document_title: Georgia Bulldogs football

question_text: when was the last time the georgia bulldogs won the sec championship

text: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: History

text: Conference affiliations

text: Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, one of the first collegiate athletic conferences formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. During its tenure in the SIAA, Georgia was conference co-champion in two years, 1896 and 1920.[7] In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference.[8] During its time in the Southern Conference, the team never won a conference championship. In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the SEC, where Georgia has won the second-most SEC football championships, with 13, behind Alabama (24) and tied with Tennessee.[9][better source needed]

text: Nicknames

text: The first mention of "Bulldogs" in association with Georgia athletics occurred on November 28, 1901, at the Georgia-Auburn football game played in Atlanta. The Georgia fans had a badge saying "Eat `em Georgia" and a picture of a bulldog tearing a piece of cloth"; however, it was not until 1920 that the nickname "Bulldog" was used to describe the athletic teams at the University of Georgia. Traditionally, the choice of a Bulldog as the UGA mascot was attributed to the alma mater of its founder and first president, Abraham Baldwin, who graduated from Yale University.[10] Prior to that time, Georgia teams were usually known as the "Red and Black." On November 3, 1920, Morgan Blake of the Atlanta Journal wrote a story about school nicknames and proposed:

text: The Georgia Bulldogs would sound good because there is a certain dignity about a bulldog, as well as ferocity.[11]

text: After a 0-0 tie with Virginia in Charlottesville on Nov. 6, 1920, Atlanta Constitution writer Cliff Wheatley used the name "Bulldogs" in his story five times. The name has been used ever since.

text: Traditions

text:
"Between the Hedges" Legendary sports writer Grantland Rice coined the term that famously describes the home of the Bulldogs in the 1930s in reference to the famous English privet hedges that have surrounded the Sanford Stadium turf since its inaugural game against Yale in 1929. The original hedges were removed in 1996 in preparation for the women's soccer matches hosted at Sanford Stadium for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games. Offshoots of the original hedges were planted shortly after the games. The Hedges also serve as a crowd control measure, as they contain a fence inside of them. In fact, only once have Georgia fans been able to rush the field, that following a victory over Tennessee in 2000.[12]
Uga (pronounced UH-guh) is the name of a lineage of white Bulldogs which have served as the mascot of the University of Georgia since 1956. The current mascot, "Que", officially took the role of Uga X on October 23, 2015, shortly before Uga IX, or "Russ", died after four years serving as the mascot.[13] Deceased Ugas are interred in a mausoleum near the main entrance to Sanford Stadium. Georgia is the only school to bury its past mascots inside the football stadium.[14]
Glory, Glory is the rally song for the Georgia Bulldogs and was sung at football games as early as the 1890s. The rally song was arranged in its current form by Georgia professor Hugh Hodgson in 1915. While "Glory, Glory" is the most commonly played Georgia song, the school's official fight song is "Hail To Georgia" which is played after field goals.[14]
The ringing of the Chapel Bell after a Georgia victory started in the 1890s when the playing field was located near the Chapel and freshmen were compelled to ring the Chapel's bell until midnight to celebrate the victory.[11] Today, freshmen are no longer required to do the chore, with students, alumni, and fans taking their place.
"The Battle Hymn of the Bulldog Nation" is a slowed down version of The Battle Hymn of the Republic arranged in 1987 and is a hallowed song played pregame and postgame by the Redcoat Band. A lone trumpeter in the southwest corner of Sanford Stadium plays the first few notes, after which the entire band joins in and a video montage, narrated by longtime Georgia radio broadcaster Larry Munson, is played that highlights the many great moments of Georgia football history. It is custom for fans to stand, remove their hats, and point towards the lone trumpeter as he plays the initial notes. This tradition is considered the climax of the Redcoat Band pregame show and was introduced before the 2000 season.[15]
"How 'bout them Dawgs" is a slogan of recent vintage that first surfaced in the late 1970s and has become a battle cry of Bulldog fans.[11] The slogan received national attention and exposure when Georgia won the national championship in 1980 and wire services proclaimed "how 'bout them dogs".
Silver britches – When Wally Butts was named head coach in 1939, he changed the uniform by adding silver-colored pants to the bright-red jersey already in use. The "silver britches" became very popular, and were a source of multiple fan chants and sign references over the years, the most well-known being "Go You Silver Britches". When he was hired in 1964, Vince Dooley changed Georgia's uniform to use white pants, but reinstated the silver pants prior to Georgia's 1980 national championship season. Georgia's use of the "silver britches" continues to the present day.[14]
The "Dawg Walk" is a tradition that features the football players walking through a gathering of fans and the Redcoat Band near the Tate Student Center as they enter Sanford Stadium. Vince Dooley began the tradition, originally leading the team into the stadium from the East Campus Road side. Ray Goff changed the Dawg Walk to its current location in the 1990s, but eventually discontinued the practice altogether. Mark Richt revived it starting with the 2001 season, and it continues to the present day.[16]

text: Uniforms

text: Georgia's standard home uniform has not significantly changed since 1980, and consists of a red helmet with the trademarked oval G, red jerseys, and famous silver britches.[14]

text: Wally Butts first introduced the "silver britches", as they are colloquially known, in 1939. When Vince Dooley became Georgia's head coach, he changed the team's home uniform to include white pants. The uniform was changed back to silver pants prior to the 1980 season, and has remained silver ever since.[14]

text: Georgia's earliest helmet was grey leather, to which a red block "G" logo was added in 1961. The shirts were usually red, sometimes with various striping patterns. Their uniforms in the pre-World War II era varied at times, sometimes significantly. Photographic evidence suggests that black shirts, vests, and stripes of various patterns were worn at times over the years.

text: Vince Dooley was the first to incorporate a red helmet into the uniform in 1964, adopting the oval "G", a white stripe, and white facemasks. Anne Donaldson, who graduated from Georgia with a BFA degree and was married to Georgia assistant coach John Donaldson, was asked by Dooley to come up with a new helmet design to replace the previous silver helmet. Dooley liked the forward oriented stylized "G" Donaldson produced, and it was adopted by him. Since the Georgia "G" was similar to the Green Bay Packers' "G" used since 1961, Coach Dooley cleared its use with the Packers organization. Nonetheless, Georgia has a registered trademark for its "G" and the Packers' current, redesigned, "G" logo is modeled after the University of Georgia's redesign of Green Bay's original "G" logo. The helmet change was part of a drastic uniform redesign by Dooley, who also replaced the traditional silver pants with white pants that included a black-red-black stripe. The jerseys remained similar to the pre-1964 design, however, with a red jersey and white numbers.

text: Prior to the 1980 season, the "silver britches" were re-added to Georgia's uniform with a red-white-black stripe down the side. Since the 1980 season, Georgia has utilized the same basic uniform concept. The sleeve stripes, trim colors, and font on Georgia's home and away jerseys have varied many times, but the home jerseys have remained generally red with white numbers, and away jerseys have remained generally white with black numbers.

text: The most recent trim redesign occurred in 2005, when sleeve stripe patterns were dropped in favor of solid black jersey cuffs on the home jersey and solid red cuffs on the away jersey. Matte gray pants have also been used at times instead of "true" silver since 2004, mainly because the matte gray pants are of a lighter material.

text: One of the things that make Georgia's uniform unique is its relative longevity, and the fact that it has very rarely changed over the years. There have been occasions, however, when alternate uniforms have been worn.

text:
Red pants were used instead of silver as part of Georgia's away uniform at various times during the 1980s.
Black facemasks and a white-black-white helmet stripe were worn during the 1991 Independence Bowl.
Black pants were used instead of silver as part of Georgia's away uniform during the 1998 Outback Bowl and home uniform during[17] the 1998 Florida game.
Black jerseys were worn instead of red as part of Georgia's home uniform in games against Auburn and Hawaii during the 2007 season, in 2008 against Alabama and in 2016 against Louisiana-Lafayette.[18]
A unique away uniform was worn against Florida in 2009. This uniform included black helmets with red facemasks, a white stripe, and the traditional oval "G" logo; white jerseys with black numbers; and black pants.[19]
For the 2011 Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game against Boise State in the Georgia Dome, Georgia wore a Nike Pro Combat uniform that was significantly different from the traditional home uniforms. The Nike Pro Combat uniforms used a non-traditional matte-finish red color, and included the following:[20]

Silver helmets with a large red stripe and traditional oval "G" logo
Black facemasks with a large red stripe in the middle, mirroring the red stripe on the helmet
Two-tone red jerseys with black sleeves, trim, and numbers
The word "Georgia" on the back of the jerseys instead of players' names
Red pants

text: Rivalries

text: The Bulldogs have three main football rivals: Auburn, Florida, and Georgia Tech. All three rivalries were first contested over 100 years ago, though the series records are disputed in two cases. Georgia does not include two games from 1943 and 1944 against Georgia Tech (both UGA losses) in its reckoning of the series record, because Georgia's players were in World War II and Georgia Tech's players were not. Georgia also includes a game against one of the four predecessor institutions of the modern University of Florida in 1904 (a Georgia win) that national sportswriters[21][22][23] and Florida's athletic association do not include.

