document_title: Adaptation to extrauterine life

question_text: when does a baby breathe on its own

question_tokens: when does a baby breathe on its own

text: Adaptation to extrauterine life

text: Breathing and circulation[edit]

text: Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn. At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with lung liquid, which is distinct from amniotic fluid.[1] When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal, its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment.[2] This triggers it to take the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery.[2] With the first breaths, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange. Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle, and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries. Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow. As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes. These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed, from approximately 4% to 100% of cardiac output. The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure, which closes the foramen ovale. The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt.

text: All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern. During this transition, some types of congenital heart disease that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs.

text: It is common obstetric practice to intervene in these changes by applying a clamp to the umbilical cord, often within 20 seconds of birth, before transition has taken place. However delayed clamping (>1min) may have benefits in terms of iron status.[3]

text: Following birth, the expression and re-uptake of surfactant, which begins to be produced by the fetus at 20 weeks gestation, is accelerated. Expression of surfactant into the alveoli is necessary to prevent alveolar closure (atelectasis). At this point, rhythmic breathing movements also commence. If there are any problems with breathing, management can include stimulation, bag and mask ventilation, intubation and ventilation. Cardiorespiratory monitoring is essential to keeping track of potential problems. Pharmacological therapy such as caffeine can also be given to treat apnea in premature newborns. A positive airway pressure should be maintained, and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out.

text: Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.

text: Energy metabolism[edit]

text: Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding. While the fetus is dependent on maternal glucose as the main source of energy, it can use lactate, free-fatty acids, and ketone bodies under some conditions. Plasma glucose is maintained by glycogenolysis.

text: Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle begins in the late second trimester of pregnancy, and storage is completed in the third trimester. Glycogen stores are maximal at term, but even then, the fetus only has enough glycogen available to meet energy needs for 8–10 hours, which can be depleted even more quickly if demand is high. Newborns will then rely on gluconeogenesis for energy, which requires integration, and is normal at 2–4 days of life.

text: Fat stores are the largest storage source of energy. At 27 weeks gestation, only 1% of a fetus' body weight is fat. At 40 weeks, that number increases to 16%. Inadequate available glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, or other problems. Similarly, excess substrate can lead to problems, such as infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), hypothermia or neonatal sepsis.

text: Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism. For example, early feeding in the delivery room or as soon as possible may prevent hypoglycemia. If the blood glucose is still low, then an intravenous (IV) bolus of glucose may be delivered, with continuous infusion if necessary. Rarely, steroids or glucagon may have to be employed.

text: Temperature regulation[edit]

text: Newborns come from a warm environment to the cold and fluctuating temperatures of this world. They are naked, wet, and have a large surface-area-to-mass ratio, with variable amounts of insulation, limited metabolic reserves, and a decreased ability to shiver. Physiologic mechanisms for preserving core temperature include vasoconstriction (decrease blood flow to the skin), maintaining the fetal position (decrease the surface area exposed to the environment), jittery large muscle activity (generate muscular heat), and "non-shivering thermogenesis". The latter occurs in "brown fat" which is specialized adipose tissue with a high concentration of mitochondria designed to rapidly oxidize fatty acids in order to generate metabolic heat. The newborn capacity to maintain these mechanisms is limited, especially in premature infants. As such, it is not surprising that some newborns may have problems regulating their temperature. As early as the 1880s, infant incubators were used to help newborns maintain warmth, with humidified incubators being used as early as the 1930s.

text: Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry, wrapping them in blankets, giving them hats and clothing, or increasing the ambient temperature. More advanced techniques include incubators (at 36.5 °C), humidity, heat shields, thermal blankets, double-walled incubators, and radiant warmers while the use of skin-to-skin "kangaroo care" interventions for low-birth-weight infants have started to spread worldwide after its use as a solution in developing countries.[4]


document_title: Battle of Fromelles

question_text: how many australian soldiers died in the battle of fromelles

root

text: Battle of Fromelles

text: Background[edit]

text: The course of the Battle of the Somme (1 July – 18 November 1916) had led the British GHQ on 5 July to inform the commanders of the three other British armies that the German defences from the Somme north to the Ancre river might soon fall. The First and Second army commanders were required to choose places to penetrate the German defences, if the attacks on the Somme continued to make progress. Any gaps made were to be widened to exploit the weakness and disorganisation of the German defence. The Second Army commander, General H. Plumer was occupied by preparations for an offensive at Messines Ridge but could spare one division for a joint attack with the First Army at the army boundary. On 8 July, the First Army commander General Charles Monro, ordered the IX Corps commander Lieutenant-General Richard Haking to plan a two-division attack; Haking proposed to capture Aubers Ridge, Aubers and Fromelles but the next day Monro dropped Aubers Ridge from the attack, as he and Plumer had concluded that with the troops available, no great objective could be achieved.[2]

tag: p

text: On 13 July, after receiving intelligence reports that the Germans had withdrawn approximately nine infantry battalions from the Lille area from 9–12 July, GHQ informed the two army commanders that a local attack was to be carried out at the army boundary around 18 July, to exploit the depletion of the German units in the vicinity. Haking was ordered to begin a preliminary bombardment, intended to appear to be part of a large offensive, while limiting an infantry attack to the German front line.[2] On 16 July discussions about the attack resumed, as the need for diversions to coincide with operations on the Somme had diminished when the big victory of Bazentin Ridge (14 July 1916) had not led to a general German collapse. Sir Douglas Haig the Commander-in-Chief of the BEF, did not want the attack to take place unless the local commanders were confident of success and Monro and Haking opposed postponement or cancellation of the attack. The weather had been dull on 15 July and rain began next day, soon after Monro and Haking made the decision to proceed with the attack. Zero hour for the main bombardment was postponed because of the weather and at 8:30 a.m., Haking delayed the attack for at least 24 hours; after thinking about cancelling the attack, Monro postponed it until 19 July.[3]

text: Prelude[edit]

text: British offensive preparations[edit]

text: The Second Army provided the 5th Australian Division, the artillery of the 4th Australian Division and heavy guns and trench mortars to XI Corps, to participate in an attack from the Fauquissart–Trivelet road to La Boutillerie with the 31st Division and 61st Division. A shortage of artillery and the lack of training and experience in the Australian divisional artilleries and some of the heavy batteries, led to the attack front being reduced to 4,000 yd (3,700 m) between the Fauquissart–Trivelet road and Delangre Farm. The ground to be attacked was waterlogged, flat and easily overlooked from Aubers Ridge, behind the German front line to the south. The 39th Division and 31st Division moved their boundaries north as the 61st Division concentrated along its attack front from the Fauquissart–Trivelet road to Bond Street. The 20th (Light) Division moved its boundary south to Cordonnerie Farm to take over the left of the 5th Australian Division, which concentrated the divisional frontage from Cordonnerie Farm to Bond Street. The twelve attacking battalions were supported by more artillery than at the Battle of Aubers Ridge in May 1915, when a similar number of battalions attacked in the same area. More ammunition was available than in 1915 and trench mortars were added to the artillery for wire cutting. With support from First Army artillery to the south, 296 field guns and 78 heavy guns were ready, which gave a greater concentration of heavy artillery than that of the Fourth Army on the first day of the Somme.[4][b]

text: After several rain delays, visibility increased on 18 July and the artillery bombardment proceeded. The shelling of the German front at La Bassée was repeated and the German artillery retaliated. Overnight, British patrols reported no movement in the German lines, which appeared to be weakly held. German covering parties stopped Australian raiders on the right flank of the 5th Australian Division front, where the wire appeared to be intact except for gaps on the left. There was a haze during the morning of 19 July but the time of artillery zero hour was fixed for 11:00 a.m., ready for the infantry attack at 6:00 p.m. A special heavy artillery bombardment began on the Sugarloaf at 2:35 p.m., by which time a German counter-bombardment was falling all along the attack front, causing casualties to the Australians and the field artillery crews of the 61st Division at Rue Tilleloy. Several ammunition dumps were exploded and the decoy lifts by the British artillery failed to deceive the Germans. The Australian and British infantry began to move into no man's land at 5:30 p.m.[6]

text: British plan of attack[edit]

