document_title: Strain gauge

question_text: describe the structure of a metal wire strain gauge

text: Strain gauge

text: Physical operation[edit]

text: A strain gauge takes advantage of the physical property of electrical conductance and its dependence on the conductor's geometry. When an electrical conductor is stretched within the limits of its elasticity such that it does not break or permanently deform, it will become narrower and longer, changes that increase its electrical resistance end-to-end. Conversely, when a conductor is compressed such that it does not buckle, it will broaden and shorten, changes that decrease its electrical resistance end-to-end. From the measured electrical resistance of the strain gauge, the amount of induced stress may be inferred.

text: A typical strain gauge arranges a long, thin conductive strip in a zig-zag pattern of parallel lines. This does not increase the sensitivity, since the percentage change in resistance for a given strain for the entire zig-zag is the same as for any single trace. However, a single linear trace would have to be extremely thin and hence liable to overheating (which would both change its resistance and cause it to expand), or would have to be operated at a much lower voltage, making it harder to measure resistance changes accurately.

text: Gauge factor[edit]

text:
The gauge factor

G
F

{\displaystyle GF}

 is defined as:

text: where

text:
For common metallic foil gauges, the gauge factor is usually a little over 2.[2] For a single active gauge and three dummy resistors of the same resistance about the active gauge in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, the output

v

{\displaystyle v}

 from the bridge is approximately:

text: where

text: Foil gauges typically have active areas of about 2–10 mm2 in size. With careful installation, the correct gauge, and the correct adhesive, strains up to at least 10% can be measured.

text: In practice[edit]

text: An excitation voltage is applied to input leads of the gauge network, and a voltage reading is taken from the output leads. Typical input voltages are 5 V or 12 V and typical output readings are in millivolts.

text: Foil strain gauges are used in many situations. Different applications place different requirements on the gauge. In most cases the orientation of the strain gauge is significant.

text: Gauges attached to a load cell would normally be expected to remain stable over a period of years, if not decades; while those used to measure response in a dynamic experiment may only need to remain attached to the object for a few days, be energized for less than an hour, and operate for less than a second.

text: Strain gauges are attached to the substrate with a special glue. The type of glue depends on the required lifetime of the measurement system. For short term measurements (up to some weeks) cyanoacrylate glue is appropriate, for long lasting installation epoxy glue is required. Usually epoxy glue requires high temperature curing (at about 80-100 °C). The preparation of the surface where the strain gauge is to be glued is of the utmost importance. The surface must be smoothed (e.g. with very fine sand paper), deoiled with solvents, the solvent traces must then be removed and the strain gauge must be glued immediately after this to avoid oxidation or pollution of the prepared area. If these steps are not followed the strain gauge binding to the surface may be unreliable and unpredictable measurement errors may be generated.

text: Strain gauge based technology is utilized commonly in the manufacture of pressure sensors. The gauges used in pressure sensors themselves are commonly made from silicon, polysilicon, metal film, thick film, and bonded foil.

text: Variations in temperature[edit]

text: Variations in temperature will cause a multitude of effects. The object will change in size by thermal expansion, which will be detected as a strain by the gauge. Resistance of the gauge will change, and resistance of the connecting wires will change.

text: Most strain gauges are made from a constantan alloy.[3] Various constantan alloys and Karma alloys have been designed so that the temperature effects on the resistance of the strain gauge itself cancel out the resistance change of the gauge due to the thermal expansion of the object under test. Because different materials have different amounts of thermal expansion, self-temperature compensation (STC) requires selecting a particular alloy matched to the material of the object under test.

text: Strain gauges that are not self-temperature-compensated (such as isoelastic alloy) can be temperature compensated by use of the dummy gauge technique. A dummy gauge (identical to the active strain gauge) is installed on an unstrained sample of the same material as the test specimen. The sample with the dummy gauge is placed in thermal contact with the test specimen, adjacent to the active gauge. The dummy gauge is wired into a Wheatstone bridge on an adjacent arm to the active gauge so that the temperature effects on the active and dummy gauges cancel each other.[4] (Murphy's Law was originally coined in response to a set of gauges being incorrectly wired into a Wheatstone bridge.[5])

text: Temperature effects on the lead wires can be cancelled by using a "3-wire bridge" or a "4-wire ohm circuit"[6] (also called a "4-wire Kelvin connection").

text: In any case it is a good engineering practice to keep the Wheatstone bridge voltage drive low enough to avoid the self heating of the strain gauge. The self heating of the strain gauge depends on its mechanical characteristic (large strain gauges are less prone to self heating). Low voltage drive levels of the bridge reduce the sensitivity of the overall system.

text: Errors and compensation[edit]

text: Zero Offset - If the impedance of the four gauge arms are not exactly the same after bonding the gauge to the force collector, there will be a zero offset which can be compensated by introducing a parallel resistor to one or more of the gauge arms.

text:
Temperature coefficient of gauge factor (TCGF) is the change of sensitivity of the device to strain with change in temperature. This is generally compensated for by the introduction of a fixed resistance in the input leg, whereby the effective supplied voltage will decrease with a temperature increase, compensating for the increase in sensitivity with the temperature increase. This is known as modulus compensation in transducer circuits. As the temperature rises the load cell element becomes more elastic and therefore under a constant load will deform more and lead to an increase in output; but the load is still the same. The clever bit in all this is that the resistor in the bridge supply must be a temperature sensitive resistor that is matched to both the material to which the gauge is bonded and also to the gauge element material. The value of that resistor is dependent on both of those values and can be calculated. In simple terms if the output increases then the resistor value also increase thereby reducing the net voltage to the transducer. Get the resistor value right and you will see no change.
Zero shift with temperature - If the TCGF of each gauge is not the same, there will be a zero shift with temperature. This is also caused by anomalies in the force collector. This is usually compensated for with one or more resistors strategically placed in the compensation network.
Linearity is an error whereby the sensitivity changes across the pressure range. This is commonly a function of the force collection thickness selection for the intended pressure and the quality of the bonding.
Hysteresis is an error of return to zero after pressure excursion.
Repeatability - This error is sometimes tied-in with hysteresis but is across the pressure range.
EMI induced errors - As strain gauges output voltage is in the mV range, even μV if the Wheatstone bridge voltage drive is kept low to avoid self heating of the element, special care must be taken in output signal amplification to avoid amplifying also the superimposed noise. A solution which is frequently adopted is to use "carrier frequency" amplifiers which convert the voltage variation into a frequency variation (as in VCOs) and have a narrow bandwidth thus reducing out of band EMI.
Overloading – If a strain gauge is loaded beyond its design limit (measured in microstrain) its performance degrades and can not be recovered. Normally good engineering practice suggests not to stress strain gauges beyond ±3000 microstrain.
Humidity – If the wires connecting the strain gauge to the signal conditioner are not protected against humidity, such as bare wire, corrosion can occur, leading to parasitic resistance. This can allow currents to flow between the wires and the substrate to which the strain gauge is glued, or between the two wires directly, introducing an error which competes with the current flowing through the strain gauge. For this reason, high-current, low-resistance strain gauges (120 ohm) are less prone to this type of error. To avoid this error it is sufficient to protect the strain gauges wires with insulating enamel (e.g., epoxy or polyurethane type). Strain gauges with unprotected wires may be used only in a dry laboratory environment but not in an industrial one.

