document_title: J. Michael Tatum

question_text: who voices sebastian in black butler english dub

text: J. Michael Tatum

text: Biography[edit]

text: At the Florida Supercon 2015 panel, when he was asked what was his inspiration to go into voice acting, Tatum said that when he was young he had a speech impediment and his speech coach had him get involved in theater; in reciting and memorizing, they noticed that his stuttering would disappear. He then got into drama and theater acting, and that voice acting is great in that it enables him to play more characters than on camera.[1]

text: In 2005, Tatum was discovered by Funimation ADR director Christopher Bevins, who cast him as Rikichi in Samurai 7. Tatum has been cast in several notable roles, including Kyoya Ootori in Ouran High School Host Club, Sebastian Michaelis in Black Butler, France in Hetalia: Axis Powers, Erwin Smith in Attack on Titan, and Eneru in One Piece. Recently, he was cast as the voice of Rei Ryuugazaki in the English dub of Free! – Eternal Summer.

text: From January 2010 to January 2014, John hosted That Anime Show with friend and co-worker Terri Doty and ADR Engineer Stephen Hoff.[2] Numerous times, he has expressed his deep love for anime, Doctor Who, Vincent Price, and William Shakespeare.

text: Tatum is openly gay.[1]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Anime[edit]

text:
List of voice performances in anime

Year
Title
Role
Crew role, notes
Source[3]

000000002005-05-10-00002005
Burst Angel
Additional voices

000000002005-08-23-00002005
Samurai 7
Rikichi

000000002006-07-04-00002006
Speed Grapher
Katsuya Shirogane

000000002006-10-03-00002006
D.Gray-man
Komui Lee

000000002006-12-19-00002006
Rumbling Hearts
Kisho

000000002006-09-26-00002006
Trinity Blood
Süleyman

000000002007-03-09-00002007
Beck: Mongolian Chop Squad
Jim Walsh

000000002007-07-31-00002007
Mushi-shi
Taku

000000002007-08-21-00002007
School Rumble
Hiroyoshi Asō

000000002007-10-16-00002007
Glass Fleet
Various characters

2007
xxxHolic
Shizuka Dōmeki

[4]

2007
Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle
Seishirō Sakurazuka

000000002008-02-26-00002008
Shuffle!
Masanori Takizawa, Yamaguchi, Male Student B

000000002008-08-12-00002008
Sasami: Magical Girls Club
Amitav

000000002008-09-29-00002008
Soul Eater
Giriko

000000002009-12-22-00002009
Spice and Wolf
Kraft Lawrence

[5]

000000002009-01-01-00002009
Romeo x Juliet
William
ADR Director
[6][7]

000000002009-01-01-00002009
Baccano!
Isaac Dian

[8]

000000002010-01-19-00002010
Rin ~ Daughters of Mnemosyne
Ihika

[9]

000000002010-02-14-00002010
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
Scar
Replaced Dameon Clarke
Also played Scar in Premium Collection
[10][11]

000000002010-03-30-00002010
Ouran High School Host Club
Kyoya Ootori

[1][12]

000000002010-05-18-00002010
Dragon Ball Kai
Zarbon, Guide

000000002010-08-01-00002010
Hetalia: Axis Powers
France

[13][14]

000000002010-01-01-00002010
Eden of the East
Kazuomi Hirasawa

[9][15]

000000002010-01-01-00002010
Corpse Princess
Keisei Tagami
ADR Director
[15][16]

000000002010-01-01-00002010
Initial D
Ryosuke Takahashi
Funimation dub
[17]

000000002010-01-01-00002010
Pokémon
Tobias

[18]

000000002011-11-29-00002011
Chaos;Head
Kouzou

[9]

000000002011-01-01-00002011
Hero Tales
Shokaku

[19]

000000002011-01-01-00002011
Birdy the Mighty: Decode
Tuto

[20]

000000002011-01-01-00002011–12,
2016
Black Butler series
Sebastian Michaelis

[21][22][23][24]

000000002011-01-01-00002011
One Piece
Eneru
Funimation dub
[25][26]

000000002011-01-01-00002011
Chrome Shelled Regios
Gorneo Luckens

[27]

000000002011-01-01-00002011
Rideback
Politician

[28]

000000002012-02-14-00002012
.hack//Quantum
Smith

[29]

000000002012-01-01-00002012
Steins;Gate
Rintaro Okabe
ADR Script
[1]

000000002012-01-01-00002012
Deadman Wonderland
Nagi Kengamine

000000002013-01-22-00002013
Toriko
Jelly Boy

[9]

000000002013-01-01-00002013
Future Diary
Masumi Nishijima
Lead Writer, Writer

[30]

000000002013-01-01-00002013
Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing
Geeth, Rakesh

[31]

000000002014-01-05-00002014
Space Dandy
Dr. Gel

[32]

000000002014-02-11-00002014–15
Kamisama Kiss series
Tomoe

[33][34]

000000002014-06-10-00002014
Date A Live series
Kyōhei Kannazuki

[35]

000000002014-06-24-00002014
Code:Breaker
Masaomi Heike

[36]

000000002014-01-01-00002014
Attack on Titan
Erwin Smith
ADR Script
[37][38][39]

000000002015-02-01-00002015
Assassination Classroom
Shiro
ADR Script
[40]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Tokyo Ghoul series
Shuu Tsukiyama
Assistant ADR Director
[41][42][43]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Yurikuma Arashi
Life Sexy

[44]

2015
Absolute Duo
Tempest Judge

2015
Yona of the Dawn
Crimson Dragon King
Eps. 7, 24

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Tokyo Ravens
Jin Ohtomo

[45]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Noragami Aragoto
Takemikazuchi

[46]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
D-Frag!
Ataru Kawahara, Young Ataru

[47]

2015
High School DxD BorN
Arthur Pendragon

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Blood Blockade Battlefront
Steven A. Starphase

[48]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Nobunagun
St. Germain

[49]

2015
The Heroic Legend of Arslan
Gadevi
Eps. 14-18

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Free! - Iwatobi Swim Club series
Rei Ryugazaki
ADR Script
[50][51][52][53]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Daimidaler the Sound Robot
Matayoshi

[54]

000000002015-01-01-00002015
Danganronpa: The Animation
Jin Kirigiri
ADR Writer, also Dangan Ronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak Academy
[55]

000000002016-02-09-00002016
Prince of Stride: Alternative
Yūjirō Dan

[56]

2016
Pandora in the Crimson Shell: Ghost Urn
Ian Krutz

000000002016-02-12-00002016
Divine Gate
Arthur

[9]

2016
Dimension W
Loser, Seijun Makita (Ep. 4), Julian Tyler (Eps. 9, 11)

[57]

000000002016-03-08-00002016
Brothers Conflict
Masaomi Asahina

[58]

000000002016-01-01-00002016
My Hero Academia
Tenya Īda

[59]

2016
Garo: The Animation
Luciano Guzman
Ep. 19

2016
Gonna be the Twin-Tail!!
Papillon Guildy
Ep. 7

2016
First Love Monster
Daikoku Nikaido

2016
Tales of Zestiria the X
Rohan
Eps. 10-11

2016
Monster Hunter Stories: Ride On
Cryo

[60]

2016
91 Days
Tetsta Lagusa
Ep. 1
[61]

2016
Yuri on Ice
Michele Crispino

2016
Joker Game
Jean Victoire

2016
Keijo!!!!!!!!
Narrator

2016
Trickster
Ryo Inoue

[62]

2016
Nanbaka
Kiji Mitsuba

2016
Overlord
Londes Di Clamp

2016
Show By Rock!! #
Orion

[63]

2016
Touken Ranbu: Hanamaru
Souza Samonji

2016
Drifters
Butch Cassidy

[64]

000000002016-01-01-00002016
Chaos Dragon
Black Dragon

[65]

2016
Aquarion Logos
Masatsugu Kobayakawa

2016
Rampo Kitan: Game of Laplace
Kagami

2017
Saga of Tanya the Evil
Erich Von Rerugen

[60]

2017
ACCA: 13-Territory Inspection Dept.
Warbler
Ep. 4
[60]

2017
Chain Chronicle: The Light of Haecceitas
Burckhardt

[66]

2017
Luck & Logic
Hong Kong Chief (Eps. 1-2), Incubus (Ep. 3)

2017
Love Tyrant
The Devil

[67]

2017
Alice & Zoroku
Sawaki
Ep. 1
[67]

2017
KADO - The Right Answer
Narrator

[67]

2017
Gosick
Undertaker
Ep. 4

2017
Sakura Quest
Noge

[67]

2017
Code Geass: Akito the Exiled
Ioan Malcal

[68]

2017
Samurai Warriors
Nobuyuki Sanada

[69]

2017
Black Clover
Fuegoreon Vermillion

[70]

text: Animation[edit]

text:
List of voice performances in animation

Year
Title
Role
Crew role, notes
Source[3]

000000002016-10-22-00002016
RWBY
Klein Sieben
Volume 4
[71]

text: Film[edit]

text:
List of voice performances in direct-to-video and television films

Year
Title
Role
Crew role, notes
Source[3]

000000002006-09-12-00002006
Fullmetal Alchemist: Conqueror of Shamballa
Additional voices

000000002011-01-19-00002011
Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance
Ryoji Kaji

[9][72][73]

000000002011-01-01-00002011–12
Eden of the East films
Kazuomi Hirasawa

[9]

000000002011-01-01-00002011
Summer Wars
Wabisuke Jinnouchi

[74]

000000002012-01-01-00002012
Dragon Age: Dawn of the Seeker
Regalyan D'Marcall

000000002012-01-01-00002012
Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom
Damon