text: The German salient at Fromelles contained some higher ground facing north-west, known as the Sugarloaf.[7] The small size and height of the salient gave the Germans observation of no man's land on either flank.[8] The 5th Australian Division (Major-General J. W. McCay) was to attack the left flank of the salient by advancing south as the 61st Division attacked on the right flank from the west.[9][7] Each division was to attack with three brigades in line, with two battalions from each brigade in the attack and the other two in reserve, ready to take over captured ground or to advance further. Haking issued the attack orders on 14 July, when wire cutting began along the XI Corps front. It was intended that the bombardment would inflict mass casualties on the German infantry, reducing them to a "state of collapse". The British infantry were to assemble as close to the German lines as possible, no man's land being 100–400 yd (91–366 m) wide, before the British artillery fire was lifted from the front line; the infantry would rush the surviving Germans while they were disorganised and advance to the German second line.[10] Heavy artillery began registration and a slow bombardment on 16 July and two days of bombardment began either side of La Bassée canal as a diversion. The main bombardment was to begin at midnight on 17/18 July for seven hours (more rain forced a postponement). Over the final three hours, the artillery was to lift and the infantry show bayonets and dummy figures several times, to simulate an infantry advance, then the artillery was to resume bombardment of the front line to catch the German infantry out of cover.[5]

text: German defensive preparations[edit]

text: General Erich von Falkenhayn, the German Chief of the General Staff had ordered a construction programme on the Western Front in January 1915, to make it capable of being defended indefinitely by a small force against superior numbers. An elaborate, carefully sited and fortified front position was built behind fields of barbed wire, with camouflaged concrete machine-gun nests and a second trench close behind the front trench to shelter the trench garrison during bombardments. To evade Allied artillery-fire intended to obstruct the movement of reinforcements from the new rear defences, communication trenches were built. The front position was to be held at all costs as the main line of resistance but in May 1915, Falkenhayn ordered a reserve position to be built along the Western Front, 2,000–3,000 yd (1,800–2,700 m) behind the front position, out of range of enemy field artillery. To contain a breakthrough, the second position was to be occupied opposite a sector broken into and serve as a jumping-off point for by counter-attacking troops. If counter-attacks failed to recover the front line, the rear position could be connected to the remaining parts of the front line on either side.[11]

text: The construction programme was a huge undertaking, which took until autumn 1915 and had several opponents, notably the 6th Army commander Crown Prince Rupprecht, who claimed that a rear position would undermine the determination of soldiers to stand their ground.[11] The front of the 6th Army had been quiet since the Battle of Loos (25 September – 14 October 1915) and in July 1916, the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division held a 4.5 mi (7.2 km) stretch of the front with four regiments, from east of Aubers village, north to a point near Bois-Grenier, each regiment having one battalion in the front line, one in support and one in reserve.[12] On one regimental front there were 75 shelters with 9–12 in (230–300 mm) of concrete protection. After a British gas attack opposite Neuve Chapelle and Fauquissart late on 15 July, German artillery bombarded the British front line and a raid by 100 troops of Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 21 on the Australian lines, caused nearly 100 casualties and took three prisoners for a loss of 32 casualties.[13]

text: Battle[edit]

text: First Army[edit]

text: In the 61st Division area, infantry of the 182nd Brigade on the right flank, began to move into no man's land at 5:30 p.m. through sally-ports but some were under German machine-gun fire and became death-traps. Two companies of the right-hand battalion managed to get within 50 yd (46 m) of the German parapet with few losses and rushed the breastwork as the artillery lifted, finding the wire cut and the Germans incapable of resistance. Uncut wire held up the advance to the second line and German machine-gun fire from the right flank caused many casualties as the survivors reached the objective. Reinforcements reached the front trench but German flanking fire caused many losses and German artillery began to bombard the captured area. The left-hand battalion lost more men in no man's land and then found that the wire at the Wick salient was uncut. The few infantry to get through the wire were shot down in front of the front trench; reinforcements were also caught in no man's land and pinned down.[14] In the centre, the 183rd Brigade was bombarded before the advance and shrapnel-fire stopped the infantry from using the sally-ports. After climbing the parapet, both battalions were shot down in no man's land, a few men getting close to the German wire before being killed or wounded. On the left, the attacking battalions of the 184th Brigade had been in the front line under German artillery-fire all morning. On the right, the sally-ports were under fire and only a few troops reached the German wire (which was found to be uncut) before falling back. The left battalion's attack towards the Sugarloaf salient (which was beyond trench-mortar range) was stopped by German fire at the sally-ports and so the infantry tried to exit along "Rhondda Sap", under a shrapnel bombardment.[c] Most of the battalion was destroyed, but some troops reached the north-east part of the salient and tried to enter the German breastwork, until all became casualties.[16]

text: On the 5th Australian Division front, the troops attacked over the parapet and had fewer losses than the 61st Division. The 15th (Victoria) Brigade advanced next to the British 183rd Brigade, towards the junction of the German line and Layes brook, which ran diagonally across no man's land. The right battalion advance was stopped after 300 yd (270 m) by machine-gun fire from the Sugarloaf and the left hand battalion was stopped at the German wire, both battalions suffering many losses as the survivors dug in. In the Australian centre the 14th (NSW) Brigade had fewer casualties, reached the German front line and took a number of prisoners. When the Australians advanced further they found only flat fields and ditches full of water. A line was selected for consolidation and ten machine-guns were sent forward. The 8th Brigade battalions attacked through machine-gun fire from the front and flanks. A 1,200 lb (540 kg) mine was blown on the outer flank to make a crater lip to screen the attacking infantry but when the Australians reached the German breastwork they pressed on, finding the same terrain as the 14th Brigade.[17][d]

text: The 32nd Battalion on the eastern flank, suffered heavy casualties while attacking a German stronghold in the ruins of Delangre Farm. Elements of the 14th Brigade reached a main road 440 yards (400 m) south of the German line, before withdrawing to the ditch.[18] The Australian 8th and 14th Brigades had gained their objectives and captured about 1,100 yd (1,000 m) of the German front line.[9] A line was selected for consolidation and a strong-point built at the end of the Kastenweg, a German communication trench. Reinforcements with equipment and tools went forward and digging began on a communication trench across no man's land, as a German artillery barrage fell and all movement was fired on by machine-guns.[19]

text: By 7:00 p.m. accurate reports reached the 61st Division commander, Major-General C. J. Mackenzie of the success on the right and erroneous reports of limited success in the centre and a small lodgement on the Sugarloaf. Haking ordered Mackenzie at 7:30 p.m. to attack the Sugarloaf again to assist the Australians, before it was discovered that the 184th Brigade had not reached it. The 15th Australian Brigade was asked to co-operate with the British attack and the 58th Battalion was sent forward. A renewed bombardment continued as preparations were made to attack all along the front at 9:00 p.m., when at 8:20 p.m., Haking cancelled the attack and ordered that all troops were to be withdrawn after dark. Reinforcements for the 182nd Brigade received the order in time but the troops in the German line were overwhelmed, only a few wounded and stragglers returning. Troops pinned down in no man's land withdrew under cover of the bombardment and parties went out to rescue wounded. More discussion between Mackenzie and Haking led to a decision that the 184th Brigade would attack the Sugarloaf overnight, after a ten-minute hurricane bombardment; German shelling on the British front line then caused a postponement until the morning.[20]

text: The postponement failed to reach the 58th Australian Battalion, which attacked with some of the 59th Australian Battalion and was stopped in no man's land with many casualties, survivors from three battalions finding their way back after dark. Despite reinforcements, the situation of the 14th Australian Brigade troops in the German lines became desperate as artillery fire and German counter-attacks from the open right flank, forced a slow withdrawal in the dark. On the left flank, more troops were sent forward with ammunition to the 8th Australian Brigade at dusk and at 2:00 a.m. every soldier who could be found was sent forward. Consolidation in the German lines was slow as the troops lacked experience, many officers were casualties and there was no dry soil to fill sandbags, mud being substituted. German counter-attacks on the front and flanks, with machine-gun fire from Delangre Farm, De Mouquet Farm and The Tadpole, began at 3:15 a.m. on 20 July, forcing a retirement to the German first line and then a withdrawal to the original front line. During the withdrawals some troops managed to fight their way out but many were cut off and captured.[21]

text: News of the 8th Australian Brigade retirement reached McCay at a meeting with Mackenzie, Haking and Monro to plan the new 61st Division attack. Monro ordered the 14th Australian Brigade to be withdrawn and at 5:40 a.m. a box-barrage around the brigade began. At 7:50 a.m. the order to retire arrived, although it was not received by some parties. German troops had got well behind the right flank and fired at every sign of movement, forcing the Australians to withdraw along the communication trench dug overnight. By 9:00 a.m. the remnants of the 53rd, 54th and 55th battalions had returned; many wounded were rescued but only four of the machine-guns were recovered. Artillery-fire from both sides diminished and work began on either side of no man's land to repair defences; a short truce was arranged by the Germans and Australians to recover their wounded.[22]

