document_title: Maslow's hierarchy of needs

question_text: which of maslows needs is the most basic

text: Maslow's hierarchy of needs

text: Hierarchy[edit]

text: Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization and self-transcendence at the top.[1][7]

text: The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. If these "deficiency needs" are not met – with the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) need – there may not be a physical indication, but the individual will feel anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term "metamotivation" to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment.[8]

text: The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time, thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow's hierarchy can occur at the same time. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as "relative", "general", and "primarily". Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time, Maslow stated that a certain need "dominates" the human organism.[4] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind, but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to be met.

text: Physiological needs[edit]

text: Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first.

text: Physiological needs include:

text:
Air (Breathing)
Water
Food
Sexual instinct
Sleep
Clothing
Shelter

text: Safety needs[edit]

text: Once a person's physiological needs are relatively satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people may (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe.

text: Safety and Security needs include:

text:
Personal security
Financial security
Health and well-being
Safety needs against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts

text: Social belonging[edit]

text: After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy – due to hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. – can adversely affect the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general.

text: Social Belonging needs include:

text:
Friendships
Intimacy
Family

text: According to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups, regardless whether these groups are large or small. For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, and online communities. Some examples of small social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and non-sexually – by others.[2] Many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure.

text: Esteem[edit]

text: Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs develop a concern with getting recognition, status, importance, and respect from others. All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build their self-esteem until they accept who they are internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect.

text: Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for self-respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes precedence over the "lower" version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience. Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex, weakness, helplessness etc. .

text: Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines, the "hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated".[4] This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related.

text: Self-actualization[edit]

text: "What a man can be, he must be."[4]:91 This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.[4]:92 Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions.[4]:93 As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them.

text: Self-transcendence[edit]

text: In his later years, Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs, while criticizing his own vision on self-actualization.[9] By this later theory, the self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher outside goal, in altruism and spirituality. He equated this with the desire to reach the infinite.[10] "Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness, behaving and relating, as ends rather than means, to oneself, to significant others, to human beings in general, to other species, to nature, and to the cosmos" (Farther Reaches of Human Nature, New York 1971, p. 269).

text: Application to Nursing[edit]

text: Nurses can apply Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs in the assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of patient care. It helps the nurse identify unmet needs as they become health care needs, and allows the nurse to locate the patient on the health-illness continuum and to incorporate the human dimensions and health models into meeting needs.

text: The Human Dimensions and Basic Human Needs[edit]

text:
Physical dimension
Physiologic needs
Breathing, circulation, temperature, intake of food and fluids, elimination of wastes, movement.

Environmental dimension
Safety and security needs
Housing, community, climate.

Sociocultural dimension
Love and belonging needs
Relationships with others, communications with others, support systems, being part of community, feeling loved by others.

Emotional dimension
Self-esteem needs
Hope, joy, curiosity, happiness, accepting Self.

Intellectual and spiritual dimensions
Self-actualization needs
Thinking, learning, decision making, values, beliefs, fulfillment, helping others.

text: All basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time. For example, in caring for a person coming into the emergency department with a heart attack, the nurse’s immediate concern in the patient’s physiologic needs (e.g., oxygen and pain relief). At the same time, safety needs (e.g., for ensuring that the person does not fall off the examining table) and love and belonging needs (e.g., for having a family member nearby if possible) are still major considerations.[11]

text: Research[edit]

text: Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question.[12][13]

text: Following World War II, the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory, which was initially based on Maslow and others' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby.[14] Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs, attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow's hierarchy, from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice.[15]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Ranking[edit]

text: Global ranking[edit]

text: In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.[16]

text: The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[17] Maslow's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the self, with self-actualization being the apex of self-improvement. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.[18]

text: Ranking of sex[edit]

text: The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective. For example, sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers "higher" levels of motivation. Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sex within the community, although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs.[19][20]

text: Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance[edit]

text: The higher-order (self-esteem and self-actualization) and lower-order (physiological, safety, and love) needs classification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity/country.

text: In one study,[21] exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and self-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year. Once again, only two levels of needs were identified; therefore, people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs. For citizens in the Middle East (Egypt and Saudi Arabia), three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime. These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens.

text: Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures (the US vs. the Middle East). For the US citizens, there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important. With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war, in the US there were three levels: physiological needs, safety needs, and psychological needs (social, self-esteem, and self-actualization). During the war, the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime, they were combined as one. For the people of the Middle East, the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime.[22][23]

text: A 1981 study looked at how Maslow's hierarchy might vary across age groups.[24] A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important. The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups, the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood, the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group, young adults had the highest self-actualization level, and old age had the highest level of security, it was needed across all levels comparably. The authors argued that this suggested Maslow's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self-esteem need should be reversed according to age.

text: Definition of terms[edit]

text: Self-actualization[edit]

text: The term "self-actualization" may not universally convey Maslow's observations; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others.[4] Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level; quite often, when a person is at the level of self-actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others, or "the greater good".


