document_title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

question_text: how many chapters are there in alice in wonderland

text: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

text: Background[edit]

text: Alice was published in 1865, three years after Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862[4] (this popular date of the "golden afternoon"[5] might be a confusion or even another Alice-tale, for that particular day was cool, cloudy and rainy[6]), up the Isis with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell (the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church): Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13, born 1849) ("Prima" in the book's prefatory verse); Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10, born 1852) ("Secunda" in the prefatory verse); Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8, born 1853) ("Tertia" in the prefatory verse).[7]

text: The journey began at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow. During the trip the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure. The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. He began writing the manuscript of the story the next day, although that earliest version no longer exists. The girls and Dodgson took another boat trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of Alice, and in November he began working on the manuscript in earnest.[8]

text: To add the finishing touches he researched natural history for the animals presented in the book, and then had the book examined by other children—particularly the children of George MacDonald. He added his own illustrations but approached John Tenniel to illustrate the book for publication, telling him that the story had been well liked by children.[8]

text: On 26 November 1864 he gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, with illustrations by Dodgson himself, dedicating it as "A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer's Day".[9] Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson when he wrote a more elaborate copy by hand.[10]

text: But before Alice received her copy, Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words,[11] most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Chapter One – Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice, a girl of seven years, is feeling bored and drowsy while sitting on the riverbank with her elder sister. She then notices a talking, clothed White Rabbit with a pocket watch run past. She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit through, but through it she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle on a table labelled "DRINK ME," the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key which she has left on the table. She eats a cake with "EAT ME" written on it in currants as the chapter closes.

text: Chapter Two – The Pool of Tears: Chapter Two opens with Alice growing to such a tremendous size her head hits the ceiling. Alice is unhappy and, as she cries, her tears flood the hallway. After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him in elementary French (thinking he may be a French mouse) but her opening gambit "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?") offends the mouse and he tries to escape her.

text: Chapter Three – The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away by the rising waters. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The Mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her (moderately ferocious) cat.

text: Chapter Four – The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan. Mistaking her for his maidservant, Mary Ann, he orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them, but once she gets inside she starts growing. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes. Alice eats them, and they reduce her again in size.

text: Chapter Five – Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah. The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her normal height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.

text: Chapter Six – Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess, and her baby (but not the cook or grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise, the baby turns into a pig. The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat.

text: Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea-Party: Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the March Hare, the Hatter, and a very tired Dormouse who falls asleep frequently, only to be violently woken up moments later by the March Hare and the Hatter. The characters give Alice many riddles and stories, including the famous 'Why is a raven like a writing desk?'. The Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because Time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm (tea time). Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to.

text: Chapter Eight – The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because The Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a figure difficult to please, introduces her trademark phrase "Off with his head!" which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject. Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.

text: Chapter Nine – The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which the Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game.

text: Chapter Ten – Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial.

text: Chapter Eleven – Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard, the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter, and the judge is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she cannot help it. Meanwhile, witnesses at the trial include the Hatter, who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.

text: Chapter Twelve – Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court"), but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually refusing to hold her tongue. The Queen shouts her familiar "Off with her head!" but Alice is unafraid, calling them out as just a pack of cards; just as they start to swarm over her. Alice's sister wakes her up from a dream, brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The following is a list of main characters in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

text:
Alice
The White Rabbit
The Mouse
The Dodo
The Lory
The Eaglet
The Duck
Pat
Bill the Lizard
Puppy
The Caterpillar
The Duchess
The Cheshire Cat
The March Hare
The Hatter
The Dormouse
The Queen of Hearts
The Knave of Hearts
The King of Hearts
The Gryphon
The Mock Turtle

text: Character allusions[edit]

text: In The Annotated Alice, Martin Gardner provides background information for the characters. The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale"). Alice Liddell herself is there, while Carroll is caricatured as the Dodo (because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, he sometimes pronounced his last name as Dodo-Dodgson). The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth, and the Lory and Eaglet to Alice Liddell's sisters Lorina and Edith.[12]

text: Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.[13] One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass — the 1871 sequel to Alice — depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her) as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat.[14] The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn (also in Looking-Glass) also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli.[15]

text: It has been suggested by some writers that The Hatter is a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford . Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's.[16] However, it is unlikely that Carter was the model for The Hatter, and there is no evidence that Carroll ever invited Tenniel to Oxford for any purpose.[17] The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.[18]

text: The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling-master, "an old conger eel", who came once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skilful watercolours.)[19]

text: The Mock Turtle also sings "Turtle Soup". This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.[20]

text: Poems and songs[edit]

text: Carroll wrote multiple poems and songs for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, including:

text:
"All in the golden afternoon..."—the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
"How Doth the Little Crocodile"—a parody of Isaac Watts' nursery rhyme, "Against Idleness and Mischief"
"The Mouse's Tale"—an example of concrete poetry
"You Are Old, Father William"—a parody of Robert Southey's "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them"
The Duchess's lullaby, "Speak roughly to your little boy..."—a parody of David Bates' "Speak Gently"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat"—a parody of Jane Taylor's "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star"
"The Lobster Quadrille"—a parody of Mary Botham Howitt's "The Spider and the Fly"
"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster"—a parody of Isaac Watts' "The Sluggard"
"Beautiful Soup"—a parody of James M. Sayles's "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star"
"The Queen of Hearts"—an actual nursery rhyme
"They told me you had been to her..."—the White Rabbit's evidence

text: Writing style and themes[edit]

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: Martin Gardner and other scholars have shown the book to be filled with many parodies of Victorian popular culture, suggesting it belongs in spirit with Gilbert & Sullivan's Topsyturveydom.[21]

text: Most of the book's adventures may have been based on and influenced by people, situations and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church, e.g., the "Rabbit Hole," which symbolised the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church. A carving of a griffon and rabbit, as seen in Ripon Cathedral, where Carroll's father was a canon, may have provided inspiration for the tale.[22]

text: Since Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested[23][24] that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and Through the Looking-Glass; examples include:

text:
In chapter 1, "Down the Rabbit-Hole", in the midst of shrinking, Alice waxes philosophic concerning what final size she will end up as, perhaps "going out altogether, like a candle"; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit.
In chapter 2, "The Pool of Tears", Alice tries to perform multiplication but produces some odd results: "Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is—oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate!" This explores the representation of numbers using different bases and positional numeral systems: 4 × 5 = 12 in base 18 notation, 4 × 6 = 13 in base 21 notation, and 4 × 7 could be 14 in base 24 notation. Continuing this sequence, going up three bases each time, the result will continue to be less than 20 in the corresponding base notation. (After 4 × 12 = 19 in Base 39, the product would be 4 × 13 = 1A in Base 42, then 1B, 1C, 1D, and so on.)
In chapter 7, "A Mad Tea-Party", the March Hare, the Hatter, and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A (for example, "Why, you might just as well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I see'!"); in logic and mathematics, this is discussing an inverse relationship.
Also in chapter 7, Alice ponders what it means when the changing of seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning. This is an observation of addition on the ring of integers modulo N.
The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely, leaving only its wide grin, suspended in the air, leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin, but never a grin without a cat. Deep abstraction of concepts, such as non-Euclidean geometry, abstract algebra, and the beginnings of mathematical logic, was taking over mathematics at the time Dodgson was writing. Dodgson's delineation of the relationship between cat and grin can be taken to represent the very concept of mathematics and number itself. For example, instead of considering two or three apples, one may easily consider the concept of 'apple', upon which the concepts of 'two' and 'three' may seem to depend. A far more sophisticated jump is to consider the concepts of 'two' and 'three' by themselves, just like a grin, originally seemingly dependent on the cat, separated conceptually from its physical object.

text: Literary scholar Melanie Bayley asserted in the magazine New Scientist that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-19th century.[25]

text: It has been suggested by several people, including Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre,[23] that Dodgson had an interest in the French language, choosing to make references and puns about it in the story. It is most likely that these are references to French lessons—a common feature of a Victorian middle-class girl's upbringing. For example, in the second chapter Alice posits that the mouse may be French. She therefore chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson-book to it: "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?"). In Henri Bué's French translation, Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it.

text: Pat's "Digging for apples" could be a cross-language pun, as pomme de terre (literally; "apple of the earth") means potato and pomme means apple, which little English girls studying French would easily guess.[26]

text: In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her memory of the noun declensions "in her brother's Latin Grammar, 'A mouse – of a mouse – to a mouse – a mouse – O mouse!'" These words correspond to the first five of Latin's six cases, in a traditional order established by medieval grammarians: mus (nominative), muris (genitive), muri (dative), murem (accusative), (O) mus (vocative). The sixth case, mure (ablative) is absent from Alice's recitation.

