document_title: Soviet–Japanese War

question_text: when did the soviet union declared war on japan

text: Soviet–Japanese War

text: Summary[edit]

text: At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, Stalin agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin agreed to Allied pleas to enter World War II's Pacific Theater within three months of the end of the war in Europe. On July 26, the US, UK and China made the Potsdam Declaration, an ultimatum calling for the Japanese surrender which if ignored would lead to their "prompt and utter destruction".

tag: p

text: The commencement of the invasion fell between the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9. Although Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had not been told much detail of the Western Allies' atomic bomb program by Allied governments; the date of the invasion was foreshadowed by the Yalta agreement, the date of the German surrender, and the fact that on August 3, Marshal Vasilevsky reported to Stalin that, if necessary, he could attack on the morning of August 5. The timing was well planned and enabled the Soviet Union to enter the Pacific Theater on the side of the Allies, as previously agreed, before the war's end.[16] However, the Japanese island of Hokkaido, originally planned by the Soviets to be part of the territory taken,[17] was held off on due to apprehension of the United States' new position.[18][19] [20] [21]

text: At 11pm Trans-Baikal time on August 8, 1945, Soviet foreign minister Molotov informed Japanese ambassador Satō that the Soviet Union had declared war on the Empire of Japan, and that from August 9 the Soviet Government would consider itself to be at war with Japan.[22] At one minute past midnight Trans-Baikal time on August 9, 1945, the Soviets commenced their invasion simultaneously on three fronts to the east, west and north of Manchuria. The operation was subdivided into smaller operational and tactical parts:

text:
Khingan-Mukden Offensive Operation (August 9, 1945 – September 2, 1945)
Harbin-Kirin Offensive Operation (August 9, 1945 – September 2, 1945)
Sungari Offensive Operation (August 9, 1945 – September 2, 1945)

text: and subsequently

text:
South Sakhalin Operation (ru) (August 11, 1945 – August 25, 1945)

Soviet assault on Maoka
Soviet assault on Tōro (ru)

Seisin Landing Operation (August 13, 1945 – August 16, 1945)
Kuril Landing Operation (August 18, 1945 – September 1, 1945)

text: Though the battle extended beyond the borders traditionally known as Manchuria — that is, the traditional lands of the Manchus — the coordinated and integrated invasions of Japan's northern territories has also been called the Battle of Manchuria.[23] Since 1983, the operation has sometimes been called Operation August Storm, after American Army historian Lieutenant-Colonel David Glantz used this title for a paper on the subject.[1] It has also been referred to by its Soviet name, the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation, however this name refers more to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria (1945) than to the whole war.

text: This offensive should not be confused with the Soviet–Japanese Border Wars, (particularly the Battle of Khalkhin Gol/Nomonhan Incident of May–September 1939), that ended in Japan's defeat in 1939, and led to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.[24]

text: Background and buildup[edit]

text: The Russo-Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which, in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden Incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, Japan eventually gained control of Korea, Manchuria and Southern Sakhalin. In the late 1930s there were a number of Soviet-Japanese border incidents, the most significant being the Battle of Lake Khasan (Changkufeng Incident, July–August 1938) and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan Incident, May–September 1939), which led to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact[24][25] of April 1941. The Neutrality Pact freed up forces from the border incidents and enabled the Soviets to concentrate on their war with Germany, and the Japanese to concentrate on their southern expansion into Asia and the Pacific Ocean.

text: However, with success at Stalingrad, and the eventual defeat of Germany becoming increasingly certain, the Soviet attitude to Japan changed, both publicly, with Stalin making speeches denouncing Japan, and "privately", with the Soviets building up forces and supplies in the Far East. At the Tehran Conference (November 1943), amongst other things, Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated. However, Stalin faced a dilemma – he wanted to avoid a two-front war at almost any cost yet the Soviet leader also wanted to extract gains in the Far East as well as Europe. The only way Stalin could make Far Eastern gains without a two-front war would be for Germany to capitulate before Japan.

text: Due to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviets made it policy to intern Allied aircrews who landed in Soviet territory following operations against Japan, although airmen held in the Soviet Union under such circumstances were usually allowed to "escape" after some period of time.[citation needed] Nevertheless, even before the defeat of Germany the Soviet buildup in the Far East steadily accelerated. By early 1945 it had become apparent to the Japanese that the Soviets were preparing to invade Manchuria, though they were unlikely to attack prior to Germany's defeat. In addition to their problems in the Pacific, the Japanese realised they needed to determine when and where a Soviet invasion would occur.

text: At the Yalta Conference (February 1945), amongst other things, Stalin secured from Roosevelt the promise of Stalin's Far Eastern territorial desires, in return agreeing to enter the Pacific war within two or three months of the defeat of Germany. By the middle of March 1945, things were not going well in the Pacific for the Japanese, and they withdrew their elite troops from Manchuria to support actions in the Pacific. Meanwhile, the Soviets continued their Far Eastern buildup. The Soviets had decided that they did not wish to renew the Neutrality Pact. The terms of the Neutrality Pact required that 12 months before its expiry, the Soviets must advise the Japanese of this, so on 5 April 1945 they informed the Japanese that they did not wish to renew the treaty.[26] This caused the Japanese considerable concern,[27][28] but the Soviets went to great efforts to assure the Japanese that the treaty would still be in force for another twelve months, and that the Japanese had nothing to worry about.[29]

text: On 9 May 1945 (Moscow time), Germany surrendered, meaning that if the Soviets were to honour the Yalta agreement, they would need to enter war with Japan by 9 August 1945. The situation continued to deteriorate for the Japanese, and they were now the only Axis power left in the war. They were keen to remain at peace with the Soviets and extend the Neutrality Pact,[29] and they were also keen to achieve an end to the war. Since Yalta they had repeatedly approached, or tried to approach, the Soviets in order to extend the neutrality pact, and to enlist the Soviets in negotiating peace with the allies. The Soviets did nothing to discourage these Japanese hopes, and drew the process out as long as possible (whilst continuing to prepare their invasion forces.)[29] One of the roles of the Cabinet of Admiral Baron Suzuki, which took office in April 1945, was to try to secure any peace terms short of unconditional surrender.[30] In late June they approached the Soviets, (the Neutrality Pact was still in place), inviting them to negotiate peace with the allies in support of Japan, providing them with specific proposals and in return they offered the Soviets very attractive territorial concessions. Stalin expressed interest, and the Japanese awaited the Soviet response. The Soviets continued to avoid providing a response. The Potsdam Conference was held from 16 July to 2 August 1945. On 24 July the Soviet Union recalled all embassy staff and families from Japan. On 26 July the conference produced the Potsdam Declaration whereby Churchill, Truman and Chiang Kai-shek (the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan) demanded the unconditional surrender of Japan. The Japanese continued to wait for the Soviet response, and avoided responding to the declaration.[29]

text: The Japanese had been monitoring Trans-Siberian Railway traffic and Soviet activity to the east of Manchuria and in conjunction with the Soviet delaying tactics, this suggested to them that the Soviets would not be ready to invade east Manchuria before the end of August. They did not, however, have any real idea, and no confirming evidence, as to when or where any invasion would occur.[11]

text: The Japanese were caught completely by surprise when the Soviets declared war an hour before midnight on 8 August 1945, and invaded simultaneously on three fronts just after midnight on 9 August.

