document_title: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad

question_text: who abolished the dual system of government in bengal

text: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad

text: Bengal[edit]

text: The term "Bengal" incorporates to delineate the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal which including but not limited is all districts within the People's Republic of Bangladesh, as well as West Bengal, India.[12][13][14] During the first partition of Bengal in the early 20th century a new province, Eastern Bengal was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship along with Assam.[15] In 1911, East Bengal (now Bangladesh) was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal Province.[16] The Nawab thus gained rule over Orissa, which were earlier part of Bengal.[17][18][19] So sometimes That is why the Nawabs of Bengal were also mentioned as "Nawab of Bengal"[20] - where Nazim (or, Subahdar) means the provincial governor - as they ruled over three subahs while the Nawabs of Murshidabad were the local ruler of the city of Murshidabad.[21][self-published source?] The majority of modern Bengal is inhabited by Bengali people who speak the Bengali language.[22]

text:
Modern Bengal include the present day country of Bangladesh and the present day Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura

1893 map of Bengal

1831 map of Hindustan showing the then Bengal in green in the north east

text: History before the Nawab's rule[edit]

text: Sultans of Bengal[edit]

text: The early Sultans of Bengal ruled until 1282 which was followed by the rule of several successive dynasties. Ilyas Shah founder of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, took complete charge of the then Bengal[23] and the capital was shifted to Sonargaon (near present day, Dhaka in Bangladesh).[24] He was one of the independent rulers of Bengal. His son, Sikandar Shah, who succeeded him, built the Adina Mosque at Pandua, near Gour, Adina Mosque in the medieval times, was considered to be the largest in undivided Bengal, as well as the entire Indian subcontinent.[25]

text: Mughal Empire[edit]

text: The Mughal Empire emerged as a powerful Empire in northern India. Babur, who was related to two legendary warriors – Timur and Genghis Khan, invaded north India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty.[26] Babur thus became the first Mughal emperor. He was succeeded by his son, Humayun. At the same time, Sher Shah Suri (alias Farid Khan) of the Suri dynasty rose to prominence and established himself as the ruler of the present day Bihar by defeating Ghiyasuddin Shah. But he lost to capture the kingdom because of sudden expedition of Humayun. In 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa. He forced Humayun out of India. Assuming the title Sher Shah, he ascended the throne of Delhi. He also captured Agra and established control from Bengal in the east, to the Indus River in the west.[27] After his death he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri. But in 1544 the Suris were torn apart by internal conflicts. Humayun took this advantage and captured Lahore and Delhi, but he died in 1556 AD.[28] He was succeeded by Akbar, who defeated Daud Khan Karrani of Bengal's Karrani Dynasty (or, Karnani Dynasty). After this, the administration of the entire region of Bengal passed into the hands of governors appointed by the Mughal emperors, who ruled Bengal till 1716 AD.[29][30][31]

text: There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system during Akbar's reign. Diwani was a system of provincial revenue administration under the Mughals. Nizamat (civil administration) and Diwani (revenue administration) were the two main branches of the provincial administration under the Mughals.[29] A Subahdar (provincial viceroy or governor), also called a Nizam was in-charge of the Nizamat. There was a chain of subordinate officials under the Nizams on the executive side and under Diwans on the revenue and judicial side.[29]

text: Emergence of the Nawab Nizam of Bengal[edit]

text: Murshid Quli Khan arrived as the Diwan of Bengal in 1717 AD. Before his arrival, there were four Diwans. And, after his arrival, Azim-ush-Shan held the Nizam's office. Azim got into conflict with Murshid Quli Khan over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Khan, the then Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar.[32] Upon his departure the two posts united in one and Murshid Quli Khan became the first Nizam cum Diwan of Bengal. Murshid Khan was appointed the "Nawab Nizam of Bengal" and he emerged as the ruler of Bengal under the Mughals.[29][33] Murshidabad remained the capital of the Nawabs of Bengal until their rule.[29][34] The Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jaffer.[35] He lost to the British East India Company, who took installed Mir Jaffer on the Masnad (throne), as a "puppet ruler" and established itself to a political power in Bengal.[36]

text: In 1765, Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, became the first British Governor of Bengal.[37] He secured in perpetuity for the Company the Diwani (revenue and civil justice) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed. In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (military power and criminal justice) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended and the British Crown took over the territories which were under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. These territories, including the territory of the Nawab Nazims came under the direct rule of the British Crown and British Raj was established in India. Thus, the Nawab Nizams remained just the titular heads of their territory, which was now ruled by the British Crown, and they had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.[38][39] The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansoor Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son.[40]

text: History during the Nawab's rule[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Bengal

Ancient Geopolitical units[show]

Pundravardhana
Vanga
Gangaridai
Samatata
Anga
Suhma
Harikela
Kamarupa

Ancient and Classical dynasties[show]

Nanda dynasty
Maurya dynasty
Shunga dynasty
Gupta dynasty
Varman dynasty
Gauda dynasty
Mallabhum dynasty
Khadga dynasty
Pala dynasty
Chandra dynasty
Chola dynasty
Sena dynasty
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Medieval and Early Modern periods[show]

Delhi Sultanate
City states

Sonargaon
Lakhnauti
Satgaon

Bengal Sultanate

Ilyas Shahi dynasty
Hussain Shahi dynasty
Karrani dynasty

Sur Empire
Twelve Bhuyan Confederacy
Kingdom of Mrauk U
Jaintia Kingdom
Koch dynasty
Kingdom of Tripura
Kingdom of Bhurshut
Mughal Empire

Bengal Subah
Burdwan Raj
Rajshahi Raj
Nadia Raj
Bettiah Raj
Nawabs of Bengal
Zamindars

Maratha expeditions in Bengal

European colonisation[show]

Portuguese Chittagong
Dutch Bengal
French Bengal
Danish Bengal
Austrian Bengal
British India

Company rule
Bengal Presidency
Bengal famine of 1770
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Bengal famine of 1943
Direct Action Day
Indian Mutiny of 1857
British Raj
Bengal Renaissance
Eastern Bengal and Assam
Anti-colonial struggle
Partition of Bengal (1947)

East Bengal[show]

East Bengali refugees

East Pakistan[show]

1964 East Pakistan riots
Language Movement
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Liberation War
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Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Bangladesh[show]

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Military coups
Bangladesh famine of 1974

Indian Bengal[show]

West Bengal
Tripura merger
Left Front
Naxalism
Barak Valley Language Movement
Gorkhaland

Calendar[show]

Bengali calendar
Malla calendar

Related[show]