text: Air operations[edit]

text: From 14 July the road from Illies to Beaucamps, 3 mi (4.8 km) behind the German front line was kept under air observation. On 16 July 16 Squadron joined 10 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps (RFC) on the attack front along with a kite balloon section, bringing the I Brigade squadrons of the RFC in support of the attack up to three corps squadrons and two army squadrons. The corps aircraft photographed and reconnoitred the area before the attack and flew artillery-observation and contact patrols during the battle.[e] Army squadrons flew further afield and denied German reconnaissance aircraft view of British troop movements, particularly behind the XI Corps front. On 19 July, aircraft from two squadrons patrolled the area towards Lille and had numerous air fights, in which two Fokkers and a British DH.2 were shot down. Bombing raids on German army billets, supply dumps and the railways from Lille to Lens, Douai, Cambrai and Valenciennes also took place.[24]

text: German 6th Army[edit]

text: Opposite the British right, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 17 lost a switch trench facing Trivelet and then a second line was overrun and the garrison was lost.[25] Troops of the left of III Battalion to the south of the Trivelet road bombed to its right and part of I Battalion attacked frontally and from the right, taking 61 prisoners.[26] On the Australian flank, III Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 21 was pushed back in the centre and on its right, forming a defensive flank at the Kastenweg and in front of Delangre Farm.[27] The right flank of III Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 16 repulsed the 15th Australian Brigade and was then reinforced by the II Battalion from Rue Delaval, which joined with the left of III Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 21. A counter-attack ordered by the divisional commander at 8:00 p.m., fell into confusion in the dark, under British artillery-fire and an attack on the 8th Australian Brigade, by part of I Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 21 was stopped by Australian small-arms fire. Later on, two other companies attacked up the Kastenweg as I Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 21 and half of Bavarian Reserve Regiment 20 attacked from the flank, reaching the old front line at 6:00 a.m. on 20 July. The right flank of the 14th Australian Brigade was counter-attacked by most of I Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 16, which joined the II Battalion and recaptured the front line step-by-step until dawn, when a pause was ordered due to exhaustion and lack of ammunition and grenades. When the attack resumed, the troops met those of Bavarian Reserve Regiment 21 at around 8:10 a.m.[22] German artillery support was less extensive than that available to the attackers but managed to "smother the British trenches with fire" as the artillery of the 50th Reserve Division and 54th Reserve Division fired from the flanks "thus the backbone of the British (sic) attack was broken before it left the trenches at 5:30 p.m.".[28]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Neither division was well prepared for the attack; the 61st Division had disembarked in France in late May 1916, after delays in training caused by equipment shortages and the supplying of drafts to the 48th Division. The British entered the front line for the first time on 13 June and every man not part of the attack spent from 16 to 19 July removing poison gas cylinders from the front line when the discharge planned for 15 July was suspended due to the wind falling; 470 cylinders were removed before the work was stopped because the men were exhausted. The 5th Australian Division had arrived in France only days before the attack and had relieved the 4th Australian Division on the right flank of the Second Army by 12 July.[9] The Australian divisional artillery and some of the heavy artillery had no experience of Western Front conditions and as I Anzac Corps prepared to move south to the Somme front a considerable shuffling of divisions had taken place, which hampered preparations for the attack.[29]

text: The limited nature of the attack quickly became obvious to the German commanders. A German assessment of 16 December 1916, called the attack "operationally and tactically senseless" and prisoner interrogations revealed that the Australian troops were physically imposing but had "virtually no military discipline" and "no interest in soldiering as it was understood in Europe".[30] A German report on 30 July 1916, recorded that captured officers said that the Australians made a fundamental mistake in trying to hold the German second trench, rather than falling back to the front trench and consolidating. When the 15th Australian Brigade was pinned down in no man's land, the continuity of the attack broke down and lost protection against flanking fire from the right, which enabled German troops to counter-attack, regain the first trench and cut off the Australian troops further forward.[31]

text: A communiqué, released to the press by British GHQ, was not favourably received by the Australians. "Yesterday evening, south of Armentières, we carried out some important raids on a front of two miles in which Australian troops took part. About 140 German prisoners were captured".[32] Australian losses, and doubts about the judgement of higher commanders, damaged relations between the AIF and the British, with further doubts about the reliability of British troops spreading in Australian units.[33] In 2008, Grey wrote that McCay also made errors in judgement that contributed to the result, citing McCay's order not to consolidate the initial gains and that poor planning, ineffective artillery support and Australian lack of experience of Western Front conditions, contributed to the failure.[9] A number of senior Australian officers were removed after the débâcle and the 5th Australian Division remained incapable of offensive action until late summer, when it began trench-raiding.[34] In October the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division, with morale high after the defensive success at Fromelles, was sent to the Somme front and never recovered from the ordeal; Bavarian Reserve Regiment 16 spent ten days in the line and lost 1,177 casualties.[35][f]

text: In 2012, Michael Senior wrote that the objective of the attack was contained in the First Army Operational Order 100 (15 July)

text: ...to prevent the enemy from moving troops Southwards, to take part in the main battle

text: and that Haking had ordered that the troops due to attack were to be told that

text: The Commander in Chief [Haig] had directed XI Corps to attack the enemy in front of us, capture his front line system of trenches, and thus prevent him from reinforcing his troops to the South.

text: Senior wrote that historians generally judged the attack to have failed to prevent German troops being moved south to the Somme, Wilfid Miles, the British official historian, writing that the IX Reserve and the Guard Reserve corps had been sent. Peter Pedersen wrote that the Germans knew that Fromelles was a decoy and sent the reserves to the Somme and in the Australian official history, Charles Bean wrote that the attack showed the Germans that they were free to withdraw troops. In 2007, Paul Cobb wrote that the Germans were not deterred from sending troops to reinforce the Somme. Senior wrote that there was evidence that the transfer of troops to the south was delayed. A German intelligence officer of the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division wrote on 20 July,

text: There are no signs of any immediate repetition of the enemy attack....However, judging by the general situation, a new push is not impossible.

text: and a Bavarian document discovered in 1923 related that

text: An order was captured declaring that the object of the attack was to keep German troops engaged in the sector so as to keep pressure from the Somme...a repetition of these attacks is therefore to be expected.

text: and Bean wrote in 1930 that the Bavarians might have doubted that the British would sacrifice 7,000 men as a decoy.[38]

text: The IX Reserve and Guard Reserve corps had been moved from the Souchez–Vimy area, 20 mi (32 km) from Fromelles, well outside the XI Corps sector. Troops kept in the Loos–Armentières sector opposite the corps for four weeks after 19 July, were held back as a precaution. German records show that eight divisions were between Loos and Armentières on 1 July and that two were sent to the Somme by 2 July, long before the Fromelles attack and the other six divisions stayed opposite XI Corps for five to nine weeks after 19 July. Had divisions moved earlier, the Battle of Pozières (23 July – 3 September), might have cost I Anzac Corps far more than the 23,000 casualties that it suffered. Senior concluded that German troops had been retained opposite the XI Corps because of the attack at Fromelles.[39]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: The battle caused one of the greatest numbers of Australian deaths in action in 24 hours, surpassed only at the Battle of Bullecourt in 1917.[g] The 5th Australian Division lost 5,513 casualties, 2,000 men in the 8th Brigade, 1,776 men of the 15th Brigade, 1,717 men in the 14th Brigade and 88 men from the divisional engineers; two battalions had so many casualties that they had to be rebuilt. Of 887 personnel from the 60th Battalion, only one officer and 106 other ranks survived unwounded and the 32nd Battalion suffered 718 casualties. The 31st Battalion had 544 casualties and the 32nd Battalion lost 718 men killed and wounded.[41][42] The 61st Division was already under strength before the battle, engaged half as many men as the 5th Australian Division and lost 1,547 casualties. German casualties in the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division were 1,600–2,000 men.[22] Allied soldiers killed in the area that was re-taken by the Germans, were buried shortly after the battle. The burial pits were photographed from a British reconnaissance aircraft on 21 July but marked as dugouts or trench-mortar positions. The bodies were taken by narrow gauge trench railway on 22 July and buried in eight 10 m × 2.2 m × 5 m (32.8 ft × 7.2 ft × 16.4 ft) pits.[43]

text: Commemoration[edit]

text: New cemetery[edit]

