document_title: Declaration of war by the United States

question_text: when was the last time america declared war

text: Declaration of war by the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.

text: After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text: Formal[edit]

text: The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[5] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).

text: In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[6][7]

text:
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

War of 1812
Declaration of War upon the U.K.
 United Kingdom
June 18, 1812
19–13
79–49
James Madison
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Mexican–American War
"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[8]
 Mexico
 Mexico

May 13, 1846
40–2
173–14
James K. Polk
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)

Spanish–American War
Declaration of War upon Spain
 Spain
April 25, 1898
42–35
310–6
William McKinley
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

World War I
Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
April 6, 1917
82–6
373–50
Woodrow Wilson
Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)

Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[9][10]
 Austria-Hungary
December 7, 1917
74–0
365–1
1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)

World War II
Declaration of War upon Japan
 Japan
December 8, 1941
82–0
388–1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)

Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
December 11, 1941
88–0
393–0
V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)

Declaration of War upon Italy
 Italy
90–0
399–0
Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)

Declaration of War upon Bulgaria
 Bulgaria
June 5, 1942
73–0
357–0

Declaration of War upon Hungary[9]
 Hungary
360–0

Declaration of War upon Romania[9]
 Romania
361–0

text: Undeclared wars[edit]

text: Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]

text: In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.

text:
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

Quasi-War
 France
An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798
18–4

John Adams
Treaty of Mortefontaine

First Barbary War
 Morocco
 Tripolitania

February 6, 1802[11]

Thomas Jefferson
War ended 1805

Second Barbary War
 Algiers
May 10, 1815[12]

James Madison
War ended 1816

Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders
 Slave traders and pirates
"Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819

James Monroe
1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols

Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch
 Paraguay
1858.[13]

James Buchanan

Mexican Revolution

United States occupation of Veracruz

 Mexico
H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914

337–37
Woodrow Wilson
Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[14][15]

Russian Civil War

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

 Commune of Estonia
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvia
 Mongolian People's Party
 Russia
 Ukraine

1918[16]

Woodrow Wilson

Lebanon crisis of 1958
 Lebanese Opposition

 Al-Mourabitoun
 Lebanese Communist Party
 Progressive Socialist Party

H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[17]
72–19
355–61
Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958

Vietnam War

Laotian Civil War

Cambodian Civil War

 China
National United Front of Kampuchea

 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh

 North Korea
 North Vietnam
 Pathet Lao
 South Vietnam

Việt Cộng

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964
88–2
416–0
Lyndon B. Johnson
U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia and Druze militias; Syria
S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983
54–46
253–156
Ronald W. Reagan
Forces withdrawn in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991.
52–47
250–183
George H.W. Bush
The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991

War in Afghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Yemeni Civil War

Somali Civil War

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

War in North-West Pakistan

Moro conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

Iraqi Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Syrian Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Second Libyan Civil War

 Afghanistan

Quetta Shura

Taliban

Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front

 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front

Khorasan group

al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen

al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

Ansar al-Sharia

al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil

 Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
 Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
 Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

 High Council of the Islamic Emirate
 Fidai Mahaz

 al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
 Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
 Hizbul Islam
 Islamic Courts Union
 Jabhatul Islamiya
 Mu'askar Anole
 Ras Kamboni Brigades

 Abu Sayyaf
 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
 Islamic State
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 Maute group
 Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao

S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001
98–0
420–1
George W. Bush

Iraq War[18]
 Iraq
H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003
77–23
296–132
George W. Bush
Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[19]

text: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]

text: In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result

Korean War
 China
 North Korea
 Soviet Union

UNSCR 84, 1950
Harry S. Truman
Korean Armistice Agreement,[20] 1953

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria
UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978

Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan
U.S. forces withdrew in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
UNSCR 678, 1990
George H. W. Bush
UNSCR 689, 1991

Bosnian War
 Republika Srpska
UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993
Bill Clinton
Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004

Second Liberian Civil War
Peacekeeping
UNSCR 1497, 2003
George W. Bush
U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.

Haitian coup d'état
UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004

2004

First Libyan Civil War

2011 military intervention in Libya

Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector

 Libya
UNSCR 1973, 2011
Barack Obama
Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

text: Other undeclared wars[edit]

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result

American Revolutionary War
 Great Britain

Quebec
Loyalists

German auxiliaries

 Hesse-Kassel
 Hesse-Hanau
 Hanover
 Waldeck
 Brunswick
 Ansbach
 Anhalt-Zerbst

Native Americans[21]

 Iroquois Confederacy

None
Peace of Paris

text: On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[22] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.

text: The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]

text: The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[23]

text: The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[24][25] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.

text: The War Powers Resolution[edit]

text: In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.

text: Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.

text: On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[26] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.


document_title: Mountain Time Zone

question_text: what states are in mountain standard time zone

root

text: Mountain Time Zone

text: Canada[edit]

text: Only one Canadian province is fully contained in the Mountain Time Zone:

tag: p

text: Alberta

tag: ul

text: One province and one territory are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Pacific Time Zone:

text:
British Columbia – far eastern regions
Northwest Territories – Tungsten

text: One territory and one province are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Central Time Zone

text:
Nunavut: Kitikmeot Region
Saskatchewan: Lloydminster and vicinity

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The following states have the same time as Mountain Time Zone:

text:
Baja California Sur
Chihuahua
Nayarit: Except for the Bahía de Banderas municipality, which uses the Central Time Zone.
Sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST.
Sinaloa
Revillagigedo Islands (Colima): three of the four islands have the same time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island and Roca Partida.

text: United States[edit]

text: Five states are fully contained in the Mountain Time Zone:

text:
Arizona – no DST, except in the Navajo Nation
Colorado
Montana
Utah
Wyoming

text: Three states are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Pacific Time Zone:

text:
Idaho – Southern Idaho
Nevada – all, except for West Wendover, Mountain City, Owyhee, Jackpot, and Jarbidge
Oregon – primary time zone for Malheur County

text: Seven states are split between the Mountain Time Zone and the Central Time Zone:

text:
Kansas – Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton counties
Nebraska – western third
North Dakota – southwest part
New Mexico – all, except for Nara Visa
Oklahoma – Kenton
South Dakota – western half
Texas – El Paso and Hudspeth counties


document_title: Macula densa

question_text: as a consequence of reduced blood volume the macula densa

text: Macula densa

text: Histology[edit]

text: The cells of the macula densa are taller and have more prominent nuclei than surrounding cells of the distal straight tubule (cortical thick ascending limb).

text: The close proximity and prominence of the nuclei cause this segment of the distal tubule wall to appear darker in microscopic preparations,[2] hence the name macula densa.

text: Function[edit]

text: Macula densa cells sense changes in sodium chloride level, and will trigger an autoregulatory response to increase or decrease reabsorption of ions and water to the blood (as needed) in order to alter blood volume and return blood pressure to normal.

text: A decrease in afferent arteriole diameter causes a decrease in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate), resulting in a decreased concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the filtrate and/or decreased filtrate flow rate. Reduced blood pressure means decreased venous pressure and, hence, a decreased peritubular capillary pressure. This results in a smaller capillary hydrostatic pressure, which causes an increased absorption of sodium ions into the vasa recta at the proximal tubule.

text: Hence, a decrease in blood pressure results in less NaCl present at the distal tubule, where the macula densa is located. The macula densa senses this drop in salt concentration and responds through two mechanisms: First, it triggers dilation of the renal afferent arteriole, decreasing afferent arteriole resistance and, thus, offsetting the decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure caused by the drop in blood pressure.

text: Second, macula densa cells release prostaglandins, which triggers granular juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin into the bloodstream. (The juxtaglomerular cells can also release renin independently of the macula densa. They are also triggered by baroreceptors lining the arterioles, and release renin if a fall in blood pressure in the arterioles is detected. Furthermore, activation of the sympathetic nervous system stimulates renin release through activation of beta-1 receptors.)