Bengali literary history
Architecture of Bengal
Bangamata

v
t
e

text: Dynasties[edit]

text: From 1717 until 1880, three successive Islamic dynasties – Nasiri, Afshar and Najafi – ruled what was then known as Bengal.[41]

text: The first dynasty, the Nasiri, ruled from 1717 until 1740. The founder of the Nasiri, Murshid Quli Khan, was born a poor Deccani Odia Brahmin before being sold into slavery and bought by one Haji Shafi Isfahani, a Persian merchant from Isfahan who converted him to Islam. He entered the service of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and rose through the ranks before becoming the Nawab Nizam of Bengal in 1717, a post he held until his death in 1727. He in turn was succeeded by his son-in-law, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.[42] After Shuja-ud-Din's death in 1739 he was succeeded by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, who held the rank, until he was killed in the Battle of Giria in 1741, and was succeeded by Alivardi Khan, former ruler of Patna, of the Afshar Dynasty in 1740.[43]

text: The second dynasty, the Afshar, ruled from 1740 to 1757. Siraj ud-Daulah (Alivardi Khan's grandson), the last Afshar Nawab was killed in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[44] They were succeeded by the third and final dynasty to rule the whole Bengal, the Najafi.[45]

text: Under the Mughals[edit]

text: Bengal Subah was one of the wealthiest parts of the Mughal empire.[46] As the Mughal empire began to decline, the Nawabs grew in power, although nominally subordinate to the Mughal emperor.[29][47] They wielded great power in their own right and finally became independent rulers of the Bengal region, for all practical purposes, by the early 1700s.[47]

text: Maratha expeditions[edit]

text: Marathas undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741–1748. Maratha general, Raghunath Rao was able to annex Orissa to his kingdom and the larger confederacy permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa after the death of Murshid Quli Khan in 1727.[48] Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Orissa, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan made peace with Raghunathrao in 1751 ceding in perpetuity Orissa up to the river Suvarnarekha, and agreeing to pay ₹12 lacs annually in lieu of the Chauth of Bengal and Bihar.[49]

text: The treaty included ₹20 lacs as Chauth for Bengal (includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and ₹12 lacs for Bihar(including Jharkhand). After this, Maratha promised never to cross the boundary of the Nawab of Bengal's territory.[50]

text: Thus, Baji Rao is hailed as the greatest Maratha chief after Shivaji because of his success in subjecting Muslim rulers of east India in states such as Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Maratha rule.[51]

text: Nawabs of Bengal under British rule and their decline[edit]

text: The break-up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[44] Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a "puppet ruler" depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne.[44] Siraj-ud-Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle.[44] He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished.[38][39][52]

text: After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended, and all the territories which were under the rule of the British East India Company came under the British Crown in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. And administrative control of India came under the Indian Civil Service, which had administrative control over all areas in India, except the Princely States.[16]

text: Mansoor Ali Khan (aka Feradun Jah) was the last Nawab of Bengal. During his reign the Nizamat at Murshidabad became involved in debts. The then Government of India involved it into an action of preventing further claims. Feradun Jah left Murshidabad in February 1869 and started living in England. The title of "Nawab of Bengal" was abolished in 1880.[53] He returned to Bombay in October 1880 but spent most of his time pleading his case against the orders of the Government of India. After it was not resolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles of Nawab Nizam of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and abdicated in favour of his eldest son at St. Ives, Maidenhead, on 1 November 1880.[53]

text: Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad and the Nawabs post Indian independence[edit]

text: The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nizams of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, following Mansoor Ali Khan's abdication[29][40][54] Nawabs of Murshidabad were the successors of the Nawabs of Bengal. After Lord Clive secured the Diwani of Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 for the East India Company they did not have any effective authority. So they lavishly enjoyed their title, privileges alongside with the honours they received. They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880.[29] They had little or no say and ceased to control any significant force.[29][55]

text: After Indian Independence in 1947, all the non-princely states were subject to a test of religious majority in which the Muslim majority areas formed the Dominion of Pakistan, while the other regions formed the Dominion of India.[7] Murshidabad (the capital city for both, the Nawabs of Bengal and the Nawabs of Murshidabad) became a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days, as it had a Muslim majority. However, it became a part of India on 17 August 1947.[56] The Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop the palace.[57] The Nawabs, after the takeover by the British had no actual power and after merging with India too, they had yielded power, as the Government of India took over control of all the areas that merged with India. Furthermore, with the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, the Dominion of India was transformed into the Republic of India, and the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution (which is a part of the Right to Equality, a fundamental right in India), titles were abolished. The Article prevents the state from confirming any title except those titles given by the Government to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields. Such titles and awards include the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Shri and the Padma Vibhushan (the Supreme Court of India, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of such awards). Thus, with the promulgation of the Constitution, the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad was abolished. And although, the Nawab Waris Ali Meerza held titles such as Raes ud-Daulah, they were not officially or legally recognised.[7][58]

text: Although, the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad had no political power the office continued to be held by the second Nawab Bahadur Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur, who had held the office since 1906, and after his death in 1959, he was succeeded by his son, Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur.[7] Waris Ali Meerza died in 1969,[9] survived by his three sons and three daughters. According to the Nawab’s law, the eldest son of the Nawab succeeded him, however, Waris Ali's eldest son, Wakif Ali Meerza Bahadur, was excluded from the succession by his father for contracting a non-Muslim marriage and for not professing the Muslim religion.

text: Waris Ali Meerza, the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, died in 1969, and he took no steps during his lifetime to establish his succession. And before declaring his successor Waris Ali died. There was no clear successor to Waris Ali.[59]

text: Since then there was no clear successor to Waris Ali and the titular office/post was in dispute, and a legal battle ensued. And following this as the title was in dispute, a legal battle ensued. Abbas Ali Meerza claimed to be the legal heir of Waris Ali on the basis of being the son of the daughter of Waris Alis' father, the second Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, Wasif Ali Meerza; while Sajid Ali Meerza claimed the same on the basis of being the son by mut‘ah marriage of Wasif Ali. The case reached the Supreme Court and finally, the Supreme Court judges, Justice Ranjan Gogoi and Justice R K Agrawal, gave their judgement on 13 August 2014, declaring the then 72-year-old Abbas Ali Meerza (full name, Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Meerza), who happened to be the son of the only daughter of Waris Ali’s father, Wasif Ali Meerza (the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad), the successor and the legal heir to the former Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Meerza. The Court directed Abbas Ali Meerza, son of Syed Muhammad Sadeque Ali Meerza, to be the direct descendant of Waris Ali Meerza. However, the case against the state's annexation of the Murshidabad Estate, which is worth several thousand crores, is still on, as of 2014[update].[9][60]

text: However, it is to be noted that after Indian independence in 1947, followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India, the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles, except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields.[10] However, under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles. But this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India. Thus the title of the "Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad" was officially, constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971.[11] Thus, as titles have been abolished in India, the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad no longer exists. However, Abbas Ali Meerza can now succeed Waris Ali Meerza's office legally, but his title of the fourth Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad would be unofficial, as the title is not legally and officially recognised.[9][60][61]

text: List of the Nawabs of Bengal[edit]

text: The following is a list of all the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan (Mir Jaffer) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice.[62] The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1881 with Mansoor Ali Khan's abdication.[29][40][62]

text:
Portrait
Titular Name
Personal Name
Birth
Reign
Death

Nasiri Dynasty

Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri
Murshid Quli Khan
1665
1717–1727
1727[63][64][65]

Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jang
Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur
 ?
1727-1727
29 April 1740[66]

Shuja ud-Daula
Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan
Around 1670 (date not available)
July 1727 – 26 August 1739
26 August 1739[67][68]

Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jang
Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur
 ?
13 March 1739 – April 1740
29 April 1740[66]

Afshar Dynasty

Hashim ud-Daula
Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur
Before 10 May 1671
29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756
9 April 1756[69][70]

Siraj ud-Daulah
Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah
1733
April 1756 – 2 June 1757
2 July 1757[71][72]

Najafi Dynasty

Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur
Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan Bahadur
1691
June 1757 – October 1760
17 January 1765[73][74][75]

Itimad ud-Daulah
Mir Qasim Ali Khan Bahadur
 ?
20 October 1760 – 1763
8 May 1777[76]

Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur
Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan Bahadur
1691
25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765
17 January 1765[76][77]

Nazam-ud-Daulah
Najimuddin Ali Khan Bahadur
1750
5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766
8 May 1766[78]

Saif ud-Daulah
Najabut Ali Khan Bahadur
1749
22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770
10 March 1770[79]

Mubarak ud-Daulah
Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur
1759
21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793
6 September 1793[80]

Azud ud-Daulah
Babar Ali Khan Bahadur
 ?
1793 – 28 April 1810
28 April 1810[81]

Ali Jah
Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan Bahadur
 ?
5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821
6 August 1821[82][83]

Walla Jah
Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur
 ?
1821 – 30 October 1824
30 October 1824[84][85]

Humayun Jah
Mubarak Ali Khan Bahadur
29 September 1810
1824 – 3 October 1838
3 October 1838[86][87][88]

Feradun Jah
Syed Mansoor Ali Khan Bahadur
29 October 1830
29 October 1838 – 1 November 1880 (abdicated)
5 November 1884[89]

text: List of the Nawabs of Murshidabad[edit]

text: The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal after the abdication in 1881 and the abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal in 1880.[29][40] There have been four Nawabs of Murshidabad, as of 2014, as follows. However, it is to be noted that Waris Ali Mirza was the last official Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, for titles like these were abolished in 1971. Though Abbas Ali Mirza is the legal heir to Waris Ali Mirza's office, the title no longer enjoys legal sanctity owing to the abolition of the policy of Privy Purse by the twenty-sixth amendment to the Indian Constitution:[11]

text:
Picture
Titular Name
Personal Name
Birth
Reign
Death

Najafi Dynasty

Ali Kadir
Syed Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
25 August 1846
17 February 1882 – 25 December 1906
25 December 1906[90][self-published source?][91]

Amir ul-Omrah
Syed Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
7 January 1875
December 1906 – 23 October 1959
23 October 1959[90][92]

Raes ud-Daulah
Syed Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
14 November 1901
1959 – 20 November 1969
20 November 1969[93]

N/A
N/A
Disputed/In abeyance[9][60]
N/A
20 November 1969 – 13 August 2014
N/A

N/A
Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
Circa 1942
13 August 2014 – Present[9][60]
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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Jump up ^ Chaudhury, Sushil; Mohsin, KM (2012). "Sirajuddaula". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ Singh, Vipul (2009). Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal). Pearson Education India. pp. 29–.
Jump up ^ Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government). Upkar Prakashan. 2009. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-81-7482-744-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Murshidabad.net (8 May 2012). "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Murshidabad.net (8 May 2012). "Hassan Ali Mirza's succession". Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lumby 1954, p. 232
^ Jump up to: a b "The last reigning Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur". Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mahato, Sukumar (20 August 2014). "Murshidabad gets a Nawab again, but fight for assets ahead". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article 18 of the Indian Constitution". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Twenty Sixth Amendment to the Indian Constitution". Indiacode.nic.in. 28 December 1971. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Hasan, Perween (15 August 2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 9781845113810.
Jump up ^ Knight, Lisa I. (1 June 2011). Contradictory Lives: Baul Women in India and Bangladesh. Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780199773619.
Jump up ^ Chakraborty, Mridula Nath (26 March 2014). Being Bengali: At Home and in the World. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 9781317818908.
Jump up ^ Ray, Asok Kumar; Chakraborty, Satyabrata (2008). Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray. Concept Publishing Company. p. 195. ISBN 9788180695728.
^ Jump up to: a b David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) pp. 46, 135
Jump up ^ Sir James Bourdillon The Partition of Bengal (London: Society of Arts) 1905
Jump up ^ "History of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Student Association. Archived from the original on 19 December 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
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Jump up ^ Huq, Mohammad Daniul; Sarkar, Pabitra (2012). "Bangla Language". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.197
Jump up ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.212
Jump up ^ Husain, ABM (2012). "Adina Mosque". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ "Babu, the First Moghul Emperor: Wine and Tulips in Kabul". The Economist: 80–82. 16 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sher Khan". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Biography of Islam Shah the Successor of Sher Shah".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "The Nawabs ruled earlier under the Mughal and later under the British". Murdhidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Daud Khan Karrani". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell, Published by J. Murray, 1889, Public Domain
Jump up ^ Chatterjee, Anjali (2012). "Azim-us-Shan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ "Emergence of the Nawab of Bengal with Murshid Quli khan being the first Nawab". Murshidabad.net. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Mohsin, KM (2012). "Murshidabad". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ Hist & Civics Viii Mat Board. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2005. p. 10. ISBN 9780070604452.
Jump up ^ Review Projector (India). T.R. Kesava Murthy. 1985. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Chaudhury, Sushil; Mohsin, KM (2012). "Sirajuddaula". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Vipul (1 September 2009). Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal). Pearson Education India.
^ Jump up to: a b Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government). Upkar Prakashan. 1 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Rahman, Urmi (23 December 2014). Bangladesh - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Bravo Limited. ISBN 9781857336962.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Defeat of Siraj ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey". Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dynasties of The Nawabs". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b History Modern India – S. N. Sen – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.
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Jump up ^ "Incidents during Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hassan Ali Meerza's succession". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nawabs of Murshidabad had little or no say". Royal Ark. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Prakash, Ved (2008). Terrorism in India's North-east: A Gathering Storm. Gyan Publishing House. p. 350. ISBN 9788178356617.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Portrait of an accidental Nawab". The Times of India. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The last Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur". Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nawabs of Bengal (chronologically)". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Murshid Quli Khan". murshidabad.net. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Murshid Quli Khan | Indian nawab". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Karim, Abdul (2012). "Murshid Quli Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Sarfaraz Khan". murshidabad.net. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Karim, KM (2012). "Shujauddin Muhammad Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Suja-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah". Story Of Pakistan. 3 January 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b Shah, Mohammad (2012). "Mir Jafar Ali Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
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Jump up ^ Khan, Abdul Majed (3 December 2007). The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521049825.
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Jump up ^ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. p. 49.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Wala Jah". murshidabad.net. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Indian Records: With a Commercial View of the Relations Between the British Government and the Nawabs Nazim of Bengal, Behar and Orissa. G. Bubb. 1870. p. 75.
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Jump up ^ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. p. 50.
Jump up ^ Ray, Aniruddha (13 September 2016). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Routledge. ISBN 9781351997300.
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^ Jump up to: a b "MURSHID16". www.royalark.net. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Waresh Ali". murshidabad.net. Retrieved 9 October 2016.