text: Georgia has long-standing football rivalries with other universities as well, with over 50 games against five additional teams. Since the formation of the SEC Eastern Division in 1992, Georgia has had an emerging rivalry with the Tennessee Volunteers. The Georgia–South Carolina football rivalry has been a game of increasing importance; South Carolina won the SEC Eastern Division Championship in 2010, Georgia in 2011 and 2012.

text:
Rivalry
Rival
Games played
First meeting
Last meeting
UGA won
UGA lost
Ties
UGA %
Streak
Most recent win

Deep South's Oldest Rivalry
Auburn Tigers
122
1892
2017
58
56
8
.508
1 win
2017, 28-7

Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
111
1893
2017
66
41
5
.618
1 win
2017, 38-7

Florida–Georgia football rivalry
Florida Gators
95
1915
2017
50
43
2
.536
1 win
2017, 42–7

Georgia–Vanderbilt football rivalry
Vanderbilt Commodores
77
1893
2017
56
20
2
.727
1 win
2017, 45–14

Georgia–South Carolina football rivalry
South Carolina Gamecocks
69
1894
2017
50
18
2
.725
3 wins
2017, 24–10

Clemson–Georgia football rivalry
Clemson Tigers
64
1897
2014
42
18
4
.651
1 win
2014, 45–21

Georgia–Tennessee football rivalry
Tennessee Volunteers
47
1899
2017
22
23
2
.478
1 win
2017, 41–0

text: Seasons

text: As of the end of the 2016 season, the Georgia Bulldogs had played 121 seasons with an all-time record of 794–418–54 (a .655 winning percentage). Georgia was also the only NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision program to win at least eight games every season from 1997 to 2009.

text: Bowl games

text: The Bulldogs have played in 52 bowl games and have a record of 30–19–3. They have played in a record 17 different bowls. On the all-time lists, the Bulldogs are tied for the fourth most bowl appearances[24][better source needed] and tied for third for bowl game victories.[25]

text:
Georgia Bulldogs bowl games by year

W/L/T
Date
Bowl
Opponent
PF
PA
Coach

W
1942-01-01
Orange Bowl
TCU
40
26
Wally Butts

W
1943-01-01
Rose Bowl
UCLA
9
0
Wally Butts

W
1946-01-01
Oil Bowl
Tulsa
20
6
Wally Butts

W
1947-01-01
Sugar Bowl
North Carolina
20
10
Wally Butts

T
1948-01-01
Gator Bowl
Maryland
20
20
Wally Butts

L
1949-01-01
Orange Bowl
Texas
28
41
Wally Butts

L
1950-12-09
Presidential Cup
Texas A&M
20
40
Wally Butts

W
1960-01-01
Orange Bowl
Missouri
14
0
Wally Butts

Wally Butts's bowl record: 5–2–1

W
1964-12-26
Sun Bowl
Texas Tech
7
0
Vince Dooley

W
1966-12-31
Cotton Bowl Classic
SMU
24
9
Vince Dooley

L
1967-12-16
Liberty Bowl
NC State
7
14
Vince Dooley

L
1969-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Arkansas
2
16
Vince Dooley

L
1969-12-20
Sun Bowl
Nebraska
6
45
Vince Dooley

W
1971-12-31
Gator Bowl
North Carolina
7
3
Vince Dooley

W
1973-12-28
Peach Bowl
Maryland
17
16
Vince Dooley

L
1974-12-21
Tangerine Bowl
Miami (Ohio)
10
21
Vince Dooley

L
1976-01-01
Cotton Bowl Classic
Arkansas
10
31
Vince Dooley

L
1977-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Pittsburgh
3
27
Vince Dooley

L
1978-12-31
Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
Stanford
22
25
Vince Dooley

W
1981-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Notre Dame
17
10
Vince Dooley

L
1982-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Pittsburgh
20
24
Vince Dooley

L
1983-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Penn State
23
27
Vince Dooley

W
1984-01-01
Cotton Bowl Classic
Texas
10
9
Vince Dooley

T
1984-12-22
Citrus Bowl
Florida State
17
17
Vince Dooley

T
1985-12-28
Sun Bowl
Arizona
13
13
Vince Dooley

L
1986-12-23
Hall of Fame Bowl
Boston College
24
27
Vince Dooley

W
1987-12-29
Liberty Bowl
Arkansas
20
17
Vince Dooley

W
1989-01-01
Gator Bowl
Michigan State
34
27
Vince Dooley

Vince Dooley's bowl record: 8–10–2

L
1989-12-30
Peach Bowl
Syracuse
18
19
Ray Goff

W
1991-12-29
Independence Bowl
Arkansas
24
15
Ray Goff

W
1993-01-01
Florida Citrus Bowl
Ohio State
21
14
Ray Goff

L
1995-12-30
Peach Bowl
Virginia
27
34
Ray Goff

Ray Goff's bowl record: 2–2

W
1998-01-01
Outback Bowl
Wisconsin
33
6
Jim Donnan

W
1998-12-30
Peach Bowl
Virginia
35
33
Jim Donnan

W
2000-01-01
Outback Bowl
Purdue
28
25
Jim Donnan

W
2000-12-24
Oahu Bowl
Virginia
37
14
Jim Donnan

Jim Donnan's bowl record: 4–0

L
2001-12-28
Music City Bowl
Boston College
16
20
Mark Richt

W
2003-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Florida State
26
13
Mark Richt

W
2004-01-01
Capital One Bowl
Purdue
34
27
Mark Richt

W
2005-01-01
Outback Bowl
Wisconsin
24
21
Mark Richt

L
2006-01-01
Sugar Bowl
West Virginia
35
38
Mark Richt

W
2006-12-30
Chick-fil-A Bowl
Virginia Tech
31
24
Mark Richt

W
2008-01-01
Sugar Bowl
Hawaii
41
10
Mark Richt

W
2009-01-01
Capital One Bowl
Michigan State
24
12
Mark Richt

W
2009-12-28
Independence Bowl
Texas A&M
44
20
Mark Richt

L
2010-12-31
Liberty Bowl
Central Florida
6
10
Mark Richt

L
2012-01-02
Outback Bowl
Michigan State
30
33
Mark Richt

W
2013-01-01
Capital One Bowl
Nebraska
45
31
Mark Richt

L
2014-01-01
Gator Bowl
Nebraska
19
24
Mark Richt

W
2014-12-30
Belk Bowl
Louisville
37
14
Mark Richt

Mark Richt's bowl record: 9–5

W
2016-01-02
TaxSlayer Bowl
Penn State
24
17
Bryan McClendon (interim)

Bryan McClendon's bowl record: 1–0

W
2016-12-30
Liberty Bowl
TCU
31
23
Kirby Smart

Kirby Smart's bowl record: 1–0

Overall bowl record: 30–19–3

text:
Georgia Bulldog bowl games: all-time records by bowl

Bowl
Record
Appearances
Last appearance
Winning %

Belk Bowl
(formerly Continental Tire Bowl and Meineke Car Care Bowl)
1–0
1
2014 season
1.000

Bluebonnet Bowl (defunct)
0–1
1
1978 season
.000

Capital One Bowl
(formerly Tangerine Bowl and Citrus Bowl)
4–1–1
6
2012 season
.750

Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl
3–2
5
2006 season
.600

Cotton Bowl Classic
2–1
3
1983 season
.667

Independence Bowl
2–0
2
2009 season
1.000

Liberty Bowl
2–2
4
2016 season
.500

Music City Bowl
0–1
1
2001 season
.000

Oahu Bowl (defunct)
1–0
1
2000 season
1.000

Oil Bowl (defunct)
1–0
1
1945 season
1.000

Outback Bowl
(formerly Hall of Fame Bowl)
3–2
5
2011 season
.600

Orange Bowl
2–1
3
1959 season
.667

Presidential Cup Bowl (defunct)
0–1
1
1950 season
.000

Rose Bowl
1–0
1
1943 season
1.000

Sugar Bowl
4–5
9
2007 season
.444

Sun Bowl
1–1–1
3
1985 season
.500

Taxslayer Bowl (formerly Gator Bowl)
3–1–1
5
2015 season
.600

text: Recruiting

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Georgia's football teams have benefited from strong recruiting classes. The table below shows their national class rankings since 2002.