document_title: Capital punishment in California

question_text: when did california get rid of death penalty

root

text: Capital punishment in California

text: History[edit]

text: The first known death sentence in California was recorded in 1778. On April 6, 1778 four Kumeyaay chiefs from a Mission San Diego area ranchería were convicted of conspiring to kill Christians and were sentenced to death by José Francisco Ortega, Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego; the four were to be shot on April 11.[1] However, there is some doubt whether the executions actually took place.[2]

tag: p

text: Four methods have been used historically for executions. Until slightly before California was admitted into the Union, executions were carried out by firing squad. Upon admission, the state adopted hanging as the method of choice.[7]

text: The penal code was modified on February 14, 1872, to state that hangings were to take place inside the confines of the county jail or other private places. The only people allowed to be present were the county sheriff, a physician, and the county District Attorney, who would in addition select at least 12 "reputable citizens". No more than two "ministers of the gospel" and no more than five people selected by the condemned could also be present.[7]

text: Executions were moved to the state level in 1889 when the law was updated so that hangings would occur in one of the state prisons—San Quentin State Prison and Folsom State Prison. According to the California Department of Corrections, although the law did not require the trial judge to choose a specific prison, it was customary for recidivists to be sent to Folsom. Under these new laws, the first execution at San Quentin was Jose Gabriel on March 3, 1893, for murder. The first hanging at Folsom was Chin Hane, also for murder, on December 13, 1895. A total of 215 inmates were hanged at San Quentin and a total of 92 were hanged at Folsom.[7]

text: In previous eras the California Institution for Women housed the death row for women.[8]

text: 1972 suspension of capital punishment[edit]

text: On April 24, 1972, the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Anderson that the current death penalty laws were unconstitutional. Justice Marshall F. McComb was the lone dissenter, arguing that the death penalty deterred crime, noting numerous Supreme precedents upholding the death penalty's constitutionality, and stating that the legislative and initiative processes were the only appropriate avenues to determine whether the death penalty should be allowed.[9] The majority's decision spared the lives of 105 death row inmates, including Sirhan Sirhan (assassin of Robert F. Kennedy) and serial killer Charles Manson.[10] McComb was so upset about the Anderson decision that he walked out of the courtroom.[11]

text: Following the ruling, the Constitution of California was immediately modified to reinstate capital punishment, under an initiative called Proposition 17. In 1973 a new statute was subsequently enacted, making the death penalty mandatory for a number of crimes including first degree murder in specific instances, kidnapping where a person dies, train wrecking where a person dies, treason against the state, and assault by a life prisoner if the victim dies within a year.[7]

text: The debate over capital punishment was played out in a somewhat similar fashion on the national level. On June 29, 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Furman v. Georgia, holding all capital punishment statutes then in effect in the United States to be unconstitutional. On July 2, 1976, the Supreme Court, in Gregg v. Georgia, reviewing capital punishment laws enacted in response to its Furman decision, found constitutional those statutes that allowed a jury to impose the death penalty after consideration of both aggravating and mitigating circumstances. On the same date, the Court held that statutes imposing a mandatory death penalty were unconstitutional.[12]

text: In a later decision in 1976, the Supreme Court of California again held the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional as it did not allow the defendant to enter mitigating evidence. A further 70 prisoners had their sentences commuted following this. The next year, the statute was updated to deal with these issues. Life imprisonment without possibility of parole was also added as a punishment for capital offenses. A later change to the statute was in 1978 after Proposition 7 passed. This gave an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of California, which would directly affirm or reverse the sentence and conviction without going through an intermediate appeal to the California Courts of Appeal.

text: In 1983, The State Bar of California created The California Appellate Project as a legal resource center to implement the constitutional right to counsel for indigent persons facing execution.[13] At around the time of its founding, Michael Millman became the director of CAP. Millman served as director of CAP for 30 years.[14] CAP oversees the efforts to assist private lawyers representing the more than 700 people on California’s death row.[14]

text: 1986 retention elections[edit]

text: On November 4, 1986, three members of the state supreme court were ousted from office by voters after a high-profile campaign that cited their categorical opposition to the death penalty.[15]

text: This included chief justice Rose Bird, who was removed by a margin of 67 to 33 percent. She reviewed a total of 64 capital cases appealed to the court, in each instance issuing a decision overturning the death penalty that had been imposed at trial. She was joined in her decision to overturn by at least three other members of the court in 61 of those cases.[16] This led Bird's critics to claim that she was substituting her own opinions and ideas for the laws and precedents upon which judicial decisions are supposed to be made.[17]

text: Resumption of executions and introduction of lethal injection[edit]

text: In April 21, 1992 the state carried out his first execution since 1967 by putting to death Robert Alton Harris for the murders of two teenage boys in San Diego. A series of four stays of execution issued by the 9th circuit appeal court delayed the execution, causing the U.S. Supreme Court to intervene to vacate the stays and prohibit all other federal courts from any further intervention, ruling that the lower court decisions caused "abusive delays" and were "attempts to manipulate the judicial process".[18]

text: The latest change of method was introduced in January 1993, when lethal injection was offered as a choice for people sentenced to death. David Mason however chose to die from lethal gas in August 1993, just seven months after lethal injection was introduced. This was replaced with lethal injection as the standard method in 1994. William Bonin was the first person to be executed by these new laws on February 23, 1996. Thirteen people have been executed in California since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977, though 56 other people have died on death row from other causes (14 of them from suicide) as of October 25, 2007.[19]

text: Lethal injection litigation[edit]

text: During the term of Arnold Schwarzenegger as governor, the state carried out two prominent executions in less than five weeks, with Stanley Tookie Williams in December 2005 and Clarence Ray Allen in January 2006.

