document_title: List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League

question_text: who is the oldest quarterback playing in the nfl today

root

text: List[edit]

text:
"Starter since" refers to the start date of a quarterback's current starter streak. (regular season only)
The players listed here are the most recent starting quarterbacks in a regular season game for each team.

tag: ol

text:
Division
Team
Quarterback
College
Year drafted (pick)
Starter since
Ref.

NFC West
Arizona Cardinals (list)
Palmer, CarsonCarson Palmer
USC
2003 (1)
October 17, 2016
[12]

NFC South
Atlanta Falcons (list)
Ryan, MattMatt Ryan
Boston College
2008 (3)
December 20, 2009
[13]

AFC North
Baltimore Ravens (list)
Flacco, JoeJoe Flacco
Delaware
2008 (18)
September 11, 2016

AFC East
Buffalo Bills (list)
Taylor, TyrodTyrod Taylor
Virginia Tech
2011 (180)
September 10, 2017

NFC South
Carolina Panthers (list)
Newton, CamCam Newton
Auburn
2011 (1)
October 16, 2016

NFC North
Chicago Bears (list)
Trubisky, MitchellMitchell Trubisky
North Carolina
2017 (2)
October 9, 2017

AFC North
Cincinnati Bengals (list)
Dalton, AndyAndy Dalton
TCU
2011 (35)
September 11, 2016

AFC North
Cleveland Browns (list)
Kizer, DeShoneDeShone Kizer
Notre Dame
2017 (52)
September 10, 2017

NFC East
Dallas Cowboys (list)
Prescott, DakDak Prescott
Mississippi State
2016 (135)
September 11, 2016
[14]

AFC West
Denver Broncos (list)
Siemian, TrevorTrevor Siemian
Northwestern
2015 (250)
December 11, 2016
[15]

NFC North
Detroit Lions (list)
Stafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford
Georgia
2009 (1)
September 11, 2011
[16]

NFC North
Green Bay Packers (list)
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers
California
2005 (24)
December 29, 2013
[17]

AFC South
Houston Texans (list)
Watson, DeshaunDeshaun Watson
Clemson
2017 (12)
September 14, 2017

AFC South
Indianapolis Colts (list)
Brissett, JacobyJacoby Brissett
NC State
2016 (91)
September 17, 2017

AFC South
Jacksonville Jaguars (list)
Bortles, BlakeBlake Bortles
UCF
2014 (3)
September 28, 2014
[18]

AFC West
Kansas City Chiefs (list)
Smith, AlexAlex Smith
Utah
2005 (1)
November 13, 2016
[19]

AFC West
Los Angeles Chargers (list)
Rivers, PhilipPhilip Rivers
NC State
2004 (4)
September 11, 2006
[20]

NFC West
Los Angeles Rams (list)
Goff, JaredJared Goff
California
2016 (1)
November 20, 2016
[21]

AFC East
Miami Dolphins (list)
Cutler, JayJay Cutler
Vanderbilt
2006 (11)
September 17, 2017

NFC North
Minnesota Vikings (list)
Bradford, SamSam Bradford
Oklahoma
2010 (1)
October 10, 2017

AFC East
New England Patriots (list)
Brady, TomTom Brady
Michigan
2000 (199)
October 9, 2016

NFC South
New Orleans Saints (list)
Brees, DrewDrew Brees
Purdue
2001 (32)
October 4, 2015
[22]

NFC East
New York Giants (list)
Manning, EliEli Manning
Ole Miss
2004 (1)
November 21, 2004
[11]

AFC East
New York Jets (list)
McCown, JoshJosh McCown
Sam Houston State
2002 (81)
September 10, 2017

AFC West
Oakland Raiders (list)
Manuel, EJEJ Manuel
Florida State
2013 (16)
October 8, 2017

NFC East
Philadelphia Eagles (list)
Wentz, CarsonCarson Wentz
North Dakota State
2016 (2)
September 11, 2016
[23]

AFC North
Pittsburgh Steelers (list)
Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger
Miami (OH)
2004 (11)
September 10, 2017

NFC West
San Francisco 49ers (list)
Hoyer, BrianBrian Hoyer
Michigan State
Undrafted
September 10, 2017

NFC West
Seattle Seahawks (list)
Wilson, RussellRussell Wilson
Wisconsin
2012 (75)
September 9, 2012
[24]

NFC South
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (list)
Winston, JameisJameis Winston
Florida State
2015 (1)
September 13, 2015
[25]

AFC South
Tennessee Titans (list)
Cassel, MattMatt Cassel
USC
2005 (230)
October 8, 2017

NFC East
Washington Redskins (list)
Cousins, KirkKirk Cousins
Michigan State
2012 (102)
September 13, 2015
[26]


document_title: Politics Among Nations

question_text: who said politics is the struggle for power

text: Politics Among Nations

text: Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace is a political science book by Hans Morgenthau published in 1948.

tag: p

text: The book introduces the concept of political realism, presenting a realist view of power politics. This concept played a major role in the foreign policy of the United States, which made it exercise globe-spanning power in the Cold War period. The concept also called for a reconciliation of power politics with the idealistic ethics of earlier American discussions about foreign policy.