000000002013-01-22-00002013
Shakugan no Shana: The Movie
Friagne

[9]

000000002016-01-01-00002016
The Empire of Corpses
Frederick Burnaby

[75]

000000002016-11-01-00002016
Rurouni Kenshin trilogy
Kanryu Takeda
English dub of live-action film
[76]

000000002017-01-01-00002017
Shin Godzilla
Hideki Akasaka
Funimation dub
[77]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
List of voice performances in video games

Year
Title
Role
Crew role, Notes
Source[3]

000000002012-09-18-00002012
Borderlands 2
Hodunk Bandit, Sir Hammerlock

[9]

000000002014-03-25-00002014
Smite
Hercules, Stargazer Anubis, Lord Slashington the III Fenrir

[9]

000000002014-10-14-00002014
Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!
Sir Hammerlock, Lost Legion Infantry #4, Powersuit Pro

[78]

2015
Killing Floor 2
Mr. Foster

[79]


document_title: Angel Oak

question_text: where is the 1500 year old oak tree in south carolina

root

text: Angel Oak

text: Angel Oak is a Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) located in Angel Oak Park on Johns Island near Charleston, South Carolina. The tree is estimated to be 400-500 years old.[1] It stands 66.5 ft (20 m) tall, measures 28 ft (8.5 m) in circumference, and produces shade that covers 17,200 square feet (1,600 m2). Its longest branch distance is 187 ft[2] in length. Angel Oak was the 210th tree to be registered with the Live Oak Society.[3][4][5]

tag: p

text: The oak derives its name from the estate of Justus Angel and his wife, Martha Waight Tucker Angel.[6] Local folklore tells stories of ghosts of former slaves appearing as angels around the tree.[7][8]

text: Despite the claims that the Angel Oak is the oldest tree east of the Mississippi River, bald cypress trees throughout North and South Carolina are[9] significantly older. One example in North Carolina is over 1,600 years old.

text: History[edit]

text: Angel Oak was damaged severely during Hurricane Hugo in 1989 but has since recovered.[10] The City of Charleston has owned the tree and surrounding park since 1991.[11]

text: Development is beginning to encroach on the site of Angel Oak. In 2012, plans to build a 500-unit apartment complex that would be 160 yards (150 m) from Angel Oak were challenged in court by a group called Save the Angel Oak and the Coastal Conservation League; their concerns included the construction's effect on available groundwater and nutrients.[12] By December, 2013, another South Carolina nonprofit celebrated [13] "the preservation of 17 acres adjacent to the majestic tree."

text: The Angel Oak tree is featured prominently in the book The Heart of A Child by Emily Nelson.


document_title: MTV Floribama Shore

question_text: how many episodes are in season 1 of floribama shore

text: MTV Floribama Shore

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Name
Hometown
Age

Jeremiah Buoni
Clermont, Florida[3]
22 years old

Codi Butts
Westminster, South Carolina[4]
25 years old

Kortni Gilson
Panama City Beach, Florida[5]
21 years old

Aimee Hall
Perdido, Alabama[6]
24 years old

Kirk Medas
Atlanta, Georgia[7]
25 years old

Nilsa Prowant
Panama City Beach, Florida[8]
23 years old

Candace Rice
Memphis, Tennessee[9]
24 years old

Gus Smyrnios
Tallahassee, Florida[10]
22 years old

tag: table

text: Duration of cast[edit]

text:
Cast members
Season 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Aimee

Candace

Codi

Gus

Jeremiah

Kirk

Kortni

Nilsa

text: Notes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)

2
20[2]
Summer 2018[2]
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
"Eat, Pray, Party!"
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
0.84[11]

The housemates move into their summer home in Panama City Beach ready to let loose; Gus finds interest in Nilsa and wants to wife her up; Jeremiah is intrigued with Kortni's craziness, and Candace is not impressed with her first night in the house.

2
"Plunger Envy"
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
0.79[11]

Nilsa chases after Jeremiah, leading to a confrontation; Gus is still on the look-out for a relationship; Codi puts his two cents in on the imploding Nilsa-Jeremiah situation, and Aimee shows her true southern side.

3
"Dollar Draft Beer People"
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
0.78[12]

Kirk shows his true-self; Aimee gives the roommates an uncomfortable experience, and a fight breaks out over Nilsa's attitude.

4
"Home Sweet Home to Me"
December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)
0.81[13]

The aftermath of the fight seems to have brought the roommates closer together, until the drama continues between Nilsa and Jeremiah; Kortni introduces her roommates to her home life, and Gus steps up for himself.

5
"Love You Like a Brother"
December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)
0.71[14]

Jeremiah's brother comes to visit and sparks Nilsa's interest; Candace wants a lasting relationship over the summer, and Aimee's ego takes a hit after Codi and Kirk reveal how they really feel about her.

6
"Princess Goddess Mermaid"
December 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)
0.55[15]

The roommates throw an Aimee Appreciation Day; Nilsa becomes smitten with Josh; Codi continues to cause drama in the house, and a bet is placed between Gus and Jeremiah.

7
"Drunken Words; Sober Thoughts"
January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)
0.58[16]

Codi receives some news that drive him out of the house; Jeremiah's brother Josh returns and breaks Nilsa's heart, while Aimee and Kirk get into another fight.

8
"Snuggle Puddle"
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
0.78[17]

The roommates invite their parents over to hang out; Aimee and Kirk patch things up; Codi returns to a warm welcome from Aimee and Nilsa, and the summer is over, which means the roommates must return to their lives back home.


document_title: The Real Housewives of Toronto

question_text: when does the real housewives of toronto start

text: The Real Housewives of Toronto

text: Overview and casting[edit]

text: In June 2016, it was announced that Canada would be receiving a second installment centred in Toronto. The show is the first spin-off, of The Real Housewives of Vancouver. The Real Housewives of Toronto will be airing on Slice in winter 2017, with the first season consisting of 10 episodes.[3] The show will follow six housewives and will be an “intimate look at the luxurious lives of the city’s wealthiest women, from their extravagant day-to-day escapades in Toronto to grandiose getaways to their exclusive colossal cottages in Muskoka – Ontario's playground for the rich and famous.”[2][4][5] It had been reported that filming for the first season began on July 18, 2016.[6] On July 19, 2016, the following day of when filming had allegedly begun, actress Ariane Bellamar made claims that she had been cast as a housewife but was let go. Bellamar alleges the termination is due to a date clash of her Caesarean section with an “all-cast retreat.” She says she intends to pursue legal action.[7][8][9] On February 9, 2017, it was announced that the cast of the 10 part series would consist of Kara Alloway, Roxy Earle, Gregoriane "Grego" Minot, Ann Kaplan Mulholland, Joan Kelley Walker and Jana Webb.[10] Slice promoted the show prior to its premiere, through various forms of social media and throughout Toronto. The show premiered on March 7, 2017 with its finale episode of season 1 airing on May 9, 2017.

text: Timeline of housewives[edit]

text:
Housewives
Seasons

1

Ann Kaplan Mulholland
Main

Gregoriane "Grego" Minot
Main

Jana Webb
Main

Joan Kelley Walker
Main

Kara Alloway
Main

Roxy Earle
Main

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Real Housewives of Toronto premiered on Slice on March 7, 2017, at 10 PM Eastern Time.[11][12]


document_title: This Is Us (TV series)

question_text: when did the first episode of this is us air

text: This Is Us (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The series follows siblings Kate, Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine. Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy, conceived in the bathroom of Froggy's, a bar, during Super Bowl XIV.[4] Their due date was October 12, 1980, but they were born six weeks early on August 31; their biological brother was stillborn.[5] Their parents, Jack and Rebecca, having expected to bring home three babies, decide to adopt another newborn: Randall, a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station.[6]

text: Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters, with most scenes taking place in 1980, 1989–1995, and the present day (2016–2017). Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh, while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles, New Jersey, and New York City.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewership
(in millions)

1
18
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
6
14.70[7]

2
18[3]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's father.
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson (née Malone): Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's mother.
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (age 15) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8–10).
Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin & Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (age 15) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8–10).
Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (age 15) and Parker Bates (ages 8–10).
Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie.
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's fiancé.
Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill (aka Shakespeare): Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth.
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[8]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (age 15) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[8]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka Dr. K): An elderly widower, who delivers Kate and Kevin.
Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine: Kevin's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend.
Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg: Kevin's stage partner and ex-girlfriend.
Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette: A family friend of the Pearsons.
Denis O'Hare as Jesse: William's friend and former romantic partner.
Adam Bartley as Duke: The stable worker at the weight-loss camp Kate attends.
Jill Johnson as Laurie: A member of Toby and Kate's weight-loss support group.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
1AZC01
10.07[9]

2
2
"The Big Three"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
1AZC02
8.75[10]

3
3
"Kyle"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
1AZC03
9.87[11]

4
4
"The Pool"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
1AZC04
9.71[12]

5
5
"The Game Plan"
George Tillman
Joe Lawson
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
1AZC05
8.68[13]

6
6
"Career Days"
Craig Zisk
Bekah Brunstetter
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
1AZC06
8.48[14]

7
7
"The Best Washing Machine in the World"
Silas Howard
K.J. Steinberg
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
1AZC07
9.50[15]

8
8
"Pilgrim Rick"
Sarah Pia Anderson
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
1AZC08
9.00[16]

9
9
"The Trip"
Uta Briesewitz
Vera Herbert
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
1AZC09
10.53[17]

10
10
"Last Christmas"
Helen Hunt
Donald Todd
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
1AZC10
10.95[18]