text: A month later, in February 2006, U.S. District Court Judge Jeremy D. Fogel blocked the execution of convicted murderer Michael Morales because of a lawsuit against the lethal injection protocol.[20] It was argued that if the three-drug lethal injection procedure were administered incorrectly, it could lead to suffering for the condemned, potentially constituting cruel and unusual punishment. The issue arose from an injunction made by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals which held that an execution could only be carried out by a medical technician legally authorized to administer intravenous medications. The case led to a de facto moratorium of capital punishment in California as the state was unable to obtain the services of a licensed medical professional to carry out the execution.[21]

text: When the state planned the execution of Albert Greenwood Brown in late 2010, judge Fogel declined to stay it, citing all the efforts the state made to comply with his earlier ruling. But the 9th circuit appeal court disagreed with him and vacated the judgment, further delaying executions in the state.[22]

text: Studies[edit]

text: The state supreme court proposed in 2007 that the state adopt a constitutional amendment allowing the assignment of capital appeals to the courts of appeal to alleviate the backlog of such cases.[23]

text: Several victims' families testified to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice in opposition to capital punishment, explaining that whilst they had suffered great losses, they did not view retribution as morally acceptable, and that the high cost of capital punishment was preventing the solving of cold cases.[24]

text: But others who contest this argument said the greater cost of trials where the prosecution does seek the death penalty is offset by the savings from avoiding trial altogether in cases where the defendant pleads guilty to avoid the death penalty.[25]

text: The California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice[26] in 2008 concluded after an extensive review that under the current death penalty system, death sentences are unlikely ever to be carried out (with extremely rare exceptions) because of a process “plagued with excessive delay” in the appointment of post-conviction counsel and a “severe backlog” in the California Supreme Court's review of death judgments. According to CCFAJ's report, the lapse of time from sentence of death to execution constitutes the longest delay of any death penalty state, and the Commission urged reform to expedite the appeal process.

text: Another study released in 2011 found that since 1978 capital punishment has cost California about $4 billion. A 2011 article by Arthur Alarcon, long-time judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal, and law professor Paula Mitchell, concluded that "since reinstating the death penalty in 1978, California taxpayers have spent roughly $4 billion to fund a dysfunctional death penalty system that has carried out no more than 13 executions."[27]

text: Proposition 34, the SAFE California Act[edit]

text: A coalition of death penalty opponents including law enforcement officials, murder victims' family members, and wrongly convicted people launched an initiative campaign for the "Savings, Accountability, and Full Enforcement for California Act," or SAFE California, in the 2011-2012 election cycle.[28] The measure, which became Proposition 34, would replace the death penalty with life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, require people sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole to work in order to pay restitution to victims' families, and allocate approximately $30 million per year for three years to police departments for the purpose of solving open murder and rape cases.[29] Supporters of the measure raised $6.5 million, dwarfing the $1 million raised by opponents of Proposition 34.[30]

text: The proposition was defeated with 52% against and 48% in favor.[31]

text: July 2014 and November 2015 federal decisions[edit]

text: On July 16, 2014, federal judge Cormac J. Carney of the United States District Court ruled that California's death penalty system is unconstitutional because it is arbitrary and plagued with delay. The state has not executed a prisoner since 2006. The judge stated that the current system violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment by imposing a sentence that “no rational jury or legislature could ever impose: life in prison, with the remote possibility of death.”

text: However, on November 12, 2015, a panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the district court's ruling in a 3-0 published decision. The three judges held that the claim was not justiciable under federal habeas corpus.[32][33]

text: 2015 state lawsuit[edit]

text: In February 2015, Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Shellyanne Chang ruled that state law compelled the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to develop a way to execute inmates by lethal injection.[34] Later that year a new protocol providing a single-drug execution method was developed to comply with the ruling.[35]

text: This was the result of a lawsuit brought by family members of murder victims. Supporters of capital punishment blamed the nearly three-year wait for a new protocol on "lack of political will"[34] and attempt to render the death penalty "impractical and then argue for repeal on the grounds of practicality".[35]

text: Propositions 62 and 66[edit]

text: On November 8, 2016, California voted on two competing initiatives about capital punishment. Proposition 62 which, as Proposition 34, would have abolished the death penalty, was rejected by a 53-47 margin. The other initiative, Proposition 66, provides the streamlining of the capital appeal process, and also requires death-row offenders to work in jail and pay restitution to victims families, something they were previously exempted from. The measure passed 51-49.[6] Its constitutionality was upheld 5-2 by the state supreme court on August 24, 2017, though the court held that one provision requiring it to decide direct appeals of capital cases within five years was directive rather than mandatory. The court ordered that Prop 66 take effect after this decision becomes final.[36]

text: Current legislation[edit]

text: Legal process[edit]

text: When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous.

