document_title: History of the World Wide Web

question_text: when was the world wide web made public

question_tokens: when was the world wide web made public

text: History of the World Wide Web

text: Precursors[edit]

text: The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors include Vannevar Bush's Memex,[3] IBM's Generalized Markup Language,[4] and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.[3]

text: Paul Otlet's Mundaneum project has also been named as an early 20th century precursor of the Web.[5]

text: The concept of a global information system connecting homes is prefigured in "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946 short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," are present in every home. Although the computer system in the story is centralized, the story anticipates a ubiquitous information environment similar to the Web. The cultural impact of the web was imagined even further back in a short story by E. M. Forster, "The Machine Stops," first published in 1909.

text: 1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web[edit]

text: In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an English independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page.[3]

text: Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software.

text: Shortly after Berners-Lee's return to CERN, TCP/IP protocols were installed on some key non-Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe within a few years. As a result, CERN's infrastructure was ready for Berners-Lee to create the Web.[6]

text: Berners-Lee wrote a proposal in March 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links".[7] Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his boss, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation.[8] He considered several names, including Information Mesh,[7] The Information Mine or Mine of Information, but settled on World Wide Web.[9]

text: Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in Robert Cailliau. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet.[10]

text: By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9,[11] the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore created a simple text browser, called the Line Mode Browser, that could run on almost any computer.[12] To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web — previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers.[12]

text: While inventing and working on setting up the Web, Berners-Lee spent most of his working hours in Building 31 (second floor) at CERN (46°13′57″N 6°02′42″E / 46.2325°N 6.0450°E / 46.2325; 6.0450 (CERN Building 31, Birthplace of the World Wide Web)), but also at his two homes, one in France, one in Switzerland.[13] In January 1991 the first Web servers outside CERN itself were switched on.[14]

text: The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT computer.[15] CERN put the oldest known web page back online in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web.[16][17]

text: On August 6, 1991,[18] Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators.[19] This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier.

text: Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to display SLAC’s catalog of online documents;[12] this was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America.[20] The www-talk mailing list was started in the same month.[14]

text: In 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, did not support Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN despite many of his peers in the IT center advocating for his support (in particular M. Ben Segal from the distributed computing SHIFT project). He left for MIT, where he continued to develop the HTTP protocol.

text: An early CERN-related contribution to the Web was the parody band Les Horribles Cernettes, whose promotional image is believed to be among the Web's first five pictures.[21]

text: 1992–1995: Growth of the Web[edit]

text: In keeping with its birth at CERN and the first page opened, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world; by October 1993 there were over five hundred.[14] Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: Doctor Fun and NetBoy.[22][23]

text: Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at http://info.cern.ch/, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.

text: By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still minute compared to present figures, but quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiring examples of today's most popular services.

text: Early browsers[edit]

text: Initially, a web browser was available only for the NeXT operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992,[14] and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of Erwise, an application developed at the Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation.[12] ViolaWWW was originally an application for HyperCard. Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix.[12] In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser.

text: Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx wasn’t worth visiting.

text: The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.[12]

text: The Web was first popularized by Mosaic,[24] a graphical browser launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC).[25] The origins of Mosaic date to 1992. In November 1992, the NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program.[26] Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993.[14] The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors’ rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features.

text: After graduation from UIUC, Andreessen and James H. Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in April 1994, to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to Netscape, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator.

text: Web governance[edit]

text: In May 1994, the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau,[27][10] was held at CERN;[28] the conference has been held every year since. In April 1993, CERN had agreed that anyone could use the Web protocol and code royalty-free; this was in part a reaction to the perturbation caused by the University of Minnesota's announcement that it would begin charging license fees for its implementation of the Gopher protocol.

text: In September 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the European Commission. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone.

text: 1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web[edit]

text: By 1996 it became obvious to most publicly traded companies that a public Web presence was no longer optional.[citation needed] Though at first people saw mainly[citation needed] the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-way communication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. More dotcoms, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web.

text: 1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust[edit]

text: Low interest rates in 1998–99 facilitated an increase in start-up companies. Although a number of these new entrepreneurs had realistic plans and administrative ability, most of them lacked these characteristics but were able to sell their ideas to investors because of the novelty of the dot-com concept.

text: Historically, the dot-com boom can be seen as similar to a number of other technology-inspired booms of the past including railroads in the 1840s, automobiles in the early 20th century, radio in the 1920s, television in the 1940s, transistor electronics in the 1950s, computer time-sharing in the 1960s, and home computers and biotechnology in the 1980s.

text: In 2001 the bubble burst, and many dot-com startups went out of business after burning through their venture capital and failing to become profitable. Many others, however, did survive and thrive in the early 21st century. Many companies which began as online retailers blossomed and became highly profitable. More conventional retailers found online merchandising to be a profitable additional source of revenue. While some online entertainment and news outlets failed when their seed capital ran out, others persisted and eventually became economically self-sufficient. Traditional media outlets (newspaper publishers, broadcasters and cablecasters in particular) also found the Web to be a useful and profitable additional channel for content distribution, and an additional means to generate advertising revenue. The sites that survived and eventually prospered after the bubble burst had two things in common; a sound business plan, and a niche in the marketplace that was, if not unique, particularly well-defined and well-served.

text: 2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, telecommunications companies had a great deal of overcapacity as many Internet business clients went bust. That, plus ongoing investment in local cell infrastructure kept connectivity charges low, helped to make high-speed Internet connectivity more affordable. During this time, a handful of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide Web a more compelling experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search engine and its profitable approach to keyword-based advertising, as well as eBay's auction site and Amazon.com's online department store.

text: This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace and Facebook, which gained acceptance rapidly and became a central part of youth culture.

text: Web 2.0[edit]

text: Beginning in 2002, new ideas for sharing and exchanging content ad hoc, such as Weblogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. This new model for information exchange, primarily featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed Web 2.0. The Web 2.0 boom saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly democratized Web.

text: As the Web became easier to query, it attained a greater ease of use overall and gained a sense of organization which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. Many new sites such as Wikipedia and its Wikimedia Foundation sister projects were based on the concept of user-edited content. In 2005, three former PayPal employees created a video viewing website called YouTube, which quickly became popular and introduced a new concept of user-submitted content in major events.

text: The popularity of YouTube, Facebook, etc., combined with the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections has made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. Many video-content hosting and creation sites provide an easy means for their videos to be embedded on third party websites without payment or permission.

text: This combination of more user-created or edited content, and easy means of sharing content, such as via RSS widgets and video embedding, has led to many sites with a typical "Web 2.0" feel. They have articles with embedded video, user-submitted comments below the article, and RSS boxes to the side, listing some of the latest articles from other sites.

text: Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access new content.

text: "Web 2.0" has found a place in the English lexicon.[29]

text: The semantic web[edit]

text: Popularized by Berners-Lee's book Weaving the Web[30] and a Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila,[31] the term Semantic Web describes an evolution of the existing Web in which the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages is extended by machine-readable metadata about documents and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. This has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that the idea "remains largely unrealized".[32]


document_title: We're the Millers

question_text: who played casey in we're the millers

question_tokens: who played casey in we 're the millers

root

text: We're the Millers

text: Plot[edit]

text: A low-level marijuana dealer named David Clark, who lives in Denver, is robbed of his money and stash, some of which he owes to his wealthy drug lord supplier Brad Gurdlinger. After David is brought to him, Gurdlinger forces David to smuggle a "smidge" of marijuana from Mexico as a solution to clear his debt. Realizing that one man attempting to get through customs is too suspicious, he hires a stripper neighbor stage-named Rose, a runaway and petty thief named Casey, and his 18-year-old neighbor Kenny, to pose as a bogus family called the "Millers." When the Millers reach the compound, they find out that the amount of marijuana they were picking up is not "a smidge" but actually two tons. Because of the extra load of the marijuana on the RV that they are driving, one of the radiator hoses breaks while going up a steep incline. A family they had encountered at the border, the Fitzgeralds, consisting of Don, Edith, and Melissa, catch up to them and tow the Millers' RV to a repair shop. On the trip to the shop, David learns that Don Fitzgerald is a DEA agent after finding his badge and gun in the glove compartment.

