Bliss

3

June 17, 2018

29

Rosemont, Illinois

Cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and defeated Nia Jax at Money in the Bank

WWE Intercontinental Championship

Dolph Ziggler

6

June 18, 2018

28

Grand Rapids, Michigan

Defeated Seth Rollins on Raw

WWE Cruiserweight Championship

Cedric Alexander

1

April 8, 2018

99

New Orleans, Louisiana

Defeated Mustafa Ali for the vacant title in the finals of a 16-man tournament on the WrestleMania 34 pre-show

WWE Raw Tag Team Championship

The B-Team (Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas)

1(2, 1)

July 15, 2018

1

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Defeated Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt at Extreme Rules

text: SmackDown[edit]

text:
Championship

Current champion(s)

Reign

Date won

Daysheld

Location

Notes

WWE Championship

A.J. Styles

2

November 7, 2017

251

Manchester, England

Defeated Jinder Mahal on SmackDown Live

WWE SmackDown Women's Championship

Carmella

1

April 10, 2018

97

New Orleans, Louisiana

Cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and defeated Charlotte Flair on SmackDown Live

WWE United States Championship

Shinsuke Nakamura

1

July 15, 2018

1

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Defeated Jeff Hardy at Extreme Rules

WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship

The Bludgeon Brothers(Harper and Rowan)

1(2, 1)

April 8, 2018

99

New Orleans, Louisiana

Defeated previous champions The Usos and Big E and Kofi Kingston of The New Day at WrestleMania 34

text: NXT[edit]

text:
Championship

Current champion(s)

Reign

Date won

Daysheld

Location

Notes

NXT Championship

Aleister Black

1

April 7, 2018

100

New Orleans, Louisiana

Defeated Andrade "Cien" Almas at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans

NXT North American Championship

Adam Cole

1

April 7, 2018

100

New Orleans, Louisiana

Defeated EC3, Killian Dain, Lars Sullivan, Ricochet, and Velveteen Dream in a six-way ladder match at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans to become the inaugural champion

NXT Women's Championship

Shayna Baszler

1

April 7, 2018

100

New Orleans, Louisiana

Defeated Ember Moon at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans

NXT Tag Team Championship

The Undisputed Era(Kyle O'Reilly and Roderick Strong)

2

June 21, 2018

25

Winter Park, Florida

Defeated Moustache Mountain (Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) on NXT  Aired on tape delay on July 11.

text: NXT UK[edit]

text:
Championship

Current champion(s)

Reign

Date won

Daysheld

Location

Notes

WWE United Kingdom Championship

Pete Dunne

1

May 20, 2017

422

Rosemont, Illinois

Defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver: Chicago


document_title: The Giver

question_text: where do they go when one has been released in the giver

text: The Giver

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jonas, a 12-year-old boy, lives in a Community isolated from all except a few similar towns, where everyone from small infants to the Chief Elder has an assigned role. With the annual Ceremony of Twelve upcoming, he is nervous, for there he will be assigned his life's work. He seeks reassurance from his father, a Nurturer (who cares for the new babies, who are genetically engineered and so Jonas's parents are not biologically related to him) and his mother, an official in the Department of Justice, and is told the Elders, who assign the children their careers, are always right.

text: The day finally arrives, and Jonas is assembled with his classmates in order of date of birth. All of the Community is present, and the Chief Elder presides. Jonas is stunned when his turn is passed by, and he is increasingly conspicuous and agonized until he is alone. The Chief Elder then explains that Jonas has not been given a normal assignment, but instead has been selected as the next Receiver of Memory, to be trained by the current one, who sits among the Elders, staring at Jonas, and who shares with the boy unusual pale eyes. The position of Receiver has high status, and Jonas quickly finds himself growing distant from his classmates, including his close friends Asher and Fiona. The rules Jonas receive further separate him, as they allow him no time to play with his friends. They also allow him to lie and withhold his feelings from his family, something generally not allowed in the regimented Community.

text: Once he begins it, Jonas's training makes clear his uniqueness, for the Receiver of Memory is just that—a person who bears the burden of the memories from all of history, and who is the only one allowed access to books beyond schoolbooks, and the rulebook issued to every household. The current Receiver, who asks Jonas to call him the Giver, begins the process of transferring those memories to Jonas, for the ordinary person in the Community knows nothing of the past. These memories, and being the only Community member allowed access to books about the past, give the Receiver perspective to advise the Council of Elders. The first memory is of sliding down a snow-covered hill on a sled, pleasantness made shocking by the fact that Jonas has never seen a sled, or snow, or a hill for even the memory of these things has been given up to assure security and conformity (called Sameness). Even color has been surrendered, and the Giver shows Jonas a rainbow. Less pleasantly, he gives Jonas memories of hunger and war, things alien to the boy. Hanging over Jonas's training is the fact that the Giver once before had an apprentice, named Rosemary, but the boy finds his parents and the Giver reluctant to discuss what happened to her.

