document_title: List of National Parks of Canada

question_text: how many national parks are there in alberta

text: List of National Parks of Canada

text: National Park Reserves are indicated by "(Reserve)" after the park name.

text:
Name
Photo
Location
Area
Established
Upload

Akami-Uapishku-KakKasuak-Mealy Mountains (Reserve)

Newfoundland and Labrador
7004107000000000000♠10,700 !10,700 km2 (4,131 sq mi)
2015

Aulavik

Northwest Territories
7004122000000000000♠12,200 !12,200 km2 (4,710 sq mi)
1992

Auyuittuq

Nunavut
7004190890000000000♠19,089 !19,089 km2 (7,370 sq mi)
2001

Banff

Alberta
7003664100000000000♠6,641 !6,641 km2 (2,564 sq mi)
1885

Bruce Peninsula

Ontario
7002154000000000000♠154 !154 km2 (59 sq mi)
1987

Cape Breton Highlands

Nova Scotia
7002949000000000000♠949 !949 km2 (366 sq mi)
1936

Elk Island

Alberta
7002194000000000000♠194 !194 km2 (75 sq mi)
1913

Forillon

Quebec
7002244000000000000♠244 !244 km2 (94 sq mi)
1970

Fundy

New Brunswick
7002206000000000000♠206 !206 km2 (80 sq mi)
1948

Georgian Bay Islands

Ontario
7001140000000000000♠14 !14 km2 (5 sq mi)
1929

Glacier

British Columbia
7003134900000000000♠1,349 !1,349 km2 (521 sq mi)
1886

Grasslands

Saskatchewan
7002907000000000000♠907 !907 km2 (350 sq mi)
1981

Gros Morne

Newfoundland and Labrador
7003180500000000000♠1,805 !1,805 km2 (697 sq mi)
1973

Gulf Islands
(Reserve)

British Columbia
7001360000000000000♠36 !36 km2 (14 sq mi)
2003

Gwaii Haanas[A]
(Reserve)

British Columbia
7003149500000000000♠1,495 !1,495 km2 (577 sq mi)
1988

Ivvavik[B]

Yukon
7004101680000000000♠10,168 !10,168 km2 (3,926 sq mi)
1984

Jasper

Alberta
7004108780000000000♠10,878 !10,878 km2 (4,200 sq mi)
1907

Kejimkujik

Nova Scotia
7002404000000000000♠404 !404 km2 (156 sq mi)
1968

Kluane[C]
(two units: a Park and a Reserve)

Yukon
7004220130000000000♠22,013 !22,013 km2 (8,499 sq mi)
1976 (Reserve)
May 29, 1993 (Park)

Kootenay

British Columbia
7003140600000000000♠1,406 !1,406 km2 (543 sq mi)
1920

Kouchibouguac

New Brunswick
7002239000000000000♠239 !239 km2 (92 sq mi)
1969

La Mauricie

Quebec
7002536000000000000♠536 !536 km2 (207 sq mi)
1970

Mingan Archipelago
(Reserve)

Quebec
7002151000000000000♠151 !151 km2 (58 sq mi)
1984

Mount Revelstoke

British Columbia
7002260000000000000♠260 !260 km2 (100 sq mi)
1914

Nááts'ihch'oh[4]
(Reserve)

Northwest Territories
7003485000000000000♠4,850 !4,850 km2 (1,873 sq mi)
2014

Nahanni
(Reserve)

Northwest Territories
7004300000000000000♠30,000 !30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi)
1976

Pacific Rim
(Reserve)

British Columbia
7002511000000000000♠511 !511 km2 (197 sq mi)
1970

Point Pelee

Ontario
7001150000000000000♠15 !15 km2 (6 sq mi)
1918

Prince Albert

Saskatchewan
7003387400000000000♠3,874 !3,874 km2 (1,496 sq mi)
1927

Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island
7001220000000000000♠22 !22 km2 (8 sq mi)
1937

