document_title: List of career achievements by Tiger Woods

question_text: when's the last time tiger woods won the us open

question_tokens: when 's the last time tiger woods won the us open

root

text: Career records and statistics[edit]

text:
Woods has won 79 official PGA Tour events, second only to Sam Snead (82), and six ahead of  Jack Nicklaus's 73 wins. (See List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins.)
Woods has won 14 majors, second all time behind Jack Nicklaus' 18.
Woods is 14–1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead.
Woods scoring average in 2000 is the lowest in PGA Tour history, both adjusted, 67.79, and unadjusted, 68.17.[1]
Woods has the lowest career scoring average in PGA Tour history.
Woods has amassed the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history (even after inflation is considered).
Woods is one of five players (along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus) to have won all four professional major championships in his career, known as the Career Grand Slam, and was the youngest to do so.[2]
Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row, accomplishing the feat in the 2000–2001 seasons. This feat became known as the "Tiger Slam".
Woods set the all-time PGA Tour record for most consecutive cuts made, with 142. The streak started in 1998, he set the record at the 2003 Tour Championship with 114 (passing Byron Nelson's previous record of 113 and Jack Nicklaus at 105) and extended this mark to 142 before it ended on May 13, 2005 at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship. Many consider this to be one of the most remarkable golf accomplishments of all time, given the margin by which he broke the old record and given that during the streak, the next longest streak by any other player was usually only in the 10s or 20s.[3][4][5][6]  It should be noted that when Byron Nelson played far fewer players made the cut in a given event.[citation needed]
Woods has won a record 25.2% (79 out of 313) of his professional starts on the PGA Tour.
Woods is the only golfer to have won the U.S. Amateur three consecutive times (1994–96).

tag: ol

text: Awards records[edit]

text:
Woods has been the PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times.
Woods has been the PGA Tour Player of the Year a record eleven times.
Woods has been the PGA Tour Money Leader a record ten times.
Woods has been the Vardon Trophy winner a record nine times.
Woods has been the recipient of the Byron Nelson Award a record nine times.

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Woods owns a 54–4 record when holding at least a share of the lead after 54 holes,[7] and 42–2 record when holding the outright lead.[8]
Woods has only lost once when leading by more than one shot after 54 holes. Yang Yong-eun began the final round of the 2009 PGA Championship two strokes behind Woods and defeated him by three strokes.
Woods has a 37–11 record when leading after 36 holes in Tour events, including an 8–3 record in majors.[7]
Woods has won 12 tournaments wire-to-wire, including seven times while holding the lead outright after each round: 2000 U.S. Open, 2000 PGA Championship (tied after 1st and 4th rounds), 2000 WGC-NEC Invitational, 2002 Bay Hill Invitational (tied after 1st round), 2002 U.S. Open, 2002 WGC-American Express Championship, 2003 Western Open, 2005 Open Championship, 2005 WGC-NEC Invitational (tied after 1st, 2nd and 3rd rounds), 2006 Ford Championship at Doral (tied after 2nd round), 2006 WGC-American Express Championship, 2013 WGC-Cadillac Championship (tied after 1st round)
Woods has successfully defended a title 24 times on the PGA Tour, has finished runner-up 29 times, and third place 19 times.
Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings.
Woods holds the PGA Tour record for most consecutive rounds at par or better with 52. The streak began in the second round of the 2000 GTE Byron Nelson Classic and ended in the second round of the 2001 Phoenix Open. When including non-PGA Tour events, the streak was 66.[9]
Woods' win at the 2005 Open Championship made him only the second golfer (after Nicklaus) to have won all four majors more than once. With his win in the 2008 U.S. Open, Woods joined Nicklaus as the only golfers to win each major at least three times.
Woods holds at least a share of the scoring record in relation to par in one major (The Masters), and also holds the margin of victory record in two majors (The Masters and the U.S. Open).
Woods' victory at the 2006 WGC-American Express Championship, he became the first player in PGA Tour history to win at least eight times in three different seasons.
Woods' victory in the Buick Invitational in January 2007 placed him 2nd for the longest PGA Tour win streak at 7 (consecutive wins in PGA events entered), trailing only Nelson's streak of 11 wins in 1945.
Woods became the first golfer to win five PGA Tour events five or more times at the 2009 BMW Championship. In order of his accomplishment: WGC-CA Championship, WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Buick Invitational, Arnold Palmer Invitational, and BMW Championship.
Woods' win at the U.S. Open in 2008 made him the sixth person to win the U.S. Open three or more times, the first person to win a PGA Tour tournament on the same course seven times, and the first person to win two tournaments at the same golf course in the same season.
Woods has hit a combined total eighteen holes-in-one in the course of his lifetime—his first at the age of six. Three have come in PGA Tour competition, at the 1996 Greater Milwaukee Open, 1997 Phoenix Open, and 1998 Sprint International.[10]
Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row.

text: Major championships[edit]

text: Wins (14)[edit]

text:
Year
Championship
54 holes
Winning score
Margin
Runner(s)-up

1997
Masters Tournament
9 shot lead
−18 (70-66-65-69=270)
12 strokes
 Tom Kite

1999
PGA Championship
Tied for lead
−11 (70-67-68-72=277)
1 stroke
 Sergio García

2000
U.S. Open
10 shot lead
−12 (65-69-71-67=272)
15 strokes
 Ernie Els,  Miguel Ángel Jiménez

2000
The Open Championship
6 shot lead
−19 (67-66-67-69=269)
8 strokes
 Thomas Bjørn,  Ernie Els

2000
PGA Championship  (2)
1 shot lead
−18 (66-67-70-67=270)
Playoff1
 Bob May

2001
Masters Tournament  (2)
1 shot lead
−16 (70-66-68-68=272)
2 strokes
 David Duval

2002
Masters Tournament  (3)
Tied for lead
−12 (70-69-66-71=276)
3 strokes
 Retief Goosen

2002
U.S. Open  (2)
4 shot lead
−3 (67-68-70-72=277)
3 strokes
 Phil Mickelson

2005
Masters Tournament  (4)
3 shot lead
−12 (74-66-65-71=276)
Playoff2
 Chris DiMarco

2005
The Open Championship  (2)
2 shot lead
−14 (66-67-71-70=274)
5 strokes
 Colin Montgomerie

2006
The Open Championship  (3)
1 shot lead
−18 (67-65-71-67=270)
2 strokes
 Chris DiMarco

2006
PGA Championship  (3)
Tied for lead
−18 (69-68-65-68=270)
5 strokes
 Shaun Micheel

2007
PGA Championship  (4)
3 shot lead
−8 (71-63-69-69=272)
2 strokes
 Woody Austin

2008
U.S. Open  (3)
1 shot lead
−1 (72-68-70-73=283)
Playoff3
 Rocco Mediate

tag: table

text:
1Defeated May in three-hole aggregate playoff by 1 stroke: Woods (3-4-5=12), May (4-4-5=13)
2Defeated DiMarco in a sudden-death playoff: Woods (3) and DiMarco (4).
3Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18-hole playoff was tied at even par 71

tag: p

text: Records and trivia[edit]

text:
In all of his major victories, he has had the outright lead or a share of the lead at the end of the third round. He has had the outright lead or a share of the lead 11 times at the end of the second round and has only lost three times.
Woods holds at least a share of the record for lowest 72-hole score in relation to par in one of the four majors. Note that the "to par" and "low 72-holes" records are not always the same because, while most championship golf courses have a par of 72, or 288 for four rounds, some have a par of 71 or 70.
Woods is the only player to have won multiple professional majors in consecutive years, 2005 and 2006. Bobby Jones won multiple majors in consecutive years in 1926 and 1927, when the U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were both considered majors.[11]
Woods has won two or more majors in a year four times. He trails only Jack Nicklaus, who won two majors in a season five times (1963, '66, '72, '75 and '80).[12]

tag: ul

text:
Woods, Nicklaus, Jordan Spieth and Rickie Fowler are the only players to have finished in the top 5 in all four majors in a year. Woods and Nicklaus have both achieved this twice: Woods in 2000 and 2005, and Nicklaus in 1971 and 1973. Fowler joined the list in 2014 and Spieth in 2015.
Woods and Bobby Jones are the only golfers to have won 10 majors before the age of 30. Jones achieved 13 majors in 21 attempts, (winning percentage 62%), while Woods achieved 10 wins in 44 attempts (a 23% winning ratio).[13]

text:
Woods is only the second player all-time to win three major championships in a calendar year (2000) winning the U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship respectively, along with Ben Hogan who accomplished this feat in (1953) with The Masters, the U.S. Open, and The Open Championships.
Woods is the second player to have won the career grand slam three times along with Jack Nicklaus. Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row.
The last: Masters (2005), US Open (2000), Open Championship (2005), and PGA (2000), Jack Nicklaus played in; were all won by Tiger Woods.