text: Thus, a drop in blood pressure results in dilation of the afferent arterioles, increasing the GFR due to greater blood flow to the glomerulus. It also results in the release of renin, which, through the renin-angiotensin system, causes constriction of the efferent arterioles, which ultimately increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.

text: The process triggered by the macula densa helps keep the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fairly steady in response to varying artery pressure.

text: Damage to the macula densa would impact blood flow to the kidneys because the afferent arterioles would not dilate in response to a decrease in filtrate osmolarity and pressure at the glomerulus would not be increased. As part of the body’s blood pressure regulation, the macula densa monitors filtrate osmolarity; if it falls too far, the macula densa causes the afferent arterioles of the kidney to dilate, thus increasing the pressure at the glomerulus and increasing the glomerular filtration rate. The macula densa does not regulate the dilation of the efferent arterioles and afferent arterioles do not dilate in response to increases in filtrate osmolarity.


document_title: List of Sons of Anarchy episodes

question_text: what is the name of the final episode of sons of anarchy

text: List of Sons of Anarchy episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Viewers
(in millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
13
September 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)
November 26, 2008 (2008-11-26)
2.21[2]

2
13
September 8, 2009 (2009-09-08)
December 1, 2009 (2009-12-01)
3.67[3]

3
13
September 7, 2010 (2010-09-07)
November 30, 2010 (2010-11-30)
N/A

4
14
September 6, 2011 (2011-09-06)
December 6, 2011 (2011-12-06)
5.45[4]

5
13
September 11, 2012 (2012-09-11)
December 4, 2012 (2012-12-04)
N/A

6
13
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
December 10, 2013 (2013-12-10)
7.48[5]

7
13
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
4.60

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2008)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Allen Coulter & Michael Dinner
Kurt Sutter
September 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)
1WAB79
2.53[6]

2
2
"Seeds"
Charles Haid
Kurt Sutter
September 10, 2008 (2008-09-10)
1WAB01
2.20[6]

3
3
"Fun Town"
Stephen Kay
Kurt Sutter
September 17, 2008 (2008-09-17)
1WAB02
2.10[6]

4
4
"Patch Over"
Paris Barclay
James D. Parriott
September 24, 2008 (2008-09-24)
1WAB03
2.25[7]

5
5
"Giving Back"
Tim Hunter
Jack LoGiudice
October 1, 2008 (2008-10-01)
1WAB04
2.19[6]

6
6
"AK-51"
Seith Mann
Nichole Beattie
October 8, 2008 (2008-10-08)
1WAB05
2.09[6]

7
7
"Old Bones"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Dave Erickson
October 15, 2008 (2008-10-15)
1WAB06
1.87[6]

8
8
"The Pull"
Guy Ferland
Kurt Sutter & Jack LoGiudice
October 22, 2008 (2008-10-22)
1WAB07
2.14[6]

9
9
"Hell Followed"
Billy Gierhart
Brett Conrad
October 29, 2008 (2008-10-29)
1WAB08
2.06[6]

10
10
"Better Half"
Mario Van Peebles
Pat Charles
November 5, 2008 (2008-11-05)
1WAB09
2.14[6]

11
11
"Capybara"
Stephen Kay
Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson
November 12, 2008 (2008-11-12)
1WAB10
2.22[6]

12
12
"The Sleep of Babies"
Terrence O'Hara
Kurt Sutter
November 19, 2008 (2008-11-19)
1WAB11
2.46[6]

13
13
"The Revelator"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter
November 26, 2008 (2008-11-26)
1WAB12
2.48[6]

text: Season 2 (2009)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Albification"
Guy Ferland
Kurt Sutter
September 8, 2009 (2009-09-08)
2WAB01
4.29[8]

15
2
"Small Tears"
Stephen Kay
Jack LoGiudice
September 15, 2009 (2009-09-15)
2WAB02
3.71[9]

16
3
"Fix"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Dave Erickson
September 22, 2009 (2009-09-22)
2WAB03
3.49[10]

17
4
"Eureka"
Guy Ferland
Kurt Sutter & Brett Conrad
September 29, 2009 (2009-09-29)
2WAB04
3.76[10]

18
5
"Smite"
Terrence O'Hara
Chris Collins
October 6, 2009 (2009-10-06)
2WAB05
3.66[11]

19
6
"Falx Cerebri"
Billy Gierhart
Regina Corrado
October 13, 2009 (2009-10-13)
2WAB06
3.31[12]

20
7
"Gilead"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins
October 20, 2009 (2009-10-20)
2WAB07
3.70[13]

21
8
"Potlatch"
Paul Maibaum
Kurt Sutter & Misha Green
October 27, 2009 (2009-10-27)
2WAB08
3.39[14]

22
9
"Fa Guan"
Stephen Kay
Brett Conrad & Liz Sagal
November 3, 2009 (2009-11-03)
2WAB09
3.52[15]

23
10
"Balm"
Paris Barclay
Dave Erickson & Stevie Long
November 10, 2009 (2009-11-10)
2WAB10
3.38[16]

24
11
"Service"
Phil Abraham
Story by: Brady Dahl & Cori Uchida
Teleplay by: Kurt Sutter & Jack LoGiudice
November 17, 2009 (2009-11-17)
2WAB11
3.48[17]

25
12
"The Culling"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson
November 24, 2009 (2009-11-24)
2WAB12
3.44[18]

26
13
"Na Trioblóidí"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter
December 1, 2009 (2009-12-01)
2WAB13
4.33[19]

text: Season 3 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

27
1
"SO"
Stephen Kay
Kurt Sutter
September 7, 2010 (2010-09-07)
3WAB01
4.13[20]

28
2
"Oiled"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson
September 14, 2010 (2010-09-14)
3WAB02
3.37[21]

29
3
"Caregiver"
Billy Gierhart
Chris Collins & Regina Corrado
September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)
3WAB03
3.48[22]

30
4
"Home"
Guy Ferland
Kurt Sutter & Liz Sagal
September 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)
3WAB04
2.98[23]

31
5
"Turning and Turning"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Dave Erickson & Marco Ramirez
October 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)
3WAB05
3.12[24]

32
6
"The Push"
Stephen Kay
Chris Collins & Julie Bush
October 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)
3WAB06
2.85[25]

33
7
"Widening Gyre"
Billy Gierhart
Kurt Sutter & Regina Corrado
October 19, 2010 (2010-10-19)
3WAB07
2.59[26]

34
8
"Lochan Mor"
Guy Ferland
Dave Erickson & Liz Sagal & Kurt Sutter
October 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)
3WAB08
2.67[27]

35
9
"Turas"
Stephen Kay
Story by: Kurt Sutter
Teleplay by: Chris Collins & Brady Dahl
November 2, 2010 (2010-11-02)
3WAB09
3.35[28]

36
10
"Firinne"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Kurt Sutter & Vaun Wilmott
November 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)
3WAB10
3.18[29]

37
11
"Bainne"
Adam Arkin
Dave Erickson & Regina Corrado & Kurt Sutter
November 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)
3WAB11
3.40[30]

38
12
"June Wedding"
Phil Abraham
Story by: Kurt Sutter
Teleplay by: Chris Collins
November 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)
3WAB12
3.27[31]

39
13
"NS"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson
November 30, 2010 (2010-11-30)
3WAB13
3.59[32]

text: Season 4 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

40
1
"Out"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter
September 6, 2011 (2011-09-06)
4WAB01
4.93[33]

41
2
"Booster"
Guy Ferland
Dave Erickson & Chris Collins
September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)
4WAB02
3.71[34]

42
3
"Dorylus"
Peter Weller
Regina Corrado & Liz Sagal
September 20, 2011 (2011-09-20)
4WAB03
3.42[35]

43
4
"Una Venta"
Billy Gierhart
Kurt Sutter & Marco Ramirez
September 27, 2011 (2011-09-27)
4WAB04
3.28[36]

44
5
"Brick"
Paris Barclay
Dave Erickson & Brady Dahl
October 4, 2011 (2011-10-04)
4WAB05
3.51[37]