text: Jonas's father is concerned about an infant at the Nurturing Center who is failing to thrive, and has received special permission to bring him home at night. The baby's name will be Gabriel if he grows strong enough to be assigned to a family. He has pale eyes, like Jonas and the Giver, and Jonas becomes attached to him, especially when Jonas finds that he is capable of being given memories. If Gabriel does not increase in strength, he will be "released from the Community," also in common speech termed being taken Elsewhere. This has happened to an off-course air pilot, to chronic rule breakers, to elderly people, and to the apprentice Rosemary. After Jonas casually speculates as to life in Elsewhere, the Giver educates him by showing the boy hidden-camera video of Jonas's father doing his job: as two identical community members cannot be allowed, Jonas's father releases the smaller of identical twin newborns by injecting the baby with poison before putting the body in a trash chute. There is no Elsewhere for those not wanted by the Community, those said to have been "released" have been killed.

text: Since he considers his father a murderer, Jonas initially refuses to return home, but the Giver convinces him that without the memories, the people of the Community cannot know that what they have been trained to do is wrong. Rosemary had been unable to endure the darker memories of the past and had chosen release, injecting the poison into her own body. Together, Jonas and the Giver come to the understanding that the time for change is now, that the Community has lost its way and must have its memories returned. The only way to make this happen is if Jonas leaves the Community, at which time the memories he has been given will flood back into the people, as did the relatively few memories Rosemary had been given. Jonas wants the Giver to escape with him, but the Giver insists that he will be needed to help the people manage the memories, or they will destroy themselves. Once the Community is re-established along new lines, the Giver plans to join his daughter, Rosemary, in death.

text: The Giver devises a plot in which Jonas will escape beyond the boundaries of the Communities. The Giver will make it appear as if Jonas drowned in the river so that the search for him will be limited. The plan is scuttled when Jonas learns that Gabriel will be "released" the following morning, and he feels he has no choice but to escape with the infant. Their escape is fraught with danger, and the two are near death from cold and starvation when they reach the border of what Jonas believes must be Elsewhere. Using his ability to "see beyond," a gift that he does not quite understand, he finds a sled waiting for him at the top of a snowy hill. He and Gabriel ride the sled down towards a house filled with colored lights and warmth and love and a Christmas tree, and for the first time he hears something he believes must be music. The ending is ambiguous, with Jonas depicted as experiencing symptoms of hypothermia. This leaves his and Gabriel's future unresolved. However, their fate is revealed in Gathering Blue and in Messenger, companion novels written much later.[9]

text: In 2009, at the National Book Festival, the author Lois Lowry joked during a Q&A, "Jonas is alive, by the way. You don't need to ask that question." [10]

text: Literary significance and criticism[edit]

text: While critical reception of The Giver has been mixed, the novel has found a home in "City Reads" programs, library-sponsored reading clubs on citywide or larger scales.[11][12]

text: Some reviewers have commented that the story lacks originality and is not likely to stand up to the sort of probing literary criticism used in "serious" circles, while others argue that books appealing to a young-adult audience are critical for building a developing reader's appetite for reading.[13] Karen Ray, writing in The New York Times, detects "occasional logical lapses", but adds that the book "is sure to keep older children reading".[14] Young adult fiction author Debra Doyle was more critical, stating that "Personal taste aside, The Giver fails the Plausibility Test", and that "Things are the way they are (in the novel) because The Author is Making A Point; things work out the way they do because The Author's Point Requires It".[15] In their review of The Giver, Johnson, Haynes, and Nastasis, teachers at Wright State University, mention that they received both kinds of reaction when they conducted a research based on students' reactions about The Giver. Johnson, Haynes, and Nastasis write that, although the majority of students said either did not understand the novel or did not like the novel, there were students who were able to connect with Jonas and to empathize with him.[16]

text: Natalie Babbitt of The Washington Post was more forgiving, calling Lowry's work "a warning in narrative form", saying:

text: The story has been told before in a variety of forms—Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 comes to mind—but not, to my knowledge, for children. It's well worth telling, especially by a writer of Lowry's great skill. If it is exceedingly fragile—if, in other words, some situations do not survive that well-known suspension of disbelief—well, so be it. The Giver has things to say that cannot be said too often, and I hope there will be many, many young people who will be willing to listen.[17]

text: Awards, nominations, and recognition[edit]

text:
Now, through the memories, he had seen oceans and mountain lakes and streams that gurgled through woods; and now he saw the familiar wide river beside the path differently. He saw all of the light and color and history it contained and carried in its slow-moving water; and he knew that there was an Elsewhere from which it came, and an Elsewhere to which it was going.