text: Masters Tournament[edit]

text:
−18 (270), 1997 (outright to-par and low 72 holes record), tied by Jordan Spieth in 2015
Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the Masters: 12 strokes (1997)
Woods became the youngest winner in 1997 at the age of 21 years, 104 days
His win made him the first winner of The Masters, or any other (under-50) men's major, of African or Asian descent. He, the Indian Fijian Vijay Singh, and the South Korean Yang Yong-eun are the only winners of any major of such descent. The only other major winner whose primary ethnic heritage is undeniably non-European is 2005 U.S. Open champion Michael Campbell, a Māori from New Zealand.
After a front-nine 40 in the first round, Woods played the final 63 holes 22-under par
He played 72 holes without a single three-putt
Woods set a record with the lowest back-to-back total for two rounds: 131 (65-66)

text: U.S. Open[edit]

text:
Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the U.S. Open: 15 strokes (2000) (this is the record for all majors).
Also in 2000, Woods became the first player to finish a U.S. Open at double digits under par. (In 1992, Gil Morgan was the first ever to be double digits under par at any stage of a U.S. Open, but failed to finish in double digits under par, and indeed failed to win that event, with Tom Kite winning instead.)
Woods was the only player to finish under par at the following U.S. Opens:
2000 at Pebble Beach Golf Links: -12
2002 at Bethpage State Park, Black Course: -3
With his win in 2008, Woods equaled Jack Nicklaus' feat of winning each major at least three times.

text: The Open Championship[edit]

text:
Woods shares the record for largest margin of victory at a post-1900 Open Championship: 8 strokes (2000)
Woods became the fifth player to achieve the Career Grand Slam, and the youngest player (24 years, 206 days) to do so, breaking the mark held by Nicklaus (26 years, 6 months at the 1966 British Open)
He became the fastest to win all four majors – in his 93rd sanctioned tournament, compared with 125 for Nicklaus
He became the youngest to win a fourth major championship, breaking the mark held by Nicklaus (25 years, 80 days at the 1965 Masters)
In 2006, Woods became the first player to win the Open Championship in back-to-back years since Tom Watson in 1982–83
He became the first golfer since Watson in 1982 to win the U.S. and British Opens in the same year

text: PGA Championship[edit]

text:
With his 2006 PGA Championship win, Woods became the only golfer to have won all 4 majors by at least 5 strokes
Woods is the only player in the stroke-play era (since 1958) to repeat as PGA champion.
Woods' wins at Medinah in 1999 and 2006 make him the only player to win the PGA Championship twice on the same course.
Second round 63 in the 2007 PGA Championship tied the record for second lowest single-round score in major championship history
Woods is the only player to win the PGA Championship back-to-back on two different occasions: 1999–2000 and 2006–2007.

text: Results timeline[edit]

text:
Tournament
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Masters Tournament

T41 LA

CUT

1

T8

T18

5

1

1

T15

T22

1

T3

T2

2

T6

T4

T4

T40

T4

T17

T32

U.S. Open

WD

T82

T19

T18

T3

1

T12

1

T20

T17

2

CUT

T2

1

T6

T4

T21

T32

CUT

CUT

The Open Championship

T68

T22 LA

T24

3

T7

1

T25

T28

T4

T9

1

1

T12

CUT

T23

T3

T6

69

CUT

PGA Championship

T29

T10

1

1

T29

2

T39

T24

T4

1

1

2

T28

CUT

T11

T40

CUT

CUT

text:
LA = Low amateur
CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Starts – 78 (71 as a professional)
Wins – 14
2nd-place finishes – 6
Top 3 finishes – 24
Top 5 finishes – 31
Top 10 finishes – 38
Top 25 finishes – 55
Cuts missed – 9 (7 as a professional)
Longest streak of wins – 4 (record)
Longest streak of top-5s – 6
Longest streak of top-10s – 8
Longest streak of top-25s – 15

text: World Golf Championships[edit]

text: Wins (18)[edit]

text:
Year
Championship
54 holes
Winning score
Margin
Runner(s)-up

1999

WGC-NEC Invitational

5 shot lead

−10 (66-71-62-71=270)

1 stroke

 Phil Mickelson

1999

WGC-American Express Championship

1 shot deficit

–6 (71-69-70-68=278)

Playoff 1

 Miguel Ángel Jiménez

2000

WGC-NEC Invitational (2)

9 shot lead

−21 (64-61-67-67=259)

11 strokes

 Justin Leonard,  Phillip Price

2001

WGC-NEC Invitational (3)

2 shot deficit

−12 (66-67-66-69=268)

Playoff 2

 Jim Furyk

2002

WGC-American Express Championship (2)

5 shot lead

−25 (65-65-67-66=263)

1 stroke

 Retief Goosen

2003

WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship

n/a

2 & 1

n/a

 David Toms

2003

WGC-American Express Championship (3)

2 shot lead

−6 (67-66-69-72=274)

2 strokes

 Stuart Appleby,  Tim Herron,  Vijay Singh

2004

WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship (2)

n/a

3 & 2

n/a

 Davis Love III

2005

WGC-NEC Invitational (4)

Tied for lead

−6 (66-70-67-71=274)

1 stroke

 Chris DiMarco

2005

WGC-American Express Championship (4)

2 shot deficit

−10 (67-68-68-67=270)

Playoff 3

 John Daly

2006

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational (5)

1 shot deficit

−10 (67-64-71-68=270)

Playoff 4

 Stewart Cink

2006

WGC-American Express Championship (5)

6 shot lead

−23 (63-64-67-67=261)

8 strokes

 Ian Poulter,  Adam Scott

2007

WGC-CA Championship (6)

4 shot lead

−10 (71-66-68-73=278)

2 strokes

 Brett Wetterich

2007

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational (6)

1 shot deficit

−8 (68-70-69-65=272)

8 strokes

 Justin Rose,  Rory Sabbatini

2008

WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship (3)

n/a

8 & 7

n/a

 Stewart Cink

2009

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational (7)

3 shot deficit

−12 (68-70-65-65=268)

4 strokes

 Robert Allenby,  Pádraig Harrington

2013

WGC-Cadillac Championship (7)

4 shot lead

−19 (66-65-67-71=269)

2 strokes

 Steve Stricker

2013

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational (8)

7 shot lead

−15 (66-61-68-70=265)

7 strokes

 Keegan Bradley,  Henrik Stenson

text:
1 Won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff
2 Won on the seventh hole of a sudden-death playoff
3 Won on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff
4 Won on the fourth hole of a sudden-death playoff

text: Records[edit]

text:
Won at least one World Golf Championships event every year from 1999 to 2009.
All-time wins leader in World Golf Championships events (41.9% win rate).
All-time money leader in World Golf Championships events.
Won the WGC-World Cup with David Duval in 2000, an unofficial money WGC event, for a total of 19 World Golf Championships titles.
Only player to have held the titles of all three of the pre-2009 events (not counting the HSBC Champions, elevated to WGC status in 2009) at the same time.

text: Accenture Match Play

text:
Woods set the record for most lopsided victory (18-hole match) in his first round match against Stephen Ames in 2006 – 9 & 8. Mathematically, it is the fastest possible win in 18-hole match play (10 & 8 would be a larger margin of victory, but the same number of holes played).
Woods also set the record for largest margin of victory in the 36-hole final match – 8 & 7 over Stewart Cink in 2008.

text: Cadillac Championship

text:
Lowest first 18-hole total 63 set the course record at The Grove
Tied lowest first 18-hole total – 63
Lowest 36-hole total – 127
Largest 36-hole lead – 5 strokes
Lowest 54-hole total – 194
Largest 54-hole lead – 6 strokes
Lowest 72-hole total – 261
Largest margin of victory – 8 strokes
Only player to record top-10 finishes in each appearance (more than two appearances)

text: Note: All Cadillac Championship records were set in 2006, when the tournament was known as the American Express Championship[14]

text: Bridgestone Invitational

text:
Lowest 18-hole total – 61 (twice, tied with José María Olazábal)
Lowest 36-hole total – 125
Lowest 54-hole total – 192
Lowest 72-hole total – 259
Largest margin of victory – 11 strokes

text: Note: All records were set in 2000 and 2013 (18-hole record)

text: Results timeline[edit]

text:
Tournament
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

Accenture Match Play Championship

QF

2

DNP

R64

1

1

R32

R16

R16

1

R32

DNP

R64

R32

R64

DNP

Cadillac Championship

1

T5

NT1

1

1

9

1

1

1

5

T9

DNP

T10

WD

1

T25

Bridgestone Invitational

1

1

1

4

T4

T2

1

1

1

DNP

1

T78

T37

T8

1

WD

HSBC Champions

T6

T6

DNP

DNP

DNP

DNP

text:
1Cancelled due to 9/11
DNP = Did not play
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No Tournament
WD = Withdrew
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

text: Performance summary

text:
Tournament
Starts
Top-10s
Wins
Earnings ($)