45
6
"With an X"
Guy Ferland
Chris Collins & Regina Corrado
October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)
4WAB06
3.56[38]

46
7
"Fruit for the Crows"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Kurt Sutter & Liz Sagal
October 18, 2011 (2011-10-18)
4WAB07
3.65[39]

47
8
"Family Recipe"
Paul Maibaum
Dave Erickson & Brady Dahl
October 25, 2011 (2011-10-25)
4WAB08
3.82[40]

48
9
"Kiss"
Billy Geirhart
Regina Corrado & Marco Ramirez
November 1, 2011 (2011-11-01)
4WAB09
3.63[41]

49
10
"Hands"
Peter Weller
Chris Collins & David LaBrava & Kurt Sutter
November 8, 2011 (2011-11-08)
4WAB10
3.93[42]

50
11
"Call of Duty"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Liz Sagal & Gladys Rodriguez
November 15, 2011 (2011-11-15)
4WAB11
4.23[43]

51
12
"Burnt and Purged Away"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson
November 22, 2011 (2011-11-22)
4WAB12
3.85[44]

52
13
"To Be, Act 1"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins
November 29, 2011 (2011-11-29)
4WAB13
4.42[45]

53
14
"To Be, Act 2"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins
December 6, 2011 (2011-12-06)
4WAB14
4.24[46]

text: Season 5 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

54
1
"Sovereign"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter
September 11, 2012 (2012-09-11)
5WAB01
5.37[47]

55
2
"Authority Vested"
Peter Weller
Regina Corrado
September 18, 2012 (2012-09-18)
5WAB02
4.17[48]

56
3
"Laying Pipe"
Adam Arkin
Kem Nunn & Liz Sagal & Kurt Sutter
September 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)
5WAB03
3.80[49]

57
4
"Stolen Huffy"
Paris Barclay
Chris Collins
October 2, 2012 (2012-10-02)
5WAB04
4.60[50]

58
5
"Orca Shrugged"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Regina Corrado & Kurt Sutter
October 9, 2012 (2012-10-09)
5WAB05
4.34[51]

59
6
"Small World"
Adam Arkin
Roberto Patino
October 16, 2012 (2012-10-16)
5WAB06
4.03[52]

60
7
"Toad's Wild Ride"
Peter Weller
Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins
October 23, 2012 (2012-10-23)
5WAB07
4.30[53]

61
8
"Ablation"
Karen Gaviola
Mike Daniels
October 30, 2012 (2012-10-30)
5WAB08
4.58[54]

62
9
"Andare Pescare"
Billy Gierhart
Liz Sagal & Kurt Sutter
November 6, 2012 (2012-11-06)
5WAB09
3.96[55]

63
10
"Crucifixed"
Guy Ferland
Kem Nunn
November 13, 2012 (2012-11-13)
5WAB10
4.58[56]

64
11
"To Thine Own Self"
Paris Barclay
Mike Daniels & John Barcheski & Kurt Sutter
November 20, 2012 (2012-11-20)
5WAB11
4.23[57]

65
12
"Darthy"
Peter Weller
Chris Collins & Kurt Sutter
November 27, 2012 (2012-11-27)
5WAB12
4.25[58]

66
13
"J'ai Obtenu Cette"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins
December 4, 2012 (2012-12-04)
5WAB13
4.66[59]

text: Season 6 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Straw"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
6WAB01
5.87[60]

68
2
"One One Six"
Peter Weller
Chris Collins & Adria Lang
September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)
6WAB02
4.63[61]

69
3
"Poenitentia"
Guy Ferland
Charles Murray & Kurt Sutter
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
6WAB03
4.48[62]

70
4
"Wolfsangel"
Billy Gierhart
Kurt Sutter & Kem Nunn
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
6WAB04
4.59[63]

71
5
"The Mad King"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Chris Collins & Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
6WAB05
4.46[64]

72
6
"Salvage"
Adam Arkin
Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter
October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
6WAB06
4.35[65]

73
7
"Sweet and Vaded"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter & Adria Lang
October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)
6WAB07
4.38[66]

74
8
"Los Fantasmas"
Peter Weller
Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter
October 29, 2013 (2013-10-29)
6WAB08
4.20[67]

75
9
"John 8:32"
Guy Ferland
Kem Nunn & Kurt Sutter
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
6WAB09
4.49[68]

76
10
"Huang Wu"
Billy Gierhart
Kurt Sutter & Charles Murray
November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)
6WAB10
4.38[69]

77
11
"Aon Rud Persanta"
Peter Weller
Chris Collins & Kurt Sutter
November 19, 2013 (2013-11-19)
6WAB11
4.17[70]

78
12
"You Are My Sunshine"
Paris Barclay
Kem Nunn & Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter
December 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)
6WAB12
4.58[71]

79
13
"A Mother's Work"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins
December 10, 2013 (2013-12-10)
6WAB13
5.17[72]

text: Season 7 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

80
1
"Black Widower"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)
7WAB01
6.20[73]

81
2
"Toil and Till"
Billy Gierhart
Charles Murray & Kurt Sutter
September 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)
7WAB02
4.83[74]

82
3
"Playing with Monsters"
Craig Yahata
Peter Elkoff & Kurt Sutter
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
7WAB03
4.13[75]

83
4
"Poor Little Lambs"
Guy Ferland
Kem Nunn & Kurt Sutter
September 30, 2014 (2014-09-30)
7WAB04
4.04[76]

84
5
"Some Strange Eruption"
Peter Weller
Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter
October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)
7WAB05
4.32[77]

85
6
"Smoke 'em if You Got 'em"
Guy Ferland
Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter
October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)
7WAB06
4.42[78]

86
7
"Greensleeves"
Paris Barclay
Gladys Rodriguez & Josh Botana & Kurt Sutter
October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)
7WAB07
4.29[79]

87
8
"The Separation of Crows"
Charles Murray
Peter Elkoff & John Barcheski & Kurt Sutter
October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28)
7WAB08
3.94[80]

88
9
"What a Piece of Work Is Man"
Peter Weller
Mike Daniels & Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
7WAB09
3.88[81]

89
10
"Faith and Despondency"
Paris Barclay
Kem Nunn & Gladys Rodriguez & Kurt Sutter
November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)
7WAB10
4.38[82]

90
11
"Suits of Woe"
Peter Weller
Peter Elkoff & Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter
November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
7WAB11
4.62[83]

91
12
"Red Rose"
Paris Barclay
Kurt Sutter & Charles Murray
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)
7WAB12
5.05[84]

92
13
"Papa's Goods"
Kurt Sutter
Kurt Sutter
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
7WAB13
6.40[85]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14

1
2.53
2.20
2.10
2.25
2.19
2.09
1.87
2.14
2.06
2.14
2.22
2.46
2.48
N/A

2
4.29
3.71
3.49
3.76
3.66
3.31
3.70
3.39
3.52
3.38
3.48
3.44
4.33
N/A

3
4.13
3.37
3.48
2.98
3.12
2.85
2.59
2.67
3.35
3.18
3.40
3.27
3.59
N/A

4
4.93
3.71
3.42
3.28
3.51
3.56
3.65
3.82
3.63
3.93
4.23
3.85
4.42
4.24

5
5.37
4.17
3.80
4.60
4.34
4.03
4.30
4.58
3.96
4.58
4.23
4.25
4.66
N/A

6
5.87
4.63
4.48
4.59
4.46
4.35
4.38
4.20
4.49
4.38
4.17
4.58
5.17
N/A

7
6.20
4.83
4.13
4.04
4.32
4.42
4.29
3.94
3.88
4.38
4.62
5.05
6.40
N/A


document_title: The Blacklist (season 5)

question_text: when is blacklist season 5 episode 17 coming out

text: The Blacklist (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
James Spader as Raymond "Red" Reddington
Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen
Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler
Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen
Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper
Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai
Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi
Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Blacklist
guide
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"Smokey Putnum"
No. 30
Bill Roe
Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
6.39[3]

Following Mr. Kaplan's death, Reddington's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum. Meanwhile, Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin's death. Aram and Samar's romance escalates. Also, Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it.