text: In the eighth chapter, three cards are painting the roses on a rose tree red, because they had accidentally planted a white-rose tree that The Queen of Hearts hates. Red roses symbolised the English House of Lancaster, while white roses were the symbol for their rival House of York. This scene is an allusion to the Wars of the Roses.[27]

text: While the book has remained in print and continually inspires new adaptations, the cultural material that it references has become largely specialized knowledge. Dr Leon Coward asserts the book 'suffers' from "readings which reflect today's fascination with postmodernism and psychology, rather than delving into an historically informed interpretation," and speculates that this has been partly driven by audiences encountering the narrative through a 'second-hand' source, explaining "our impressions of the original text are based on a multiplicity of reinterpretations. We don't necessarily realise we're missing anything in understanding the original product, because we're usually never dealing with the original product."[28]

text: Eating and devouring[edit]

text: Carina Garland notes how the world is "expressed via representations of food and appetite", naming Alice's frequent desire for consumption (of both food and words), her 'Curious Appetites'.[29] Often, the idea of eating coincides to make gruesome images. After the riddle “Why is a raven like a writing-desk?”, the Hatter claims that Alice might as well say, “I see what I eat…I eat what I see” and so the riddle’s solution, put forward by Boe Birns,[30] could be that "A raven eats worms; a writing desk is worm-eaten"; this idea of food encapsulates idea of life feeding on life, for the worm is being eaten and then becomes the eater  –  a horrific image of mortality.

text: Nina Auerbach discusses how the novel revolves around eating and drinking which “motivates much of her [Alice's] behaviour”, for the story is essentially about things “entering and leaving her mouth”[31] The animals of Wonderland are of particular interest, for Alice's relation to them shifts constantly because, as Lovell-Smith states, Alice's changes in size continually reposition her in the food chain, serving as a way to make her acutely aware of the ‘eat or be eaten’ attitude that permeates Wonderland.[32]

text: Illustrations[edit]

text: The manuscript was illustrated by Dodgson himself who added 37 illustrations—printed in a facsimile edition in 1887.[9] John Tenniel provided 42 wood engraved illustrations for the published version of the book. The first print run was destroyed (or sold to America[33]) at Carroll's request because he was dissatisfied with the quality. The book was reprinted and published in 1866.[9]

text: John Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe.

text: Alice has provided a challenge for other illustrators, including those of 1907 by Charles Pears and the full series of colour plates and line-drawings by Harry Rountree published in the (inter-War) Children's Press (Glasgow) edition. Other significant illustrators include: Arthur Rackham (1907), Willy Pogany (1929), Mervyn Peake (1946), Ralph Steadman (1967), Salvador Dalí (1969), Graham Overden (1969), Max Ernst (1970), Peter Blake (1970), Tove Jansson (1977), Anthony Browne (1988), Helen Oxenbury (1999) and Lisbeth Zwerger (1999).

text: Reception by reviewers[edit]

text: The book Alice in Wonderland failed to be named in an 1888 poll of the most popular children's stories. Generally it received poor reviews with reviewers giving more credit to Tenniel's illustrations than to Carroll's story. At the release of Through the Looking-Glass, the first Alice tale gained in popularity and by the end of the 19th century Sir Walter Besant wrote that Alice in Wonderland "was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete".[34]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality.[35] A new edition, released in December of the same year, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of D. Appleton & Company. The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice, except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine. The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865, and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.

text: The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria[36] and the young Oscar Wilde.[37] The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into at least 97 languages,[38] or as many as 174 languages.[39] There have now been over a hundred editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film.

text: The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland, which has been popularised by the numerous stage, film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.

text: Publication timeline[edit]

text: The following list is a timeline of major publication events related to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland:

text:
1865: First UK edition (the second printing).
1865: First US edition (the first printing of above).[40]
1869: Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland[41] is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann.
1869: Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles[42] is published in French translation by Henri Bué.
1870: Alice's Äventyr i Sagolandet[43] is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen.
1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, which sells even better.
1872: Le Avventure di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie[44] is published in Italian translation by Teodorico Pietrocòla Rossetti.
1879: Соня в царстве Дива. First Russian edition of "Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" – in Russian.
1882: Selchow & Righter publishes The Game of Alice in Wonderland, the first game based on the book.
1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice's Adventures Under Ground manuscript.
1890: Carroll publishes The Nursery "Alice", a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five".

text:
1899: 鏡世界. First Japanese edition of an Alice in Wonderland novel. Despite being the first Japanese version of an Alice in Wonderland novel, it is actually a translation of Through the Looking-Glass.
1905: Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable in a series of such books published by A. L. Burt Company, aimed at young readers.
1906: First translation into Finnish by Anni Swan (Liisan seikkailut ihmemaailmassa).
1907: Copyright on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland expires in UK, and so the tale enters the public domain. At least 8 new editions are published in that year alone.[45]
1910: La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by E. L. Kearney.
1915: 'Alice in Wonderland " A Dramatization of "Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Through the Looking Glass" A dramatic screenplay script rendering of Alice in Wonderland by Alice Gerstenberg; Actress Vivian Tobin; copyright A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago 1915, Produced by The Players Producing Company of Chicago (Aline Barnsdall and Arthur Bissell), at the Fine Arts Theater, Chicago, 2/11/1915, Booth Theater, New York, 3/23/1915.
1916: Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by Milo Winter.
1928: The manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby's on 3 April. It sold to Philip Rosenbach for £15,400, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time.[46]
1945: The animated picture book of Alice in Wonderland, with illustrations and paper engineering by Julian Wehr is published.[47]
1960: American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition, The Annotated Alice, incorporating the text of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
1961: The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel.
1988: Carroll and Anthony Browne, illustrator of a new edition from Julia MacRae Books, win the Kurt Maschler Award, or the Emil, for the year's best British "work of imagination for children, in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other."[48]
1998: Lewis Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for US$1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever sold, up to that time.[49]
1999: Carroll and Helen Oxenbury, illustrator of a new edition from Walker Books, win the Kurt Maschler Award for integrated writing and illustration, as did Anthony Browne and the 1988 Julia MacRae edition.[48]
2007: For the 50th anniversary of the British Kate Greenaway Medal (1955–2005), a panel of experts names the 1999 Walker Books edition illustrated by Helen Oxenbury one of the top ten Medal-winning works, composing the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite.[50]
2008: Folio Alice's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet).
2009: Children's book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell's own copy at auction for $115,000.[51]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Cinema and television[edit]

text: The book has inspired numerous film and television adaptations which have multiplied as the original work is now in the public domain in all jurisdictions. The following list is of direct adaptations of Adventures in Wonderland (sometimes merging it with Through the Looking-Glass), not other sequels or works otherwise inspired by the works (such as Tim Burton's 2010 film Alice in Wonderland):

text:
Alice in Wonderland (1903), a British silent film directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow, with May Clark as Alice[52]
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910), a silent film directed by Edwin Stanton Porter
Alice in Wonderland (1915), a silent film directed by W. W. Young
Alice in Wonderland (1931), the first talkie adaptation, directed by Bud Pollard
Alice in Wonderland (1933), a film version directed by Norman Z. McLeod, US
Alice in Wonderland (1937), a TV adaptation directed by George More O'Ferrall
Alice in Wonderland (1937) TV adaptation again directed by George More O'ferrall with Usula Henray as Alice[53]
Alice in Wonderland (1944) TV adaptation of Eva La Gaillenne's stage version of both books, USA.[54]
Alice (1946), a BBC production starring Vivian Pickles directed by George More O'Ferrall, UK
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (1948) BBC TV broadcast.[55]
Alice in Wonderland (1949), a live-action/animated film with stop motion segments, directed by Dallas Bower
Through the Crystal Ball: Alice in Wonderland (1949) US TV performance.[56]
Alice in Wonderland (1950), televised on the CBS Ford Theatre, with Iris Mann as Alice, directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
Alice in Wonderland (1951), a film version in traditional animation from Walt Disney Animation Studios. Arguably the most well known of the Alice film adaptations, and today considered one of Disney's great classics.[57]
Alice au pays des Merveilles (1951) France TV broadcast of a stage version
Alice in Wonderland (1954) BBC broadcast of a ballet version.[58]
Alice in Wonderland (1955), a live television adaptation of the 1932 Eva LeGallienne /Florida Friebus stage adaptation of the novel, directed for television by George Schaefer for the Hallmark Hall of Fame
The Adventures of Alice (1960) Televised opera [59]
The BP Super Show: Alice in Wonderland (1962) Australian TV series [60]
Alice in Wonderland (1965), a TV movie directed by Dennis Potter
Alice in Wonderland (1966), an animated Hanna-Barbera TV movie with Janet Waldo as Alice
Alice in Wonderland (1966), a BBC television play directed by Jonathan Miller
Alice au pays des merveilles (1972), a version made for television, by Jean-Christophe Averty.
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), a musical film version starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice
Nel Mondo Di Alice (In the World of Alice) Italian TV series in 4 parts.[61]
Alice in Wonderland (1976), a porn-musical by Bud Townsend
Alice in Wonderland (1981), a Soviet animated film by Yefrem Puzhanskiy
Alice in Wonderland (1983), a PBS Great Performances presentation of a 1982 stage play which was in turn a revival of the 1932 LeGallienne production
Alice in Wonderland (1985), a two-part made-for-TV special produced by Irwin Allen and featuring a large all-star cast
Alice in Wonderland (1986), a BBC adaptation directed by Barry Letts and starring Kate Dorning
Alice (1988 film) by Jan Švankmajer, stop motion and live action
Alice in Galaxy (1989) by Michael Jupp (The Dreamstone), an Animated Science-fiction Futurstic-tale film set in 2065
Alice in Wonderland (1999), a 1999 television movie first shown on NBC and then shown on British television on Channel 4