text: In some applications, strain gauges add mass and damping to the vibration profiles of the hardware they are intended to measure. In the turbomachinery industry, one used alternative to strain gauge technology in the measurement of vibrations on rotating hardware is the Non-Intrusive Stress Measurement System, which allows measurement of blade vibrations without any blade or disc-mounted hardware...

text: Other types[edit]

text: For measurements of small strain, semiconductor strain gauges, so called piezoresistors, are often preferred over foil gauges. A semiconductor gauge usually has a larger gauge factor than a foil gauge. Semiconductor gauges tend to be more expensive, more sensitive to temperature changes, and are more fragile than foil gauges.

text: Nanoparticle-based strain gauges emerge as a new promising technology. These resistive sensors whose active area is made by an assembly of conductive nanoparticles, such as gold or carbon, combine a high gauge factor, a large deformation range and a small electrical consumption due to their high impedance.

text: In biological measurements, especially blood flow and tissue swelling, a variant called mercury-in-rubber strain gauge is used. This kind of strain gauge consists of a small amount of liquid mercury enclosed in a small rubber tube, which is applied around e.g., a toe or leg. Swelling of the body part results in stretching of the tube, making it both longer and thinner, which increases electrical resistance.

text: Fiber optic sensing can be employed to measure strain along an optical fiber. Measurements can be distributed along the fiber, or taken at predetermined points on the fiber. The 2010 America's Cup boats Alinghi 5 and USA-17 both employ embedded sensors of this type.[7]

text: Microscale strain gauges are widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to measure strains such as those induced by force, acceleration, pressure or sound.[8] As example, airbags in cars are often triggered with MEMS accelerometers. As alternative to piezo-resistant strain gauges, integrated optical ring resonators may be used to measure strain in Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS).[9]

text: Capacitive strain gauges use a variable capacitor to indicate the level of mechanical deformation.

text: Vibrating wire strain gauges are used in geotechnical and civil engineering applications. The gauge consists of a vibrating, tensioned wire. The strain is calculated by measuring the resonant frequency of the wire (an increase in tension increases the resonant frequency).

text: Mechanical types[edit]

text: Simple mechanical types are used in civil engineering to measure movement of buildings, foundations, and other structures. More sophisticated mechanical types incorporate dial indicators and mechanisms to compensate for temperature changes. These types can measure movements as small as 0.002 mm.[10]


document_title: Ryan's Daughter

question_text: who played the priest in ryan's daughter

question_tokens: who played the priest in ryan 's daughter

root

text: Ryan's Daughter

text: Plot[edit]

text: In August 1917, Rosy Ryan, only daughter of the local publican, widower Tom Ryan, is bored with life in Kirrary, an isolated village on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland. The villagers are nationalists, taunting British soldiers from a nearby army camp. Tom Ryan publicly supports the recently suppressed Easter Rising, but secretly serves the British as an informer.

tag: p

text: Rosy falls in love with the village schoolmaster, widower Charles Shaughnessy. She imagines, though he tries to convince her otherwise, that he will somehow add excitement to her life. They marry and settle in the schoolhouse, but he is a quiet man uninterested in physical love.

text: Major Randolph Doryan arrives in October 1917 to take command of the army camp. After winning a Victoria Cross on the Western Front, he has a crippled leg and is suffering from shell shock. When he visits the pub where Rosy is serving alone, he collapses under a flashback to the trenches and is comforted by her. The two kiss passionately until they are interrupted by the arrival of Ryan and others. Next day, the two ride to a forest for a passionate liaison. Charles becomes suspicious of Rosy, but keeps his thoughts to himself.

text: Charles takes his schoolchildren to the beach, where he notices Doryan's telltale footprints accompanied by a woman's in the sand. He tracks the prints to a cave and imagines Doryan and Rosy conducting an affair. Local halfwit Michael notices the footprints as well and searches the cave. Finding Doryan's Victoria Cross, he pins it on his lapel and proudly parades through the village, but suffers abuse from the villagers. When Rosy comes riding past, Michael approaches her tenderly. Between Rosy's dismay and Michael's pantomime, the villagers surmise that she is having an affair with Doryan.

text: One night in January 1918, during a fierce storm, IRB leader Tim O'Leary – who had killed a police constable earlier – and a small band of his men arrive in Ryan's pub seeking help to recover a shipment of German arms being floated from a ship towards the beach. When they leave, Ryan tips off the British. The entire village turns out to help the rebels, with Ryan the most outwardly devoted to the task, wading into the breakers repeatedly to salvage boxes of weapons and explosives. O'Leary is overwhelmed by Ryan's devotion, and the villagers are ebullient. They gleefully free the rebels' loaded truck from the wet sand and follow it up the hill. Doryan, waiting at the top with his troops, captures the men and arms. O'Leary makes a break, but Doryan climbs atop the truck and brings him down with a single rifle shot. Then he suffers a flashback and collapses. Rosy presses through the crowd in concern, outraging the villagers.

text: Charles tells Rosy that he had let her affair run its course, hoping that the infatuation would pass, but now wants a separation. Rosy says the affair is over, but that night she leaves their bed in her nightdress to meet Doryan. In dismay, Charles wanders in his nightclothes to the beach, where the parish priest Father Collins finds him. The villagers storm into the schoolhouse and seize Rosy, convinced that she informed the British of the arms shipment. Ryan watches in shame and horror as his daughter takes the blame for his actions. The mob shears off her hair and strips off her clothes.

text: Doryan walks along the beach and gives his cigarette case to Michael. In gratitude, Michael leads Doryan to a cache of arms, including dynamite, that was not recovered. After Michael runs off, Doryan commits suicide by detonating the explosives. The next day, Rosy and Charles leave for Dublin, enduring the taunts of the villagers as they go.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sarah Miles as Rosy Ryan
Robert Mitchum as Charles Shaughnessy
Trevor Howard as Father Hugh Collins
John Mills as Michael
Christopher Jones as Major Randolph Doryan
Leo McKern as Tom Ryan
Barry Foster as Tim O'Leary
Gerald Sim as Captain Smith
Evin Crowley as Moureen Cassidy
Marie Kean as Mrs. McCardle
Arthur O'Sullivan as Joe McCardle
Brian O'Higgins as Constable O'Connor
Barry Jackson as a Corporal