91
2
"Greyson Blaise"
No. 37
Don Thorin
Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
5.87[4]

Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise, a self-made billionaire who moonlights as a high-end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire. Meanwhile, Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out.

92
3
"Miss Rebecca Thrall"
No. 76
Adam Weisinger
Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
5.79[5]

Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire. Meanwhile, the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and tracks down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes.

93
4
"The Endling"
No. 44
Michael Watkins
Noah Schechter
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
5.46[6]

Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the world to get to her ailing son to seek treatment. Meanwhile, Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire. Also, Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains. Nick, after helping Red and Liz with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz, is killed and the suitcase with the remains, is taken.

94
5
"Ilyas Surkov"
No. 54
Kurt Kuenne
Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
5.23[7]

Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist, but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters. Meanwhile, Reddington sets out on a new business venture while working on Nick's murder. Also, Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase. Aram requests Cooper for his operational training. Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom.

95
6
"The Travel Agency"
No. 90
Terrence O'Hara
Carla Kettner
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
5.25[8]

Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission. Meanwhile, Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang. Also, Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase, but runs into Red who knows he has it. After closing an emotional case, Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse.

96
7
"The Kilgannon Corporation"
No. 48
Jean de Segonzac
Lukas Reiter
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
5.04[9]

After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast, Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation. When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditions, he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal. This later complicates Dembe, putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him. Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play. Tom's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it's important to Reddington.

97
8
"Ian Garvey"
No. 13
Bill Roe
John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
5.89[10]

Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick's death and the infamous suitcase mystery, as the task force searches for him. Tom's desperate escape reunites him with Red and they escape momentarily. Liz gets pulled into the middle of the tug of war over the contents of the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized, having fought for their lives. After being in a coma for 10 months, Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her, and, when asked, he informs her that Tom died from his injuries.

98
9
"Ruin"
N/A
Michael Caracciolo
Sean Hennen
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
6.02[11]

Liz escapes to a cabin in Alaska living under an alias to mourn Tom's death. She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave. During an ice storm she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive claiming they were all in a plane crash. Instantly sensing trouble, Liz is forced into a cat and mouse game to survive and save the injured man who turns out to be a federally protected witness. After killing the four men, Liz returns to her home leaving no trace of herself in Alaska. Returning to Red she tells him she only wants revenge for Tom's death.

99
10
"The Informant"
No. 118
Paul Holahan
Noah Schechter
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
6.16[12]

Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom’s killers. Meanwhile, Reddington directs the task force to find a blacklister with classified and sensitive information. Prescot is killed. Liz learns more about Nik and Tom.

100
11
"Abraham Stern"
No. 100
Andrew McCarthy
Teleplay by: Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
Story by: Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
6.49[13]

As Reddington begins his quest for a legendary treasure, he is robbed of an antique penny. Reddington steers the task force into tracking down a blacklister known for manipulating and stealing priceless treasures. Meanwhile, Liz looks into old cases when tracking down Tom’s killers.

101
12
"The Cook"
No. 56
Solvan "Slick" Naim
Peter Noah
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
6.11[14]

Liz continues to search for clues into finding Tom’s killers with Reddington’s help. Meanwhile, the task force is forced to work with a former arsonist to catch another arsonist.

102
13
"The Invisible Hand"
No. 63
Andrew McCarthy
Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
6.35[15]

Reddington pushes the task force into finding a group of blacklisters named: “The Invisible Hand,” a group of people who kill victims and leave them abandoned in the Woods. Meanwhile, Reddington lends a hand to an old associate and Liz discovers a secret into Tom’s investigation.

103
14
"Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III"
No. 51
Christine Gee
Kelli Johnson
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
5.68[16]

Reddington steers the task force into finding a blacklister who creates identical criminals for murderous clients. Meanwhile, Liz begins to see a therapist following Tom’s death in order to get reinstated as an FBI-agent.

104
15
"Pattie Sue Edwards"
No. 68
Donald Thorin, Jr.
Carla Kettner
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
5.69[17]

The task force investigates a blacklister who creates and uses a biochemical weapon in order to gain revenge on people responsible for the death of her husband. Meanwhile, Reddington deals with a tax deal to help with his money laundering empire.

105
16
"The Capricorn Killer"
No. 19
Bill Roe
Taylor Martin
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
5.55[18]

The task force grows closer into the investigation into finding Tom’s killers. Meanwhile, Liz continues her therapy with looking into cold cases while as a Profiler. Also, Reddington draws closer into finding Ian Garvey.

106
17
"Anna-Gracia Duerte"
No. 25
Michael Caracciolo
Lukas Reiter & Jonathan Shapiro
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
5.38[19]

When an associate of the Nash Syndicate is murdered, Red sets Liz and the Task Force on the case in order to recover evidence crucial to bringing down Ian Garvey. Aram considers a step forward in his relationship with Samar.

107
18
"Zarak Mosadek"
No. 23
Terrence O'Hara
Sean Hennen
April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
5.15[20]

In an attempt to apply pressure to Ian Garvey, Red and the Task Force head to Paris to track down a prominent heroin supplier for the Nash Syndicate. Distrustful of Red's agenda, Liz takes her own path in going after Garvey.

108
19
"Ian Garvey: Conclusion"
No. 13
Cort Hessler
Carla Kettner & Katie Bockes
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
5.24[21]

Liz discovers that she has a long lost sister whose father is also Reddington. Meanwhile, Liz and her sister work together with the task force to finally capture Ian Garvey once and for all and find out what got Tom killed.

109
20
"Nicholas T. Moore"
No. 110
Solvan "Slick" Naim
Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)
5.54[22]

The task force investigates the reappearance of a young girl in a cult found in a forest. Their chase leads to Samar being kidnapped. Meanwhile, Reddington recovers from being shot by Ian Garvey and looks into finding the duffel bag with his long lost daughter.

110
21
"Lawrence Dane Devlin"
No. 26
Bethany Rooney
Carla Kettner & Sean Hennen
May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)
4.96[23]

Aram and the task force search for Samar whose life is in danger from a prolific killer for hire. Red's search for the duffel bag leads him to an underground auction where he discovers Garvey had met with a man Red believed to be dead - Sutton Ross. Liz reveals that she had been following Red and vows to recover the bag before him.

111
22
"Sutton Ross"
No. 17
Bill Roe
John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)
5.18[24]

Liz is kidnapped by Sutton Ross in an effort to force Reddington to reveal the truth about the duffle bag. Though Ross is killed before Reddington can reveal the truth and the bones burned, Liz is revealed to have been working with Ross and Jennifer Reddington all along to learn the truth about the bones: they belong to the real Raymond Reddington. The man known as Raymond Reddington is in fact an imposter.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Ratings/Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
18–49
DVR Viewers
(millions)
Total
18–49
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Smokey Putnum (No. 30)"
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
1.1/4
6.39[3]
0.8
3.322
1.9
9.710[25]

2
"Greyson Blaise (No. 37)"
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
1.0/4
5.87[4]
0.7
3.221
1.7
9.093[26]

3
"Miss Rebecca Thrall (No. 76)"
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
1.0/4
5.79[5]
0.7
3.047
1.7
8.839[27]

4
"The Endling (No. 44)"
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.9/3
5.46[6]
0.8
3.102
1.7
8.565[28]

5
"Ilyas Surkov (No. 54)"
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.8/3
5.23[7]
0.7
3.061
1.5
8.292[29]

6
"The Travel Agency (No. 90)"
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
0.9/3
5.25[8]
0.7
2.855
1.5
8.015[30]

7
"The Kilgannon Corporation (No. 48)"
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.9/3
5.04[9]
N/A
3.130
N/A
8.171[31]

8
"Ian Garvey (No. 13)"
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.9/4
5.89[10]
0.7
2.903
1.6
8.796[32]

9
"Ruin"
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
1.0/4
6.02[11]
N/A
2.951
N/A
8.975[33]

10
"The Informant (No. 118)"
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
1.0/4
6.16[12]
0.8
3.216
1.8
9.372[34]