Pukaskwa

Ontario
7003187800000000000♠1,878 !1,878 km2 (725 sq mi)
1978

Qausuittuq

Nunavut
7004110000000000000♠11,000 !11,000 km2 (4,247 sq mi)
2015

Quttinirpaaq[E]

Nunavut
7004377750000000000♠37,775 !37,775 km2 (14,585 sq mi)
2001

Riding Mountain[F]

Manitoba
7003297300000000000♠2,973 !2,973 km2 (1,148 sq mi)
1933

Rouge Park

Ontario
7001360000000000000♠36 !36 km2 (14 sq mi)
2015

Sable Island
(Reserve)

Nova Scotia
7001340000000000000♠34 !34 km2 (13 sq mi)
2013

Sirmilik

Nunavut
7004222000000000000♠22,200 !22,200 km2 (8,571 sq mi)
2001

Terra Nova

Newfoundland and Labrador
7002400000000000000♠400 !400 km2 (154 sq mi)
1957

Thousand Islands

Ontario
7001240000000000000♠24 !24 km2 (9 sq mi)
1904

Torngat Mountains

Newfoundland and Labrador
7003970000000000000♠9,700 !9,700 km2 (3,745 sq mi)
2008

Tuktut Nogait

Northwest Territories
7004163400000000000♠16,340 !16,340 km2 (6,309 sq mi)
1996

Ukkusiksalik

Nunavut
7004208850000000000♠20,885 !20,885 km2 (8,064 sq mi)
2003

Vuntut

Yukon
7003434500000000000♠4,345 !4,345 km2 (1,678 sq mi)
1995

Wapusk

Manitoba
7004114750000000000♠11,475 !11,475 km2 (4,431 sq mi)
1996

Waterton Lakes[G]

Alberta
7002505000000000000♠505 !505 km2 (195 sq mi)
1895

Wood Buffalo

Alberta
Northwest Territories
7004448070000000000♠44,807 !44,807 km2 (17,300 sq mi)
1922

Yoho

British Columbia
7003131300000000000♠1,313 !1,313 km2 (507 sq mi)
1886

text: Proposed National Parks and National Park Reserves[edit]

text: All National Park Reserves listed above are, by definition, proposed national parks, to be added to the park system upon settlement of Native land claims. In the interim, they are administered under the National Parks Act. In addition, the places in the table below are proposed parks or National Park Reserves.

text:
Name
Location
Area

Thaidene Nene (Reserve)[5]
Northwest Territories
Approx. 7004140000000000000♠14,000 !14,000 km2 (5,405 sq mi)[6]

text: Abolished National Parks[edit]

text:
Name
Location
Established
Abolished

Brereton Lake[7]
Manitoba
1922
1930

Buffalo National Park[8]
Alberta
1909
1947

Menissawok National Park[9]
Saskatchewan
1922
May 30, 1930

Nemiskam National Park[8]
Alberta
1914
1947

Vidal's Point Park [10]
Saskatchewan
October 31, 1921
May 30, 1930

Wawaskesy National Park[11]
Alberta
1922
1938

text: National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs) are a relatively new invention in the park system. Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, created in 2015, is the only unit that uses this designation in its name. Fathom Five National Marine Park was created in 1987, prior to the NMCA concept, and subsequently classified as an NMCA without changing its legal name. The case of Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park is similar, while Gwaii Haanas is an NMCA Reserve, with the intention of becoming an NMCA.

text: These areas have or will have a different mandate than their terrestrial counterparts. They are designed for sustainable use, although they usually also contain areas designed to protect ecological integrity.[12] The government has announced plans to add five marine parks to the system as part of the Marine Conservation Areas Act. The first to be announced was Lake Superior in 2007; it was officially established in 2015. Other areas under negotiation are the southern Strait of Georgia and Gwaii Haanas in British Columbia, and there are discussions to study the feasibility of an area on the southern coast of Newfoundland.[13]

text:
Name
Photo
Location
Area
Established
Upload

Fathom Five

Ontario
7002112000000000000♠112 !112 km2 (43 sq mi)
1987

Gwaii Haanas (Reserve)