tag: p

text: The marijuana turns out to be stolen from Pablo Chacón's cartel where Gurdlinger had David pose as an agent of Chacon. The next day, when the Millers head to the shop to pick up the RV, the shop owner is found tied up and gagged with duct tape in his office and Chacón and his henchman One-Eye are waiting for them and prepare to execute the family. They immediately tell Chacón that they are not a real family and that they did not know they were stealing from him. Rose is given a chance to prove that she is a stripper by dancing, and when she gets close, turns a steam vent onto Chacón, allowing the Millers to escape in the RV with Kenny behind the wheel. Due to Kenny's erratic driving, the RV veers off the highway and a Mexican redknee tarantula, hiding in a bowl of fruit, crawls up Kenny's leg and bites his testicle.

text: Kenny has a severe allergic reaction to the bite, and the Millers head to the hospital near a carnival for the 4th of July. This further delays the delivery of the contraband. During their wait, David and Rose begin to bond and Rose reveals her real name to be Sarah ("with an H"). The two of them scold Casey for leaving with an unknown boy, Scotty P, which leaves Casey feeling amused and happy for the attention she didn't receive from her actual, neglectful parents.

text: David renegotiates with Gurdlinger for a fee of $500,000 on the condition that it arrives that night. When Kenny is finally released from the hospital, David rushes him to the RV in a wheelchair and accidentally tips him over. In the ensuing argument, David inadvertently reveals how much he is getting paid, in comparison to how little he offered to pay each of the others. Casey, Sarah, and Kenny are left in disgust by the revelation, and so David leaves them at the local carnival.

text: Shortly after leaving, David regrets abandoning them after hearing "Waterfalls" by TLC on the radio and returns to the carnival. Casey confides in Scotty about how she felt like she was actually part of a real family. Scotty tries to sexually harass Casey but is thwarted by Sarah and Kenny. David then arrives at the carnival, begging them to come back with him and offering each a full share of the profits. On their way to the RV, they encounter Edith and Melissa. In the ensuing conversation between the Millers and the Fitzgeralds, Kenny blurts out that they are smuggling the pot. One-Eye appears and is about to shoot everyone, but Don comes out of his camper and subdues him. Chacón then comes around the corner with Melissa held at gunpoint and again is about to kill them all, but is momentarily distracted by the 4th of July fireworks. David and Kenny then subdue him. Melissa and Kenny (with a newfound confidence) kiss, as do David and Sarah. Don arrests Chacón, but lets the Millers leave.

text: David delivers the drugs to Gurdlinger, who tells him he is late and that their deal is off, but then admits that he had never intended to pay at all. DEA agents crash into the room, arresting Gurdlinger, revealing that David sold him out. Don, the agent in charge, tells David that he will have to be placed in the witness protection program until the trials of Gurdlinger and Chacón. He then adds that anyone who was a witness to the crime will be in protection, which pleases David. The Millers are then seen together in a suburban house with several marijuana plants growing in the garden.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Sudeikis as David Clark / Miller, a drug dealer who forms the Millers.
Jennifer Aniston as Sarah "Rose" O'Reilly / Miller, a stripper hired by David to pose as his wife.
Emma Roberts as Casey Mathis / Miller, a 20-year-old runaway from neglectful parents, and thief, hired by David to pose as his teenage daughter.
Will Poulter as Kenny Rossmore / Miller, David's socially awkward and underconfident 18-year-old neighbor posing as his son.
Ed Helms as Brad Gurdlinger, a drug lord who hires David to smuggle marijuana from Mexico.
Nick Offerman as Don Fitzgerald, a DEA agent who befriends the Millers.
Kathryn Hahn as Edith Fitzgerald, Don's wife.
Molly Quinn as Melissa Fitzgerald, Don and Edie's teenage daughter and Kenny's love interest.
Tomer Sisley as Pablo Chacón, a Mexican drug lord and the film's main villain.
Matthew Willig as One-Eye, Pablo's henchman.
Luis Guzmán as a Mexican cop who demands a bribe from the Millers.
Thomas Lennon as Rick Nathanson, a former college classmate of David's.
Mark L. Young as Scottie P., a kiddie ride attendant who befriends Casey.
Ken Marino as Todd, the sleazy owner of the strip club that Rose worked at.
Laura-Leigh as Kymberly/Boner Garage, one of Rose's fellow strippers.
Sam Richardson as TSA Agent

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development of the movie first began in 2002.[5] By 2006, the film was announced with Steve Buscemi as the pot dealer, with Will Arnett in another role, but no further development was made.[6] In April 2012, various news media broke the news that Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis were in talks to star in the film.[7][8] The film added Emma Roberts, Will Poulter, Ed Helms and Kathryn Hahn in July.[9][10]

text: Production began in Wilmington, North Carolina on July 23, 2012.[9] Filming also took place in New Mexico.[11] It was presented during the 2013 Traverse City Film Festival.[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in theaters on August 7, 2013 in the United States,[13] and on August 23, 2013 in the United Kingdom. It was released on September 18, 2013 in France, and was released on November 8, 2013 in Spain.

text: Home media[edit]

text: We're the Millers was released on Blu-ray and DVD on November 19, 2013 by Warner Home Video.[14][15] The DVD was released as a two-disc special edition, containing two versions of the film: the original theatrical version and the "unrated" extended cut featuring over 8 minutes of new material. Special features included over 45 minutes of featurettes, outtakes and deleted scenes.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: We're the Millers grossed over seven times its $37 million budget, earning over $150 million in North America and $119 million internationally for a worldwide total of $270 million.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 47% based on 149 reviews with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "We're the Millers squanders its potential with an uneven, lazily assembled story."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 44 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2013
Key Art Awards
Best Trailer - Audio/Visual
Warner Bros., New Line Cinema, Trailer Park
Nominated

2014
People's Choice Awards[19]
Favorite Movie Actress
Jennifer Aniston
Nominated

Favorite Comedic Movie Actress
Jennifer Aniston
Nominated

Favorite On-Screen Chemistry
Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis
Nominated

Favorite Comedic Movie
We're the Millers
Nominated

British Academy Film Awards
BAFTA Rising Star Award
Will Poulter
Won

Empire Awards
Best Male Newcomer
Will Poulter
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards[20][21]
Best Female Performance
Jennifer Aniston
Nominated

Best Breakthrough Performance
Will Poulter
Won

Best Shirtless Performance
Jennifer Aniston
Nominated

Best Kiss
Emma Roberts, Will Poulter, Jennifer Aniston
Won

Best Song from a Movie
Will Poulter - Waterfalls
Nominated

Best Comedic Performance
Jason Sudeikis
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[22]
Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Emma Roberts
Won

Choice Movie: Liplock
Emma Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Will Poulter
Nominated

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit
Jason Sudeikis
Nominated

2015
Casting Society of America
Big Budget Comedy
Lisa Beach, Sarah Katzman, Lisa Mae Fincannon, Jeremy Gordon, Beth Lipari, Dana Salerno
Nominated

tag: table

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On February 25, 2014, New Line Cinema announced that a sequel to We're the Millers was in development, with Adam Sztykiel writing the script.[4]


document_title: Copa Libertadores

question_text: why do mexican teams play in copa libertadores

question_tokens: why do mexican teams play in copa libertadores

text: Copa Libertadores

text: History[edit]

text: The clashes for the Copa Río de La Plata between the champions of Argentina and Uruguay kindled the idea of a continental competition in the 1930s.[1] In 1948, the South American Championship of Champions (Spanish: Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones), the most direct precursor to the Copa Libertadores, was played and organized by Chilean club Colo-Colo after years of planning and organization.[1] Held in Santiago, it brought together the champions of each nation's top national leagues.[1] The tournament was won by Vasco da Gama of Brazil.[1][5][6]

text: In 1958, the basis and format of the competition was created by Peñarol's board leaders. On March 5, 1959, at the 24th South American Congress held in Buenos Aires, the competition was approved by the International Affairs Committee. In 1965, it was named in honor of the heroes of South American liberation, such as Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, Pedro I, Bernardo O'Higgins, and José Gervasio Artigas, among others.[1]

text: Beginnings: 1960–1969[edit]