text: Most war graves on the Western Front were discovered by official surveys during the 1920s; British and Empire dead were reburied in Imperial War Graves Commission cemeteries. 400 unknown Australian soldiers killed in the Battle of Fromelles were re-buried at the V.C. Corner Australian Cemetery and Memorial, 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) north-west of Fromelles (the only large exclusively Australian cemetery in France). Mortal remains of those killed in no man's land were recovered after the war and buried at V.C. Corner British Cemetery. In 2002, Lambis Englezos was inspired by Don't Forget Me Cobber (Corfield, 2000), to search for an unmarked mass grave near Fromelles. The site was found by Englezos and other researchers, near Fromelles at "le bois au fond du village", known as Fasanenwäldchen (Pheasant Copse/Pheasant Wood) by the Germans.[h] The researchers believed that the pits had not been found after the war and gained support for an exploration of the site from the Australian Army and the British "All Party Parliamentary War Graves and Battlefield Heritage Group".[43][i]

text: In 2007, a geophysical survey was commissioned by the Australian government. The survey indicated that the pits had been undisturbed since the war and contained the remains of 337 soldiers. From 23 May – 13 June 2008, an exploratory dig found human remains, personal effects, webbing, brass fitments, uniform badges, buttons and British .303 ammunition in five of six pits, which were then refilled.[45][j] Exhumations took place from May to September 2009, which recovered the mortal remains of 250 Allied soldiers, approximately 173 of whom were Australian, from which DNA samples were taken.[47][k][l] The original burial site was unsuitable and a new CWGC war cemetery was built about 120 metres (130 yd) away. On 30 January 2010, the first body was interred at Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery and the remaining bodies were buried in individual ceremonies, by the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers and the Australian Army.[50] In March 2010, it was reported that 75 Australian soldiers killed at Fromelles had been identified from DNA.[51] On 19 July 2010, the 94th anniversary of the battle, the last soldier (who remained unknown) was buried.[52] The cemetery was dedicated in a broadcast public ceremony.[53]

text: Memorials and museum[edit]

text: There are several memorials in the Fromelles area commemorating the battle. The V.C. Corner Australian Cemetery and Memorial was built in the early 1920s, the Australian Memorial Park opened in 1998 and the Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery was completed in 2010. There are other small cemeteries in the area with burials from the battle. In Fromelles Town Hall, there is a museum (Fromelles Weppes Terre de Mémoire), run by the Association pour le Souvenir de la Bataille de Fromelles (ASBF).[54] A new museum, the Musee de la Bataille de Fromelles is under construction. The plaque in it pays tribute to the pioneering work of Robin Corfield and Lambis Englezos in gaining wider attention to the battle and the loss of life of so many Australians, as well as British soldiers. The museum opened 2014 to coincide with the unveiling of some new headstones in the cemetery to mark other soldiers whose remains have been identified.[55]

text: 2016 memorial event controversy[edit]

text: In 2016, plans to hold a memorial event at the Pheasant Wood military cemetery were announced with the controversial decision to exclude British attendees from the ceremony. The move provoked anger amongst some families of the approximately 1,500 British casualties,

text: Families feel totally insulted by the attitude of the Australian authorities. Men from both countries fought together and died together but now the Australians want to airbrush the British out of the battle.[56]

text: In response, the Australian Department of Veterans Affairs said that a decision has been made by the Australian Government to prioritise Australians and French,

text: This is not to diminish the role of other nations but simply a recognition of the Australian focus of the event we are organising.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The battle is known by a number of names, including Action at Fromelles and Battle of Fleurbaix. Attack at Fromelles was chosen by the (British) Battles Nomenclature Committee in 1922. In German it is known as Schlacht von Fromelles (Battle of Fromelles).[1]
Jump up ^ Artillery support consisted of sixty 2-inch mortars, two 240 mm mortars, 232 eighteen-pounder field guns, sixty-four 4.5-inch howitzers, twenty-two 6-inch howitzers, eight 9.2-inch howitzers, five 12-inch howitzers, forty 60-pounder guns, two 6-inch guns, a 9.2-inch gun, with 200,000 field gun shells, 15,000 field howitzer shells and 4,350 rounds for the heavy guns and howitzers.[5]
Jump up ^ The sap had been extended towards the German lines by Australian tunnellers, using a "pipe-pusher" to explode a charge 4–5 ft (1.2–1.5 m) deep and 220 ft (67 m) long; two more were exploded on the 183rd Brigade front, to provide cover for the removal of wounded.[15]
Jump up ^ "[t]he air was thick with bullets, swishing in a flat, criss-crossed lattice of death. Hundreds were mown down in the flicker of an eyelid, like great rows of teeth knocked from a comb." (W. H. "Jimmy" Downing)[17]
Jump up ^ On 30 January 1916, an RFC brigade was attached to each British army, divided into wings, a corps wing with squadrons responsible for close reconnaissance, photography and artillery observation on the front of each army corps and an army wing, which conducted long-range reconnaissance and bombing.[23]
Jump up ^ It is believed that Adolf Hitler, a corporal and a message runner in Bavarian Reserve Regiment 16, took part in the battle.[36]
Jump up ^ The number of Australian casualties was similar to the casualties of the 36th Division at Thiepval on 1 July 1916 and equivalent to Australian losses in the Boer War, Korean War and Vietnam War.[40]
Jump up ^ At 50°36′36.36″N 2°51′17.10″E / 50.6101000°N 2.8547500°E / 50.6101000; 2.8547500
Jump up ^ Cobb cited the late 1990s, April 2002 comes from Englezos in Corfield, 2009.[44]
Jump up ^ Daily press briefings were given by Dr Tony Pollard (military archaeologist) and Major-General O'Brien; later the dig was described by Pollard and Peter Barton (historian) in video footage of the excavation.[46]
Jump up ^ Aspects of the exhumations were controversial and some people wanted the remains to lie undisturbed; claims were made that the work was too rushed for satisfactory analysis of the DNA and press complaints were made of cheapskating by the contractor. Johan Vandewalle, a Belgian archaeologist seconded to the Fromelles project, called the methods of Oxford Archaeology a "nightmare" and claimed that the site had been poorly protected against the weather, claims which were supported by Barton and rejected by the contractor.[48]
Jump up ^ The contractor refused Englezos access to the site, until this was reported in the Sydney Morning Herald. Englezos was allowed back, briefed members of the project team on details of the battle and guided them around the battlefield.[48] (On 7 June 2009 Englezos was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the General Division, for his work on the project.)[49]

tag: ol


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game assists leaders

question_text: who had the most assists in one nba game

text: This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have recorded 23 or more assists in a game.

text: 23 different players have recorded 23 or more assists in a game. It has occurred 39 times in the regular season and five times in the playoffs.

text: John Stockton has performed the feat the most times (10), followed by Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Kevin Porter (6).

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

Min
Minutes played
Pts
Points
Reb
Rebounds

Stl
Steals
Blk
Blocks
Tov
Turnovers

Team FG%
Rest of team's field goal percentage (subtracting player's own shooting)

tag: table

text:
Assists
Player
Team
Score
Opponent
Date
Min
Pts
Reb
Stl
Blk
Tov
Team FG%
Led the league in assists
Notes

30
Skiles, ScottScott Skiles
Orlando Magic
155–116
Denver Nuggets
000000001990-12-30-0000December 30, 1990
44
22
6
2
0
4
.574 (54–94)
No
[a]

29
Porter, KevinKevin Porter
New Jersey Nets
126–112
Houston Rockets
000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978
48
14
5

.557 (44–79)
Yes
[b]

28
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Boston Celtics
173–139
Minneapolis Lakers
000000001959-02-27-0000February 27, 1959
45
31
5
–
–
–
.496 (62–125)
Yes
[c]

28
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers*
San Francisco Warriors
109–114
St. Louis Hawks
000000001963-03-14-0000March 14, 1963
48
14
5
–
–
–
.588 (40–68)
Yes
[d]

28
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
Utah Jazz
124–102
San Antonio Spurs
000000001991-01-15-0000January 15, 1991
39
20
3
8
0
5
.543 (44–81)
Yes
[e]

27
Huston, GeoffGeoff Huston
Cleveland Cavaliers
110–106
Golden State Warriors
000000001982-01-27-0000January 27, 1982
46
24
1

No

27
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (2)
Utah Jazz
107–115
New York Knicks
000000001989-12-19-0000December 19, 1989
36
18
3
2
0
2
.582 (39–67)
Yes
[f]

26
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (3)
Utah Jazz
123–128
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001988-04-14-0000April 14, 1988
45
17
3
2
0
2
.566 (47–83)
Yes

25
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
New Orleans Pelicans
128–113
Brooklyn Nets
000000002017-12-27-0000December 27, 2017
30
2
7
1
0
3
.533 (48-90)
TBD