text: Combatant forces[edit]

text: Soviets[edit]

text: The Far East Command,[9] under Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky, had a plan for the conquest of Manchuria that was simple but huge in scale,[1] calling for a massive pincer movement over all of Manchuria. This pincer movement was to be performed by the Transbaikal Front from the west and by the 1st Far East Front from the east; the 2nd Far East Front was to attack the center of the pocket from the north.[9] The only Soviet equivalent of a theater command that operated during the war (apart from the short-lived 1941 "Directions" in the west), Far East Command, consisted of three Red Army fronts. Western Front of Manchuria

text: The Transbaikal Front, under Marshal R. Y. Malinovsky, was to form the western half of the Soviet pincer movement, attacking across the Inner Mongolian desert and over the Greater Khingan mountains.[9] These forces had the objective to secure Mukden (present day Shenyang), then meet troops of the 1st Far East Front at the Changchun area in south central Manchuria,[1] and in doing so finish the double envelopment.[1]

text: Eastern Front of Manchuria

text: The 1st Far East Front, under Marshal K. A. Meretskov, was to form the eastern half of the pincer movement. This attack involved striking towards Mudanjiang (or Mutanchiang),[1] and once that city was captured, the force was to advance towards the cities of Jilin (or Kirin), Changchun and Harbin.[1] Its final objective was to link up with forces of the Trans-Baikal Front at Changchun and Jilin (or Kirin) thus closing the double envelopment movement.

text: As a secondary objective, the 1st Far East Front was to prevent Japanese forces from escaping to Korea, and then invade the Korean Peninsula up to the 38th parallel,[1] establishing in the process what later became North Korea.

text: Northern Front of Manchuria

text: The 2nd Far East Front, under General M. A. Purkayev, was in a supporting attack role.[1] Its objectives were the cities of Harbin and Tsitsihar,[9] and the prevention of an orderly withdrawal to the south by the Japanese forces.[1]

text: Once troops from the 1st Far East Front and Trans-Baikal Front captured the city of Changchun, the 2nd Far East Front were to attack the Liaotung Peninsula and seize Port Arthur (present day Lüshun).[1]

text: Each Front had "front units" attached directly to the Front instead of an army.[1] The forces totaled 89 divisions with 1.5 million men, 3,704 tanks, 1,852 self propelled guns, 85,819 vehicles and 3,721 aircraft. Approximately one-third of its strength was in combat support and services.[1] Its naval forces contained 12 major surface combatants, 78 submarines, numerous amphibious craft, and the Amur River flotilla, consisting of gunboats and numerous small craft.[1] The Soviet plan incorporated all the experience in maneuver warfare that the Soviets had acquired fighting the Germans, and also used new improved weapons, such as the RPD light machine gun, the new main battle tank T-44 and a little number of JS-3 heavy tanks.[1]

text: Japanese[edit]

text: The Kwantung Army of the Imperial Japanese Army, under General Otozō Yamada, was the major part of the Japanese occupation forces in Manchuria and Korea, and consisted of two Area Armies (the First Area Army (northeastern Manchukuo) and the Third Area Army (southwestern Manchukuo)), and three independent armies (responsible for northern Manchuria, North Korea, Mengjiang, South Sakhalin and the Kurils).[1]

text: Each Area Army (Homen Gun, the equivalent of a Western "army") had headquarters units and units attached directly to the Area Army, in addition to the field armies (the equivalent of a Western corps). In addition to the Japanese, there was the forty-thousand-strong Manchukuo Defense Force, composed of eight under-strength, poorly equipped, poorly trained Manchukuoan divisions.

text: The Kwantung Army had less than eight hundred thousand (800,000) men in twenty-five divisions (including two tank divisions) and six Independent Mixed Brigades. These contained over 1,215 armored vehicles (mostly armored cars and light tanks), 6,700 artillery pieces (mostly light), and 1,800 aircraft (mostly trainers and obsolete types). The Imperial Japanese Navy did not contribute to the defense of Manchuria, the occupation of which it had always opposed on strategic grounds. Additionally, by the time of the invasion, the few remnants of its fleet were stationed and tasked with the defense of the Japanese home island in the event of an invasion by American forces.

text: On economic grounds, Manchuria was worth defending since it had the bulk of usable industry and raw materials outside Japan and was still under Japanese control in 1945. However, the Japanese forces (Kwantung Army) were far below authorized strength; most of their heavy military equipment and all of their best military units had been transferred to the Pacific front over the previous three years to contend with the advance of American and Allied forces. By 1945, the Kwantung Army contained a large number of raw recruits and conscripts, with generally obsolete, light, or otherwise limited equipment. As a result, it had essentially been reduced to a light infantry counter-insurgency force with limited mobility or ability to fight a conventional land war against a coordinated enemy.

text: Compounding the problem, the Japanese military made many wrong assumptions and major mistakes, the two most significant being:

text:
They wrongly assumed that any attack coming from the west would follow either the old railroad line to Hailar, or head into Solun from the eastern tip of Mongolia. The Soviets did attack along those routes, but their main attack from the west went through the supposedly impassable Greater Khingan range south of Solun and into the center of Manchuria.
Japanese military intelligence failed to determine the nature, location and scale of the Soviet buildup in the Far East. Based on initial underestimates of Soviet strength, and the monitoring of Soviet traffic on the Trans-Siberian railway, they believed the Soviets would not have sufficient forces in place before the end of August, and that an attack was most likely in the autumn of 1945 or in the spring of 1946.

text: Due to the withdrawal of the Kwantung Army's elite forces for redeployment into the Pacific Theatre, new operational plans for the defence of Manchuria against a seemingly inevitable Soviet attack were made by the Japanese in the summer of 1945. These called for the redeployment of the majority of forces from the border areas; the borders were to be held lightly and delaying actions fought while the main force was to hold the southeastern corner in strength (so defending Korea from attack).[10]

text: Further, they had only observed Soviet activity on the Trans-Siberian railway and along the east Manchurian front, and so were preparing for an invasion from the east. They believed that when an attack occurred from the west, the redeployed forces would be able to deal with it.[11][10]

text: However, although this redeployment had been initiated, it was not due to be completed until September, and hence the Kwantung Army were in the middle of redeployment when the Soviets launched their attack simultaneously on all three fronts.

text: Campaign[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The operation was carried out as a classic double pincer movement over an area the size of Western Europe. In the western pincer, the Red Army advanced over the deserts and mountains from Mongolia, far from their resupply railways. This confounded the Japanese military analysis of Soviet logistics, and the defenders were caught by surprise in unfortified positions. The Kwantung Army commanders were involved in a planning exercise at the time of the invasion, and were away from their forces for the first eighteen hours of conflict. Communication infrastructure was poor, and communication was lost with forward units very early on. However, the Kwantung Army had a formidable reputation as fierce and relentless fighters, and even though understrength and unprepared, put up strong resistance at the town of Hailar which tied down some of the Soviet forces. At the same time, Soviet airborne units were used to seize airfields and city centers in advance of the land forces, and to ferry fuel to those units that had outrun their supply lines. The Soviet pincer from the east crossed the Ussuri and advanced around Khanka Lake and attacked towards Suifenhe, and although Japanese defenders fought hard and provided strong resistance, the Soviets proved overwhelming. Perhaps the most glaring fact illustrating the differences in efficacy between the two opponents was that, often, the speed of Soviet advances far outpaced any sort of fighting withdrawal the Japanese could conduct, which formed a crucial element of the entire Japanese strategy for defending the Manchurian heartland.[citation needed]

text: After a week of fighting, during which Soviet forces had penetrated deep into Manchukuo, Japan's Emperor Hirohito recorded the Gyokuon-hōsō which was broadcast on radio to the Japanese nation on August 15, 1945. The idea of surrender was incomprehensible to the Japanese people, and combined with Hirohito's use of formal and archaic language, the fact that he did not use the actual word "surrender", the poor quality of the broadcast, and poor lines of communication, there was some confusion amongst the Japanese about what the announcement actually meant. The Imperial Japanese Army Headquarters did not immediately communicate the cease-fire order to the Kwantung Army, and many elements of the army either did not understand it, or ignored it. Hence, pockets of fierce resistance from the Kwantung Army continued, and the Soviets continued their advance, largely avoiding the pockets of resistance, reaching Mukden, Changchun and Qiqihar by August 20. On the Soviet right flank, the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group had entered Inner Mongolia and quickly took Dolon Nur and Kalgan. The Emperor of Manchukuo (and former Emperor of China), Puyi, was captured by the Soviet Red Army. The cease-fire order was eventually communicated to the Kwantung Army, but not before the Soviets had made most of their territorial gains.