text: Quotations[edit]

text:
"The statesman must think in terms of the national interest, conceived as power among other powers. The popular mind, unaware of the fine distinctions of the statesman's thinking, reasons more often than not in the simple moralistic and legalistic terms of absolute good and absolute evil."[1]
"Realism maintains that universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states (...). The individual may say for himself: "Let justice be done, even if the world must perish", but the state has no right to say so in the name of those who are in its care. (...) While the individual has a moral right to sacrifice himself in defense of such a moral principle, the state has no right to let its moral disapprobation of the infringement of (that moral principle) get in the way of successful political action, itself inspired by the moral principle of national survival."[2]

tag: ul


document_title: Green Lantern (film)

question_text: who does ryan reynolds play in green lantern

text: Green Lantern (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Billions of years ago, beings called the Guardians of the Universe used the green essence of willpower to create an intergalactic police force called the Green Lantern Corps. They divided the universe into 3600 sectors, with one Green Lantern per sector. One such Green Lantern, Abin Sur of Sector 2814, defeated the malevolent being Parallax and imprisoned him in the Lost Sector on the desolate planet Ryut. In the present day, Parallax escapes from his prison after becoming strengthened by an encounter with crash survivors who had accidentally fallen into the dugout where Parallax was imprisoned on the  abandoned planet. Parallax feeds on their fear to gain strength before pursuing and nearly killing Abin Sur, who escapes and crash-lands on Earth where he commands his power ring to find a worthy successor.

text: Hal Jordan, a cocky test pilot working at Ferris Aircraft, is chosen by the ring and transported to the crash site, where the dying Abin Sur appoints him a Green Lantern, telling him to take the lantern and speak the oath. Jordan says the oath and is whisked away to the Green Lantern Corps home planet of Oa, where he meets and trains with veteran Corps members Tomar-Re, Kilowog, and Corps leader Sinestro, who believes he is unfit and fearful. Jordan, disheartened by his extreme training sessions and Sinestro's doubts, quits and returns to Earth, keeping the power ring and lantern.

text: Scientist Hector Hammond is summoned by his father, Senator Robert Hammond, to a secret government facility to perform an autopsy on Abin Sur's body under the watchful eye of Amanda Waller. A piece of Parallax inside the corpse enters Hammond, giving him telepathic and telekinetic powers at the cost of his sanity. After discovering that he was chosen for the secret work only due to his father's influence and not for his own abilities, Hammond attempts to kill his father by telekinetically sabotaging his helicopter at a massive party. Jordan saves the senator and the party guests, including his childhood sweetheart Carol Ferris. Later, at the government facility, Hammond uses telekenisis to successfully kill his father by burning him alive. Hammond also elevates Waller high above the floor. As she's falling, Jordan arrives and saves the injured Waller by creating a pool of water which whisks her away out of further danger. During the encounter Jordan learns of Parallax coming to Earth.

text: On Oa, the Guardians tell Sinestro that Parallax was one of their own until he desired to control the yellow essence of fear, only to become corrupted. Arguing that the way to fight fear is with fear itself, Sinestro requests that the Guardians forge a ring of the same yellow power, preparing to concede Earth's destruction to Parallax in order to protect Oa. Jordan appears and tries to convince the Guardians that fear will turn the users evil if its power is used, but they reject his pleas, and he returns to Earth to try to defeat Parallax on his own.

text: Jordan saves Ferris from Hammond after a brief showdown. Parallax arrives, consumes Hammond's entire life force, and then wreaks havoc on Coast City. After a fierce battle, Jordan lures Parallax away from Earth and toward the sun. Parallax is inadvertently caught in the sun's gravitational pull while Jordan escapes, and is destroyed. Jordan loses consciousness after the battle and falls toward the sun, but is saved by Sinestro, Kilowog, and Tomar-Re.

text: The entire Green Lantern Corps congratulates Jordan for his bravery. Sinestro tells Jordan he now bears the responsibility of protecting his sector as a Green Lantern.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Sinestro takes the yellow ring and places it on his finger, causing his green suit and eyes to turn yellow.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Ryan Reynolds as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern:

text: Gattlin Griffith as young Hal Jordan.

text: Blake Lively as Carol Ferris:

text: Jena Craig as young Carol Ferris.

text: Peter Sarsgaard as Dr. Hector Hammond:

text: Kennon Kepper as young Hector Hammond.

text: Mark Strong as Thaal Sinestro:

text: Angela Bassett as Dr. Amanda Waller:

text: Tim Robbins as Robert Hammond:

text: Temuera Morrison as Abin Sur:

text: Geoffrey Rush as voice of Tomar-Re:

text: Michael Clarke Duncan as voice of Kilowog:

text: Taika Waititi as Thomas Kalmaku:

text: Clancy Brown as voice of Parallax:

text: Additionally, Jon Tenney plays Martin Jordan, Hal Jordan's father; Jay O. Sanders portrays Carl Ferris, an aircraft designer and father of Carol Ferris; Mike Doyle is cast as Jack Jordan, Hal Jordan's older brother; and Nick Jandl is cast as Jim Jordan, Hal Jordan's younger brother.[29][30]