text: The first edition of the Copa Libertadores took place in 1960. Seven teams participated: Bahia of Brazil, Jorge Wilstermann of Bolivia, Millonarios of Colombia, Olimpia of Paraguay, Peñarol of Uruguay, San Lorenzo of Argentina and Universidad de Chile. All these teams were domestic champions of their respective leagues in 1959. The first Copa Libertadores match took place on April 19, 1960. It was won by Peñarol, who defeated Jorge Wilstermann 7–1. The first goal in Copa Libertadores history was scored by Carlos Borges of Peñarol. The Uruguayans won the first ever edition, defeating Olimpia in the finals, and successfully defended the title in 1961.[7]

text: The Copa Libertadores did not receive international attention until its third edition, when the sublime football of a Santos team led by Pelé, considered by some the best club team of all time, earned worldwide admiration.[8] Os Santásticos, also known as O Balé Branco (the white ballet) won the title in 1962 defeating defending champions Peñarol in the finals.[9] A year later, O Rei and his compatriot Coutinho demonstrated their skills again in the form of tricks, dribbles, backheels, and goals including two in the second leg of the final at La Bombonera, to subdue Boca Juniors 2–1 and retain the trophy.[9][10]

text: Argentine football finally inscribed their name on the winner's list in 1964 when Independiente became the champions after disposing of reigning champions Santos and Uruguayan side Nacional in the finals.[11][12] Independiente successfully defended the title in 1965;[12] Peñarol would defeat River Plate in a playoff to win their third title,[7] and Racing would go on to claim the spoils in 1967.[13] One of the most important moments in the tournament's early history occurred in 1968 which saw Estudiantes participate for the first time.[14]

text: Estudiantes, a modest neighborhood club and a relatively minor team in Argentina, had an unusual style that prioritized athletic preparation and achieving results at all costs.[15][16][17][18] Led by coach Osvaldo Zubeldía and a team built around figures such as Carlos Bilardo, Oscar Malbernat and Juan Ramón Verón, went on to become the first ever tricampeon of the competition.[19][20][21][22] The pincharratas won their first title in 1968 by defeating Palmeiras. They successfully defended the title in 1969 and 1970 against Nacional and Peñarol, respectively.[23][24] Although Peñarol was the first club to win three titles, Estudiantes were the first to win three consecutive titles.

text: Argentine decade: 1970–1979[edit]

text: The 1970s were dominated by Argentine clubs, with the exception of three seasons. In a rematch of the 1969 finals, Nacional emerged as the champions of the 1971 tournament after overcoming an Estudiantes squad depleted of key players.[25] With two titles already under their belt, Independiente created a winning formula with the likes of Francisco Sa, José Omar Pastoriza, Ricardo Bochini and Daniel Bertoni: pillars of the titles of 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975.[12] Independiente's home stadium, La Doble Visera, became one of the most dreaded venues for visiting teams to play at.[26] The first of these titles came in 1972 when Independiente came up against Universitario de Deportes of Peru in the finals. Universitario became the first team from the Pacific coast to reach the finals after eliminating Uruguayan giants Peñarol and defending champions Nacional at the semifinal stage. The first leg in Lima ended in a 0–0 tie, while the second leg in Avellaneda finished 2–1 in favor of the home team. Independiente successfully defended the title a year later against Colo-Colo after winning the playoff match 2–1. Los Diablos Rojos retained the trophy in 1974 after defeating São Paulo 1–0 in a hard-fought playoff. In 1975, Unión Española also failed to dethrone the champions in the finals after losing the playoff 2–0.

text: The reign of Los Diablos Rojos finally ended in 1976 when they were defeated by fellow Argentine club River Plate in the second phase in a dramatic playoff for a place in the finals. However, in the finals River Plate themselves would be beaten by Cruzeiro of Brazil, which was the first victory by a Brazilian club in 13 years.[27]

text: After having the trophy elude them in 1963 at the hands of Pelé's Santos, Boca Juniors finally managed to appear on the continental football map. Towards the end of the decade, the Xeneizes reached the finals in three consecutive years. The first was in 1977 in which Boca earned their first victory against defending champions Cruzeiro.[28] After both teams won their home legs 1–0, a playoff at a neutral venue was chosen to break the tie. The playoff match finished in a tense 0–0 tie and was decided by a penalty shootout. Boca Juniors won the trophy again in 1978 after thumping Deportivo Cali of Colombia 4–0 in the second leg of the finals.[29] In the following year, it looked as though Boca Juniors would also achieve a triple championship, only to have Olimpia end their dream after a highly volatile second leg match in Buenos Aires.[30] As in 1963, Boca Juniors had to watch as the visiting team lifted the Copa Libertadores in their home ground and Olimpia became the first (and, as of 2018, only) Paraguayan team to lift the Copa.

text: Pacific emergence and last Uruguayan triumphs: 1980–1989[edit]

text: Nine years after their first triumph, Nacional won their second cup in 1980 after overcoming Internacional. Despite Brazil's strong status as a football power in South America, 1981 marked only the fourth title won by a Brazilian club. Flamengo, led by stars such as Zico, Júnior, Leandro, Adílio, Nunes, Cláudio Adão, Tita and Carpegiani, sparkled as the Mengão's Golden Generation reached the pinnacle of their careers by beating Cobreloa of Chile.[31][32]

text: After 16 years of near-perennial failure, Peñarol would go on to win the cup for the fourth time in 1982 after beating the 1981 finalists in consecutive series.[7] First, the Manyas disposed of defending champions Flamengo 1–0 in the last match of the second phase at Flamengo's home ground, the famed Estádio do Maracanã. In the final, they repeated the feat, beating Cobreloa in a decisive second leg match 1–0 in Santiago. Grêmio of Porto Alegre made history by defeating Peñarol to become the champion in 1983.[33] In 1984, Independiente won their seventh cup, a record that stands today, after defeating title holders Grêmio in a final which included a 1–0 win in the first away leg, highlighting Jorge Burruchaga and a veteran Ricardo Bochini.[12]

text: Another team rose from the Pacific, as had Cobreloa. Colombian club América reached three consecutive finals in 1985, 1986 and 1987 but like Cobreloa they could not manage to win a single one. In 1985, Argentinos Juniors, a small club from the neighborhood of La Paternal in Buenos Aires, astonished South America by eliminating holders Independiente in La Doble Visera 2–1 during the last decisive match of the second round, to book a place in the final. Argentinos Juniors went on to win an unprecedented title by beating America de Cali in the play-off match via a penalty shootout.[34] After the frustrations of 1966 and 1976, River Plate reached a third final in 1986 and were crowned champions for the first time ever after winning both legs of the final series against America de Cali, 2–1 at the Estadio Pascual Guerrero and 1–0 at Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti.[35][36] Peñarol won the Cup again in 1987 after beating America de Cali 2–1 in the decisive playoff;[7] it proved to be their last hurrah in the international scene as Uruguayan football, in general, suffered a great decline at the end of the 1980s.[37] The Manyas fierce rivals, Nacional, also won one last cup in 1988 before falling from the continental limelight.

text: It was not until 1989 that a Pacific team finally broke the dominance of the established Atlantic powers. Atlético Nacional of Medellín won the final series, thus becoming the first team from Colombia to win the tournament. Atletico Nacional faced off against Olimpia losing the first leg in Asunción 2–0. Because Estadio Atanasio Girardot, their home stadium, did not have the minimum capacity CONMEBOL required to host a final, the second leg was played in Bogota's El Campín with the match ending 2–0 in favor of Atletico Nacional. Having tied the series, Atletico Nacional become that year's champions after winning a penalty shootout which required four rounds of sudden death.[38] Goalkeeper René Higuita cemented his legendary status with an outstanding performance as he stopped four of the nine Paraguayan kicks and scored one himself.[39] The 1989 edition also had another significant first: it was the first ever time that no club from Argentina, Uruguay, or Brazil managed to reach the final. That trend would continue until 1992.