text: On August 18, several Soviet amphibious landings had been conducted ahead of the land advance: three in northern Korea, one in Sakhalin island, and one in the Chishima Islands. This meant that, in Korea at least, there were already Soviet soldiers waiting for the troops coming overland. In Karafuto and the Chishimas, it meant a sudden and undeniable establishment of Soviet sovereignty.

text: On August 10, US government proposed to the Soviet government that they divide the occupation of Korea between them at the 38th parallel north. The Americans were surprised that the Soviet government accepted. Soviet troops were able to move freely by rail, and there was nothing to stop them occupying the whole of Korea.[31] Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north-east of the country, and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan.[32] On August 24, the Red Army entered Pyongyang and established a military government over Korea north of the parallel. American forces landed at Incheon on September 8 and took control of the south.[33][34]

text: Importance and consequences[edit]

text: From the time of the first major Japanese military defeats in the Pacific in the summer of 1942, the non-military leaders of Japan had come to realise that the Japanese military campaign was economically unsustainable — as Japan did not have the industrial capacity to simultaneously fight the United States, China and the British Commonwealth and Empire — and there were a number of initiatives to negotiate a cessation of hostilities and the consolidation of Japanese territorial and economic gains. Hence, elements of the non-military leadership had first made the decision to surrender as early as 1943; the major issue was the terms and conditions of surrender, not the issue of surrender itself. For a variety of diverse reasons, none of the initiatives were successful, the two major reasons being the Soviet Union's deception and delaying tactics, and the attitudes of the "Big Six", the powerful Japanese military leaders.[12] (Refer to Surrender of Japan for more detail.)

text: The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation, along with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, combined to break the Japanese political deadlock and force the Japanese leaders to accept the terms of surrender demanded by allies.

text: In the "Sixty years after Hiroshima" issue of the Weekly Standard, American historian Richard B. Frank points out that there are a number of schools of thought with varying opinions of what caused the Japanese to surrender. He describes what he calls the "traditionalist" view, which asserts that the Japanese surrendered because the Americans dropped the atomic bombs. He goes on to summarise other points of view.[35]

text: Tsuyoshi Hasegawa's research has led him to conclude that the atomic bombings were not the principal reason for Japan's capitulation. He argues that Japan's leaders were impacted more by the swift and devastating Soviet victories on the mainland in the week following Joseph Stalin's August 8 declaration of war because the Japanese strategy to protect the home islands was designed to fend off a US invasion from the South, and left virtually no spare troops to counter a Soviet threat from the North. Furthermore, the Japanese could no longer hope to achieve a negotiated peace with the Allies by using the Soviet Union as a mediator with the Soviet declaration of war. This, according to Hasegawa, amounted to a "strategic bankruptcy" for the Japanese and forced their message of surrender on August 15, 1945.[36][15] Others with similar views include The "Battlefield" series documentary,[9][10] among others, though all, including Hasegawa, state that the surrender was not due to any single factor or single event.

text: The Soviet invasion and occupation of the defunct Manchukuo marked the start of a traumatic period for the more than one million residents of the puppet state who were of Japanese descent. The situation for the Japanese military occupants was clear, but the Japanese colonists who had made Manchukuo their home, particularly those born in Manchukuo, were now stateless and homeless, and the (non-Japanese) Manchurians wanted to be rid of these foreigners. Many were killed, many others ended up in Siberian prisons for up to 20 years, and some made their way to the Japanese home islands, where they were also treated as foreigners.[30][37][38][39]

text: Manchuria was "cleansed" by Soviet forces of any potential military resistance. With Soviet support for the spread of Communism,[40] Manchuria provided the main base of operations for Mao Zedong's forces, who proved victorious in the following four years of the Chinese Civil War. These military successes in Manchuria and China by the Communist Chinese led to the Soviet Union giving up their rights to bases in China — promised by the Western Allies — because all of the land deemed by the Soviets to be Chinese, (as distinct from what the Soviets considered to be Soviet land which had been occupied by the Japanese), was eventually turned over to the People's Republic of China.[40] Note, however, that before leaving Manchuria, Soviet forces and bureaucracy dismantled almost all of the portable parts of the considerable Japanese-built industry in Manchuria and relocated it to "restore industry in war-torn Soviet territory". That which was not portable was either disabled or destroyed; the Soviets had no desire for Manchuria to be an economic rival, particularly to the underdeveloped Far Eastern Soviet Territories.[30] However, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China the bulk of the Soviet economic assistance went to Manchuria to help rebuilding the region's industry.[41]

text: As agreed at Yalta, the Soviet Union had intervened in the war with Japan within three months of the German surrender, and they were therefore entitled to annex the territories of Karafuto and the Chishima Islands and also to preeminent interests over Port Arthur and Dalian, with its strategic rail connections, via the China Changchun Railway, a company owned jointly by China and the Soviet Union that operated all the railways of the former Manchukuo. The territories on the Asian mainland were subsequently transferred to the full control of the People's Republic of China in 1955; the other possessions are still administered by the Soviet Union's successor state, Russia.

text: The division of Korea between Soviet and US occupations led to the creation of the separate states of North and South Korea. This was a precursor to the Korean War five years later.


document_title: Green Revolution in India

question_text: when did green revolution take place in india

root

text: Green Revolution in India

text: History[edit]

text: 49% of people in India are employed in agriculture.[citation needed]The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains. The program was started with the help of the United States-based Rockefeller Foundation and was based on high-yielding varieties of wheat, rice,chicken etc. and other grains that had been developed in Mexico and in the Philippines. Of the high-yielding seeds, wheat produced the best results. Production of coarse grains—the staple diet of the poor—and pulses—the main source of protein—lagged behind, resulting in reduced per capita availability.

text: The total area under the high-yielding-varieties program was a negligible 1.9 million hectares in fiscal year 1960. Since then, growth has been spectacular, increasing to nearly 15.4 million hectares by FY 1970, 43.1 million hectares by FY 1980, and 63.9 million hectares by FY 1990. The rate of growth decreased significantly in the late 1980s, however, as additional suitable land was not available (see table 32, Appendix).

text: The major benefits of the Green Revolution were experienced mainly in our home,village northern and northwestern India between 1965 and the early 1980s; the program resulted in a substantial increase in the production of food grains, mainly wheat and rice. Food-grain yields continued to increase throughout the 1980s, but the dramatic changes in the years between 1965 and 1980 were not duplicated. By FY 1980, almost 75 percent of the total cropped area under wheat was sown with high-yielding varieties. For rice the comparable figure was 45 percent. In the 1980s, the area under high-yielding varieties continued to increase, but the rate of growth overall was slower. The eighth plan aimed at making high-yielding varieties available to the whole country and developing more productive strains of other crops.