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Robert Bolt's original idea was to make a film of Madame Bovary, starring Miles. Lean read the script and said that he did not find it interesting, but suggested to Bolt that he would like to rework it into another setting. The film still retains parallels with Flaubert's novel – Rosy parallels Emma Bovary, Charles is her husband, Major Doryan is analogous to Rodolphe and Leon, Emma's lovers.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Alec Guinness turned down the role of Father Collins; it had been written with him in mind, but Guinness, a Roman Catholic convert, objected to what he felt was an inaccurate portrayal of a Catholic priest. His conflicts with Lean while making Doctor Zhivago also contributed. Paul Scofield was Lean's first choice for the part of Shaughnessy, but he was unable to leave a theatre commitment. George C. Scott, Anthony Hopkins and Patrick McGoohan were considered but not approached, and Gregory Peck lobbied for the role but gave up after Robert Mitchum was approached.

text: Reportedly, Mitchum initially was reluctant to take the role. While he admired the script, he was undergoing a personal crisis at the time and when pressed by Lean as to why he wouldn't be available for filming, told him "I was actually planning on committing suicide." Upon hearing of this, scriptwriter Bolt told him, "Well, if you just finish working on this wretched little film and then do yourself in, I'd be happy to stand the expenses of your burial."[citation needed]

text: The role of Major Doryan was written for Marlon Brando, who initially accepted, but problems with the production of Burn! forced him to drop out. Peter O'Toole, Richard Harris and Richard Burton also were considered. Lean then saw Christopher Jones in The Looking Glass War (1969) and decided he had to have Jones for the part, and so cast him without ever meeting him. He thought Chris had that rare Brando/Dean quality he wanted on film.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Lean had to wait a year before a suitably dramatic storm appeared. The image was kept clear of spray by a glass disk spinning in front of the lens.[8]

text: Mitchum clashed with Lean, saying that "[W]orking with David Lean is like constructing the Taj Mahal out of toothpicks"; despite this, Mitchum confided to friends and family that he felt Ryan's Daughter was among his best roles and he regretted the negative response the film received. In a radio interview, Mitchum claimed (despite the difficult production) Lean was one of the best directors he'd worked with.[9]

text: Jones claimed to have had an affair with Sharon Tate, who was killed by Charles Manson and his followers during filming, which devastated Jones. Miles and Jones also grew to dislike one another, leading to trouble when filming the love scenes. Christopher was engaged to Olivia Hussey, and he was not attracted to Miles. He even refused to do the forest love scene with her, which prompted Miles to conspire with Mitchum. It was Mitchum who settled on the idea of drugging Jones by sprinkling an unspecified substance on his cereal. Mitchum overdosed Jones, however, and the actor was nearly catatonic during the love scene.[10]

text: Jones and Lean clashed frequently.[citation needed] Lean also found that Jones' voice was too flat to be compelling, and he felt compelled to overdub all of his lines by Julian Holloway. Lean was not alone in his disappointment with Jones. His retirement from acting was purportedly due to the bad reviews he received for Ryan's Daughter.[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: Censorship[edit]

text: The Motion Picture Association of America originally gave Ryan's Daughter an "R" rating. A nude scene between Miles and Jones, as well as its themes involving infidelity, were the primary reasons for the decision.[12] At the time, MGM was having financial trouble and appealed the rating not due to artistic but financial reasons.

text: At the appeal hearing, MGM executives explained that they needed the less restrictive rating to allow more audience into the theatres; otherwise the company would not be able to survive financially. The appeal was overturned and the film received a "GP" rating, which later became "PG". Jack Valenti considered this to be one of the tarnishing marks on the rating system.[13] When MGM resubmitted the film to the MPAA in 1996, it was re-rated "R."[14]

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the film was initially rated PG, but is currently rated M.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon its initial release, Ryan's Daughter received a hostile reception from many film reviewers. Roger Ebert felt that "Lean's characters, well written and well acted, are finally dwarfed by his excessive scale."[15] According to James Wolcott, at a gathering of the National Society of Film Critics, Time critic Richard Schickel asked Lean "how someone who made Brief Encounter could make a piece of bullshit like Ryan's Daughter."[16]

text: Some attribute the negative reviews to critics' expectations being too high, following the three epics Lean had directed in a row before Ryan's Daughter. The preview cut ran for over 220 minutes and was criticised for its length and poor pacing. Lean felt obliged to remove up to 17 minutes of footage before the film's wide release. The missing footage has not been restored or located. Lean took these criticisms very personally, claiming at the time that he would never make another film.[citation needed] (Others dispute this, citing the fact that Lean tried but was unable to get several projects off the ground, including The Bounty.) The film was moderately successful worldwide at the box office and was one of the most successful films of 1970 in Britain, where it ran at a West End theatre for almost two years straight.

text: The film was also criticized for its perceived depiction of the Irish proletariat as uncivilized. An Irish commentator in 2008 called them "the local herd-like and libidinous populace who lack gainful employment to keep them occupied".[17] Some criticised the film as an attempt to blacken the legacy of the 1916 Easter Rising and the subsequent Irish War of Independence in relation to the eruption of "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland around the time of the film's release. Since the film's release on DVD, Ryan's Daughter has been reconsidered by some critics; it has been called an overlooked masterpiece, countering many of the criticisms such as its alleged "excessive scale". Other elements, like John Mills' caricature of 'the village idiot' (an Oscar-winning performance), have been met with ambivalence.[18]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text: Wins:

text:
Best Actor in a Supporting Role – John Mills
Best Cinematography – Freddie Young

text:
Best Actress in a Leading Role – Sarah Miles
Best Sound – Gordon McCallum, John Bramall

text: Others[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[20]


document_title: Meteor Garden (2018 TV series)

question_text: when is meteor garden 2018 ep 7 coming out

text: Meteor Garden (2018 TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The story centers around an ordinary girl, Dong Shan Cai (Shen Yue) who is accepted to the most prestigious university in the country. She encounters F4, an exclusive group composed of the four popular boys in the institution - Dao Ming Si (Dylan Wang), Hua Ze Lei (Darren Chen), Yan Ximen (Caesar Wu), and Feng Meizuo (Connor Leong). Shan Cai is a girl from a family that is barely able to make ends meet. Due to the nature of her personality, she immediately clashes with F4, especially Dao Ming Si who is spoiled, arrogant, and a bully. She remains defiant even after becoming a target of Dao Ming Si and just when she's about to give up, Hua Ze Lei always seems to show up to comfort her. Eventually, the four boys begin to acknowledge Shan Cai's unyielding personality that is like her namesake, which is that of a weed that can never be brought down. She also begins to see the good in the boys, which paves the way for friendship and an eventual romance. However, the joyful scenario of love and friendship stops as numerous issues and circumstances from families and incidents come in the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Chinese names of the characters are transcribed using official Pinyin transcription. Chinese surnames are Dong, Daoming, Huaze, Feng, Yan, etc. First names often consist of 1 or 2 characters. Examples are Shancai, Si, Lei, Meizuo, Ximen. There are about 20 Chinese compound surnames and this does not include Daoming. So the name of male lead is written as Dao Mingsi (道明寺), where Ming (明) is the generational name in the first name. This is the first of the two characters in the first names among all members which are cycled through the generations in this Dao family.

text: Main[edit]

text:
Actor

Character Names

Characteristics

Shen Yue

Dong Shancai
(董杉菜)

The protagonist of the story. Dong Shancai is a strong-willed, stubborn, and kind girl who doesn't allow herself or others be bullied. After angering Dao Ming Si, she receives a sacred 'Joker' card given by the F4, who challenged her to a match of Contract bridge. Initially, she likes Hua Ze Lei who comes to her rescue during her worst moments; however, after a series of events, she starts developing feelings for Dao Ming Si. Due to her headstrong nature, she soon earns the respect of the F4 boys and becomes good friends with them.