25
DiGregorio, ErnieErnie DiGregorio
Buffalo Braves
120–119
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001974-01-01-0000January 1, 1974
48
20
9

–

Yes
[g]

25
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (2)
Detroit Pistons
160–119
Boston Celtics
000000001979-03-09-0000March 9, 1979
37
30
3

Yes

25
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (3)
Detroit Pistons
105–116
Phoenix Suns
000000001979-04-01-0000April 1, 1979
46
13
3

Yes

25
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
Detroit Pistons
124–119
Dallas Mavericks
000000001985-02-13-0000February 13, 1985
41
23
5
2
0
5
.533 (48–90)
Yes
[h]

25
McMillan, NateNate McMillan
Seattle SuperSonics
124–112
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001987-02-23-0000February 23, 1987
41
8
8
1
4
3
.449 (44–98)
No
[i]

25
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
Phoenix Suns
107–95
San Antonio Spurs
000000001994-04-06-0000April 6, 1994
41
16
3
0
0
4
.535 (38–71)
No

25
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd*
Dallas Mavericks
136–133
Utah Jazz
000000001996-02-08-0000February 8, 1996
49
20
4
4
0
5
.591 (39–66)
No
[j]

24
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers* (2)
Chicago Bulls
110–107
New York Knicks
000000001966-12-21-0000December 21, 1966

18

–
–
–

Yes

24
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (4)
Washington Bullets
119–114
Detroit Pistons
000000001980-03-23-0000March 23, 1980
44
12
1

.562 (50–89)
No

24
Lucas, JohnJohn Lucas
San Antonio Spurs
157–154
Denver Nuggets
000000001984-04-15-0000April 15, 1984
28
0
0
2
0
2
.641 (66–103)
No
[k]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson*
Los Angeles Lakers
118–102
Phoenix Suns
000000001984-05-15-0000May 15, 1984
38
6
7
5
2
4
.586 (51–87)
–
[l]

24
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* (2)
Detroit Pistons
126–128
Washington Bullets
000000001985-02-07-0000February 7, 1985
50
25
10
2
1
2
.495 (48–97)
Yes
[m]

24
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (4)
Utah Jazz
109–111
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001988-05-17-0000May 17, 1988
48
23
3
5
0
3
.515 (34–66)
–
[n]

24
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (5)
Utah Jazz
102–104
Houston Rockets
000000001989-01-03-0000January 3, 1989
45
26
1
6
0
1
.508 (31–61)
Yes
[o]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (2)
Los Angeles Lakers
119–105
Denver Nuggets
000000001989-11-17-0000November 17, 1989
40
24
8
6
1
3
.533 (40–75)
No
[p]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (3)
Los Angeles Lakers
118–121
Phoenix Suns
000000001990-01-09-0000January 9, 1990
45
24
6
2
2
4
.452 (38–84)
No
[q]

24
Sessions, RamonRamon Sessions^
Milwaukee Bucks
135–151
Chicago Bulls
000000002008-04-14-0000April 14, 2008
44:27
20
8
1
1
2
.573 (43–75)
No
[r]

24
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (2)
Boston Celtics
105–101
New York Knicks
000000002010-10-29-0000October 29, 2010
45:20
10
10
1
0
7
.506 (40–79)
No
[s]

23
West, JerryJerry West*
Los Angeles Lakers
143–133
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-02-01-0000February 1, 1967

24
6
–
–
–
.567 (51–90)
No
[t]

23
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (5)
Detroit Pistons
131–119
Houston Rockets
000000001978-12-27-0000December 27, 1978
41
20
3

Yes

23
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (6)
Detroit Pistons
113–124
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001979-03-30-0000March 30, 1979
43
15
3

Yes

23
Archibald, Nate "Tiny"Nate "Tiny" Archibald*
Boston Celtics
145–144
Denver Nuggets
000000001982-02-05-0000February 5, 1982
38
15
4

No
[u]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (4)
Los Angeles Lakers
128–112
Seattle SuperSonics
000000001984-02-21-0000February 21, 1984
36
9
5
2
0
3
.628 (54–86)
Yes
[v]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (5)
Los Angeles Lakers
130–126
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001985-05-03-0000May 3, 1985
41
13
7
1
0
6
.566 (43–76)
–
[w]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (6)
Los Angeles Lakers
114–107
Dallas Mavericks
000000001988-04-20-0000April 20, 1988
42
8
10
0
1
8
.632 (43–68)
No
[x]

23
Lever, Lafayette "Fat"Lafayette "Fat" Lever
Denver Nuggets
139–121
Golden State Warriors
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
42
15
13
5
0
1
.579 (55–95)
No
[y]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (6)
Utah Jazz
107–104
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001990-04-12-0000April 12, 1990
44
15
4
3
0
3
.521 (37–71)
Yes
[z]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (7)
Utah Jazz
105–95
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001990-12-08-0000December 8, 1990
41
27
3
4
0
1
.492 (31–63)
Yes
[aa]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (8)
Utah Jazz
135–108
Golden State Warriors
000000001991-11-29-0000November 29, 1991
36
21
2
2
1
4
.608 (48–79)
Yes

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (9)
Utah Jazz
120–106
Minnesota Timberwolves
000000001992-04-17-0000April 17, 1992
36
9
2
5
0
4
.569 (41–72)
Yes

23
Blaylock, Daron "Mookie"Daron "Mookie" Blaylock
Atlanta Hawks
139–118
Utah Jazz
000000001993-03-06-0000March 6, 1993
37
11
0
4
0
2
.545 (48–88)
No

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* 10 !(10)
Utah Jazz
110–102
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001996-04-25-0000April 25, 1996
41
11
2
0
0
1
.581 (36–62)
–
[ab]

23
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
Los Angeles Lakers
95–82
Vancouver Grizzlies
000000001997-01-05-0000January 5, 1997
44
8
8
1
0
2
.500 (34–68)
No
[ac]

23
Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
Indiana Pacers
110–103
Washington Wizards
000000002001-11-22-0000November 22, 2001
45
19
11
1
1
5
.541 (40–74)
No
[ad]

23
Nash, SteveSteve Nash*
Phoenix Suns
113–100
Los Angeles Lakers
000000002007-04-29-0000April 29, 2007
39:05
17
1
2
1
3
.493 (35–71)
–
[ae]

23
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (3)
Boston Celtics
105–103
San Antonio Spurs
000000002011-01-05-0000January 5, 2011
43:30
12
10
6
1
5
.615 (40–65)
No
[af]


document_title: Timeline of computer animation in film and television

question_text: when did they start using cgi in movies

question_tokens: when did they start using cgi in movies

text:
Film
Year
Notes

Rendering of a planned highway
1961
In 1960, a 49-second vector animation of a car traveling down a planned highway at 110 km/h was created at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology on the BESK computer. The short animation was broadcast on November 9, 1961 on national television.[1][2]

Hummingbird
1967
A ten-minute computer animated film by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer. This was awarded a prize at the 4th annual International Experimental Film Competition in Brussels, Belgium and in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art, New York City. The subject was a line drawing of a hummingbird for which a sequence of movements appropriate to the bird were programmed. Over 30,000 images comprising some 25 motion sequences were generated by the computer.[3][4]

Kitty
1968
A group of Soviet mathematicians and physicists headed by N. Konstantinov created a mathematically computable model of the physics of a moving cat. The algorithms were programmed on the BESM-4 computer. The computer then printed hundreds of frames to be later converted to film.[5][6][7] An accompanying scientific paper describes the foundation of the employed physics simulation techniques that nowadays are commonly applied to animation films and computer games.[8]

text:
Film
Year
Notes

Metadata
1971
This is an experimental 2D animated short drawn on a data tablet by Peter Foldes, who used the world's first key frame animation software, invented by Nestor Burtnyk and Marceli Wein.[9][10][11][12]

A Computer Animated Hand
1972
Produced by Ed Catmull, the short demonstrates a computer animated hand, as well as human faces. Added to the United States National Film Registry in 2011.

Westworld
1973
First use of 2D computer animation in a significant entertainment feature film. The point of view of Yul Brynner's gunslinger was achieved with raster graphics.[13][14]

The Six Million Dollar Man
1974
First television series to use CGI in the intro.

Faces (Faces & Body Parts)
1974
Fred Parke's thesis film on facial modeling at the University of Utah.[15]

Great
1975
The Oscar-winning 1975 short animated film about the life of the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel contains a brief sequence of a rotating wire-frame model of Brunel's final project, the iron steam ship SS Great Eastern.