text: The Green Revolution created wide regional and interstate disparities. The plan was implemented only in areas with assured supplies of water and the means to control it, large inputs of fertilizers, and adequate farm credit. These inputs were easily available in at least parts of the states of Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh; thus, yields increased most in these states. In other states, such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, in areas where these inputs were not assured, the results were limited or negligible, leading to considerable variation in crop yields within these states. The Green Revolution also increased income disparities: higher income growth and reduced incidence of poverty were found in the states where yields increased the most and lower income growth and little change in the incidence of poverty in other states.

text: Practices[edit]

text: Wheat[edit]

text: The main development was higher-yielding varieties of wheat,[1] for developing rust resistant strains of wheat.[2] The introduction of high-yielding varieties(HYV) of seeds and the increased quality of fertilizers and irrigation technique led to the increase in production to make the country self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India.[3] The methods adopted included the use of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds[4] with modern farming methods.

text: The production of wheat has produced the best results in fueling self-sufficiency of India. Along with high-yielding seeds and irrigation facilities, the enthusiasm of farmers mobilised the idea of agricultural revolution. Due to the rise in use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, there was a negative effect on the soil and the land (e.g., land degradation).

text: Other practices[edit]

text: This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (January 2018)

tag: table

text:
Irrigation infrastructure
Use of pesticides

Use of insecticides
Use of herbicides

Consolidation of holdings
Land reforms
Improved rural infrastructure
Supply of agricultural credit
Use of chemical or synthetic fertilizers
Use of sprinklers or drip irrigational systems
Use of advanced machinery
Use of vector quantity

tag: ul

text: Problems that were addressed[edit]

text: Frequent famines[edit]

text: Famines in India were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s. Due to faulty distribution of food, and because farmers did not receive the true value for their labour, the majority of the population did not get enough food.[5] Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem.[citation needed]

text: Lack of finance[edit]

text: Marginal farmers found it very difficult to get finance and credit at economical rates from the government and banks and hence, fell as easy prey to the money lenders. They took loans from zamindars, who charged high rates of interests and also exploited the farmers later on to work in their fields to repay the loans (farm labourers).[citation needed] Proper financing was not given during the Green Revolution period, which created a lot of problems and sufferings to the farmers of India. Government also helped those under loans.

text: Lack of self-sufficiency[edit]

text: Due to traditional agricultural practices, low productivity, and a growing population, often food grains were imported — draining scarce foreign reserves. It was thought that with the increased production due to the Green Revolution, the government could maintain buffer stock and India could achieve self-sufficiency and self-reliability.[citation needed]

text: Agriculture was basically for subsistence and, therefore, less agricultural product was offered for sale in the market. Hence, the need was felt to encourage the farmers to increase their production and offer a greater portion of their products for sale in the market. The new methods in agriculture increased the yield of rice and wheat, which reduced India's dependence on food imports.

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: Indian Economic Sovereignty[edit]

text: A main criticism of the effects of the green revolution is the cost for many small farmers using HYV seeds, with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides. A case study is found in India, where farmers are buying Monsanto BT cotton seeds—sold on the idea that these seeds produced 'natural insecticides'. In reality, they need to still pay for expensive pesticides and irrigation systems, which might lead to increased borrowing to finance the change from traditional seed varieties. Many farmers have difficulty in paying for the expensive technologies, especially if they have a bad harvest.

text: Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva notes that this is the "second Green Revolution". The first Green Revolution, she suggests, was mostly publicly funded (by the Indian Government). This new Green Revolution, she says, is driven by private (and foreign) interest – notably MNCs like Monsanto. Ultimately, this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India's farmland.[6] [7]

text: Environmental Damage[edit]

text: Excessive and inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides has polluted waterway, killed beneficial insects and wild life. It has caused over-use of soil and rapidly depleted its nutrients. The rampant irrigation practices have led to eventually soil degradation. Groundwater practices have fallen dramatically. Further, heavy dependence on few major crops has led to loss of biodiversity of farmers. These problems were aggravated due to absence of training to use modern technology and vast illiteracy leading to excessive use of chemicals.[1]

text: Increased Regional disparities[edit]

text: Green revolution spread only in irrigated and high-potential rain fed areas. The villages or regions without the access of sufficient water were left out that widened the regional disparities between adopters and non-adopters. Since, the HYV seeds technically can be applied only in land with assured water supply and availability of other inputs like chemicals, fertilizers etc. The application of the new technology in the dry-land areas is simply ruled out.

text: The states like Punjab, Haryana, Western UP etc. having good irrigation and other infrastructure facilities were able to derive the benefits of green revolution and achieve faster economic development while other states have recorded slow growth in agriculture production.

text: Restrictive Crop Coverage[edit]

text: The new agriculture strategy involving use of HYV seeds was initially limited to wheat, maize and bajra. The other major crop i.e. rice responded much later. The progress of developing and application of HYV seeds in other crops especially commercial crops like oilseeds, jute etc. has been very slow. In fact, in certain period a decline in the output of commercial crops is witnessed because of diversion of area under commercial crop to food crop production. The basic factor for non-spread of green revolution to many crops was that in the early 1960s the severe shortage in food grains existed and imports were resorted to overcame the shortage. Government initiated green revolution to increase food grain productivity and non-food grain crops were not covered. The substantial rise in one or two food grain crop cannot make big difference in the total agricultural production. Thus new technology contributed insignificantly in raising the overall agricultural production due to limited crop coverage. So it is important that the revolutionary efforts should be made in all major crops.

text: Further reading[edit]

text: "The Great Gene Robbery" by Claude Alvares


document_title: NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament

question_text: who won the women's college basketball last year

question_tokens: who won the women 's college basketball last year

text: Tournament format[edit]

text: A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April. Of these teams, 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments. Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament. The remaining teams are granted "at-large" bids, which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee. Dr. Marilyn McNeil, vice president/director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman. On March 1, 2011, Bowling Green State University's director of intercollegiate athletics, Greg Christopher, was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Committee during the 2011–12 academic year.[3]

text: The tournament is split into four regional tournaments, and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16, with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible[citation needed]. The top-seeded team in each region plays the #16 team, the #2 team plays the #15, etc.

text: Number of teams, and seeding[edit]

text: The first NCAA women's basketball tournament was held in 1982. The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982, but most of the top teams, including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech, decided to participate in the NCAA tournament.

text: The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982–1985 (in 1983, 36), 40 teams from 1986–1988, and 48 teams from 1989–1993. Since 1994, 64 teams compete in each tournament.

text: Prior to 1996, seeding was conducted on a regional basis. The top teams (eight in the 32-, 40-, and 48-team formats, and 16 in the 64-team format) were ranked and seeded on a national basis. The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region. Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket, or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result. In 1993, all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded. The regional seeding resumed in 1994. In 1996, seeds were assigned on a national basis using an "S-Curve" format[clarification needed] similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men's tournament.

text: The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process:[4]

text:
Number of teams selected

Year
Automatic
At-Large
Total
Location of first round(s)
Seeding Basis

1982
12
20
32
Higher seed
Regional

1983
14
22
36
Higher seed†

1984
17
15
32

1985
18
14
Higher seed

1986
17
23
40
Higher seed†

1987
18
22

1988

1989
19
29
48

1990
21
27

1991

1992
22
26

1993
23
25

1994
32
32
64

1995

1996
31
33
Higher seed
National

1997
30
34
Higher seed†

1998
Higher seed

1999

2000
Higher seed†

2001
31
33

2002
Higher seed

2003
16 Sites‡

2004

2005
8 Sites‡

2006

2007

2008

2009
16 Sites‡

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014
32
32

2015
Higher seed†

2016

2017

2018

2019

text:
† Some exceptions. Due to venue availability, in some cases, the lower seed hosted, or the game was played at a neutral site.
‡ From 2003–2014, sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second-round games. Teams were allowed to play at home, if hosting.
Between 2005 and 2008, eight sites were used for first-round games.