text: Having led Olimpia to the 1979 title as manager, Luis Cubilla returned to the club in 1988. With the legendary goalkeeper Ever Hugo Almeida, Gabriel González, Adriano Samaniego, and star Raul Vicente Amarilla, a rejuvenated decano boasted a formidable side that promised a return to the glory days of the late 1970s. After coming up short in 1989 against Atlético Nacional, Olimpia reached the 1990 Copa Libertadores finals after defeating the defending champion in a climactic semifinal series decided on penalties. In the finals, Olimpia defeated Barcelona of Ecuador 3–1 in aggregate to win their second title.[30] Olimpia reached the 1991 Copa Libertadores finals, once again, defeating Atlético Nacional in the semifinals and facing Colo-Colo of Chile in the final. Led by Yugoslavian coach Mirko Jozić, the Chilean squad beat the defending champion 3–0. The defeat brought Olimpia's second golden era to a close.[40]

text: In 1992, São Paulo rose from being a mere great in Brazil to become an international powerhouse. Manager Telê Santana turned to the Paulistas' youth and instilled his style of quick, cheerful, and decisive football. Led by stars such as Zetti, Müller, Raí, Cafu, Palhinha, São Paulo beat Newell's Old Boys of Argentina to begin a dynasty.[41] In 1993 São Paulo successfully defended the title by thumping Universidad Católica of Chile in the finals.[41] The Brazilian side became the first club since Boca Juniors in 1978 to win 2 consecutive Copa Libertadores. Like Boca Juniors, however, they would reach another final in 1994 only to lose the title to Vélez Sársfield of Argentina in a penalty shoot-out.[42]

text: With a highly-compact tactical lineup and the goals of the formidable duo Jardel and Paulo Nunes, Grêmio won the coveted trophy again in 1995 after beating an Atlético Nacional led, once again, by the iconic figure of René Higuita.[43] Jardel finished the season as top scorer with 12 goals. The team coached by Luiz Felipe Scolari was led by defender (and captain) Adilson and the skilful midfielder Arilson. In the 1996 season, figures such as Hernán Crespo, Matías Almeyda and Enzo Francescoli helped River Plate secure its second title after defeating América de Cali in a rematch of the 1986 final.[44]

text: The Copa Libertadores stayed on Brazilian soil for the remainder of the 1990s as Cruzeiro, Vasco da Gama and Palmeiras took the spoils. The cup of 1997 pitted Cruzeiro against Peruvian club Sporting Cristal. The key breakthrough came in the second leg of the final when Cruzeiro broke the deadlock with just under 15 minutes left in a match attended by over 106,000 spectators in the Mineirão.[27] Vasco da Gama defeated Barcelona SC with ease to record their first title in 1998. The decade ended on a high note when Palmeiras and Deportivo Cali, both runners-up in the competition before, vied to become winners for the first time in 1999. The final was a dramatic back-and-forth match that went into penalties. Luiz Felipe Scolari managed to lead yet another club to victory as the Verdão won 4–3 in São Paulo.[45][46]

text: This decade proved to be a major turning point in the history of the competition as the Copa Libertadores went through a great deal of growth and change. Having long been dominated by teams from Argentina, Brazil began to overshadow their neighbors as their clubs reached eight finals and won six titles in the 1990s.[47]

text: From 1998 onwards, the Copa Libertadores was sponsored by Toyota and became known as the Copa Toyota Libertadores.[48] That same year, Mexican clubs, although affiliated to CONCACAF, started taking part in the competition thanks to quotas obtained from the Pre-Libertadores which pitted Mexican and Venezuelan clubs against each other for two slots in the group stage.[2] The tournament was expanded to 34 teams and economic incentives were introduced by an agreement between CONMEBOL and Toyota Motor Corporation.[48] All teams that advanced to the second stage of the tournament received $25,000 for their participation.[49]

text: Decade of resurgences: 2000–2009[edit]

text: During the 2000 Copa Libertadores, Boca Juniors returned to the top of the continent and raised the Copa Libertadores again after 22 years. Led by Carlos Bianchi, the Virrey, along with outstanding players like Mauricio Serna, Jorge Bermúdez, Óscar Córdoba, Juan Roman Riquelme, and Martín Palermo, among others, revitalized the club to establish it among the world's best.[50] The Xeneizes started this legacy by defeating defending champion Palmeiras in the final series.[51] Boca Juniors won the 2001 edition after, once again, defeating Palmeiras in the semifinals and Cruz Azul in the final series to successfully defend the trophy.[4][52] Cruz Azul became the first ever Mexican club to reach the final after great performances against River Plate and an inspired Rosario Central. Like their predecessors from the late 1970s however, Boca Juniors would fall short of winning three consecutive titles. As with Juan Carlos Lorenzo's men, the Xeneizes became frustrated as they were eliminated by Olimpia, this time during the quarterfinals. Led by World Cup winner-turned manager Nery Pumpido, Olimpia would overcome Grêmio (after some controversy) and surprise finalists São Caetano.[30] Despite this triumph, Olimpia did not create the winning mystique of its past golden generations and bowed out in the round of 16 the following season, after being routed by Grêmio 6–2, avenging their controversial loss from the year before.

text: The 2003 tournament became an exceptional show as many teams such as América de Cali, River Plate, Grêmio, Cobreloa, and Racing, among others, brought their best sides in generations and unexpected teams such as Independiente Medellín and Paysandu became revelations in what was, arguably, the best Copa Libertadores in history.[53] The biggest news of the competition was previous champion Santos. Qualifying to the tournament as Brazilian champion, coached by Emerson Leão and containing marvelous figures such as Renato, Alex, Léo, Ricardo Oliveira, Diego, Robinho, and Elano, the Santásticos became a symbol of entertaining and cheerful football that resembled Pelé's generation of the 1960s. Boca Juniors once again found talent in their ranks to fill the gap left by the very successful group of 2000–2001 (with upcoming stars Rolando Schiavi, Roberto Abbondanzieri and Carlos Tevez). Boca Juniors and Santos would eventually meet in a rematch of the 1963 final; Boca avenged the 1963 loss by defeating Santos in both legs of the final.[54][55] Carlos Bianchi won the Cup for a fourth time and became the most successful manager in the competition's history and Boca Juniors hailed themselves pentacampeones. Boca reached their fourth final in five tournaments in 2004 but were beaten by surprise-outfit Once Caldas of Colombia, ending Boca's dream generation.[54] Once Caldas, employing a conservative and defensive style of football, became the second Colombian side to win the competition.

text: Ruing their semifinal exit in 2004, São Paulo made an outstanding comeback in 2005 to contest the final with Atlético Paranaense. This became the first ever Copa Libertadores finals to feature two teams from the same football association;[56] The Tricolor won their third crown after thrashing Atlético Paranaense in the final leg.[41] The 2006 final was also an all-Brazilian affair, with defending champions São Paulo lining up against Internacional. Led by team captain Fernandão, the Colorados beat São Paulo 2–1 at Estádio do Morumbi and held the defending champions at a 2–2 draw at home in Porto Alegre as Internacional won their first ever title.[57][58] Internacional's arch-rivals, Grêmio, surprised many by reaching the 2007 final with a relatively young squad. However, it was not to be as Boca Juniors, reinforced by aging but still-capable players, came away with the trophy to win their sixth title.[59][60]

text: In 2008 the tournament severed its relationship with Toyota. Grupo Santander, one of the largest banks in the world, became the sponsor of the Copa Libertadores, and thus the official name changed to Copa Santander Libertadores.[48] In that season, LDU Quito became the first team from Ecuador to win the Copa Libertadores after defeating Fluminense 3–1 on penalties. Goalkeeper Jose Francisco Cevallos played a key role, saving three penalties in the final shootout in what is considered one of the best ever final series in the competition's history.[61][62] It was also the highest-scoring final in the history of the tournament. The biggest resurgence of the decade happened in the 50th edition of the Copa Libertadores and it was won by a former power that has reinvented itself. Estudiantes de La Plata, led by Juan Sebastián Verón, won their fourth title 39 long years after the successful generation of the 1960s (led by Juan Sebastián's father, Juan Ramón). The pincharatas managed to emulate their predecessors by defeating Cruzeiro 2–1 on the return leg in Belo Horizonte.[47][63]

text: Brazilian dominance: 2010–2013[edit]

text: In 2010, a spell of the competition only being won by Brazilian clubs for four years began with Internacional defeating Guadalajara.[64] In 2011, Santos won their third Copa, overcoming Peñarol by 2–1 in the final.[65] In 2012, Corinthians won the tournament undefeated, beating Boca Juniors 2–0 in the final. It was Corinthians' first title.[66] In 2013, Atlético Mineiro needed to beat Olimpia 2–0 in the second leg to take the match to penalties and did so; Victor, the goalkeeper, performed spectacularly and helped secure the title for the club. It was Atlético Mineiro's first title.[67]

text: Argentine comeback: 2014–2015[edit]

text: The Brazilian spell ended with San Lorenzo's first title, beating Nacional of Paraguay in the finals. But another trend was born, as once again a new champion was crowned, for the third consecutive year. San Lorenzo's victory was then followed by another Argentine club's victory, River Plate, winning its third title on 2015. But Atletico Nacional stopped this new trend, by beating Ecuador's Independiente del Valle on a 2-1 aggregate. The Colombian team won their second title after 27 years and one former failure attempt in 1995 against Grêmio, becoming the first pacific team to reach that achievement in the history of the tournament. The forementioned team later won the competition for the third time in its history after 22 years in 2017 after defeating CA Lanús in the final, with a 3-1 aggregate.