Accenture Match Play Championship

13

7

3

4,918,500

Cadillac Championship

13

12

7

9,369,000

Bridgestone Invitational

15

12

8

11,075,625

HSBC Champions

2

2

0

335,714

Totals

43

33

18

$25,678,839

text: Note that the HSBC Champions was not an official PGA Tour event. This means that the money earned in that event did not count toward his official earnings on that tour.

text: FedEx Cup Playoffs[edit]

text:
Year
Place
Points
Margin
Earnings($)

2007
1
123,033
+12,578
10,000,000

2008
70
100,000
−25,101
110,000

2009
1
4,000
+1,080
10,000,000

2010
42
1,300
–3,635
133,000

2011
132
318
−4,943
32,000

2012
3
2,663
−1,437
2,000,000

2013
2
2,743
−2,007
3,000,000

2014
218
45
n/a
0

2015
178
215
n/a
0

Total

25,275,000

text: PGA Tour professional career summary[edit]

text:
Year
Starts
Cuts made
Wins (Majors)
2nd
3rd
Top 10
Top 25
Earnings ($)
Money listrank
Adjusted scoringaverage (rank)

1996

8

8

2

0

2

5

7

790,594

24

69.44†

1997

21

20

4 (1)

1

1

9

14

2,066,833

1

69.10 (2nd)

1998

20

19*

1

2

2

13

17

1,841,117

4

69.21 (2nd)

1999

21

21

8 (1)

1

2

16

18

6,616,585

1

68.43 (1st)

2000

20

20

9 (3)

4

1

17

20

9,188,321

1

67.79‡ (1st)

2001

19

19

5 (1)

0

1

9

18

5,687,777

1

68.81 (1st)

2002

18

18

5 (2)

2

2

13

16

6,912,625

1

68.56 (1st)

2003

18

18

5

2

0

12

16

6,673,413

2

68.41 (1st)

2004

19

19

1

3

3

14

18

5,365,472

4

69.04 (3rd)

2005

21

19

6 (2)

4

2

13

17

10,628,024

1

68.66 (1st)

2006

15

14

8 (2)

1

1

11

13

9,941,563

1

68.11 (1st)

2007

16

16

7 (1)

3

0

12

15

10,867,052

1

67.79‡ (1st)

2008

6

6

4 (1)

1

0

6

6

5,775,000

2

67.65†

2009

17

16

6

3

0

14

16

10,508,163

1

68.05 (1st)

2010

12

11

0

0

0

2

7

1,294,765

66

70.32†

2011

9

7

0

0

0

2

3

660,238

128

70.46†

2012

19

17

3

1

2

9

13

6,133,158

2

68.90 (2nd)

2013

16

16

5

1

0

8

10

8,553,439

1

68.98 (2nd)

2014

7

5

0

0

0

0

1

108,275

201

71.65†

2015

11

6

0

0

0

1

3

448,598

162

71.93†

2016

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

n/a

n/a

2017

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

n/a

73.29†

2018**

9

8

0

1

0

2

6

1,505,312

51

70.03 (51st)

Career**

325

305

79 (14)

30

19

188

254

111,566,324

1

text:
Green background for 1st place. Yellow background for top 10.
* Woods qualified for the third round in the 1998 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am but decided to withdraw from the rain-delayed event. Officially, it is counted as a missed cut.
** As of June 3, 2018
† Woods did not play the required 50 rounds to be ranked in scoring average these years: 1996 – 41 rounds, 2008 – 26, 2010 – 45, 2011 – 27, 2014 – 21, 2015 – 32, 2017 – 2.
Woods played in 14 PGA Tour events from 1992–1996 as an amateur. In this span, he made 5 cuts, with his best finish and sole top-25 performance coming at the 1996 British Open. This brings his total tally of PGA Tour events played to 332, his total number of cuts made to 300, and his total number of top-25 finishes to 252.

text: Professional wins (106)[edit]

text: PGA Tour wins (79)[edit]

text:
Legend

Major championships (14)

Players Championships (2)

World Golf Championships (18)

Tour Champ / FedEx Cup events (4)

Other PGA Tour (41)

text:
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up

1

Oct 6, 1996

Las Vegas Invitational

−27 (70-63-68-67-64=332)

Playoff

 Davis Love III

2

Oct 20, 1996

Walt Disney World/Oldsmobile Classic

−21 (69-63-69-66=267)

1 stroke

 Payne Stewart

3.

Jan 12, 1997

Mercedes Championships

−14 (70-67-65=202)

Playoff

 Tom Lehman

4

Apr 13, 1997

Masters Tournament

−18 (70-66-65-69=270)

12 strokes

 Tom Kite

5

May 18, 1997

GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic

−17 (64-64-67-68=263)

2 strokes

 Lee Rinker

6

Jul 6, 1997

Motorola Western Open

−13 (67-72-68-68=275)

3 strokes

 Frank Nobilo

7

May 10, 1998

BellSouth Classic

−17 (69-67-63-72=271)

1 stroke

 Jay Don Blake

8

Feb 14, 1999

Buick Invitational

−22 (68-71-62-65=266)

2 strokes

 Billy Ray Brown

9

Jun 6, 1999

Memorial Tournament

−15 (68-66-70-69=273)

2 strokes

 Vijay Singh

10

Jul 4, 1999

Motorola Western Open (2)

−15 (68-66-68-71=273)

3 strokes

 Mike Weir

11

Aug 15, 1999

PGA Championship

−11 (70-67-68-72=277)

1 stroke

 Sergio García

12

Aug 29, 1999

NEC Invitational

−10 (66-71-62-71=270)

1 stroke

 Phil Mickelson

13

Oct 24, 1999

National Car Rental Golf Classic Disney (2)

−17 (66-66-66-73=271)

1 stroke

 Ernie Els

14

Oct 31, 1999

The Tour Championship

−15 (67-66-67-69=269)

4 strokes

 Davis Love III

15

Nov 7, 1999

American Express Championship

−6 (71-69-70-68=278)

Playoff

 Miguel Ángel Jiménez

16

Jan 9, 2000

Mercedes Championships (2)

−16 (71-66-71-68=276)

Playoff

 Ernie Els

17

Feb 7, 2000

AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am

−15 (68-73-68-64=273)

2 strokes

 Matt Gogel,  Vijay Singh

18

Mar 19, 2000

Bay Hill Invitational

−18 (69-64-67-70=270)

4 strokes

 Davis Love III

19

May 29, 2000

Memorial Tournament (2)

−19 (71-63-65-70=269)

5 strokes

 Ernie Els,  Justin Leonard

20

Jun 18, 2000

U.S. Open

−12 (65-69-71-67=272)

15 strokes

 Ernie Els,  Miguel Ángel Jiménez

21

Jul 23, 2000

The Open Championship

−19 (67-66-67-69=269)

8 strokes

 Thomas Bjørn,  Ernie Els

22

Aug 20, 2000

PGA Championship (2)

−18 (66-67-70-67=270)

Playoff

 Bob May

23

Aug 27, 2000

NEC Invitational (2)

−21 (64-61-67-67=259)

11 strokes

 Justin Leonard,  Phillip Price

24

Sep 10, 2000

Bell Canadian Open

−22 (72-65-64-65=266)

1 stroke

 Grant Waite

25

Mar 18, 2001

Bay Hill Invitational (2)

−15 (71-67-66-69=273)

1 stroke

 Phil Mickelson

26

Mar 25, 2001

The Players Championship

−14 (72-69-66-67=274)

1 stroke

 Vijay Singh

27

Apr 8, 2001

Masters Tournament (2)

−16 (70-66-68-68=272)

2 strokes

 David Duval

28

Jun 3, 2001

Memorial Tournament (3)

−17 (68-69-68-66=271)

7 strokes

 Paul Azinger,  Sergio García

29

Aug 26, 2001

NEC Invitational (3)

−12 (66-67-66-69=268)

Playoff

 Jim Furyk

30

Mar 17, 2002

Bay Hill Invitational (3)