tag: ol


document_title: Iron Fist (TV series)

question_text: where does iron fist take place in new york

root

text: Iron Fist (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: After being presumed dead for 15 years, Danny Rand returns to New York City to reclaim his family company from Harold Meachum and his children Ward Meachum and Joy Meachum. When a threat emerges, Rand must choose between his family's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist:
A billionaire Buddhist monk and martial artist proficient in kung-fu, with the ability to call upon the mystical power of the Iron Fist.[2][3][4] Jones described the character as "someone struggling to find his identity",[5] and identified with the character's loneliness being an orphan like Rand.[6][5] He noted that "Danny gets really stressed and really pissed off sometimes, and I understand that ... [his] optimism and where that comes from."[5] In preparation for the role, Jones studied kung fu, wushu, and tai chi, along with weight training, Buddhist philosophy, and meditation.[7] Toby Nichols portrays a young Danny Rand.[8]
Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing:
A martial artist ally of Rand who runs her own martial arts dojo called Chikara Dojo in New York City.[9] Henwick felt the most defining word for Wing was "alone", saying, "She doesn't want to be anyone's love interest and open herself up in that way."[10] Henwick also tried "to pull out that sort of very dry humor that [Wing] has, and that no bullshit New Yorker demeanor" from the comics version in her portrayal.[11]
Tom Pelphrey as Ward Meachum:
The son of Harold and childhood acquaintance of Rand, whose work building up Rand Enterprises with his sister Joy is threatened to be undone with Rand's return.[12] Ward is a character from the comics, though Pelphrey noted "we're not necessarily beholden to representing him [in the series] exactly as he appears in the comic book."[13] Stroup said that Ward would experience some "male angst" on Rand's return, because "Ward would have been the one who picked on [Rand] when he was little so as pure and innocent and great as Iron Fist is, he comes in and he causes some problems" there.[14] Ilan Eskenazi portrays a teenage Ward Meachum.[15]
Jessica Stroup as Joy Meachum:
The daughter of Harold and childhood acquaintance of Rand, whose work building up Rand Enterprises with her brother Ward is threatened to be undone with Rand's return.[12] Stroup said that Joy "absolutely loves" Rand, and his return to New York is "like this rebirth of what she once was, and she gets to ask these questions about herself because he's posing them to her." Stroup said that Joy would initially be unsure whether Rand is who he says he is.[14] Aimee Laurence portrays a young Joy Meachum.
Ramón Rodríguez as Bakuto: A leader of a faction of The Hand and Colleen Wing's sensei.[16]
Sacha Dhawan as Davos:
A skilled martial artist who is the son of Lei Kung and Rand's former best friend in K'un-Lun, who grew envious when Rand became the Iron Fist. Although Dhawan first appeared in the ninth episode of the first season, Dhawan noted that the majority of Davos' storyline was intended to be explored in a potential second season.[17]
Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple: A former nurse from Hell's Kitchen who joins Wing's dojo. Dawson reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series.[18]
David Wenham as Harold Meachum:
A ruthless corporate leader and co-founder of Rand Enterprises who was partners with Rand's parents at the time of their deaths.[19] Regarding Harold's relationship with his children, Joy and Ward, Wenham said the dynamic between the three of them "is complex, to say the least. It's multilayered, it’s multidimensional, it's surprising and it’s forever changing, depending on the circumstances."[13]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Snow Gives Way"
John Dahl
Scott Buck
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

2
"Shadow Hawk Takes Flight"
John Dahl
Scott Buck
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

3
"Rolling Thunder Cannon Punch"
Tom Shankland
Quinton Peeples
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

4
"Eight Diagram Dragon Palm"
Miguel Sapochnik
Scott Reynolds
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

5
"Under Leaf Pluck Lotus"
Uta Briesewitz
Cristine Chambers
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

6
"Immortal Emerges from Cave"
RZA
Dwain Worrell
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

7
"Felling Tree with Roots"
Farren Blackburn
Ian Stokes
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

8
"The Blessing of Many Fractures"
Kevin Tancharoen
Tamara Becher-Wilkinson
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

9
"The Mistress of All Agonies"
Jet Wilkinson
Pat Charles
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

10
"Black Tiger Steals Heart"
Peter Hoar
Quinton Peeples
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

11
"Lead Horse Back to Stable"
Deborah Chow
Ian Stokes
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

12
"Bar the Big Boss"
Andy Goddard
Scott Reynolds
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

13
"Dragon Plays with Fire"
Stephen Surjik
Scott Buck & Tamara Becher-Wilkinson & Pat Charles
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)

tag: table

text: Season 2[edit]

text: A second season was ordered in July 2017, with Simone Missick revealed to be joining the series, reprising her role of Misty Knight from previous Marvel Netflix series.[20] Filming for the season began in December 2017.[21]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: An Iron Fist film had been in development at Marvel Studios since 2000, originally to be co-financed by Artisan Entertainment.[22] Ray Park was hired to star,[23] but the project went through multiple directors and ultimately did not come to fruition.[24][25] Development continued after Marvel Studios began to self-finance their films in the middle of the decade,[26] with Marvel hiring a group of writers to develop some of their "lesser-known properties", including Iron Fist.[27] In 2010, Rich Wilkes was hired to write a new draft for the film,[28] and by May 2013, Iron Fist was said to be one of the "projects on the horizon" for Marvel.[29]

text: In October 2013, Deadline reported that Marvel Television was preparing four drama series and a miniseries, totaling 60 episodes, to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[30] A few weeks later, Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Iron Fist, Daredevil, Jessica Jones, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[31] In April 2015, the official title was revealed to be Marvel's Iron Fist.[32] That November, Marvel Television head and executive producer Jeph Loeb addressed unconfirmed rumors that Marvel was having a difficult time balancing Iron Fist's mystical elements in its grounded world, and that the series could be replaced with a film or a Punisher series. He explained that Marvel and Netflix deliberately held off on Iron Fist news until Marvel's Jessica Jones premiered so that series, revolving around a character largely unknown to the general audience, got the spotlight. Loeb promised that news on a showrunner would be coming,[33] and Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve in the role a month later.[2] The series was originally intended to be the third of the announced series from Netflix, debuting after Jessica Jones, but was switched with Marvel's Luke Cage after Luke Cage became a breakout star of Jessica Jones and Marvel wanted to "follow the momentum".[34] John Dahl, Cindy Holland, Allie Goss, Alison Engel, Kris Henigman, Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, Dan Buckley, Jim Chory, Loeb and Buck serve as executive producers on the series.[35]

text: A second season was announced in July 2017,[20] with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season, replacing Buck. Loeb felt Metzner's "love of all things Iron Fist and his extensive knowledge of martial arts films made him the perfect choice" to serve as the new showrunner.[36]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Each episode of the first season is named after a kung-fu move.[37] Buck stated the series would have a lighter tone to it than the previous Marvel Netflix series, given that "Danny Rand himself is a much lighter character. He's someone that has optimism and hope, and despite whatever the odds are, everything is always going to work out."[37]