text: In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens before another jury. If the second or any subsequent jury is also deadlocked, the judge has discretion to order another retrial or impose a life sentence.[37]

text: Under the state Constitution, the power of clemency belongs to the Governor of California. But if the offender was twice convicted of a felony, the governor can grant a commutation only on recommendation of the Supreme Court, with at least four judges concurring.[38]

text: Executions are carried out by lethal injection, but an inmate sentenced before its adoption may elect to be executed by gas inhalation instead. If one these two methods is held invalid, the state is required to use the other method.[39]

text: Capital offenses[edit]

text: The penal code provides for possible capital punishment in:

text:
treason against the state of California, defined as levying war against the state, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort[40]
first-degree murder with special circumstances[41]

for financial gain (1)
the defendant had previously been convicted of first or second degree murder (2)
multiple murders (3)
committed using explosives (4) ; (6)
to avoid arrest or aiding in escaping custody (5)
the victim was an on-duty peace officer; federal law enforcement officer or agent; or firefighter (7) ; (8) ; (9)
the victim was a witness to a crime and the murder was committed to prevent them from testifying (10)
the victim was a prosecutor or assistant prosecutor; judge or former judge; elected or appointed official; juror; and the murder was in retaliation for the victim's official duties (11) ; (12) ; (13) ; (20)
the murder was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel, manifesting exceptional depravity" (14)
the murderer lay in wait for the victim (15)
the victim was intentionally killed because of their race, religion, nationality, or sexual orientation. (a hate crime) (16)
the murder was committed during the committing of a robbery; kidnapping; rape; sodomy; performance of a lewd or lascivious act upon the person of a child under the age of 14 years; oral copulation; burglary; arson; train wrecking; mayhem; rape by instrument; carjacking; torture; poisoning (17)
the murder was intentional and involved the infliction of torture (18)
poisoning (19)
the murder was committed by discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle (21)
the defendant is an active member of a criminal street gang and was to further the activities of the gang (22)

train wrecking which leads to a person's death[42]
perjury causing execution of an innocent person[43]

tag: ul

text: In 2008, the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice criticized the high number of aggravating factors as giving to local prosecutors too much discretion in picking cases were they believe capital punishment warranted. The Commission proposed to reduce them to only five (multiple murders, torture murder, murder of a police officer, murder committed in jail, and murder related to another felony).[44] Columnist Charles Lane went further, and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed.[45]

text: Death row and execution chamber[edit]

text: Men condemned to death in California must (with some exceptions) be held at San Quentin State Prison, while condemned women are held at Central California Women's Facility (CCWF) in Chowchilla. San Quentin also houses the state execution chamber.[46] Women executed in California would be transported to San Quentin by bus before being put to death.[47]

text: As of 2015[update], 708 male death row inmates were held at San Quentin. There were 23 male California death row inmates in medical facilities, other state prisons, and in correctional facilities in proximity to their court hearings. As of August 2017, there were 22 female death row inmates at CCWF.[3][48]

text: Public opinion[edit]

text: The Field Research Corporation found in February 2004 that when asked how they personally felt about capital punishment, 68% supported it and 31% opposed it (6% offered no opinion). This was a decrease from 72% support two years previous, and an increase from 63% in 2000. This poll was asked about the time that Kevin Cooper had his execution stayed hours before his scheduled death after 20 years on Death Row. When asked if they thought the death penalty was generally fair and free of error in California, 58% agreed and 32% disagreed (11% offered no opinion). When the results were broken down along ethnicity, of the people who identified themselves as African American, 57% disagreed that the death penalty was fair and free of error.

text: A poll in March 2012 found that "61% of registered voters from the state of California say they would vote to keep the death penalty, should a death penalty initiative appear on the November 2012 ballot"[49] An August 2012 poll found that "support for Prop 34, which would repeal California's death penalty, fell from 45.5% to 35.9%."[50]

text: A PPIC poll from September 2012 showed that 55% of all adults and 50% of likely voters prefer life in prison without the possibility of parole over the death penalty when given the choice.[51]

text: A Field Poll in September 2014 showed that 56% support the death penalty, down from 69% three years ago. Support for the death penalty in California had not been at this low a level since the mid-1960s.[52]

text: Executions after 1976[edit]

text: The following 13 people convicted of murder have been executed in California following the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision of Gregg v. Georgia. The first two executions were by gas inhalation; all subsequent executions were by lethal injection.

text:
Executed offender
Date of execution
Victim(s)
Governor

1
Robert Alton Harris
April 21, 1992
John Mayeski and Michael Baker
Pete Wilson

2
David Edwin Mason
August 24, 1993
Joan Picard, Arthur Jennings, Boyd Johnson, Antionette Brown, and Dorothy Land

3
William George Bonin
February 23, 1996
Marcus Grabs, Donald Hyden, David Murillo, Dennis Frank Fox, Charles Miranda, James McCabe, Ronald Gatlin, Harry Todd Turner, Russell Rugh, Glenn Barker, Steven Wood, Darin Lee Kendrick, Lawrence Sharp, and Steven Jay Wells