Dylan Wang / Wang Hedi

Dao Ming Si
(道明寺)

The stubborn, hot-headed, and arrogant leader of F4. Dao Ming Si (short name: Ah-si) comes from a wealthy, domineering family that believes money can buy everything. He never fully matured because his parents were not present for much of his life (his father died when he was in high school, and his mother was often busy leading her company overseas). Dao Ming Si gets easily angry when something doesn't go his way. He slowly falls in love with Dong Shancai due to her defiant stance to his bullying ways. Although he may get irrationally angry due to jealousy, his feelings for Dong Shancai run deep. He strives to protect Dong Shancai at all costs and is willing to go to extreme ends to keep her safe.

Darren Chen / Guan Hong

Hua Ze Lei
(花泽类)

A member of F4. On the exterior, Hua Ze Lei (short name: Lei) appears cold, quiet, and indifferent to those outside his circle of friends. In reality, he is protective of Dong Shancai and is grateful for her being there for him during his worst times. Also from a wealthy family, Huaze Lei has been friends with Dao Ming Si since they were kids. He is in love with his childhood friend Teng Tangjing, who befriended him despite his quiet demeanor due to his mild autism, when he was very young. He later on develops feelings for Shancai.

Connor Leong / Liang Jingkang

Feng Mei Zuo
(冯美作)

A member of F4. Meizuo enjoys making jokes and has an incredible memory. He is a flirtatious casanova. He expresses interest in Dong Shancai's impressive competitor in the Chinese Cuisine competition, Zhou Caina who he dated for a while before letting her go to her true love.

Caesar Wu / Wu Xize

Ximen Yan
(西门彦)

A member of F4. Ximen is a playboy, although he expresses interest in Shancai's best friend, Xiaoyou. He is an expert in tea culture.

tag: table

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Li Jiaqi as Jiang Xiaoyou 蒋小优
Liu Yinhao as Chen Qinghe 陈青和[4]
Sun Qian as He Yuanzi[5] / Xiao Zi
Dee Hsu as Daoming Zhuang
An Ziyi as Li Xinhui
Dong Xin as Li Zhen 李真
Wang Lin / Lilian Wang as Daoming Feng
Sun Yihan as Teng Tangjing 腾唐静
Wang Runze as Tian Ye
Blake Abbie as Thomas
Wang Zi Zhen as Jiang Baihe
Liu Ye as Zhou Caina
Zhao Hua Ran as Yan Shunping[6]

text: Cameo[edit]

text:
Wang Yue as Yue Ji
Amber Kuo as Guo Kaijie
Jin Hao Chen as Yan Zhibu
Harlem Yu
Tang Jingmei

text: Production[edit]

text: In April 2017, Angie Chai announced the remake of Meteor Garden, which she produced in 2001.[1] Prior to the announcement, Barbie Hsu hinted at the news on her Weibo account. Chai plans on making the remake a "fuller—and flashier—adaptation of the books".[7] The drama is budgeted at 720 million New Taiwan dollars (about US$24 million) with 15 million per episode, which is thirty times higher than the original.[1]

text: A casting call was announced on social media on June 21, 2017 with a video and the topic, "#FindingF4#".[8] On November 7, 2017, the actors playing the F4 were revealed, namely Dylan Wang (Daoming Si), Darren Chen (Huaze Lei), Connor Leong (Meizuo), and Caesar Wu (Ximen).[9] Shen Yue's role as Dong Shancai was unveiled at a press conference in Shanghai on November 9.[10]

text: On February 2018, it was announced that the director has been changed from Xu Fuxiang to Lin Helong.[2]

text: Original soundtrack[edit]

text: No.TitleSingerLength1."The Love You Want (Night Version) [你要的爱 (深夜版)]"Penny Tai (戴佩妮)04:212."For You"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)03:323."Waiting For Someone (等一个人)"Shennio Lin (林芯仪)04:214."Meteor Shower (流星雨)"Jerry Yan (言承旭), Vic Chou (周渝民), Ken Chu (朱孝天), Vanness Wu (吴建豪)04:345."Create Memories (创造回忆)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)05:176."Never Thought Of (从来没想到)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)03:417."I Don’t Even Think About It (想都不用想)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣)04:038."Extremely Important (非同小可)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣)02:519."The Tenderness Behind The Flower (花背后的温柔)"Darren Chen (官鸿)03:5310."Star Counting Shooting Stars (星星数流星)"Connor Leong (梁靖康)03:2811."I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy (想你想到快疯了)"Caesar Wu (吴希泽)05:0612."Emotional (情非得已)"Harlem Yu (庾澄庆)04:3313."I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy (想你想到快疯了)"Clover Kao (高隽雅)04:1414."Love, Existence (爱，存在)"Qiqi Wei (魏奇奇)04:4615."The Love You Want (你要的爱)"Fu Yan (芙筱)04:0316."River"Bishop Briggs03:3417."Say Something"A Great Big World03:5218."Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)"Gareth Gates03:48

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received mostly positive reviews from critics and netizens, praising the newbie actors and the combined interpretations from the other versions, as well as the manga it was based on. Dylan Wang was praised for his portrayal of the male lead Dao Ming Si despite being a ‘first timer’ in the acting industry, saying he interpreted the character the best along with Jun Matsumoto of the Japanese version. The series was also praised for its ‘more realistic’ and less-violence ‘but still dramatic’ storyline compared to the previous versions. Although the series became a critical failure in China, it was well received by many fans in other Asian countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, and the main cast also gained extreme popularity among new and old Meteor Garden fans. The soundtracks of the series were also well-received by many viewers and fans of the series, most especially the new F4’s For You, which is also popular to non-fans and has multiple parodies and covers done.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In this table, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.

text:
Episode #

Original broadcast date

Average audience share (CSM52)

Average audience share (National Average)