text: Actors Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively met while filming Green Lantern and began dating after it was completed; they married in 2012.[citation needed]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In early 1997, Warner Bros. approached cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith, who had then just finished writing Superman Lives, to script a Green Lantern film. Smith turned down the offer, believing there were more suitable candidates to make a Green Lantern film.[31] At one point Quentin Tarantino was offered the chance to write and direct.[32] Warner also considered the property as an action comedy; by 2004, Robert Smigel had completed a script which was set to star Jack Black in the lead role. However, the studio dropped the comedy idea following poor fan reaction from the Internet.[33][34] David S. Goyer was offered the chance to write and direct either a Green Lantern or Flash film after Warner Bros. was impressed with his screenplay for Batman Begins, but he opted to direct the latter.[35] Actor-writer Corey Reynolds, a comic book fan of the John Stewart character, pitched Warner an idea for a trilogy, with him starring as John Stewart and performing screenwriting duties. Reynolds intended to introduce Hal Jordan, the Green Lantern Corps and Justice League in possible sequels.[36][37] He finished the script for Green Lantern: Birth of a Hero in June 2007, receiving positive feedback from Warner Bros. with a potential 2010 release date.[38] However, the studio abandoned Reynolds' concept, and in October 2007, Greg Berlanti signed to direct the film and co-write it with comic-book writers Michael Green and Marc Guggenheim.[39] A draft of the trio's 2008 script, leaked on the Internet, revealed a story that included the hero's origin and included the characters Carol Ferris, Kilowog, Sinestro, and Guy Gardner in a cameo appearance, and appeared "to set up Hector Hammond as Hal Jordan's ... first major nemesis...."[40] Shortly afterward, Guggenheim said that the script would contain characterizations inspired by the Denny O'Neil-Neal Adams run on the comic in the 1970s, and Dave Gibbons' work in the early 1980s. He added that he and his co-writers also looked to the 2000s Geoff Johns stories, saying, "It’s been interesting because we finished a draft just before [Johns'] 'Secret Origin' [story arc] started up. "So I’ve been reading 'Secret Origin' with a real interest in seeing 'OK, how did Geoff solve this problem?' There are certain elements just for anyone trying to retell Hal’s origin for a modern day audience has to address and grapple with. For example, why the hell was Abin [Sur] flying in a space ship when he's a Green Lantern? You don't ask that question back in the Silver Age, but when you're writing in the Modern Age, you have to answer these things."[41]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: By December 2008, the writers had written three drafts of the screenplay and Warner was preparing for pre-production.[42] However, Berlanti was forced to vacate the director's position when Warner Bros. attached him to This Is Where I Leave You, and in February 2009, Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct.[43] The release date was set as December 2010, before being moved to June 17, 2011.[44]

text: Bradley Cooper,[45] Ryan Reynolds,[45] Justin Timberlake,[45] and Jared Leto[4] were the producers' top choices for the starring role in July 2009. On July 10, Warner announced that Reynolds had been cast as Hal Jordan/Green Lantern.[4] A website reported on January 7, 2010, that a crew-member had written on her blog that the film was greenlit the day before and that filming would begin in 10 weeks.[46] Also in January, Blake Lively was cast as Carol Ferris,[11] Peter Sarsgaard was in negotiations to portray Hector Hammond,[14] and Mark Strong was in negotiations to play Sinestro.[16] In February, Tim Robbins joined the cast as Senator Hammond.[20] The following month, New Zealanders Temuera Morrison and Taika Waititi had joined the cast as Abin Sur and Tom Kalmaku, respectively.[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: With a production budget of $200 million,[47] Green Lantern was initially scheduled to begin filming in November 2009 at Fox Studios Australia.[48] The start date was pushed back to January 2010,[4] but the production moved to Louisiana, where, on March 3, 2010, test footage was filmed in Madisonville involving stunt cars.[49] Principal photography began on March 15, 2010 in New Orleans.[50] Nine days after filming began, Angela Bassett joined the cast as Dr. Amanda Waller, a government agent who is a staple of the DC Comics universe.[18]

text: In April 2010, Jon Tenney revealed that he would play Hal Jordan's father, test pilot Martin H. Jordan.[29] By June 2010 filming had begun at New Orleans Lakefront Airport.[51] In the same month it was reported that Mike Doyle has been cast for the role of Jack Jordan, the older brother of Hal Jordan. In July 2010 it was reported that Ryan Reynolds was injured while shooting scenes for the film, separating his shoulder and was in "lots of pain".[52]

text: While promoting Deadpool (in which Reynolds portrays another famous comic book superhero), Reynolds said that filming Green Lantern itself had been frustrating, "You really need a visionary behind a movie like that, but it was the classic studio story: "We have a poster, but we don't have a script or know what we want; let's start shooting!"[53] The Deadpool film refers to Reynolds' time as Green Lantern in two scenes, the opening scene which features a drawing of Green Lantern, and a later scene where his character (who has the ability to Break the fourth wall)  insists that his suit not be "green, or animated!" In the film's sequel, there is a post-credits scene in which Deadpool travels back in time to shoot Reynolds before he can make the film.

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Geoff Johns confirmed that the film had ended principal photography on August 6, 2010 and entered post-production.[54] In an interview with MTV News, director Martin Campbell was asked about the film's effects-heavy epic scale and commented "It's daunting, just the process, (there are) something like 1,300 visual shots, it's mind-blowing, quite honestly".[55] When asked about the constructs created from the power rings, Campbell stated "One of the nice things is, we'll all sit down and say, 'Well, what are we going to do here?' Really, it's as much as your imagination can go to make the constructs".[56] The studio also confirmed that the film would have a 3-D release.[57]

text: In January 2011, it was reported that Green Lantern had begun re-shoots for key scenes at Warner Bros. Studios in Los Angeles, California.[58] In March 2011 it was reported that Geoffrey Rush had joined the cast as the voice of the CGI-created character, Tomar-Re.[23]

text: In April 2011, Michael Clarke Duncan entered negotiations to voice Kilowog.[25] Also in April it was reported that Warner Bros. raised the visual effects budget by $9 million and hired additional visual effects studios to bolster the ranks of the team that had been working overtime to meet the film's June 17 launch.[59]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released in stores on June 14, 2011. The soundtrack was composed by James Newton Howard, who also worked on the other Warner Bros/DC Comics based films Batman Begins and The Dark Knight with Hans Zimmer. The soundtrack was published by WaterTower Music.[60]

text: Release[edit]