4
Keith Daniel Williams
May 31, 1996
Lourdes Meza, Miguel Vargas, and Salvador Vargas

5
Thomas Martin Thompson
July 14, 1998
Ginger Fleischli

6
Jaturun Siripongs
February 9, 1999
Packovan Wattanporn and Quach Nguyen
Gray Davis

7
Manuel Pina Babbitt
May 4, 1999
Leah Schendel

8
Darrell Keith Rich
March 15, 2000
Annette Fay Edwards, Patricia Ann Moore, Linda Diane Slavik, and Annette Lynn Selix

9
Robert Lee Massie
March 27, 2001
Boris G. Naumoff

10
Stephen Wayne Anderson
January 29, 2002
Elizabeth Lyman

11
Donald Jay Beardslee
January 19, 2005
Stacey Benjamin and Patty Geddling
Arnold Schwarzenegger

12
Stanley Tookie Williams
December 13, 2005
Albert Owens, Yen-Yi Yang, Tsai-Shai Lin, and Yee-Chen Lin

13
Clarence Ray Allen
January 17, 2006
Bryon Schletewitz, Josephine Rocha, and Douglas White

tag: table


document_title: Sing (2016 American film)

question_text: who is the voice of rosita in sing

question_tokens: who is the voice of rosita in sing

text: Sing (2016 American film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a world of anthropomorphic animals, koala Buster Moon owns a theater, having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child. Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith, he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000. But Buster's assistant, Miss Crawly, accidentally appends two extra zeroes, and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster's office into the city streets.

text: Animals from all around the city gather for auditions. Those selected include: housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita; street musician mouse Mike; mobster's son gorilla Johnny; and punk-rock porcupine Ash. Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright, while Ash's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest. Rosita is paired with another contestant, an exuberant pig named Gunter, for a dance routine. Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 (money he does not have), he remains optimistic. Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie's grandmother, former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman, to persuade her to sponsor the prize money. She is hesitant to contribute, but agrees to see a private screening of the show.

text: Encouraged by her grandfather, Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance, but becomes his stage hand instead. When one of the acts quits, and another is injured, Meena is added as an act. The performers' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals: Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter, after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray. After discovering Lance broke up with her for not being around anymore, with a new girlfriend named Becky and evicting them from her apartment, Ash is devastated and breaks down while singing her assigned song, Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices. When he tries to do both, he does not show up for the planned pickup in time, and his father and his gang are arrested. Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright, and Mike, certain that the prize money is as good as his, buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse, and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub.

text: The day of the screening, the bears interrupt the show, demanding the money from Mike, who in turn, points to Buster. The bears open the chest containing the prize money, but it is nowhere near $100,000. The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight, flooding the theater, which then comes crashing down. With the lot repossessed by Judith, Buster, who had been living in his theater's office desk, takes up residence at Eddie's place (his parents' pool house). Although the contestants (besides Mike, who saw Buster as a fraud) visit him and try to cheer him up, Buster is too despondent to listen to them. He tries to start over by opening a car wash, using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster's theater.

text:
When Meena goes to the theater's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah", Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money. They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena's family members. As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off", which finally gets her husband Norman's attention to her, more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news. Johnny's rendition of Elton John's "I'm Still Standing" impresses his father, who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him. Despite an interruption by Judith, Ash sings her original rock song "Set It All Free." Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra's "My Way." Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing", which literally brings down the house.
The show becomes a success and impresses Nana, who was in the audience. Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon, an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition.[3][5]
Reese Witherspoon as Rosita, a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman, and mother to their 25 piglets.[5]
Seth MacFarlane as Mike, a white mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice and an arrogant attitude.[5]
Scarlett Johansson as Ash, a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative-rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance.[1][5]
John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman, a sheep and Buster's friend who doubts the future of the theater.[5][6]
Taron Egerton as Johnny, a teenage gorilla who wants to sing, though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps.[5]
Tori Kelly as Meena, a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright.[5]
Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman, a sheep and Eddie's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days.[7][8]
Jennifer Hudson[1] as Young Nana
Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly, an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster's administrative assistant.[1]
Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy, a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business.[1]
Nick Kroll as Gunter, a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show.[9][7]
Beck Bennett as Lance, a porcupine and Ash's boyfriend.[1]
Jay Pharoah[7] as Meena's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright.
Nick Offerman[7] as Norman, a pig and Rosita's husband.
Leslie Jones as Meena's mother
Rhea Perlman as Judith,[1][10] a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay.
Laraine Newman as Meena's grandmother
Adam Buxton as Stan, a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy's gang.
Brad Morris as Baboon, whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances.
Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog, who documents Buster's singing competition.