text: Selection process[edit]

text: A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament, and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket. Because of the automatic bids, only 32 teams (the at-large bids) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament.

text: Women's NCAA Division I basketball champions[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Opponent
Venue
Other Semifinalists

1982
Louisiana Tech
76–62
Cheyney State
Norfolk Scope (Norfolk, Virginia)
Tennessee & Maryland

1983
USC
69–67
Louisiana Tech
Old Dominion & Georgia

1984
USC
72–61
Tennessee
Pauley Pavilion (Los Angeles, California)
Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech

1985
Old Dominion
70–65
Georgia
Frank Erwin Center (Austin, Texas)
Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana

1986
Texas
97–81
USC
Rupp Arena (Lexington, Kentucky)
Western Kentucky & Tennessee

1987
Tennessee
67–44
Louisiana Tech
Frank Erwin Center (Austin, Texas)
Texas & Long Beach State

1988
Louisiana Tech
56–54
Auburn
Tacoma Dome (Tacoma, Washington)
Long Beach State & Tennessee

1989
Tennessee
76–70
Auburn
Louisiana Tech & Maryland

1990
Stanford
88–81
Auburn
Thompson–Boling Arena (Knoxville, Tennessee)
Virginia & Louisiana Tech

1991
Tennessee
70–67 (OT)
Virginia
Lakefront Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Connecticut & Stanford

1992
Stanford
78–62
Western Kentucky
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena (Los Angeles, California)
Southwest Missouri State & Virginia

1993
Texas Tech
84–82
Ohio State
Omni Coliseum (Atlanta, Georgia)
Iowa & Vanderbilt

1994
North Carolina
60–59
Louisiana Tech
Richmond Coliseum (Richmond, Virginia)
Purdue & Alabama

1995
Connecticut
70–64
Tennessee
Target Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Stanford & Georgia

1996
Tennessee
83–65
Georgia
Charlotte Coliseum (Charlotte, North Carolina)
Connecticut & Stanford

1997
Tennessee
68–59
Old Dominion
Riverfront Coliseum (Cincinnati, Ohio)
Notre Dame & Stanford

1998
Tennessee
93–75
Louisiana Tech
Kemper Arena (Kansas City, Missouri)
Arkansas & North Carolina State

1999
Purdue
62–45
Duke
San Jose Arena (San Jose, California)
Louisiana Tech & Georgia

2000
Connecticut
71–52
Tennessee
First Union Center (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Rutgers & Penn State

2001
Notre Dame
68–66
Purdue
Savvis Center (St. Louis, Missouri)
Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State

2002
Connecticut
82–70
Oklahoma
Alamodome (San Antonio, Texas)
Tennessee & Duke

2003
Connecticut
73–68
Tennessee
Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Texas & Duke

2004
Connecticut
70–61
Tennessee
New Orleans Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Minnesota & LSU

2005
Baylor
84–62
Michigan State
RCA Dome (Indianapolis, Indiana)
LSU & Tennessee

2006
Maryland
78–75 (OT)
Duke
TD Garden (Boston, Massachusetts)
North Carolina & LSU

2007
Tennessee
59–46
Rutgers
Quicken Loans Arena (Cleveland, Ohio)

2008
Tennessee
64–48
Stanford
St. Pete Times Forum (Tampa, Florida)
LSU & Connecticut

2009
Connecticut
76–54
Louisville
Scottrade Center (St. Louis, Missouri)
Stanford & Oklahoma

2010
Connecticut
53–47
Stanford
Alamodome (San Antonio, Texas)
Baylor & Oklahoma

2011
Texas A&M
76–70
Notre Dame
Conseco Fieldhouse (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Connecticut & Stanford

2012
Baylor
80–61
Notre Dame
Pepsi Center (Denver, Colorado)
Stanford & Connecticut

2013
Connecticut
93–60
Louisville
New Orleans Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Notre Dame & California

2014
Connecticut
79–58
Notre Dame
Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
Stanford & Maryland

2015
Connecticut
63–53
Notre Dame
Amalie Arena (Tampa, Florida)
South Carolina & Maryland

2016
Connecticut
82–51
Syracuse
Bankers Life Fieldhouse (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Oregon State & Washington

2017
South Carolina
67–55
Mississippi State
American Airlines Center (Dallas, Texas)
Connecticut & Stanford

2018
Notre Dame
61–58
Mississippi State
Nationwide Arena (Columbus, Ohio)
Connecticut & Louisville

2019

Amalie Arena (Tampa, Florida)

2020

Smoothie King Center (New Orleans, Louisiana)

text: Team titles[edit]

text:
Team
Titles
Year Won

Connecticut
11
1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

Tennessee
8
1987, 1989, 1991,1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008

Baylor
2
2005, 2012

Louisiana Tech
2
1982, 1988

Notre Dame
2
2001, 2018

Stanford
2
1990, 1992

USC
2
1983, 1984

Maryland
1
2006

North Carolina
1
1994

Old Dominion
1
1985

Purdue
1
1999

South Carolina
1
2017

Texas
1
1986

Texas A&M
1
2011

Texas Tech
1
1993

text: NCAA Final Fours by school[edit]

text:
School
Final Four Years
Number of Appearances
Championships

Connecticut
1991, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
19
11

Tennessee
1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008
18
8

Stanford
1990, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017
13
2

Louisiana Tech
1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1998, 1999
10
2

Notre Dame
1997, 2001, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018
8
2

Georgia
1983, 1985, 1995, 1996, 1999
5
0

LSU
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
5
0

Maryland
1982, 1989, 2006, 2014, 2015
5
1

Duke
1999, 2002, 2003, 2006
4
0

Auburn
1988, 1989, 1990
3
0

Baylor
2005, 2010, 2012
3
2

Louisville
2009, 2013, 2018
3
0

North Carolina
1994, 2006, 2007
3
1

Oklahoma
2002, 2009, 2010
3
0

Old Dominion
1983, 1985, 1997
3
1

Purdue
1994, 1999, 2001
3
1

Texas
1986, 1987, 2003
3
1

USC
1983, 1984, 1986
3
2

Virginia
1990, 1991, 1992
3
0

Western Kentucky
1985, 1986, 1992
3
0

Cheyney St.
1982, 1984
2
0

Long Beach St.
1987, 1988
2
0

Mississippi St.
2017, 2018
2
0

Missouri St.
1992, 2001
2
0

Rutgers
2000, 2007
2
0

South Carolina
2015, 2017
2
1

Alabama
1994
1
0

Arkansas
1998
1
0

California
2013
1
0

Iowa
1993
1
0

Louisiana-Monroe
1985
1
0

Michigan St.
2005
1
0

Minnesota
2004
1
0

North Carolina St.
1998
1
0

Ohio St.
1993
1
0

Oregon St.
2016
1
0

Penn St.
2000
1
0

Syracuse
2016
1
0

Texas A&M
2011
1
1

Texas Tech
1993
1
1

Vanderbilt
1993
1
0

Washington
2016
1
0

text: Multiple NCAA championship coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
School
Championships

Geno Auriemma
Connecticut
11

Pat Summitt
Tennessee
8

Muffet McGraw
Notre Dame
2

Kim Mulkey
Baylor

Linda Sharp
USC

Tara VanDerveer
Stanford

text: NCAA Championship by Conference[edit]

text: Note: Conferences are listed by all champions' affiliations at that time; these do not necessarily match current affiliations.