British Columbia
7004100000000000000♠10,000 !1,500 km2 (579 sq mi)[14]
2010

Lake Superior

Ontario
7004100000000000000♠10,000 !10,000 km2 (3,861 sq mi)[15]
2015

Saguenay-St. Lawrence

Quebec
7003124600000000000♠1,246 !1,246 km2 (481 sq mi)[16]
1998

text: Proposed National Marine Conservation Areas[edit]

text: As a National Marine Conservation Area Reserve, Gwaii Haanas, listed above, is, by definition, a proposed NMCA, to be added to the park system upon settlement of Native land/water claims. In the interim, it is administered under park rules. In addition, the places in the table below are proposed NMCAs or NMCA Reserves.

text:
Name
Location
Area

Lancaster Sound
Nunavut
7004400000000000000♠40,000 !40,000 km2 (15,444 sq mi)[17]

Magdalen Islands
Quebec
7004165000000000000♠16,500 !16,500 km2 (6,371 sq mi)[18]

Southern Strait of Georgia (Reserve)
British Columbia
7003140000000000000♠1,400 !1,400 km2 (541 sq mi)[19]

text: National Landmark[edit]

text: In addition to national parks, a National Landmarks program was established in 1978 but has not yet been expanded beyond a single property. Landmarks were intended to protect specific natural features considered "outstanding, exceptional, unique, or rare to this country. These natural features would typically be isolated entities and of scientific interest."[20]

text:
Name
Photo
Location
Area
Established

Pingo

Northwest Territories
16 km2 (6 sq mi)
1984


document_title: Something old

question_text: where does something old something new something borrowed something blue come from

root

text: Something old

text: "Something old" is the first line of a traditional rhyme which details what a bride should wear at her wedding for good luck:

tag: p

text:
Something old,
something new,
something borrowed,
something blue,
and a silver sixpence in her shoe.

text: The old item provided protection for the baby to come. The item borrowed from another happy bride provided good luck. The colour blue was a sign of fidelity. The sixpence — a silver British coin — was a symbol of prosperity or acted as a ward against evil done by frustrated suitors. The superstition is known since 1883 when it was attributed to the county of Lancashire.[1] An 1898 compilation of English folklore recounted that:

text: In this country an old couplet directs that the bride shall wear:— "Something old, something new, Something borrowed, something blue." "The something blue" takes, I am given to understand, usually the form of a garter, an article of dress which plays an important part in some wedding rites, as, for instance, in the old custom of plucking off the garter of the bride. "The something old" and "something blue" are devices to baffle the Evil Eye. The usual effect on the bride of the Evil Eye is to render her barren, and this is obviated by wearing "something borrowed", which should properly be the undergarment of some woman who has been blessed with children: the clothes communicate fertility to the bride.[2]

text: Another compilation of the era frames this poem as "a Lancashire version", as contrast against a Leicestershire recitation that "a bride on her wedding day should wear—'Something new, Something blue, Something borrowed'...", and so omits the "something old". The authors note that this counters other regional folklore warning against the wearing of blue on the wedding day, but relates the use of the color to phrases like "true blue" which make positive associations with the color.[3]

text: The rhyme can earlier be found in an 1876 edition of Notes and Queries,[4] and is called an "ancient custom" in another 1876 book, Bye-gones, Relating to Wales and the Border Counties.[5] This version is referenced as well in an 1871 short story, "Marriage Superstitions, and the Miseries of a Bride Elect", in The St. James's Magazine.[6]

text: At the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the bride had:

text:
something old – Carrickmacross lace[7][8]
something new – a pair of diamond earrings made by jewellers Robinson Pelham and given by her parents[7][8]
something borrowed – a diamond tiara made by Cartier which had been bought for the Queen Mother and which was subsequently given to the Queen on her 18th birthday[7][8]
something blue – a ribbon sewn into the dress[7][8]

tag: ul

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the Friends episode "The One in Vegas", Monica says to Chandler she needs 'Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue' so they can get married. They got a new, blue sweater stolen from the shop (borrowed) and Chandler's old condom. In a later episode when Phoebe gets married in the episode, "The One With Phoebe's Wedding", when Phoebe decides not to wear her coat while getting married outside in the snow, she said that "I can be my something blue", suggesting that she might go blue with coldness.