text: The voices of Rosita's piglet children were provided by Oscar, Leo, Caspar, and Asa Jennings, the children of Garth Jennings, the film's writer and director.  Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide  "additional voices", continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other's films.[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, about "courage, competition and carrying a tune,"[12] which was originally titled Lunch,[13] and then retitled as Sing.[5]

text: On January 14, 2015, Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film's lead voice role.[3] Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film.[3] On June 17, 2015, it was confirmed that McConaughey's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie, a sheep and Buster's best friend.[6] In November 2015, it was announced that Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film.[5]

text: The film features 65 pop songs, the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film's $75 million budget.[14] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21, 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The almost complete[16] film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[17] Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016.[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sing was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 21, 2017. It includes three short films: Gunter Babysits, Love at First Sight, and Eddie's Life Coach.[19]

text:
In Gunter Babysits, Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter.
In Love at First Sight, Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman.
In Eddie's Life Coach, Eddie's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry "The Winner" Wishman.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $363.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $634.1 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[2] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film, making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016.[20]

text: In North America, the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin's Creed, and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release.[21] The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews.[22] It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $75.5 million), finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, which was in its second week.[23] It rose 21% in its second weekend to $42.9 million, remaining in second, and grossed $20.8 million in its third week and finishing third.[24] Sing holds the record for being the highest-grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office, besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ($241.4 million in 2002).[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 73% based on 168 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sing delivers colorfully animated, cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm-hearted – albeit familiar – storyline that lives up to its title."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[28]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote, "In a year full of talking-animal hits, Sing isn't quite as strong a number. It's a tale that might not be particularly thought-provoking but sure is toe-tapping."[29] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Katie Walsh called Sing, "a cute movie with genuinely funny moments (keep an eye out for the koala car wash), and some great tunes to boot."[30] The Arizona Republic's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said, "Sing is like an album with a good song here and there, but too much filler and not enough hits."[31] Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2/5, stating that "Garth Jennings's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it's following a completely unoriginal formula, and yet carries on regardless."[32] While Peter Debruge of Variety, who also saw the film during the same festival, did not find the subplots to have any "profound life lessons," he overall praised Jennings' direction, the cast's voice performances and the film's silliness.[33]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards

February 6, 2017

Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up

Sing

Nominated

[34]

Annie Awards

February 4, 2017

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production

Joby Talbot

[35]

Golden Globe Awards

January 8, 2017

Best Animated Feature Film

Sing

[36]

Best Original Song

"Faith" – Ryan Tedder, Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

November 17, 2016

Best Song – Animated Film

[37][38]

Best Soundtrack Album

Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film

Jojo Villanueva

Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

March 11, 2017

Favorite Animated Movie

Sing

Nominated

[39]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie

Reese Witherspoon

Most Wanted Pet

Favorite Soundtrack

Sing

Saturn Awards

June 28, 2017

Best Animated Film

Nominated

[40]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel, tentatively titled Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020. [41]


document_title: W16 engine

question_text: what kind of engine is in a bugatti

question_tokens: what kind of engine is in a bugatti

text: W16 engine

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
W16

8.0L quad-turbocharged W16 used in the Bugatti Veyron

Layout

Configuration
W16

text: A W16 engine is a sixteen cylinder piston internal combustion engine in a four-bank W configuration. The most common layout for W16 engines consists of two 'offset double-row' banks of eight cylinders,[1] coupled to a single crankshaft. Other layouts, though, have been used before as well.

text: Volkswagen Group is the only automotive manufacturer currently producing W16 engines. These engines are most notably used in the Bugatti Veyron and Bugatti Chiron.[2] French car maker Jimenez also used a custom 4.1L W16 made from four Yamaha motorcycle engines in the 1995 Jimenez Novia, a one-off French supercar.[3] The Volkswagen W16 engine was introduced with the mid-engined Bentley Hunaudieres concept car (Bentley Motors Limited has been a Volkswagen Group holding since 1998). This W16 was later used in the Audi Rosemeyer concept car, and in the aforementioned Bugatti Veyron and Chiron.

text: Volkswagen W16[edit]

text:
Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport

Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Volkswagen Group's design is a stretched form of its W12 engine, which is itself based on technology from its VR6 engine. In the W16, each side is made up of two VR8 banks and the 'bank' angle is increased to 90 degrees. The narrow angle of each set of cylinders allows just two overhead camshafts to drive each pair of banks, so just four are needed in total. For this reason, the engine is sometimes described as a WR16. The Volkswagen Group W16 engine as configured for the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4 is a 16 cylinder 64 valve quad-turbocharged engine with four valves per cylinder. The engine is 71 centimetres (28 in) long and weighs approximately 400 kilograms (882 lb). Maximum power output is 736 kilowatts (1,001 PS; 987 bhp) at 6,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), with a maximum torque of 1,250 newton metres (922 lbf⋅ft) (127.5 kgf·m) from 2,200 to 5,500 rpm.[4] Some automotive press outlets have also reported that the W16 engine design has been considered for use in other Volkswagen Group products - specifically a Bentley.[5] Cylinder firing order on W-16 is as follows: 1-14-9-4-7-12-15-6-13-8-3-16-11-2-5-10.