text: The world premiere of Green Lantern took place on June 15, 2011 at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California,[61] and was released in North America and the UK two days later on June 17.[62]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Green Lantern was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 14, 2011. The Blu-ray release includes an extended cut, which adds an extra nine minutes of footage to the running time, totaling 123 minutes.[63][64]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Marketing and promotion of the film cost $100 million.[65] The first footage of the film was shown at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con. The footage was widely released online in November 2010 with thirty seconds of footage airing the following day on Entertainment Tonight.[66] The first full theatrical trailer for the film was shown before screenings of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1[67] and became available online in November 2010.[68] This initial trailer was met with a poor reception from fans and, as a result, the film's marketing campaign was delayed. Sue Kroll, the studio's worldwide marketing president stated, "Part of the reason the response to the first trailer was lukewarm was that the big-scale sequences weren't ready to show, and we suffered for it. We can't afford to do that again."[69] In April Warner Bros. debuted nine minutes of footage at the 2011 WonderCon in San Francisco. The Hollywood Reporter reported that the footage wowed the audience. A four-minute cut of the WonderCon footage was later released online.[70]

text: Animation[edit]

text: In March 2010, Comics Continuum reported that an animated Green Lantern film was in the works at Warner Bros. Animation and would be part of a direct-to-video project that was timed for release of the live-action Green Lantern movie in the summer of 2011. The Green Lantern animated project would likely take a look at the origins of the Green Lantern Corps, including the first ring wielders.[71] In an interview with Bruce Timm, the producer revealed that a sequel to the Green Lantern animated movie had been discussed but cancelled because of the picture not achieving the immediate success that they had hoped for. However, Timm did hope the live-action film would renew interest in a sequel.[72] The animated movie entitled Green Lantern: Emerald Knights was officially announced in June 2010 instead.[73]

text: Comics[edit]

text: DC Entertainment began releasing a series of Green Lantern Movie Prequel comics the week before the film was released, covering the lives of the characters before the events of the film, written by members of the film's production team. Five comics were made, covering Tomar-Re by Marc Guggenheim, Kilowog by Peter J. Tomasi, Abin Sur by Michael Green, Hal Jordan by Greg Berlanti and Sinestro by Michael Goldenberg and Geoff Johns. A free excerpt of the Sinestro prequel comic was released online as "Secret Origin of the Green Lantern Corps #1" two days before the release of the film.[74]

text: Roller coaster[edit]

text: Six Flags debuted two roller coasters named Green Lantern at Great Adventure and Magic Mountain in 2011 to coincide with the film's release.[75] A third ride, Green Lantern Coaster, also opened in November of the same year at Warner Bros. Movie World in Australia. Although this ride was more based on the original comic.

text: Video game[edit]

text: Warner Bros. Interactive produced a tie-in video game,  Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 by Double Helix Games, with versions for the Nintendo Wii, the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo 3DS by Griptonite Games.[76]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Green Lantern opened on Friday, June 17, 2011 in North America, earning $3.4 million in 1,180 midnight runs.[77] The film went on to gross $21,386,523 its opening day, but fell 22% on Saturday for a weekend total of $53,174,303, earning it the No. 1 spot.[78] In its second weekend Green Lantern experienced a 66.1% decline, which was the largest second weekend decline for a superhero film in 2011.[79] Green Lantern grossed $116,601,172 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $103,250,000 internationally bringing its worldwide total to $219,851,172.

text: Many industry analysts felt that Green Lantern "failed to perform to expectations".[80][81][82] The Hollywood Reporter speculated that Green Lantern needed to make approximately $500 million to be considered financially solid.[83]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Green Lantern received negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 26% based on 226 reviews with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Noisy, overproduced, and thinly written, Green Lantern squanders an impressive budget and decades of comics mythology."[84] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[85] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[86]

text: Justin Chang of Variety gave Green Lantern a mixed review, stating, "Martin Campbell's visually lavish sci-fi adventure is a highly unstable alloy of the serious, the goofy and the downright derivative."[87] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "Green Lantern is bad. This despite Ryan Reynolds's dazzling dentistry, hard-body physique and earnest efforts, and the support of fine performers like Peter Sarsgaard ... Mark Strong ... and Angela Bassett".[88] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press called it a "joyless amalgamation of expository dialogue and special effects that aren't especially special."[89] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times had mixed feelings, stating, "Green Lantern does not intend to be plausible. It intends to be a sound-and-light show, assaulting the audience with sensational special effects. If that's what you want, that's what you get."[90]  British newspaper The Daily Telegraph named The Green Lantern one of the ten worst films of 2011.[91]

text: Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a positive review, saying the film "serves up all the requisite elements with enough self-deprecating humor to suggest it doesn't take itself too seriously".[92] Reviewer Leonard Maltin felt that "the film offers a dazzling array of visual effects, a likable hero, a beautiful leading lady, a colorful villain, and a good backstory. It also doesn’t take itself too seriously."[93] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said, "More science-fiction space opera than superhero epic, it works in fits and starts as its disparate parts go in and out of effectiveness, but the professionalism of the production make it watchable in a comic book kind of way".[94]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients
Result

2010 Scream Awards[95]

Most Anticipated Movie

Won

2011 Teen Choice Awards[96]

Choice Movie Actor - Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Ryan Reynolds

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress - Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Blake Lively

Nominated

2011 Scream Awards[97]

Best Superhero

Ryan Reynolds as the Green Lantern

Nominated

38th People's Choice Awards[98]

Favorite Movie Actor

Ryan Reynolds (along with The Change-Up)