text: Comic strips and books[edit]

text: Alice in Wonderland (1934-5) was a comic strip adaptation drawn by Edward D. Kuekes and written by Olive Ray Scott.This version also featured a "topper" strip, Knurl the Gnome. The strip was distributed by United Feature Syndicate.[62]

text: The book has also inspired numerous comic book adaptations:

text:
Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (Dell Comics, 1951)
Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (Gold Key Comics, 1965)
Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (Whitman, 1984)
"The Complete Alice in Wonderland" (Dynamite Entertainment, 2005)
Return to Wonderland (2009), Zenescope Entertainment
Alice in Wonderland (2011), Zenescope Entertainment

text: Parodies[edit]

text: The book has inspired several parodies including:

text: The Westminster Alice (1902) by Hector Hugh Munro (Saki), illustrated by Francis Carruthers Gould

text: Live performance[edit]

text: The first full major production of 'Alice' books during Carroll's lifetime was Alice in Wonderland, a musical play by H. Saville Clark (book) and Walter Slaughter (music), which played in 1886 at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London.

text: As the book and its sequel are Carroll's most widely recognised works, they have also inspired numerous live performances, including plays, operas, ballets, and traditional English pantomimes. These works range from fairly faithful adaptations to those that use the story as a basis for new works. An example of the latter is The Eighth Square, a murder mystery set in Wonderland, written by Matthew Fleming and music and lyrics by Ben J. Macpherson. This goth-toned rock musical premiered in 2006 at the New Theatre Royal in Portsmouth, England. The TA Fantastika, a popular Black light theatre in Prague performs "Aspects of Alice"; written and directed by Petr Kratochvíl. This adaptation is not faithful to the books, but rather explores Alice's journey into adulthood while incorporating allusions to the history of Czech Republic.

text: Over the years, many notable people in the performing arts have been involved in Alice productions. Actress Eva Le Gallienne famously adapted both Alice books for the stage in 1932; this production has been revived in New York in 1947 and 1982. One of the most well-known American productions was Joseph Papp's 1980 staging of Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City. Elizabeth Swados wrote the book, lyrics, and music. Based on both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival. Meryl Streep played Alice, the White Queen, and Humpty Dumpty. The cast also included Debbie Allen, Michael Jeter, and Mark Linn-Baker. Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress, the play is a loose adaptation, with song styles ranging the globe. A community theater production of Alice was Olivia de Havilland's first foray onto the stage.

text: Similarly, the 1992 operatic production Alice used both Alice books as its inspiration. It also employs scenes with Charles Dodgson, a young Alice Liddell, and an adult Alice Liddell, to frame the story. Paul Schmidt wrote the play, with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music. Although the original production in Hamburg, Germany, received only a small audience, Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice in 2002.

text: A musical adaption was written by Michael Sirotta and Heather M. Dominick in 1997, titled Alice in Wonderland, a Musical Adventure.[63][64]

text: A ballet by Christopher Wheeldon[65] and Nicholas Wright[66] commissioned for The Royal Ballet entitled "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" premiered in February 2011 at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London. The ballet was based on the novel Wheeldon grew up reading as a child and is generally faithful to the original story, although some critics claimed it may have been too faithful.[67] The ballet overall stays generally light hearted for its running time of an hour and forty minutes. The ballet returned to the Royal Opera House in 2012.[68]

text: Works influenced[edit]

text: Alice and the rest of Wonderland continue to inspire or influence many other works of art to this day, sometimes indirectly via the 1951 Disney movie, for example. References, homages, reworkings and derivative works can be found in many works of literature, film, theatre, visual art, music, and games. The character of the plucky, yet proper, Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture, many also named Alice in homage.

text: Illustrations of the different books[edit]

text:
The cover illustration, by E. Gertrude Thomson

The White Rabbit by John Tenniel, coloured

Alice in Wonderland, John Tenniel, 1865

Alice in Wonderland by Arthur Rackham

Alice in wonderland by Gertrude A. Kay

An illustration by Karl Beutel

The Pool of Tears by Arthur Rackham

The Pool of Tears by Milo Winter


document_title: Victoria (UK TV series)

question_text: who plays the king of hanover in victoria

root

text: Victoria (UK TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The first series depicts the first few years of the reign of Queen Victoria, portrayed by Jenna Coleman, from her accession to the throne at the age of eighteen, to her intense friendship and infatuation with Lord Melbourne (Rufus Sewell), to her courtship and early marriage to Prince Albert (Tom Hughes) and finally to the birth of their first child, Victoria. The second series follows Victoria's struggles on managing her role as Queen with that of her duties to her husband and children.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jenna Coleman as Queen Victoria[1]
Tom Hughes as Prince Albert[2]
Peter Bowles as the Duke of Wellington
Catherine Flemming as the Duchess of Kent[1]
Daniela Holtz as Baroness Lehzen[2] (series 1–2)
Nell Hudson as Miss Skerrett[3]
Ferdinand Kingsley as Charles Elmé Francatelli[4]
Tommy Knight as Archibald Brodie[5]
Nigel Lindsay as Sir Robert Peel[2]
Eve Myles as Mrs. Jenkins[6] (series 1)
David Oakes as Prince Ernest
Paul Rhys as Sir John Conroy[1] (series 1)
Adrian Schiller as Mr. Penge[3]
Peter Firth as the Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and King of Hanover[1]
Alex Jennings as King Leopold
Rufus Sewell as Lord Melbourne[1] (series 1–2)
Bebe Cave as Wilhelmina Coke (series 2–)
Margaret Clunie as the Duchess of Sutherland (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Tilly Steele as Miss Cleary (series 2–)
Leo Suter as Edward Drummond (series 2)
Jordan Waller as Lord Alfred Paget (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Anna Wilson-Jones as Lady Portman (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Diana Rigg as the Duchess of Buccleuch (series 2–)

tag: ul

text: Featured[edit]

text:
Bruno Wolkowitch as King Louis Philippe (series 2)
Martin Compston as Dr. Traill (series 2)
Denis Lawson as the George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl (series 2)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Tom Price as the Duke of Sutherland
Robin McCallum as Lord Portman
Richard Dixon as the Lord Chancellor
Julian Finnigan as Lord Hastings
Guy Oliver-Watts as Sir James Hayter
Michael Parkhouse as Lord Melbourne's butler
Alice Orr-Ewing as Lady Flora Hastings
Nichola McAuliffe as the Duchess of Cumberland, the German wife of the Duke of Cumberland[2]
Simon Paisley Day as Lord Chamberlain
Basil Eidenbenz as Lohlein, Prince Albert's valet
Harry McEntire as Edward Oxford
Andrew Scarborough as Captain Childers
Aoife Kennan as Abigail Owen
Samantha Colley as Eliza Skerrett
Robin Soans as Sir James Clark
Bruce Mackinnon as Hannam
James Wilby as Sir Piers Gifford
Annabel Mullion as Lady Beatrice Gifford
Daisy Brown as Soprano
Daniel Donskoy as The Grand Duke
Nicholas Agnew as Prince George
Andrew Bicknell as the Duke of Coburg
Carolin Stoltz as Gretchen
Ben Abell as Rowland Hill
Gertrude Thoma as Hilde
Robert MacPherson as Anson
David Bamber as the Duke of Sussex
Terence Beesley as Buxton
Daisy Goodwin as the Duchess of Inverness
Cornell S. John as Jonas Barrett
Clare Wille as Lady Peel
Peter Ivatts as the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley.
Peter Forbes as Craddock
Alexander Owen as Dr Brydon
Phil Rowson as John Bright, MP

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
28 August 2016 (2016-08-28)
9 October 2016 (2016-10-09)

2
8 (+1)
27 August 2017 (2017-08-27)
15 October 2017 (2017-10-15)
25 December 2017 (special)

tag: table

text: Series 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
Series 1

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]

1
1
"Doll 123"
Tom Vaughan
Daisy Goodwin
28 August 2016 (2016-08-28)
8.00

Victoria ascends to the throne after the death of her paternal uncle, King William IV. She asserts her independence by standing up to her mother and Sir John Conroy, who reared her under the strict Kensington System. Victoria creates a scandal involving her mother's lady-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, by spreading the rumor that Lady Flora is pregnant with Sir John's child. Lady Flora is forced to undergo a medical examination, which reveals she is a virgin, but with a growing abdominal tumour that will prove fatal. The public is outraged when they learn of the humiliation the dying Lady Flora suffered at Victoria's hands. Victoria despairs over what she has done and feels her reign is tarnished, but is encouraged by the prime minister, Lord Melbourne, to stand tall and face the public.