text: In the Grey's Anatomy episode "White Wedding", Callie Torres asks to borrow something from Sloan Riley, saying that she already has something old, new and blue, in preparation for her wedding.

text: The final two episodes of Season 2 of How I Met Your Mother are titled "Something Borrowed" and "Something Blue" in reference to the wedding occurring between the characters Marshall and Lily on the show. The final two episodes of Season 8 of How I Met Your Mother are titled "Something Old" and "Something New" in reference to the wedding occurring between the characters Barney and Robin on the show.

text: In the 3rd Rock from the Sun episode "A Dick on One Knee" Harry is tasked with finding something old, something new; something borrowed, and something blue, his second attempt is "Blind Joe", an old man who plays the blues that he borrowed from the Tip-Top Club. When Sally asks Harry what's new about him, Harry says Joe is his new friend. [9]

text: In the Doctor Who episode "The Big Bang", the Doctor connects the four elements to his TARDIS, which is "borrowed", and "brand new and ancient, and the bluest blue ever". In the same episode at Amy Pond's wedding, she recites this saying to help remember the Doctor (excluding the line "And a silver sixpence in her shoe"), who had previously been erased from time. As she finishes her speech, wind begins blowing in the hall and several seconds later the TARDIS starts materializing right in the middle of it, and the Doctor—not imaginary, but flesh and blood—steps outside into the hall.

text: The ninth episode of series two of Torchwood is entitled "Something Borrowed" in reference to the wedding occurring between the characters Gwen Cooper and Rhys Williams on the show.

text: In Thomas The Tank Engine, Seasion 5, Episode 19 "Happy Ever After", Percy is taking some trucks to Brendam Docks, when Terence, working in a field next to the line tells him Mrs. Kyndley's daughter is getting married. Further up the line, Mrs. Kyndley waves him down when Percy's driver asks her what's wrong, Mrs. Kyndley has forgotten the good luck package . The something old was Old Slow Coach, the something new was some shiny new set of buffers, the something borrowed was a flat bed truck the buffers were on, and the something blue was Thomas. The delighted bride thanks the engines and gives Percy a kiss.

text: In the penultimate episode "We're Planning a June Wedding" of the popular series The Vampire Diaries, the lead character Caroline Forbes receives a card reading "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue" and during the episode she receives items which signify the phrase for her wedding. Something Old from Stefan, Elena's necklace (Something Borrowed), Floral-looking headband from Bonnie (Something New) and Katherine's Necklace(Something Blue).


document_title: John Hampden

question_text: some village hampden that with dauntless breast meaning

text: John Hampden

text: Origins[edit]

text: He was the eldest son of William Hampden, of Hampden House, Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire (b. 1570), the son of Griffith Hampden and Anne Cave and descendant of a very ancient family of that county, said to have been established there before the Norman conquest, and of Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir Henry Cromwell, and aunt of Oliver Cromwell. He was probably born in London in 1594.[1]

text: Early life[edit]

text: By his father's death, when he was still aged about 26, he became the owner of a large estate and a ward of the crown.  His childhood was passed in the care of his mother.[2] He was educated at Lord Williams's School in Thame, as a boarder as is evident from a passage of Anthony Wood's Memoris in which he alludes to the master of the school as having, 'been always acquainted with and obliged to the families of the Ingoldsbys and Hampdens in Buckinghamshire, and other puritanical and factious families, in the said county, who while young had been mostly bred in the said school of Thame, and had sojourned either with the vicar or the master.' [2]

text: On 30 March 1610 he matriculated as a commoner of Magdalen College, Oxford. Clarendon in his History of the Rebellion, said he was known to be 'wise...and great parts.' He also paints a brief picture of what Hampden was like as a youth, 'He indulged to himself all the licence in sports and exercises ad company, which was used by men of the most jolly conversation'.[2] In 1613 he was admitted as a student of the Inner Temple.