Nominated

Favorite Superhero

Ryan Reynolds

Won

Favorite Action Movie Actor

Ryan Reynolds

Nominated

tag: table

text: Canceled sequel and franchise[edit]

text: In 2010, director Martin Campbell confirmed the possibility of a Green Lantern trilogy. Warner Bros. originally planned on Green Lantern being the first entry of a new DC film franchise, and commissioned a script for a sequel from Greg Berlanti, Michael Green, and Marc Guggenheim while filming for the first film was underway.[99] In August 2010, Michael Goldenberg was still attached to write the screenplay, based on the sequel treatment.[100] The scene in the film's end credits showing a resurgence of the yellow power ring of fear, with Sinestro becoming corrupted by its dark power, teased the planned sequel.[101] In September 2011 Warner Bros., dismayed by the film's negative reviews and disappointing box office run, abandoned plans for sequels.[102]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: In June 2013, David S. Goyer confirmed that Man of Steel is the first film in the DC Extended Universe. This confirmed that should the Green Lantern property be featured in an upcoming DC film, it will be a rebooted version.[103] Later that year Goyer stated that he had interest in making a new feature film based on the titular character.[104] In July 2015, Warner Bros announced plans to release a solo Green Lantern film titled Green Lantern Corps, with a release date scheduled for June 19, 2020. The film will be the eleventh installment of the DC Extended Universe. Hal Jordan and John Stewart will reportedly be the Green Lanterns focused on in the movie.[105][106] In January 2016, it was reported that Goyer and Justin Rhodes will be writing the film's script and will also produce the film, with Geoff Johns and Jon Berg as executive producers.[107]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The disappointing performance of the movie is occasionally a target of mockery from superhero-related comedies. Deadpool 2's post-credits scene features Deadpool, who is also portrayed by Ryan Reynolds, time-traveling to kill his own actor as he was reading the script for the Green Lantern.[108] DC animated movie Teen Titans Go! to the Movies also makes a reference to Green Lantern's disappointing movie.[109]


document_title: Project Runway: Junior (season 2)

question_text: who won season 2 of project runway junior

text: Project Runway: Junior (season 2)

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age

Ruby
14

Lucas
14

Rene
17

A'kai Littlejohn[4]
13

Allie Lunt[5]
14

Cartier Dior[6]
16

Molly O'Brien[7]
17

Chelsea Ma[8]
15

Chris Russo[4]
17

Hawwaa Ibrahim[9]
17

Isabella "Izzy" Kostrzewa[10]
16

Tieler James[11]
16

text: Challenges[edit]

text: This table possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Elimination Chart

Designers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eliminated Episode

Chelsea
HIGH
IN
HIGH
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
ADV
WINNER
10 - Finale, Part 2

Chris
LOW
IN
LOW
IN
WIN
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
ADV
RUNNER-UP

Hawwaa
IN
LOW
LOW
HIGH
LOW
IN
LOW
SC
IN
3RD PLACE

Izzy
WIN
IN
IN
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
ADV
4TH PLACE

Tieler
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
SC
OUT

9 - Finale, Part 1

Molly
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
IN
HIGH
HIGH
IN
OUT

8 - Race to the Finale

Cartier
IN
HIGH
IN
LOW
IN
WIN
OUT

7 - High End Italian Fashion

Allie
IN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
IN
OUT

6 - Firefighting Clients

A'kai
IN
LOW
SAFE
IN
OUT

5 - Light Up the Runway

Rene
HIGH
IN
LOW
OUT

4 - Step it Up from Day to Night

Lucas
IN
OUT

2 - An Unconventional Pool Party!

Ruby
OUT

1 - Welcome to New York

text:
Model elimination table

Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Sherica
LU
LU
CA,IZ
HA
HA
-
HA
HA

Karina
CA
CA
HA,AK
MO
MO
-
MO
MO

Juanita
AL
AL
-
CR
CR
-
CR
CR

Kristy
RE
RE
-
CH
CH
-
CH
CH

Ya
TI
TI
AL,CH
IZ
IZ
-
IZ
IZ

Ji Young
CR
CR
RE,CR
TI
TI
-
TI
TI

Alysia
HA
HA
-
CA
CA
-
CA
OUT

Alla
IZ
IZ
TI,MO
AL
AL
-
OUT

Ashley
CH
CH
-
AK
AK
-
OUT

Priscilla
MO
MO
-
RE
OUT

Shei
AK
AK
OUT

Veronica
RU
OUT

text: Models

text:
Sherica Maynard
Karina Villa
Juanita B. Bledman
Kristy Baez
Alla Z. Roldan
Priscilla Cox
Alysia Beckford
Ya Bi
Ji Young Baek
Ashley Hart
Shei Phan
Veronica Jacques

text: Designer legend

text:
A'Kai: AK
Allie: AL
Cartier: CA
Chelsea: CH
Chris: CR
Hawwaa: HA
Izzy: IZ
Lucas: LU
Molly: MO
Rene: RE
Ruby: RU
Tieler: TI

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Episode 1: Welcome to New York[edit]

text: Original Airdate: December 22, 2016

text: In the second-season premiere, 12 young designers arrive in New York City and immediately embark on their first challenge.

text:
WINNER: Izzy
OUT: Ruby

text: Episode 2: An Unconventional Pool Party![edit]

text: Original Airdate: December 29, 2016

text: The designers are tasked with their first unconventional-materials challenge.

text:
WINNER: Tieler
OUT: Lucas

text: Episode 3: En Garde Avant Garde[edit]

text: Original Airdate: January 5, 2017

text: The designers are tasked with a team challenge to create an avant-garde look inspired by fencing.

text:
WINNER: Tieler
SAVED: A'kai

text: Episode 4: Step It Up From Day to Night[edit]

text: Original Airdate: January 12, 2017

text: The designers must create a transitional look that a woman can wear from day to night.

text:
WINNER: Chelsea
OUT: Rene

text: Episode 5: Light Up the Runway[edit]

text: Original Airdate: January 19, 2017

text: The designers create high-fashion looks using LED lights, transforming their models into a living light show.

text:
WINNER: Chris
OUT: A'kai

text: Episode 6: Firefighting Clients[edit]

text: Original Airdate: January 26, 2017

text: A surprise fire drill introduces the kids to their new clients. Later, some of the designers struggle to work with their clients.