text: Jimenez W16[edit]

text: The 4.1L W16 used in the one-off 1995 Jimenez Novia had a very different design than the Volkswagen designed W16. The engine was made by combining four Yamaha FZR1000 1.0 liter 4 cylinder motorcycle engines and has 4 rows of cylinders with 4 cylinders in each row. It has a total of 80 valves (5 valves per cylinder), and it uses two crankshafts, unlike the Volkswagen designed W16.[6] The engine reportedly produces 417.6 kW (567 PS, 560 bhp) at 10,000 RPM and 432 nm (318.6 lb ft of torque).[3][7]


document_title: Santamaria

question_text: where does the last name santamaria come from

text: Santamaria

text: Santamaria (also spelled Santamaría or Santa Maria) is a surname from the Latin Arch in Europe. The name, a reference to the Blessed Virgin Mary meaning Holy Mary or Saint Mary, means the same thing in the Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Catalan languages, as thus it has origins in several different European countries where those languages are spoken. The surname has spread further afield to the Americas, especially South America and various other places via immigration and colonisation.[1][2]

text: May also refer to:

text:
Abel Santamaría, a leader in the Cuban Revolutionary movement
B. A. Santamaria, an Australian political activist and journalist
Claudio Santamaria, an Italian actor
Dom Santamaria, a drummer from the Australian band Epicure
Francisco J. Santamaría, a Mexican writer and politician
Haydée Santamaría, a Cuban revolutionary and politician
Jodi Santamaria, a Filipina actress
José Santamaría, a Uruguayan former football player and coach
Juan Santamaría, the national hero of Costa Rica
Kamahl Santamaria, a New Zealand television journalist
Luis Santamaría, a Honduran football player
Mongo Santamaría, an Afro-Cuban Latin jazz percussionist
Monika Santa Maria, a Filipina-Malaysian fashion model
Roberto Santamaría Ciprián, a Spanish football player
Santiago Santamaría, a former Argentine football player
Yūsuke Santamaria, a Japanese playwright, singer, television producer, graphics designer, and animator

text:
Juan Santamaría International Airport, an airport in Costa Rica
Santamaria (band), a Portuguese eurodance band
Santamaría Bullring, a bull ring in Bogotá, Colombia


document_title: Sermon on the Mount

question_text: when did the sermon on the mount take place

text: Sermon on the Mount

text: Background and setting[edit]

text: The Sermon on the Mount is the longest piece of teaching from Jesus in the New Testament, and occupies chapters 5, 6 and 7 of the Gospel of Matthew. The Sermon has been one of the most widely quoted elements of the Canonical Gospels.[3]

text: This is the first of the Five Discourses of Matthew, the other four being Matthew 10, Matthew 13 (1–53), Matthew 18 and the Olivet discourse in Matthew 24.[4][5][6]

text: The Sermon is set early in the Ministry of Jesus, after he has been baptized by John the Baptist in chapter 3 of Matthew's Gospel and gathered his first disciples in chapter 4.

text: Before this episode, Jesus had been "all about Galilee" preaching, as in Matthew 4:23, and "great crowds followed him" from all around the area. The setting for the sermon is given in Matthew 5:1-2. Jesus sees the multitudes, goes up into the mountain, is followed by his disciples, and begins to preach. The sermon is brought to its close by Matthew 8:1, which reports that Jesus "came down from the mountain followed by great multitudes".

text: Components[edit]

text: While the issue of the exact theological structure and composition of the Sermon on the Mount is subject to debate among scholars, specific components within it, each associated with particular teachings, can be identified.[7][8]

text: Matthew 5:3–12 discusses the Beatitudes. These describe the character of the people of the Kingdom of Heaven, expressed as "blessings".[9] The Greek word most versions of the Gospel render as "blessed," can also be translated "happy". (See Matthew 5:3–12 of Young's Literal Translation for an example.) In Matthew, there are eight (or nine) blessings, while in Luke there are four, followed by four woes.[9]

text: In almost all cases the phrases used in the Beatitudes are familiar from an Old Testament context, but in the sermon Jesus gives them new meaning.[10] Together, the Beatitudes present a new set of ideals that focus on love and humility rather than force and exaction; they echo the highest ideals of Jesus' teachings on spirituality and compassion.[10]

text: In Christian teachings, the Works of Mercy, which have corporal and spiritual components, have resonated with the theme of the Beatitude for mercy.[11] These teachings emphasize that these acts of mercy provide both temporal and spiritual benefits.[12]

text: Matthew 5:13–16 presents the metaphors of salt and light. This completes the profile of God's people presented in the beatitudes, and acts as the introduction to the next section.

text: There are two parts in this section, using the terms "salt of the earth" and Light of the World to refer to the disciples –  implying their value. Elsewhere, in John 8:12, Jesus applies Light of the World to himself.[13]

text: Jesus preaches about hell and what hell is like: "But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother "Raca (fool)" shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire." Matthew 5:22 KJV [14]

text: The longest discourse in the Sermon is Matthew 5:17–48, traditionally referred to as the Antitheses or Matthew's Antitheses though Gundry disputes that title.[15] In the discourse, Jesus fulfills and reinterprets the Old Covenant and in particular its Ten Commandments, contrasting with what "you have heard" from others. For example, he advises turning the other cheek, and to love your enemies, in contrast to taking an eye for an eye. According to most interpretations of Matthew 5:17, 18, 19, and 20, and most Christian views of the Old Covenant, these new interpretations of the Law and Prophets are not opposed to the Old Testament, which was the position of Marcion, but form Jesus' new teachings which bring about salvation, and hence must be adhered to, as emphasized in Matthew 7:24–27 towards the end of the sermon.[16]

text: In Matthew 6 Jesus condemns doing what would normally be "good works" simply for recognition and not from the heart, such as those of alms (6:1–4), prayer (6:5–15), and fasting (6:16–18). The discourse goes on to condemn the superficiality of materialism and call the disciples not to worry about material needs, but to "seek" God's kingdom first. Within the discourse on ostentation, Matthew presents an example of correct prayer. Luke places this in a different context. The Lord's prayer (6:9–13) contains parallels to 1 Chronicles 29:10–18.[17][18]

text: The first part of Matthew 7, i.e. Matthew 7:1–6 deals with judging. Jesus condemns those who judge others before first judging themselves: "Judge not, that ye be not judged."