2
2
"Ladies in Waiting"
Tom Vaughan
Daisy Goodwin
29 August 2016 (2016-08-29)
7.37

The Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne announces he must resign, saying he lacks the required mandate in parliament. Victoria asks the Duke of Wellington to form a new government but he declines, saying he is too old to be prime minister again. He suggests she instead invite Tory leader Sir Robert Peel, which she does reluctantly. However, Peel agrees only on the condition that she dismiss some of her Ladies of the Bedchamber, as four are married to Whig ministers, and replace them with the wives of Tories. The queen refuses, as she considers the ladies to be her intimate friends and not political pawns. This leads to the Bedchamber crisis. Melbourne insists he cannot undermine the British constitution by governing solely at the monarch's whim, but he eventually gives in and stays on as Prime Minister. Victoria's mother, Sir John, and her paternal uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, scheme to install a regency to limit Victoria's power by making people believe she inherited the madness of her grandfather, King George III.

3
3
"Brocket Hall"
Tom Vaughan
Daisy Goodwin
4 September 2016 (2016-09-04)
7.75

Sir John and Victoria's mother want her to marry, believing she is too independent and needs a man to control her. Victoria's maternal uncle, King Leopold of Belgium, arrives to pressure her to marry his nephew and her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria has no interest in Albert. Leopold tries to get Lord Melbourne to support the scheme; Melbourne believes there is no hurry to push her into a marriage if it is with the wrong person. Victoria, believing she is in love with Melbourne, pursues him, but he rebuffs her. Tired of Sir John, Victoria offers him a baronetcy and pension for him to leave court, devastating her mother. Following the Newport Rising, Victoria takes pity on the leaders and commutes their death sentences to exile in Australia.

4
4
"The Clockwork Prince"
Sandra Goldbacher
Daisy Goodwin
11 September 2016 (2016-09-11)
7.62

Albert visit Victoria. They are mutually aloof and resentful for being pushed on each other. Some at court feel Albert, as a younger son and prince of a minor duchy, is inferior to her. As they spend time together, an attraction slowly grows. Albert, however, challenges Victoria on Lord Melbourne's influence over her and his sheltering her from reality, such as the poverty of the masses. Following an argument, Albert prepares to leave, believing he has lost her favour, and Victoria's love for Albert she has come to terms but hesitates proposal as she is unsure of his response. After confiding her worries to Leopold and being given some encouragement, Victoria proposes and Albert eagerly accepts.

5
5
"An Ordinary Woman"
Sandra Goldbacher
Daisy Goodwin
18 September 2016 (2016-09-18)
7.65

When Victoria announces her engagement, the Tory parliament reacts with hostility at the idea of a German consort, especially one who would be given a British title and hefty annual allowance. Additionally, the Duke of Wellington calls attention to the certainty that Albert is not a Catholic, which would preclude Victoria from marrying him without abdicating her crown. Though unable to give him a royal title such as Duke or King, Victoria makes Albert a Knight of the Garter and gives him a small allowance. Albert is offended, feeling he will be without position or independence, while Victoria worries that the allowance would enable him to keep a mistress, as did her Uncle Leopold. They reassure each other and, on 10 February 1840, they are married.

6
6
"The Queen's Husband"
Olly Blackburn
Daisy Goodwin
25 September 2016 (2016-09-25)
7.65

Victoria and Albert are happily married. However, Victoria fears she will die in childbirth like her cousin and aunt Princess Charlotte, whose death led to Victoria inheriting the crown. Her lady's maid gives her useless advice to avoid pregnancy. Victoria curries favor with her paternal uncle the Duke of Sussex, who is unable to present his wife at court because their morganatic marriage is in violation of the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Although his wife is the daughter of an earl, she is not of royal birth. Victoria uses her discretion to make her the Duchess of Inverness and welcomes her to court. An abolitionist group asks Victoria to open its London meeting, held in June 1840. She says she will publicly support the cause, but is unable to open it because of her position. Prince Albert instead volunteers to give an address against slavery, a subject he feels strongly about. His speech is considered a great success for him.

7
7
"The Engine of Change"
Olly Blackburn
Guy Andrews
2 October 2016 (2016-10-02)
7.31

Victoria, pregnant with her first child, is desperately afraid of dying in childbirth. Her mother insists she refrain from affairs of state and rest full-time. The ministers ask Victoria to choose a regent in the case she dies in childbirth but her baby survives. She insists on Albert as regent, which enrages the Tories. However, Sir Robert Peel believes Albert could be influenced and supports him as regent. Albert takes an interest in the building of the railway to improve Great Britain, a project Victoria discourages him from pursuing. Sir Robert takes Albert to ride on his locomotive, which infuriates her. Albert, however, insists that he have some measure of influence in his new country, while she worries that his doing so could undermine her own authority as queen. Nevertheless Victoria bravely ventures out to take a ride on the locomotive herself, which she finds exhilarating.

8
8
"Young England"
Olly Blackburn
Daisy Goodwin
9 October 2016 (2016-10-09)
7.74

The pregnant Victoria insists on her daily carriage rides to greet her subjects. The Duke of Cumberland, now the King of Hanover, insists that the British people are unaccepting of the German Albert as regent should death result from childbirth. Cumberland hints of assassination threats. On 10 June 1840, Edward Oxford attempts to assassinate Victoria during a carriage ride. Cumberland, who is first in line to the throne if Victoria dies, is blamed but denies any involvement. Oxford's guns were unloaded at the time. He is declared not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to a lunatic asylum. On 21 November 1840, Victoria gives birth without complications to a healthy baby girl, also named Victoria.

text: Series 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
Series 2

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]

9
1
"A Soldier's Daughter"
Lisa James Larsson
Daisy Goodwin
27 August 2017 (2017-08-27)
6.17

A month after giving birth to her daughter, Victoria finds that the government has not been confiding in her with their business, and becomes irritated with Albert for helping them. After being confined to her rooms to recover from childbirth, Victoria learns that British troops were slain in the Anglo-Afghan War, and she refuses Leopold's attempt to betroth the princess to another country for political purposes. With the public angered over the troops's defeats, Victoria makes her first post-childbirth public appearance at the launch of HMS Trafalgar, while Albert seek advice from his brother, Ernest, on how to repair the rift between him and Victoria. Miss Skerrett is promoted following the departure of Mrs. Jenkins, while Francatelli, the queen's previous chef, is persuaded to return. The Duchess of Buccleuch is appointed as the Queen's new Mistress of the Robes following the Duchess of Sutherland's resignation.

10
2
"The Green-Eyed Monster"
Lisa James Larsson
Daisy Goodwin
3 September 2017 (2017-09-03)
6.62

Albert resists his profligate father's demands regarding Albert's finances, and as a result, Albert visits the Royal Society to meet with the pioneers of the computing industry, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. He invites the two to a palace function. Victoria becomes suspicious and jealous of Albert's admiration of Lovelace, the daughter of Lord Byron, a man known for his many affairs. Victoria wonders if Albert intends to make her his mistress. She seeks assurance from Lord Melbourne that the relationship between the two exists for the reasons of science and shared interests; he successfully consoles her. Victoria finds herself pregnant again, causing initial distress due to the short lapse of time since the first birth, but it eventually gives her and Albert a reason to reconcile. In the kitchens, a young thief makes his way through the castle, convincing Miss Cleary, the Queen's assistant dresser, that the castle is haunted and a ghost roams the halls.

11
3
"Warp and Weft"
Geoffrey Sax
Daisy Goodwin
10 September 2017 (2017-09-10)
6.56

After the presence of the thief becomes knowledge to the Queen and her husband, Albert becomes apprehensive about the presence of the boy and inefficiency of the household staff. The wages of the staff are increased as an incentive to make them more attentive. Victoria holds a meeting with a silk weaver from Spitalfields, who explains how local weavers are hurt by imported foreign silk. To support the local weavers, Victoria decides to hold a ball with all the costumes made from Spitalfields material. Sir Robert Peel advises against it, and on the night of the ball, villagers gather outside the palace to protest the extravagance when people are starving. An ailing Lord Melbourne also attends the ball and attempts to hide his condition from Victoria. After Melbourne reveals his condition to Albert, Victoria visits Melbourne for an emotional goodbye. She returns to the palace and discovers her beloved dog, Dash has died; she inters him on the Palace grounds.

12
4
"The Sins of the Father"
Geoffrey Sax
Ottilie Wilford
17 September 2017 (2017-09-17)
6.77

Victoria's birth of a son is painful and she experiences postpartum depression. When Albert travels to Germany to attend his father's funeral, he learns that Leopold believes that he may be Albert's biological father. Albert's mother found comfort with Leopold while her husband ignored her and pursued other women. Albert, questioning his beliefs and his sense of identity, drinks excessively that evening, then departs for England the next day without a farewell. Victoria, encouraged by the Duchess of Buccleuch, continues making public appearances, though her depression makes it exhausting. Miss Skerrett reveals to the Queen that it was her cousin, Eliza, who sold the story about the palace thief to the newspapers, and that Eliza's intended position as dresser fell to Skerrett to assume her identity as Eliza becomes pregnant. Victoria prepares to remove Skerrett from the palace, but Albert persuades her to allow the woman to remain.