text:
WINNER: Cartier
OUT: Allie

text: Episode 7: High End Italian Fashion[edit]

text: Original Airdate: February 2, 2017

text: The kids create high-fashion looks for Milan Fashion Week in hopes of advancing to the next round and winning a trip to Italy.

text:
WINNER: Chelsea
OUT: Cartier

text: Episode 8: Race to the Finale[edit]

text: Original Airdate: February 9, 2017

text: The designers create editorial looks inspired by street-art murals for their final challenge. Later, the kids face a double elimination.

text:
WINNER: Chelsea
OUT: Molly

text: Episode 9: Finale (part 1)[edit]

text: Original Airdate: February 16, 2017

text: The designers are given five weeks at home to create a six-piece collection for the finale show in Los Angeles. Tieler and Hawwaa compete for the last spot in the finale.

text:
MOVING ON: Hawwaa[12]
OUT: Tieler

text: Episode 10: FINALE 2[edit]

text: original airdate: 2/23/207

text: Teen designers touch their collections before showing in front of live audience at the finale at FIDM Los Angeles.

text:
4th place: Izzy
3rd place: Hawwaa
2nd place: Chris, runner up
1st place: Chelsea, winner of Project Runway Junior


document_title: Norse colonization of North America

question_text: when did the vikings arrive in north america

text: Norse colonization of North America

text: Norse Greenland[edit]

text: According to the Sagas of Icelanders, Norsemen from Iceland first settled Greenland in the 980s. There is no special reason to doubt the authority of the information that the sagas supply regarding the very beginning of the settlement, but they cannot be treated as primary evidence for the history of Norse Greenland because they embody the literary preoccupations of writers and audiences in medieval Iceland that are not always reliable.[4]

text: Erik the Red (Old Norse: Eiríkr rauði), having been banished from Iceland for manslaughter, explored the uninhabited southwestern coast of Greenland during the three years of his banishment.[5][6]  He made plans to entice settlers to the area, naming it Greenland on the assumption that "people would be more eager to go there because the land had a good name".[7] The inner reaches of one long fjord, named Eiriksfjord after him, was where he eventually established his estate Brattahlid.  He issued tracts of land to his followers.[8]

text: At its peak the colony consisted of two settlements. The Eastern was at the southwestern tip of Greenland, while the Western Settlement was about 500 km up the west coast, inland from present-day Nuuk. A smaller settlement near the Eastern Settlement is sometimes considered the Middle Settlement. The combined population was around 2,000–3,000.[9] At least 400 farms have been identified by archaeologists.[8] Norse Greenland had a bishopric (at Garðar) and exported walrus ivory, furs, rope, sheep, whale or seal blubber, live animals such as polar bears, supposed "unicorn horns" (in reality narwhal tusks), and cattle hides. In 1126, the population requested a Bishop (headquartered at Garðar), and in 1261, they accepted the overlordship of the Norwegian King. They continued to have their own law and became almost completely independent after 1349, the time of the Black Death. In 1380, the Norwegian Kingdom entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark.[10]

text: Western trade and decline[edit]

text: There is evidence of Norse trade with the natives (called Skraelings by the Norse). The Norse would have encountered both Native Americans (the Beothuk, related to the Algonquin) and the Thule, the ancestors of the Inuit. The Dorset had withdrawn from Greenland before the Norse settlement of the island. Items such as comb fragments, pieces of iron cooking utensils and chisels, chess pieces, ship rivets, carpenter's planes, and oaken ship fragments used in Inuit boats have been found far beyond the traditional range of Norse colonization. A small ivory statue that appears to represent a European has also been found among the ruins of an Inuit community house.[10]

text: The colony began to decline in the 14th century. The Western Settlement was abandoned around 1350, and the last bishop at Garðar died in 1377.[10] After a marriage was recorded in 1408, no written records mention the settlers. It is probable that the Eastern Settlement was defunct by the late 15th century. The most recent radiocarbon date found in Norse settlements as of 2002 was 1430 (±15 years). Several theories have been advanced to explain the decline.

text: The Little Ice Age of this period would have made travel between Greenland and Europe, as well as farming, more difficult; although fishing and seal hunting provided a healthy diet, there was more prestige in cattle farming, and there was increased availability of farms in Scandinavian countries depopulated by famine and plague epidemics. In addition, Greenlandic ivory may have been supplanted in European markets by cheaper ivory from Africa.[11] Despite the loss of contact with the Greenlanders, the Norwegian-Danish crown continued to consider Greenland a possession.

text: Not knowing whether the old Norse civilization remained in Greenland or not—and worried that if it did, it would still be Catholic 200 years after the Scandinavian homelands had experienced the Reformation—a joint merchant-clerical expedition led by the Dano-Norwegian missionary Hans Egede was sent to Greenland in 1721. Though this expedition found no surviving Europeans, it marked the beginning of Denmark's re-assertion of sovereignty over the island.