text: Format[edit]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Most teams qualify for the Copa Libertadores by winning half-year tournaments called the Apertura and Clausura tournaments or by finishing among the top teams in their championship.[3] The countries that use this format are Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay and Venezuela.[3] Peru and Ecuador have developed new formats for qualification to the Copa Libertadores involving several stages.[3] Brazil is the only South American league to use a European league format instead of the Apertura and Clausura format.[3] However, one berth for the Copa Libertadores can be won by winning the Copa do Brasil.[3]

text: Peru, Uruguay and Mexico formerly used a second tournament to decide qualification for the Libertadores (the "Liguilla Pre-Libertadores" between 1992 and 1997, the "Liguilla Pre-Libertadores de América" since 1974 to 2009, and the InterLiga from 2004 to 2010, respectively).[2][3] Chile still uses a competition to determine a Copa Libertadores participant, the "Liguilla para Copa Libertadores". Argentina used an analogous method only once in 1992. Since 2011, the winner of the Copa Sudamericana has qualified automatically for the following Copa Libertadores.[3][68]

text: The first, second and final stages of the competition are currently contested by the following:[3]

text:
Distribution of clubs in the Copa Libertadores

First stage

Last placed team of defending champion's association
Best non-qualified team of Copa Sudamericana
Fourth-placed team of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Runners-up of Torneo Clausura
Best non-champion Primera División season aggregate
Best non-champion Primera A season aggregate

Third-placed team of Serie A
Best non-champion Primera División season aggregate
3rd-best Torneo Descentralizado season aggregate
3rd-best Primera División season aggregate
3rd-best Primera División season aggregate
3rd-placed eligible team of Torneo Apertura

Second stage

Defending champions
Winners of the Copa Sudamericana
Six winners from the first stage
Champions of Torneo Final
Champions of Torneo Inicial
Best non-champion Primera División season aggregate
2nd-best non-champion Primera División season aggregate
Champions of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Champions of Copa do Brasil
Runners-up of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Third-placed team of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Champions of Torneo Clausura
Champions of Torneo Apertura
Champions of Campeonato Apertura
Champions of Campeonato Clausura

Champions of Torneo Apertura
Champions of Torneo Finalización
Champions of Serie A
Runners-up of Serie A
Best Primera División champion season aggregate
2nd-best Primera División champion season aggregate
Champions of Torneo Descentralizado
Runners-up of Torneo Descentralizado
Champions of Primera División
Runners-up of Primera División
Champions of Primera División Serie Final
2nd-best Primera División season aggregate
1st-placed eligible team of Torneo Apertura
2nd-placed eligible team of Torneo Apertura

Final stage

8 groups winners of the second stage

8 groups runners-up of the second stage

text: The winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores are given an additional entry if they do not qualify for the tournament through their domestic performance; however, if the title holders qualify for the tournament through their domestic performance, an additional entry is granted to the next eligible team, "replacing" the title holder.

text: If the winners of the Copa Sudamericana do not qualify for the tournament through their domestic performance, this entry will come at the expense of the last-placed team of their association.

text: Rules[edit]

text: Unlike most other competitions around the world, the Copa Libertadores historically did not use extra time, or away goals.[3] From 1960 to 1987, two-legged ties were decided on points (teams would be awarded 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss), without taking goal difference into consideration. If both teams were level on points after two legs, a third match would be played at a neutral venue. Goal difference would only come into play if the third match was drawn. If the third match did not produce an immediate winner, a penalty shootout was used to determine a winner.[3]

text: From 1988 onwards, two-legged ties were decided on points, followed by goal difference, with an immediate penalty shootout if the tie was level on aggregate after full-time in the second leg.[3] Starting with the 2005 season, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule.[3] In 2008, the finals became an exception to the away goals rule and employed extra time.[3] From 1995 onwards, the "Three points for a win" standard, a system adopted by FIFA in 1995 that places additional value on wins, was adopted in CONMEBOL, with teams now earning 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss.

text: Tournament[edit]

text: The current tournament features 38 clubs competing over a six- to eight-month period. There are three stages: the first stage, the second stage and the knockout stage.

text: The first stage involves 12 clubs in a series of two-legged knockout ties.[3] The six survivors join 26 clubs in the second stage, in which they are divided into eight groups of four.[3] The teams in each group play in a double round-robin format, with each team playing home and away games against every other team in their group.[3] The top two teams from each group are then drawn into the knockout stage, which consists of two-legged knockout ties.[3] From that point, the competition proceeds with two-legged knockout ties to quarterfinals, semifinals, and the finals.[3] Between 1960 and 1987 the previous winners did not enter the competition until the semifinal stage, making it much easier to retain the cup.[3]

text: Between 1960 and 2004, the winner of the tournament participated for the now-defunct Intercontinental Cup or (after 1980) Toyota Cup, a football competition endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, contested against the winners of the European Cup (since renamed the UEFA Champions League)[3] Since 2004, the winner has played in the Club World Cup, an international competition contested by the champion clubs from all six continental confederations. It is organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. Because Europe and South America are considered the strongest centers of the sport, the champions of those continents enter the tournament at the semifinal stage.[3] The winning team also qualifies to play in the Recopa Sudamericana, a two-legged final series against the winners of the Copa Sudamericana.[3]

text: Prizes[edit]

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The tournament shares its name with the trophy, also called the Copa Libertadores or simply la Copa, which is awarded to the Copa Libertadores winner. It was designed by goldsmith Alberto de Gasperi, an Italian-born emigrant to Peru, in Camusso Jewelry in Lima at the behest of CONMEBOL.[69] The top of the laurel is made of sterling silver, with the exception of the football player at the top (which is made of bronze with a silver coating).[70]

text: The pedestal, which contains badges from every winner of the competition, is made of hardwood plywood. The badges show the season, the full name of the winning club, and the city and nation from which the champions hail. To the left of that information is the club logo. Any club which wins three consecutive tournaments has the right to keep the trophy. Today, the current trophy is the third in the history of the competition.

text: Two clubs have kept the actual trophy after three consecutive wins:[71]

text:
Estudiantes after their third consecutive win in 1970. They won a fourth in 2009.
Independiente after their third consecutive win, and fifth overall, in 1974. They have since won it twice more, in 1975 and 1984.

text: Prize money[edit]

text: As of 2018, clubs in the Copa Libertadores receive US$400,000 for advancing into the second stage and US$600,000 per home match in the group phase. That amount is derived from television rights and stadium advertising. The payment per home match increases to US$750,000 in the round of 16.[49] The prize money then increases as each quarterfinalist receives US$950,000, US$1,350,000 is given to each semifinalist, US$3,000,000 is awarded the runner-up, and the winner earns US$6,000,000.[49]

text:
Eliminated at the first stage: US$300,000
Advanced to the second stage: US$400,000
Second stage: US$900,000
Round of 16: US$750,000
Quarter-finals: US$950,000
Semi-finals: US$1,350,000
Losing finalist: US$3,000,000
Winning the Final: US$6,000,000

text: The champions of the 2014 Copa Libertadores were awarded US$5,350,000 in prize money. The top goalscorer of the tournament received the Alberto Spencer Trophy and $30,000. The best player in the tournament received the Premio Santander and $30,000.[72][73] The Fair Play Trophy, sponsored by Samsung, was awarded for the first time in 2011 to the team with the best discipline in each season, along with $50000.[74][75]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text:
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text: The Copa Libertadores occupies an important space in South American culture. The folklore, fanfare, and organization of many competitions around the world owe its aspects to the Libertadores.