text: On first discovering Rand's powers, Buck described them as "not the greatest superpowers. All he can do is punch really hard ... you can use it in some ways but in rest of his life, it’s not really all that significant. His greatest gift is his martial arts skills, and that’s something he suffered and worked for."[38] The writers and producers approached "scientists to discuss how someone could potentially have that type of super strength in the real world."[39] Loeb described the series as "Marvel’s foray into martial arts films", and Buck stated that the comics were just "a starting-off point" for the series, which would be "very grounded [and] character driven".[6] Jones felt the series was "actually a feminist television show" calling the female characters "incredibly strong, incredibly unique, and they really hold the men up in that world... All the men in our show are falling apart. They need these women to hold them up".[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting for Iron Fist began by November 2015,[40] with Finn Jones being cast as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in February 2016,[3] but not officially confirmed by Marvel until March.[4] On casting Jones, Buck said, "we saw him and I think we all just knew immediately this is our guy... He just seemed to be able to display [the character's youthful optimism and badass attitude] when needed and sometimes all at once, so he was very capable and flexible as he brought the character to life."[40] By April, Jessica Henwick, David Wenham, Jessica Stroup and Tom Pelphrey were cast as Colleen Wing,[9] Harold Meachum,[19] Joy Meachum, and Ward Meachum, respectively,[12] and by June, Sacha Dhawan had been cast as Davos, though he was not revealed to be in the role until March 2017.[17] In October 2016, it was revealed that Rosario Dawson would reprise her role of Claire Temple from previous Marvel/Netflix series.[18] Ramón Rodríguez also stars as Bakuto.[16]

text: Jones, Henwick, Pelphrey, Stroup, and Dhawan reprise their roles in the second season. They are joined by Alice Eve in an undisclosed role.[41]

text: Design[edit]

text: Stephanie Maslansky is the costume designer for Iron Fist, after serving the same role for the previous Marvel Netflix series.[42] Maslansky noted one of the differences in the series compared to the other Marvel Netflix series was the neighborhoods it spent time in ("the wealthier neighborhoods; Midtown, Upper East Side, that sort of thing") compared to Hell's Kitchen for Daredevil and Jessica Jones and Harlem for Luke Cage. As such, Rand wears more suits than the other heroes, and given the amount of fighting he does in the series, a lot of spandex was added to increase the suits' flexibility.[43] The monk costumes and Rand's warrior costume was based on "real Shaolin warrior monk costumes... I took that distinctive silhouette from the Shaolin warrior monk clothing, and we combined it with the traditional colors of the Iron Fist, green and gold."[44] The series opening title sequence was created by Elastic.[45]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series takes place in New York City,[46] in addition to sound stage work.[47] Manuel Billeter served as director of photography for the series, after doing the same for Jessica Jones and Luke Cage,[48] and Brett Chan is the series' stunt-coordinator and second unit director.[37][49] Iron Fist was filmed in high dynamic range (HDR), which Billeter stated added "a learning curve" to his work, forcing him to rethink how he would shoot certain scenes.[39]

text: Music[edit]

text: In late October 2016, Trevor Morris was revealed to be composing the music for the series.[50] A soundtrack album featuring Morris's score for the first season was released by Marvel digitally on March 17, 2017, coinciding with the release of the series.[51]

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: Iron Fist is the fourth of the ordered Netflix series, after Marvel's Daredevil, Jessica Jones and Luke Cage, which lead to the miniseries, The Defenders.[34][52][53] In November 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that if the characters prove popular on Netflix, "It’s quite possible that they could become feature films,"[54] which Sarandos echoed in July 2015.[55] In August 2014, Vincent D'Onofrio, Wilson Fisk in Daredevil, stated that after the "series stuff with Netflix", Marvel has "a bigger plan to branch out".[56] In March 2015, Loeb spoke on the ability for the series to crossover with the MCU films and the ABC television series, saying, "It all exists in the same universe. As it is now, in the same way that our films started out as self-contained and then by the time we got to The Avengers, it became more practical for Captain America to do a little crossover into Thor 2 and for Bruce Banner to appear at the end of Iron Man 3. We have to earn that. The audience needs to understand who all of these characters are and what the world is before you then start co-mingling in terms of where it's going."[57]

text: Release[edit]

text: Iron Fist is available on the streaming service Netflix, in all territories where it is available,[1] in Ultra HD 4K and HDR.[58] The episodes for each season were released simultaneously, as opposed to a serialized format, to encourage binge-watching, a format which has been successful for other Netflix original series.[46][47]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Disney Consumer Products created a small line of products to cater to a more adult audience, given the show’s edgier tone. Paul Gitter, senior VP of Marvel Licensing for Disney Consumer Products explained that the focus would be more on teens and adults than very young people, with products at outlets like Hot Topic. Additionally, a Marvel Knights merchandise program was created to support the series, which creates new opportunities for individual product lines and collector focused products. Licensing partners wanted to pair up with Marvel, despite this not being a film project, given its previous successes.[59]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Audience viewership[edit]

text: As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Karim Zreik, senior vice president of original programming at Marvel Television, provided some viewership demographics for Iron Fist in August 2017, noting that the series has attracted mainly younger viewers.[60] Also in the month, Netflix released viewing patterns for the Marvel Netflix series. The data, which came from Netflix's "1,300 'taste communities' around the world, where subscribers are grouped based on what they watch", showed that viewers would not watch the series in chronological order by release, rather starting with Jessica Jones, then Daredevil, Luke Cage and finally Iron Fist. Todd Yellin, Netflix’s vice president of product innovation, noted that audiences watch the series "in order of how they're interested in them and how they learn about them." Netflix's data also showed that a viewer watching Luke Cage would most often then move on to Iron Fist, while other series with "coming-of-tales" such as 13 Reasons Why, Love and The 100 led viewers to starting Iron Fist.[61]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported the first season has a 17% approval rating with an average rating of 4.2/10 based on 63 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite some promising moments, Iron Fist is weighed down by an absence of momentum and originality."[62] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 37 out of 100 based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

2018
Saturn Awards
Best New Media Superhero Series
Iron Fist
Pending
[64]


document_title: Wayne Newton

question_text: the road leading to the airport in las vegas is named after what entertainer

text: Wayne Newton

text: Early years[edit]

text: He was born Carson Wayne Newton[2] in Norfolk, Virginia, to Patrick Newton, an auto mechanic, and his wife, Evelyn Marie "Smith" (née Plasters).[3][4][5] He is of Irish, German, and Native American ancestry (his mother is half Cherokee and his father is half Powhatan).[6] When his father was serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II, Newton spent his early years in Roanoke, learning the piano, guitar, and steel guitar at age six.[7]

text: While he was a child, his family moved to near Newark, Ohio. He began singing in local clubs, theaters, and fairs with his older brother, Jerry. Because of Newton's severe asthma his family moved to Phoenix in 1952, where he left North High School just before finishing his junior year.[2][8][9] The brothers, as the Rascals in Rhythm, appeared with the Grand Ole Opry roadshows and on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee; and performed in front of then-president Dwight D. Eisenhower[10] and auditioned unsuccessfully for Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour.