11
11
"The Right Thing to Do"
Timothy Busfield
Aurin Squire
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
1AZC11
10.48[19]

12
12
"The Big Day"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
1AZC12
9.59[20]

13
13
"Three Sentences"
Chris Koch
Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
1AZC13
9.63[21]

14
14
"I Call Marriage"
George Tillman Jr.
Kay Oyegun
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
1AZC14
9.57[22]

15
15
"Jack Pearson's Son"
Ken Olin
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
1AZC15
9.03[23]

16
16
"Memphis"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1AZC16
9.35[24]

17
17
"What Now?"
Wendey Stanzler
K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
1AZC17
11.15[25]

18
18
"Moonshadow"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
1AZC18
12.84[26]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"A Father's Advice"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZC01
12.94[27]

20
2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
John Fortenberry
Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZC02
11.06[28]

21
3
"Déjà Vu"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZC03
11.02[29]

22
4
"Still There"
Ken Olin
Vera Herbert
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZC04
10.65[30]

23
5
"Brothers"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Tyler Bensinger
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2AZC05
10.60[31]

24
6
"The 20's"
Regina King
Don Roos
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2AZC06
8.43[32]

25
7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
Chris Koch
Kay Oyegun
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZC07
9.89[33]

26
8
"Number One"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZC08
10.05[34]

27
9
"Number Two"[35]
TBA
TBA
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZC09
TBD

28
10
"Number Three"[36]
TBA
TBA
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZC10
TBD

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app.[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 10/10 based on 56 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air."[38] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[39] Season 2 received a 92% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews.[40]

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it "a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness". Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown, for being able to navigate "his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma".[41]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 10:00 pm (1–2, 11)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (3–10, 12–18)
18
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
10.07[9]
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
12.84[26]
2016–17
6
14.70
4.6/16[7]

2
Tuesday 9:00 pm
18[3]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
12.94[27]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
African-American Critics Association Awards
Top Ten TV Show
This Is Us
Won

American Film Institute Awards
TV Program of the Year
This Is Us
Won
[42]

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[43]

Most Exciting New Series
This Is Us
Won
[43]

2017
ACE Eddie Awards
Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television
David L. Bertman (for "Pilot")
Won
[44]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Chrissy Metz
Nominated
[45]

Mandy Moore
Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Actor in a Show
Mandy Moore
Nominated
[46]

Show of the Year
This Is Us
Nominated

Tearjerker
Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis (Jack and Randall at Karate)
Won

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Won
[47]

Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth
Lonnie Chavis
Nominated

Peabody Awards
Entertainment and Children's programs
This Is Us
Nominated
[48]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Actor in a New TV Series
Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated
[49]

Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Mandy Moore
Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama
This Is Us
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated
[50]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Breakout Star
Chrissy Metz
Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated

Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated

Choice TV Show: Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated
[51]

Outstanding Achievement in Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

Outstanding New Program
This Is Us
Won

Program of the Year
This Is Us
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards
Episodic Drama
Vera Herbert (for "The Trip")
Won
[52]
[53]

New Series
This Is Us
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[54]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated

Sterling K. Brown
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Ron Cephas Jones
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Chrissy Metz
Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[a]
Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series
Brian Tyree Henry
Nominated

Gerald McRaney
Won

Denis O'Hare
Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield
Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, Judith Lynn Staats, John Damiani
Nominated

Seoul International Drama Awards
Grand Prize
This Is Us
Won
[56]

Best Director
Dan Fogelman
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In 2017, Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie. The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode "Moonshadow" was primarily set in the 1970s, violating the TV Academy's rule that "more than 50 percent" of the episode must be contemporary (within 25 years of the air date).[55]

tag: ol


document_title: National anthem of South Africa

question_text: how many languages are there in the south african national anthem

text: National anthem of South Africa

text: Structure[edit]

text: The fact that it shifts (modulates) and ends in a different key, a feature it shares with the Italian and the Philippine national anthems,[1] makes it compositionally unusual. The lyrics employ the five of the most widely spoken of South Africa's eleven official languages – Xhosa (first stanza, first two lines), Zulu (first stanza, last two lines), Sesotho (second stanza), Afrikaans (third stanza), and English (final stanza). The first half was arranged by M. Kumhalo[2] and the latter half of the song was arranged by Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph, who also wrote the final verse.[2][3]

text: History[edit]

text:
National anthems of South Africa
 "God Save the King"1795–1837 "God Save the Queen"1837–1901 "God Save the King"1901–1952 "God Save the Queen"1952–1957 "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"1957–1994 "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika"1994–1997 "The Call of South Africa"1994–1997 "National anthem of South Africa" 1997–present
vte

text: Background[edit]

text: From the late 1940s to the early 1990s, South Africa was governed by a system known as apartheid, a widely-condemned system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination that was based on white supremacy and the repression of the black majority for the benefit of the politically and economically dominant Afrikaner minority and other whites. During this period, South Africa's national anthem was "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", also known as "Die Stem", an Afrikaans-language song that chronicled the Voortrekkers and their "Great Trek". "Die Stem" is a poem written by C. J. Langenhoven in 1918 and was set to music by the Reverend Marthinus Lourens de Villiers in 1921.[4] "Die Stem" (English: "The Call of South Africa") was the co–national anthem[5] with 'God Save The King'/'God Save The Queen' between 1938 and 1957, when it became the sole national anthem until 1994. "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (English: "The Call of South Africa") was composed of 8 stanzas (The original 4 in Afrikaans and 4 in English - a translation of the Afrikaans with a few modifications). It was seldom sung in its entirety; usually the first stanza was the most widely known and sung sometimes followed by the last stanza.

text: When apartheid came to an end in the early 1990s, the future of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" was called into question.[6][7] It was ultimately retained as the national anthem, though "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", a Xhosa-language song that was used by the anti-apartheid movement, was also introduced and adopted as a second national anthem of equal standing.[8] "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" was composed by a Methodist school teacher named Enoch Sontonga in 1897. It was first sung as a church hymn but later became an act of political defiance against the apartheid regime.

text: The South African government adopted both songs as dual national anthems in 1994, when they were performed at Nelson Mandela's inauguration.[9]

text: For the 1995 Rugby World Cup, Morné du Plessis suggested that the Springboks learn all the words of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", and "they did so with great feeling", according to their instructor Anne Munnik.[10]

text: Inception[edit]

text:
The practice of having two national anthems proved cumbersome as performing both of them took as much as five minutes.[11] This was rectified when South Africa's dual national anthems were merged in abridged forms in early 1997[12] to form its current national anthem. The new national anthem was published in the South African Government Gazette on 10 October 1997.[12] During the drafting of the new national anthem, it was requested by South African president Nelson Mandela that it be no more than 1 minute and 48 seconds in length.[12] The new English lyrics were adapted from the last four lines of the first stanza of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (English: "The Call of South Africa"), with the changes made to reflect hope in post-apartheid South African society.
Lines borrowed from the two previous national anthems were modified to be more inclusive, omitting overt reference to specific groups. Thus, lines from the apartheid-era national anthem's first stanza referencing the Voortrekkers' "Great Trek" were omitted, as "this was the experience of only one section of our community."[3][12] Likewise, the words "Woza Moya", used in "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" were also omitted, as the phrase is a specifically Christian reference, rather than a generically religious one,[3] and thus not acceptable to South Africans of other religions, particularly Muslim South Africans.[12] The English version of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" was less prominent than the Afrikaans version and thus could be changed with little objection or controversy.[12] As such, the English portion of the new South African national anthem was the one changed from the previous version.[12]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: In recent years, the South African national anthem has come under criticism for its Afrikaans verse as it originally part of the national anthem of South Africa that was used during the apartheid era,[13] with some calling for the verse to be removed because of this connection.[14][15][16][17] Others defend the inclusion of the verse, pointing out that it is included in large part due to the wishes of the first post-apartheid South African president, Nelson Mandela, who intended its inclusion as a re-conciliatory measure for the post-apartheid future of South Africa.[18][9][10]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Language

Lyrics

English translation[19]

Xhosa

Nkosi sikelel' iAfrikaMaluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo,

Lord bless AfricaMay her glory be lifted high,

Zulu

Yizwa imithandazo yethu,Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo.

Hear our prayersLord bless us, your children.

Sesotho

Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso,O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho,O se boloke, O se boloke setjhaba sa heso,Setjhaba sa, South Afrika, South Afrika.

Lord we ask you to protect our nation,Intervene and end all conflicts,Protect us, protect our nation,the nation of South Africa, South Africa.

Afrikaans

Uit die blou van onse hemel,Uit die diepte van ons see,Oor ons ewige gebergtes,Waar die kranse antwoord gee,

Ringing out from our blue heavens,From the depths of our seas,Over everlasting mountains,Where the echoing crags resound

English

Sounds the call to come together,And united we shall stand,Let us live and strive for freedomIn South Africa our land!


document_title: List of most-subscribed YouTube channels

question_text: most subscribed youtube channel in the world 2017

text: Top channels[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of November 16, 2017, 29 out of the 50 top channels originate from English-speaking countries (20 from the United States) and 34 are English-language channels.[1]

text:
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)
Content

1.

PewDiePie[5]
N/A
 SWE
English
57
Comedy

2.

HolaSoyGerman.[6]
Machinima
 CHI
Spanish
32
Entertainment

3.

JustinBieberVEVO[7]
Vevo
 CAN
English
Music

4.

T-Series[8]
tseriesmusic
 IND
Hindi
27

5.

elrubiusOMG[9]
Mixicom
 ESP
Spanish
26
Comedy

6.