text: The "Sueño Libertador"[edit]

text: The Sueño Libertador is a promotional phrase used by sports journalism in the context of winning or attempting to win the Copa Libertadores.[76] Thus, when a team gets eliminated from the competition, it is said that the team has awakened from the liberator dream. The project normally starts after the club win one's national league (which grants them the right to compete in the following year's Copa Libertadores).

text: It is common for clubs to spend large sums of money to win the Copa Libertadores. In 1998 for example, Vasco da Gama spent $10 million to win the competition, and in 1998, Palmeiras, managed by Luiz Felipe Scolari, brought Júnior Baiano among other players, winning the 1999 Copa Libertadores. The tournament is highly regarded among its participants. In 2010, players from Guadalajara stated that they would rather play in the Copa Libertadores final than appear in a friendly against Spain, then reigning world champions,[77] and dispute their own national league.[78] Similarly, after their triumph in the 2010 Copa do Brasil, several Santos players made it known that they wished to stay at the club and participate in the 2011 Copa Libertadores, despite having multimillion-dollar contracts lined up for them at clubs participating in the UEFA Champions League, such as Chelsea of England and Lyon of France.[79]

text: Former Boca Juniors goalkeeper Óscar Córdoba has stated that the Copa Libertadores was the most prestigious trophy he won in his career (above the Argentine league, Intercontinental Cup, etc.)[80] Deco, winner of two UEFA Champions League medals with Porto and Barcelona 2004 and 2006 respectively, stated he would exchange those two victories for a Copa Libertadores triumph.[81]

text: 'La Copa se mira y no se toca'[edit]

text: Since its inception in 1960, the Copa Libertadores had predominantly been won by clubs from nations with an Atlantic coast: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Olimpia of Paraguay became the first team outside of those nations to win the Copa Libertadores when they triumphed in 1979.

text: The first club from a country with a Pacific coast to reach a final was Universitario of Lima, Peru, who lost in 1972 against Independiente of Argentina.[12] The following year, Independiente defeated Colo-Colo of Chile, another Pacific team, creating the myth that the trophy would never go to the west, giving birth to the saying, "La Copa se mira y no se toca" (Spanish: The Cup is to be seen, not to be touched).[12] Unión Española became the third Pacific team to reach the final in 1975, although they also lost to Independiente.[12] Atletico Nacional of Medellín, Colombia, won the Copa Libertadores in 1989, becoming the first nation with a Pacific coastline to win the tournament.[38] In 1990 and 1998 Barcelona Sporting Club, of Ecuador also made it to final but lost both finals to Olimpia and Vasco da Gama respectively.

text: Other clubs from nations with Pacific coastlines to have won the competition are Colo-Colo of Chile in 1991, Once Caldas of Colombia in 2004, and LDU Quito of Ecuador in 2008. Atletico Nacional of Colombia in 2016, it was their second title. Particular mockery was used from Argentinian teams to Chilean teams for never having obtained the Copa Libertadores, so after Colo-Colo's triumph in 1991 a new phrase saying "la copa se mira y se toca" (Spanish: The Cup is seen and touched) was implemented in Chile.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Like the FIFA World Cup, nowadays the Copa Libertadores is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations. However, unlike the World Cup, the competition has a single, main sponsor for naming rights; it is currently primarily sponsored by Bridgestone Corporation. This sponsorship deal for naming rights is for a period of 5 years and began with the 2012 edition.[48] Thus, the competition is known officially as the '"Copa Bridgestone Libertadores'".

text: The first major sponsor was Toyota Motor Corporation, who signed a 10-year contract with CONMEBOL in 1997.[82] The second major sponsor was Banco Santander, who signed a 5-year contract with CONMEBOL in 2008.

text: Many secondary sponsors have invested in the tournament as well. Nike supplies the official match ball, as they do for all other CONMEBOL competitions.[83] Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Copa Libertadores video game.[84][85] This was the first video game to feature the competition.[86] Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Copa Libertadores.[3]

text: The tournament's current secondary sponsors and brands advertised (in italic) are:

text:
Santander Group[87]
Banco Santander[87]
Pasión Libertadores[87]
Fox Sports[87]
Fox Sports en Latinoamérica[87]
Fox Sports Brasil
Fox Deportes[87]
Heineken International
Cristal
Kaiser
Schneider
Tecate

Konami[84]
Pro Evolution Soccer[84]
Medley
Makita
McDonald's
Nike[83]
Samsung
Toyota[87]
Visa[87]

text: Ambassador[edit]

text: Pelé, regarded by many football historians, former players and fans to be the best footballer in the game's history,[88] is the ambassador of the Copa Libertadores, having won the competition with Santos twice.[89] In 1999, he was voted as the Football Player of the Century by the IFFHS International Federation of Football History and Statistics. In the same year, French weekly magazine France-Football consulted their former "Ballon D'Or" winners to elect the Football Player of the Century. Pelé came in first place.[90] In 1999 the International Olympic Committee named Pelé the "Athlete of the Century".[91]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The tournament attracts television audiences beyond South America, Mexico and Spain. Matches are broadcast in over 135 countries, with commentary in more than 30 languages, and thus the Copa is often considered as one of the most watched sports events on TV;[92] Fox Sports en Latinoamérica, for example, reaches more than 25 million households in the Americas.[93] The 2009 edition saw over 1 billion television spectators in total tune in for the competition.[89] Torneos y Competencias is a secondary sponsor that sponsors the television broadcasts of the Copa Libertadores.[3] Setanta Sports Australia broadcasts live Copa Libertadores matches in Australia.

text: Match ball[edit]

text: The current match ball for the Copa Libertadores is the Ordem 5 Libertadores, manufactured by Nike.[83] It is one of the many balls produced by the American sports equipment maker for CONMEBOL, replacing the Ordem 4 ball used during 2017. The ball, approved by FIFA and weighing approximately 422 g, has a spherical shape that allows the ball to fly faster, farther, and more accurately.[83] According to Nike, the ball's geometric precision distributes pressure evenly across panels and around the ball. The compressed polyethylene layer stores energy from impact and releases it at launch, and the 6-wing carbon-latex air chamber improves acceleration.[83]

text: Another feature of the ball is its rubber layer; it was designed to allow a better response while retaining the impact energy and releases it in the coup.[83] Its support material of cross-linked nitrogen-expanded foam improves its retention and durability of its shape.[83] Polyester support fabric enhances structure and stability. The asymmetrical high-contrast graphic around the ball creates an optimal flicker as the ball rotates for a more powerful visual signal, allowing the player to more easily identify and track the ball.[83]

text: Official anthem[edit]

text:
Copa Libertadores anthem

A section of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral", the Copa Libertadores' official theme. It is played before and after every match on live television.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The official anthem of the Copa Libertadores is a section of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral".[94] The famous choral finale is Beethoven's musical representation of Universal Brotherhood.[95] The piece is a non-literal adaptation of An die Freude (English: Ode to Joy) by Friedrich Schiller, who Beethoven admired.[96] The anthem's chorus is played before the beginning and the end of television broadcasts of the matches in the Copa Libertadores.[94] The piece is also played during the draw of teams at the beginning of each edition.[97] It is also played during the awarding ceremony.

text: Records and statistics[edit]

text: Winning clubs[edit]

text:
Performance in the Copa Libertadores finals by club

Club

Won

Lost

Years won

Years lost

 Independiente
7
0
1964, 1965, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1984
—

 Boca Juniors
6
4
1977, 1978, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007
1963, 1979, 2004, 2012