11
"Abraham Stern (No. 100)"
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
1.1/4
6.49[13]
0.7
3.029
1.8
9.517[35]

12
"The Cook (No. 56)"
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
1.0/4
6.11[14]
0.9
3.248
1.9
9.350[36]

13
"The Invisible Hand (No. 63)"
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
1.0/4
6.35[15]
0.7
3.032
1.7
9.384[37]

14
"Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III (No. 51)"
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
0.9/4
5.68[16]
0.8
3.322
1.7
9.008[38]

15
"Pattie Sue Edwards (No. 68)"
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
1.0/4
5.69[17]
0.7
3.098
1.7
8.797[39]

16
"The Capricorn Killer (No. 19)"
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
0.9/4
5.55[18]
0.6
2.948
1.5
8.495[40]

17
"Anna-Gracia Duerte (No. 25)"
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
0.9/4
5.38[19]
0.6
2.887
1.5
8.271[41]

18
"Zarak Mosadek (No. 23)"
April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
0.8/4
5.15[20]
0.6
2.964
1.4
8.116[42]

19
"Ian Garvey: Conclusion (No. 13)"
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
0.8/3
5.24[21]
0.5
2.681
1.3
7.922[43]

20
"Nicholas T. Moore (No. 110)"
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)
0.8/4
5.54[22]
N/A
2.690
N/A
8.214[44]

21
"Lawrence Dane Devlin (No. 26)"
May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)
0.8/3
4.96[23]
0.6
2.546
1.4
7.502[45]

22
"Sutton Ross (No. 17)"
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)
0.8/3
5.18[24]
0.5
2.639
1.3
7.822[46]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The fifth season of The Blacklist received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating based on five reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10.[47]


document_title: Inner core

question_text: who discovered the inner core of the earth

text: Inner core

text: Discovery[edit]

text: The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann,[4] who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand.  She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity,[5] or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity.[6] A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971.[7]

text: The outer core was determined to be molten from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it, but elastic shear waves do not – or do so only very weakly.[8] The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth's surface to detect, since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core. Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of  normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core.[9] In 2005, shear waves were detected passing through the inner core; these claims were initially controversial, but are now gaining acceptance.[10]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System, the theory of planetary formation, and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth's volume, the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel-iron alloy. Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3%, implying the presence of light elements in the core (e.g. silicon, oxygen, sulfur) in addition to the probable presence of nickel.[11]

text: Further, if the primordial and mostly fluid (still forming) earth contained any significant mass(es) of elements denser than iron and nickel, namely the white (appearance) precious metals (and a few others) except silver, specifically the siderophile elements, then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by planetary differentiation, with the most dense (and stable, i.e. platinum, iridium, and osmium, (etc.) in order of density) of these forming the innermost spheroid(s).[12] While unstable elements of such trans-iron/nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron/nickel/lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core.

text: It then necessarily follows that all, or almost all, of these denser elements we have mined (or are even able to) at the surface (or near surface, or even at all "above" the core) have been delivered later as part of impact objects/masses.[13]

text: Temperature and pressure[edit]

text:
The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa). These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K (5,400 °C; 9,800 °F).[3] The pressure in the
Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).[14] Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude (see the Clausius–Clapeyron relation).[15]

text: A report published in the journal Science [16] concludes  that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K.

text: Dynamics[edit]

text: The Earth's  inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).[17] Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous, because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material, and continues to grow as a result of that same process. Even though it is growing into liquid, it is solid, due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high. It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.[18] However, this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core.[19] Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform, but instead contains large-scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others.[20] In addition, the properties of the inner core's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km. This variation is surprising, since lateral temperature variations along the inner-core boundary are known to be extremely small (this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations).  Discoveries in 1994 suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers, separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick.[21] If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface, then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior.

text: Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly more quickly or slowly than the rest of Earth has long been entertained.[22][23] In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves more quickly in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.

text: Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core. This occurs mostly because it cannot dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid. This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core.[citation needed] The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid (which is expected to be turbulent).[citation needed]

text: Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.[24] Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable,[25] any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes,[26] and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.[27]

text: There is an East–West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data. There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core – melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other.[28] The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing, whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting. This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere, creating the asymmetry in the Earth's magnetic field.[29]

text: History[edit]

text: Based on rates of cooling of the core, it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago[30] out of a fully molten core (which formed just after planetary formation). If true, this would mean that the Earth's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet's formation, but a feature younger than the Earth (the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old).


question_text: what is the meaning of sr5 in toyota

question_tokens: what is the meaning of sr5 in toyota

text: SR5 may refer to:

text:
Matich SR5, a sports car
Music Man StingRay 5, a bass guitar
Toyota SR5, a name for the Toyota Hilux pickup truck in North America
State Road 5 or State Route 5; see List of highways numbered 5
Sierpinski/Riesel Base 5 Problem, a generalization of the Sierpinski and Riesel problems to base 5
SR-5 — chinese export 122/220mm MLRS.
A trim for Toyota trucks and large SUVs standing for Sport Rally 5-speed

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter-number combination.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Letter-number combination disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Politics of Sweden

question_text: what political party is in power in sweden

text: Politics of Sweden

text: Constitution[edit]

text: The Constitution of Sweden consists of four fundamental laws. The most important is the Instrument of Government of 1974 which sets out the basic principles of political life in Sweden, defining rights and freedoms. The Act of Succession is a treaty between the old Riksdag of the Estates and House of Bernadotte regulating their rights to accede to the Swedish throne.

text: The four fundamental laws are:

text:
Instrument of Government (1974)
Act of Succession (1809)
Freedom of the Press Act (1766)
Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991)

text: Executive branch[edit]

text:
Main office holders

Office
Name
Party
Since

King
Carl XVI Gustaf

15 September 1973

Prime Minister
Stefan Löfven
Social Democratic Party
3 October 2014

text: Head of State[edit]

text:
King Carl XVI Gustaf of the House of Bernadotte became king in 1973. His authority is formal, symbolic, and representational.
Heiress apparent to the throne is Crown Princess Victoria since 1980.

text: Head of Government[edit]

text:
Following the general elections held on 26 September 2014, Stefan Löfven of the Swedish Social Democratic Party was elected Prime Minister of Sweden by the new parliament on 2 October. Together with the Green Party, Löfven presides over a minority government.
The Deputy Prime Minister is Isabella Lövin of the Green Party.[1]

text: Government[edit]

text: The highest executive authority of the State is vested in the Government, which consists of a Prime Minister and roughly 22 Ministers who head the ministries. The Ministers are appointed at the sole discretion of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is nominated by the Speaker and appointed following a vote in the Riksdag itself. The Monarch plays no part in this process. The only way to get rid of a government is through a motion of no confidence (misstroendevotum) in the Riksdag. This motion must get a majority of the total amount of votes in the Riksdag (at least 175). Another example of the power the legislature has given the Government is the adoption of the budget in the Riksdag. The Government's proposition to budget is adopted, unless a majority of the members of the Riksdag vote against it. This to make it possible to govern even in minority.

text: Legislative branch[edit]

text: The unicameral Riksdag has 349 members, popularly elected every 4 years. It is in session generally from September through mid-June.

text: Legislation may be initiated by the Cabinet or by members of the Riksdag. Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation for a four-year term. The Riksdag can alter the Constitution of Sweden, but only with approval by a supermajority and confirmation after the following general elections.

text: The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a leading political role since 1917, after Reformists confirmed their strength and the revolutionaries left the party. After 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats. Only five general elections (1976, 1979, 1991, 2006 and 2010) have given the centre-right bloc enough seats in the Riksdag to form a government. This is considered one reason for the Swedish post-war welfare state, with a government expenditure of slightly more than 50% of the gross domestic product.

text: Political parties and elections[edit]

text: Judiciary[edit]

text: Swedish law, drawing on Germanic, Roman, and Anglo-American law, is neither as codified as in France and other countries influenced by the Napoleonic Code, nor as dependent on judicial practice and precedents as in the United States.

text:
Courts: Civil and criminal jurisdiction

Supreme Court or Högsta domstolen (literally The Highest Court)
Courts of appeal or Hovrätter (literally Royal Court)
District courts or Tingsrätter (literally Thing assembly Court)

Administrative Courts: Litigation between the Public and the Government.