TaylorSwiftVEVO[10]
Vevo
 USA
English
Music

7.

RihannaVEVO[11]
 BAR
25

8.

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
News

9.

KatyPerryVEVO[13]
Vevo
Music

10.

Fernanfloo[14]
BroadbandTV
 ESA
Spanish
24
Games

11.

whinderssonnunes[15]
N/A
 BRA
Portuguese
Comedy

12.

EminemVEVO[16]
Vevo
 USA
English
Music

13.

Dude Perfect[17]
N/A
23
Sports

14.

Ed Sheeran[18]
Warner Music Group
 GBR
22
Music

15.

OneDirectionVEVO[19]
Vevo

16.

Smosh[20]
Defy Media
 USA
Comedy

17.

JuegaGerman[21]
Machinima
 CHI
Spanish
Games

18.

VanossGaming[22]
N/A
 CAN
English
21

19.

TheEllenShow[23]
Time Warner
 USA
Entertainment

20.

Canal KondZilla[24]
ONErpm
 BRA
Portuguese
20
Music

21.

nigahiga[25]
N/A
 USA
English
Entertainment

22.

Yuya[26]
 MEX
Spanish
19
Howto

23.

VEGETTA777[27]
Mixicom
 ESP
Games

24.

Spinnin' Records[28]
Spinnin Records
 NED
English
18
Music

25.

Markiplier[29]
Maker Studios
 USA
Games

26.

WWE[30]
N/A
Sports

27.

ArianaGrandeVevo[31]
Vevo
Music

28.

JennaMarbles[32]
N/A
17
Comedy

29.

Bruno Mars[33]
Warner Music Group
Music

30.

KSI[34]
StyleHaul
 GBR
Entertainment

31.

jacksepticeye[35]
Maker Studios
 IRL
Games

32.

shakiraVEVO[36]
Vevo
 COL
English /
Spanish
Music

33.

DanTDM[37]
StyleHaul
 GBR
English
16
Games

34.

Skrillex[38]
N/A
 USA
Music

35.

FBE[39]
Entertainment

36.

Trap Nation[40]
Music

37.

SET India[41]
Sony Entertainment Television
 IND
Hindi
15
Shows

38.

WatchMojo.com[42]
WatchMojo
 CAN
English
Entertainment

39.

AdeleVEVO[43]
Vevo
 GBR
Music

40.

enchufetv[44]
N/A
 ECU
Spanish
Comedy

41.

Felipe Neto[45]
 BRA
Portuguese
Entertainment

42.

David Guetta[46]
Vevo
 FRA
English
14
Music

43.

Vevo[47]
 USA

44.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48]
NBC
 USA
English
Comedy

45.

Maroon5VEVO[49]
Vevo
Music

46.

SelenaGomezVEVO[50]

47.

ERB[51]
Maker Studios
Entertainment

48.

CanalCanalha[52]
Endemol beyond Brasil
 BRA
Portuguese
Comedy

49.

Werevertumorro[53]
sevenludus
 MEX
Spanish
Howto

50.

LuisFonsiVEVO[54]
Vevo
 PUR
Music

As of November 16, 2017

text: By country[edit]

text: The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from.[1] Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included.

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)

1.

 Sweden
PewDiePie[5]
57

2.

 Chile
HolaSoyGerman.[6]
32

3.

 Canada
JustinBieberVEVO[7]

4.

 India
T-Series[8]
27

5.

 Spain
elrubiusOMG[9]
26

6.

 United States
TaylorSwiftVEVO[10]

7.

 Barbados
RihannaVEVO[11]
25

8.

 El Salvador
Fernanfloo[14]
24

9.

 Brazil
whinderssonnunes[15]

10.

 United Kingdom
Ed Sheeran[18]
22

11.

 Mexico
Yuya[26]
19

12.

 Netherlands
Spinnin' Records[28]
18

13.

 Ireland
jacksepticeye[35]
17

14.

 Colombia
shakiraVEVO[36]

15.

 Ecuador
enchufetv[44]
15

16.

 France
David Guetta[46]
14

17.

 Puerto Rico
LuisFonsiVEVO[54]

18.

 Russia
Get Movies[55]
13

19.

 Ukraine
EeOneGuy[56]
12

20.

 South Korea
SMTOWN[57]
11

21.

 Venezuela
Dross Rotzank[58]

22.

 Finland
Clash of Clans[59]

23.

 Thailand
Workpoint[60]
10

24.

 Australia
HowToBasic[61]
9

25.

 Argentina
El Reino Infantil[62]

26.

 Norway
Alan Walker[63]

27.

 South Africa
Caspar Lee[64]
7

28.

 Turkey
netd müzik[65]

29.

 Italy
Marzia[66]

30.

 Philippines
ABS-CBN Entertainment[67]
6

31.

 Austria
Red Bull[68]

32.

 Belgium
Tomorrowland[69]

33.

 Germany
freekickerz[70]
5

34.

 Japan
はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[71]

35.

 Jordan
toyoraljanahtv[72]

36.

 Saudi Arabia
Rotana[73]

37.

 Portugal
SirKazzio[74]
4

38.

 UAE
MBC GROUP[75]

39.

 Peru
whatdafaqshow[76]

40.

 Uruguay
dosogas[77]
3

41.

 Vietnam
POPS MUSIC[78]

42.

 Iraq
الرماس ميوزك[79]

43.

 Romania
Cat Music[80]

44.

 Morocco
Saad Lamjarred[81]

45.

 Poland
SA Wardega[82]

46.

 Latvia
TrapMusicHDTV[83]

47.

 Denmark
LEGO[84]

48.

 Israel
TuTiTuTV[85]

49.

 New Zealand
Shaaanxo[86]

50.

 Indonesia
Raditya Dika[87]
2

51.

 Czechia
ViralBrothers[88]

52.

 Croatia
2CELLOS[89]

53.

 Egypt
Albernameg[90]

54.

 Pakistan
Coke Studio[91]

55.

 Taiwan
TGOP這群人[92]

56.

 Belarus
tellblog.net[93]

57.

  Switzerland
Typhoon Cinema[94]
1

58.

 Bulgaria
Bodil40[95]

59.

 Kuwait
Swar Shuaib[96]

60.

 Malaysia
Les' Copaque Production[97]

61.

 Kazakhstan
Saspens[98]

62.

 China
Hunan Television[99]

63.

 Dominican Republic
El Show de Carlos Durán[100]

64.

 Serbia
IDJVideos.TV[101]

65.

 Slovakia
GoGoManTV[102]

66.

 Palestine
M.A TUBE[103]

67.

 Qatar
Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[104]

68.

 Algeria
Oum Walid[105]

69.

 Slovenia
Tiger Productions[106]

70.

 Costa Rica
Lonrot[107]

71.

 Panama
Windy GirkTV[108]

72.

 Nigeria
MarkAngelComedy[109]

73.

 Lebanon
Elissa[110]

74.

   Nepal
Music Nepal[111]

75.

 Jamaica
JavierNathaniel[112]

76.

 Singapore
Clicknetwork[113]

77.

 Hong Kong
蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[114]

As of November 16, 2017

text: Historical most subscribed channels[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 SWE
Dec 22, 2013
1,425
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
Dec 12, 2013
10
[116][117]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 SWE
Dec 8, 2013
4
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
Nov 2, 2013
36
[118]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 SWE
Aug 15, 2013
80
[119]

Smosh[20]
Defy Media
 USA
Jan 12, 2013
215
[120][121]

Ray William Johnson[122]
Ray Johnson
Jun 28, 2011
564
[123][124]

nigahiga[25]
Ryan Higa
Aug 20, 2009
677
[125][126]

Fяᴇᴅ[127]
Lucas Cruikshank
Oct 6, 2008
318
[128]

nigahiga[25]
nigahiga
Sep 24, 2008
12
[128]

Smosh[20]
Defy Media
Apr 26, 2007
517
[129]

lonelygirl15[130]
Mesh Flinders
Sep 17, 2006
221
[131][132][133]

geriatric1927[134]
Peter Oakley
 GBR
Aug 17, 2006
31
[135]

Brookers[136]
Brooke Brodack
 USA
Jul 3, 2006
45
[137][138]

Judson Laipply[139]
Judson Laipply
Jun 12, 2006
21
[115][140]

Smosh[20]
Defy Media
May 17, 2006
26
[141]

As of November 16, 2017

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Oct 2017)

text: Reactions[edit]

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame. The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[142] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[143]


document_title: Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)

question_text: what episode does morgan return in the walking dead

text: Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)

text: Character biography[edit]

text: Comic book series[edit]

text: Morgan's son, Duane, spots Rick wandering around their house and, mistaking him for a walker, knocks him out with a shovel. Morgan quickly comes to the realization that Rick is a living human and aids him back to health. He details Rick of the outbreak and what has been happening within the world the past couple months. Rick later supplies him and his son with guns from the Sheriff's station to ensure their protection, and departs from them to Atlanta.[1]

text: Morgan and Duane are later shown still remaining within their house several months afterward, during the winter. In an attempt to preserve old tradition and celebrate Christmas with Duane to lift his spirits, Morgan is able to find a Game Boy from a nearby store and give it to him as a present.[2]

text: Sometime within the following months, Duane falls prey to the walkers and gets turned. Morgan, unable to cope with the death of his son, resorts to locking Duane in the house with chains. As his mental and physical health deteriorates, he begins murdering survivors who pass by so he can feed the boy. Rick, along with his son Carl and new second-in-command Abraham, arrive back to the town with the plan to bring Morgan into the group, which he agrees to after freeing his zombie son.[3] He quickly develops an intense fixation on Carl, who reminds him of Duane.[4] While in the group, he becomes one of the primary defenders of their campsite, and deepens his bond with Michonne, the two of them both connecting due to their damaged psyches and history of loss.[5] At the same time, he attempts to deepen his bond with Carl after witnessing first-hand the boy's cold-blooded mentality.[6] He believes himself to be responsible for maintaining Carl's childhood innocence and is determined to make amends for his failure to protect Duane.