text: Climate and Norse Greenland[edit]

text: Norse Greenlanders were limited to scattered fjords on the island that provided a spot for their animals (such as cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats) to be kept and farms to be established.[12][13] In these fjords, the farms depended upon byres to host their livestock in the winter, and routinely culled their herds in order to survive the season.[12][13][14] The coming warmer seasons meant that livestocks were taken from their byres to pasture, the most fertile being controlled by the most powerful farms and the church.[13][14][15] What was produced by livestock and farming was supplemented with subsistence hunting of mainly seal and caribou as well as walrus for trade.[12][13][14] The Norse mainly relied on the Nordrsetur hunt, a communal hunt of migratory harp seals that would take place during spring.[12][15] Trade was highly important to the Greenland Norse and they relied on imports of lumber due to the barrenness of Greenland. In turn they exported goods such as walrus ivory and hide, live polar bears, and narwhal tusks.[14][15] Ultimately these setups were vulnerable as they relied on migratory patterns created by climate as well as the well-being of the few fjords on the island.[13][15]

text: A portion of the time the Greenland settlements existed was during The Little Ice Age and the climate was, overall, becoming cooler and more humid.[12][13][14] As climate began to cool and humidity began to increase, this brought longer winters and shorter springs, more storms and affected the migratory patterns of the harp seal.[12][13][14][15] Pasture space began to dwindle and fodder yields for the winter became much smaller. This combined with regular herd culling made it hard to maintain livestock, especially for the poorest of the Greenland Norse.[12] In spring, the voyages to where migratory harp seals could be found became more dangerous due to more frequent storms, and the lower population of harp seals meant that Nordrsetur hunts became less successful, making subsistence hunting extremely difficult.[12][13] The strain on resources made trade difficult, and as time went on, Greenland exports lost value in the European market due to competing countries and the lack of interest in what was being traded.[15]

text: In addition, it seemed that the Norse were unwilling to integrate with the indigenous Thule of Greenland, either through marriage or culture. There is evidence of contact as seen through the Thule archaeological record including ivory depictions of the Norse as well as bronze and steel artifacts. However, there is essentially no material evidence of the Thule among Norse artifacts.[12][13] In older research it was posited that it was not climate change alone that lead to Norse decline, but also their unwillingness to adapt.[12] For example, if the Norse had decided to focus their subsistence hunting on the ringed seal (which could be hunted year round, though individually), and decided to reduce or do away with their communal hunts, food would have been much less scarce during the winter season.[13][14][15][16] Also, had Norse individuals used skin instead of wool to produce their clothing, they would have been able to fare better nearer to the coast, and wouldn't have been as confined to the fjords.[13][14][15] However, more recent research has shown that the Norse did try to adapt in their own ways.[17] Some of these attempts included increased subsistence hunting. A significant number of bones of marine animals can be found at the settlements, suggesting increased hunting with the absence of farmed food.[17] In addition, pollen records show that the Norse didn't devastate the small forests and foliage as previously thought. Instead the Norse ensured that overgrazed or overused sections were given time to regrow and moved to other areas.[17] Norse farmers also attempted to adapt. With the increased need for winter fodder and smaller pastures, they would self-fertilize their lands in an attempt to keep up with the new demands caused by the changing climate.[17] However, even with these attempts, climate change was not the only thing putting pressure on the Greenland Norse. The economy was changing, and the exports they relied on were losing value.[15] Current research suggests that the Norse were unable to maintain their colonies because of economic and climatic change happening at the same time.[17][18]

text: Vinland[edit]

text: According to the Icelandic sagas—Eirik the Red's Saga,[19] Saga of the Greenlanders, plus chapters of the Hauksbók and the Flatey Book—the Norse started to explore lands to the west of Greenland only a few years after the Greenland settlements were established.  In 985, while sailing from Iceland to Greenland with a migration fleet consisting of 400–700 settlers[8][20] and 25 other ships (14 of which completed the journey), a merchant named Bjarni Herjólfsson was blown off course, and after three days' sailing he sighted land west of the fleet. Bjarni was only interested in finding his father's farm, but he described his discovery to Leif Erikson who explored the area in more detail and planted a small settlement fifteen years later.[8]

text: The sagas describe three separate areas discovered during this exploration: Helluland, which means "land of the flat stones"; Markland, "the land of forests", definitely of interest to settlers in Greenland where there were few trees; and Vinland, "the land of wine", found somewhere south of Markland. It was in Vinland that the settlement described in the sagas was founded.

text: Three of Erik the Red's children visited the North American continent: his sons Leif and Thorvald, and their sister (or half-sister) Freydis. Thorvald died there.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016)

text: Leif's winter camp[edit]

text: Using the routes, landmarks, currents, rocks, and winds that Bjarni had described to him, Leif sailed from Greenland westward across the Labrador Sea, with a crew of 35—sailing the same knarr Bjarni had used to make the voyage. He described Helluland as "level and wooded, with broad white beaches wherever they went and a gently sloping shoreline."[8] Leif and others had wanted his father, Erik the Red, to lead this expedition and talked him into it.  However, as Erik attempted to join his son Leif on the voyage towards these new lands, he fell off his horse as it slipped on the wet rocks near the shore; thus he was injured and stayed behind.[8]

text: Leif wintered in 1001, probably near Cape Bauld on the northern tip of Newfoundland, where one day his foster father Tyrker was found drunk, on what the saga describes as "wine-berries." Squashberries, gooseberries, and cranberries all grew wild in the area. There are varying explanations for Leif apparently describing fermented berries as "wine."

text: Leif spent another winter at "Leifsbúðir" without conflict, and sailed back to Brattahlíð in Greenland to assume filial duties to his father.

text: Thorvald's voyage (1004 AD)[edit]

text: In 1004, Leif's brother Thorvald Eiriksson sailed with a crew of 30 men to Vinland and spent the following winter at Leif's camp. In the spring, Thorvald attacked nine of the local people who were sleeping under three skin-covered canoes. The ninth victim escaped and soon came back to the Norse camp with a force. Thorvald was killed by an arrow that succeeded in passing through the barricade. Although brief hostilities ensued, the Norse explorers stayed another winter and left the following spring. Subsequently, another of Leif's brothers, Thorstein, sailed to the New World to retrieve his dead brother's body, but he died before leaving Greenland.[8]

text: Karlsefni's expedition (1009 AD)[edit]

text: In 1009, Thorfinn Karlsefni, also known as "Thorfinn the Valiant", supplied three ships with livestock and 160 men and women[20] (although another source sets the number of settlers at 250). After a cruel winter, he headed south and landed at Straumfjord.  He later moved to Straumsöy, possibly because the current was stronger there.  A sign of peaceful relations between the  indigenous peoples and the Norsemen is noted here. The two sides bartered with furs and gray squirrel skins for milk and red cloth, which the natives tied around their heads as a sort of headdress.