text: In the spring of 1958, near the end of his junior year of high school, a Las Vegas booking agent saw Newton on a local TV show, Lew King Rangers Show, on which the two Newton brothers were performing and took them back for an audition. Originally signed for two weeks, the brothers eventually performed for five years, doing six shows a day. On September 29, 1962, they first performed on The Jackie Gleason Show. Wayne would perform on Gleason's show 12 times over the following two years.  In the early to mid-1960s, he also acted and sang as "Andy" the baby-faced Ponderosa ranch hand on the classic western TV series, Bonanza.

text: By 1963, Newton had been signed to Capitol Records and his first album was released on the label. He had a minor hit with “Danke Schoen” which featured his still-high prepubescent voice.  It reached no. 13 on the Billboard Magazine Hot 100 chart.

text: Career as an entertainer[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Many prominent entertainment icons such as Lucille Ball, Bobby Darin, Danny Thomas, George Burns, and Jack Benny lent Newton their support. In particular, Benny hired Newton as an opening act for his show. After his job with Benny ended, Newton was offered a job to open for another comic at the Flamingo Hotel, but Newton asked for, and was given, a headline act. In 1972 his recording of "Daddy, Don't You Walk So Fast" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in July 1972.[11]
Influential music director Rosalie Trombley of Canadian station CKLW "The Big 8" radio in the Detroit-Windsor area decided to add the record to her radio station to embarrass her ex-husband, who wasn't faithful about seeing his children, as Trombley explained in the documentary Radio Revolution: The Rise and Fall of the Big 8.  The record topped the Canadian charts.  From Detroit, "Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast" took off and broke nationwide.

text: From 1980 through 1982, The Beach Boys and The Grass Roots performed Independence Day concerts on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., attracting large crowds.[12][13] However, in April 1983, James G. Watt, President Ronald Reagan's Secretary of the Interior, banned Independence Day concerts on the Mall by such groups.  Watt said that "rock bands" that had performed on the Mall on Independence Day in 1981 and 1982 had encouraged drug use and alcoholism and had attracted "the wrong element", who would mug individuals and families attending any similar events in the future.[13]  Watt then announced that Newton, a friend and supporter of President Reagan and a contributor to Republican Party political campaigns, would perform at the Mall's 1983 Independence Day celebration.[13][14]  Newton entered the Independence Day stage on the Mall on July 4, 1983, to mostly cheering members of the audience, but some members booed.[15]

text: On May 23, 1989, Newton's live stage show was broadcast as a pay-per-view event called Wayne Newton Live in Concert.  In an odd break with tradition, Newton didn't perform his trademark songs "Danke Schoen" or "Red Roses for a Blue Lady".  Newton did, however, close the show with a special finale of "MacArthur Park", which culminated with an onstage rainfall.

text: On December 12, 1992, Newton hit #1 on the Cashbox Pop and Country charts with an Elvis Presley-inspired song, "The Letter".[16] Controversy swirled around this chart feat, as "The Letter" did not chart at all on Billboard Magazine's authoritative Hot 100 chart, Adult Contemporary chart or "Bubbling Under" chart. It did not make the Radio and Records magazine chart either. This marked the first and only time in history that a record hit #1 on the Cashbox Top 100 chart, yet failed even to chart on Billboard's Hot 100.[17]

text: In 1994, Newton performed his 25,000th solo show in Las Vegas.

text: In 1999, Newton signed a 10-year deal with the Stardust, calling for him to perform there 40 weeks out of the year for six shows a week in a showroom named after him. Orchestrated by his business partner, Jack Wishna, this "headliner-in-residence" deal was the first of its kind. In 2005, in preparation for the eventual demolition of the casino, the deal was, from all reports, amicably terminated; Newton began a 30-show stint that summer at the Hilton. His last show at the Stardust was on April 20, 2005.[18] During a break in his on stage performance, he announced to the crowd that night he wanted to spend more time with his wife and new daughter as the main reasonings for canceling the contract. Newton said the Boyd family made him a very nice offer to stay on past the demolition of the hotel and casino and to play in other Boyd venues, but Newton declined citing "another deal in the works for Vegas", but he did not mention the Hilton specifically. News crews were expecting this performance to end on time, to make their 10 pm and 11 pm shows, but the show finally ended around 11:30 pm, thus eliminating the possibility. Mr. Las Vegas went on at 7:30 that night, and sang nearly his entire repertoire and songs of other Vegas mainstays as well.

text: Newton was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 2000.[19]

text:
In 2001, Newton succeeded Bob Hope as chairman of the USO Celebrity Circle. In January 2005, Newton started a reality television show on E! called The Entertainer. The winner got a spot in his act, plus a headlining act of their own for a year. And during player introductions at the 2007 NBA All-Star Weekend in Las Vegas, Newton sang Presley's
"Viva Las Vegas."

text: Newton was the grand marshal of the 80th Annual Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival in Winchester, Virginia, May 1–7, 2007.[20] He canceled a sold-out show to join the Festival.

text: Newton was featured on the 2007 fall season of Dancing with the Stars partnered with two-time champion Cheryl Burke. He became the third contestant to be eliminated from the contest.  During the taping (which takes place at CBS Television City), he also became the first guest on The Price Is Right, which tapes on the same lot, under host Drew Carey, who began adding guests to the show, especially to present prizes.  Newton appeared after a trip to Las Vegas was shown.

text: In 2007 Newton revealed on Larry King Live how he personally confronted Johnny Carson about jokes The Tonight Show host was making about him. Newton said he thought

text: Johnny Carson is a mean-spirited human being. And there are people that he has hurt that people will never know about. And for some reason at some point, he decided to turn that kind of negative attention toward me. And I refused to have it.[21][22]

text: In 2008, Newton received a Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, a national memorial to President Wilson, commemorates "the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson." The award honors leaders who have given back to their communities.

text: Beginning October 14, 2009, he began performing his then newest show "Once Before I Go" at the Tropicana in Las Vegas.[23]  A year later he took a 5-year hiatus to spend time with his family and prepare his voice for a future Las Vegas residency. In 2016, Newton returned to the stage at Bally's Hotel in the form of a lounge show called "Up Close & Personal", a combination of live singing, playing some of the 13 self-taught instruments (having learned in the past to give his voice a rest when performing 6 shows a night at the Fremont Hotel), and showing movie and TV clips on screen.

text: Family[edit]

text: In 1968, Newton married Elaine Okamura. They have one child, Erin Newton, born July 25, 1976; they divorced in 1985. In 1994, Newton married Kathleen McCrone, a lawyer from North Olmsted, Ohio. The couple has one daughter, Lauren Ashley Newton, who was born on April 19, 2002.