13
5
"Entente Cordiale"
Jim Loach
Daisy Goodwin
24 September 2017 (2017-09-24)
6.13

Robert Peel expresses his concerns to Victoria about that the King of France, Louis Philippe I have planning to marry his son, Duke of Montpensier, to the Queen Isabel II of Spain. Peel fears that an alliance between France and Spain could be against the best interests of Britain, and so Victoria travels to France to discuss the matter and persuade Louis Philippe to consider another betrothal. Victoria finds herself annoyed at the King's constant refusal to discuss the topic, and vexed by Albert being unsupportive and distant behaviour. Albert reveals his fear that he may be illegitimate, but Victoria reassures him that who is his father is not her care. They do talk to Louis Philippe about the betrothal and are convinced that he is against the match. Upon return to England, Victoria comes to learn that Louis went ahead with the betrothal. Their frustration is lifted, however, when it is discovered that Victoria is pregnant again.

14
6
"Faith, Hope & Charity"
Jim Loach
Daisy Goodwin
1 October 2017 (2017-10-01)
6.05

Victoria has given birth to a daughter, Alice, and Ernest returns to England for the christening. A severe famine is caused by a potato blight, affecting the Catholic country of Ireland. The vicar Robert Traill receives an apathetic response from the Protestant clergy, writes to Victoria for assistance and she organizes a meeting with him. Peel refuses to help alongside her, claiming that showing any form of favouritism, especially to the Irish, would cause unrest and resentment at home and in the government. Albert works on improving the palace and of the City of London hygiene and sanitation with the Royal Society. Ernest secretly sees a doctor for his syphilis. After meeting with Victoria, Traill falls sick with typhus, and aid is sent not in time to help him and he dies, along with a million of his countrymen. Francatelli, after talking with Cleary about her family, gives her, to pawn, his gold watch to help her family in the time of need; Cleary is later distressed when she discovers that her relatives have immigrated to the United States to escape the famine.

15
7
"The King Over the Water"
Daniel O'Hara
Ottilie Wilford
8 October 2017 (2017-10-08)
6.47

After an attempt is made to assassinate Victoria, she and Albert decide to travel to the Scottish Highlands, visiting and staying with the Duke of Atholl at Blair Castle in Perthshire. While out on a ride with their entourage, they tire of the entertainment provided, and make an escape to the countryside to spend time alone. They become lost, and seek refuge with an elderly couple in their small home. Victoria and Albert find themselves at peace with this freedom, but are eventually found the following morning. Drummond, who is scheduled to enter into a marriage for political purposes, enjoys his time with Lord Alfred Paget, and they passionately kiss each other. Ernest receives news that the Duchess of Sutherland's husband has passed away, making her a widow, and his attempts at flirting with her come to be successful.

16
8
"The Luxury of Conscience"
Daniel O'Hara
Daisy Goodwin
15 October 2017 (2017-10-15)
6.40

Peel takes to parliament the ideas of repealing the Corn Laws and making international trade tariff-free, where he faces opposition for his ideas. However, his cause is supported by Albert who attends a session of parliament; his presence and Peel are mocked by both the Tories and the Whigs. A romantic situation begins to form between Francatelli and Nancy Skerrett. When Leopold arrives unexpectedly, Albert is unsettled, and there is tension in the palace. Victoria later quarrels with Albert when he expresses his fears that Baroness Lehzen is improperly caring for their children. When their daughter falls ill, she is diagnosed with a serious fever that could kill her, and Victoria relents and dismisses Lehzen. Peel's bill is passed, and a man shoots at him as he leaves the House of Commons;[clarification needed] Drummond is shot dead when he jumps in the way to protect Peel. Devastated by Drummond's loss, Peel resigns as Prime Minister. Ernest's syphilis presents indications so he breaks off with the duchess. Leopold makes attempts to improve his relationship with Victoria and Albert.

text:
Christmas special

No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]

17
"Comfort and Joy"
Jim Loach
Daisy Goodwin
25 December 2017 (2017-12-25)
5.44

During the Christmas of 1846, Albert introduces the court to Christmas Trees, and begins decorating the halls for the festive season. He invites Victoria's mother to Christmas, without Victoria's approval. The African girl, Sarah, is gifted from the King of Dahomey. Victoria tries her best to make Sarah feel welcome and less awkward within the palace, despite Albert's advice. King Leopold continues his attempts to marry Ernest to a princess from Germany, who originates from a wealthy family, but he continues his admiration of the duchess Harriet, all the while he is forced to keep the secret of his illness from the duchess. Paget, still mourning Drummond after his death, eventually is engaged to Wilhelmina, the great-niece of the Duchess of Buccleuth. Penge's financial hope in a railway scheme connecting Leeds to Thirsk comes to naught. Nancy comes into an awkward inheritance from her uncle, which she later declines, and is engaged to Francatelli.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was announced in September 2015, following Coleman's decision to leave Doctor Who to join the cast as Queen Victoria.[8][9] Daisy Goodwin said in October 2016 that a Christmas special episode for the 2016 series had been proposed and was rejected by ITV; one was subsequently commissioned for 2017 after the rising ratings popularity for Victoria.[10]

text: In September 2016, ITV renewed Victoria for a second series, followed by a Christmas special.[11][12] In December 2017, Victoria was renewed for a third series, with Coleman and Hughes set to return.[13]

text: Beyond the renewal, ITV administration reportedly expects Victoria to run for a total of six series, although whether Jenna Coleman will remain as the lead actress as the series moves into depicting Victoria's later years is uncertain.[14]

text: Producers Mammoth Screen picked Screen Yorkshire's Church Fenton Studios which is in Tadcaster North Yorkshire, as the central base for the recreation of Buckingham Palace. Church Fenton Studios recently launched, so Victoria subsequently became the first production to film there. It is the first time Yorkshire has needed a large scale studio space to host a major drama. Mammoth Screen spent seven months filming in Yorkshire.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Much of Victoria was filmed in Yorkshire. The interiors of Castle Howard double as Kensington Palace, Harewood House stands in for Buckingham Palace, with Bramham Park and Wentworth Woodhouse also being in use for both royal residences. Carlton Towers is in use as Windsor Castle, while Beverley Minster replaces Westminster Abbey. Other locations include Raby Castle, Allerton Castle, Newby Hall and Whitby pier. Church Fenton Studios, a converted aircraft hangar at Leeds East Airport near Selby, was in use to recreate some interiors of the Buckingham Palace.[16][17]

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song is by Martin Phipps, sung by the Mediæval Bæbes. Phipps also wrote and conducted incidental music for the early episodes. For later episodes the conducting role was undertaken by Ruth Barrett.[18] An official soundtrack for the first series was released on 12 January 2017.[19][20]

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Performers
Length

1.
"Victoria – The Suite"
Benji Merrison, Mediæval Bæbes
3:27

2.
"The King is Dead"

2:49

3.
"Coronation"
Mediæval Babes
3:15

4.
"Lord M"

2:44

5.
"Locomotives"

1:52

6.
"Mirrors"

1:32

7.
"The Wedding"
Mediæval Babes
3:43

8.
"The Royal Birth"

2:14

9.
"Privy Council"

2:50

10.
"A Royal Affair"

2:05

11.
"Victoria Titles"
Mediæval Babes
1:35

Total length:
28:03

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Series 1 premiered on 28 August 2016 on ITV in the UK, and on 15 January 2017 on PBS in the United States as part of Masterpiece.[21] The series premiered on 4 April 2017 in Canada on Vision TV.[22]

text: The eight-episode second series premiered on ITV on 27 August 2017, and on 14 January 2018 on PBS.[23][24]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In Region 2, the first series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 10 October 2016.[25] The second series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 13 November 2017.[26] The 2017 feature-length Christmas Special was released on DVD 26 December 2017.[27]

text: In Region 1, the first series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 31 January 2017.[28] The second series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 30 January 2018.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The critics' reviews of the first series have been positive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first series holds a rating of 81%, based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 6,83/10. The site's consensus reads, "Strong performances by Jenna Coleman and Rufus Sewell hint at Downton-esque potential for Victoria, but the narrative falls just shy of that soapy mark".[30] On Metacritic, the first series has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref

2017
British Academy Television Craft Awards
Best Make Up and Hair Design
Nic Collins
Nominated
[32]

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)
Martin Phipps, Ruth Barrett, Natalie Holt for "Doll 123"
Nominated
[33]

Outstanding Main Title Theme Music
Martin Phipps
Nominated
[33]


document_title: Snow in Florida

question_text: when did it last snow in jacksonville florida

text: Snow in Florida

text: Events[edit]

text: Due to larger populations and more advanced communication networks, snow events are witnessed and reported much more frequently in recent years than in historical eras. Interpretations of this timeline must therefore be made with caution, as observed patterns may not reflect actual climate-related trends in annual snowfall but rather improved reporting.