−13 (67-65-74-69=275)

4 strokes

 Michael Campbell

31

Apr 14, 2002

Masters Tournament (3)

−12 (70-69-66-71=276)

3 strokes

 Retief Goosen

32

Jun 16, 2002

U.S. Open (2)

−3 (67-68-70-72=277)

3 strokes

 Phil Mickelson

33

Aug 11, 2002

Buick Open

−17 (67-63-71-70=271)

4 strokes

 Fred Funk,  Brian Gay, Mark O'Meara,  Esteban Toledo

34

Sep 22, 2002

American Express Championship (2)

−25 (65-65-67-66=263)

1 stroke

 Retief Goosen

35

Feb 16, 2003

Buick Invitational (2)

−16 (70-66-68-68=272)

4 strokes

 Carl Pettersson

36

Mar 2, 2003

Accenture Match Play Championship

2 & 1

 David Toms

37

Mar 23, 2003

Bay Hill Invitational (4)

−19 (70-65-66-68=269)

11 strokes

 Stewart Cink,  Brad Faxon, Kenny Perry,  Kirk Triplett

38

Jul 6, 2003

100th Western Open (3)

−21 (63-70-65-69=267)

5 strokes

 Rich Beem

39

Oct 5, 2003

American Express Championship (3)

−6 (67-66-69-72=274)

2 strokes

 Stuart Appleby,  Tim Herron, Vijay Singh

40

Feb 29, 2004

Accenture Match Play Championship (2)

3 & 2

 Davis Love III

41

Jan 23, 2005

Buick Invitational (3)

−16 (69-63-72-68=272)

3 strokes

 Luke Donald,  Charles Howell III, Tom Lehman

42

Mar 6, 2005

Ford Championship at Doral

−24 (65-70-63-66=264)

1 stroke

 Phil Mickelson

43

Apr 10, 2005

Masters Tournament (4)

−12 (74-66-65-71=276)

Playoff

 Chris DiMarco

44

Jul 17, 2005

The Open Championship (2)

−14 (66-67-71-70=274)

5 strokes

 Colin Montgomerie

45

Aug 21, 2005

NEC Invitational (4)

−6 (66-70-67-71=274)

1 stroke

 Chris DiMarco

46

Oct 9, 2005

American Express Championship (4)

−10 (67-68-68-67=270)

Playoff

 John Daly

47

Jan 29, 2006

Buick Invitational (4)

−10 (71-68-67-72=278)

Playoff

 Nathan Green,  José María Olazábal

48

Mar 5, 2006

Ford Championship at Doral (2)

−20 (64-67-68-69=268)

1 stroke

 David Toms,  Camilo Villegas

49

Jul 23, 2006

The Open Championship (3)

−18 (67-65-71-67=270)

2 strokes

 Chris DiMarco

50

Aug 6, 2006

Buick Open (2)

−24 (66-66-66-66=264)

3 strokes

 Jim Furyk

51

Aug 20, 2006

PGA Championship (3)

−18 (69-68-65-68=270)

5 strokes

 Shaun Micheel

52

Aug 27, 2006

Bridgestone Invitational (5)

−10 (67-64-71-68=270)

Playoff

 Stewart Cink

53

Sep 4, 2006

Deutsche Bank Championship

−16 (66-72-67-63=268)

2 strokes

 Vijay Singh

54

Oct 1, 2006

American Express Championship (5)

−23 (63-64-67-67=261)

8 strokes

 Ian Poulter,  Adam Scott

55

Jan 28, 2007

Buick Invitational (5)

−15 (66-72-69-66=273)

2 strokes

 Charles Howell III

56

Mar 25, 2007

CA Championship (6)

−10 (71-66-68-73=278)

2 strokes

 Brett Wetterich

57

May 6, 2007

Wachovia Championship

−13 (70-68-68-69=275)

2 strokes

 Steve Stricker

58

Aug 5, 2007

Bridgestone Invitational (6)

−8 (68-70-69-65=272)

8 strokes

 Justin Rose,  Rory Sabbatini

59

Aug 12, 2007

PGA Championship (4)

−8 (71-63-69-69=272)

2 strokes

 Woody Austin

60

Sep 9, 2007

BMW Championship (4)

−22 (67-67-65-63=262)

2 strokes

 Aaron Baddeley

61

Sep 16, 2007

The Tour Championship  (2)

−23 (64-63-64-66=257)

8 strokes

 Mark Calcavecchia,  Zach Johnson

62

Jan 27, 2008

Buick Invitational (6)

−19 (67-65-66-71=269)

8 strokes

 Ryuji Imada

63

Feb 24, 2008

Accenture Match Play Championship (3)

8 & 7

 Stewart Cink

64

Mar 16, 2008

Arnold Palmer Invitational (5)

−10 (70-68-66-66=270)

1 stroke

 Bart Bryant

65

Jun 16, 2008

U.S. Open (3)

−1 (72-68-70-73=283)

Playoff

 Rocco Mediate

66

Mar 29, 2009

Arnold Palmer Invitational (6)

−5 (68-69-71-67=275)

1 stroke

 Sean O'Hair

67

Jun 7, 2009

Memorial Tournament (4)

−12 (69-74-68-65=276)

1 stroke

 Jim Furyk

68

Jul 5, 2009

AT&T National

−13 (64-66-70-67=267)

1 stroke

 Hunter Mahan

69

Aug 2, 2009

Buick Open (3)

−20 (71-63-65-69=268)

3 strokes

 Greg Chalmers,  John Senden Roland Thatcher

70

Aug 9, 2009

Bridgestone Invitational (7)

−12 (68-70-65-65=268)

4 strokes

 Robert Allenby,  Pádraig Harrington

71

Sep 13, 2009

BMW Championship (5)

−19 (68-67-62-68=265)

8 strokes

 Jim Furyk,  Marc Leishman

72

Mar 25, 2012

Arnold Palmer Invitational (7)

−13 (69-65-71-70=275)

5 strokes

 Graeme McDowell

73

Jun 3, 2012

Memorial Tournament (5)

−9 (70-69-73-67=279)

2 strokes

 Andrés Romero,  Rory Sabbatini

74

Jul 1, 2012

AT&T National (2)

−8 (72-68-67-69=276)

2 strokes

 Bo Van Pelt

75

Jan 28, 2013

Farmers Insurance Open (7)

−14 (68-65-69-72=274)

4 strokes

 Brandt Snedeker,  Josh Teater

76

Mar 10, 2013

Cadillac Championship (7)

−19 (66-65-67-71=269)

2 strokes

 Steve Stricker

77

Mar 25, 2013

Arnold Palmer Invitational (8)

−13 (69-70-66-70=275)

2 strokes

 Justin Rose

78

May 12, 2013

The Players Championship (2)

−13 (67-67-71-70=275)

2 strokes

 David Lingmerth,  Jeff Maggert Kevin Streelman

79

Aug 4, 2013

Bridgestone Invitational (8)

−15 (66-61-68-70=265)

7 strokes

 Keegan Bradley,  Henrik Stenson

text: PGA Tour playoff record (11–1)[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result

1

1996

Las Vegas Invitational

 Davis Love III

Won with par on first extra hole

2

1997

Mercedes Championships

 Tom Lehman

Won with birdie on first extra hole

3

1998

Nissan Open

 Billy Mayfair

Lost to birdie on first extra hole

4

1999

American Express Championship

 Miguel Ángel Jiménez

Won with birdie on first extra hole

5

2000

Mercedes Championships

 Ernie Els

Won with birdie on second extra hole

6

2000

PGA Championship

 Bob May

Won three-hole playoff: Woods (3-4-5=12), May (4-4-5=13)

7

2001

NEC Invitational

 Jim Furyk

Won with birdie on seventh extra hole

8

2005

Masters Tournament

 Chris DiMarco

Won with birdie on first extra hole

9

2005

WGC-American Express Championship

 John Daly

Won with par on second extra hole

10

2006

Buick Invitational

 José María Olazábal,  Nathan Green

Won with par on second extra holeGreen eliminated with par on first hole

11

2006

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational

 Stewart Cink

Won with birdie on fourth extra hole

12

2008

U.S. Open

 Rocco Mediate

Won with par on first extra holeafter 18-hole playoff (Woods:71, Mediate:71)

text: European Tour wins (40)[edit]

text:
Legend

Major championships (14)

World Golf Championships (18)

Other European Tour (8)

text:
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up

1

Apr 13, 1997

Masters Tournament

−18 (70-66-65-69=270)

12 strokes

 Tom Kite

2

Jan 25, 1998

Johnnie Walker Classic

−9 (72-71-71-65=279)