text: Arabian horse breeder[edit]

text: Newton has stated, "My two loves in life, from the time I can remember, were music and horses, and I couldn't decide which I loved more."[24]  His Arabian horse breeding program, located at his Casa de Shenandoah Ranch, is called Aramus Arabians, and has produced six generations of horses, breeding over 700 foals, with 96 champions as of  2014[update].[25]  Newton's first experience with horses was at his uncle's farm, where he visited frequently.  He bought his first horse when he sold his bicycle and his parents' movie camera to buy a foal when he was a sixth-grader.  Originally owning Thoroughbreds and American Quarter Horses, he "fell in love" with the Arabian breed via his ownership of the Champion stallion *Aramus, after whom he named his horse ranch.[24]  He first came to the attention of Arabian breeders in 1969 when he partnered with Tom Chauncey, an Arabian breeder and television station owner, to purchase the stallion *Naborr from the estate of Anne McCormick.[26] They paid $150,000, which at the time was the highest price ever paid for an Arabian horse at auction.[27]  Shortly thereafter, Newton formed a partnership with other Arabian breeders to purchase *Aramus, who was a son of *Naborr.  He became the sole owner of *Aramus in 1972.[26]

text: Newton was given the Arabian Horse Breeders' Association Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007.[26]  He continues to be directly involved in management of his horses, planning the breeding program for his horses, determining which to keep and which to sell, and even assisting his ranch staff during foaling season.  He was awarded the Arabian Professional and Amateur Horseman's Association Breeder of the Year award in 1996.[24]

text: Finances and legal problems[edit]

text: From 1980 to 1982 Newton was part owner of the Aladdin Hotel, in a partnership that led to a number of lawsuits and a failed attempt by Newton to purchase the entire hotel in 1983.[28]

text: In 1992, Newton filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to reorganize an estimated $20 million in debts, much of which was accumulated while suing NBC for libel; he claimed the network had reported that he partnered with the Mafia to buy the Aladdin. His bankruptcy declaration included a $341,000 Internal Revenue Service tax lien. By 1999, he was financially well off again.[29]

text: In August 2005, the IRS filed a lawsuit against Newton alleging that he and his wife owed more than $1.8 million in taxes and penalties. One of Newton's tax lawyers disputed that, saying, "We believe the IRS owes him money."[30]

text: In late 2009, officials at Oakland County International Airport in Waterford, Michigan, claimed Newton owed the airport more than $60,000 for unpaid parking fees, which they claimed he owed after having abandoned a $2 million Fokker F28 plane there more than three years before.[30] The plane was originally flown in for renovations in 2005. After they were completed in 2007, the plane was moved to an outside parking area. The monthly parking fees were $5,000. An aircraft of this type needs to have its engines run at least once a month to retain its airworthiness. In 2009, it was discovered that the interior of the craft was rotting, and filled with mold.[31] The plane has since been disassembled, transported, and reassembled on his estate grounds.[32]

text: In a 2009 lawsuit, Newton was accused of failing to pay $32,384 for hay delivered to his Las Vegas ranch, presumably for consumption by his horses at the ranch. As of February 27, 2010, the lawsuit was still pending in Clark County District Court, with Newton and his attorneys having filed no response in court.[33]

text: In another 2009 suit, he was accused of owing GMAC $36,999 for a lease on a Cadillac. The suit was ultimately dropped.[33]

text: In February 2010, Bruton Smith sued Newton, claiming he was delinquent on a loan he had personally guaranteed, then bought from Bank of America. Smith sought foreclosure of Newton's Las Vegas ranch Casa de Shenandoah.[34]

text: Also in February 2010, Clark County sheriff's deputies and a fleet of moving vans were refused entry to Newton's ranch at E. Sunset and S. Pecos roads. The officers attempted to serve civil papers and seize property as part of a $501,388 judgment against Newton awarded to Monty Ward, his former personal pilot, but security personnel employed by Newton refused to accept the papers. Ward, who filed suit in 2006, won the judgment for past-due wages in January 2009 and since then had attempted to determine the wages of Newton when he performed at the MGM Grand and later the Tropicana hotel-casino. As of January 27, 2010, the value of the judgment was reportedly increasing by $126.86 per day.[33]

text: Newton was enmeshed in another lawsuit over a stalled project to convert his 40-acre home into a museum.  In this lawsuit, a developer claimed he purchased Newton's home and paid the singer $19.5 million, with the understanding that Newton would move out and allow the property to be converted into a museum.  The developer claimed that he has invested $50 million on the project, but that Newton had failed to move out and had deliberately thwarted construction efforts, including by sexually harassing construction workers.[35]  The case was set to go to trial in May 2013.[36]

text: On December 17, 2012, U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge Bruce Markell approved the sale of Wayne Newton's estate, Casa de Shenandoah, to be listed for sale by Nathan and Associates, a Las Vegas brokerage firm. Bankruptcy papers placed the value of the property at $50,800,000.[37] The property remained on the market, until 2015, when Newton reached an accord with Lacy Harber, the businessman who owned 70% of the corporation that had purchased Casa de Shenandoah to turn it into a museum. Newton and his family moved back into the property, and in September 2015, after construction of a museum to house memorabilia, it was opened for public tours.[38] On April 26, 2018, the property hosted its last public event before closing indefinitely for renovations.[39]

text: Namesakes[edit]

text: The road serving the main terminal of McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas is named Wayne Newton Boulevard in his honor.

text: Charitable causes[edit]

text: Newton featured in the production of "You Can’t Say Love Enough" (1996), an all-star single, also featuring Dolly Parton,  Heidi Newfield and several other artist-celebrities; this production served to raise funds for diabetes research,[40][41][42] and also to institute the Wayne Newton Research Grant awarded by the American Diabetes Association to several researchers including Jose F. Caro and Peter J. Roach.[43][44]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Danke Schoen (Capitol, 1963)
Sings Hit Songs (Capitol, 1964)
In Person! (Capitol, 1964)
Red Roses for a Blue Lady (Capitol, 1965)
Summer Wind (Capitol, 1965)
The Old Rugged Cross (Capitol, 1966)
Now! (Capitol, 1966)
Songs for a Merry Christmas (Capitol, 1966)
It's Only the Good Times (Capitol, 1967)
Song of the Year – Wayne Newton Style (Capitol, 1967)
Michelle (Capitol, 1967)
Wow!: Live Hollywood Concert (Capitol, 1968)
The Greatest! (Capitol, 1968)
Somewhere My Love (Capitol, 1968)
"Dreams of the Everyday Housewife" and "Town & Country" (MGM, 1968)
One More Time (MGM, 1968)
Walking on New Grass (MGM, 1968)
Christmas Isn't Christmas Without You (MGM, 1968)
Live at the Frontier, Las Vegas (MGM, 1969)
How I Got This Way (Capitol, 1971)
Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast (Chelsea, 1972)
Can't You Hear the Song? (Chelsea, 1972)
While We're Still Young (Chelsea, 1973)
Pour Me a Little More Wine (Chelsea, 1973)
Everybody Knows (RCA Camden, 1974)
The Best of Wayne Newton Live (Chelsea, 1974)
The Midnight Idol (Chelsea, 1975)
Tomorrow (Chelsea, 1976)
Christmas Everywhere (Chelsea, 1976)
Change of Heart (20th Century Fox, 1978)