 Peñarol
5
5
1960, 1961, 1966, 1982, 1987
1962, 1965, 1970, 1983, 2011

 Estudiantes
4
1
1968, 1969, 1970, 2009
1971

 Olimpia
3
4
1979, 1990, 2002
1960, 1989, 1991, 2013

 Nacional
3
3
1971, 1980, 1988
1964, 1967, 1969

 São Paulo
3
3
1992, 1993, 2005
1974, 1994, 2006

 Grêmio
3
2
1983, 1995, 2017
1984, 2007

 River Plate
3
2
1986, 1996, 2015
1966, 1976

 Santos
3
1
1962, 1963, 2011
2003

 Cruzeiro
2
2
1976, 1997
1977, 2009

 Internacional
2
1
2006, 2010
1980

 Atlético Nacional
2
1
1989, 2016
1995

 Palmeiras
1
3
1999
1961, 1968, 2000

 Colo-Colo
1
1
1991
1973

 Racing
1
0
1967
—

 Flamengo
1
0
1981
—

 Argentinos Juniors
1
0
1985
—

 Vélez Sársfield
1
0
1994
—

 Vasco da Gama
1
0
1998
—

 Once Caldas
1
0
2004
—

 LDU Quito
1
0
2008
—

 Corinthians
1
0
2012
—

 Atlético Mineiro
1
0
2013
—

 San Lorenzo
1
0
2014
—

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country

Won

Runner-up

 Argentina

24

10

 Brazil

18

15

 Uruguay

8

8

 Colombia

3

7

 Paraguay

3

5

 Chile

1

5

 Ecuador

1

3

 Mexico

0

3

 Peru

0

2

 Bolivia

0

0

 Venezuela

0

0

text: Top scorers[edit]

text:
Rank

Country

Player

Goals

Games

Goal Ratio

Debut

Clubs

1

Alberto Spencer

54

87

0.62

1960

 Peñarol Barcelona

2

Fernando Morena

37

77

0.48

1973

 Peñarol

3

Pedro Rocha

36

88

0.41

1962

 Peñarol São Paulo Palmeiras

4

Daniel Onega

31

47

0.66

1966

 River Plate

5

Julio Morales

30

76

0.39

1966

 Nacional

6

Antony de Ávila

29

94

0.31

1983

 América de Cali Barcelona

Juan Carlos Sarnari

29

62

0.47

1966

 River Plate Universidad Católica Universidad de Chile Santa Fe

Luizão

29

43

0.67

1998

 Vasco da Gama Corinthians Grêmio São Paulo

9

Juan Carlos Sánchez

26

53

0.49

1973

 Jorge Wilstermann Blooming San Jose

Luis Artime

26

40

0.65

1966

 Independiente Nacional

text: Most appearances[edit]

text:
Rank

Country

Player

Appearances

Goals

From

To

Clubs

1

Ever Hugo Almeida

113

0

1973

1990

Olimpia

2

Antony de Ávila

94

29

1983

1998

América, Barcelona

3

Vladimir Soria

93

4

1986

2000

Bolívar

4

Willington Ortiz

92

19

1973

1988

Millonarios, América, Deportivo Cali

5

Rogério Ceni

90

14

2004

2015

São Paulo

6

Pedro Rocha

88

36

1962

1979

Peñarol, São Paulo, Palmeiras

7

Alberto Spencer

87

54

1960

1972

Peñarol, Barcelona

Carlos Borja

87

11

1979

1997

Bolívar

9

Juan Battaglia

85

22

1978

1990

Cerro Porteño, América

10

Álex Escobar

83

14

1985

2000

América, Liga de Quito


document_title: Eddie the Eagle (film)

question_text: who played warren sharp in eddie the eagle

text: Eddie the Eagle (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1973, ten-year-old Eddie Edwards dreams of Olympic glory, practicing in various Olympic events and failing miserably. His mother unconditionally supports him, while his father constantly discourages him. As a young teen, he gives up his dream of participating in the Summer Games in favour of skiing in the Winter Games. Although successful at the sport, he is rejected by British Olympic officials for being uncouth. Realizing he could make the team as a ski jumper (a sport in which the United Kingdom had not participated in six decades), he decamps to a training facility in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The more seasoned jumpers, specifically those on the Norwegian team, belittle him.

text: He self-trains, and after successfully completing the 15-metre (49 ft) hill on his first try, he injures himself on his first try from a 40-metre (130 ft) hill. Alcoholic snow groomer Bronson Peary encourages Eddie to give up, but Eddie's tenacious spirit and shared feelings of ostracism by the other jumpers there convince him to train Eddie. Peary is a former champion American ski jumper who left the sport in his 20s after a conflict with his mentor, famous ski jumper Warren Sharp, which Eddie learns from Petra, the kindly owner of a nearby tavern. With very little time to qualify for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Eddie and Bronson employ various unorthodox methods to condition and refine Eddie's form, and he successfully completes the 40m hill.

text: To qualify for the British Olympic division in ski jumping, Eddie only needs to complete a jump from a 70-metre (230 ft) hill in order to qualify for the Winter Olympics. Not long after, he manages to land the jump successfully, with a distance of 34 metres (112 ft), thus winning a place on the British Olympic Team. However, the officials, in an effort to keep Eddie from sullying the Winter Games with his amateurish skillset, decide to change the rules and demand that he jump at least 61 metres (200 ft). Though discouraged, Eddie decides to continue training and performs on a circuit, his jumps increasing in length each time, but unable to meet the Olympic requirements. During a practice jump at the final event before the cutoff date for qualification, he lands a 61m jump exactly, but on his official jump, he falls and is disqualified. Eddie is devastated and resolves to return home to work with his father as a plasterer, but he receives a letter claiming that his qualifying practice jump is valid, and he happily tells Bronson that he's eligible to compete in the Winter Olympics. Bronson tries to dissuade him, promising that he will make a complete fool of himself and his country if he goes, but Eddie is undeterred, noting that competing in the Olympics was always enough for him.

text: Upon arriving in Calgary, he receives instant scorn from the other British athletes, who get him drunk and nearly provoke him into fighting after he is subsequently absent from the opening ceremonies. Despite finishing last in the 70m jump with 60.5 metres (198 ft), Eddie sets a British record. His triumphant celebrations win the audience over, and the media embrace him as Eddie "The Eagle". Over the phone, Bronson criticises Edwards for not taking the sport seriously. Edwards publicly apologizes to the press for his antics, and wanting to ensure he does not leave the games as little more than a novelty, he enters the 90-metre (300 ft) jump, which he had never attempted before. Bronson decides to travel to the games and support him. After an encouraging conversation with his idol Matti "The Flying Finn" Nykänen on the lift to the top of the hill, Eddie barely manages to land a 71.5-metre (235 ft) jump. Once again, he scores last in the event, but is nonetheless cheered by the audience as well as millions around the world, which includes a playful salute in the closing speech of the President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games, Frank King. British Olympic officials grudgingly accept him.

text: Warren Sharp reconciles with Bronson, who was present, and Edwards returns home a national hero to the cheers of his fans at the airport, his mother rushes to him embracing him. And as Eddie looks to his father, he reveals a jumper declaring his support before then embracing Eddie as well.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Taron Egerton as Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards

text:
Tom Costello as 10-year-old Eddie Edwards
Jack Costello as 15-year-old Eddie Edwards

text:
Hugh Jackman as Bronson Peary[5]
Christopher Walken as Warren Sharp[6]
Iris Berben as Petra
Mark Benton[7] as Richmond, a BOA official
Keith Allen as Terry
Jo Hartley as Janette Edwards
Ania Sowinski as Clarrie
Tim McInnerny as Dustin Target
Edvin Endre as Matti "The Flying Finn" Nykänen
Marc Benjamin as Lars Holbin
Jim Broadbent as a BBC commentator
Daniel Ings as Zach
Rune Temte as Bjørn, a Norwegian coach

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Eddie the Eagle is a co-production of Marv Films (UK), Studio Babelsberg (Germany) and Saville Productions (US).[8][9][10] In March 2015, it was announced that 20th Century Fox had acquired the film, with Taron Egerton[11] and Hugh Jackman starring and Dexter Fletcher directing, from a screenplay by Sean Macaulay and Simon Kelton.[12][13][14] Egerton would portray Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards, while Jackman would portray Bronson Peary, his coach; Jackman's character was confirmed as fictional by Eddie Edwards.[15][16] It was also announced that Matthew Vaughn, who produced Kingsman: The Secret Service, would reunite with the studio, serving as a producer on the film, while Adam Bohling, David Reid, Rupert Maconick and Valerie Van Galde would also serve as producers.[12] That same month, it was announced that Christopher Walken had joined the film, portraying the role of Jackman's character's mentor.[6]

text: The film received funds of €2.2 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF).[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria, in Seefeld in Tirol, at the Pinewood Studios and in London from 9 March to 3 May 2015.[18] Dry slope scenes were filmed at a dry ski slope in Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.