The Supreme Administrative Court or Regeringsrätten (literally Government/Regent Court)
Administrative courts of appeal or Kammarrätter (literally Chamber Court)
Administrative courts or Förvaltningsrätt (literally Administration Court)

Ombudsman:

The Parliamentary Ombudsman or Justitieombudsmannen
The Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern

text: Politicians[edit]

text: Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary people through its "popular movements" (Folkrörelser in Swedish), the most notable being trade unions, the women's movement, the temperance movement, and — more recently — sports movement. Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is around 82 percent (81.99 in Sweden general election, 2006).

text: Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include Joe Hill, Carl Skoglund, Raoul Wallenberg, Folke Bernadotte, Dag Hammarskjöld, Olof Palme, Carl Bildt, Hans Blix, and Anna Lindh.

text: According to a survey investigation by the sociologist Jenny Hansson,[2] Swedish national parliamentarians have an average work week of 66 hours, including side responsibilities. Hansson's investigation further reports that the average Swedish national parliamentarian sleeps 6.5 hours per night.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: Sweden is divided into 21 counties. In each county there is a county administrative board and a county council. Each county contains several municipalities, in total 290. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. The King, the Riksdag and the Government have their permanent seat in Stockholm. Up to 1968 when the Overgovernor's Office was incorporated into Stockholm County, it had a special status.

text: Energy politics[edit]

text: After the 1973 oil crisis, the energy politics were determined to become less dependent on the import of petroleum. Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from hydropower and nuclear power. Sweden wants to be independent of petroleum use by 2020. The Three Mile Island accident (United States) prompted the Swedish parliament in 1980 after a referendum to decide that no further nuclear power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. As of 2005[update], the use of renewables amounted to 26% of the energy supply in Sweden, most important being hydropower and biomass. In 2003, electricity from hydropower accounted for 53 TWh and 40% of the country's production of electricity with nuclear power delivering 65 TWh (49%). At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc. produced 13 TWh of electricity.[3] Sweden is the highest ranked country in the Climate Change Performance Index.[4]

text: In March 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or increasing nuclear power.[5] Since then however, reports about radioactive leakages at a nuclear waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published.[6] This does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nuclear power.

text: Following the recommendation of the 1980 referendum, two nuclear power reactors were closed by government decision in 1999 and 2005, respectively. However, in February 2009, the Swedish centre-right wing government announced that new nuclear power stations may be constructed if they replace old ones, thus ending the previous de facto phase out policy.[7]

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: Throughout the 20th century, Swedish foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment in peacetime, neutrality in wartime. This principle has often been criticised in Sweden, allegedly being a facade, claiming that the Swedish government had an advanced collaboration with western countries within NATO.

text: During Cold War era politics, Sweden was not under the Warsaw Pact and received only minimal aid from the Marshall Plan. In 1952, a Swedish DC-3 was shot down over the Baltic Sea while gathering reconnaissance. It was later revealed that the plane had been shot down by the Soviet Union. Another plane, a Catalina search and rescue craft, was sent out a few days later and shot down by Soviets warplanes as well.

text: Sweden is also very active in international peace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support to the Third World.[citation needed]

text: In 1995 Sweden, together with Finland and Austria, joined the European Union which extended the number of member countries from 12 to 15. Membership and its issues are among the most important questions in Swedish politics. Apart from the European Union, Sweden is also an active member of the United Nations and several other organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Monetary Fund.


document_title: Big Mouth (TV series)

question_text: who plays the old hormone monster on big mouth

text: Big Mouth (TV series)

text: Summary[edit]

text: The series follows a group of 7th graders, including best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman, as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal in the suburbs of New York City. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters: Maurice, who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay; and Connie, who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy. Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own genitals.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Kroll[1] as:
Nick Birch, an almost-adolescent boy living with loving and overprotective parents. He also has an older brother named Judd and an older sister named Leah. He is arrogant and selfish, traits that are represented in the way he treated his girlfriend, Gina.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues—or even the students—to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled; he cannot read. It is revealed in season 2 that he is a virgin, though he ultimately loses his virginity to Jay's mom, by whom he is sexually approached and with whom he has a one night stand.
Rick the Hormone Monster, an old, dysfunctional yet enthusiastic hormone monster who follows Coach Steve and later Nick.
Lola, an intense popular girl who is terrified of losing her social status and the approval of her best friend Devin.
The Jansen Twins, a pair of girls from the Netherlands who are new to the school.
Kroll also voices Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.
John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, a young boy who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.
Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and Detective Florez.
Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty. Though Jessi has kissed Nick before, specifically in the first episode "Ejaculation", she later has many French kissing make-out sessions with Jay. She, like Andrew, is Jewish, as she has a Bat Mitzvah in episode 9, "I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah".
Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, an Armenian American boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.
Mantzoukas also voices Guy Bilzerian and the ghost of Socrates.
Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, a girl who is nerdy and kind.
Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Nick's loving father, who frequently shares inappropriate stories.
Armisen also voices the ghost of Antonin Scalia, a bus driver, and Stavros.
Maya Rudolph as:
Connie the Hormone Monstress, who follows Jessi (and sometimes Missy and Nick) around and encourages her to embrace her wildest desires.
Diane Birch, Nick's loving mother, who babies him.
Rudolph also voices a bath mat and the ghosts of Elizabeth Taylor and Whitney Houston.
Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington, the late jazz musician whose spirit now lives in Nick's attic and sometimes offers him advice.
Peele also voices the ghost of Freddie Mercury, Atlanta Claus, a DJ, Missy's father Cyrus, Patrick Ewing and Jay's pitbull, Featuring Ludacris.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman, Andrew's grumpy father and lover of scallops.
Andrew Rannells as Matthew, a flamboyantly gay student with a love of drama and spreading gossip.
June Diane Raphael as Devin, a popular student at the high school.
Gina Rodriguez as Gina Alvarez, a very physically developed girl on Missy and Jessi's soccer team whose sudden pubertal development causes a stir at school. (season 2)
John Gemberling as Security Guard/Tyler the Hormone Monster
David Thewlis as Shame Wizard, the Hormone Monster's mortal enemy who haunts the kids, stoking their deepest shame. (season 2)
Jak Knight as DeVon, the boyfriend of Devin and another popular student.
Neil Casey as Lars/Detective Dumont
Joe Wengert as Caleb, another 7th grader, possibly autistic.
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser, the perpetually stoned father of Jessi Glaser and the husband of Shannon Glaser.
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser, the mother of Jessi Glaser and the unfaithful wife of Greg Glaser.
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch, the older sister of Nick Birch and younger sister of Judd Birch.
Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow/Uninterested Girl
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica Foreman-Greenwald
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian, an older, bullying brother to Jay Bilzerian. Duplass also voices a clerk.
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian, another older, bullying brother to Jay Bilzerian.
Nathan Fillion as himself
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima, the female character in the book The Rock of Gibraltar.
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo, the male character in the book The Rock of Gibraltar.
Alia Shawkat as Roland, a friend of Nick Birch's who lives in Manhattan, New York.
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine, a friend of Leah's who takes a liking to Nick.
Zach Woods as Daniel, a boy Leah is interested in. Woods also voices a sock.
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch, the dark yet caring older brother of Nick and Leah Birch, and the son of Diane and Elliot Birch.
Rosa Salazar as Miss Benitez, a 7th grade teacher.
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick, Shannon Glaser's love interest.
Jean Smart as Depression Kitty
Bobby Cannavale as Gavin the Hormone Monster