text: Career[edit]

text: English Parliament[edit]

text: Hampden first sat in Parliament for the borough of Grampound, Cornwall in 1621.  Later, he represented Wendover in the first three parliaments of Charles I.  In April 1640 he was elected MP for Buckinghamshire in the Short Parliament and was re-elected MP for Buckinghamshire for the Long Parliament in November 1640.[3] He sat until his death in 1643.

text: In the early days of his parliamentary career, he was content to be overshadowed by John Eliot, as in its later days he was content to be overshadowed by John Pym and to be commanded by Essex.

text: Yet for many[who?](including Lord Macaulay) it is Hampden, and not Eliot or Pym, who is seen as the central figure at the start of the English Revolution.  It is Hampden whose statue rather than that of Eliot or Pym that was selected by the Victorians as a symbol to take its place at the entrance to the Central Lobby in the Palace of Westminster as the noblest type of the parliamentary opposition, sword at his side, ready to defend Parliament's rights and privileges by any means necessary.  His statue stands opposite Earl of Clarendon in his Lord Chancellor's robes, a symbol of the respect for the law and royalism.[4]

text: Views on Ship Money[edit]

text: Something of Hampden's fame no doubt is owing to the position which he took up as the opponent of ship money.[5] But it is hardly possible that even resistance to ship money would have so distinguished him but for the mingled massiveness and modesty of his character, his dislike of all pretences in himself or others, his brave contempt of danger, and his charitable readiness to shield others as far as possible from the evil consequences of their actions. Nor was he wanting in that skill which enabled him to influence men towards the ends at which he aimed, and which was spoken of as subtlety by those who disliked his ends.

text: Committee Work[edit]

text: During these first parliaments Hampden did not, so far as we know, speak in public debate, but he was increasingly employed in committee work, for which he seems to have had a special aptitude. In 1626 he took an active part in the preparation of the charges against Buckingham. In January 1627 he was bound over to answer at the council board for his refusal to pay the forced loan.  Later in the year he was committed to the gatehouse, and then sent into confinement in Hampshire, from which he was liberated just before the meeting of the third parliament of the reign, in which he once more rendered useful but unobtrusive assistance to his leaders.

text: When the breach came in 1629 Hampden was found corresponding with the imprisoned Eliot, discussing with him the prospects of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hampden was one of the persons to whom the Earl of Warwick granted land in Connecticut in what was then referred to as the Saybrook Colony and today as Old Saybrook, Connecticut. While some claim there is no foundation but anecdote that Hampden attempted emigration to the colonies with Cromwell, others assert that Cromwell and other future architects of the English Civil War, including Hampden, may have been close to moving to America in the 1630s. The author Kevin Phillips points out that, "Even in the 1770s, residents of Old Saybrook still talked about which prominent Parliamentarian was to have had which town lot."[6]

text: It was not until 1637, however, that his resistance to the payment of ship money gained him wide fame. Seven out of the twelve judges sided against him, but the connection between the rights of property and the parliamentary system became firmly established in the popular mind. The tax had been justified, says Clarendon, who expresses his admiration at Hampden's "rare temper and modesty" at this crisis, "upon such grounds and reasons as every standerby was able to swear was not law" (Hist. i. 150,  vii. 82).