The Giver[18]

tag: div

text: Lowry won many awards for her work on The Giver, including the following:

text:
The 1994 Newbery Medal – The John Newbery award (Medal) is given by the Association for Library Service to Children. The award is given for the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children.
The 1994 Regina Medal[19]
The 1996 William Allen White Award[20]
American Library Association listings for "Best Book for Young Adults", "ALA Notable Children's Book", and "100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000."
A Boston Globe-Horn Book Honor Book
Booklist Editors' Choice
A School Library Journal Best Book of the Year

text: A 2004 study found that The Giver was a common read-aloud book for sixth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[21] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[22] In 2012 it was ranked number four among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal.[6]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Oregon Children's Theatre (Portland, Oregon) premiered a stage adaptation of The Giver by Eric Coble in March 2006. Subsequent productions of Coble's one-hour script have been presented in several American theatres.

text: In the fall of 1994, actor Bill Cosby and his ASIS Productions film company established an agreement with Lancit Media Productions to adapt The Giver to film. In the years following, members of the partnership changed and the production team grew in size, but little motion was seen toward making the film. At one point, screenwriter Ed Neumeier was signed to create the screenplay. Later, Neumeier was replaced by Todd Alcott[23] and Walden Media became the central production company.[24][25]

text: Diana Basmajian adapted the novel to full-length play format, and Prime Stage Theatre produced in 2006.[26]

text: Actor Ron Rifkin reads the text for the audiobook edition.

text: The Lyric Opera of Kansas City and the Minnesota Opera co-commissioned and premiered a new opera by Susan Kander based on the novel.[27] It was presented in Kansas City in January and Minneapolis on 27–29 April 2012, and was webcast on 18 May 2012.[28]

text: Film[edit]

text: The film adaptation was given the green light in December 2012. Jeff Bridges had wanted to film the futuristic novel for several years, but encountered obstacles when Warner Bros. bought the rights in 2007. Jeff Bridges plays the title character[29] with Brenton Thwaites in the role of Jonas. Meryl Streep, Katie Holmes, Odeya Rush, Cameron Monaghan, Alexander Skarsgård and Taylor Swift round out the rest of the main cast.[30][31] It was released in North America on August 15, 2014. Jeff Bridges has said he had wanted to make the film for nearly 20 years, but originally wanted to direct it with his father Lloyd Bridges in the title role. The elder Bridges's 1998 death cancelled that plan and the film languished in development hell for another 15 years.


document_title: List of biggest selling British acts of all time

question_text: biggest selling british female artist of all time

text: Constraints[edit]

text: Although the criteria for the following list are intended to be expansive (including comparisons for total-sales for all recording artists) there are certain limitations and constraints that may limit the conclusions that can be derived from these data. There is no certainty these figures are correct for not all sales are controllable.

text: Such constraints include:

text:
Bias towards acts who have had success in a specific country or region.
Bias towards older artists. There is a broader genre spectrum of music to listen to now which limits the number of listeners.
Bias towards modern artists. Comparatively fewer successful pre-modern artists will have sold more records, as both global spending power and population have increased. In 1950, the world's population was 2.5 billion; by 2000 it had risen to 6 billion. Also, older artists suffer from bias as their record sales are less likely to have been accurately tracked, and estimates of their early sales are likely to be more vague.
Fan sites, press articles and record labels have been known to inflate record sales claims.
Inflated claims for artists who performed in different acts during their careers. Sometimes all of the sales data is attributed to an individual artist. For the purposes of this list, an effort is made to separate the individual acts (e.g., the sales figures for The Beatles and Paul McCartney & Wings are mutually exclusive).

text: 400 million or more records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

The Beatles
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
1960–1970
Pop / Rock
600 million[2]
500 million[3]

text: 300 million to 400 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Elton John
Goodbye Yellow Brick Road
1964–present
Pop / Rock
350 million[4]

Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin IV[5]
1968–1980
Hard rock / Heavy metal
300 million[6][7]

Queen
Greatest Hits[8]
1970–present
Glam rock / Hard rock
300 million[9][10][11]

text: 200 million to 299 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Cliff Richard
Always Guaranteed
1958–present
Pop / Rock / Rock N Roll / Jazz
260 million[12]

Pink Floyd
The Dark Side of the Moon[13]
1964–2014
Progressive rock
200 million[14][15]

The Rolling Stones
Hot Rocks 1964-1971
1962–present
Rock / Blues rock
200 million[16]

Rod Stewart
Out of Order
1962–present
Rock / Pop
300 million[17]

text: 100 million to 199 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Coldplay
A Rush of Blood to the Head
1997–present
Alternative rock
100 million[18]

The Dave Clark Five
–
1964–1970
Pop rock / Beat
100 million[19][20]