Ratings

Audience share

Ranking

Ratings

Audience share

Ranking

1-2
July 9, 2018
1.126%
8.04%
4
1.11%
9.68%
3

3-4
July 10, 2018
1.032%
7.023%
4
1.11%
9.03%
4

5-6
July 11, 2018
0.991%
6.731%
5
1.12%
8.85%
4

7-8
July 16, 2018
0.931%
7.045%
6
1.1%
9.77%
3

9-10
July 17, 2018
0.919%
6.803%
8
1.12%
9.57%
4

11-12
July 18, 2018
0.983%
7.254%
8
0.97%
8.71%
4

13-14
July 19, 2018
0.922%
6.42%
9
1.12%
9.24%
4

15-16
July 23, 2018
0.861%
6.726%
9
0.97%
9.07%
5

17-18
July 24, 2018
0.893%
6.571%
8
1.09%
9.76%
4

19-20
July 25, 2018
0.969%
7.042%
8
0.99%
8.6%
3

21-22
July 30, 2018
0.916%
6.876%
6
1%
8.92%
4

23-24
July 31, 2018
0.914%
6.792%
5
1.09%
9.31%
4

25-26
August 1, 2018
0.872%
6.584%
6
0.81%
7.21%
5

27-28
August 6, 2018
0.824%
6.46%
7
0.89%
8.07%
4

29-30
August 7, 2018
0.781%
6.058%
7
0.92%
7.92%
4

31-32
August 8, 2018
0.792%
6.027%
6
0.97%
8.61%
4

33-34
August 13, 2018
0.756%
5.808%
7
0.84%
7.59%
5

35-36
August 14, 2018
0.749%
5.771%
5
0.78%
7.22%
4

37-38
August 15, 2018
0.669%
5.325%
6
0.72%
6.66%
4

39-40
August 20, 2018
0.751%
5.879%
3
0.77%
7.31%
3

41-42
August 21, 2018
0.709%
5.595%
3
0.69%
6.33%
3

43-44
August 22, 2018
0.592%
4.336%
7
0.57%
5.1%
5

45-46
August 27, 2018
0.713%
5.694%
7
0.61%
6.09%
3

47-48
August 28, 2018
0.586%
4.658%
4
0.6%
5.95%
4

49-50
August 29, 2018
0.707%
5.554%
8
0.6%
5.7%
4

Average
0.841%
6.32%
—
0.9%
8%
—

text: In China, ratings of at least 1.0% is considered high because of its big population.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. Overall

No. in Season

Original Airdate

Summary

1

1

July 9, 2018

Eighteen-year-old Shancai kicks off her first year at Mingde University with misadventures, drawing the ire of popular school heartthrob Daoming Si. She hopes to study nutrition to help her mother's business. Mingde University is dominated by a group of 4 popular boys, known as F4. As students rush to take pictures of F4, Daoming Si  unknowingly steps and cracks the screen of Shancai's phone. A junior describes the talents of F4 and also the fear they instill in their peers, but Shancai still goes to confront Daoming Si, the one who stepped on her phone. Instead, she accidentally pushes Mr. Bobbitt, a visitor to the university and is sent home. Later, Daoming Si orders 20 boxes of takeout from Shancai's mother's business. After she arrives, they bicker, and it culminates with him smashing one of the boxes on her neck. Once she leaves, she is assaulted by 2 men and is saved by Huaze Lei, another member of F4. The next day, she returns to kick Daoming Si right in the face, knocking him out. Daoming Si’s friends in F4 carry him away and leave him tied up in toilet paper.
After knocking out Daoming Si with one kick she becomes famous throughout the entire school.
Shancai is puzzled when two men in suits extend her an invitation to Daoming Si’s mansion. She wonders if it's a trick since the men claim that Daoming Si is ready to apologize, but she gets in the car anyway. Upon her arrival, an army of stylists flock to her and after much poking and scrubbing against her will, Shancai emerges all made up in a cute outfit.

43

43

August 22, 2018

Ah-Si was rushed to a hospital operating room in Shanghai after being stabbed. The ICPO informed Daoming Si’s friends and Shancai that the suspects were two previous Daoming hotel employees seeking revenge for losing their job after poor management forced the hotel to shut down. The ICPO also informed them that Xiaozi confessed that the kidnapping was part of a prank of hers. Ximen admitted that they were invited by Xiaozi to her island for a party and only later found out that it was a prank.
Xiaozi arrived at the hospital after her police interrogation and apologized to Shancai. Mrs. Daoming Feng (mother) arrived a while later with Mrs. Yu. After seeing Si safely, she scheduled a ride for the next flight back to London and left Mrs. Yu to care for Si. As Daoming Si’s mother was leaving the hospital, she warned Shancai to stop seeing him and told Xiaozi to stop befriending Shancai. Shancai retorted that she will stay with him until he personally tells her that he does not want her.
Daoming Si’s surgery was a success, but a skull injury caused a blood vessel clot. When he woke from his coma, he remembers everyone except Shancai. At Meizuo’s suggestion, Shancai starts recalling their memories together and begs him to remember her. After she declares her love and vows that she will never leave him, he reveals the joke, surprising everyone but Lei who suspected it. Seeing that Daoming Si was back to normal, Lei asks Mrs. Yu to go home and rest, requesting that she does not inform Daoming Si’s mother yet about him regaining consciousness. Mrs. Yu assures him that she will only inform Zhuang, Ah-si’s sister, about his condition.
Shancai returns to school and gained sudden popularity due to her media coverage during the attack on Si. After Si got discharged from the hospital, he decides to stay in Lei’s house to avoid his mother's attention. He tells Lei about his plan to marry Shancai and hints on a secret plan for a new concept for the Dao Ming group hotels. Meanwhile, Xiaoyou joins the Way of Tea club where she forms an immediate bond with a short-haired lady called Yifen.

text: Trivias[edit]