text: Short Parliament[edit]

text: In the Short Parliament that started on 13 April 1640, Hampden stood forth amongst the leaders. He guided the House in the debate on 4 May in its opposition to the grant of twelve subsidies in return for the surrender of ship money. Parliament was dissolved the next day, and on 6 May an unsuccessful search was made among the papers of Hampden and of other chiefs of the party to discover incriminating correspondence with the Scots. During the eventful months which followed, when Strafford was striving in vain to force England, in spite of its visible reluctance, to support the king in his Scottish war, rumour has much to tell of Hampden's activity in rousing opposition. It is likely enough that the rumour is in the main true, but we are not possessed of any satisfactory evidence on the subject.

text: Long Parliament[edit]

text: In the Long Parliament, though Hampden was by no means a frequent speaker, it is possible to trace his course with sufficient distinctness. His power consisted in his personal influence, and as a debater rather than as an orator.  "He was not a man of many words," says Clarendon, "and rarely began the discourse or made the first entrance upon any business that was assumed, but a very weighty speaker, and after he had heard a full debate and observed how the House was likely to be inclined, took up the argument and shortly and clearly and craftily so stated it that he commonly conducted it to the conclusion he desired; and if he found he could not do that, he never was without the dexterity to divert the debate to another time, and to prevent the determining anything in the negative which might prove inconvenient in the future" (Hist. iii. 31). Unwearied in attendance upon committees, he was in all things ready to second Pym, whom he plainly regarded as his leader.

text: Hampden was one of the eight managers of Strafford's prosecution. Like Pym, he was in favour of the more legal and regular procedure by impeachment rather than by attainder, which at the later stage was supported by the majority of the Commons; and through his influence a compromise was effected by which, while an attainder was subsequently adopted, Strafford's counsel were heard as in the case of an impeachment, and thus a serious breach between the two Houses, which threatened to cause the breakdown of the whole proceedings, was averted.

text: Debate on Episcopacy[edit]

text: There was another point on which there was no agreement. A large minority wished to retain episcopacy, and to keep the Book of Common Prayer  unaltered, whilst the majority were at least willing to consider the question of abolishing the one and modifying the other. On this subject the parties which ultimately divided the House and the country itself were fully formed as early as 8 February 1641. It is enough to say that Hampden fully shared in the counsels of the opponents of episcopacy. It is not that he was a theoretical Presbyterian, but the bishops had been in his days so fully engaged in the imposition of ceremonies regarded by the Puritans as verging on Papacy that it was difficult, if not impossible, to dissociate them from the cause in which they were embarked.  Closely connected with Hampden's distrust of the bishops was his distrust of monarchy as it then existed. The dispute about the church therefore soon attained the form of an attack upon monarchy, and, when the majority of the House of Lords arrayed itself on the side of episcopacy and the Prayer Book, of an attack upon the House of Lords as well.

text: No serious importance therefore can be attached to the offers of advancement made from time to time to Hampden and his friends. Charles would gladly have given them office if they had been ready to desert their principles. Every day Hampden's conviction grew stronger that Charles would never surrender a position which he had taken up. In August 1641 Hampden was one of the four commissioners who attended Charles in Scotland, and the king's conduct there,  connected with such events as the "Incident", must have proved to a man far less sagacious than Hampden that the time for compromise had gone by. He was therefore a warm supporter of the Grand Remonstrance, and was marked out as one of the five impeached members, known thenceforth in history as the Five Members (the others being John Pym, Arthur Haselrig, Denzil Holles and William Strode) whose attempted arrest brought at last the opposing parties into open collision. In the angry scene which arose on the proposal to print the Grand Remonstrance, it was Hampden's personal intervention which prevented an actual conflict, and it was after the impeachment had been attempted that Hampden laid down the two conditions under which resistance to the king became the duty of a good subject.  Those conditions were:

text:
an attack upon religion and
an attack upon the fundamental laws.

text: There can be no doubt that Hampden fully believed that both those conditions were fulfilled at the opening of 1642.