text: Release[edit]

text: In March 2015, it was announced 20th Century Fox would distribute the film in the United States of America. The studio set 29 April 2016 for the release of the film.[12] That same month, it was announced that Lionsgate had acquired United Kingdom distribution rights to the film, with a spring 2016 release planned.[19] In October 2015, Lionsgate set a release date for the film for 1 April 2016.[20] The date was then moved forward to 28 March 2016. The same month, it was announced that the film had delayed to 26 February in the United States.[21] The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as a "Surprise Screening" on 26 January 2016.[4]. The subsequent London premiere took place on 17 March, 2016.[22]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Fly (Songs Inspired by the Film Eddie the Eagle), curated by Gary Barlow, was released on 18 March 2016. It features new songs by Tony Hadley, Marc Almond, Holly Johnson, Paul Young, Kim Wilde, Andy Bell, Midge Ure, Nik Kershaw, ABC, Deacon Blue, Van Halen, Go West, Howard Jones, OMD and Heaven 17. It is an album of new studio recordings and original songs, curated by Barlow at the behest of producer Matthew Vaughn.[23]

text: Eddie the Eagle (Original Motion Picture Score) was released a week before the curated album above, and features the film's original score by Matthew Margeson.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Eddie the Eagle grossed a worldwide total of $46.1 million. In the UK, it grossed $12.8m making it the highest grossing British film released in the UK in 2016.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 80% based on 167 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Eddie the Eagle's amiable sweetness can't disguise its story's many inspirational clichés – but for many viewers, it will be more than enough to make up for them."[24] On Metacritic the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on reviews from 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "Eddie the Eagle is designed for audiences who will throw their weight behind the film’s schmaltz and sentimentality. Anyone unwilling to commit to the movie’s shamelessness will feel like they’ve hit the ground headfirst."[27] KenyaBuzz called it a must-watch saying it is "positively impetuous and unbearably affectionate."[28] A reviewer who attended the events in which the real Eddie competed, wrote "three generations of my family loved this film. You can't believe most of it, but you can believe in it. That's a subtle but important difference."[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Empire Awards
19 March 2017
Best British Film
Eddie the Eagle
Nominated
[30]

Golden Tomato Awards
12 January 2017
Best British Movie 2016
Eddie the Eagle
5th Place
[31]

Golden Trailer Awards
4 May 2016
Best Animation Family
"Sport"
Nominated
[32]

Teen Choice Awards
31 July 2016
Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Taron Egerton
Nominated
[33]


document_title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

question_text: who played the kanamit in the twilight zone

text: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: Opening narration[edit]

text:
“
Respectfully submitted for your perusal – a Kanamit. Height: a little over nine feet. Weight: in the neighborhood of three hundred and fifty pounds. Origin: unknown. Motives? Therein hangs the tale, for in just a moment, we're going to ask you to shake hands, figuratively, with a Christopher Columbus from another galaxy and another time. This is the Twilight Zone.
”

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Kanamits, a race of 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) aliens, land on Earth. One of them addresses the United Nations via telepathy, announcing that his race's motive in coming to Earth is to aid humanity by sharing their advanced technology. After answering questions, the Kanamit departs and leaves a book in the Kanamit language without comment, which leads Michael Chambers, a US government cryptographer, to be pressed into service.

text: Initially wary of an alien race who came "quite uninvited", international leaders begin to be persuaded of the Kanamits' benevolence when their advanced technology puts an end to hunger, energy shortages, and nuclear proliferation. Trust in the Kanamits seems to be justified when Patty, a member of the cryptography staff led by Chambers, decodes the title of the Kanamit book: To Serve Man. The Kanamits submit to interrogation and polygraph, at the request of the UN delegates. When declaring their benevolent intentions, the polygraph indicates that the Kanamit is speaking the truth.

text: Soon, humans are volunteering for trips to the Kanamits' home planet, which they describe as a paradise. Kanamits now have embassies in every major city on Earth. With the Cold War ended, the code-breaking staff has no real work to do, but Patty is still trying to work out the meaning of the text of To Serve Man.

text: The day arrives for Chambers's excursion to the Kanamits' planet. Just as he mounts the spaceship's boarding stairs, Patty runs toward him in great agitation. While being held back by a Kanamit guard, Patty cries: "Mr. Chambers, don't get on that ship! The rest of the book To Serve Man, it's... it's a cookbook!" Chambers tries to run back down the stairs, but a Kanamit blocks him, the stairs retract, and the ship lifts off.

text: Michael Chambers's ship quarters are a cot in a spartan interior. A voice offers him a choice of dish at all the regular meal times. Each time he refuses food with increasing irritation. At last he says to the audience: "How about you? You still on Earth, or on the ship with me? Really doesn't make very much difference, because sooner or later, all of us will be on the menu... all of us." The episode closes as he gives in and breaks his hunger strike.

text: Closing narration[edit]

text:
“
The recollections of one Michael Chambers with appropriate flashbacks and soliloquy. Or more simply stated, the evolution of man. The cycle of going from dust to dessert. The metamorphosis from being the ruler of a planet to an ingredient in someone's soup. It's tonight's bill of fare from the Twilight Zone.
”

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lloyd Bochner as Michael Chambers
Richard Kiel as Kanamit (also playing all of the other Kanamits)
Susan Cummings as Patty
Joseph Ruskin as Kanamit voice
Hardie Albright as Secretary General
Theo Marcuse as Citizen Gregori (credited as Theodore Marcuse)
Bartlett Robinson as Colonel #1
Carleton Young as Colonel #2 (credited as Carlton Young)
Nelson Olmsted as Scientist
Robert Tafur as Señor Valdes
Lomax Study as Leveque
Jerry Fujikawa as Japanese Delegate (credited as J.H. Fujikawa)

text: Production[edit]

text: The arriving Kanamit ship is shown as scenes extracted from The Day the Earth Stood Still, but with different sound; the departing Kanamit ship is shown as a scene extracted from Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, also with different sound.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Marc Scott Zicree, writing in The Twilight Zone Companion, has criticized a cardinal plot point in "To Serve Man": "In the show ... a staff of cryptographers led by [Michael Chambers] Lloyd Bochner attempts to decipher the alien language as though it were some secret code, which is utterly ludicrous. Without some sort of interplanetary Rosetta stone, deciphering an unknown language would be impossible." Zicree also points out that the chances of the word "serve" having the same dual meaning in both English and another language, especially an alien one, are almost nil.

text: In 1997 TV Guide ranked the episode at No. 11 on its "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time" list[5] and in 2013 ranked the ending as the "Greatest Twist of All Time."[6] In 2009, Time listed the episode among the "Top 10 Twilight Zone Episodes."[7]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: An unofficial badge of the 509th Bomb Wing based in Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri shows a space alien with huge eyes holding a stealth bomber near its mouth. The text reads, "To Serve Man," and the caption below reads, "Gustatus Similis Pullus"—dog Latin for "Tastes Like Chicken".[8]

text: The plot device of the alien cookbook is parodied in the segment "Hungry Are the Damned" on The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror" (1990). In the segment, the seemingly benevolent aliens Kang and Kodos are discovered to have a book titled "How to Cook Humans".[9] The humour is played up by a series of reversals in revealing the actual title of the book. What begins as "How to Cook Humans", through a series of repeated blowing of "space dust" from the book, becomes "How to Cook for Humans", "How to Cook Forty Humans", and finally "How to Cook for Forty Humans". Ultimately, the trope is subverted, as Lisa later comments on their suspicious attitude towards the aliens: "Truly there were monsters on that ship, and truly we were them."

text: In the Futurama episode "A Fishful of Dollars" (season 1, episode 6), Bender is shown wearing an apron that says "To Serve Man".[10]

text: The American heavy metal band Nuclear Assault featured a song of the same title on their 1993 album "Something Wicked". The lyrics focus around the same theme.

text: American deathgrind band Cattle Decapitation has a 2002 album of the same name.