text:
Georgia Bulldogs recruiting class rankings

Year
24/7Sports.com
Rivals.com
ESPN.com
Commits
Top commit

2017
3
3
3
26
Isaiah Wilson, OT

2016
7
10
7
20
Jacob Eason, QB

2015
6
7
8
29
Trenton Thompson, DT

2014
8
7
9
21
Sony Michel, RB

2013
12
12
10
33
Tray Matthews, S

2012
8
12
5
29
John Theus, OT

2011
6
5
6
26
Ray Drew, DE

2010
11
15
12
19
Alec Ogletree, LB

2009
5
6
6
20
Branden Smith, CB

2008
7
7
5
23
A.J. Green, WR

2007
9
9
13
23
Aron White, TE

2006
3
4
4
27
Matthew Stafford, QB

2005
6
10

19
Mohamed Massaquoi, WR

2004
7
9

19
Brandon Miller, LB

2003
9
6

24
Paul Oliver, CB

2002
9
3

29
Marquis Elmore, LB

text: Team awards and records

text: Claimed national championships (2)

text: Years in which the Bulldogs finished with a number-one ranking in at least 3 of the final national polls recognized by the College Football Hall of Fame and included in the official NCAA Football Record Book:[28]

text:
Year
Coach
Selector
Record
Bowl
Opponent
Result

1942
Wally Butts
Houlgate, Sagarin, Litkenhous
11–1
Rose Bowl
UCLA
W 9-0

1980
Vince Dooley
Coaches, AP
12–0
Sugar Bowl
Notre Dame
W 17-10

Total Claimed National Championships:
2

text:
1942 – 11–1 Georgia was chosen as champion by at least half of the recognized polls. Georgia was led by All-Americans Frank Sinkwich and end George Poschner, along with a young back named Charley Trippi. The Bulldogs knocked off 9 consecutive opponents and ranked No. 1 in the nation. Georgia earned a Rose Bowl bid after it blanked Georgia Tech 34–0 in Athens to end the regular season. Georgia then edged UCLA 9–0 in the Rose Bowl.
1980 – The Bulldogs beat Notre Dame 17–10 in the Sugar Bowl to finish 12–0 and claim the National Championship. Notable contributors during the season included Herschel Walker, Buck Belue, and Lindsay Scott (Georgia was listed first by AP, Berryman, FACT, FB News, FW, Helms, National Championship Foundation, NFF, Poling, Sporting News, and UPI).

text: Conference championships

text: Georgia has won a total of 15 conference championships. The school's 13 Southeastern Conference Championships rank it second all time in SEC history, tied with Tennessee behind only Alabama. [29]

text: Conference affiliations:

text:
1891–95, Independent
1896–1920, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1921–32, Southern Conference
1933–present, Southeastern Conference

text:
Year
Conference
Coach
Overall record
Conference record

1896†
SIAA
Glenn "Pop" Warner
4–0
3-0

1920†
SIAA
Herman Stegeman
8–0–1
8-0

1942
SEC
Wally Butts
11–1
6–1

1946†
SEC
Wally Butts
11–0
5–0

1948
SEC
Wally Butts
9–2
6–0

1959
SEC
Wally Butts
10–1
7–0

1966†
SEC
Vince Dooley
10–1
6–0

1968
SEC
Vince Dooley
8–1–2
5–0–1

1976
SEC
Vince Dooley
10–2
5-1

1980
SEC
Vince Dooley
12–0
6–0

1981†
SEC
Vince Dooley
10–2
6–0

1982
SEC
Vince Dooley
11–1
6–0

2002
SEC
Mark Richt
13–1
7–1

2005
SEC
Mark Richt
10–3
6–2

2017
SEC
Kirby Smart
12–1
7–1

Conference Championships:
15

† Denotes co-champions

text: Division championships

text: Georgia has won 8 SEC Eastern Division championships, and has made 6 appearances in the SEC Championship Game, most recently in 2017. The Dawgs are 3–3 in those games. Twice, in 1992 and 2007, Georgia was the Eastern Division co-champion, but lost a tiebreaker to appear in the championship game.

text:
Year
Division championship
SEC CG result
Opponent
PF
PA

1992†
SEC East
N/A
Did Not Play
–
–

2002
SEC East
W
Arkansas
30
3

2003†
SEC East
L
LSU
13
34

2005
SEC East
W
LSU
34
14

2007†
SEC East
N/A
Did Not Play
–
–

2011
SEC East
L
LSU
10
42

2012†
SEC East
L
Alabama
28
32

2017
SEC East
W
Auburn
28
7

Totals
8
3–3

143
132

† Denotes co-champions

text: Overtime games

text: Following the 1995 season, the NCAA changed the rules to allow for overtime on games tied at the end of four quarters. Until that time, the Bulldogs had tied 54 times. Since then, Georgia has participated in 12 overtime games and has won seven of those games.[30]

text:
Year
Opponent
Venue
Number of OT
Victor
Score

1996
Auburn
Jordan–Hare Stadium
4OT
Georgia
W 56–49

1999
Georgia Tech
Grant Field
1OT
Georgia Tech
L 51-48

2000
Purdue
Outback Bowl
1OT
Georgia
W 28–25

2000
Auburn
Jordan–Hare Stadium
1OT
Auburn
L 29-26

2003
Purdue
Capital One Bowl
1OT
Georgia
W 34–27

2007
Alabama
Bryant–Denny Stadium
1OT
Georgia
W 26–23

2010
Florida
EverBank Field
1OT
Florida
L 34-31

2012
Michigan State
Outback Bowl
3OT
Michigan State
L 33-30

2013
Tennessee
Neyland Stadium
1OT
Georgia
W 34–31

2013
Georgia Tech
Bobby Dodd Stadium
2OT
Georgia
W 41–34

2014
Georgia Tech
Sanford Stadium
1OT
Georgia Tech
L 30-24

2015
Georgia Southern
Sanford Stadium
1OT
Georgia
W 23-17

text: Other

text:
Georgia's victory over Auburn on November 11, 2006 was the Bulldogs' 700th win.
Georgia's victory over Tennessee on September 30, 2017 was the Bulldogs' 800th win.[31]

text: Players

text: National award winners

text:
Heisman Trophy

Frank Sinkwich – 1942
Herschel Walker – 1982

Maxwell Award

Charley Trippi – 1946
Herschel Walker – 1982

Walter Camp Award

Herschel Walker – 1982

Bronko Nagurski Trophy

Champ Bailey – 1998

Chuck Bednarik Award

David Pollack – 2004

Doak Walker Award

Garrison Hearst – 1992

Draddy Trophy

Matt Stinchcomb – 1998

ESPY Award

Garrison Hearst – 1992

Lombardi Award

David Pollack – 2004

Lott Trophy

David Pollack – 2004

Outland Trophy

Bill Stanfill – 1968

Ted Hendricks Award

David Pollack – 2003, 2004

Ray Guy Award

Drew Butler – 2009

Paul Hornung Award

Brandon Boykin – 2011

Butkus Award

Roquan Smith – 2017

text: All-Americans

text: The Bulldogs have had 68 players selected as All-Americans.[32][better source needed] Of those 68 players, 25 were consensus All-Americans, as so-designated by NCAA rules.[33] While several players were selected in more than one year, only Frank Sinkwich, Herschel Walker, and David Pollack were selected as consensus All-Americans more than once.

text: The Georgia Bulldogs football players that have been selected as All-Americans are:

text:
Player
Position
Selected
Hometown

Bob McWhorter
Halfback
1913
Lexington, Georgia

David Paddock
Quarterback
1914
Brooklyn, New York

Joe Bennett
Tackle
1922, 1923
Statesboro, Georgia

Chick Shiver
End
1927
Sylvester, Georgia

Tom Nash
End
1927†
Washington, Georgia

Herb Maffett
End
1930
Atlanta, Georgia

Red Maddox
Guard
1930
Calhoun, Georgia

Vernon "Catfish" Smith
End
1931†
Macon, Georgia

John Bond
Halfback
1935
Toccoa, Georgia

Bill Hartman
Fullback
1937
Thomaston, Georgia

Frank Sinkwich
Halfback
1941,† 1942‡
McKees Rock, Pennsylvania

George Poschner
End
1942
Youngstown, Ohio

Mike Castronis
Tackle
1945
Jacksonville, Florida

Charley Trippi
Tailback
1946‡
Pittston, Pennsylvania

Herb St. John
Guard
1946
Jacksonville, Florida

Dan Edwards
End
1947
Gatesville, Texas

John Rauch
Quarterback
1948
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Harry Babcock
End
1952
Ocala, Florida

Zeke Bratkowski
Quarterback
1952, 1953
Danville, Illinois

Johnny Carson
End
1953
Atlanta, Georgia

Pat Dye
Guard
1959, 1960
Blythe, Georgia

Fran Tarkenton
Quarterback
1960
Athens, Georgia

Jim Wilson
Tackle
1964
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Ray Rissmiller
Tackle
1964
Easton, Pennsylvania

George Patton
Defensive tackle
1965
Tuscumbia, Alabama

Edgar Chandler
Offensive guard
1966, 1967†
Cedartown, Georgia

Lynn Hughes
Safety
1966
Atlanta, Georgia

Bill Stanfill
Defensive tackle
1968†
Cairo, Georgia

Jake Scott
Safety
1968†
Arlington, Virginia

Steve Greer
Defensive Guard
1969
Greer, South Carolina

Tommy Lyons
Center
1969, 1970
Atlanta, Georgia

Royce Smith
Offensive guard
1971‡
Savannah, Georgia

Craig Hertwig
Offensive tackle
1975
Macon, Georgia

Randy Johnson
Offensive guard
1975†
Rome, Georgia

Mike "Moonpie" Wilson
Offensive tackle
1976
Gainesville, Georgia

Joel Parrish
Offensive guard
1976†
Douglas, Georgia

Ben Zambiasi
Linebacker
1976
Macon, Georgia

Allan Leavitt
Placekicker
1976
Brooksville, Florida

George Collins
Offensive guard
1977
Warner Robins, Georgia

Bill Krug
Rover
1977
Washington, D.C.