text:
Although the series is a remake of the 2001 Taiwanese Meteor Garden, it shares more similarities with the Japanese and Korean versions.
Unlike in the original 2001 series, Ximen (Caesar Wu) adapted the tea culture characteristic of its Hana Yori Dango counterpart.
Dao Ming Si’s sister Zhuang is portrayed by Dee Hsu, the younger sister of Barbie Hsu who played Shan Cai in the original series.
Dylan Wang, who portrays Dao Ming Si, played the similar character as a challenge in one episode of the Chinese survival program Super Idol (he is the final winner of the show). The 2001 and 2018 Meteor Garden’s producer Angie Chai was a guest in that episode. Connor Leong (plays Mei Zuo) was also challenged to play as Hua Ze Lei in the same episode.
Its ending scene is similar to the 2001 Taiwanese series, where Harlem Yu was singing in the street while Dao Ming Si and Shan Cai were on a date. However, in the 2018 version, the other F4 members and producer Angie Chai joined the couple and the singer in singing.
The owner of the Chinese restaurant Dao Ming Si and Shan Cai ate hotpot on in London played as the mother of Shan Cai in the original series.
The deserted island episode is inspired from Hana Yori Dango Final, the third, last and movie installment of the show’s Japanese version.
There are over 30 kissing scenes in the series (including kisses on the cheeks and forehead).
The previous F4s’ Red Card was changed to a Joker Card, and violence was toned down due to China’s TV censorships.
The Japanese version’s Teen of Japan story arc was changed to the Chinese Cuisine Culinary Competition, where Tsukushi and Shan Cai won the special prize.
Hua Ze Lei had more significance in Shan Cai’s life than the previous versions. He is more expressive regarding his feelings for Shan Cai, and is seen as a romantic interest rather than a close friend of the two leads throughout the series.
F4 are popular for their Bridge skills and international awards, while the previous F4s were popular for their families’ positions in the university.
The university is called Ming De, unlike in the original Meteor Garden where it was called Ying De.
Shancai and her bestfriend Xiaoyou worked in a Milktea shop, while their counterparts from the 2001 Meteor Garden worked in a pastry shop.
Shancai’s Japanese and Korean counterparts, Tsukushi and Jan Di, had a younger brother who played a small part in the story.
Meteor Garden was set in a university while the Japanese and Korean versions occurred in an high school (escalator school).
Dao Ming Si’s amnesia story arc, unlike in the Taiwanese, Japanese and Korean versions, was removed.

text: International broadcast[edit]

text:
Philippines: ABS-CBN.[11] It premiered on August 20, 2018.[12]
 Indonesia: SCTV have the rights to air the program.[13] It premiered on September 3, 2018. However, Viu has the streaming rights to the program and air first on July 16.[14]
 Vietnam: Coming Soon

text: Besides Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, the show aired as a Netflix Exclusive under the Netflix Originals category and started streaming on July 13, 2018.


document_title: Human services

question_text: list the three goals pursued by human service organizations

text: Human services

text: History[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Human services has its roots in charitable activities of religious and civic organizations that date back to the Colonial period.  However, the academic discipline of human services did not start until the 1960s. At that time, a group of college academics started the new human services movement and began to promote the adoption of a new ideology about human service delivery and professionalism among traditional helping disciplines.[2] The movement's major goal was to make service delivery more efficient, effective, and humane. The other goals dealt with the reeducation of traditional helping professionals (interprofessional education), to have a greater appreciation of the individual as a whole person (humanistic psychology) and to be accountable to the communities they serve (postmodernism). Furthermore, professionals would learn to take responsibility at all levels of government, use systems approaches to consider human problems, and be involved in progressive social change.

text: Traditional academic programs such as education, nursing, social work, law and medicine were resistant to the new human services movement's ideology because it appeared to challenge their professional status. Changing the traditional concept of professionalism involved rethinking consumer control and the distribution of power. The new movement also called on human service professionals to work for social change.[3] It was proposed that the reduction of the monopolistic control of professionals could result in democratization of knowledge and would lead to professionals advocating on behalf of clients and communities against professional establishments.[4] The movement also hoped that human service delivery systems would become integrated, comprehensive, and more accessible, which would make them more humane for service users.[5][6] Ultimately, the resistance from traditional helping professions served as the impetus for a group of educators in higher education to start the new academic discipline of human services.

text: Some maintain that the human services discipline has a concrete identity as a profession that supplements and complements other traditional professions.[7] Yet other professionals and scholars have not agreed upon an authoritative definition for human services.[8]

text: Academic programs[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Chenault and Burnford argued that human services programs must educate and train students at the graduate or postgraduate level if human services hoped to be considered a professional discipline.[2] A progressive graduate human services program was established by Audrey Cohen (1932–1996), who was considered an innovative educator for her time. The Audrey Cohen College of Human Services, now called the Metropolitan College of New York, offered one of the first graduate programs in 1974.[9] In the same time period, Springfield College in Massachusetts became a major force in preserving human services as an academic discipline. Currently, Springfield College is one of the oldest and largest human services program in the United States.

text: Manpower studies in the 1960s and 70s had shown that there would be a shortage of helping professionals in an array of service delivery areas.[10][11][12] In turn, some educators proposed that the training of nonprofessionals (e.g., mental health technicians)could bridge this looming personnel shortage.[12][13][14] One of the earliest educational initiatives to develop undergraduate curricula was undertaken by the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), which was funded by the National Institute on Health. Professionals of the SREB Undergraduate Social Welfare Manpower Project helped colleges develop new social welfare programs, which later became known as human services.[15] Some believed that community college human services programs were the most expedient way to train paraprofessionals for direct service jobs in areas such as mental health.[14] Currently, a large percentage of human services programs are run at the community college level.

text: The development of community college human services programs was supported with government funding that was earmarked for the federal new careers initiatives. In turn, the federally funded New Careers Program was created to produce a nonprofessional career track for economically disadvantaged, underemployed, and unemployed adults as a strategy to eradicate poverty within society[16][17][18][19] and to end a critical shortage of health-care personnel.[20] Graduates from these programs successfully acquired employment as paraprofessionals,[14] but there were limitations to their upward mobility within social service agencies because they lacked a graduate or professional degree.[9]

text: Current programs[edit]

text: Currently, there are academic programs in human services at the associate, baccalaureate, and graduate levels. There are approximately 600 human services programs throughout the United States. An online directory of human services programs[21] lists many (but not all) of the programs state by state in conjunction with their accreditation status from the Council of Standards for Human Services Education (CSHSE).

text: The CSHSE offers accreditation for human services programs in higher education. The accreditation process is voluntary and labor-intensive; it is designed to assure the quality, consistency, and relevance of human service education through research-based standards and a peer-review process. According to the CSHSE's webpage there are only 43 accredited human services programs in the United States. The Standards for each level of degree accredited by CSHSE can be obtained by clicking on the following links:

text:
National Standards for Associate Degree in Human Services
National Standards for a Baccalaureate Degree in Human Services
National Standards for a Masters Degree in Human Services

tag: ol

text: Human services curricula are based on an interdisciplinary knowledge foundation that allows students to consider practical solutions from multiple disciplinary perspectives. Across the curriculum human services students are often taught to view human problems from a socioecological perspective (developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner) that involves viewing human strengths and problems as interconnected to a family unit, community, and society. This perspective is considered a “whole-person perspective”.[22] Overall, undergraduate programs prepare students to be human services generalists[23] while master’s programs prepare students to be human services administrators,[2] and doctoral programs prepare students to be researcher-analysts and college-level educators. Research in this field focuses on an array of topics that deal with direct service issues, case management,[1] organizational change, management of human service organizations,[24] advocacy,[25] community organizing, community development, social welfare policy, service integration, multiculturalism, integration of technology, poverty issues, social justice, development,[26] and social change strategies.