text:
December 19, 1765: A "white frost" fell in the northern part of the British colony of East Florida "of short duration, and of no material detriment to the agricultural interests."[7]
1774: A snowstorm extended across much of the territory. The affected residents spoke of it as an "extraordinary white rain."[1][8]
January 10/11, 1800: Land surveyor Andrew Ellicott erected an observatory at Point Peter, a location near the mouth of Saint Marys River, now in the far southeast side of the City of St. Marys, Georgia. After recording a sunrise temperature of 37 °F (3 °C), he observed "snow and hail the whole day" until 10 pm. The temperature then fell below freezing, the wind shifted to northwesterly, and the skies cleared at midnight. At sunrise the morning of January 11, he reported snow 5 inches (130 mm) deep and a temperature of 28 °F (−2 °C).[2][9] This snowstorm perhaps extended from Louisiana to Georgia.[10]
January 13, 1852: Snow fell all morning, accumulating to 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1855: A few flakes of snow fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 29, 1868: Light sleet fell during the night at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1869: During the morning, snow flurries fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 10, 1873: At 7:25 am, a few snowflakes fell at Jacksonville.[1]
February 4/5, 1875: Between midnight and sunrise on both dates, light sleet occurred.[1]
December 1, 1876: According to the observer at Punta Rassa, Florida, snow fell for 5 minutes on the morning of December 1.[11]
January 4/5, 1879: At Jacksonville at 7 pm, sleet began, which turned to rain 90 minutes later. The freezing rain covered trees, shrubbery, and everything else outdoors by morning. The weight of the ice broke the limbs of many orange trees.[1] At Fernandina, snow occurred.[12]
December 5, 1886: At Pensacola, following a heavy rain and wind storm, light snow fell from 4:25 pm to 8:20 pm, accumulating to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[13]
January 5, 1887: 1 inch (25 mm) of snow fell at Pensacola,[14] and sleet fell elsewhere in the state.[15]
January 14, 1892: 0.4 inches (10 mm) of snow was reported at Pensacola.[14] The first snowfall of the season occurred at Fort Barrancas. Monthly snowfall totaled 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Pensacola.[16]
January 17, 1892: At 10:30 am, sleet fell for a few minutes only at Madison, Florida.[17]
February 14, 1892: Pensacola reported 3 inches (76 mm) of snow.[18]
December 26/27, 1892: On both days, precipitation fell as sleet and snow at Pensacola. On December 26, sleet also occurred at Cerro Gordo, Florida, and slight trace of snow fell at Tallahassee. On December 27, a slight trace fell at Moseley Hall, Madison County, Florida.[19] At intervals during daytime on December 27, light snow flurries occurred at Jacksonville.[1]
January 16–19, 1893: On January 16, snow occurred at Palatka. On January 17, sleet fell at Oxford, and at Pensacola. Shortly after midnight on January 18, sleet began in the city of Jacksonville and then turned to snow and then to rain.[1] That day, sleet also fell at Moseley Hall, Pensacola, and Tallahassee, and snow occurred at Lawtey. On January 18 and 19, sleet fell at Bristol.
December 29, 1894: Brooksville reported snowfall from 9 am to 11 am, and a few flakes fell at Mosquito Lagoon near Oak Hill, Florida. The press reported snow at towns in middle and west Florida. The temperature morning fell to lows unprecedented in decades, and this freeze destroyed 2 million to 3 million boxes of not yet gathered oranges, severely damaged pineapple plants, and killed or destroyed almost all other fruits and vegetables.[20]
February 14, 1895: From 6:22 pm to 6:27 pm, light sleet fell at Jacksonville, followed by light snow until 6:32 pm. At 7:20 pm, light snow resumed until 8 pm.[1] Snow also fell at Tampa, and at Pensacola, snow reportedly reached depths allowing for sleighing.[21]
February 12/13, 1899: At 9:45 pm, rain changed to sleet at Jacksonville. Sleet then changed to snow at 10:15 pm and continued through the night, accumulating to 2 inches (51 mm) before sunrise at 7 am as the temperature plunged to 10 °F (−12 °C).[1] The accumulation reached 4 inches (100 mm) at Lake Butler.[18] In sheltered locations, the snow melted only several days later.[1] This Great Blizzard of 1899 also affected much of the rest of the American South.

text: 20th century (21 reported events)[edit]

text:
December 16, 1901: At 1 pm, light snow fell at Jacksonville; at intervals through the afternoon, sleet followed.[1]
February 7, 1907: During the afternoon, a light snow flurry occurred "in the immediate vicinity" of the city of Jacksonville.[1]
November 27, 1912: An overnight period of snow covers the ground and trees with a 0.5-inch (13 mm) layer in northern Florida.[22]
January 22/23, 1935: Snow falls until the next morning, with Pensacola recording 1 inch (25 mm).[14]
February 8/9, 1947: A cold wave entering from Canada, accompanied by winds of up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h; 36 m/s), causes snow as far south as Clearwater.[23]
February 2/3, 1951: Snowfall accumulates to 2.0 inches (51 mm) at Saint Augustine and Crescent City.[18]
December 14, 1952: Sleet and snow falls across the northern portion of the state, though there is very little accumulation.[24]
December 14, 1953: Light sleet occurs in the morning in Marianna.[24]
March 6, 1954: 4 in (100 mm) of snow accumulates at Milton Experimental Station, Santa Rosa County, within a 24-hour period, the highest such total for Florida according to official modern records.[25]
March 28, 1955: Snowfall accumulates to 1 inch (25 mm) in Marianna along the Florida Panhandle.[26]
February 13, 1958: An overnight rainfall changes to snowfall in Jacksonville and accumulates to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[2] Additionally, Tallahassee reports a record 2.8 inches (71 mm).[18]
February 9, 1973: Snow falls over the northern portion of the state, including a total of 2.0 inches (51 mm) in Pensacola, with unofficial reports of up to 8 inches (200 mm).[18]
January 18, 1977: The pressure gradient between a strong ridge over the Mississippi Valley and a Nor'easter over Atlantic Canada sends very cold temperatures southward into the state. Areas around Pensacola are the first to receive the snow, then the rest of The Panhandle. Followed by record accumulations for The Nature Coast, the I-4 corridor (both Orlando and Tampa (one tenth to a quarter inch) receive light accumulations of 1 inch (25 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm) with a few isolated spots reportedly receiving 3 inches (76 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm)), and finally South Florida. By early morning before sunrise on January 19, West Palm Beach reported snow for the first time on record, with snow flurries reaching as far south as Homestead. The snow causes little impact as it was of the dry variety, though the accompanying cold air results in hundreds of millions of dollars in damage (Orlando tied the 1899 record of over six consecutive nights well-below freezing). On January 20, The Miami Herald reports the event as the front-page story, with a headline of a size usually reserved for the declaration of war.[27]
Late January 1977: Pensacola receives snowfall.[27]
March 2, 1980: About 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) of snow covers car tops and patio furniture in Jacksonville.[2]
March 1, 1986: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow accumulates overnight in Jacksonville before melting within 30 minutes due to the morning sun.[2]
December 23/24, 1989: Light rain in Jacksonville turns to freezing rain as temperatures drop, and later changes to snow. The snow totals several inches in some locations, and results in the first White Christmas in the city's history.[2]

Picture of the December 23, 1989, Jacksonville snowfall

Light snow falls across central Florida as far south as southern Pinellas County on the 23rd, though the official weather station in St. Petersburg experiences only a light sleet.[28][29]
March 12, 1993: The 1993 Storm of the Century produces up to 4 inches (100 mm) of snow along the Florida Panhandle.[30]
January 8, 1996: Snow flurries are reported from Crystal River to New Port Richey with no accumulation.[31]
December 18, 1996: A plume of cold air causes snow to form in the northwestern portion of Escambia County.[32]

text: 21st century (19 reported events)[edit]

text:
January 24, 2003: A plume of Arctic air produces widespread record low temperatures and light snow flurries along the eastern coastline. The snow is described as ocean-effect snow, identical to lake effect snow in that it occurs due to very cold air passing over relatively warm water temperatures. The snow reaches as far south as Fort Pierce.[33]
December 25, 2004: Locations along the Florida Panhandle receive a dusting of snow.[34]
November 21, 2006: An eastward-moving weather system produces a very light dusting and snowflakes in central Florida. It is the first snow in November in the state since 1912.[34]
February 3, 2007: Very light snow flurries are reported in the northeastern panhandle, lasting less than an hour.[35]
January 3, 2008: Light snow flurries are reported near Daytona Beach.[36]
January 8/9, 2010: Very light dusting of snow seen in the eastern Jacksonville area. Light snow also fell in parts of central Florida, which briefly accumulated in Ocala and other parts of Marion County. A "wintry mix" of sleet and freezing rain was widespread, with reports of light snow across central Florida from Tampa to Orlando to Melbourne.[37] Isolated flurries were even reported from West Palm Beach to as far south as Kendall and sleet in a few spots in the South Florida metropolitan area for only the second time in recorded history and first time since 1977.[38]
February 12, 2010: Portions of northwestern Florida experience snowfall totals of around 1 in (25 mm).[39]
February 14, 2010: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow fell across the northern halves of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Walton and Okaloosa Counties.[40]
December 8, 2010: Snow mixed with rain is reported in western parts of the panhandle, north of Pensacola.[41]
December 26, 2010: A mix of snow and sleet was reported in Jacksonville by the National Weather Service.[42]
December 28, 2010: Light snow was reported at Tampa Executive Airport in eastern Hillsborough County at 01:00 and 05:00 local time, following a rare freezing fog event around midnight.[43]
January 9, 2011: Sleet is reported in the Pensacola area, as well as other places in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. There was no accumulation.[44]
March 3, 2013: Snow flurries were reported in the Panhandle, specifically around Panama City Beach
January 24–25, 2014: Sleet and light snow are reported in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties.[45] Very light sleet is reported at a few locations around Jacksonville.[46]

Snowfall forecast for 28–29 January 2014, predicting over 1 inch of snow in northwest Florida.