text: In the last part in Matthew 7:7–29 Jesus concludes the sermon by warning against false prophets.

text: Teachings and theology[edit]

text: The teachings of the Sermon on the Mount have been a key element of Christian ethics, and for centuries the sermon has acted as a fundamental recipe for the conduct of the followers of Jesus.[19] Various religious and moral thinkers (e.g. Tolstoy and Gandhi) have admired its message, and it has been one of the main sources of Christian pacifism.[1][20]

text: In the 5th century, Saint Augustine began his book Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount by stating:

text: The last verse of chapter 5 of Matthew (5:48) is a focal point of the sermon that summarizes its teachings by advising the disciples to seek perfection."[21] The Greek word telios used to refer to perfection also implies an end, or destination, advising the disciples to seek the path towards perfection and the Kingdom of God.[21] It teaches that God's children are those who act like God.[22]

text: The teachings of the sermon are often referred to as the Ethics of the Kingdom: they place a high level of emphasis on "purity of the heart" and embody the basic standard of Christian righteousness.[23]

text: Theological structure[edit]

text: The issue of the theological structure and composition of the Sermon on the Mount remains unresolved.[7][8][24] One group of theologians ranging from Saint Augustine in the 5th century to Michael Goulder in the 20th century, see the Beatitudes as the central element of the Sermon.[7] Others such as Bornkamm see the Sermon arranged around the Lord's prayer, while Daniel Patte, closely followed by Ulrich Luz, see a chiastic structure in the sermon.[7][8] Dale Allison and Glen Stassen have proposed a structure based on triads.[8][24][25] Jack Kingsbury and Hans Dieter Betz see the sermon as composed of theological themes, e.g. righteousness or way of life.[7]

text: Analysis and interpretation[edit]

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: The high ethical standards of the sermon have been interpreted in a wide variety of ways by different Christian groups and Craig S. Keener states that at least 36 different interpretations regarding the message of the Sermon exist, which he divides into 8 categories of views:[26]

text:
The predominant medieval view, "reserving a higher ethic for clergy, especially in monastic orders" [27]
Luther's view that it represents an impossible demand like the Law of Moses
The Anabaptist literal view which directly applies the teachings[28]
The Social Gospel view
The Christian existentialism view
Schweitzer's view of an imminent eschatology referring to an interim ethic
Dispensational eschatology which refers to a future Kingdom of God
Inaugurated eschatology in which the Sermon's ethics remain a goal to be approached, yet realized later

tag: ol

text: Anabaptist groups would hold the Sermon on the Mount to be the primary section of the Gospels that gives direction to how a Christian should live. For example, Matthew 6:24 says "No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." For this reason, certain Anabaptist groups such as the Bruderhof[29] and Hutterites share all their possessions.[30]

text: Comparison with the Sermon on the Plain[edit]

text: While Matthew groups Jesus' teachings into sets of similar material, the same material is scattered when found in Luke.[1] The Sermon on the Mount may be compared with the similar but more succinct Sermon on the Plain as recounted by the Gospel of Luke (6:17–49), which occurs at the same moment in Luke's narrative, and also features Jesus heading up a mountain, but giving the sermon on the way down at a level spot. Some scholars believe that they are the same sermon, while others hold that Jesus frequently preached similar themes in different places.[31]

text: Comparison with Buddhist teachings[edit]

text: Although modern parallels between the teachings of Jesus and Buddhist philosophy (concerning both the principle of dependent origination and the concept of no-self as a basis for morality)[which?] have been drawn (by the 14th Dalai Lama[32] for example), these comparisons emerged after missionary contacts in the 19th century, and there is no historically reliable evidence of contacts between Buddhism and Jesus during his life.[33] Modern scholarship has almost unanimously agreed that claims of the travels of Jesus to Tibet, Kashmir or India (see Unknown years of Jesus) and the influence of Buddhism on his teachings are without historical basis.[34][35]

text: According to the Perennial Philosophy[edit]

text: According to perennialist author Frithjof Schuon, the message of the Sermon is a perfect synthesis of the whole Christian tradition. The text has the largest number of perennial and universal doctrines, and spiritual advice of all Scripture. Much of what the Bible readers remembers from it derives from the Sermon. Source of spiritual and moral instructions, the Sermon on the Mount is regarded by the Perennial Philosophy "as the quintessence itself of religion".[36] Perennialism considers the injunctions of the Sermon on the Mount as belonging to the esoteric dimension of Christianity.