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year

Single

Chart positions

US

CB

USAC

US Country

CAN

CANAC

1963

"Heart! (I Hear You Beating)"(with the Newton Brothers)

82

64

"Danke Schoen"(with the Newton Brothers)

13

12

3

"Shirl Girl"(with the Newton Brothers)

58

74

18

1964

"I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover"

123

"The Little White Cloud That Cried"

99

"Only You"

122

119

1965

"Comin' On Too Strong"

65

114

"Red Roses for a Blue Lady"

23

18

4

3

"I'll Be With You In Apple Blossom Time"

52

76

17

"Summer Wind"

78

86

9

16

6

"Remember When (We Made These Memories)"

69

87

15

"Some Sunday Morning"

123

96

23

15

1966

"After the Laughter"

123

"Laura Lee"

144

"Stagecoach to Cheyenne"

113

148

23

60

"Games That Lovers Play"

86

97

22

1967

"Sunny Day Girl"

23

"If I Only Had a Song To Sing"

132

"Summer Colors"

20

"Through the Eyes of Love"

26

"Love of the Common People"

106

33

1968

"All the Time"

134

26

"Remembering"

128

"Dreams of the Everyday Housewife"

60

58

14

28

"Husbands and Wives"

97

28

1969

"(I Guess) The Lord Must Be In New York City"

28

1972

"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast"(gold record)[11]

4

1

3

55

1

1

"Can't You Hear the Song?"

48

38

3

32

8

"Anthem"

65

45

53

1973

"Pour Me a Little More Wine"

107

26

"While We're Young"

107

1974

"Help Me, Help You"

67

"Lady Lay"

101

83

47

37

1976

"The Hungry Years"

82

81

11

1979

"You Stepped Into My Life"

90

91

"I Apologize"

45

1980

"Years"

35

32

40

1989

"While the Feeling's Good"(with Tammy Wynette)

63

1992

"The Letter"

1

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
80 Steps to Jonah (1969) - Mark Jonah Winters
North and South (1986) - Captain Thomas Turner
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) (voice, archival)
Licence to Kill (1989) - Professor Joe Butcher
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) - Julian Grendel
The Dark Backward (1991) - Jackie Chrome
Best of the Best 2 (1993) - Weldon
Night of the Running Man (1995) - August Gurino
Vegas Vacation (1997) - Wayne Newton
Elvis meet Nixon (1997) - Himself
Ocean's Eleven (2001) - Boxing Spectator (cameo)
Who's Your Daddy? (2004) - Peter Mack
According to Jim (2003) - Himself (cameo)
Elvis Has Left the Building (2004) - Himself (cameo, uncredited)
Smokin' Aces (2006) - Wayne Newton (cameo)
The Hangover (2009) (cameo)
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011) - Jimmy 10-Strings (voice)
40 West  (2011) - Sankey (cameo)
Getting Back to Zero (2013) - Bruce
Sharknado: The 4th Awakens (2016) - Himself

text: TV credits[edit]

text:
American Bandstand (6-20-64)  Sings "Only You".
The Jack Benny Program (12-4-1964) Newton sings two songs and plays multiple instruments.
The Lucy Show (Season 4 Episode 14, 12-27-65) Where the 23-year-old Newton plays a fictional character named "Wayne Newton". He sings 3 songs in the half-hour episode: "Side By Side", "Bessie The Heifer" , "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You", and Danke Schoen.
Bonanza (1966) In 1966, Newton played the character "Andy Walker" in two episodes of the TV series Bonanza.
The Danny Kaye Show (12-22-1966) Newton guest starred on Danny's Christmas show.
Here's Lucy (Season 1 Episode 9, 11-25-68) "Lucy sells Craig to Wayne Newton" and (Season 2 Episode 22, 2-16-70) "Lucy and Wayne Newton".
In 1979, Newton appeared on the TV series "Vega$" as Justin Marsh, a race car driver mixed up in crime and friend of Dan Tanna, in an episode entitled "The Classic Connection", and later as himself in the 1981 episode "Dead Ringer" where he hires Dan Tanna after receiving threatening phone calls that accuse him of being an imposter.
In 1986, Newton appeared as CSA Capt. Thomas Turner in the TV mini series North and South, Book II.
In 1990, Newton appeared on the TV series Full House in the episode titled "Viva Las Joey".
In 1991, Newton appeared on the TV series Roseanne in the episode titled "Vegas, Vegas".
In 1991, he played an opposing counsel in an episode of the TV series L.A. Law.
Newton made several guest appearances in the TV series Las Vegas.
In 1994, Newton guest starred in an episode of Tales from the Crypt series, titled "The Pit".
In 1995, Newton played the manager of a Las Vegas casino in the TV series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in the episode titled "Viva Lost Wages".
Also in 1995, Newton appeared in a CBS TV special about the then-upcoming film Die Hard with a Vengeance, along with rapper Ice-T, basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and New York mayor Rudy Giuliani.
Newton also appeared on an episode of the TV series That '70s Show.
Newton appeared as himself on NBC's The Pretender in the episode "Cold Dick" in 2000.
Newton appeared on MTV's reality show Pimp My Ride.
Newton appeared on My Wife and Kids.
Newton appeared on an episode of 7th Heaven titled "Wayne's World".
Newton appeared in an episode of Kingdom Hospital titled "On the Third Day" as maintenance man Jack Handlemann.
Newton also had a guest appearance on one of the episodes in the Perfect Strangers series which ended its run in 1993.  Throughout the series, lead character Balki Bartokomous frequently referred to Newton as his favorite singer.
The Entertainer a short-lived reality competition series hosted by Wayne Newton that aired on the E! network in 2005.
Dancing with the Stars (US Season 5) (2007) (Contestant)
The Price is Right (2007) in which he made a guest appearance for a contestant to win a trip to Las Vegas, but lost the game.
Celebrity Family Feud (US Season 1, 2008) (Contestant)
Newton was featured in the final leg of Season 15 of the hit CBS reality TV game show The Amazing Race. The Finish Line was at his house.
The Apprentice (2013)
Wayne appeared in "Sharknado 4" (2016)
Wayne appeared on "Who Wants to be a Millionaire in 2016, 2018 and raised $10,000 for charity, the USO
Newton appeared alongside Toby Keith at the 2011 ACM Awards as a member of Keith's entourage as Keith performed his song Red Solo Cup in the midst of the audience.
In 1998, Wayne appeared on Ally McBeal Season 2, Episode 2 titled, "They Eat Horses, Don't They?".
In 2018, Wayne appeared on The Bachelorette Season 14, Episode 5 where he taught Bachlorette contestants to write a song and perform live in Las Vegas.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Fallout: New Vegas (2010)

text: Newton stars as the voice of Mr. New Vegas, the DJ of Radio New Vegas, an in-game radio station.