text: Once arriving at the new walled-in community named the Alexandria Safe-Zone, he was assigned by the leader Douglas the role of being a chef. He and the rest of the survivors enjoyed the resources that the community offered, however he was one of the few who found himself frustrated with the fake upbeat attitude of their surroundings. After he and Michonne leave the welcome party hosted by the townspeople, the two finally engage in sex.[7] He deeply regrets his actions the following morning, believing himself to be an adulterer and continuing to cling to the memory of his deceased wife. His burdening of ill-conceived principles and refusal to let go of the past angers Michonne, despite their growing attraction towards one another.[8]

text: Morgan later apologizes for the hindrance in their relationship and reassures her that he is trying the best he can to get over all that has happened. She accepts[9] and the two are able to reunite as lovers once more.[10] Tension between the two of them develops again however, as Michonne becomes insulted by his egocentric demeanor when he justifies their sexual activities as him deserving to be happy.[11]

text: While helping fight off zombies with Rick, Morgan is caught off guard and bitten on the arm by a walker.[12] Michonne chops his arm off, and from there he is left bedridden. He confesses to Carl his knowledge of the murder committed by him and pleads for him not to let darkness overcome his morality.[13] Michonne later tries to make amends with him, only to discover that he has died from blood-loss. He is shortly thereafter put down by her before he has the chance to re-animate.[14]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: In the television series, Rick's hometown - where the Jones' settle - is a small Georgia town called King County. In the series premiere "Days Gone Bye", Morgan examines Rick after his son Duane mistakes Rick for a walker and hits him with a shovel. Rick later wakes up tied to a bed, as Morgan checks Rick for zombie bites or fever, either of which could indicate he is turning into a walker. Morgan initially doubts Rick's status as a living being, going so far as to threaten to shoot him if he does not prove his humanity. After deciding Rick is not a threat, Morgan frees him using a Buck 110 hunting knife and shares what information he has regarding the apocalypse and the walkers. The following day, Rick tells Morgan that his wife and son are missing and they are most likely alive, since the family photos have been taken from the house. Morgan and Duane tell Rick they may have set off to Atlanta, where the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has set up a quarantine zone. Rick takes Morgan and Duane to his former Sheriff's headquarters, where the trio use the emergency generator to power up the station. They take hot showers and clean out the armory. Rick heads to Atlanta, while Morgan and Duane stay behind. Rick gives Morgan a rifle and a walkie-talkie and promises to broadcast every morning at dawn. Morgan goes to the top floor of his house, where he looks through old family photos before shooting several zombies. As he hoped, the noise attracts more walkers, including his dead wife Jenny, but Morgan finds himself unable to shoot her and breaks down in tears.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In the episode "Clear", when Rick, Carl, and Michonne go on a run into King County, Morgan holds them at gunpoint from a roof. They have a shootout, and while trying to pursue Rick, Carl ultimately shoots Morgan in the chest. Rick pulls off Morgan's shirt, revealing that he had donned body armor. They drag his unconscious-self into his building, avoiding his traps, and lay him down on a bed. For safety measures, his hands are bound by Rick. While Rick is reading the strange writings on the wall, he discovers that Duane had reanimated, and decides to stay and wait for Morgan to wake up. While Michonne and Carl go on a run, Rick waits for him to wake up, but Morgan grabs a knife that was taped to the side of the bed. He attacks Rick, claiming that he is not familiar with anyone anymore. He stabs Rick in the upper-left chest. Rick knocks the weapon away, pointing his revolver at Morgan's head, and Morgan begs Rick to kill him. Morgan is tied up again and, after patching himself up, Rick finally manages to make him remember that the two know each other. Morgan says that he tried to contact Rick every morning for several weeks, but he never answered the radio, before explaining what happened to Duane. He is offered the chance to join the group at the prison, but he realizes that Rick is taking a lot of guns, meaning that they are preparing for a war. Morgan claims that Rick, Carl, and his people will die either by bullets or by walkers, and refuses to join them, not wanting to see anyone else die. While clearing out the walkers caught on his traps, Carl approaches Morgan and tells him that he is sorry for shooting him earlier. Morgan remarks to Carl, "Don't ever be sorry." While leaving King County, Rick, Carl, and Michonne watch as Morgan prepares to burn the corpses of the walkers he captured.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: After the credits in the episode "No Sanctuary", a masked man is seen approaching a Terminus sign Rick had written "No Sanctuary" on. He turns around and pulls off his mask, revealing himself to be Morgan who finds a cross mark on a tree and begins following a trail of them. Morgan reappears after the credits in the episode "Coda" where he follows the tree markings left by Gareth to the elementary school where he and the Hunters had cannibalized Bob Stookey's leg. Morgan puts down a walker pinned under debris and comes across Fr. Gabriel Stokes's church, where he puts together a makeshift shrine and kneels in front of it, praying for a short time before laughing. Morgan finds the map with a route to Washington D.C. lying on the ground (the one that Abraham Ford had previously given to Rick in the episode "Four Walls and a Roof") and reads the message Abraham had left on it for Rick. Morgan realizes that his friend is still alive somewhere.

text: In the season finale "Conquer", Morgan is now in Virginia and sleeping inside of a car, before starting a fire. A man approaches him at gunpoint, revealing himself to be a member of the Wolves, and after a brief conversation, demands that Morgan surrender all of his supplies as well as himself. As another Wolves member lunges at Morgan from behind with a knife, Morgan dodges the attack and fights the men with a wooden staff, overpowering them and knocking them unconscious. Morgan places them in the backseat of the car and blows the horn—checking if any walkers are nearby—before departing. When Daryl Dixon and Aaron become trapped in a van surrounded by walkers when they set off a trap laid by the Wolves, Morgan rescues them and Aaron offers him the chance to come to Alexandria as a thank you for saving them. Morgan initially turns down the offer, but says he is lost but on his way to somewhere, and shows Daryl the map to Washington D.C. with Rick's name on it that he had found at the church. Realizing that Morgan knows Rick, Daryl and Aaron bring him to Alexandria, where they arrive in time to witness Rick executing Pete Anderson under orders from Deanna Monroe following Pete's murder of Deanna's husband.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Morgan and Rick catch up, revealing that he learned how to use his staff from someone after the outbreak. Morgan is kept in a room for the night before Rick lets him free, telling him he doesn't take chances anymore. Morgan accompanies Rick in going out of the Safe Zone to bury Pete, when they come across a rock quarry filled with walkers. Morgan helps Rick with his plan to lure the walkers out of the quarry and away from the Safe Zone, knowing it's only a matter of time before they break free. Morgan is present when they walk in on Carter (Ethan Embry) discussing his plans to kill Rick and take the Safe Zone back, holding a gun to Eugene. Rick disarms Carter, which leads him into telling Morgan that no matter what happens, people like Carter will end up dying. During construction on a makeshift barrier, several walkers stumble into the work zone. Rick wants the Alexandrians to kill them, but Morgan intervenes, saying he doesn't take chances anymore either. As the group are luring the walkers out of the quarry and away from the Safe Zone, a blaring horn is heard coming from Alexandria. This causes the herd of walkers to begin making their way through the woods and back to the Safe Zone, with Morgan, Rick and Michonne running back to Alexandria.

text: In the episode "JSS", Morgan arrives back at Alexandria after a big rig truck crashed into a tower. He finds out that Alexandria was breached by a group known as the Wolves who are brutally slaughtering everyone they can in Alexandria with an arsenal of blades. The Reverend Gabriel being attacked by a Wolf but is saved by Morgan. When asked by Gabriel how he learned to fight like that Morgan responded, "from a cheese maker." Morgan ran around Alexandria to fight off other wolves and found himself surrounded by five of them. The leader of the pack recognized Morgan from their previous encounter. Morgan asked the Wolves to leave, but instead the Wolves attacked him. One by one the Wolves were knocked down by Morgan using only his staff in hand. He informs the Wolf that his people have guns and they would be shot if they didn't leave. The Wolves finally comply as they realize they can't win. Once the Wolves left Alexandria, Morgan surveys the carnage left behind by the attackers. He went inside a house the Wolves ravaged and was ambushed by who appears to be the leader of the Wolves. A fight ensued between them in the living room, and eventually Morgan was able gain an upper hand to subdue the Wolf leader and knocked him unconscious.

text: The episode "Here's Not Here" reveals how Morgan regained his sanity and learned his martial arts skills from a survivor named Eastman. After Rick left Morgan in King County, it's revealed that Morgan began attacking and killing anyone he came across. When he comes across Eastman, he was knocked unconscious and locked inside a cell in the cabin. While Morgan initially rebuffs Eastman's attempts to get to know him and help him move past his trauma (constantly telling him, he's going to kill Eastman when he gets out), Morgan eventually calms down and listens to Eastman's philosophy. From then on, Eastman taught Morgan how all life is precious as well as teaching him Aikido to allow him to defend himself without resorting to lethal force. The episode shows how Eastman died from a walker bite, but Morgan carries his peaceful ways on with a promise to never kill again. The episode ends with Morgan shown to have been telling the story to the Wolf leader (locked in his basement) in an attempt to convert him in turn.