text:
Conference
Year
Championships

Big East[a 1]
1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013
9

Southeastern
1987, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2017

American Athletic
2014, 2015, 2016
3

Atlantic Coast
1994, 2006, 2018

Big 12
2005, 2011, 2012

Pac-12[a 2]
1990, 1992
2

Southwest
1986, 1993

Western Collegiate
1983, 1984

American South
1988
1

Big Ten
1999

Independent
1982

Sun Belt
1985

text:
Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013. During that time, Connecticut won eight championships, and Notre Dame won one. Following the three-way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools, the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference. Three schools (among them Notre Dame) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013, with a fourth doing the same in 2014; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name. However, the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors, including women's basketball. The American no longer claims any of the original Big East's competition history, even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not (football and women's rowing).
Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific-10 Conference, or Pac-10, when both of its titles were won.

tag: ol

text: NCAA Final Four locations[edit]

text:
1982 – Norfolk, Virginia
1983 – Norfolk, Virginia
1984 – Los Angeles, California
1985 – Austin, Texas
1986 – Lexington, Kentucky
1987 – Austin, Texas
1988 – Tacoma, Washington
1989 – Tacoma, Washington
1990 – Knoxville, Tennessee
1991 – New Orleans, Louisiana
1992 – Los Angeles, California
1993 – Atlanta, Georgia
1994 – Richmond, Virginia
1995 – Minneapolis, Minnesota
1996 – Charlotte, North Carolina
1997 – Cincinnati, Ohio
1998 – Kansas City, Missouri
1999 – San Jose, California
2000 – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2001 – St. Louis, Missouri
2002 – San Antonio, Texas
2003 – Atlanta, Georgia
2004 – New Orleans, Louisiana
2005 – Indianapolis, Indiana
2006 – Boston, Massachusetts
2007 – Cleveland, Ohio
2008 – Tampa Bay, Florida
2009 – St. Louis, Missouri
2010 – San Antonio, Texas
2011 – Indianapolis, Indiana
2012 – Denver, Colorado
2013 – New Orleans, Louisiana
2014 – Nashville, Tennessee
2015 – Tampa Bay, Florida
2016 – Indianapolis, Indiana
2017 – Dallas, Texas
2018 – Columbus, Ohio
2019 – Tampa Bay, Florida
2020 – New Orleans, Louisiana

text: Tournament trends[edit]

text: Top-ranked teams[edit]

text: Since the women's tournament began in 1982, 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked #1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament:

text:
1982: Louisiana Tech
1983: USC
1986: Texas
1989: Tennessee
1995: Connecticut
1998: Tennessee
1999: Purdue
2000: Connecticut
2002: Connecticut
2003: Connecticut
2009: Connecticut
2010: Connecticut
2012: Baylor
2014: Connecticut
2015: Connecticut
2016: Connecticut

text: Champions excluded the next year[edit]

text: Only once has the reigning champion (the previous year's winner) not made it to the tournament the next year.

text: 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15–13 in 1986.

text: #1 seeds[edit]

text: Since 1982, at least one #1 seed has made the Final Four every year.

text: Under coach Geno Auriemma, Connecticut has been seeded #1 a record 22 times. Tennessee is second with 21 #1 seeds.

text: All four #1 seeds have made it to the Final Four 4 times (champion in bold):

text:
1989 Auburn, Louisiana Tech, Maryland, Tennessee
2012 Baylor, Connecticut, Notre Dame, Stanford
2015 Connecticut, Maryland, Notre Dame, South Carolina
2018 Connecticut, Mississippi State, Notre Dame, Louisville

text: The championship game has matched two #1 seeds 13 times:

text:
1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech
1986 Texas beat USC
1989 Tennessee beat Auburn
1991 Tennessee beat Virginia
1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee
2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee
2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma
2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee
2010 Connecticut beat Stanford
2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame
2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame
2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame
2018 Notre Dame beat Mississippi State

text: Three teams have beaten three #1 seeds during the course of a tournament (the largest number of such teams that can be faced) (all three teams won the national championship as beating a 3rd #1 seed in a single tournament can only happen in the finals):

text:
1987 Tennessee (beat Auburn, Long Beach State, Louisiana Tech)
1988 Louisiana Tech (beat Auburn, Tennessee, Texas)
2005 Baylor (beat LSU, Michigan State, North Carolina)

text: Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams, all four #1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions. Notably, the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school:

text:
1986 East #1 seed Virginia lost to #8 seed James Madison
1991 East #1 seed Penn State lost to #8 seed James Madison
1992 Midwest #1 seed Iowa lost to #8 seed Southwest Missouri State

text: High seeds[edit]

text: 1999 was the first time in tournament history (since the expansion to 64 teams) that all top seeds (1, 2, 3, and 4 seeds) made it to the Sweet Sixteen.

text: Low seeds[edit]

text: Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams:

text:
Second Round: #16 seed[5]

Harvard in 1998 (the only #16 seed to beat a #1 seed in either the women's or men's tournament until 2018, and still the only one to do so in the women's tournament)

Regional Semifinals (Sweet Sixteen): #13 seed[5]

Texas A&M in 1994
Liberty in 2005
Marist in 2007

Regional Finals (Elite Eight): #11 seed

Gonzaga in 2011

National Semifinals (Final Four): #9 seed[5]

Arkansas in 1998

National Finals (Championship Game): #5 seed

Louisville in 2013

National Champion: #3 seed[5]

North Carolina in 1994
Tennessee in 1997

text: Best Performances by #14 & #15 Seeds[edit]

text: Unlike in the men's tournament, no #14 seed has beaten a #3 and no #15 seed has beaten a #2 seed, but they have come close.

text:
2 points: #14 Seed

Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 (2 points, 72–70)
Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 (2 points, 58–56)
Creighton lost to St. John's in 2012 (2 points, 69–67)

Overtime games: #15 Seed

UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 (5 points, 87–82). UTSA is the only #15 seed to take a game into overtime.

1 point: #15 Seed

Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 (1 point, 56–55)

text: First-round games[edit]

text: Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, each seed-pairing has played 100 first-round games with these results:

text:
The #1 seed is 99–1 against the #16 seed (.990).
The #2 & #3 seeds are 100–0 against the #15 & #14 seeds (1.000).
The #4 seed is 94–6 against the #13 seed (.940).
The #5 seed is 78–22 against the #12 seed (.780).
The #6 seed is 69–31 against the #11 seed (.690).
The #7 seed is 65–35 against the #10 seed (.650).
The #9 seed is 53–47 against the #8 seed (.530).

text: Second-round games[edit]

text: Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, the following results have occurred for each pairing:

text: In the 1/16/8/9 bracket:

text:
vs. #8
vs. #9

#1
45–1 (.978)
46–2 (.958)

#16
–
0–1 (.000)

text:
note: The 3 losses by the #1 seed vs #8/9 were: Duke (vs Michigan St, 2009), Ohio St (vs Boston College, 2006), Texas Tech (vs Notre Dame, 1998).
note: The #9 vs. #16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998.

text: In the 2/15/7/10 bracket:

text:
vs. #7
vs. #10

#2
49–13 (.790)
31–3 (.912)

#15
–
–

text: In the 3/14/6/11 bracket:

text:
vs. #6
vs. #11

#3
45–22 (.672)
17–12 (.586)

#14
–
–

text: In the 4/13/5/12 bracket:

text:
vs. #5
vs. #12

#4
42–27 (.609)
18–3 (.857)