text: Certification and continuing education[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: The Center for Credentialing & Education (CCE) conceptualized the Human Services-Board Certified Practitioner (HS-BCP) credential with the assistance of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) and the Council for Standards in Human Service Education (CSHSE). The credential was created for human services practitioners seeking to advance their careers by acquiring independent verification of their practical knowledge and educational background.[27]

text: Graduates from human services programs can obtain a Human Services Board Certified Practitioner (HS-BCP) credential offered by the Center for Credentialing & Education (CCE). The HS-BCP certification ensures that human services practitioners offer quality services, are competent service providers, are committed to high standards, and adhere to the NOHS Ethical Standards of Human Service Professionals, as well as to help solidify the professional identity of human services practitioners.[28] HS-BCPE Experience Requirements for the certification:  HS-BCP applicants must meet post-graduation experience requirements to be eligible to take the examination. However, graduates of a CSHSE accredited degree program may sit for the HS-BCP exam without verifying their human services work experience. Otherwise experience requirements for candidates not from a CSHSE accredited program are as follows:  Associate degree with post degree experience requires three years, including a minimum of 4,500 hours; Bachelor’s Degree with post degree experience requires two years, including a minimum of 3,000 hours; Master’s or Doctorate with post degree experience requires one year, including a minimum of 1,500 hours.[27]

text: The HS-BCP exam is designed to verify a candidate’s human services knowledge. The exam was created as a collaborative effort of human services subject-matter experts and normed on a population of professionals in the field. The HS-BCP exam covers the following areas:

text:
Assessment, treatment planning, and outcome evaluation
Theoretical orientation/interventions
Case management, professional practice, and ethics
Administration, program development/evaluation, and supervision

text: Employment outlook[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Currently, the three major employment roles played by human services graduates include providing direct service, performing administrative work, and working in the community.[29] According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, published by the US Department of Labor, the employment of human service assistants is anticipated to grow by 34% through 2016, which is faster than average for all occupations. There will also be excellent job opportunities for individuals with post-secondary degrees. But salaries remain low, which might reflect employers’ lack of understanding of the human services profession.

text: Professional organizations[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text: There are several different professional human services organizations for professionals, educators, and students to join across North America.

text: United States[edit]

text: The National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) is a professional organization open to educators, professionals, and students interested in current issues in the field of human services.[30]  NOHS sponsors an annual conference in different parts of the United States. In addition, there are four independent human services regional organizations: (a) Mid-Atlantic Consortium for Human Services, (b) Midwest Organization for Human Services, (c) New England Organization for Human Service, and the (d) Northwest Human Services Association. All of the regional organizations are also open to educators, professionals, students and each regional organization has an annual conference in different locations throughout their region.

text: Human services special interest groups also exist within the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) and the American Educational Research Association (AERA). The ASPA subsection is named the Section on Health and Human Services Administration and its purpose is to foster the development of knowledge, understanding and practice in the fields of health and human services administration and to foster professional growth and communication among academics and practitioners in these fields. Fields of health and human services administration share a common and unique focus on improving the quality of life through client-centered policies and service transactions.

text: The AERA special interest group is named the Education, Health and Human Service Linkages. Its purpose is to create a community of researchers and practitioners interested in developing knowledge about comprehensive school health, school linked services, and initiatives that support children and their families. This subgroup also focuses on interpersonal collaboration, integration of services, and interdisciplinary approaches. The group’s interests encompass interrelated policy, practice, and research that challenge efforts to create viable linkages among these three distinct areas.

text: The American Public Human Services Association (APHSA) is a nonprofit organization that pursues distinction in health and human services by working with policymakers, supporting state and local agencies, and working with partners to promote innovative, integrative and efficient solutions in health and human services policy and practice. APHSA has individual and student memberships.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Canadian Institute for Human Services is an advocacy, education and action-research organization for the advancement of health equity, progressive education and social innovation. The institute collaborates with researchers, field practitioners, community organizations, socially conscious companies—along with various levels of government and educational institutions—to ensure that the Canadian health and human services sector remains accountable to the greater good of Canadian civil society rather than short-term professional, business or economic gains[31]


document_title: Nellie Oleson

question_text: who is nancy oleson on little house on the prairie

text: Nellie Oleson

text: Character sources[edit]

text: Nellie Owens[edit]

text:
Nellie Winfield (Owens) Kirry

Born
(1869-08-02)August 2, 1869
Walnut Grove, Minnesota, U.S.

Died
November 2, 1949(1949-11-02) (aged 80)
Forest Grove, Oregon, U.S.

text: Owens was born on August 2, 1868,[1] two years after Laura Ingalls. She had a younger brother; William B. Owens (1881-1934;[2] played by Jonathan Gilbert in the television series). Nellie's parents, William (1836-1920)[3] and Margaret (1836-1908)[4] Owens (renamed Nels and Harriet Oleson in the television series; called only "Mr. and Mrs. Oleson" in the books), did, as Laura describes, run the local mercantile in Walnut Grove, Minnesota.[5]

text: Later in her life, around 1883, the Owens moved to California; probable via the Oregon Trail. In 1891 they went to Tillamook, Oregon, where Nellie taught school and in 1893 married[5] Henry Francis Kirry (1869-1951). They moved to Bay City, Oregon and had three children; Zola (1894-1986), Lloyd (1896-1961) and Leslie (1900-1931).[6] Soon, the Kirries changed their home again by moving to Rainier, Oregon in 1899.[5] Her brother Willie went blind from a firecracker explosion, attended a school for the blind, married, and also had three children.[7]

text: There seems to be no indication that Laura ever saw Nellie Owens again after Laura's family left Walnut Grove in 1879. Nellie died on November 2, 1949 in Oregon and is buried on Forest View Cemetery in Forest Grove, Oregon.[1][5]

text: Genevieve Masters[edit]

text:
Genevieve Maude (Masters) Renwick

Born
(1867-11-12)November 12, 1867
Hornby, New York, U.S.

Died
November 7, 1909(1909-11-07) (aged 41)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

text: The second girl, Genevieve Masters, was born November 12, 1867 in Hornby, Steuben County, New York[1] and was the spoiled daughter of a former teacher of Laura's. Genevieve wore beautifully tailored clothes and had striking blonde curly hair, just as "Nellie Oleson" had. Genevieve boasted continually about how much more proper and "civilized" things were in the "East". With her superior attitude, Genevieve was far nastier than Nellie Owens had been, and Laura and Genevieve became keen rivals, both academically and socially.

text: Gennie's family moved to De Smet not long after the Ingalls family, but the Owens family did not move. Therefore, the "Nellie" of Little Town on the Prairie is most likely Genevieve Masters. In her "Letter to Children" written late in her life (a sort of form letter sent to the hundreds of children who wrote her monthly), Laura stated: "Nellie Oleson . . . moved back East, and did not live many years."[citation needed] Laura was evidently referring to Genevieve Masters in this letter as Nellie Owens lived to the age of 80. Masters married William Graham V. Renwick (1864-1924)[8] and had one daughter, Margaret (1900-1982).[1][9]

text: Genevieve died of pneumonia November 7, 1909 in Chicago,[1] just 5 days before her 42nd birthday. Her remains were brought back to De Smet, South Dakota and buried in the local cemetery.[10]

text: Stella Gilbert[edit]

text:
Estella M. (Gilbert) Merrill

Born
(1864-05-00)May , 1864
Lake City, Minnesota, U.S.