Futureworld
1976
First use of 3D computer graphics for animated hand and face. Used 2D digital compositing to materialize characters over a background.[14]

Star Wars
1977
Used an animated 3D wire-frame graphic for the trench run briefing sequence. Added to the United States National Film Registry in 1989.

The Black Hole
1979
Used raster wire-frame model rendering for the open credits depicting a 3D wireframe of a black hole.[16]

Alien
Used raster wire-frame model rendering for navigation monitors in the landing sequence.[14] Added to the United States National Film Registry in 2002.

text:
Film
Year
Notes

Looker
1981
First CGI human character, Cindy. Also, first use of 3D-shaded CGI.[16][17]

The Works
1982
The New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab premiered a trailer at SIGGRAPH for their CGI project. This would have been the first feature-length CGI film, but it was never completed.

Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
ILM computer graphics division develops "Genesis Effect", the first use of a fractal-generated landscape in a film.[18] Bill Reeves leads the Genesis Effect programming team, and creates a new graphics technique called "Particle Systems".

Tron
First extensive use (15 minutes fully computer generated) of 3D CGI including the famous Light Cycle sequence.[19] Also includes very early facial animation (for the Master Control Program).

Golgo 13
1983
First animated film to incorporate CGI sequences.[20] Entirely digital models of revolvers, skeletons, helicopters, and skyscrapers (created by Toyo Links Corporation and Osaka University's CG division) are used in the film's title sequence and part of the climax; the remainder of the film is traditionally animated by Tokyo Movie Shinsha.

Dream Flight
First 3D generated film telling a story, shown in Electronic Theater in SIGGRAPH ‘83

Rock & Rule
First Western animated film to use computer graphics.[21]

The Last Starfighter
1984
Uses CGI for all spaceship shots, replacing traditional models. First use of "integrated CGI" where the effects are supposed to represent real world objects.[21]

Lensman: Secret of The Lens
Uses CGI for spaceships and other scenes.

The Adventures of André and Wally B.
Lucasfilm's computer animation division creates an all-CGI-animated short. The first CGI animation with motion blur effects and squash and stretch motion.

2010: The Year We Make Contact
Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere is CGI-rendered, mostly during the black spot shots.

Tony de Peltrie
1985
First CGI-animated human character to express emotion through his face and body language.[22]

Young Sherlock Holmes
Lucasfilm creates the first photorealistic CGI character, "stained glass knight" with 10 seconds of screentime.[23][24]

"Money for Nothing"
The first computer-generated music video.[24] The animators would go on to found Mainframe Entertainment.

Flight of the Navigator
1986
The first use of reflection mapping in a feature film, used for the flying alien spacecraft.[24]

Labyrinth
First realistic CGI animal.[24]

Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
First use of the Cyberware 3D scanner, first 3D morphing.[24]

Luxo Jr.
First use of shadows in CGI, made with the specially developed software Photorealistic Renderman. First Pixar film, and first CGI film to be nominated for an Academy Award. Added to the United States National Film Registry in 2014.

The Golden Child
First use of primitive photorealistic morphing.[25]

Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future
1987
First TV series to include characters modeled entirely with computers.

Knightmare
First game show with interaction between humans and computer-generated surroundings.

Rendez-vous in Montreal
First 3D generated film involving virtual actors Marilyn Monroe and Humphrey Bogart

Willow
1988
First extensive photorealistic use of morphing effect in a feature film.[26]

Akira
CGI is used to animate the pattern indicator, and to plot the paths of falling objects, model parallax effects on backgrounds, and tweak lighting and lens flares.[20]

Tin Toy
First computer-animated short film to win an Oscar. Added to the United States National Film Registry in 2003.

The Abyss
1989
First digital 3D water effect.[27]

The Jim Henson Hour
TV series with real-time and rendered CGI featuring digitally puppeteered CG character "Waldo."

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
First all-digital composite.[27]

Les Fables géométriques
First broadcast series of animated CGI shorts.

text:
Film
Year
Notes

Die Hard 2
1990
First digitally-manipulated matte painting.[27]

RoboCop 2
An early use of real-time computer graphics or "digital puppetry" to create a character in a motion picture.[28]

Backdraft
1991
First use of photorealistic CGI fire in a motion picture.[28]

Terminator 2: Judgment Day
First realistic human movements on a CGI character.[27] The first partially computer-generated main character and the first blockbuster movie to feature multiple morphing effects.[29] First use of a personal computer to create major movie 3D effects.

Death Becomes Her
1992
First human skin CGI software.[27]

Jurassic Park
1993
First photorealistic CG creatures.[27]

Live & Kicking
First TV program to feature a live computer-generated character as part of its cast.

VeggieTales
First completely computer animated direct-to-video release.

Babylon 5
First television series to use CGI as the primary method for its visual effects. First TV use of virtual sets.

Insektors[30]
First fully computer animated TV series. First use of character animation in a computer animated television series.

Radioland Murders
1994
First use of virtual CGI sets with live actors.[31]

ReBoot
First half-hour computer animated TV series.[32]

The Flintstones
First CGI-rendered fur.[27]

The Crow
First deceased actor (Brandon Lee) to be re-created through CGI.

Waterworld
1995
First realistic CG water.[27]

Casper
First CGI lead character in a feature-length live-action film, and first CGI characters to interact realistically with live actors.

Toy Story
First CGI feature-length animation. Added to the United States National Film Registry in 2005.

Cassiopeia
1996
A Brazilian CGI animated feature film produced and released by NDR Filmes in Brazil on April 1, 1996. First CGI feature-length animation that did not use scanned models for heads.

The Island of Dr. Moreau
First film to use motion capture CGI to portray a character.

DragonHeart
First 2D all-CGI backgrounds with live actors. First film to use ILM's Caricature software (created during the film's production).

Beast Wars: Transformers
First CGI Transformers animated series produced by Mainframe Entertainment. Sequel to the original Transformers.

Star Wars (Episodes IV, V and VI Special Editions)
1997
First re-release of a film to incorporate CGI characters and elements.

Marvin the Martian in 3D
First CG film created for viewing with 3D glasses.

Titanic
First wide-release feature film with major elements rendered under the open-source Linux operating system.[33] Also included a number of advances, specifically in the rendering of flowing water.

A Bug's Life
1998
First CG anamorphic widescreen film. First all-digital transfer to DVD. First film to be reframed for home video releases.

Invasion: Earth
First major use of digital effects in a British TV series

What Dreams May Come
First use of 3D CGI in combination with 3D location scanning (Lidar) and motion-analysis based 3D camera tracking in a feature film.

Fight Club
1999
First photogrammetry based virtual cinematography scenes, including the first bullet time sex scene with fully naked body renderings of famous actors in leading roles (Helena Bonham Carter, Brad Pitt); renderings of different settings with both extreme close-ups and wide shots; and the first very photorealistic close-up rendering of a human face - which also belongs to a famous actor in a leading role (Edward Norton) - with detailed facial deformation and extreme close-ups (starting at the cell-level of the brain, flying through the different layers of tissues, a follicle and the skin with sweat droplets).

The Matrix
First use of CG interpolation with bullet time effects. Added to the National Film Registry in 2012.

Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
First film to use CG extensively for thousands of shots, including backgrounds, environmental effects, vehicles, and crowds. Several CG characters stood alongside real actors in dozens of shots, making them the first CG "supporting" cast members.

text:
Film
Year
Notes

Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within
2001
First feature-length digital film to be made based on photorealism and live action principles. The first theatrically released feature film to utilize performance capture (motion capture) for all of its characters actions.[34]

Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
First CGI feature-length movie made using off-the-shelf hardware and software.

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
First use of AI for digital actors (using the Massive software developed by Weta Digital).

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
2002
First virtual actor to win an award (Critics' Choice Movie Awards by Andy Serkis playing Gollum), in the newly created category Best Digital Acting Performance

Ice Age
First full-length feature animated film exclusively rendered with a ray tracer (CGI Studio).[35]

The Matrix Reloaded
2003
The Burly Brawl - the first use of "Universal Capture", the combination of dense (rather than point-based) motion capture, per-frame texture capture and optical flow of pixels over the data from 7 camera setup bought into a shared UV space by projection onto a neutral expression geometry leading to the introduction of realistic digital look-alikes, last missing piece into puzzle to make fully virtual cinematography possible.

Able Edwards
2004
First movie shot completely on a green screen using digitally scanned images as backgrounds.

Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
First movie with all-CGI backgrounds and live actors.[36]

The Polar Express
First computer-animated 3D film to be created with motion capture.

Elephants Dream
2006
First CGI short movie released as completely open source. Made with Open Source software, theatrical and DVD release under Creative Commons License.[37] Unique that all 3D models, animatics and software are included on the DVD free for any use.