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"Ejaculation"Joel MoserNick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark LevinSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Maury, his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.
22"Everybody Bleeds"Bryan FrancisKelly GaluskaSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period—inside the Statue of Liberty.
33"Am I Gay?"Mike L. MayfieldJoe WengertSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.
44"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"Joel MoserJess Dweck & Victor QuinazSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.
55"Girls Are Horny Too"Bryan FrancisEmily AltmanSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality—and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.
66"Pillow Talk"Mike L. MayfieldPeter A. KnightSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.
77"Requiem for a Wet Dream"Joel MoserDuffy BoudreauSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.
88"The Head Push"Bryan FrancisEmily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark LevinSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.
99"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah"Mike L. MayfieldKelly GaluskaSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.
1010"The Pornscape"Joel MoserGil OzeriSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Jessi and Jay run away together. Meanwhile, Andrew is arrested and goes to prison.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date111"Am I Normal?"Bob SuarezAndrew GoldbergOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
Andrew struggles to blend in after a growth spurt, Nick worries his hormones are out of whack, and Jessi and Jay get a taste of the teen runaway life.
122"What Is It About Boobs?"Bryan FrancisKelly GaluskaOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
A classmate's booming bosom sends the boys into a rapture -- and leaves the girls with a raging case of insecurity. Coach Steve drops a bombshell.
133"The Shame Wizard"Joel MoserVictor QuinazOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
As Nick tries to figure out whether he has a shot with Gina, a mortifying encounter with Leah sends Andrew into a spiral of shame.
144"Steve the Virgin"Bob SuarezJoe WengertOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
Coach Steve finally gets his chance to do sex on a lady, Nick and Andrew go on a double date, and Jessi's rebellious streak leads to trouble.
155"The Planned Parenthood Show"Bryan FrancisEmily AltmanOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
An argument in sex ed class turns into a skit-tastic journey through the worlds of Planned Parenthood, contraceptives, and STDs.
166"Drug Buddies"Joel MoserGil OzeriOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
Jessi and Nick dip into her dad's stash of edibles, with mind-bending results. Andrew searches for the right moment to break up with Lola.
177"Guy Town"Bob SuarezJoe WengertOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
While helping Greg move into a seedy bachelor complex, the boys and their dads debate what women want -- and what it means to be a man.
188"Dark Side of the Boob"Bryan FrancisKelly GaluskaOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
A school sleepover turns messy as Nick dishes on a makeout session, and the Shame Wizard works his miserable magic on the whole class.
199"Smooch or Share"Joel MoserAlex RubensOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
Nick tries to lighten the mood at the sleepover with a new twist on Truth or Dare. The Shame Wizard meets his match. Jessi vows to change her ways.
2010"The Department of Puberty"Bob SuarezGil OzeriOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)
After traveling through a magic portal to puberty headquarters, Nick seeks out a new Hormone Monster, and Jessi bonds with the Depression Kitty.

text: Production[edit]

text: TV writer Andrew Goldberg and screenwriter-directors Jennifer Flackett and Mark Levin approached Nick Kroll, Goldberg's best friend since childhood, with the idea to develop a show about going through puberty.[2] Kroll and Goldberg used their divergent pubertal experiences as a centerpiece of the show, because Kroll was a late bloomer while Goldberg went through the physical changes of puberty very early.[3] Many of their lived experiences are featured in the show, such as Kroll's first kiss, and Goldberg's parents waxing his mustache.[2] The show also includes an experience of their childhood friend, Lizzie, who the character of Jessi is based on, getting her first period on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty. According to Kroll in an interview on NPR, "[Big Mouth] takes an equal look at what it's like for girls and women, the process of going through puberty, which I think has not been quite as explored in most popular culture."[2]

text: Netflix announced they had picked up Big Mouth in June 2016.[4] Flackett, Levin, Goldberg, and Kroll all serve as executive producers on the show.

text: Release[edit]

text: The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29, 2017.[5][6] On October 24, 2017, it was confirmed that a second season had been ordered,[7] which was released on October 5, 2018.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 21 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatological humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[9] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10]

text: Vox described the show as sharp and jarring depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[11]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave Season 2 a rating of 100% based on 21 reviews, with the critical consensus reading "Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity."[12]

text: Erik Adams from The A.V. Club awarded the second season an 'A-'. Adams praised the cast, especially Thewlis, and the experimentation of this season, commenting that "it’s shown that it deserves to be included in any conversation about TV’s animated greats."[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2018

Annie Award

Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production

Big Mouth

Nominated

2018

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics

Mark Rivers (for "Totally Gay")

Nominated


document_title: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)

question_text: what is sgt pepper's lonely hearts club band song about

question_tokens: what is sgt pepper 's lonely hearts club band song about

text: Authorship and recording

text: In November 1966, on the flight back to England after a holiday, McCartney conceived an idea in which an entire album would be role-played, with each of the Beatles assuming an alter-ego in the "Lonely Hearts Club Band", which would then perform a concert in front of an audience. The inspiration is said to have come when roadie Mal Evans innocently asked McCartney what the letters "S" and "P" stood for on the pots on their in-flight meal trays, and McCartney explained it was for salt and pepper. This then led to the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band concept, as well as the song.[4][5]

text: The group's road manager, Neil Aspinall, suggested the idea of Sgt. Pepper being the compère, as well as the reprise at the end of the album.[6] According to his diaries, Evans may have also contributed to the song. John Lennon attributed the idea for Sgt. Pepper to McCartney, although the song is officially credited to Lennon–McCartney.[7] The Beatles recorded the track in Abbey Road's studio 2, with George Martin producing, and Geoff Emerick engineering. Work on the song started on 1 February 1967, and after three further sessions the recording was completed on 6 March 1967.[8]

text: Song structure

text: On the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, the song opens to the sound of a chattering audience, and an orchestra tuning up, which was taken from the 10 February orchestra session for "A Day in the Life".[9] The crowd sounds edited into the song were recorded in the early 1960s by Martin, during a live recording of the stage show Beyond the Fringe. The song's structure is:

text:
Introduction (instrumental)
Verse
Bridge (instrumental)
Refrain
Bridge
Verse
Instrumental bridge and transition into "With a Little Help from My Friends".[8]

tag: ol

text:
The song is in G major, with a 4
4 meter. A horn quartet was used to fill out the instrumental sections.[8]

text: Reprise

text: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" is a modified repeat of the opening song at a faster tempo with heavier instrumentation. The track opens with McCartney's count-in; between 2 and 3, Lennon jokingly interjects "Bye!"[10] Ringo Starr starts the song proper by playing the drum part unaccompanied for four bars, at the end of which a brief bass glissando from McCartney cues the full ensemble of two distorted electric guitars (played by George Harrison and Lennon),[11] bass, drums and overdubbed percussion.[12] In addition, McCartney overdubbed a Hammond organ part onto the track.[11]

text: While the first version of the song had stayed largely in the key of G major (except for transient modulation to F and perhaps C in the bridges), the reprise starts in F and features a modulation, to G.[13] The mono and stereo mixes of the song differ slightly: the former has a fractionally different transition from the previous song, and includes crowd noise and laughter in the opening bars that are absent from the stereo mix.

text: The idea for a reprise was Aspinall's, who thought that as there was a "welcome song", there should also be a "goodbye song".[14][15] The song contains broadly the same melody as the opening version, but with different lyrics and omitting the "It's wonderful to be here" section. At 1:18, it is one of the Beatles' shorter songs (the shortest is "Her Majesty" at 0:23). The reprise was recorded on 1 April 1967, two months after the version that opens the album.[16] At the end of the track, Martin's pre-recorded applause sample segues into the final track of the album, "A Day in the Life".

text: Releases

text: It was originally released in the UK on 26 May 1967, and in the US on 2 June 1967 on the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band LP.[8]

text: When the Beatles' recording contract with EMI expired in 1976, EMI were free to re-release music from the Beatles' catalogue, and in 1978 issued "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"/"With a Little Help from My Friends" as the A-side of a single, with "A Day in the Life" as the B-side. The single was released on Capitol in the US on 14 August (closely following the release there of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band film), reaching number 71 on 30 September 1978 where it stayed for two weeks. The single was issued on Parlophone in the UK in September.[17][18]

text:
Country
Chart
Rank

UK
Music Week
63[19]