Playoff

 Ernie Els

3

May 24, 1999

Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe

−15 (69-68-68-68=273)

3 strokes

 Retief Goosen

4

Aug 15, 1999

PGA Championship

−11 (70-67-68-72=277)

1 stroke

 Sergio García

5

Aug 29, 1999

NEC Invitational

−10 (66-71-62-71=270)

1 stroke

 Phil Mickelson

6

Nov 7, 1999

American Express Championship

−6 (71-69-70-68=278)

Playoff

 Miguel Ángel Jiménez

7

Jun 18, 2000

U.S. Open

−12 (65-69-71-67=272)

15 strokes

 Ernie Els,  Miguel Ángel Jiménez

8

Jul 23, 2000

The Open Championship

−19 (67-66-67-69=269)

8 strokes

 Thomas Bjørn,  Ernie Els

9

Aug 20, 2000

PGA Championship (2)

−18 (66-67-70-67=270)

Playoff

 Bob May

10

Aug 27, 2000

NEC Invitational (2)

−21 (64-61-67-67=259)

11 strokes

 Justin Leonard,  Phillip Price

11

Nov 19,  2000(2001 season)

Johnnie Walker Classic (2)

−25 (68-65-65-65=263)

3 strokes

 Geoff Ogilvy

12

Apr 8, 2001

Masters Tournament (2)

−16 (70-66-68-68=272)

2 strokes

 David Duval

13

May 20, 2001

Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe (2)

−22 (69-68-63-66=266)

4 strokes

 Michael Campbell

14

Aug 26, 2001

NEC Invitational (3)

−12 (66-67-66-69=268)

Playoff

 Jim Furyk

15

Apr 14, 2002

Masters Tournament (3)

−12 (70-69-66-71=276)

3 strokes

 Retief Goosen

16

May 19, 2002

Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe (3)

−20 (69-67-64-68=268)

Playoff

 Colin Montgomerie

17

Jun 16, 2002

U.S. Open (2)

−3 (67-68-70-72=277)

3 strokes

 Phil Mickelson

18

Sep 22, 2002

American Express Championship (2)

−25 (65-65-67-66=263)

1 stroke

 Retief Goosen

19

Mar 2, 2003

Accenture Match Play Championship

2 & 1

 David Toms

20

Oct 5, 2003

American Express Championship (3)

−6 (67-66-69-72=274)

2 strokes

 Stuart Appleby,  Tim Herron, Vijay Singh

21

Feb 29, 2004

Accenture Match Play Championship (2)

3 & 2

 Davis Love III

22

Apr 10, 2005

Masters Tournament (4)

−12 (74-66-65-71=276)

Playoff

 Chris DiMarco

23

Jul 17, 2005

The Open Championship (2)

−14 (66-67-71-70=274)

5 strokes

 Colin Montgomerie

24

Aug 21, 2005

NEC Invitational (4)

−6 (66-70-67-71=274)

1 stroke

 Chris DiMarco

25

Oct 9, 2005

American Express Championship (4)

−10 (67-68-68-67=270)

Playoff

 John Daly

26

Feb 5, 2006

Dubai Desert Classic

−19 (67-66-67-69=269)

Playoff

 Ernie Els

27

Jul 23, 2006

The Open Championship (3)

−18 (67-65-71-67=270)

2 strokes

 Chris DiMarco

28

Aug 20, 2006

PGA Championship (3)

−18 (69-68-65-68=270)

5 strokes

 Shaun Micheel

29

Aug 27, 2006

Bridgestone Invitational (5)

−10 (67-64-71-68=270)

Playoff

 Stewart Cink

30

Oct 1, 2006

American Express Championship (5)

−23 (63-64-67-67=261)

8 strokes

 Ian Poulter,  Adam Scott

31

Mar 25, 2007

CA Championship (6)

−10 (71-66-68-73=278)

2 strokes

 Brett Wetterich

32

Aug 5, 2007

Bridgestone Invitational (6)

−8 (68-70-69-65=272)

8 strokes

 Justin Rose,  Rory Sabbatini

33

Aug 12, 2007

PGA Championship (4)

−8 (71-63-69-69=272)

2 strokes

 Woody Austin

34

Feb 3, 2008

Dubai Desert Classic (2)

−14 (65-71-73-65=274)

1 stroke

 Martin Kaymer

35

Feb 24, 2008

Accenture Match Play Championship (3)

8 & 7

 Stewart Cink

36

Jun 16, 2008

U.S. Open (3)

−1 (72-68-70-73=283)

Playoff

 Rocco Mediate

37

Aug 9, 2009

Bridgestone Invitational (7)

−12 (68-70-65-65=268)

4 strokes

 Robert Allenby,  Pádraig Harrington

38

Nov 15, 2009

JBWere Masters1

−14 (66-68-72-68=274)

2 strokes

 Greg Chalmers

39

Mar 10, 2013

Cadillac Championship (7)

−19 (66-65-67-71=269)

2 strokes

 Steve Stricker

40

Aug 4, 2013

Bridgestone Invitational (8)

−15 (66-61-68-70=265)

7 strokes

 Keegan Bradley,  Henrik Stenson

text: 1 Co-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia

text: European Tour playoff record (10–0)[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Result

1

1998

Johnnie Walker Classic

 Ernie Els

Won with birdie on second extra hole

2

1999

WGC-American Express Championship

 Miguel Ángel Jiménez

Won with birdie on first extra hole

3

2000

PGA Championship

 Bob May

Won three-hole playoff: Woods (3-4-5=12), May (4-4-5=13)

4

2001

NEC Invitational

 Jim Furyk

Won with birdie on seventh extra hole

5

2002

Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe

 Colin Montgomerie

Won with par on third extra hole

6

2005

Masters Tournament

 Chris DiMarco

Won with birdie on first extra hole

7

2005

WGC-American Express Championship

 John Daly

Won with par on second extra hole

8

2006

Dubai Desert Classic

 Ernie Els

Won with par on first extra hole

9

2006

WGC-Bridgestone Invitational

 Stewart Cink

Won with birdie on fourth extra hole

10

2008

U.S. Open

 Rocco Mediate

Won with par on first extra holeafter 18-hole playoff (Woods:71, Mediate:71)

text:
Note: This table is the European Tour's official Woods' victories on their tour, which gives Woods a total of 40 European Tour wins.[17]
Woods' worldwide tournament playoff record is 15-2, including a loss to Pádraig Harrington at the 2006 Dunlop Phoenix Tournament.

text: Japan Golf Tour wins (2)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Tournament
Score
Margin of victory
Runner-up

2004
Nov 21
Dunlop Phoenix Tournament
–16 (65-67-65-67=264)
8 strokes
Ryoken Kawagishi

2005
Nov 20
Dunlop Phoenix Tournament
–8 (65-67-68-72=272)
Playoff
 Kaname Yokoo

text: Asian Tour wins (1)[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
Margin ofvictory
Runner-up

1

Feb 9, 1997

Asian Honda Classic

−20 (70-64-66-68=268)

10 strokes

 Mo Joong-kyung

text: PGA Tour of Australasia wins (1)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Tournament
Score
Margin of victory
Runner-up

2009
Nov 15
JBWere Masters 1
-14 (66-68-72-68=274)
2 strokes
 Greg Chalmers

text: 1 Co-sanctioned with the European Tour

text: Other professional wins (16)[edit]

text:
1998 (1) PGA Grand Slam of Golf
1999 (3) World Cup of Golf Individual Trophy, World Cup of Golf (team event with Mark O'Meara), PGA Grand Slam of Golf
2000 (2) WGC-World Cup (team event with David Duval), PGA Grand Slam of Golf
2001 (2) Williams World Challenge, PGA Grand Slam of Golf
2002 (1) PGA Grand Slam of Golf
2004 (1) Target World Challenge
2005 (1) PGA Grand Slam of Golf
2006 (2) PGA Grand Slam of Golf, Target World Challenge
2007 (1) Target World Challenge
2009 (1) Notah Begay III Foundation Challenge
2011 (1) Chevron World Challenge

text: Amateur wins (21)[edit]

text:
1984 (1) Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 10-and-under)
1985 (1) Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 10-and-under)
1988 (1) Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 11–12)
1989 (1) Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 13–14)
1990 (2) Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 13–14), Insurance Youth Golf Classic
1991 (3) U.S. Junior Amateur, Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 15–17), Orange Bowl International Junior
1992 (2) U.S. Junior Amateur, Insurance Youth Golf Classic
1993 (1) U.S. Junior Amateur
1994 (3) U.S. Amateur, Western Amateur, Pacific Northwest Amateur
1995 (2) U.S. Amateur, College All-America Golf Classic
1996 (4) U.S. Amateur, NCAA Division I Championship, NCAA West Regional, Pac-10 Championship

text: Amateur major wins (3)[edit]

text:
Year
Championship
Winning score
Runner-up

1994
U.S. Amateur
2 up
 Trip Kuehne

1995
U.S. Amateur
2 up
 Buddy Marucci

1996
U.S. Amateur
38 holes
 Steve Scott

text: Results timeline[edit]

text:
Tournament

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

U.S. Amateur

DNQ

R32

R32

1

1

1 M

text:
M = Medalist
DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion
R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10

text: Reign as World No. 1 Male Golfer (introduced 1986)[edit]

text: Woods holds the record for most consecutive weeks at No. 1, 281, and the most total number of weeks, 683.[19] Since 1997, he has spent over twelve years atop the Official World Golf Ranking, and has been the number one player for all 52 weeks of a year a record eight times – 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. He has spent 860 weeks ranked in the top-10, and overtook Ernie Els as the golfer with the most weeks ranked in the top 10 in 2013.[20]

text: This list is complete as of May 18, 2014.