Flatland
2007
First CGI feature film to be animated by one person. Made with Lightwave 3D and Adobe After Effects.[38]

Plumíferos
2009
First CGI feature-length movie made using Open Source/Free Software for all 3D models, animation, lighting and render process, under GNU/Linux operating system.

Avatar
First full-length movie made using performance capture to create photorealistic 3D characters and to feature a fully CG 3D photorealistic world. The first virtual art department and complete virtual production pipeline was developed by director James Cameron and team to create the film in real-time.

Up
First computer-animated feature to be nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture.

text:
Film
Year
Notes

Toy Story 3
2010
First CGI feature-length movie to gross more than $1 billion.


document_title: Egg wash

question_text: what is the purpose of egg wash in baking

text: Egg wash

text: An egg wash is beaten eggs, sometimes mixed with another liquid such as water or milk, which is sometimes brushed onto the surface of a pastry before baking. Egg washes are also used as a step in the process of breading foods, providing a substrate for the breading to stick to. Egg washes can also be used on calzoni or on fish.[1][2]

text: Use in pastries[edit]

text: An egg wash is often used to make pastries shiny and golden or brown in color, and it also is used to help toppings or coatings stick to the surface of the pastry, or to bind pastry parts together, such as empanadas or other en croute recipes. Egg wash can usually be made with 30 ml or two tablespoons of liquid, such as milk or water, for every egg. Less liquid makes for a darker wash.[3] The part of the egg used and liquid added determines the finished look of the crust.[4]

text: Vegan varieties[edit]

text: Vegan substitutes for egg wash include vegetable oil, non-dairy milk and butter substitutes, and light corn syrup thinned with water.[5]


document_title: Metadata repository

question_text: what stores metadata instead of actual data in dbms

text: Metadata repository

text: Definition[edit]

text: The metadata repository is responsible for physically storing and cataloging metadata. Data in a metadata repository should be generic, integrated, current, and historical. Generic : meta model should store the metadata by generic terms instead of storing it by an applications-specific defined way, so that if your data base standard changes from one product to another the physical meta model of the metadata repository would not need to change. Integration of the metadata repository allows all business areas' metadata to be in an integrated fashion: covering all domains and subject areas of the organization. The metadata repository should have accessible current and historical metadata.[2] Metadata repositories used to be referred to as a data dictionary.[1]:239

text: With the transition of needs for the metadata usage for business intelligence has increased so is the scope of the metadata repository increased. Earlier data dictionaries are the closest place to interact technology with business. Data dictionaries are the universe of metadata repository in the initial stages but as the scope increased Business glossary and their tags to variety of status flags emerged in the business side while consumption of the technology metadata, their lineage and linkages made the repository, the source for valuable reports to bring business and technology together and helped data management decisions easier as well as assess the cost of the changes.

text: Metadata repository explores the enterprise wide data governance , data quality and master data management (includes master data and reference data) and integrates this wealth of information with integrated metadata across the organization to provide decision support system for data structures, even though it only reflects the structures consumed from various systems.

text: Repository vs. registry[edit]

text: Repository has additional functionalities compared with registry. Metadata repository not only stores metadata like Metadata registry but also adds relationships with related metadata types. Metadata when related in a flow from its point of entry into organization up to the deliverables is considered as the lineage of that data point. Metadata when related across other related metadata types is called linkages. By providing the relationships to all the metadata points across the organization and maintaining its integrity with an architecture to handle the changes , metadata repository provides the basic material for understanding the complete data flow and their definitions and their impact. Also the important feature is to maintain the version control though this statement for contrasting is open for discussion. These definitions are still evolving, so the accuracy of the definitions needs refinement.

text: Purpose of registry is to define the metadata element and maintained across the organization. and data models and other data management teams refers to the registry for any changes to follow. While Metadata repository sources metadata from various metadata systems in the organizations and reflects what is in the upstream. Repository never acts as an upstream while registry is used as an upstream for metadata changes.

text: Reason for use[edit]

text: Metadata repository enables all the structure of the organizations data containers to one integrated place. This opens plethora of resourceful information for making calculated business decisions. This tool uses one generic form of data model to integrate all the models thus brings all the applications and programs of the organization into one format. And on top of it applying the business definitions and business processes brings the business and technology closer that will help organizations make reliable roadmaps with definite goals. With one stop information, business will have more control on the changes, and can do impact analysis of the tool. Usually business spends lots of time and money to make decisions based on discovery and research on impacts to make changes or to add new data structures or remove structures in data management of the organization. With a structured and well maintained repository, moving the product from ideation to delivery takes the least amount of time (considering other variables are constant). To sum it up:

text:
Integration of the metadata across the organization.
Build relationship between various metadata types
Build relationship between various disparate systems.
Define business golden copy of definitions.
Version control of the changes at structure level.
interaction with Reference data
link view to master data.
automatic synchronization with various authorized metadata source systems.
More control to business decisions.
validate the structures by overlapping the models
discovering discrepancies, gaps, lineage, metrics at data structure level.

text: Each database management system (DBMS) and database tools have their own language for the metadata components within. Database applications already have their own repositories or registries that are expected to provide all of the necessary functionality to access the data stored within. Vendors do not want other companies to be capable of easily migrating data away from their products and into competitors products, so they are proprietary with the way they handle metadata. CASE tools, DBMS dictionaries, ETL tools, data cleansing tools, OLAP tools, and data mining tools all handle and store metadata differently. Only a metadata repository can be designed to store the metadata components from all of these tools.[3]

text: Design[edit]

text: Metadata repositories should store metadata in four classifications: ownership, descriptive characteristics, rules and policies, and physical characteristics. Ownership, showing the data owner and the application owner. The descriptive characteristics, define the names, types and lengths, and definitions describing business data or business processes. Rules and policies, will define security, data cleanliness, timelines for data, and relationships. Physical characteristics define the origin or source, and physical location.[1]:176 Like building a logical data model for creating a database, a logical meta model can help identify the metadata requirements for business data.[1]:185 The metadata repository will be centralized, decentralized, or distributed. A centralized design means that there is one database for the metadata repository that stores metadata for all applications business wide. A centralized metadata repository has the same advantages and disadvantages of a centralized database. Easier to manage because all the data is in one database, but the disadvantage is that bottlenecks may occur.

text: A decentralized metadata repository stores metadata in multiple databases, either separated by location and or departments of the business. This makes management of the repository more involved than a centralized metadata repository, but the advantage is that the metadata can be broken down into individual departments.

text: A distributed metadata repository uses a decentralized method, but unlike a decentralized metadata repository the metadata remains in its original application. An XML gateway is created[1]:246 that acts as a directory for accessing the metadata within each different application. The advantages and disadvantages for a distributed metadata repository mirror that of a distributed database.

text: Design of information model should include various layers of metadata types to be overlapped to create an integrated view of the data. Various metadata types should be stitched with related metadata elements in a top down model linking to business glossary.

text: Layers of Metadata:

text:
Business Glossary : contains recursive relationship to Business terms.
Business tags: Contains various affiliation to that term or terms.
Data Dictionary: contains information from data model tools for the definition of metadata elements and their technical definitions provided by data or enterprise architecture.
Conceptual data models:
Logical data models
Physical data models
Databases
validation rules and data quality rules
ETL, business rules and their relationship to attributes and entities
Reports
Source to target mapping artifacts (relationships)
Reporting requirements (relationships)
business processes and their relationship to technology
people hierarchy and their relationship
owner relationship

text: Entity-Relationship/Object-Oriented[edit]

text: Metadata repositories can be designed as either an Entity-relationship model, or an Object-oriented design.


document_title: Simple Gifts

question_text: what american composer arranged simple gifts for orchestra

text: Simple Gifts

text: Background and composition[edit]

text: The tune was written by Joseph Brackett (1797–1882) in 1848.[1] Brackett, a lifelong resident of Maine, first joined the Shakers at Gorham, Maine, when his father's farm helped to form the nucleus of a new Shaker settlement.[2]

text: Resurgence and enduring popularity[edit]

text:
External video

 Songs of America - Simple Gifts - Shaker Hymn, 1:40, Cibertracker Imperium

 I Danced in the Morning (LORD OF THE DANCE), 3:55, First-Plymouth Church Lincoln Nebraska-Videos

text: The song was largely unknown outside Shaker communities until Aaron Copland used its melody for the score of Martha Graham's ballet Appalachian Spring (Shakers once worshipped on Holy Mount, in the Appalachians), first performed in 1944. Copland used "Simple Gifts" a second time in 1950 in his first set of Old American Songs for voice and piano, which was later orchestrated. Many people thought that the tune of "Simple Gifts" was a traditional Celtic one but both the music and original lyrics are actually the compositions of Brackett. "Simple Gifts" has been adapted or arranged many times since by folksingers and composers.[3]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: "Simple Gifts" was written by Elder Joseph while he was at the Shaker community in Alfred, Maine. These are the lyrics to his one-verse song:

text: Several Shaker manuscripts indicate that this is a "Dancing Song" or a "Quick Dance."[citation needed] "Turning" is a common theme in Christian theology, but the references to "turning" in the last two lines have also been identified as dance instructions. When the traditional dance is performed properly, each dancer ends up where he or she began, "come 'round right."