text: English Civil War[edit]

text: When the English Civil War began, Hampden was appointed a member of the committee for safety, levied a regiment of Buckinghamshire men for the parliamentary cause, and in his capacity of deputy-lieutenant carried out the parliamentary Militia Ordinance in the county. In the earlier operations of the war he bore himself gallantly and well. He took no actual part in the Battle of Edgehill (23 October 1642). His troops in the rear,  however, arrested Prince Rupert of the Rhine's charge at Kineton, and he urged Essex to renew the attack here, and also after the disaster at Brentford. In the spring of 1643, Hampden's regiment took part in the siege of Reading, which surrendered on 27 April. Although Essex intended to advance on the King's headquarters at Oxford, he remained at Reading because of widespread sickness in the army, a shortage of cavalry and to await a paymaster with funds to pay his troops. In early June 1643 he moved his army to Thame making his headquarters there on 10th June.

text: But it is not on his skill as a regimental officer that Hampden's fame rests. In war as in peace his distinction lay in his power of disentangling the essential part from the non-essential. In the previous constitutional struggle he had seen that the one thing necessary was to establish the supremacy of the House of Commons.  In the military struggle which followed he saw, as Cromwell saw afterwards, that the one thing necessary was to beat the enemy.  He protested at once against Essex's hesitations and compromises.  In the formation of the confederacy of the six associated counties, which was to supply a basis for Cromwell's operations, he took an active part.  His influence was felt alike in parliament and in the field. But he was not in supreme command, and he had none of that impatience which often leads able men to fail in the execution of orders of which they disapprove.

text: Death[edit]

text: On the night of 17 June 1643, Prince Rupert sortied on a raid out of Oxford to capture the Parliamentarian army's paymaster, but while that failed, did succeed the next morning in overwhelming two of Essex's small garrison outposts at Postcombe and Chinnor. Hampden rode as a volunteer with 1,100 cavalry and dragoons commanded by Sir Philip Stapleton in pursuit of Rupert, with the intention of delaying him long enough for a larger force from Essex's main army to cut off his retreat. Rupert halted his own cavalry at Chalgrove to ambush the pursuit and allow 800 less mobile troops to escape via the ford of the River Thame at Chiselhampton. During the ensuing Battle of Chalgrove Field, Hampden was mortally wounded (some sources claim in the shoulder by two carbine balls, others by fragments from his own pistol exploding[7]) which shattered the bone and forced him to leave the field. He reached Thame, and his headquarters at the Greyhound Inn.[2] He survived six days, and died on 24 June.[8]

text: In the latest biography of Hampden written by Prof. John Adair,[9] he concludes that it is most likely that Hampden died from an exploding pistol. Frederick George Lee in his book The History, description and antiquities of the Prebendal Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Thame in the county and diocese of Oxford (and available to view at the UK's National Archives or in the Royal Collection) lays out a version of this story.[10]

text: This account of his death was given by Sir Robert Pye his son-in-law..."That in the action of Chalgrove Field, his pistol burst and shattered his hand in a terrible manner. He, however, rode off and got to his quarters but finding the wound mortal he sent for Sir Robert Pye then a colonel in the Parliamentary army - and who had married his eldest daughter - and told him that he looked on him in some degree accessory to his death as the pistols were present from him. Sir Robert assured him that he bought them in Paris from an eminent maker and proved them himself. It appeared on examining the other pistol that it was loaded to the muzzle with several supernumerary charges, owning to the carelessness of a servant. He was ordered to see that the pistols were loaded every morning which he did but without drawing the former charge." An exhumation of Hampden's body in 1828 showed that there was no damage to the shoulder but his 'right hand was shattered by the bursting of his pistol, and death probably ensued from lockjaw arising out of extensive injury to the nervous system' [11]

text:
It is also worth noting the following:
- in the book John Hampden by Frank Hansford-Miller published in 1976, it noted that his death was the result 'from the exploding of his own pistol in his own hand.'[12] There has also been a scholarly analysis by the archivists at Hampden's school, Thame Grammar, who also conclude that he died accidentally from his own hand.[13]