Rex Robinson
Placekicker
1979, 1980
Marietta, Georgia

Scott Woerner
Cornerback
1980
Jonesboro, Georgia

Herschel Walker
Tailback
1980‡, 1981‡, 1982‡
Wrightsville, Georgia

Terry Hoage
Rover
1982†, 1983†
Huntsville, Texas

Jimmy Payne
Defensive tackle
1982
Athens, Georgia

Freddie Gilbert
Defensive end
1983
Griffin, Georgia

Kevin Butler
Placekicker
1983, 1984†
Stone Mountain, Georgia

Jeff Sanchez
Safety
1984†
Yorba Linda, California

Peter Anderson
Center
1985†
Vineland, New Jersey

John Little
Safety
1986
Lynn Haven, Florida

Wilbur Strozier
Offensive tackle
1986
LaGrange, Georgia

Tim Worley
Tailback
1988†
Lumberton, North Carolina

Troy Sadowski
Tight end
1988
Chamblee, Georgia

Garrison Hearst
Tailback
1992‡
Lincolnton, Georgia

Eric Zeier
Quarterback
1994
Marietta, Georgia

Matt Stinchcomb
Offensive tackle
1997, 1998†
Lilburn, Georgia

Champ Bailey
Cornerback
1998†
Folkston, Georgia

Richard Seymour
Defensive tackle
2000
Gadsden, South Carolina

Boss Bailey
Linebacker
2002
Folkston, Georgia

David Pollack
Defensive end
2002†,2003, 2004†
Snellville, Georgia

Jon Stinchcomb
Offensive tackle
2002
Lilburn, Georgia

Sean Jones
Rover
2003
Atlanta, Georgia

Thomas Davis
Free Safety
2004†
Cuthbert, Georgia

Greg Blue
Free Safety
2005†
College Park, Georgia

Max Jean-Gilles
Offensive guard
2005†
Miami, Florida

Knowshon Moreno
Tailback
2008
Belford, New Jersey

Drew Butler
Punter
2009‡
Duluth, Georgia

Rennie Curran
Linebacker
2009
Snellville, Georgia

Justin Houston
Linebacker
2010
Statesboro, Georgia

Bacarri Rambo
Free Safety
2011
Donalsonville, Georgia

Jarvis Jones
Linebacker
2011†, 2012‡
Columbus, Georgia

† Designates a consensus All-American
‡ Designates a consensus All-American that was selected by a unanimous vote

text: Current notable players

text:
Nick Chubb, Running back, SR – One of two standout running backs for the Bulldogs along with Sony Michel. In eight starts, Chubb gained 1,547 rushing yards on 219 carries (7.1 YPC), and had 18 receptions for 213 receiving yards for a total of 16 touchdowns (14 rushing, 2 receiving) his freshman year.[34] Chubb was a member of the 2014 Associated Press All-SEC Football Team (First Team Offense).[35] For the 2015 season, Chubb had gained 747 yards on the ground and 37 yards in the air for a total of 8 touchdowns before suffering a season-ending knee injury on the first play from scrimmage in week 6 at Tennessee. He is scheduled to return for the 2016 season after recovering from a torn PCL as well as damage to two other ligaments and cartilage.
Sony Michel, Running back, SR – After a promising freshman season inhibited by a shoulder injury, Michel became the lead RB after starter Nick Chubb went down with a knee injury in 2015. Michel gained over 1300 yards from scrimmage, including 1076 rushing yards, for a total of 10 touchdowns on the season.[36] A versatile player, Michel has the ability to play both the running back and wide receiver positions in each game.
Dominick Sanders, Safety, SR – In the 2014 season, Sanders was the only true freshman to start every game for DC Jeremy Pruitt. Known for his big play ability, Sanders made 3 interceptions and returned a fumble 54 yards for a touchdown in the regular season, and also recorded 2 interceptions in the Belk Bowl vs Louisville. In 2015, Sanders led the SEC with 6 interceptions including one for a touchdown, and also recorded 48 total tackles and a sack for the Bulldogs.[37] Sanders was named to the Second Team All-SEC for 2015.[38]
Jacob Eason, Quarterback, SO – Eason comes to UGA as one of the highest profile recruits for the class of 2016. As a 5-star pro-style quarterback, Eason is arguably the top recruit at his position and is expected to be the starter for the Bulldogs almost immediately.

text: Retired numbers

text:
Player
Position
Pos
Tenure

21
Frank Sinkwich
HB
1941–43

34
Herschel Walker
RB
1980–82

40
Theron Sapp
RB
1955–58

62
Charley Trippi
HB
1942–48

text: College Football Hall of Fame

text: Sixteen former Georgia players and coaches have been inducted in the College Football Hall of Fame.[14] In addition, one former player, Pat Dye, has been inducted into the Hall as a coach for Auburn.[39] The 16 individuals from Georgia inducted into the Hall are:

text: Players

text:
Player
Position
Years
Induction

Bob McWhorter
HB
1910–13
1954

Frank Sinkwich
HB
1940–42
1954

Charley Trippi
HB
1942, 1945–46
1959

Vernon "Catfish" Smith
E
1929–31
1979

Bill Hartman
FB
1935–37
1984

Fran Tarkenton
QB
1958–60
1987

Bill Stanfill
DT
1966–68
1998

Herschel Walker
RB
1980–82
1999

Terry Hoage
S
1980–83
2000

Kevin Butler
PK
1981–84
2001

John Rauch
QB
1945–48
2003

Jake Scott
FS
1966–68
2011

text: Coaches

text:
Coach
Years at Georgia
Induction

Glenn "Pop" Warner
1895–96
1951

Vince Dooley
1964–88
1994

Wally Butts
1939–60
1997

Jim Donnan
1996–2000
2009

text: Coaching history

text: Head coaching records

text: The Bulldogs have had 26 head coaches:[40][better source needed]

text:
Order
Name
Seasons
All W/L/T
Win %

26
Kirby Smart
2016 – present
20–6–0
.688

25
Mark Richt
2001–2015
145–51–0
.740

24
Jim Donnan
1996–2000
40–19–0
.678

23
Ray Goff
1989–95
46–34–1
.574

22
Vince Dooley
1964–88
201–77–10
.715

21
Johnny Griffith
1961–63
10–16–4
.400

20
Wally Butts
1939–60
140–86–9
.615

19
Joel Hunt
1938
5–4–1
.550

18
Harry Mehre
1928–37
59–34–6
.626

17
George "Kid" Woodruff
1923–27
30–16–1
.649

16
Herman Stegeman
1920–22
20–6–3
.741

15
W. A. Cunningham
1910–19
43–18–9
.679

13 & 14
James Coulter & Frank Dobson
1909
1–4–2
.286

12
Branch Bocock
1908
5–2–1
.688

11
W. S. Whitney
1906–07
6–7–2
.467

10
Marvin D. Dickinson
1903, 1905
4–9–0
.308

9
Charles A. Barnard
1904
1–5–0
.167

8
Billy Reynolds
1901–02
5–7–3
.433

7
E. E. Jones
1900
2–4–0
.333

6
Gordon Saussy
1899
2–3–1
.417

5
Charles McCarthy
1897–98
6–3–0
.667

4
Glenn "Pop" Warner
1895–96
7–4–0
.636

3
Robert Winston
1894
5–1–0
.833

2
Ernest Brown
1893
2–2–1
.500

1
Charles Herty
1892
1–1–0
.500

TOTALS

1892–present
806–419–34
.654

text: Coaching awards

text: Amos Alonzo Stagg Award

text: Paul "Bear" Bryant Award

text: Broyles Award

text:
College Football Hall of Fame

Glenn "Pop" Warner, inducted in 1951
Joel Hunt, inducted in 1967
Wally Butts, inducted in 1997
Vince Dooley, inducted in 1995

text: Future opponents

text: Non-division opponents

text: Georgia plays Auburn as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the West division among the other six schools.[41]