David Bowie
Let's Dance
1964–2016
Rock
140 million[21][22]

Deep Purple
Machine Head
1968–present
Hard rock
100 million[23][24]

Shirley Bassey
The Shirley Bassey Singles Album
1957–present
Pop
135 million[25]

Adele
21
2006–present
Pop / Soul
100 million[26]

Depeche Mode
Violator
1980–present
Electro Rock
100 million[27][28]

Dire Straits
Brothers in Arms
1977–1995
Rock / Pop
103 million[29]

Fleetwood Mac
Rumours
1967–present
Pop rock
100 million[30]

Genesis
Invisible Touch
1967–present
Progressive rock / Pop rock
150 million[31]

George Michael
Faith
1981–2016
Pop
100 million[32]

Iron Maiden
The Number of the Beast
1975–present
Heavy metal
100 million[33][34]

Paul McCartney
Pipes of Peace
1957–present
Pop rock
100 million[35]

Pet Shop Boys
Actually
1981–present
Synthpop
100 million[36]

Phil Collins
No Jacket Required
1980–present
Adult contemporary
150 million[37]

Status Quo
12 Gold Bars
1967–present
Rock
130 million[38]

The Who
Who's Next
1964–present
Rock / Hard rock
100 million[39]

text: 50 to 99 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Black Sabbath
Paranoid
1968–present
Heavy metal
50 million[40]

Culture Club
Colour by Numbers
1982–present
New wave-pop
50 million

Def Leppard
Hysteria
1977–present
Hard rock / heavy metal
65 million[41]

Duran Duran
Rio
1978–present
New wave / alternative rock
70 million[42]

Eurythmics
Greatest Hits
1980–present
New wave
75 million[43]

Jethro Tull
Aqualung
1968–present
Progressive rock / hard rock
60 million[44]

Oasis
(What's the Story) Morning Glory?
1991–2009
Britpop / Rock
70 million[45]

The Police
Synchronicity
1977–present
Pop rock / New Wave
50 million[46]

Spice Girls
Spice
1996–2000
2007–2008
Pop, Euro Pop
85 million[47]

Supertramp
Breakfast in America[48]
1969–present
Progressive rock
60 million[49][50]

T. Rex
The Slider[51]
1967–1977
Glam rock / Folk rock
58 million[52]

UB40
Labour of Love II
1980–present
Reggae
70 million[53]

Robbie Williams
I've Been Expecting You
1990–present
Pop
55 million[54]


document_title: Jungle Love (The Time song)

question_text: who sang jungle love in the movie purple rain

text: Jungle Love (The Time song)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Jungle Love"

German 12" single

Single by The Time

from the album Ice Cream Castle

B-side
"Tricky" (Europe 12")
"Oh, Baby" (7")

Released
1984

Format
7" single, 12" single

Recorded
Sunset Sound, March 26, 1983;
early 1984 (overdubs)

Genre
R&B, rock, funk

Length
7" edit: 3:24
Album/12": 5:33

Label
Warner Bros.

Songwriter(s)
Prince (as Jamie Starr), Morris Day, Jesse Johnson

Producer(s)
Prince (as The Starr ★ Company)

The Time singles chronology

"Ice Cream Castles"
(1984)
"Jungle Love"
(1984)
"The Bird"
(1984)

"Ice Cream Castles"
(1984)
"Jungle Love"
(1984)
"The Bird"
(1984)

Alternative cover

Japanese 7" single

text: "Jungle Love" is a song from The Time's third album, Ice Cream Castle. The track was one of the first songs recorded for the album, being cut in late March 1983 during Prince's 1999 tour. "Jungle Love" was also one of the first Time tracks to involve other members of the band in the creation of the song. Morris Day and Jesse Johnson both contributed to writing the song. Day provided lead vocals and Johnson played guitar on the recording, whilst Prince played all the other instruments.[citation needed]

text: "Jungle Love" is a funk-pop offering relying mainly on bass, analog synthesizer and drum machines, although there are elements of new wave keyboards and a rock guitar solo, allowing the song to cross musical boundaries. Added to this are animalistic sound effects by Day and sexual lyrics. All this, combined with the Purple Rain momentum, propelled the song to The Time's second-highest position thus far on the pop charts peaking at #20 on the Billboard Hot 100. [1] Their highest-charting song was "Jerk Out" which peaked at #9.

text: The song is one of The Time's signature numbers and is played at every concert to this day. Live versions of the song have been released on two DVDs, including one of the band performing the song on Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back. A live recording from 1998 was also included on the Morris Day release, It's About Time (released in 2004).

text: It can be heard in the movies Bringing Down the House and Forgetting Sarah Marshall. It is also featured in the movie Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, where it is performed by the full band. A cover version can be heard in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! episode, "Jungle Fever" during the original run.