text: Hampden's death so early in the war was a severe blow to the Parliamentarians.  During the preceding winter, Hampden had associated himself with John Pym's "Middle Group" in Parliament, which opposed any peace moves to the King except on favorable terms. At the same time he had worked to moderate the militancy of the parliamentary "War Party". Although Hampden was privately critical of Essex for not aggressively attacking after avoiding defeat at Edgehill and the standoff at Turnham Green, he remained publicly loyal and helped Essex resist the criticisms of the War Party. His death took with it a key link between the factions. Hearing of his death, the Member of Parliament Anthony Nichol pronounced: "Never Kingdom received a greater loss in one subject, never a man a truer and faithful friend."[14]

text: An obelisk was erected in 1843 on the site of the skirmish by Lord Nugent.[15]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Hampden married:

text:
Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Symeon of Pyrton, Oxfordshire, in 1619. The wedding took place at St Mary's Church, Pyrton.[16] Elizabeth predeceased him in 1634.[17] And secondly
in 1640, Lettice (or Letitia), daughter of Sir Francis Knollys "the Young", widow of Sir Thomas Vachell of Coley Park, Reading. Her father was son of the elder Sir Francis Knollys and his wife, Catherine Carey.

tag: ol

text: By his first wife he had nine children (three sons and six daughters) one of whom, Richard (1631–1695) was chancellor of the exchequer in William III's reign; from two of his daughters are descended the families of Trevor Hampden and Hobart-Hampden, the descent in the male line becoming apparently extinct in 1754 in the person of John Hampden. They lived at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, now a National Trust property.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Hampden is immortalised in St Stephen's Hall in the Palace of Westminster, where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to the UK Parliament.[18]  In Britain diverse establishments are named after him, ranging from Hampden Park, the home ground of Queen's Park F.C. and the Scotland national football team, to an older persons' mental health unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. Several schools use his name: a primary school in Wendover and another in Thame,  a grammar school in High Wycombe and a school in Hertfordshire. There is also a statue of him in Aylesbury town centre (illustrated above) pointing to his home in Great Hampden. Aylesbury Vale District Council use an image of the statue as their logo.

text: Outside of Britain, the towns of Hampden, Maryland; Hamden, Connecticut; Hampden, Maine; Hampden, Massachusetts; and Hampden, Newfoundland and Labrador; as well as the county of Hampden, Massachusetts are named in his honour. Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia is also named in honour of John Hampden and of Algernon Sydney, another English patriot; and Mount Hampden in Zimbabwe.

text:
Thomas Gray's poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" refers to the heroism of Hampden in the stanza:
"Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast / The little tyrant of his fields withstood;/
Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest, /  Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood."[19]

text: As one of the Five Members of the House of Commons, Hampden is commemorated at the State Opening of Parliament by the British monarch each year: the sovereign sits on the throne in the House of Lords and sends their messenger Black Rod to summons the Members of the House of Commons to attend them. At his approach the doors to the Commons Chamber are slammed in his face, symbolising the refusal by the Commons to be entered by force by the monarch or one of the monarch's servants, and also its right to debate without the presence of the Queen's Representative.[20] This is done in relation to the events of 1642, when King Charles I stormed into the House of Commons in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the Five Members.[21][22] Since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting [meeting].[20] Black Rod then bangs with the end of his ceremonial staff three times on the closed doors which are then opened to him.[20]

text: The Handley Page Hampden bomber was named in honour of John Hampden.

text: The London Underground also had an electric locomotive built by Metropolitan-Vickers named after him. Used on the Metropolitan line, No. 5 lasted along with other locomotives, until 1961. Painted a maroon colour, she is now one of only two of the original twenty locomotives to survive, and is kept on display in the London Transport Museum. The other one is No. 12 Sarah Siddons.[23]

text: The Hampden Clubs of the 1810s, which campaigned for parliamentary reform, were named after Hampden.[24]