text: In the episode "Heads Up", Morgan admits to Rick and Michonne that he let the Wolves escape, believing that people can change, though Rick doubts his ability to survive without getting his hands dirty. Morgan later visits Denise Cloyd and gains her help in treating the Wolf he captured. In the mid-season finale "Start to Finish", when Alexandria's walls are breached by a horde of walkers, Carol and Morgan take shelter in Morgan's house. She finds the captive Wolf, and threatens him with a knife, but Morgan intervenes and they fight, allowing the Wolf to escape.

text: In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", the escaped Wolf is killed while saving Denise from walkers. When the Wolf reanimates, Morgan kills it and apologizes. In the episode "Not Tomorrow Yet", Morgan tries to talk the group out of attacking the Saviors, but Rick is determined to kill them all. With the strike force gone on their sneak attack, Morgan is seen back in Alexandria welding bars together to make a new detention cell. In the episode "Twice as Far", Morgan is seen reinforcing his jail cell, telling Rick it will give them options in the future. In the episode "East", after Carol goes missing, both Morgan and Rick set out to find her. They find an unknown man, whom Rick decides to shoot after the man asks for his horse, but Morgan stops him. The man is already gone by the time Morgan explains to Rick how everything is a cycle and by sparing the Wolf leader he kept in Alexandria, Denise was saved and was able to save Carl. The two then part ways with Rick giving Morgan a gun and telling him to come back once he finds Carol. In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Morgan continues to search for Carol. He finds the missing man's horse and is pleased to see he was telling the truth. Soon, he finds Carol, who has been shot twice by one of the Saviors. When the man moves to shoot Carol, Morgan kills him by repeatedly shooting him and then moves to help Carol when the man he and Rick encountered before returns with a friend. Morgan returns his horse and the men agree to help get Carol to safety.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Morgan first appears in the second episode of the season, "The Well" where it's revealed that the men he encountered at the end of last season brought him and Carol to a community known as The Kingdom. After Carol wakes up from a long sleep, Morgan introduces her to the leader of the community, King Ezekiel and his pet Bengal tiger Shiva. While Carol dismisses Ezekiel's masquerade as a true medieval king as ridiculous, Morgan seems more open-minded. He begins to become more involved in the community, helping feed their pigs and dispatch walkers. Ezekiel, impressed by Morgan's skills with the staff, asks him to train Ben, a young survivor who is very important to him. Morgan is reluctant at first as he reasons the stick couldn't have saved Carol, but he eventually agrees. While training Ben, Morgan borrows him The Art of Peace book given to him by Eastman and states that he is struggling with his beliefs as he was forced to kill again to save Carol, but still continues to value life. Morgan is later present when Ezekiel and other members of the Kingdom give tribute to the Saviors with Ezekiel expressing his desire to fight and defeat the Saviors. The episode ends with Morgan escorting Carol to an abandoned house outside the Kingdom where they part on amicable terms before Morgan heads back. Morgan reappears in the mid-season finale "Hearts Still Beating", where Carol sees him leaving fruit by her door. She calls him inside and shows him Ezekiel has already brought plenty of fruit, before asking him how he is. When he responds that he's good, she then tells him to leave. The two are then approached by Ezekiel's adviser Richard, who asks for their help in convincing Ezekiel to launch a preemptive strike against the Saviors. Morgan refuses as he doesn't want to be the one to break the peace. When Carol reiterates that she just wants to be left alone, Morgan replies that she was never supposed to see him before leaving. In "Rock in the Road", Morgan is reunited with Rick and the others when they are brought to the Kingdom by Jesus. He tells them that he found Carol, but she left a short time after being in the Kingdom. He later sits in on Rick's meeting with Ezekiel, where he asks the Kingdom to join their fight against the Saviors. Ezekiel asks Morgan for his opinion and Morgan admits that he believes war isn't the answer and suggests they find another way. This sways Ezekiel to turn down Rick and the group leave the Kingdom soon after (though Daryl stays behind in order to better hide from the Saviors). In "New Best Friends", Morgan is present at the next tribute to the Saviors when tensions escalate between Richard and Jared. When guns are drawn, Morgan and Ben use their staffs to stop Jared who then takes Morgan's staff. Despite this, he continues to disagree with Daryl who advocates war. Morgan's moral conundrums come to a head in "Bury Me Here", when during a tribute, the Kingdom comes up short. To make an example of the Kingdom, Jared shoots Benjamin. They rush him to Carol's but Ben succumbs to his injuries and dies. Benjamin's death causes Morgan to become distraught and begin to lose his grip on reality (with flashbacks of King County flashing through his mind). When he realizes Richard engineered the situation, he confronts him. Richard claims it was supposed to be him, but that they can use Ben's death to rally the Kingdom. The next day, while compensating the Saviors, Morgan snaps and attacks Richard, stunning him with his staff before strangling him to death (shocking both sides). Morgan explains that Richard was behind Ben's death and is able to placate the Saviors. He then goes to see Carol and reveals what happened as well as telling her the truth about everyone the Saviors as killed. He claims he's going to kill them all, one by one, but Carol convinces him to stay. The episode ends with Morgan sharpening his staff into a spear, symbolizing his abandonment of Eastmen's ideals in favor of violence. In "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Morgan is found by Ezekiel, Carol and a group of Kindgdom survivors en route to Alexandria, donning Benjamin's armor and wielding his spear. Ezekiel asks him if he is determined to erase who he was with Morgan claiming he doesn't wish it, but is "stuck" (implying his inability to live in their world with both his life and values). Ezekiel convinces him to march with them to Alexandria. When they arrive, they join the Alexandrians in battle against the invading Saviors. During the battle, Morgan kills several Saviors (saving Rick at one point), making liberal use of both firearms as well as his spear. He is later seen sitting in silence, after the battle, where he is comforted by Carol (as both have been forced into killing again).

text: Season 8[edit]

text: Morgan appears in the season premiere "Mercy" where he is part of Tara and Jesus's group of soldiers, assigned to attack several Savior compounds. "The Damned" shows the attack commencing with Morgan leading the attack, assuaging doubts by claiming "I don't die", a reference to his loved ones constantly dying while he survives. Morgan is shown to kill numerous Savior during the attack before encountering Jared, Benjamin's killer, again. He is about to kill him when Jesus stops him, stating they've surrendered. "Monsters" shows Morgan's group leading the captured Saviors back to Hilltop as prisoners. Jared continues to bait Morgan, but he refrains from taking action. When the prisoners attempt an escape, Morgan kills one of them, but is stopped by Jesus from killing the others. Their disagreement over killing leads Morgan to attack Jesus, leading to a heated fight. Despite seemingly being evenly matched, Jesus manages to disarm Morgan before returning his staff. Morgan claims "I know I'm not right. But that doesn't make me wrong" before leaving the group.

text: Development and reception[edit]

text: Lennie James played Morgan in the series premiere "Days Gone Bye".[15] Mike Ryan of Vanity Fair described Morgan in his review of the episode as "scared shitless of zombies breaking in, which seems like a reasonable reaction".[16] Liz Kelly and Jen Chaney of The Washington Post commented on Morgan and Duane, "whose loss of the mother figure in their family reminded us a little of "Lost's" Michael and Walt".[17] Josh Jackson of Paste described Morgan and Duane as being "tormented by Morgan's wife walking the streets outside the suburban home where they're squatting. Unable to put her out of her misery or move on without her, they're frozen in place, tormented by loss that hasn't really gone away. It's the most nightmarish of scenarios – hunted by the shell of a loved one – the zombies aren't generic; this one is personal."[18] Jackson also stated that Rick is "shell-shocked by the world he wakes up to and Morgan serves as his shepherd into reality".[18] Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club described Morgan as "beautifully played by the always welcome Lennie James" and adding that he "adds a moment of poignancy, as he finds himself actually apologizing for having not killed his now-reanimated wife".[19] Pierce describes the scene in which Morgan "tries to gather the—strength? resolve? compassion?—to destroy what used to be his wife" as a "wrenching" scene.[19] Kris King of Starpulse noted that Morgan "has a powerful scene involving the fate of his wife and his grizzly attempt to come to terms with his loss".[20] Writing for The Atlantic, Scott Meslow describes what he considers "the episode's most devastating scene", in which "Morgan aims at [his wife's] head through a rifle from a window, almost pulling the trigger several times before collapsing in tears. Morgan's fate is a dark reflection of Rick's worst fears; with his wife and son missing, and with no way to contact them, Rick never knows if he'll turn a corner and find a grotesque perversion of the wife and son he loves."[21]

text: It was confirmed on November 19, 2012, that Morgan would be returning in Season 3.[22] In an interview with Inside TV, Robert Kirkman defines the title of the episode "Clear", and how it relates to Morgan: "It means a lot of things. To a certain extent it's the ravings of a lunatic but it's also about him trying to clear out his life and clear out any entanglements around him. He's living by himself so he's trying to have a clear head. It's basically about him getting rid of his wife and getting rid of his son and the only way for him to survive is to clear the area around him."[23] Kirkman also felt that Lennie James was "really playing a completely different character and doing completely different things in this episode and is just as amazing doing it. So it was a lot of fun having him back and also having him do things that were so different from what he had done before."[23] In his recap of the episode for the Los Angeles Times, Todd VanDerWerff called Lennie James a "brilliant actor", and felt that "his role is significant enough that he essentially becomes the main supporting player in the piece".[24] Eric Kain of Forbes called the performance of Lennie James "absolutely riveting", noting that Morgan "is a changed man, and not for the better"; Kain called Morgan's refusal of Rick's offer to return to the prison with him "a glorious scene".[25] Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club describes Morgan's situation: "Morgan's crime is that he couldn't let go of the past; he couldn't shoot his dead wife, and so his dead wife eventually killed his son. So now he has nothing to live for, but he doesn't have the strength of will left to take his own life. Which leaves him trapped. He can't join up with Rick's group, no matter how much Rick wants him to, because that would mean connecting with people again, becoming vulnerable, risking himself and having to suffer when his new friends die. And he can't commit suicide, because that would require a different kind of courage. So he's stuck building his traps, covering the walls with his writing, sending messages to strangers he'll never see."[26]

text: On November 26, 2017, it was announced on Talking Dead that Lennie James would be exiting The Walking Dead and transitioning the role of Morgan to Fear the Walking Dead.[27]


document_title: Borders of China

question_text: china shares its border with how many countries

text: Borders of China

text: China shares international borders with 14 sovereign states. In addition, there is a 30-km border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997, and a 3 km border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999. With a land border of 22,117 kilometres (13,743 mi) in total it also has the longest land border of any country.