text: Tune[edit]

text: A manuscript of Mary Hazzard of the New Lebanon, New York, Shaker community records this original version of the melody:

text: The song quite closely resembles several repetitions of the opening measures of William Byrd's renaissance composition, "The Barley Break", which Byrd intended to imitate country children playing a folk game.[citation needed] Similarly, Brackett is claimed to have come up with the song as an imitation of what folk music sounds like.[citation needed]

text: "Lord of the Dance"[edit]

text: A well known version is by English songwriter Sydney Carter, who adapted the Shaker tune for his song "Lord of the Dance", first published in 1963.[5]

text: The Carter lyrics were adapted, in ignorance of the actual origins, without authorization or acknowledgments by Ronan Hardiman for Michael Flatley's dance musical Lord of the Dance, which opened in 1996. The melody is used at various points throughout the show, including the piece titled "Lord of the Dance."[6] Other adaptations of the lyrics by Carter have occurred in the widespread belief that they are traditional, and in the public domain.[citation needed]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: The Shakers' "Simple Gifts" melody shows up as a part of Aaron Copland's music for the ballet Appalachian Spring.

text: The rock band Weezer recorded "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived (Variations on a Shaker Hymn)," on which it can be clearly heard in the piano intro and the chorus of the song.

text: The Turtles recorded a song called "Too Young To Be One" which owes much of its melody to the classic Shaker work.

text: Judy Collins included the song on her 1970 album Whales & Nightingales.

text: R.E.M. used this song to open their song "I Believe" during the last half of their Work Tour in 1987.

text: The British punk band Toy Dolls adapted the song in their song "My Girlfriend's Dad's a Vicar", from studio albums "A Far Out Disc" (1985) and the compilation album "Ten Years Of Toys" (1989).

text: The song is incorporated into both the opening and closing tracks of the 1990 album "Simple Gifts: Instrumental Arrangements of Shaker Melodies" by William Coulter and Barry Phillips.

text: In 1998, Windham Hill Records released a collective album titled "Thanksgiving" which featured an arrangement of "Simple Gifts" performed by Thea and Tracy Silverman.

text: John P. Zdechlik used "Simple Gifts" in "Chorale and Shaker Dance," a 1972 composition for concert band. In 2004, Robert Steadman arranged the tune for orchestra featuring an off-stage trumpet and a thumping, dance-music influenced finale. Frank Ticheli also wrote a version of "Simple Gifts", presented in Simple Gifts: Four Shaker Songs.[7]

text: Yo-Yo Ma and Alison Krauss performed a duet of "Simple Gifts" on his 2001 album "Classic Yo-Yo".

text: On their Grammy-winning CD Simple Gifts (2008), The King's Singers perform an a cappella version titled Gift to be Simple.

text: In 2009, singer Jewel released a version on her album "Lullaby".

text: Simple Gifts was performed in 2009 by the Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps as part of their program "Ballet For Martha.

text: The Norfolk, England, Kipper Family, Sid and Henry Kipper (Dick Nudds and Chris Sugden) - wrote and recorded a version of "Lord of the Dance", calling it "Bored of the Dance". It tells of the men attending a village hall social evening being forced by the women to join in the various dances when they would rather be drinking with their friends, or getting the women to bed. It has the memorable line: "It's hard to dance when you're lying on your back".

text: John Williams' Air and Simple Gifts was premiered at U.S. President Obama's inauguration on January 21, 2009. It was performed by Yo-Yo Ma (cello), Itzhak Perlman (violin), Anthony McGill (Clarinet) and Gabriela Montero (piano). It was a classical quartet based on the original Simple Gifts.

text: The West Virginia University marching band plays an arrangement of "Simple Gifts" as part of the band's pre game show for football games. The band's version of the song also has been featured in the university's television advertisements.

text: An a cappella arrangement of "Simple Gifts" is included on Minneapolis choir Cantus' 2011 album That Eternal Day.

text: Roger Lee Hall has arranged "Simple Gifts" for chorus and it is performed by The Canterbury Singers on the album Celestial Praises.

text: You can also hear the theme intertwined into "Over the Rainbow / Simple Gifts" by the Piano Guys.

text: "Simple Gifts" is the opening song in a combined dance, music and theatrical collaboration called "Angel Reapers," by Martha Clarke and Alfred Uhry. The work is a celebration of the Shakers, their history, their practices and their accomplishments. It first appeared in its present form in Boston and New York in November 2011. It has since been revived by the Signature Theatre Company in New York in February 2016.

text: Icelandic singer Jónsi covered the song for the 2017 film The Circle.[8]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1982, "Simple Gifts" was used as the background music track for the "Smurf: Rescue In Gargamels Castle" video game for the Colecovision and Atari 2600 systems.

text: For many years, a portion of this tune was used as the opening theme for the CBS News television documentary series, CBS Reports.

text: In the movie A Time for Dancing a version of Simple Gifts is played as the opening song. It is sung by Anastasia Breeze, the "Simple Gift" choir and Táta Vega.

text: The TV series Little House on the Prairie had the Ingalls family singing this song.

text: The then-10-year-old Jodie Foster sang this song in the 1973 episode "Alethea" of Kung Fu.

text: It was used in the 1963 Boulting Brothers' film Heavens Above[9]

text: Hannibal Heyes (Pete Duel) sang the song on Alias Smith and Jones in the 1971 (second season) episode "The Posse That Wouldn’t Quit", mere months before the actor took his own life.[10]

text: The tune was incorporated into Air and Simple Gifts arranged by John Williams for the 2009 inauguration of United States President Barack Obama.

text: "Simple Gifts" in such pieces as "Chorale and Shaker Dance" and the Appalachian Spring have been popular music repertoire for drum corps and marching bands. Among them are 1987 Garfield Cadets, 1992 Blue Knights and 2009 Santa Clara Vanguard. The Appalachian State University marching band also performs a rendition of "Simple Gifts" as part of a pre-game tradition, prior to football games. A snippet of Simple Gifts is also played after every Mountaineer first down. The West Virginia University Mountaineer Marching Band, known as the Pride of West Virginia, has performed an arrangement of the song during Mountaineer football games since 1973.[11]

text: "Simple Gifts" is the corps song for Revolution Drum & Bugle Corps

text: "Simple Gifts" was sung by the cast of Shining Time Station, along with guest actress Rachel Miner in its 1990 Christmas Special 'Tis a Gift.

text: "Simple Gifts" was used as the theme song for the syndicated newsmagazine American Journal, originally starting as a majestic arrangement in early seasons and promos, and then upgrading to a rock format in later seasons and promos.

text: From 1993 through 1998, an instrumental arrangement of the song was used as the theme song for the syndicated news magazine TV program American Journal.

text: The Aaron Copland version was used during the movie The Ultimate Gift in 2006

text: In 2009, electronic artist Scooter, sampled the tune in their single, "The Sound Above My Hair".

text: On the November 23, 2009 edition of WWE Raw, "Simple Gifts" was used as the entrance theme for a team of "Pilgrims" composed of Jillian Hall, Layla and Michelle McCool for a "Mayflower Melee" Match.

text: On January 12, 2011 "Simple Gifts," in an arrangement by Grant Cochran, was sung at the Memorial for the victims of the 2011 Tucson shooting at the McKale Center at the University of Arizona in Tucson.

text: In Aug Sept 2012 "Simple Gifts" was used as the melody in the background, of TV spot ads for both Whirlpool, Simple Designs, Washer Dryers, and also Arborday com .

text: The melody was also adapted and used in the 2008 song The Greatest Man That Ever Lived off Weezer's Red Album and Michael Flatley's river dance performances.

text: Additional verses[edit]

text: Two additional, later non-Shaker verses exist for the song, as follows:

text: And an additional alternative:

text: Another alternate verse:

text: A Version Broadcast During Music and the Spoken Word