Died
September 16, 1944(1944-09-16) (aged 80)
Yakima, Washington, U.S.

text: The third girl, Stella Gilbert, born in May, in 1864, lived on a claim north of the Ingalls in De Smet. She was reportedly very attractive and was very interested in Almanzo Wilder. She was possibly the girl who convinced him to take her on several buggy rides, which were described in These Happy Golden Years. Almanzo, who was not aware of a conflict between Stella (Nellie in the books) and Laura, eventually became aware of Stella's fear of horses (which disgusted him). In addition, Laura eventually gave Almanzo an ultimatum regarding Stella, and Almanzo's invitations to Stella to join them on the rides stopped. This was the last appearance of a "Nellie Oleson" in the series.[citation needed]

text: Stella's older brother was Dave Gilbert, the brave 17 year old who made the very risky run to Lake Preston, Dakota Territory on his horse-drawn sled between blizzards to take the outgoing mail and bring back the incoming mail, as described by Laura in The Long Winter.

text: Stella died in 1944 at the age of 80 years.[1][11]

text: Fictional Nellie[edit]

text: Little House books[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015)

text: Nellie Oleson appeared in three of the Little House novels Ingalls Wilder: On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), Little Town on the Prairie (1939), and These Happy Golden Years (1943) — the fourth, seventh, and eighth in the series. Laura is 13 to 15 years old in the two intervening novels. On the Banks of Plum Creek alone is set in Minnesota, near Walnut Grove where the long-running television series is set. In that novel Laura is 7 to 9 years old.[12][clarification needed]

text: Oleson also stars in Nellie Oleson Meets Laura Ingalls, a book by Tui T. Sutherland (as Heather Williams), published by HarperCollins in 2007. The Library of Congress catalog summary is "Wealthy, spoiled Nellie Oleson is only happy when she is the center of attention, and so she feels angry and left out when Laura Ingalls, a poor country girl, moves to Walnut Grove and is embraced by Nellie's friends and schoolteacher."[13] Nellie Oleson Meets Laura Ingalls is one among dozens of Little House series extensions published beginning in the 1990s.[citation needed]

text: Little House on the Prairie television series[edit]

text:
Nellie Oleson

Little House on the Prairie character

Portrayed by
Alison Arngrim

First appearance
1.02 Country Girls

Last appearance
9.08 The Return of Nellie

[show]Family

Parents
Harriet and Nels Oleson

Siblings
Willie Oleson (brother)
Nancy Oleson (adopted sister)

Spouse
Percival Dalton

Children
Jennifer and Benjamin Dalton

text: The Little House books were later adapted into a long-running television series. Played by actress Alison Arngrim, Nellie Oleson was a manipulative, witty, sharp-tongued character on the NBC television show, Little House on the Prairie. Her parents, Nels and Harriet Oleson, owned the mercantile in the small town of Walnut Grove, set in post-Civil War Minnesota. Early in the series, the character of Nellie closely resembled her counterpart from the books - mainly as portrayed in On the Banks of Plum Creek. She had long, elaborately curled hair, acted very prissy and spoiled - yet underneath, she could display a vicious and manipulative personality. Nellie took after her doting mother Harriet (Katherine MacGregor), while father Nels (Richard Bull) tended to be stern with his two children and had little tolerance for Nellie's often cruel antics. Nels and Harriet frequently conflicted on the rearing of both Nellie and Willie; Harriet's assertiveness frequently won out, although Nellie was not always allowed to get away with her behavior. For example, on the episode called "The Cheaters", Mrs. Oleson finds out Nellie has cheated, and Mrs. Oleson started hitting Nellie with her jacket.[citation needed]

text: Arngrim's character grew in importance during the series (as did the roles of the entire Oleson family) as she served as a perfect antagonist to honest, tomboyish Laura Ingalls, played by Melissa Gilbert. Nellie and Laura feuded during their school years together, which was at times comically paralleled with quarreling between the two girls' mothers, Harriet Oleson and Caroline Ingalls (Karen Grassle).

text: After Nellie graduated from school, her mother, Harriet, bestowed her with a restaurant and hotel. At first, Nellie balked, showing great incompetence in the hospitality business. Eventually, Nels and Harriet hired Percival Dalton (played by Steve Tracy) to help Nellie learn how to cook and run the restaurant. During this time, Nellie began maturing — thanks to Percy's work with her and Nels's values winning out over Harriet's — and fell in love with Percival. The two eventually married, and Nellie gave birth to twin children (Benjamin and Jennifer).[citation needed]

text: Nellie became a close friend of Laura's in her adult years and Laura attended her wedding. Before Nellie takes off for her honeymoon, she throws the bouquet to Laura. In the episode "Come Let us Reason Together", Laura's mother Caroline helped deliver Nellie's twin babies.[citation needed]

text: Arngrim left the series at the end of the seventh season. Nellie's resulting departure was explained by having her move with Percival and their twins to New York to run the family business when Percy's father falls ill; the move is made permanent when Percival's father dies. After Nellie's departure became permanent, the Olesons adopted a daughter named Nancy (played by Allison Balson), who bore a striking resemblance to Nellie, although she had a nastier and meaner disposition than Nellie. Nellie — who retained her pleasant personality seen in her later years — returned in the ninth season and met Nancy, who briefly ran away from home when she (mistakenly) believed that her adoptive parents loved Nellie more than her. When Nellie first meets Nancy and see how she acts, she asks her parents in shock: "I know I was temperamental at her age, but I wasn't THAT bad....Was I?" They all start to laugh, then they realize she was as bad.[citation needed]

text: Compared to the book On the Banks of Plum Creek, the series presented Nellie Oleson as a much more prominent character. In the books, Nellie's family members are very minor characters, whereas the Olesons became major figures on the series, with several episodes focusing on Nellie or her family. Eventually, the "villainous duo" of mother Harriet and daughter Nellie proved to be very popular with viewers for their often evil, yet humorous, antics.[citation needed]

text: Other screenings[edit]

text:
Although the character of Nellie does not appear in any of the Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder movies, in Part 1 there is certain Patsy Robbins girl (played by Jenny Dare Paulin), who clearly reminds of Nellie.[14]
In the Little House on the Prairie musical, Nellie Oleson was played by Sara Jean Ford and Kate Loprest.

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The sketch comedy group The Nellie Olesons took their name after the character.[citation needed]