text:
Start date
End date
Weeks
Approximate time
Successor

June 15, 1997

June 21, 1997

1

7 days

 Ernie Els

July 6, 1997

September 6, 1997

9

2 months

 Greg Norman

January 11, 1998

April 11, 1998

13

3 months

 Ernie Els

May 10, 1998

May 16, 1998

1

7 days

 Ernie Els

June 14, 1998

March 27, 1999

41

9 months, 13 days

David Duval

July 4, 1999

August 7, 1999

5

1 month, 3 days

David Duval

August 15, 1999

September 4, 2004

264

5 years, 20 days

 Vijay Singh

March 6, 2005

March 19, 2005

2

14 days

 Vijay Singh

April 10, 2005

May 21, 2005

6

1 month, 11 days

 Vijay Singh

June 12, 2005

October 30, 2010

281

5 years, 4.5 months

 Lee Westwood

March 25, 2013

May 17, 2014

60

1 year, 2 months

 Adam Scott

text: U.S. national team appearances[edit]

text: Amateur

text:
Eisenhower Trophy: 1994 (winners)
Walker Cup: 1995

text: Professional

text:
Ryder Cup: 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012
Ryder Cup record (W–L–H): 13–17–3
Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1998
Presidents Cup: 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2019 (captain)
Presidents Cup record (W–L–H): 24–15–1
World Cup: 1999 (winners, individual winner), 2000 (winners), 2001

text:
Ryder Cup points record

1997
1999
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Total

1.5
2
2.5
2
3
–
3
0.5
14.5

text: Awards[edit]

text:
1990

1st Team – Rolex Junior All-American
Southern California Player of the Year
1991

1st Team – Rolex Junior All-American  (2)
American Junior Golf Association Player of the Year
Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year
GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year
Southern California Player of the Year  (2)
1992

1st Team – Rolex Junior All-American  (3)
American Junior Golf Association Player of the Year  (2)
Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year  (2)
GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year  (2)
Southern California Player of the Year  (3)
Golf World Player of the Year
1993

1st Team – Rolex Junior All-American  (4)
Southern California Player of the Year  (4)
Golf World Player of the Year  (2)
1994

Golf World Man of the Year
L.A. Times Player of the Year
Orange County Player of the Year
1995

Pac-10 Player of the Year
NCAA First Team All-American
GolfWeek Preseason First Team All-American for 1995–96
Stanford University's Male Freshman of the Year
1996

PGA Tour Rookie of the Year
Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year"
Stanford University Collegiate Player of the Year
Fred Haskins Award
1997

Jack Nicklaus Trophy
PGA Player of the Year
PGA Tour Money Leader
ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year
1998

Mark H. McCormack Award
ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (for 1997)
1999

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (2)
PGA Player of the Year  (2)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (2)
Vardon Trophy
Byron Nelson Award
Mark H. McCormack Award  (2)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (2)
Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year  (2)
2000

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (3)
PGA Player of the Year  (3)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (3)
Vardon Trophy  (2)
Byron Nelson Award  (2)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (3)
Laureus World Sports Awards (for 1999)
Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year"  (2)
ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year  (2)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (3)
Royal Canadian Golf Association Triple Crown Trophy
Palm Performance Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour West Coast Swing
PricewaterhouseCoopers Fall Finish Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour's fall schedule
Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events  (2)
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year  (3)
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality
ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (for 1999)  (2)

2001

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (4)
PGA Player of the Year  (4)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (4)
Vardon Trophy  (3)
Byron Nelson Award  (3)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (4)
Laureus World Sports Awards (for 2000)  (2)
ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (for 2000)  (3)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (4)
2002

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (5)
PGA Player of the Year  (5)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (5)
Vardon Trophy  (4)
Byron Nelson Award  (4)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (5)
ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (for 2001)  (4)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (5)
2003

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (6)
PGA Player of the Year  (6)
Vardon Trophy  (5)
Byron Nelson Award  (5)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (6)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (6)
2004

Mark H. McCormack Award  (7)
2005

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (7)
PGA Player of the Year  (7)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (6)
Vardon Trophy  (6)
Byron Nelson Award  (6)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (8)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (7)
2006

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (8)
PGA Player of the Year  (8)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (7)
Byron Nelson Award  (7)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (9)
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year  (4)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (8)
2007

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (9)
PGA Player of the Year  (9)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (8)
Vardon Trophy  (7)
Byron Nelson Award  (8)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (10)
FedEx Cup
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (9)
2008

Mark H. McCormack Award  (11)
2009

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (10)
PGA Player of the Year  (10)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (9)
Vardon Trophy  (8)
Byron Nelson Award  (9)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (12)
FedEx Cup (2)
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year  (10)
Associated Press Athlete of the Decade
2010

Mark H. McCormack Award  (13)
2013

PGA Tour Player of the Year  (11)
PGA Player of the Year  (11)
PGA Tour Money Leader  (10)
Vardon Trophy  (9)
Mark H. McCormack Award  (14)


document_title: Endangered Species Act of 1973

question_text: who is charged with executing the provisions of the endangered species act

question_tokens: who is charged with executing the provisions of the endangered species act

text: Endangered Species Act of 1973

text: Listing status[edit]

text: Listing status and its abbreviations used in Federal Register and by federal agencies like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service:[3][4][5]

text:
E = endangered (Sec.3.6, Sec.4.a [3]) – any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range other than a species of the Class Insecta determined by the Secretary to constitute a pest.
T = threatened (Sec.3.20, Sec.4.a [3]) – any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range

text:
C = candidate (Sec.4.b.3 [3]) – a species under consideration for official listing
E(S/A), T(S/A) = endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance (Sec.4.e [3]) – a species not endangered or threatened, but so closely resembles in appearance a species which has been listed as endangered or threatened, that enforcement personnel would have substantial difficulty in attempting to differentiate between the listed and unlisted species.
XE, XN = experimental essential or non-essential population (Sec.10.j [3]) – any population (including eggs, propagules, or individuals) of an endangered species or a threatened species released outside the current range under authorization of the Secretary. Experimental, nonessential populations of endangered species are treated as threatened species on public land, for consultation purposes, and as species proposed for listing on private land.

text: History[edit]

text: The near-extinction of the bison and the disappearance of the passenger pigeon helped drive the call for wildlife conservation starting in the 1900s. Ornithologist George Bird Grinnell wrote articles on the subject in the magazine Forest and Stream, while Joel Asaph Allen, founder of the American Ornithologists' Union, hammered away in the popular press. The public was introduced to a new concept: extinction.

text: Market hunting for the millinery trade and for the table was one aspect of the problem. The early naturalists also killed birds and other wildlife for study, personal curio collections and museum pieces.[6] While habitat losses continued as communities and farmland grew, the widespread use of pesticides and the introduction of non-native species also affected wildlife.

text: One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada south to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.[7]

text: The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society–the species were relatively rare–and little opposition was raised.[8]

text: Whereas the Lacey Act dealt with game animal management and market commerce species, a major shift in focus occurred by 1963 to habitat preservation instead of take regulations. A provision was added by Congress in the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 that provided money for the "acquisition of land, waters...for the preservation of species of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction."[9]

text: Act of 1966[edit]

text: The predecessor of the ESA was the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-669 ). Passed by Congress, this act permitted the listing of native U.S. animal species as endangered and for limited protections upon those animals.