text: There are conflicting stories but one account states that a bull belonging to Karlsefni came storming out of the wood, so frightening the natives that they ran to their skin-boats and rowed away.  They returned three days later, in force.  The natives used catapults, hoisting "a large sphere on a pole; it was dark blue in color" and about the size of a sheep's belly,[21] which flew over the heads of the men and made an ugly din.[21]

text: The Norsemen retreated.  Leif Erikson's half-sister Freydís Eiríksdóttir was pregnant and unable to keep up with the retreating Norsemen. She called out to them to stop fleeing from "such pitiful wretches", adding that if she had weapons, she could do better than that. Freydís seized the sword belonging to a man who had been killed by the natives. She pulled one of her breasts out of her bodice and struck it with the sword, frightening the natives, who fled.[21]

text: Pseudohistory[edit]

text: Purported runestones have been found in North America, most famously the Kensington Runestone. These are generally considered to be hoaxes or misinterpretations of Native American petroglyphs.[22]

text: There are many claims of Norse colonization in New England, none well-founded.

text: Monuments claimed to be Norse include:[23]

text:
Stone Tower in Newport, Rhode Island
The petroglyphs on Dighton Rock, from the Taunton River in Massachusetts
The runes on Narragansett Runestone

text: Horsford's Norumbega[edit]

text: The nineteenth-century Harvard chemist Eben Norton Horsford connected the Charles River Basin to places described in the Norse sagas and elsewhere, notably Norumbega.[24] He published several books on the topic and had plaques, monuments, and statues erected in honor of the Norse.[25] His work received little support from mainstream historians and archeologists at the time, and even less today.[26][27][28]

text: Duration of Norse contact[edit]

text: Settlements in continental North America aimed to exploit natural resources such as furs and in particular lumber, which was in short supply in Greenland.[29]  It is unclear why the short-term settlements did not become permanent, though it was likely in part because of hostile relations with the indigenous peoples, referred to as Skrælings by the Norse.[30] Nevertheless, it appears that sporadic voyages to Markland for forages, timber, and trade with the locals could have lasted as long as 400 years.[31][32]

text: Evidence of continuing trips includes the Maine Penny, a Norwegian coin from King Olaf Kyrre's reign (1067–1093) allegedly found in a Native American archaeological site in the U.S. state of Maine, suggesting an exchange between the Norse and the Native Americans late in or after the 11th century; and an entry in the Icelandic Annals from 1347 which refers to a small Greenlandic vessel with a crew of eighteen that arrived in Iceland while attempting to return to Greenland from Markland with a load of timber.[33]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: For centuries it remained unclear whether the Icelandic stories represented real voyages by the Norse to North America. The sagas first gained serious historic respectability when, in 1837, the Danish antiquarian Carl Christian Rafn pointed out the possibility for a Norse settlement in, or voyages to, North America. North America, by the name Winland, first appeared in written sources in a work by Adam of Bremen from approximately 1075. The most important works about North America and the early Norse activities there, namely the Sagas of Icelanders, first reached written form only in the 13th and 14th centuries.[citation needed]

text: Evidence of Norse west of Greenland came in the 1960s when archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad and her husband, outdoorsman and author Helge Ingstad, excavated a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland.  The location of the various lands described in the sagas remains unclear, however. Many historians identify Helluland with Baffin Island and Markland with Labrador. The location of Vinland poses a thornier question. Most believe that the L'Anse aux Meadows settlement represents the Vinland settlement described in the sagas; others argue that the sagas depict Vinland as warmer than Newfoundland and therefore lying farther south.[citation needed]

text: In 2012 Canadian researchers identified possible signs of Norse outposts in Nanook at Tanfield Valley on Baffin Island, as well as on Nunguvik, Willows Island and Avayalik.[34][35][36] Unusual fabric cordage found on Baffin Island in the 1980s and stored at the Canadian Museum of Civilization was identified in 1999 as possibly of Norse manufacture; that discovery led to more in-depth exploration of the Tanfield Valley archaeological site.[citation needed]

text: Archeological findings in 2015 at Point Rosee,[37][38] on the southwest coast of Newfoundland, were originally thought to reveal evidence of a turf wall and the roasting of bog iron ore, and therefore a possible second 10th century Norse settlement in Canada.[39] Findings from the 2016 excavation suggest the turf wall and the roasted bog iron ore discovered in 2015 were the result of natural processes.[40] The possible settlement was initially discovered through satellite imagery in 2014,[41] and archaeologists excavated the area in 2015 and 2016.[41][39] Birgitta Linderoth Wallace, one of the leading experts of Norse archaeology in North America and an expert on the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, is unsure of the identification of Point Rosee as a Norse site.[42] Archaeologist Karen Milek was a member of the 2016 Point Rosee excavation and is a Norse expert. She also expressed doubt that Point Rosee was a Norse site as there are no good landing sites for their boats and there are steep cliffs between the shoreline and the excavation site.[43] In their November 8, 2017, report[44] Sarah Parcak and Gregory Mumford, co-directors of the excavation, wrote that they "found no evidence whatsoever for either a Norse presence or human activity at Point Rosee prior to the historic period"[38] and that "None of the team members, including the Norse specialists, deemed this area as having any traces of human activity."[37]

text: The Skálholt Map, made by an Icelandic teacher in 1570, depicts part of north-eastern North America mentioning Helluland, Markland and Vinland.[45]