#13
3–3 (.500)
–

text: Teams entering the tournament unbeaten[edit]

text: Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten, 9 went on to win the National Championship.[6]

text:
In 1986, Texas entered the tournament 30–0, beat USC for the national title, and ended the season 34–0.
In 1990, Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29–0, but lost in the Final Four to Auburn.
In 1992, Vermont entered the tournament 29–0, but lost in the first round to George Washington.
In 1993, Vermont entered the tournament 28–0, but lost in the first round to Rutgers.
In 1995, Connecticut entered the tournament 29–0, beat Tennessee for the national title, and ended the season 35–0.
In 1997, Connecticut entered the tournament 30–0, but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee.
In 1998, Tennessee (33–0) and Liberty (28–0) both entered the tournament unbeaten; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee, which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39–0.
In 2002, 2009, and 2010, Connecticut entered the tournament 33–0, won the national title in each, and ended those seasons 39–0. They respectively beat Oklahoma, Louisville, and Stanford in those championship games.
In 2012, Baylor entered the tournament 34–0, beat Notre Dame for the national title, and ended the season 40–0. The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history, for either women or men, to win 40 games in a season. Notably, Louisiana Tech went 40–5 during the 1979–80 season. This was during the AIAW era for women's basketball.
In 2014, Connecticut (34–0) and Notre Dame (32–0) both entered the tournament unbeaten; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79–58 for the national title, ended the season 40–0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten.
In 2015, Princeton entered the tournament 30–0, but lost in the second round to Maryland.
In 2016, Connecticut entered the tournament 32–0, beat Syracuse for the national title, ending the season 38–0.
In 2017, Connecticut entered the tournament 32–0, but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State, ending their 111-game winning streak to finish 36–1.
In 2018, Connecticut entered the tournament 32–0, but lost in the Final Four to Notre Dame, ending their 36-game winning streak to finish 36–1.

text: Home state[edit]

text: Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court. Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities, and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states.

text: The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987, which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center.

text: Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk, Virginia, but also lost its semifinal. The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs' regular home court. ODU has always used on-campus arenas, first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center. The following year, USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion, the home court of its Los Angeles arch-rival UCLA.

text: Of the other teams to play in their home states, Stanford (1992) won the national title; Notre Dame (2011) lost in the championship game; and Western Kentucky (1986), Penn State (2000), Missouri State (2001), LSU (2004), and Baylor (2010) lost in the semifinals.

text: Championship margins[edit]

text:
Overtime games in a championship game:[7]

Tennessee 70, Virginia 67/OT (1991)
Maryland 78, Duke 75/OT (2006)

Smallest margin of victory in a championship game: 1 point[8]

North Carolina 60, Louisiana Tech 59 (1994)

Biggest margin of victory in a championship game: 33 points[8]

Connecticut 93, Louisville 60 (2013)

Margin of 10 points: Louisiana Tech (1982), Tennessee (1987 & 1989), Purdue (1999), Connecticut (2000, 2002, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016), and Baylor (2012) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship. The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points.
Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion. Notably, Louisiana Tech's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play.

2016 Connecticut (+239)
2010 Connecticut (+214)
2013 Connecticut (+208)
2015 Connecticut (+197)
2000 Connecticut (+187)
2002 Connecticut (+161)
1982 Louisiana Tech (+158)
2014 Connecticut (+156)

text: Same-conference championship games[edit]

text: 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference (winner in bold):

text:
1989 SEC, Tennessee and Auburn
1996 SEC, Tennessee and Georgia
2006 ACC, Maryland and Duke
2009 Big East, Connecticut and Louisville
2013 Big East, Connecticut and Louisville
2017 SEC, South Carolina and Mississippi State

text: Result by school and by year[edit]

text: 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year, since 1982 (the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA). The results for all years are shown in this table below.[9]

text: The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament:

text:
<blank> Not in tournament
O Opening Round (only in 1983)
1 First round
2 Second Round
S Sweet 16
E Elite 8
F Final 4
R National Runner-up
C National Champion

text:
Year ->
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Team

Akron

1 !1

Alabama

3 !S

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

Alabama St.

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Albany (NY)

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

Alcorn St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

American

1 !1

1 !1

Appalachian St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Arizona

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

Arizona St.
3 !S
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2
4 !E

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

Arkansas

1 !1

1 !1
4 !E
3 !S

2 !2

5 !F

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

2 !2

Army

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Auburn
1 !1
3 !S

3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
6 !R
6 !R
6 !R
4 !E

3 !S
2 !2

4 !E
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

Austin Peay

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Ball St.

2 !2

Baylor

1 !1
2 !2

3 !S
7 !C
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
5 !F
4 !E
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S

Belmont

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Boise St.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1
1

Boston College

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

Boston U.

1 !1

Bowling Green

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

Brown

1 !1

Bucknell

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Buffalo

1 !1

3 !S

Butler

1 !1

BYU

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

Cal Poly

1 !1

Cal St. Fullerton

1 !1

2 !2

Cal St. Northridge

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

California

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
5 !F
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

Campbell

1 !1

Canisius

1 !1

Central Arkansas

1 !1
1 !1

Central Mich.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

3 !S

Charlotte

1 !1

1 !1

Chattanooga

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Cheyney
6 !R
3 !S
5 !F

Cincinnati

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

Clemson
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

Cleveland St.

1 !1

1 !1

Colgate

1 !1

Colorado

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

Colorado St.

2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

Connecticut

1 !1
2 !2
5 !F
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
7 !C
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
7 !C
5 !F
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
5 !F
7 !C
7 !C
5 !F
5 !F
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
6 !F
5 !F

Coppin St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Cornell

1 !1

Creighton

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

Dartmouth

0 !O

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Dayton

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E

1 !1
1 !1

Delaware

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S

Delaware St.

1 !1

Denver

1 !1

DePaul

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

Detroit

1 !1

Drake
4 !E

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Drexel

1 !1

Duke

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
5 !F
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
3 !S

Duquesne

2 !2

East Carolina
1 !1

1 !1

East Tenn. St.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Eastern Ill.

1 !1

Eastern Ky.

1 !1

1 !1

Eastern Mich.

1 !1

1 !1

Eastern Wash.

1 !1

Elon

1 !1
1 !1

Evansville

1 !1

1 !1

Fairfield

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

FGCU

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

FIU

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

Fla. Atlantic

1 !1

Florida

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

Florida A&M

1 !1

1 !1

Florida St.

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2

Fordham

1 !1

1 !1

Fresno St.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Furman

1 !1

1 !1

Ga. Southern

1 !1
1 !1

Gardner-Webb

1 !1

George Washington

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Georgetown

3 !S

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2

Georgia
1 !1
5 !F
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E

2 !2

5 !F
6 !R
4 !E
1 !1
5 !F
4 !E
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
4 !E
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

Georgia St.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Georgia Tech

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

Gonzaga

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

Grambling

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Green Bay

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Hampton

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Hartford

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

Harvard

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Hawaii

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Holy Cross

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Houston

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

Howard
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Idaho

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Idaho St.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Illinois
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2

3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

Illinois St.

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

Indiana

3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

Iona

1 !1

Iowa

2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
5 !F
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

Iowa St.

1 !1
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Jackson St.
1 !1
0 !O

1 !1

1 !1

Jacksonville

1 !1

James Madison

3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

Kansas

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

3 !S
3 !S

Kansas St.
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

Kent St.
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Kentucky
4 !E
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

4 !E
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2

La.-Monroe

1 !1
3 !S
5 !F

La Salle

0 !O

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

La.-Lafayette

1 !1

Lamar

4 !E

1 !1

Lehigh

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Liberty

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Lipscomb

1 !1

Little Rock

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

LIU Brooklyn

1 !1

Long Beach St.
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
5 !F
5 !F
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

Louisiana Tech
7 !C
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
6 !R
7 !C
5 !F
5 !F
1 !1
1 !1
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Louisville

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
6 !R

3 !S
2 !2
6 !R
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
5 !F

Loyola Marymount

1 !1

Loyola (MD)

1 !1
1 !1

LSU

3 !S

4 !E
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2

3 !S

3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Maine

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Manhattan

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Marist

1 !1

1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

Marquette

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

Marshall

1 !1

Maryland
5 !F
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2

4 !E
5 !F
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
7 !C
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
5 !F
5 !F
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2

Massachusetts

1 !1

1 !1

McNeese St.