text: It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species.[10] The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.[11]

text: In March, 1967 the first list of endangered species was issued under the act. It included 14 mammals, 36 birds, 6 reptiles and amphibians and 22 fish.[12]

text: This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species.[13] It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates.[14] However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

text: Amendment of 1969[edit]

text: The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91–135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles.[15] This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.

text: The amendment called for an international meeting to adopt a convention or treaty to conserve endangered species. That meeting was held in Washington, D.C., in February, 1973 and produced the comprehensive multilateral treaty known as CITES or Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

text: Endangered Species Act[edit]

text: President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation.[16] Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973 (Pub.L. 93–205). It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists, including Dr. Russell E. Train, the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), an outgrowth of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969.[17][18] Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers, including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA, Dick Gutting, and Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand, a marine biologist by training, who had transferred from his post as the scientific adviser to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, office of the Commandant of the Corps, to join the newly formed White House office.[19] The staff, under Dr. Train's leadership, incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation, crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States. Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act, the "takings" clause – Section 2.

text: The stated purpose of the Endangered Species Act is to protect species and also "the ecosystems upon which they depend." California historian Kevin Starr was more emphatic when he said: "The Endangered Species Act of 1982 is the Magna Carta of the environmental movement."[20]

text: The ESA is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (which includes the National Marine Fisheries Service, or NMFS). NOAA handles marine species, and the FWS has responsibility over freshwater fish and all other species. Species that occur in both habitats (e.g. sea turtles and Atlantic sturgeon) are jointly managed.

text: In March 2008, The Washington Post reported that documents showed that the Bush Administration, beginning in 2001, had erected "pervasive bureaucratic obstacles" that limited the number of species protected under the act:

text:
From 2000 to 2003, until a U.S. District Court overturned the decision, Fish and Wildlife Service officials said that if that agency identified a species as a candidate for the list, citizens could not file petitions for that species.
Interior Department personnel were told they could use "info from files that refutes petitions but not anything that supports" petitions filed to protect species.
Senior department officials revised a longstanding policy that rated the threat to various species based primarily on their populations within U.S. borders, giving more weight to populations in Canada and Mexico, countries with less extensive regulations than the U.S.
Officials changed the way species were evaluated under the act by considering where the species currently lived, rather than where they used to exist.
Senior officials repeatedly dismissed the views of scientific advisers who said that species should be protected.[21]

text: In 2014, the House of Representatives passed the 21st Century Endangered Species Transparency Act, which would require the government to disclose the data it uses to determine species classification.

text: Preventing extinction[edit]

text: The ESA's primary goal is to prevent the extinction of imperiled plant and animal life, and secondly, to recover and maintain those populations by removing or lessening threats to their survival.

text: Petition and listing[edit]

text: To be considered for listing, the species must meet one of five criteria (section 4(a)(1)):

text:
1. There is the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range.
2. An over utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes.
3. The species is declining due to disease or predation.
4. There is an inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms.
5. There are other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

text: Potential candidate species are then prioritized, with "emergency listing" given the highest priority. Species that face a "significant risk to their well being" are in this category.[22]

text: A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a "distinct population segment." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.

text: During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available."[23] The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was "that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species."[24]

text: The very opposite result happened with the 1978 amendment where Congress added the words "...taking into consideration the economic impact..." in the provision on critical habitat designation.[25] The 1978 amendment linked the listing procedure with critical habitat designation and economic considerations, which almost completely halted new listings, with almost 2,000 species being withdrawn from consideration.[26]

text: Listing process[edit]

text: After receiving a petition to list a species, the two federal agencies take the following steps, or rulemaking procedures, with each step being published in the Federal Register, the US government's official journal of proposed or adopted rules and regulations:

text: 1. If a petition presents information that the species may be imperiled, a screening period of 90 days begins (interested persons and/or organization petitions only). If the petition does not present substantial information to support listing, it is denied.

text: 2. If the information is substantial, a status review is started, which is a comprehensive assessment of a species' biological status and threats, with a result of : "warranted", "not warranted," or "warranted but precluded."

text:
A finding of not warranted, the listing process ends.
Warranted finding means the agencies publish a 12-month finding (a proposed rule) within one year of the date of the petition, proposing to list the species as threatened or endangered. Comments are solicited from the public, and one or more public hearings may be held. Three expert opinions from appropriate and independent specialists may be included, but this is voluntary.
A "warranted but precluded" finding is automatically recycled back through the 12-month process indefinitely until a result of either "not warranted" or "warranted" is determined. The agencies monitor the status of any "warranted but precluded" species.[27]

text: Essentially the "warranted but precluded" finding is a deferral added by the 1982 amendment to the ESA. It means other, higher-priority actions will take precedence.[28] For example, an emergency listing of a rare plant growing in a wetland that is scheduled to be filled in for housing construction would be a "higher-priority".

text: 3. Within another year, a final determination (a final rule) must be made on whether to list the species. The final rule time limit may be extended for 6 months and listings may be grouped together according to similar geography, threats, habitat or taxonomy.

text: The annual rate of listing (i.e., classifying species as "threatened" or "endangered") increased steadily from the Ford administration (47 listings, 15 per year) through Carter (126 listings, 32 per year), Reagan (255 listings, 32 per year), George H. W. Bush (231 listings, 58 per year), and Clinton (521 listings, 65 per year) before decline to its lowest rate under George W. Bush (60 listings, 8 per year as of 5/24/08).[29]

text: The rate of listing is strongly correlated with citizen involvement and mandatory timelines: as agency discretion decreases and citizen involvement increases (i.e. filing of petitions and lawsuits) the rate of listing increases.[29] Citizen involvement has been shown to identify species not moving through the process efficiently,[30] and identify more imperiled species.[31] The longer species are listed, the more likely they are to be classified as recovering by the FWS.[32]

text: Public notice, comments and judicial review[edit]

text: Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice.[33] "The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process." summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt.[34]

text: Species survival and recovery[edit]

text: Critical habitat[edit]

text: The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species.[35] To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.[36]

text: As habitat loss is the primary threat to most imperiled species, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to designate specific areas as protected "critical habitat" zones. In 1978, Congress amended the law to make critical habitat designation a mandatory requirement for all threatened and endangered species.

text: The amendment also added economics into the process of determining habitat: "...shall designate critical habitat... on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact, and any other impact, of specifying... area as critical habitat."[25] The congressional report on the 1978 amendment described the conflict between the new Section 4 additions and the rest of the law:

text: "... the critical habitat provision is a startling section which is wholly inconsistent with the rest of the legislation. It constitutes a loophole which could readily be abused by any Secretary ... who is vulnerable to political pressure or who is not sympathetic to the basic purposes of the Endangered Species Act."-- House of Representatives Report 95-1625, at 69 (1978)[37]

text: The amendment of 1978 added economic considerations and the 1982 amendment prevented economic considerations.

text: Several studies on the effect of critical habitat designation on species' recovery rates have been done between 1997 and 2003. Although it has been criticized,[38] the Taylor study in 2003[39] found that, "species with critical habitat were... twice as likely to be improving...."[40]

text: Critical habitats are required to contain "all areas essential to the conservation" of the imperiled species, and may be on private or public lands. The Fish and Wildlife Service has a policy limiting designation to lands and waters within the U.S. and both federal agencies may exclude essential areas if they determine that economic or other costs exceed the benefit. The ESA is mute about how such costs and benefits are to be determined.

text: All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations. Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes, critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves.[41]

text: The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing.[41] Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat. As a result, few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats, especially in Hawaii, California and other western states. Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat, primarily on rivers and coastlines. As of December, 2006, the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended. Nonetheless, the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing.

text: Most provisions of the ESA revolve around preventing extinction. Critical habitat is one of the few that focus on recovery. Species with critical habitat are twice as likely to be recovering as species without critical habitat.[32]

text: Plans, permits, and agreements[edit]

text: The combined result of the amendments to the Endangered Species Act have created a law vastly different from the ESA of 1973. It is now a flexible, permitting statute. For example, the law now permits "incidental takes" (accidental killing or harming a listed species). Congress added the requirements for "incidental take statement", and authorized a "incidental take permit" in conjunction with "habitat conservation plans".

text: More changes were made in the 1990s in an attempt by Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt to shield the ESA from a Congress hostile to the law. He instituted incentive-based strategies such as candidate conservation agreements and "safe harbor" agreements[42] that would balance the goals of economic development and conservation.