text:
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

vs Auburn
at Auburn
vs Auburn
at Auburn
vs Auburn
at Auburn
vs Auburn
at Auburn

at LSU
vs Texas A&M
at Alabama
vs Arkansas
at Mississippi State
vs Ole Miss
at Texas A&M
vs LSU

text: Non-conference opponents

text: Announced schedules as of July 28, 2017[42]

text:
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026

vs Middle Tennessee
vs Arkansas State
vs Virginia (Atlanta)
at Georgia Tech
vs Kent State
at Georgia Tech
vs Georgia Tech
at UCLA
vs UCLA

vs. UMass
vs Notre Dame
vs ETSU

vs Georgia Tech

at Georgia Tech
vs Georgia Tech

vs Georgia Tech
at Georgia Tech
vs Georgia Tech

Austin Peay


document_title: Star vs. the Forces of Evil

question_text: who plays star in star vs. the forces of evil

root

text: Star vs. the Forces of Evil

text: Plot

text: Star Butterfly is a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni, and the heir to the royal throne of her world. As per tradition, she is given her family's family heirloom wand on her 14th birthday, but after she accidentally sets fire to the family castle, her parents decide that a safer option is to send her to Earth as a foreign exchange student, so she can continue her magic training there. She befriends Marco Diaz and lives with his family while attending Echo Creek Academy. Star and Marco must deal with everyday school life while protecting Star's wand from falling into the hands of Ludo, a villain from Mewni who commands a group of monsters. Star and the folks from Mewni are able to travel across dimensions using "dimensional scissors" that can open portals.

tag: p

text: Characters

text: Main

text:
Star Butterfly (voiced by Eden Sher)[6] – The titular character is a magical princess from the dimension Mewni. On her 14th birthday, she is given the family heirloom, but after she causes a big accident, she is sent to the Earth dimension as a foreign exchange student. She then lives with the Diaz family.[1][7][8] She enjoys exploring and being away from her parents and their pressure to make her into a perfect princess.[9] Nefcy had originally designed Star as a fourth-grader obsessed with Sailor Moon and wanting to become a magical girl despite not having any powers. The design was initially just her with heart cheeks and the devil horns came later. By the time she pitched the idea to Disney she had made the character older, and an executive suggested she would have actual magical powers, leading to the current foreign exchange student concept. Nefcy says Star is very much like her, and that she has a lot of flaws and aspects of being a real girl.[10] Star is Eden Sher's first voice acting role. Sher describes Star as Disney's first-ever kick-butt princess and identifies with her a lot: "She's always wrong. She's always messing up. But at the same time, this character has such a good heart. Star is fiercely loyal when it comes to her friends and never backs down from a fight. There's so much going on there. And that's what makes this character so much fun to voice."[11]
Marco Diaz (voiced by Adam McArthur)[6] – Marco is a 14-year-old boy who becomes Star's best friend and partner in their inter-dimensional adventures. Prior to meeting Star, he was known as a safe kid. He helps Star during their fights against the villains.[9] Nefcy originally conceived of Marco to be a kid obsessed with Dragon Ball Z and karate. After Star's character was changed to be a foreign exchange student, she felt Marco's character needed to balance out Star's, so he became more of a straight man yet is still quirky. Some of Marco's character was based on Nefcy's husband (filmmaker Bobby Miller[12]). She likes that McArthur portrays him away from being nerdy or unlikeable and that Marco is smart and thoughtful.[10] His middle name is Ubaldo, as shown on his test paper in the episode "Matchmaker".
Ludo (voiced by Alan Tudyk)[6] – Ludo is Star's nemesis from Mewni. He plans to snatch Star's wand and use its powers to take over the universe. He is a short, dark grayish-green monster with a round head and a beak and wears a cap made out of the upper part of a creature's skull. Ludo commands an army of monsters.[9] In Season 2, he acquires a new wand made partly from the fragments of Star's original wand. His new minions in season 2 are primarily a giant spider and a giant eagle,[13] whom he refers to as girls, as well as a group of rats and some monsters. In the season 2 episode "The Hard Way", he is possessed by Toffee.

tag: ul

text: Supporting

text:
Mr. and Mrs. Diaz (voiced by Artt Butler and Nia Vardalos)[6] – Marco's parents who host Star while she is on Earth. Their given names are Rafael and Angie.
Pony Head (voiced by Jenny Slate)[6] – Star's best friend from Mewni and a floating unicorn head.[14] She is described as sassy, sarcastic, and mischievous. She does not get along with Marco and is sometimes jealous of him when he interacts with Star.[9] Nefcy said that Pony Head originated from an early story of Star where the latter was a fourth-grader and was discouraged during her attempts to recover a stolen bike; an image of Pony Head appeared and told Star not to give up.[10]
King Butterfly (voiced by Alan Tudyk)[6] – Star's father and the king of Mewni. His given name is River.
Queen Butterfly (voiced by Grey Griffin) – Star's mother and the queen of Mewni. Her given name is Moon.
Ludo's minions – They are monsters that are mostly anthropomorphic mixes of animals and/or human appendages. Some of them are occasionally spotlighted in an episode. They include Beard Deer, Bearicorn, Big Chicken, Boo Fly, Buff Frog, Lobster Claws, Man Arm, Spike Balls, and Three-Eyed Potato Baby. They serve Ludo in the first season, but go their own ways in the second. Buff Frog has made multiple appearances in the second and third season as a Russian-accented father of some tadpoles who allies with Star and Queen Butterfly.
Ferguson and Alfonso (voiced by Nate Torrence[6] and Matt Chapman) – Marco's two friends at Echo Creek. Ferguson has orange hair and enjoys making belly faces. Alfonso has curly hair and wears glasses. They appear mostly in early episodes of season 1, and only appear in one season 2 episode as off-screen voices.
Miss Skullnick (voiced by Dee Dee Rescher)[6] – Star and Marco's homeroom and math teacher at Echo Creek Academy. She is accidentally turned into a troll by Star in the episode "Match Maker" and then retains her form for the remainder of the series. Her given name is Margaret.
Jackie Lynn Thomas (voiced by Grey Griffin) – A skateboarding classmate who has been Marco's crush since kindergarten.[15] She and Marco start dating in the season 2 episode "Bon Bon the Birthday Clown."
Dojo Sensei (voiced by Nick Swardson) – The sensei at the karate dojo that Marco attends. In season 2, it is revealed that Sensei is his actual first name.
Oskar Greason (voiced by Jon Heder) – An Echo Creek student who is Star Butterfly's crush. He is usually seen playing on a keytar or in his car where he also resides. Principal Skeeves distrusts him as he has a "record" when Star asked about him.
Tom (voiced by Rider Strong) – A hot-headed three-eyed demon from the Underworld who is Star's ex-boyfriend.
Glossaryck (voiced by Jeffrey Tambor) – A gnomish sprite with blue skin and a white beard. He lives inside Star's magic instruction book and sometimes speaks in riddles.
Toffee (voiced by Michael C. Hall[16]) – A reptilian humanoid villain. First appearing in "Fortune Cookies," he joins Ludo's gang as an evil efficiency expert—though Toffee has his own agenda.[17][18][19] Nefcy said that she and her staff "wanted Star to fight against somebody who is a greater evil", as Ludo was "super fun" but "not a scary villain".[16] In the season 2 episode "The Hard Way", he possesses Ludo's body and takes over Mewni in the TV movie "The Battle for Mewni".
Janna (voiced by Abby Elliott) – A mischievous student who hangs out with Star and Marco, having a larger supporting role in season 2. She breaks into Marco's locker and knows all sorts of his personal information.