1 !1
1 !1

Memphis
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Mercer

1 !1

Miami (FL)

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

Miami (OH)

1 !1

Michigan

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

Michigan St.

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
6 !R
3 !S
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1

Middle Tenn.

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Milwaukee

1 !1

1 !1

Minnesota

2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

2 !2

Ole Miss
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
4 !E

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

4 !E

Mississippi St.

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
6 !R

Missouri
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

Missouri State

2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
5 !F

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Monmouth

1 !1

Montana

0 !O
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Montana State

1 !1

1 !1

Mount St. Mary’s

1 !1
1 !1

Murray St.

1 !1

N.C. A&T

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Navy

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Nebraska

2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

3 !S

1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

New Mexico

1 !1

1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

New Mexico St.

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

New Orleans

2 !2

Nicholls St.

1 !1

Norfolk St.

1 !1

North Carolina

1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S
7 !C
3 !S

3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S

3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
5 !F
5 !F
4 !E
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S

North Carolina St.
3 !S
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

3 !S
3 !S
3 !S

3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
5 !F
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S

North Dakota

1 !1

North Texas

1 !1

Northeastern

1 !1

Northern Ariz.

1 !1

Northern Colorado

1 !1

Northern Ill.

2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Northern Iowa

1 !1

Northwestern
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

Northwestern St.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Notre Dame

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
7 !C
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
6 !R
5 !F
6 !R
6 !R
3 !S
4 !E
7 !C

Oakland

1 !1

1 !1

Ohio

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Ohio St.
1 !1

1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

6 !R

2 !2

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2

Oklahoma

3 !S

2 !2

3 !S
3 !S
6 !R
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
5 !F
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

Oklahoma St.

2 !2
1 !1
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2

Old Dominion
3 !S
5 !F
4 !E
7 !C

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
4 !E
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S

Oral Roberts

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Oregon
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

4 !E
4 !E

Oregon St.

3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
5 !F
3 !S
4 !E

Penn

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Penn St.
3 !S
4 !E
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

2 !2
5 !F
1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

Pepperdine

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Pittsburgh

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S

2 !2

Portland

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Portland St.

1 !1

Prairie View

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Princeton

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

Providence

1 !1

1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1

Purdue

2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

5 !F
4 !E
1 !1
2 !2
4 !E
7 !C
2 !2
6 !R
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
4 !E

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

Quinnipiac

1 !1

1 !1

3 !S
2 !2

Radford

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Rhode Island

1 !1

Rice

2 !2

1 !1

Richmond

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Robert Morris

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Rutgers

4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

3 !S
4 !E
5 !F
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
4 !E
3 !S
6 !R
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

Sacred Heart

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Samford

1 !1
1 !1

San Diego

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

San Diego St.

3 !S
3 !S

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

San Francisco

1 !1
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1

Santa Clara

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Savannah St.

1 !1

Seton Hall

3 !S
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1

Siena

1 !1

SMU

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

South Ala.

1 !1

South Carolina
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1

4 !E
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
7 !C
4 !E

South Carolina St.

1 !1

South Dakota

1 !1

South Dakota St.

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

South Fla.

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

Southeast Mo. St.

1 !1
1 !1

Southern California
4 !E
7 !C
7 !C
3 !S
6 !R
3 !S
3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

Southern Ill.

2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

2 !2

Southern Miss

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

3 !S
1 !1
2 !2

Southern U.

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

St. Bonaventure

3 !S

2 !2

St. Francis Brooklyn

1 !1

Saint Francis (PA)

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

St. John’s

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

Saint Joseph’s

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2

Saint Mary's

1 !1

2 !2

Saint Peter’s
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Seattle

1 !1

Stanford
1 !1

3 !S
4 !E
7 !C
5 !F
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
5 !F
5 !F
5 !F
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
6 !R
5 !F
6 !R
5 !F
5 !F
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
4 !E
6 !F
3 !S

Stephen F. Austin
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Stetson

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Syracuse

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
6 !R
2 !2
1 !1

TCU

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Temple

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

Tennessee
5 !F
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
5 !F
7 !C
5 !F
7 !C
4 !E
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
6 !R
7 !C
7 !C
7 !C
4 !E
6 !R
3 !S
5 !F
6 !R
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
7 !C
7 !C
1 !1
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
2 !2

Tennessee St.

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Tennessee Tech
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Texas

4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
7 !C
5 !F
4 !E
4 !E
4 !E
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
5 !F
3 !S
2 !2

2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S

Texas A&M

3 !S

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
7 !C
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S

Texas Southern

1 !1

Texas St.

1 !1

1 !1

Texas Tech

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
7 !C
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1

1 !1

Texas-Arlington

1 !1

1 !1

Toledo

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Troy

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Tulane

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

Tulsa

2 !2

1 !1

UAB

1 !1

3 !S

UC Davis

1 !1

UC Irvine

1 !1

UC Riverside

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

UC Santa Barb.

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

UCF

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1

UCLA

1 !1

3 !S

1 !1

3 !S

2 !2
4 !E
1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2

3 !S
3 !S
4 !E

UMBC

1 !1

UNC Asheville

1 !1

1 !1
1

UNC Greensboro

1 !1

UNI

1 !1
1 !1

UNLV

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

3 !S
2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

UT Martin

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Utah

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
4 !E

1 !1
2 !2

1 !1

UTEP

2 !2

1 !1

UTSA

1 !1
1 !1

Valparaiso

1 !1
1 !1

Vanderbilt

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
5 !F
3 !S
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
1 !1

2 !2
4 !E
4 !E
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

VCU

1 !1

Vermont

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
2 !2

Villanova

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1

2 !2
2 !2
4 !E
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

2 !2

Virginia

1 !1
1 !1
2 !2
3 !S
4 !E
3 !S
5 !F
6 !R
5 !F
4 !E
3 !S
4 !E
4 !E
3 !S
2 !2
1 !1
3 !S
1 !1
1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1

2 !2

Virginia Tech

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
3 !S

2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2

Wake Forest

2 !2

Washington

1 !1
2 !2
2 !2
3 !S
2 !2
4 !E
3 !S

2 !2
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1
1 !1

4 !E

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1

1 !1
5 !F
3 !S

Washington St.

1 !1

Weber St.

1 !1
1 !1

West Virginia

2 !2

3 !S

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
2 !2

2 !2
2 !2

Western Caro.

1 !1

1 !1

Western Ill.

1 !1

1 !1

Western Ky.

5 !F
5 !F
2 !2
2 !2
1 !1
1 !1
3 !S
6 !R
3 !S
2 !2
3 !S

1 !1
2 !2

2 !2

1 !1

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

Western Mich.

1 !1

1 !1

Wichita State

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1

Winthrop

1 !1

Wisconsin

1 !1

2 !2
2 !2

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1

1 !1

Wright St.

1 !1

Wyoming

1 !1

Xavier

1 !1

2 !2
1 !1
4 !E

1 !1

1 !1
1 !1
1 !1
4 !E
2 !2

Youngstown St.

1 !1

2 !2

1 !1