text: Recovery plan[edit]

text: Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list).[43] The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed, but the average time to completion is approximately six years.[29] The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration (4) through Carter (9), Reagan (30), Bush I (44), and Clinton (72), but declined under Bush II (16 per year as of 9/1/06).[29]

text: The goal of the law is to make itself unnecessary, and recovery plans are a means toward that goal.[44] Recovery plans became more specific after 1988 when Congress added provisions to Section 4(f) of the law that spelled out the minimum contents of a recovery plan. Three types of information must be included:

text:
A description of "site-specific" management actions to make the plan as explicit as possible.
The "objective, measurable criteria" to serve as a baseline for judging when and how well a species is recovering.
An estimate of money and resources needed to achieve the goal of recovery and delisting.[45]

text: The amendment also added public participation to the process. There is a ranking order, similar to the listing procedures, for recovery plans, with the highest priority being for species most likely to benefit from recovery plans, especially when the threat is from construction, or other developmental or economic activity.[44] Recovery plans cover domestic and migratory species.[46]

text: Exemptions[edit]

text: Exemptions can and do occur. The ESA requires federal agencies to consult with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) if any project occurs in the habitat of a listed species. An example of such a project might be a timber harvest proposed by the US Forest Service. If the timber harvest could impact a listed species, a biological assessment is prepared by the Forest Service and reviewed by the FWS or NMFS or both.

text: The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur. Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking (to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or significant habitat modification,[47] or to attempt to engage in any such conduct) of listed species.[48]

text: Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely. The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species.[49]

text: If harm is likely to occur, the consultation evaluates whether "reasonable and prudent alternatives" exist to minimize harm. If an alternative does not exist, the FWS or NMFS will issue an opinion that the action constitutes "jeopardy" to the listed species either directly or indirectly. The project cannot then occur unless exempted by the Endangered Species Committee.

text: The Committee must make a decision on the exemption within 30 days, when its findings are published in the Federal Register. The findings can be challenged in federal court. In 1992, one such challenge was the case of Portland Audubon Society v. Endangered Species Committee heard in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[50]

text: The court found that three members had been in illegal ex parte contact with the then-President George H.W. Bush, a violation of the Administrative Procedures Act. The committee's exemption was for the Bureau of Land Management's timber sale and "incidental takes" of the endangered northern spotted owl in Oregon.[50]

text: There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn.[51] Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonfactor in the administration of the ESA. A major reason, of course, is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions, and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy."[52]

text: Habitat Conservation Plans[edit]

text: More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations.[53] Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to circumvent the take prohibition called a Habitat Conservation Plan or HCP to give incentives to non-federal land managers and private landowners to help protect listed and unlisted species, while allowing economic development that may harm ("take") the species.

text: The US Fish and Wildlife Service defines the process as: "The purpose of the habitat conservation planning process associated with the permit is to ensure there is adequate minimizing and mitigating of the effects of the authorized incidental take. The purpose of the incidental take permit is to authorize the incidental take of a listed species, not to authorize the activities that result in take." [54]

text: The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan/ Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal-Mart store (in Florida) permit expires after one year. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action-which means other federal laws can apply, such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins.[55]

text: The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for future conservation plans developed under the incidental take exemption provision and that "the adequacy of similar conservation plans should be measured against the San Bruno plan". Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on "an independent exhaustive biological study" and protected at least 87% of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP.[56]

text: Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community", wrote Robert D. Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article, Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.[57]

text: "No Surprises" rule[edit]

text: The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient. The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money. The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures.[58]

text: "Safe Harbor" agreements[edit]

text: The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhancement of survival" provision of Section §1539(a)(1)(A). A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both. The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999.[59]

text: Candidate Conservation Agreements[edit]

text: The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected. The FWS will then assure that if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.

text: Experimental Populations[edit]

text: The Experimental Population Provision encourages introductions of species into formerly occupied or new habitat without the full range of legal restrictions for endangered species. The provision was added to the act in 1982 to encourage landowner support for species survival and recovery. Experimental populations could be used for the assisted migration of endangered species.[60]

text: Delisting[edit]

text: To delist species, several factors are considered: the threats are eliminated or controlled, population size and growth, and the stability of habitat quality and quantity. Also, over a dozen species have been delisted due to inaccurate data putting them on the list in the first place.

text: There is also "downlisting" of a species where some of the threats have been controlled and the population has met recovery objectives, then the species can be reclassified to "threatened" from "endangered"[61]

text: Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011.[62] A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2, 2009, that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf (Canis lupus) as a distinct population segment (DPS) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS.

text: The US Fish and Wildlife Service's delisting report lists four plants that have recovered:[63]

text:
Eggert's sunflower (Helianthus eggertii)

Robbins' cinquefoil (Potentilla robbinsiana), an alpine wildflower found in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

Maguire daisy (Erigeron maguirei)

Tennessee purple coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis)

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Positive effects[edit]

text: As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting.[64] Twenty-five others have been down listed from "endangered" to "threatened" status.

text: Some have argued that the recovery of DDT-threatened species such as the bald eagle, brown pelican and peregrine falcon should be attributed to the 1972 ban on DDT by the EPA. rather than the Endangered Species Act, however, the listing of these species as endangered was a substantial cause of Congress instituting the ban and many non-DDT oriented actions were taken on their behalf under the Endangered Species Act (i.e. captive breeding, habitat protection, and protection from disturbance).

text: As of October 28, 2012, there are 2,052 total (foreign and domestic)[65] species on the threatened and endangered lists. However, many species have become extinct while on the candidate list or otherwise under consideration for listing.[29]

text: Species which increased in population size since being placed on the endangered list include:

text:
Bald eagle (increased from 417 to 11,040 pairs between 1963 and 2007); removed from list 2007
Whooping crane (increased from 54 to 436 birds between 1967 and 2003)
Kirtland's warbler (increased from 210 to 1,415 pairs between 1971 and 2005)
Peregrine falcon (increased from 324 to 1,700 pairs between 1975 and 2000); removed from list 1999
Gray wolf (populations increased dramatically in the Northern Rockies and Western Great Lakes States)
Mexican wolf (increased to minimum population of 109 wolves in 2014 in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona)
Red wolf (increased from 17 in 1980 to 257 in 2003)
Gray whale (increased from 13,095 to 26,635 whales between 1968 and 1998); removed from list (Debated because whaling was banned before the ESA was set in place and that the ESA had nothing to do with the natural population increase since the cease of massive whaling [excluding Native American tribal whaling])
Grizzly bear (increased from about 271 to over 580 bears in the Yellowstone area between 1975 and 2005); removed from list March 22, 2007
California’s southern sea otter (increased from 1,789 in 1976 to 2,735 in 2005)
San Clemente Indian paintbrush (increased from 500 plants in 1979 to more than 3,500 in 1997)
Florida's Key deer (increased from 200 in 1971 to 750 in 2001)
Big Bend gambusia (increased from a couple dozen to a population of over 50,000)
Hawaiian goose (increased from 400 birds in 1980 to 1,275 in 2003)
Virginia big-eared bat (increased from 3,500 in 1979 to 18,442 in 2004)
Black-footed ferret (increased from 18 in 1986 to 600 in 2006)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed,[66][67] and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants. Others argue that the ESA may encourage preemptive habitat destruction by landowners who fear losing the use of their land because of the presence of an endangered species; known colloquially as "Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up."[68] One example of such perverse incentives is the case of a forest owner who, in response to ESA listing of the red-cockaded woodpecker, increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat.[69] While no studies have shown that the Act's negative effects, in total, exceed the positive effects, many economists believe that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species.[70]

text: According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to "donate" listed species through supposed "breeding loans" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party.[71] Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false "donations" and other mislabeled transactions.[72]

text: Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole,[73] but in October 1976, over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA.[74]

text: State endangered species lists[edit]

text: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act[75] provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies.[76] Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida,[77] Minnesota,[78] Maine,[79]

text: Penalties[edit]

text: There are different degrees of violation with the law. The most punishable offenses are trafficking, and any act of knowingly "taking" (which includes harming, wounding, or killing) an endangered species.

text: The penalties for these violations can be a maximum fine of up to $50,000 or imprisonment for one year, or both, and civil penalties of up to $25,000 per violation may be assessed. Lists of violations and exact fines are available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration web-site.[80]

text: One provision of this law is that no penalty may be imposed if, by a preponderance of the evidence that the act was in self-defense. The law also eliminates criminal penalties for accidentally killing listed species during farming and ranching activities.[81]

text: In addition to fines or imprisonment, a license, permit, or other agreement issued by a federal agency that authorized an individual to import or export fish, wildlife, or plants may be revoked, suspended or modified. Any federal hunting or fishing permits that were issued to a person who violates the ESA can be canceled or suspended for up to a year.

text: Use of money received through violations of the ESA[edit]

text: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.