text: Background and production

text: Nefcy said she originally created Star as a girl who wanted to be a magical girl like Sailor Moon, and Marco as a boy who was obsessed with Dragon Ball Z and karate; they would be enemies instead of friends. In this earlier version, Star did not have any actual magical powers; she instead would approach and solve problems primarily through the force of her determination alone.[16][20] Nefcy began pitching the show when she was in her third year of college, when Cartoon Network was actively soliciting the creation of pilots for prospective new shows.[10] Nefcy originally placed Star in the fourth grade, reflecting on a time in her own childhood when she held a self-described obsession with the animated series Sailor Moon. However, Nefcy later adjusted the character's age to fourteen during the time she made her series proposition to Disney.[10][16][21] An executive at that time made the suggestion for Star to have actual magical powers. Nefcy worked this concept into the show's current iteration, along with the idea of different dimensions as show locations, the framing device of Star being a foreign exchange student, and the plot aspects relating to Star being a princess and the subsequent consequences of her royal birthright.[20] Nefcy said that the overall concept has evolved over about six years.[21]

text: In addition to Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z, Nefcy has said that she had heavy influence in her youth from the animated Japanese shows Magic Knight Rayearth, Revolutionary Girl Utena and Unico, the last of which featured a pink unicorn. She also cited shows unrelated to Japanese animation such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer,[20] and was influenced by independent comic series such as Scott Pilgrim and The Dungeon.[21] With regards to the development of more strong female characters, Nefcy said that she "looked at TV over the years and I have had to go to Japan when I was younger to find the cartoons that had the characters that I wanted to see. It was always a question of 'Well, why isn't that on TV in the U.S.?' " [16]

text: One of the concepts she likes about the show is that it doesn't make high school the most important experience for teenagers. She also likes that Star does her own thing instead of being concerned about fitting in.[20] Nefcy did not want the gimmick about keeping the magic powers a secret from others as typical of magical girl shows, so she had the students already know about it and Marco's parents as well. She also portrays Star as not really a superhero as she does not specifically go after super-villains except when they attack her, and that she doesn't really save people.[10] Nefcy said that the episodes balance comedy and drama: "we really want our characters to feel like teenagers and have them going through the normal emotions that teenagers go through, but in this magical setting."[16]

text: Storyboarding and design are done in Los Angeles.[21] In describing the process, Nefcy said that the show is storyboard-driven, with each episode mapped out by the storyboard artists. The storyboarders also do the writing, taking a two-page outline and turning it into a full script. A storyboard for 11 minutes would require about 2000 drawings to be done in a six-week period.[22] After pre-production in the US, the first season animation was done at Mercury Filmworks in Ottawa, Canada. Mercury had also done Wander Over Yonder and the Mickey Mouse series.[21] For the rest of first season, the animation was done in the Philippines.[22] The second season was animated by Sugarcube and Rough Draft Studios, both located in South Korea.[23][24]

text: The theme song was done by Brad Breeck, who also did Gravity Falls' opening theme; Nefcy said: "when we were listening to it we didn't know, because we just listened blind". Brian Kim was chosen among a group of about ten people as the show's composer.[10][25] Kim describes the music for each dimension as having a different sound and relating it to indie rock in Los Angeles.[26]

text: The show was initially scheduled to premiere on Disney Channel after being greenlighted in March 2013, for a premiere in the Fall of 2014, before being switched over to Disney XD.[10][27]

text: Promotion and release

text: The show's title sequence was promoted at Comic-Con 2014 six months prior to its scheduled broadcast premiere. As a result, the footage was uploaded by fans to YouTube who then started generating fan art and fan fiction.[21] The first episode premiered on Disney Channel in January 2015. The positive reaction on social media has prompted Disney XD to order a second season of the series in February 2015, six weeks ahead of its launch of the series on Disney XD in March.[28] Disney sitcom actors Olivia Holt and Kelli Berglund participated in promoting the series the weeks before its Disney XD premiere, with Holt dressing up as Star.[29][30]

text: The second season premiered on July 11, 2016,[31] The show's third season was ordered ahead in March 2016.[32] It premiered on July 15, 2017 with a two-hour long television movie entitled "The Battle for Mewni" and consisted of the first four episodes.[33][34] A live chat featuring Star and Marco was aired on Disney XD on July 17.[35] The remaining third-season episodes are scheduled to run starting November 6, 2017.[36][37] A fourth season was also ordered ahead of the third season premiere.[5]

text: International

text: Star vs. the Forces of Evil premiered in Canada on the DHX-owned Disney XD on April 6, 2015,[38] and was later moved to the Corus-owned Disney XD on December 1.[39] The series premiered on Disney XD channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 16, 2015,[40][better source needed] in Australia on August 3,[41] and in the Middle East and Africa on October 5.[42] It also premiered on November 8 on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia.[43][44] The series premiered on March 6, 2016, as Star Butterfly in French on Disney La Chaîne in Canada.[45] The show premiered on November 2 on Disney XD in Italy, and on Disney Channel on November 2, 2016.[46]

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)

2
22
July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)

3
TBA
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA

tag: table

text: Reception

text: Star vs. the Forces of Evil has received positive reviews by critics.

text: Kevin Johnson of The A.V. Club gave the pilot episode a B+, saying that the show was something children could have a lot of fun with, noting how the show follows current trends in western animation "towards large-eyed characters and quirky visual trends". Johnson stated that Star vs. the Forces of Evil "excels on wild, silly, and clever set-pieces to bring the laughs and action", but expected that adult viewers won't get much out of it.[47] Furthermore, the premiere of Star vs. the Forces of Evil became the most-watched animated series debut in Disney XD’s history.[4] Following the end of the second season, Disney XD announced it had ordered a fourth season of the show, and that in 2016, Star and another animated show Milo Murphy's Law had reached over 100 million consumer views combined across its media platforms.[5]

text: In reviewing episodes from the first season, Marcy Cook of The Mary Sue described the show as a blend of others such as Invader Zim and a sanitized Ren & Stimpy, with great appeal to tween and teen girls as well some laugh out loud moments for adults. She said, "[I]t's really cool to see a girl who is into cuteness and rainbows also kick-ass and enjoy it". Cook was bothered by the short episodes that made the plot seem rushed or underdeveloped. Cook was bugged by Marco's retconned personality from the pilot episode where he was a safety conscious kid to the series where he was a martial arts fight seeker.[48] Caitlin Donovan of entertainment website Epicstream listed it among her top 10 animated series of 2015. She found the first few episodes to be "a little rough for me, like the show was trying too hard to be funny and weird", but that the show got better with character development and relationship building, with "a really dramatic, high-tension finale to the first season".[49]

text: Awards and nominations

text: The episode "Party with a Pony" was showcased in the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2015.[50][51]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2015
Annecy International Animated Film Festival
TV Series
For "Party with a Pony"
Nominated
[51]

2016
Annie Awards
Best Animated TV/Broadcast Production for Children's Audience
For "Blood Moon Ball"
Nominated
[52]

text: Other media

text: A comic book series titled Deep Trouble was written by storyboarder Zach Marcus and illustrated by character designer Devin Taylor, both of whom are part of the Star crew. They have been released monthly by Joe Books starting in September 2016.[53][54] A Cinestory comic was also developed and released.[55]

text: The book Star and Marco's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension, authored by Amber Benson and supervising producer Dominic Bisignano, was released on March 7, 2017.[56][57]


question_text: the apex institution in educational planning and administration in india is

text: History[edit]

text: National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration was established in the year 1962  as UNESCO Asian Centre for Educational Planners, Administrators and Supervisors which later became the Asian Institute of Educational Planning and Administration in 1965, which was later converted into the National Staff College for Educational Planners and Administrators in 1973, which was again rechristened as National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) in the year 1979.  In 2006, NIEPA was given the status of a Deemed to be University  [5][6]

text: Governing body[edit]

text:
Board of Management

Name
Note

President:
Sri Prakash Javdekar, Minister for Human Resource Development, Government of India[8]

N.V. Varghese
Vice Chancellor  [8]

Mr. P. P. Saxena
Section Officer Academic Administrator  [8]

Mr. Jai Prakash Dhami
Section Officer   General Office    Administrator  [8]

text: Departments[edit]

text: National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration has eight different academic departments and two centres for the better governance and management.[9] These are-

text:
Department of Educational Planning – It is one of the fundamental divisions of NUEPA. The main function of the department is  the integration of inputs, processes and products of planning at all levels. With the increasing emphasis on education as a means of reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development, the Department considers the expanded scope of educational planning not only to cover the institutionalization of strategic planning at the macro level but also promoting decentralization and use of local level planning techniques such as school mapping, micro planning and school improvement planning for improving quality of investment in education.[10]
Department of Educational Finance – The function of this department is conduct and promote research on economic and financial aspects of education at all levels. The department focuses its activities like research, teaching and training, around issues relating to public and private financing of education.[11]
Department School and Non-Formal Education – This department focuses on critical issues of school education,non formal and adult literacy. Research studies is conducted in various areas to develop and improve school education in India. Besides conducting research and developmental programmes, the department extends support to the state and central government in formulating and implementing plans and policies.[12]
Department of Educational Management Information System – To strengthen the database and management system on education in India, the Department undertakes research, capacity building activities and provides technical advice. The Department has also taken the responsibility for strengthening the management information system of secondary education.  It has developed an information system, called DISE, to collect and compile detailed information on all schools in the country.  District Information System for Education (DISE) is covering unrecognised schools and recognised and unrecognised madrasas since 2010-11. [7] The Department also conducts conferences, seminars, workshops and research with regard to educational management information system.[13]
Department of Educational Administration – This department focuses on training and research on educational management and also planning and management of resources in education.[14]
Department of Educational Policy – The main activity of the department is training, research and dissemination. The Department stimulates discussion on policy issues. It also conducts short term courses.[15]
Department of Higher and Professional Education – This department has constantly provided research support and policy advice to the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government Of India. It has provided academic support to regional conferences of UNESCO leading up to the world conference on Higher education and Planning Commission.[16]
Department of Training and Capacity Building in Education – Its mission is to expand the scope and coverage of training programmes and capacity-building initiatives of NUEPA. The aim is to create more stable and dedicated institutional arrangement for trained teams to help improve the design, implement, monitor and evaluate educational policies, plans and programmes.[17]
Centre for Policy Research in Higher Education
National Centre for School Leadership

text: Programmes[edit]

text:
Master of Philosophy (M.Phil)
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)


document_title: Powers of the United States Congress

question_text: who has the power to create an army

question_tokens: who has the power to create an army

text: Powers of the United States Congress

text: General powers[edit]

text: Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress, which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution.