text: Countries sharing borders with China[edit]

text: The table below, is a table of countries and territories who share a land border with China around its perimeter. The numbers in parenthesis are their lengths in miles.[1]

text:
Country

Length (km) and (mi)

Notes

 Afghanistan
76 (47)

 Bhutan
470 (292)
Disputed; depends on the resolution of various territorial conflicts between India and China, and also between Bhutan and China

 India
3,380 (2,100)
Disputed; in three sections, separated by Nepal and Bhutan depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan

 Kazakhstan
1,533 (952)

 Kyrgyzstan
858 (533)

 Laos
423 (262)

 Mongolia
4,677 (2,906)

 Myanmar
2,185 (1,357)
Disputed; depends on the resolution of the territorial conflict between India and China over Arunachal Pradesh

   Nepal
1,440
Depends on the resolution of the territorial conflict between Nepal and India over the Kalapani territory

 North Korea
1,416 (879)
Depends on the resolution of the territorial conflict between China and North Korea over Mount Paektu and Jiandao

 Pakistan
523 (324)
Depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and Pakistan

 Russia
3,645 (2,264)
In two sections, separated by Mongolia

 Tajikistan
414 (257)

 Vietnam
1,283 (795)


question_text: when did new york abolish common law marriage

text: General principles[edit]

text: The requirements for a common-law marriage to be validly contracted differ from state to state.

text: All states, however, recognize common-law marriages that were validly contracted in other states under their laws of comity and choice of law/conflict of laws.[2] (The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution does not apply to common law marriages because they are not public acts (i.e. statutes, ordinances, general laws, etc.), not public records, and not judicial proceedings.)[3]

text: Common-law marriage also exists in the Native American tribes. Among Native American tribes, for example, the Navajo Nation permits common-law marriage and allows its members to marry through tribal ceremonial processes and traditional processes.[4] Otherwise, common-law marriages can no longer be contracted in any of the other states.

text: Income tax purposes and other federal provisions[edit]

text: A common-law marriage is recognized for federal tax purposes if it is recognized by the state or jurisdiction where the taxpayers currently live, or in the state where the common-law marriage began. If the marriage is recognized under the law and customs of the state or jurisdiction in which the marriage takes place (even in a foreign country), the marriage is valid for tax purposes (Rev. Rul. 58-66). Practitioners should be alert to the specific state or jurisdiction requirements in order for their clients who are contemplating filing joint returns satisfy the requirements of the state or jurisdiction to be considered common-law married.

text: In February 2015, the United States Department of Labor issued its final rule amending the definition of "spouse" under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 "FMLA" in response to the United States v. Windsor decision recognizing same-sex marriage. The new DOL rule became effective March 27, 2015.[5] The revised definition of "spouse" extends FMLA leave rights and job protections to eligible employees in a same-sex marriage or a common-law marriage entered into in a state or jurisdiction where those statuses are legally recognized, regardless of the state in which the employee currently works or resides.[6] Accordingly, even if an employer has employees working where same-sex or common-law marriage is not recognized, those employees’ spouses would trigger FMLA coverage if an employee was married in one of the many states that recognize same-sex marriage or common-law marriage.[7]

text: State law issues[edit]

text: Common-law marriage in the United States can still be contracted in the District of Columbia[8] as well as in the following nine states: Colorado,[9] Iowa,[10] Kansas,[11] Montana,[12] Oklahoma,[13] Rhode Island,[14] South Carolina,[15] Texas,[16] and Utah.[17]

text: Common-law marriages can no longer be contracted in the following twenty-seven states, as of the dates given: Alabama (2016).,[18] Alaska (1917),[19] Arizona (1913), California (1895), Florida (1968), Georgia (1997), Hawaii (1920), Idaho (1996), Illinois (1905),[20] Indiana (1958), Kentucky (1852), Maine (1652, when it became part of Massachusetts; then a state, 1820), Massachusetts (1646), Michigan (1957), Minnesota (1941), Mississippi (1956), Missouri (1921), Nebraska (1923), Nevada (1943), New Jersey (1939), New Mexico (1860),[21] New York (1933,[22] also 1902[23]–1908), North Dakota (1890), Ohio (1991), Pennsylvania (2005), South Dakota (1959) and Wisconsin (1917).

text: Common-law marriages have never been permitted to be contracted in the following thirteen states: Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Louisiana, Maryland, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

text: One state recognizes common-law marriage only through death for probate purposes: New Hampshire.[24]

text: Divorce in common-law marriage[edit]

text: All states—including those that have abolished the contract of common-law marriage within their boundaries—recognize common-law marriages lawfully contracted in jurisdictions that permit it.[25] Some states that do not recognize common-law marriage also afford legal rights to parties to a putative marriage (i.e. in circumstances when someone who was not actually married, e.g. due to a failure to obtain or complete a valid marriage license from the proper jurisdiction, believed in good faith that he or she was married) that arise before a marriage's invalidity is discovered. This is because all states provide that validity of foreign marriage is determined per lex loci celebrationis — that is, "by law of the place of celebration." In addition, the full faith and credit clause of the U.S. Constitution, discussed below, requires all U.S. states to recognize the validity of official acts of other U.S. states. Thus, a marriage validly contracted in Ohio, including common-law marriages entered into before that state abolished new common-law marriages in 1991, is valid in Indiana, even though the common-law marriage could not have been legally contracted in Indiana, because Ohio law is the basis of its validity. However, by the same principle, a marriage that was not lawfully contracted in Ohio would not be valid in Indiana even if it could have been lawfully contracted there. Additionally, some courts have held that all marriages performed within the U.S. must be valid in all states under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution.[26] However, none of the cases to date has actually used the Clause to validate a sister-state marriage, and there is currently no known appellate case on the issue, working its way through U.S. courts, that is likely to reach the U.S. Supreme Court — whose decision would apply nationally, not just locally or within a particular state or a federal circuit.

text: Note there is no such thing as "common-law divorce" in the United States — that is, a married couple cannot terminate a common-law marriage as easily as they got into one. Only the contract of the marriage is irregular; everything else about the marriage is the same as a regularly licensed and solemnized marriage. Divorce or dissolution of marriage requires filing a petition for divorce or dissolution in the appropriate court in their state.[27]

text: Validity of a common-law marriage[edit]

text: Rulings on the validity of a particular common-law marriage frequently refrain from identifying a specific date of marriage when this is not necessary, because often, there is no one event or marriage ceremony that establishes this date. Even when a relationship begins in a state that does not recognize common-law marriage, if the couple relocates to a state that recognizes common-law marriage, a common-law marriage between the parties is often recognized if the couple's relationship continues in the new state. It is not uncommon for someone to claim to be a spouse based upon time the couple spent together in a common-law marriage state even after the couple leaves that state. The case law does not definitively establish whether a couple who are briefly present in a common-law marriage state, and who otherwise are eligible to be considered common-law married, but who do not establish domicile in that state, will be recognized as common-law married in a state that does not itself have common-law marriage.

text: Legislation in states that recognize common-law marriage[edit]

text: The requirements for a common-law marriage to be validly contracted differ in the eleven U.S. jurisdictions which still permit them.

text: Colorado[edit]

text: The elements of a common-law marriage are, with respect to both spouses: (1) holding themselves out as husband and wife; (2) consenting to the marriage; (3) cohabitation; and (4) having the reputation in the community as being married.[28] Different sources disagree regarding the requirement of cohabitation and some indicate that consummation (i.e. post-marital sexual intercourse) is also an element of common-law marriage. Colorado, by statute, no longer recognizes common-law marriages entered by minors in Colorado, and also does not recognize foreign common-law marriages entered into by minors, even if that marriage would have been valid where entered into under local law. See Section 14-2-109.5, Colorado Revised Statutes. The constitutionality of this limitation as applied to foreign marriages has not been tested in litigation.[29]

text: Colorado, Montana, and Texas are the only U.S. states to recognize both putative marriage and common-law marriage.[30][31]

text: District of Columbia[edit]

text: According to the District of Columbia Department of Human Services, a common-law marriage is "A marriage that is legally recognized even though there has been no ceremony and there is no certification of marriage. A common-law marriage exists if the two persons are legally free to marry, if it is the intent of the two persons to establish a marriage, and if the two are known to the community as husband and wife."[32][33]

text: Common-law marriages have been recognized in the District of Columbia since 1931.[34][35] Holding common-law marriages legal, District Court of Appeals Justice D. Laurence Groner said,