January 28–29, 2014: A major winter storm event resulted in a mixture of freezing rain (with ice accumulation), sleet, and snow across most of the Panhandle between the afternoon of the 28th and morning of the 29th. Due to dangerous ice accumulation, the Florida Highway Patrol and FDOT closed several bridges in the Panhandle and advised against non-essential travel.[47] Many state and local government offices were closed around mid-day on the 28th.[48] In Santa Rosa county, officials cautioned that ice-laden tree limbs were hanging low enough to hit vehicles.[49] Between 1 and 9:30 PM on the 28th, 21,633 Gulf Power customers lost power at some point.[50] At 2 PM EST on January 28, Pensacola was 31 °F (−1 °C) with freezing rain while Immokalee, near Fort Myers, was 86 °F (30 °C). Pensacola received 1.8 inches (46 mm) of snow on January 28.[51] On January 29, the Florida Highway Patrol closed nearly 200 miles (320 km) of Interstate 10 from the Florida-Alabama state line to Gadsden County, directing resources and traffic to U.S. 90.[52] Pensacola International Airport closed at 9:17 PM January 28 and was not scheduled to reopen until late on the 29th.[53]
January 8, 2015: Snow flurries are reported in various locations around Jacksonville. The event is attributed to ocean-effect snow.[54][55]
January 22–23, 2016: Snow flurries are reported along the Florida Panhandle, as far east as the Jacksonville area,[56] and as far south as the Gainesville area.[57]
December 8–9, 2017: Snow falls in various locations in the western Florida Panhandle. Northern Escambia County saw up to 2 inches (51 mm) of snow while Century saw 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow. Snow flurries were reported in Destin and Miramar Beach.[58]
January 2–3, 2018: A winter storm resulted in snow and a wintry mix (freezing rain, sleet, and ice) across northern Florida from Tallahassee to the outskirts of Jacksonville and as far south as Gainesville, with temperatures in the 20s and dewpoints in the teens in the morning.[59] A winter storm warning was in effect on the morning of January 3 for Nassau, Baker, Union, Columbia, Gilchrist, Suwanee, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Taylor, Jefferson, and Leon Counties,[60][61] prompting several school districts to cancel classes on January 3.[62] Tallahassee received 0.10-0.20 in of snow, which was the first measurable snowfall in the city since December 1989 (it sees flurries every few years).[63][64][65] The Tallahassee snowfall followed a couple hours of freezing rain.[63] The Florida Highway Patrol closed Interstate 10 from Tallahassee to Madison for most of the morning of January 3 as well as several bridges in North-Central Florida that had accumulated a dangerous amount of ice.[66][62] Recorded ice accumulations included 0.25 in in Hilliard and Lake City and 0.10 in in Perry.[67]


document_title: Television set

question_text: when was the first tv sold to the public

text: Television set

text: History[edit]

text: Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom,[6] United States, and Soviet Union.[7] The earliest commercially made televisions were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Baird "Televisor" (sold in 1930–1933 in the UK) is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units.[8]

text: In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated the first TV system that employed a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan.[9] This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver.[10] His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II.[9]

text: The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934,[11][12] followed by other makers in France (1936),[13] Britain (1936),[14] and America (1938).[15][16] The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 (equivalent to $7,736 in 2017).[17] An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,000–8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S.[18] before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the drop in television prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962.[19] In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968.[citation needed] By the late 1960s and early 1970s, color television had come into wide use. In Britain, BBC1, BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in colour by 1969.[20]

text:
During the first decade of the 21st century, CRT "picture tube" display technology was almost entirely supplanted worldwide by flat panel displays. By the early 2010s, LCD TVs, which increasingly used LED-backlit LCDs, accounted for the overwhelming majority of television sets being manufactured.[1][2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

text: Display[edit]

text: Television sets may employ one of several available display technologies. As of the mid-2010s, LCDs overwhelmingly predominate in new merchandise, but OLED displays are claiming an increasing market share as they become more affordable and DLP technology continues to offer some advantages in projection systems. The production of plasma and CRT displays has been almost completely discontinued.[1][2][3][4][5][21]

text: There are four primary competing TV technologies:

text:
CRT
LCD (multiple variations of LCD screens are called QLED, quantum dot, LED, LCD TN, LCD IPS, LCD PLS, LCD VA, etc.)
OLED
Plasma

text: CRT[edit]

text:
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns (a source of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images.[22]
It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets or others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep (i.e. long from front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product.

text: In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference.[23] In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of diagnostic instrument.[23]

text: DLP[edit]

text: Digital Light Processing (DLP)  is a type of projector technology that uses a digital micromirror device. Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display. It was originally developed in 1987 by Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997.  Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for the DLP projector technology.  DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including medical, security, and industrial uses.

text: DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for classrooms and business primarily), DLP rear projection television sets, and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of digital cinema projection, and in additive manufacturing as a power source in some printers to cure resins into solid 3D objects.[24]

text: Plasma[edit]

text: A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are called "plasma" displays because the technology utilizes small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, or what are in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps.

text: LCD[edit]

text: Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use Liquid-crystal displays to produce images. LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube (CRTs) of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes (e.g., 90 inch diagonal). When manufacturing costs fell, this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers.

text: In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions globally for the first time,[25] and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD TVs quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. In the mid-2010s LCDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold television display type.[1][2]

text: LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including OLEDs, FED and SED.

text: OLED[edit]

text: An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current.  This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens. It is also used for computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld games consoles and PDAs.

text: There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers.  Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes.  Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

text: An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room, an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight.

text: Outdoor television[edit]

text: An outdoor television set  designed for outdoor use is usually found in the outdoor sections of bars, sports fields, or other community facilities. Most outdoor televisions use High-definition television technology. Their body is more robust. The screens are designed to remain clearly visible even in sunny outdoor lighting. The screens also have anti-reflective coatings to prevent glare. They are weather-resistant and often also have anti-theft brackets. Outdoor TV models can also be connected with BD players and PVRs for greater functionality.[citation needed][26]

text: Recycling and disposal[edit]

text: Due to recent changes in electronic waste legislation, economical and environmentally friendly television disposal has been made increasingly more available in the form of television recycling. The salvage value of the materials of the set, such as copper wiring in CRT sets, offset the costs of recycling, and sometimes even positive gains.[27] Challenges with recycling television sets include proper HAZMAT disposal, landfill pollution, and illegal international trade.[28]

text: World's largest TV manufacturers[edit]

text: Global 2016 years statistics for LCD TV.[29]

text:
Rank

Manufacturer

Market share (%)

Headquarters

1

Samsung
21.6
Seoul, South Korea

2

LG Electronics
11.9
Seoul, South Korea

3

TCL Corp.
9
Huizhou, China

4

Hisense
6.1
Qingdao, China

5

Sony
5.6
Minato, Japan

6

Skyworth
4.5
Shenzhen, China

7

TPV Technology (Philips)
3.8
Hong Kong, China

8

Vizio
3.7
Irvine, USA

9

Haier
3.4
Qingdao, China

10

Changhong
3.2
Mianyang, China

11

Others
27.2


document_title: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

question_text: which language has the second largest number of speakers in india

text: Overview[edit]

text: India has 23 constitutionally recognized official languages. Hindi and English are the official languages used by the Central Government. State governments use respective official languages.

text: Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages".[2] According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population declared that they speak Hindi either as first or second language, in which 41% of them have declared it as their native language or mother tongue.[3][4][5] 13% Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language.[6]

text: Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution". Scheduled languages spoken by fewer than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.63%), Kashmiri (0.54%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Konkani (0.24%), Dogri (0.22%), Meitei (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%) and Sanskrit (In the 2001 census of India, only 14,135 people reported Sanskrit as their native language).[7] The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Khandeshi (0.21%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.10%).

text: Of the Indian population in 1991, 19.4% exhibited bilingualism and 7.2% exhibited trilingualism.

text: India has a Greenberg's diversity index of 0.914, i.e. two people selected at random from the country will have different native languages in 91.4% of cases.[8]

text: List of languages by number of native speakers[edit]

text: Ordered by number of speakers as first language.

text: More than one million speakers[edit]

text: The 2001 census recorded 29 individual languages as having more than 1 million native speakers (0.1% of total population). The languages in bold are scheduled languages (the only scheduled language with less than 1 million native speakers is Sanskrit). The first table is restricted to only speaking populations for scheduled languages.