text: Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters, through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended power of taxation to include income taxes.[1] The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds. This power of the purse is one of Congress' primary checks on the executive branch.[1] Other powers granted to Congress include the authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money.[2] Generally both Senate and House have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue bills and, by tradition, appropriation bills.[3]

text: The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense, including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces, and to make rules for the military.[4] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's Constitutionally-defined task of declaring war.[5] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II,[6] although President Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get Congressional assent.[6] Presidents have initiated war without Congressional war declarations; Truman called the Korean War a "police action"[7] and the Vietnam War lasted over a decade without a declaration of war.[6] In 1970, Time magazine noted: "All told, it has been calculated, U.S. presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times" before 1970.[6] In 1993, one writer noted "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion (of Congressional authority to declare war) began after World War II."[8] President George H. W. Bush claimed he could begin Operation Desert Storm and launch a "deliberate, unhurried, post–Cold War decision to start a war" without Congressional approval.[8] Critics charge that President George W. Bush largely initiated the Iraq War with little debate in Congress or consultation with Congress, despite a Congressional vote on military force authorization.[9][10] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history.[11]

text: Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.

text: One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch.[12] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress' subpoena power.[13] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Valerie Plame Wilson episode sometimes known as the Plame affair, some critics, including Representative Henry A. Waxman, charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case.[14] Other critics charge Congress was lax in its oversight duties regarding presidential actions such as warrantless wiretapping, although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of decisions by President George W. Bush involving such matters.[15]

text: Congress also has the exclusive impeachment power, allowing impeachment, trial, and removal of the President, federal judges and other federal officers.[16]

text: Enumerated powers[edit]

text: Among the powers specifically given to Congress in Article I Section 8, are the following:

text:
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Native American tribes;
To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles (16 km) square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.

text: Other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of all citizens regardless of race, including voting rights, due process, and equal protection under the law.[17] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress.[18]

text: Implied powers and the commerce clause[edit]

text: Congress also has implied powers, which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."[19] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland, have effectively widened the scope of Congress' legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8.[20][21]


document_title: American robin

question_text: when do robins lay eggs in new england

question_tokens: when do robins lay eggs in new england

text: American robin

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: This species was first described in 1766 by Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae as Turdus migratorius.[5] The binomial name derives from two Latin words: turdus, "thrush", and migratorius from migrare "to go". The term robin for this species has been recorded since at least 1703.[6] There are about 65 species of medium to large thrushes in the genus Turdus, characterized by rounded heads, longish pointed wings, and usually melodious songs.[7] A study of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicates that the American robin is not part of the Central/South American clade of Turdus thrushes; instead it shows genetic similarities to the Kurrichane thrush, T. libonyanus, and the olive thrush, T. olivaceus, both African species.[8][9] This conflicts with a 2007 DNA study of 60 of 65 Turdus species which places the American robin's closest relative as the rufous-collared thrush (T. rufitorques) of Central America. Though having distinct plumage, the two species are similar in vocalization and behavior. Beyond this, it lies in a small group of four species of otherwise Central American distribution, suggesting it recently spread northwards into North America.[10]

text: Seven subspecies of American robin are recognized. These subspecies intergrade and are only weakly defined.[7]

text:
T. m. migratorius, the nominate subspecies, breeds in the US and Canada, other than down the west coast, to the edge of the tundra from Alaska and northern Canada east to New England and then south to Maryland, northwest Virginia, and North Carolina. It winters in southern coastal Alaska, southern Canada, most of the US, Bermuda, the Bahamas and eastern Mexico.[7]
T. m. nigrideus breeds from coastal northern Quebec to Labrador and Newfoundland and winters from southern Newfoundland south through most of the eastern US states to southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi and northern Georgia. It is uniformly darker or blackish on the head, with a dark gray back. The underparts are slightly more red than those of the nominate subspecies.[7]
T. m. achrusterus breeds from southern Oklahoma east to Maryland and western Virginia and south to northern Florida and the Gulf states. It winters through much of the southern part of the breeding range. It is smaller than the nominate subspecies. The black feathers of the forehead and crown have pale gray tips. The underparts are paler than those of the nominate subspecies.[7]
T. m. caurinus breeds in southeast Alaska through coastal British Columbia to Washington and northwest Oregon. It winters from southwest British Columbia south to central and southern California and east to northern Idaho. It is very slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies and very dark-headed. The white on the tips of the outer two tail feathers is restricted.[7]
T. m. propinquus breeds from southeast British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwest Saskatchewan south to southern California and northern Baja California. It winters throughout much of the southern breeding range and south to Baja California. It is the same size as or slightly larger than nominate T. m. migratorius, but paler and tinged more heavily brownish-gray. It has very little white on the tip of the outermost tail feather. Some birds, probably females, lack almost any red below. Males are usually darker and may show pale or whitish sides to the head.[7]
T. m. confinis breeds above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the highlands of southern Baja California. This form is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts. It is relatively small, and the palest subspecies, with uniform pale gray-brown on the head, face and upperparts. It usually lacks any white spots to the tips of the outer tail feathers, which have white edges. It is sometimes classed as a separate species, the San Lucas robin,[7] but the American Ornithologists' Union regards it as only a subspecies, albeit in a different group from the other races.[11]
T. m. phillipsi is resident in Mexico south to central Oaxaca. It is slightly smaller than propinquus but has a larger bill; the male's underparts are less brick-red than the nominate subspecies, and have a rustier tone.[7]

text: Description[edit]

text: The nominate subspecies of the American robin is 23 to 28 cm (9.1 to 11.0 in) long with a wingspan ranging from 31 to 41 cm (12 to 16 in), with similar size ranges across all races. The species averages about 77 g (2.7 oz) in weight, with males ranging from 72 to 94 g (2.5 to 3.3 oz) and females ranging from 59 to 91 g (2.1 to 3.2 oz).[12][13] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 11.5 to 14.5 cm (4.5 to 5.7 in), the culmen is 1.8 to 2.2 cm (0.71 to 0.87 in) and the tarsus is 2.9 to 3.3 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in).[14] The head varies from jet black to gray, with white eye arcs and white supercilia.[15] The throat is white with black streaks, and the belly and undertail coverts are white. The robin has a brown back and a reddish-orange breast, varying from a rich red maroon to peachy orange.[12] The bill is mainly yellow with a variably dark tip, the dusky area becoming more extensive in winter, and the legs and feet are brown.[15]

text: The sexes are similar, but the female tends to be duller than the male, with a brown tint to the head, brown upperparts and less-bright underparts. However, some birds cannot be accurately sexed on the sole basis of plumage.[7] The juvenile is paler in color than the adult male and has dark spots on its breast,[12] and whitish wing coverts.[15] First-year birds are not easily distinguishable from adults, but they tend to be duller, and a small percentage retains a few juvenile wing coverts or other feathers.[15]

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text:
This bird breeds throughout most of North America, from Alaska and Canada southward to northern Florida and Mexico.[16] While robins occasionally overwinter in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada,[12] most migrate to winter south of Canada from Florida and the Gulf Coast to central Mexico, as well as along the Pacific Coast.[16] Most depart south by the end of August and begin to return north in February and March (exact dates vary with latitude and climate).
Despite being depicted in the film Mary Poppins "feathering its nest" in London,[17] this species is actually a rare vagrant to western Europe, where the majority of records, more than 20, have been in Britain.[7] In autumn 2003, migration was displaced eastwards leading to massive movements through the eastern U.S., and presumably this is what led to no fewer than three American robins being found in Britain[citation needed], with two attempting to overwinter in 2003–2004,[18] although one was taken by a sparrowhawk.[19][20] A sighting occurred in Britain in January 2007.[21]

text: This species has also occurred as a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Belize. Vagrants to Europe, where identified to subspecies, are nominate T. m. migratorius, but the Greenland birds also included T. m. nigrideus, and some of the southern overshots may have been T. m. achrusterus.[7]

text: The American robin's breeding habitat is woodland and more open farmland and urban areas. It becomes less common as a breeder in the southernmost part of the Deep South of the United States, and there prefers large shade trees on lawns.[22] Its winter habitat is similar but includes more open areas.[7]

text: Conservation status[edit]