text: "We think it cannot now be controverted that an agreement between a man and woman to be husband and wife, consummated by cohabitation as husband and wife, constitutes a valid marriage unless there be in existence in the State in which the agreement is made, a statute declaring the marriage to be invalid unless solemnized in a prescribed manner. We think it equally true that the rule now generally recognized is that statutes requiring a marriage to be preceded by a license or to be solemnized by a religious ceremony without words of nullity as to marriages contracted otherwise are directory merely and failure to procure the license or to go through a religious ceremony does not invalidate the marriage. ... There is nothing in the statute which declares that a marriage shall not be valid unless solemnized in the prescribed manner, nor does it declare any particular thing requisite to the validity of the marriage. The act confines itself wholly with providing the mode of solemnizing the marriage and to the persons authorized to perform the ceremony. Indeed, the statue itself declares the purpose underlying the requirements to be secure registration and evidence of the marriage rather than to deny validity to marriages not performed according to its terms."[35]

text: Iowa[edit]

text: The three elements of a common-law marriage are: (1) the present intent and agreement to be married; (2) continuous cohabitation; and (3) public declaration that the parties are husband and wife.[36] The public declaration or holding out to the public is considered to be the acid test of a common-law marriage.[37]

text: Adm. Rule 701—73.25 (425) of the Iowa Administrative Code, titled Common Law Marriage, states:

text: A common law marriage is a social relationship that meets all the necessary requisites of a marriage except that it was not solemnized, performed or witnessed by an official authorized by law to perform marriages. The necessary elements of a common law marriage are: (a) a present intent of both parties freely given to become married, (b) a public declaration by the parties or a holding out to the public that they are husband and wife, (c) continuous cohabitation together as husband and wife (this means consummation of the marriage), and (d) both parties must be capable of entering into the marriage relationship. No special time limit is necessary to establish a common law marriage.

text: Edit: 701—73.26 Rescinded, effective October 2, 1985.

text: This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code section 425.17.

text: Kansas[edit]

text: Under Kansas Statute 23-2502, both parties to a common-law marriage must be 18 years old. The three requirements that must coexist to establish a common-law marriage in Kansas are: (1) capacity to marry; (2) a present marriage agreement; and (3) a holding out of each other as husband and wife to the public.[39]

text: Montana[edit]

text: A common-law marriage is established when a couple: "(1) is competent to enter into a marriage, (2) mutually consents and agrees to a common-law marriage, and (3) cohabits and is reputed in the community to be husband and wife."[40]

text: New Hampshire[edit]

text: New Hampshire recognizes common-law marriage for purposes of probate only. In New Hampshire "[P]ersons cohabiting and acknowledging each other as husband and wife, and generally reputed to be such, for the period of 3 years, and until the decease of one of them, shall thereafter be deemed to have been legally married." Thus, the state posthumously recognizes common-law marriages to ensure that a surviving spouse inherits without any difficulty.[41]

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text: The situation in Oklahoma has been unclear since the mid-1990s, with legal scholars reporting each of 1994, 1998, 2005, and 2010 as the year common-law marriage was abolished in the state. However, as of September 12, 2016, the Oklahoma Tax Commission continues to represent common-law marriage as legal there,[42] and the Department of Corrections continues to reference common-law marriage, though that could refer to older marriages.[43] No reference to the ban appears in the relevant statutes;[44][45] the 2010 bill that attempted to abolish common-law marriage[46] passed the state Senate, but died in a House committee.[47] Multiple legal websites continue to represent common-law marriage as legal in Oklahoma.[48][49][50][51]

text: Oklahoma common-law status is much controverted, but as of February 19, 2014, several Oklahoma executive agencies continue to represent it as legal,[52] and a reputed ban in 2010 cannot be found in its statutes.[44]

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text: The criteria for a common-law marriage are: (1) the parties seriously intended to enter into the husband-wife relationship; (2) the parties’ conduct is of such a character as to lead to a belief in the community that they were married.[53]

text: South Carolina[edit]

text: The criteria for a common-law marriage are: (1) when two parties have a present intent (usually, but not necessarily, evidenced by a public and unequivocal declaration) to enter into a marriage contract; and (2) "a mutual agreement between the parties to assume toward each other the relation of husband and wife."[54] Common law marriages can dissolve in legal divorce and alimony.

text: Texas[edit]

text: The Texas Family Code, Sections 2.401 through 2.405,[55] define how a common-law marriage (which is known as both "marriage without formalities" and "informal marriage" in the text) can be established in one of two ways. Both parties must be at least age 18 to enter into a common-law marriage.

text: First, a couple can file a legal "Declaration of Informal Marriage", which is a legally binding document. The form must be completed by both marriage partners and sworn or affirmed in presence of the County Clerk. The Declaration is formally recorded as part of the Official County Records by Volume and Page number, and is then forwarded by the County Clerk to the Texas Bureau of Vital Statistics, where it is again legally recorded as formal evidence of marriage. This is the same procedure that is used when a marriage license is issued and filed; the term "Informal" refers only to the fact that no formal wedding ceremony (whether civil or religious) was conducted.

text: Second, a couple can meet a three-prong test, showing evidence of all of the following:

text:
first, an agreement to be married;
after such agreement, cohabitation within the State of Texas; and
after such agreement, representation to others (within the State of Texas) that the parties are married.

text: Regarding the second prong, in the actual text of the Texas Family Code, there is no specification on the length of time that a couple must cohabitate to meet this requirement. As such, an informal marriage can occur under Texas law if the couple lives together for as little as one day, if the other requirements (an agreement to be married and holding out as married to the public) can be shown.

text: Likewise, a couple can cohabit for 50 years, but if they never have an agreement to be married, or hold themselves out to the public as married, their 50-year cohabitation will not make them informally married under Texas law.

text: Dissolution of this type marriage requires formal Annulment or Divorce Proceedings, the same as with the other more recognized forms of 'ceremonial' marriages.[56] However, if a couple does not commence a proceeding to prove their relationship was a marriage within two years of the end of their cohabitation and relationship, there is a legal presumption that they were never informally married, but this presumption is rebuttable.

text: Utah[edit]

text: Utah's status with common-law marriage is mixed. Government websites claim that common-law marriage does not exist in Utah.[57] However, other legal websites state that non-matrimonial relationships may be recognized as marriage within one year after the relationship ends.[58] This is very similar to common-law marriage.

text: Utah recognizes common-law marriages only if they have been validated by a court or administrative order. For a common-law marriage to be legal and valid, "a court or administrative order must establish that" the parties: (1) "are of legal age and capable of giving consent"; (2) "are legally capable of entering a solemnized marriage under the provisions of Title 30, Chap. 1 of the Utah Code; (3) "have cohabited"; (4) "mutually assume marital rights, duties, and obligations"; and (5) "hold themselves out as and have acquired a uniform and general reputation as husband and wife" [59] In Utah, the fact that two parties are legally incapable of entering into a common-law marriage, because they are already married, does not preclude criminal liability for bigamy or polygamy.

text: Also, non-matrimonial relationships may be recognized as marriage within one year after the relationship ends, via validation by the above mentioned court or administrative order.[58]

text: Legislation in states that do not recognize common-law marriage[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: Since January 1, 2017, Alabama has abolished common-law marriage.[60] Common law marriages contracted before this date are still valid. A valid common-law marriage exists when there is capacity to enter into a marriage, the parties must be at least 16 with legal parental consent and present agreement or consent to be married, public recognition of the existence of the marriage, and consummation.[61]

text: California[edit]

text: California Family Code Section 308 provides that a marriage validly contracted in another jurisdiction is valid in California. Thus, a common-law marriage validly contracted in another jurisdiction is valid in California notwithstanding it could not be legally contracted within California; and a common-law marriage that was not validly contracted in another U.S. jurisdiction is not valid in California. All other states have similar statutory provisions. Exceptions to this rule are marriages deemed by the jurisdiction to be "odious to public policy". In general, states which have abolished common-law marriage continue to recognize such marriages contracted in the past (i.e. before the date when they were abolished).

text: Nevada[edit]

text: Nevada doesn't recognize common-law marriage. However, in Williams v. Williams, 120 Nev. 559, 97 P.3d 1124, 2004 Nev. LEXIS 84, 120 Nev. Adv. Rep. 64 (Nev. 2004), adopted the majority opinion of the putative spouse doctrine. This doctrine, accepted by a majority of states, is when a marriage is found to be void because of a prior legal impediment. In the Williams case, the wife and husband filed for a marriage, license, held a ceremony, and both felt they were married. However, Mr. Williams' divorce to a previous wife was found to have been dismissed by the court without Mr. Williams' knowledge. With his previous divorce not valid, under Nevada law his marriage to the new Mrs. Williams was void. He could not get married if he was still married. The Nevada courts ruled Mrs. Williams was a putative spouse and for the purposes of the new divorce against Mr. Williams, the courts would allow Mrs. Williams to plead for community property rights as much as any other spouse.

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Pennsylvania's domestic relations marriage statute now reads: "No common-law marriage contracted after January 1, 2005, shall be valid. Nothing in this part shall be deemed or taken to render any common-law marriage otherwise lawful and contracted on or before January 1, 2005, invalid."[62] The situation in Pennsylvania became unclear in 2003 when an intermediate appellate court purported to abolish common-law marriage[63] even though the state Supreme Court had recognized (albeit somewhat reluctantly) the validity of common-law marriages only five years before.[64] The Pennsylvania legislature resolved most of the uncertainty by abolishing common-law marriages entered into after January 1, 2005.[65] However, it is still not certain whether Pennsylvania courts will recognize common-law marriages entered into after the date of the Stamos decision and before the effective date of the statute (i.e., after September 17, 2003, and on or before January 1, 2005), because the other intermediate appellate court has suggested that it might not follow the Stamos decision.[66]