text:
First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census)

Language
First language
speakers[9][10]
First language
speakers as a percentage
of total population[11]

Second language
speakers[10]
Third language
speakers[10]
Total speakers[12][10]
Total speakers as a
percentage of total
population[11]

Hindi[b]
422,048,642
41.03
98,207,180
31,160,696
551,416,518
53.60

English
226,449
0.02
86,125,221
38,993,066
125,344,736
12.18

Bengali
83,369,769
8.10
6,637,222
1,108,088
91,115,079
8.86

Telugu
74,002,856
7.19
9,723,626
1,266,019
84,992,501
8.26

Marathi
71,936,894
6.99
9,546,414
2,701,498
84,184,806
8.18

Tamil
60,793,814
5.91
4,992,253
956,335
66,742,402
6.49

Urdu
51,536,111
5.01
6,535,489
1,007,912
59,079,512
5.74

Kannada
37,924,011
3.69
11,455,287
1,396,428
50,775,726
4.94

Gujarati
46,091,617
4.48
3,476,355
703,989
50,271,961
4.89

Odia
33,017,446
3.21
3,272,151
319,525
36,609,122
3.56

Malayalam
33,066,392
3.21
499,188
195,885
33,761,465
3.28

Sanskrit
14,135
<0.01
1,234,931
3,742,223
4,991,289
0.49

text:
Table: Ordered by number of native speakers

Rank
Language
2001 census[13]
(total population 1,028,610,328 )
1991 census[14]
(total population 838,583,988)
Encarta 2007 estimate[15]
(worldwide speakers)

Speakers
Percentage
Speakers
Percentage
Speakers

1
Hindi[16]
422,048,642
41.1%
329,518,087
39.29%
366 M

2
Bengali
83,369,769
8.11%
69,595,738
8.30%
207 M

3
Telugu
74,002,856
7.19%
66,017,615
7.87%
69.7 M

4
Marathi
71,936,894
6.99%
62,481,681
7.45%
68.0 M

5
Tamil
60,793,814
5.91%
53,006,368
6.32%
66.0 M

6
Urdu
51,536,111
5.01%
43,406,932
5.18%
60.3 M

7
Gujarati
46,091,617
4.48%
40,673,814
4.85%
46.1 M

8
Kannada
37,924,011
3.69%
32,753,676
3.91%
35.3 M

9
Malayalam
33,066,392
3.21%
30,377,176
3.62%
35.7 M

10
Odia
33,017,446
3.21%
28,061,313
3.35%
32.3 M

11
Punjabi
29,102,477
2.83%
23,378,744
2.79%
57.1 M

12
Assamese
13,168,484
1.28%
13,079,696
1.56%
15.4 M

13
Maithili
12,179,122
1.18%
7,766,921
0.926%
24.2 M

14
Bhili/Bhilodi
9,582,957
0.93%

15
Santali
6,469,600
0.63%
5,216,325
0.622%

16
Kashmiri
5,527,698
0.54%

17
Nepali
2,871,749
0.28%
2,076,645
0.248%
16.1 M

18
Gondi
2,713,790
0.26%

19
Sindhi
2,535,485
0.25%
2,122,848
0.253%
19.7 M

20
Konkani
2,489,015
0.24%
1,760,607
0.210%

21
Dogri
2,282,589
0.22%

22
Khandeshi
2,075,258
0.21%

23
Kurukh
1,751,489
0.17%

24
Tulu
1,722,768
0.17%

25
Meitei (Manipuri)
1,466,705*
0.14%
1,270,216
0.151%

26
Bodo
1,350,478
0.13%
1,221,881
0.146%

27
Khasi
1,128,575
0.11%

28
Mundari
1,061,352
0.103%

29
Ho
1,042,724
0.101%

text:
* Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.
** The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India excluding the population of Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur due to cancellation of census results.

text: 100,000 to one million speakers[edit]

text:
Rank
Language
2001 census

Speakers
Percentage

30
Kui
916,222
0.089%

31
Garo
889,479
0.086%

32
Tripuri
854,023
0.083%

33
Lushai/Mizo
674,756
0.066%

34
Halabi
593,443
0.058%

35
Korku
574,481
0.056%

36
Miri/Mishing
551,224
0.054%

37
Munda
469,357
0.046%

38
Karbi/Mikir
419,534
0.041%

39
Koya
362,070
0.035%

40
Ao
261,387
0.025%

41
Savara
252,519
0.025%

42
Konyak
248,109
0.024%

43
Kharia
239,608
0.023%

44
English
226,449
0.022%

45
Malto
224,926
0.022%

46
Nissi/Dafla
211,485
0.021%

47
Adi
198,462
0.019%

48
Thado
190,595
0.019%

49
Lotha
170,001
0.017%

50
Coorgi/Kodagu
166,187
0.016%

51
Rabha
164,770
0.016%

52
Tangkhul
142,035
0.014%

53
Kisan
141,088
0.014%

54
Angami
132,225
0.013%

55
Phom
122,508
0.012%

56
Kolami
121,855
0.012%

57
Khond/Kondh[17]
118,597
0.012%

58
Dimasa
111,961
0.011%

59
Ladakhi
104,618
0.010%

60
Sema
103,529
0.010%

text: List of mother tongues by number of speakers[edit]

text: Each of the languages of the 2001 census subsumes one or more mother tongues. Speaker numbers are available for these mother tongues and they are also included in the speaker numbers for their respective language. The following table lists those mother tongues that have more than one million speakers. Per the General Notes from the 2001 census: "Mother tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue."[18]

text:
Mother tongues with more than one million speakers[13]

Rank
Mother tongue
2001 census
Included
in language

Speakers
Percentage

1
Hindi
257,919,635
25.071%

2
Bengali
82,462,437
8.016%

3
Telugu
73,817,148
7.176%

4
Marathi
71,701,478
6.970%

5
Tamil
60,655,813
5.896%

6
Urdu
51,533,954
5.009%

7
Gujarati
45,715,654
4.444%

8
Kannada
37,742,232
3.669%

9
Bhojpuri
33,099,497
3.217%
Hindi

10
Malayalam
33,015,420
3.209%

11
Odia
32,110,482
3.121%

12
Punjabi
28,152,794
2.737%

13
Rajasthani
18,355,613
1.784%
Hindi

14
Magadhi/Magahi
13,978,565
1.359%
Hindi

15
Chhattisgarhi
13,260,186
1.289%
Hindi

16
Assamese
12,778,735
1.242%

17
Maithili
12,178,673
1.184%

18
Haryanvi
7,997,192
0.777%
Hindi

19
Marwari
7,936,183
0.771%
Hindi

20
Santali
5,943,679
0.578%

21
Malvi
5,565,167
0.541%
Hindi

22
Kashmiri
5,362,349
0.521%

23
Mewari
5,091,697
0.495%
Hindi

24
Khortha/Khotta
4,725,927
0.459%
Hindi

25
Bhili/Bhilodi
3,313,481
0.322%

26
Bundeli/Bundelkhan
3,072,147
0.299%
Hindi

27
Nepali
2,867,922
0.279%

28
Bagheli
2,865,011
0.278%
Hindi

29
Pahari[c]
2,832,825
0.275%
Hindi

30
Lamani/Lambadi
2,707,562
0.263%
Hindi

31
Awadhi
2,529,308
0.246%
Hindi

32
Wagdi
2,510,811
0.244%
Bhili

33
Gondi
2,505,247
0.244%

34
Harauti
2,462,867
0.239%
Hindi

35
Konkani
2,420,140
0.235%

36
Dogri
2,282,547
0.222%

37
Garhwali
2,267,314
0.220%
Hindi

38
Nimadi
2,148,146
0.209%
Hindi

39
Sadan/Sadri
2,044,776
0.199%
Hindi

40
Kumaoni
2,003,783
0.195%
Hindi

41
Dhundhari
1,871,130
0.182%
Hindi

42
Ahirani
1,865,813
0.181%
Khandeshi

43
Kurukh/Oraon
1,737,044
0.169%

44
Tulu
1,720,422
0.167%

45
Sindhi
1,694,061
0.165%

46
Meitei
1,466,497
0.143%

47
Surgujia
1,458,533
0.142%
Hindi

48
Bagri Rajasthani
1,434,123
0.139%
Hindi

49
Bodo/Boro
1,330,775
0.129%

50
Banjari
1,259,821
0.122%
Hindi

51
Nagpuria
1,242,586
0.121%
Hindi

52
Surjapuri
1,217,019
0.118%
Hindi

53
Kangri
1,122,843
0.109%
Hindi

54
Mundari
1,046,951
0.102%

55
Ho
1,037,987
0.101%

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Some languages may be over- or under-represented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority language.
Jump up ^ includes Western Hindi apart from Urdu, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages apart from Nepali and (in 2001) Dogri, whether or not the included varieties were reported as "Hindi" or under their individual names.
Jump up ^ "Pahari" as ambiguous, but in the census returns the language name most commonly comes from the Western Pahari area.[19]

tag: ol