text: The American robin has an extensive range, estimated at 16,000,000 km2 (6,200,000 sq mi), and a large population of about 320 million individuals. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as least concern.[1] At one point, the bird was killed for its meat, but it is now protected throughout its range in the United States by the Migratory Bird Act.[12]

text: Birds in central California of the subspecies propinquus are considered to be still increasing their range, and this is probably the case elsewhere in the U.S.A.[7]

text: Disease[edit]

text: The American robin is a known reservoir (carrier) for West Nile virus. While crows and jays are often the first noticed deaths in an area with West Nile virus, the American robin is suspected to be a key host, and holds a larger responsibility for the transmission of the virus to humans. This is because, while crows and jays die quickly from the virus, the American robin survives the virus longer, hence spreading it to more mosquitoes, which then transmit the virus to humans and other species.[23][24]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: The American robin is active mostly during the day, and on its winter grounds it assembles in large flocks at night to roost in trees in secluded swamps or dense vegetation. The flocks break up during the day when the birds feed on fruits and berries in smaller groups. During the summer, the American robin defends a breeding territory and is less social.[12]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The American robin's diet generally consists of around 40 percent small invertebrates (mainly insects), such as earthworms, beetle grubs, caterpillars and grasshoppers, and 60 percent wild and cultivated fruits and berries.[12] Their ability to switch to berries allows them to winter much farther north than most other North American thrushes. They will flock to fermented Pyracantha berries, and after eating sufficient quantities will exhibit intoxicated behavior such as falling over while walking. Robins forage primarily on the ground for soft-bodied invertebrates, and find worms by sight (and sometimes by hearing),[25]:149 pouncing on them and then pulling them up.[16] Nestlings are fed mainly on worms and other soft-bodied animal prey. In some areas, robins, particularly of the coastal race T. m. caurinus, will feed on beaches, taking insects and small mollusks.[7]

text: The robin uses auditory, visual, olfactory and possibly vibrotactile cues to find prey, but vision is the predominant mode of prey detection.[25] It is frequently seen running across lawns picking up earthworms, and its running and stopping behavior is a distinguishing characteristic. In addition to hunting visually, it also has the ability to hunt by hearing. Experiments have discovered that it can find worms underground by simply using its listening skills.[25]:149 It typically will take several short hops and then cock its head left, right or forward to detect movement of its prey. In urban areas, robins will gather in numbers soon after lawns are mowed or where sprinklers are in use.[16] They also are attracted to freshly turned earth in gardens, where worms and grubs are abundant targets. Occasionally, they may visit bird feeders if mealworms or animal-fat suet is offered.

text: Threats[edit]

text: Juvenile robins and eggs are preyed upon by squirrels, snakes, and some birds, such as blue jays, Steller's jay, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens.[12] Adults are primarily taken by Accipiter hawks, cats, dogs, and larger snakes (especially rat snakes).[26] They may be taken by nearly every variety of North American accipitrid, from the smallest, the sharp-shinned hawk, to one of the two largest, the golden eagle, most every North American falcon from the smallest, the American kestrel, to the largest, the gyrfalcon, and almost all owl species from northern pygmy owls to snowy owls. Overall, 28 raptorial bird species are known to hunt robins.[27][28][29][30][31][32] Adult robins are most vulnerable when distracted by breeding activities though may also be attacked on the ground or even in flight. However, when feeding in flocks, the American robin is able to remain vigilant and watch other flock members for reactions to predators.[12]

text: The American robin is known to be a rejecter of cowbird eggs, so brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird is rare. Even when it occurs, the parasite's chick does not normally survive to fledging.[33] In a study of 105 juvenile robins, 77.1% were infected with one or more species of endoparasite, with Syngamus species the most commonly encountered, found in 57.1% of the birds.[34]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to its summer range. It is one of the first North American bird species to lay eggs, and normally has two to three broods per breeding season, which lasts from April to July.[12]

text: The nest is most commonly located 1.5–4.5 m (4.9–14.8 ft) above the ground in a dense bush or in a fork between two tree branches, and is built by the female alone. The outer foundation consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers. This is lined with smeared mud and cushioned with fine grass or other soft materials. A new nest is built for each brood[citation needed], and in northern areas the first clutch is usually placed in an evergreen tree or shrub while later broods are placed in deciduous trees.[12] The American robin does not shy away from nesting close to human habitation[35] and will frequently construct nests under eaves or awnings on human homes when such locations provide adequate shelter. Robins are not cavity nesters, and so will generally not use a bird house, but will take advantage of artificial nesting platforms.

text: A clutch consists of three to five light-blue eggs, and is incubated by the female alone. The eggs hatch after 14 days, and the chicks leave the nest a further two weeks later. The altricial chicks are naked and have their eyes closed for the first few days after hatching.[36] While the chicks are still young, the mother broods them continuously. When they are older, the mother will brood them only at night or during bad weather.

text: The chicks are fed worms, insects, and berries. Waste accumulation does not occur in the nest because adults collect and take it away. Chicks are fed, and then raise tails for elimination of waste, a solid white clump that is collected by a parent prior to flying off. All chicks in the brood leave the nest within two days of each other.[12] Even after leaving the nest, the juveniles will follow their parents around and beg food from them. Juveniles become capable of sustained flight two weeks after fledging.[12]

text: The adult male and female both are active in protecting and feeding the fledged chicks until they learn to forage on their own. The adult robin gives alarm calls and dives in a threatening manner towards creatures it considers potential predators, such as approaching cats, dogs and humans. The fledglings are able to fly short distances after leaving the nest. The wings of juvenile birds develop rapidly, and it only takes a couple of weeks for them to become proficient at flying. The cryptically colored young birds perch in bushes or trees for protection from predators.

text: Bird banders have found that only 25% of young robins survive the first year.[12] The longest known lifespan in the wild of an American robin is 14 years; the average lifespan is about 2 years.[12]

text:
Newly hatched chick among unhatched young

Chicks

Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

Nest amidst human habitat

Sequence of dated images showing the progress from eggs to flight in three weeks

Newly hatched chicks

Chick

American robin in Rhode Island

American robin (juvenile) in Ontario

text: Vocalization[edit]

text:
American Robin

Dawn song of the American robin, with a chickadee heard faintly in the background.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The male American robin, as with many thrushes, has a complex and almost continuous song. Its song is commonly described as a cheerily carol, made up of discrete units, often repeated, and spliced together into a string with brief pauses in between.[22] The song varies regionally, and its style varies by time of day. The song period is from late February or early March to late July or early August; some birds, particularly in the east, sing occasionally into September or later. The American robin is often among the first songbirds singing as dawn rises or hours before, and last as evening sets in. It usually sings from a high perch in a tree.[12] The song of T. m. confinis is weaker than that of the nominate subspecies, and lacks any clear notes.[7]

text: The robin also sings when storms approach and again when storms have passed.[37] In addition to its song, the American robin has a number of calls used for communicating specific information such as when a ground predator approaches, and when a nest or robin is being directly threatened. Even during nesting season, when robins exhibit mostly competitive and territorial behavior, they may still band together to drive away a predator.[7]

text: In culture[edit]

text: The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[3] It was also depicted on the 1986 Birds of Canada series Canadian $2 note, but this note has since been withdrawn.[38][39]

text: Robin's egg blue is a color named after the bird's eggs.[6]

text: The American robin has a place in Native American mythology. The story of how the robin got its red breast by fanning the dying flames of a campfire to save a Native American man and a boy is similar to those that surround the European robin.[40] The Tlingit people of Northwestern North America held it to be a culture hero created by Raven to please the people with its song.[41] One of the houses of the Raven Tribe from the Nisga'a Nation holds the robin as a house crest.

text: The Peace Bridge robins were a family of American robins that attracted minor publicity in the mid-1930s for their prominent nest on the Canadian side of the Peace Bridge connecting Buffalo, New York to Fort Erie, Ontario.[42]

text: The robin is considered a symbol of spring.[43] A well-known example is a poem by Emily Dickinson, "I Dreaded That First Robin So". Among other 19th-century poems about the first robin of spring is "The First Robin" by Dr. William H. Drummond, which according to the author's wife is based on a Quebec superstition that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck.[44] The association has continued down to the present day, as, for example, in one Calvin and Hobbes cartoon from 1990 that had Calvin celebrating his inevitable wealth and fame after seeing the first robin of spring.[45] The harbinger of spring sobriquet is borne out by the fact that robins tend to follow the 37 °F (3 °C) isotherm north in spring, but also south in fall.[46]

text: American popular songs featuring this bird include "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)", written by Harry M. Woods[47] and a hit for Al Jolson and others, and "Rockin' Robin", written by Roger Thomas and a hit for Bobby Day and others.

text: Although the comic-book superhero Robin was inspired by an N. C. Wyeth illustration of Robin Hood,[48][49] a later version had his mother nicknaming him Robin because he was born on the first day of spring.[50] His red shirt suggests the bird's red breast.