US
Billboard Hot 100
71[20]

US
Cash Box
92[21]

US
Record World
103[22]

text: The original recording of the song is included on the Beatles compilation albums 1967-1970 (1973) and Yellow Submarine Songtrack (1999). A run-through of the reprise is included on the outtakes album Anthology 2 (1996).

text: In 2006, the reprise was re-released on the album Love, which was a theatrical production by Cirque du Soleil. The updated version is a remix featuring samples of other Beatles' songs and fades out before the cross-fade into "A Day in the Life".

text: The notebook used by McCartney containing the lyrics for "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and other songs was put up for sale in 1998.[23]

text: Personnel

text: Full version:

text:
Paul McCartney – lead vocal, rhythm guitar, bass guitar, lead guitar
John Lennon – harmony vocal
George Harrison – harmony vocal, lead/rhythm guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
George Martin – organ, producer
Neill Sanders – French horn
James W. Buck – French horn
Tony Randell – French horn
John Burden – French horn

text: Reprise:

text:
Paul McCartney – lead vocal, bass, Hammond organ
John Lennon – lead vocal, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – lead vocal, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, maracas

text: Cover versions

text: In 1967, Jimi Hendrix played the song live at the Saville Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue, which was leased by Brian Epstein, only three days after it had been released on record, with McCartney and Harrison in the audience.[27][28] Another live version by Hendrix recorded at the Isle of Wight Festival was included on a posthumous live album, Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight.

text: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" was never performed live by the Beatles. It was performed by three of the former band members (McCartney, Harrison and Starr) plus Eric Clapton on 19 May 1979, at Clapton's wedding party.[29]

text: Paul McCartney played the song live on the 1989–90 Paul McCartney World Tour.[30] On subsequent tours he would play the reprise version and use that as a segue into "The End". When the performance is released, it usually is listed as "Sgt. Pepper's/The End", shortening the name of the song. When McCartney performs it, he usually adds the count-in after the drum part begins, as opposed to McCartney's count-in preceding the drum opening.[31]

text: In 1988, hair metal band Zinatra played the song at an arena tour in Europe where they opened for then-former Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth.[32] Zinatra also covered part of the song under the title "Peppermania" on the band´s 2004 version of their self-titled debut album.[33]

text: McCartney and U2 played the song at the start of the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park, London on 2 July 2005.[34] The song, starting with "It was twenty years ago, today", was chosen amongst others to commemorate that Live 8 took place approximately twenty years after Live Aid.[35] The single was released for charity on iTunes, and set a world record for the fastest-selling online song of all time.[36]

text: In 2007, Bryan Adams and Stereophonics recorded the album's two versions of the song for It Was 40 Years Ago Today, a television film with contemporary acts recording the album's songs using the same studio, technicians and recording techniques as the original.[37]

text: On 4 April 2009, McCartney performed the song during a benefit concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall and segued it into "With a Little Help From My Friends", sung by Starr.[38]

text: In 2009, Cheap Trick released a live album and DVD called Sgt. Pepper Live, which is a live performance of the entire original album, including the title song and reprise.

text: In 2011, Robbie Williams performed the song on Take That's Progress tour, replacing "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with "Robbie Williams and the Take That Band", and "Mr Martin told the Band to play" – a reference to Take That's manager in the 1990s, Nigel Martin-Smith.

text: In 2013, the song was performed by Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), and Wade "Unique" Adams (Alex Newell) in the Glee episode "Tina in the Sky with Diamonds".

text: On 9 February 2014, during a tribute show commemorating the Beatles' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, 50 years earlier, McCartney again sang "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and Starr sang "With a Little Help from My Friends".

text: The Flaming Lips recorded the song on their track-for-track tribute album With a Little Help from My Fwends, released on October 27, 2014.

text: Glim Spanky recorded a cover of the song for Hello Goodbye, a 2016 tribute album to the Beatles.[39]


document_title: Interface Message Processor

question_text: where were the first 4 interface message processors located

text: Interface Message Processor

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of an "Interface computer" was first developed in 1966 by Donald Davies for the NPL network in England.[6] The same idea was independently developed in early 1967 at a meeting of principal investigators for the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to discuss interconnecting machines across the country. Larry Roberts, who led the ARPANET implementation, initially proposed a network of host computers. Wes Clark suggested inserting "a small computer between each host computer and the network of transmission lines",[7] i.e. making the IMP a separate computer.

text: The IMPs were built by the Massachusetts-based company Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) in 1969.  BBN was contracted to build four IMPs, the first being due at UCLA by Labor Day; the remaining three were to be delivered in one-month intervals thereafter, completing the entire network in a total of twelve months. When Massachusetts Senator Edward Kennedy learned of BBN's accomplishment in signing this million-dollar agreement, he sent a telegram congratulating the company for being contracted to build the "Interfaith Message Processor".[7]

text: The team working on the IMP called themselves the "IMP Guys":[7]

text:
Team Leader: Frank Heart
Software: Willy Crowther, Dave Walden, Bernie Cosell and Paul Wexelblat
Hardware: Severo Ornstein, Ben Barker
Theory and collaboration with the above on the overall system design: Bob Kahn
Other: Hawley Rising
Added to IMP team later: Marty Thrope (hardware), Jim Geisman, Truett Thach (installation), Bill Bertell (Honeywell)

text: BBN began programming work in February 1969 on modified Honeywell DDP-516s. The completed code was six thousand words long, and was written in the Honeywell 516 assembly language. The IMP software was produced primarily on a PDP-1, where the IMP code was written and edited, then run on the Honeywell.

text: BBN designed the IMP simply as "a messenger" that would only "store-and-forward".[7] BBN designed only the host-to-IMP specification, leaving host sites to build individual host-to-host interfaces. The IMP had an error-control mechanism that discarded packets with errors without acknowledging receipt; the source IMP, upon not receiving an acknowledging receipt, would subsequently re-send a duplicate packet. Based on the requirements of ARPA's request for proposal, the IMP used a 24-bit checksum for error correction. BBN chose to make the IMP hardware calculate the checksum, because it was a faster option than using a software calculation. The IMP was initially conceived as being connected to one host computer per site, but at the insistence of researchers and students from the host sites, each IMP was ultimately designed to connect to multiple host computers.

text: The first IMP was delivered to Leonard Kleinrock's group at UCLA on August 30, 1969. It used an SDS Sigma-7 host computer. Douglas Engelbart's group at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) received the second IMP on October 1, 1969. It was attached to an SDS-940 host. The third IMP was installed in University of California, Santa Barbara on November 1, 1969. The fourth and final IMP was installed in the University of Utah in December 1969. The first communication test between two systems (UCLA and SRI) took place on October 29, 1969, when a login to the SRI machine was attempted, but only the first two letters could be transmitted. The SRI machine crashed upon reception of the 'g' character.[8] A few minutes later, the bug was fixed and the login attempt was successfully completed.

text: BBN developed a program to test the performance of the communication circuits. According to a report filed by Heart, a preliminary test in late 1969 based on a 27-hour period of activity on the UCSB-SRI line found "approximately one packet per 20,000 in error;" subsequent tests "uncovered a 100% variation in this number - apparently due to many unusually long periods of time (on the order of hours) with no detected errors."[9]

text: A variant of the IMP existed, called the TIP, which connected terminals as well as computers to the network; it was based on the Honeywell 316, a later version of the 516. Later, some Honeywell-based IMPs were replaced with multiprocessing BBN Pluribus IMPs, but ultimately BBN developed a microprogrammed clone of the Honeywell machine.

text: IMPs were at the heart of the ARPANET until DARPA decommissioned the ARPANET in 1989. Most IMPs were either taken apart, junked or transferred to MILNET. Some became artifacts in museums; Kleinrock placed IMP Number One on public view at UCLA.[7] The last IMP on the ARPANET was the one at the University of Maryland.

text: BBN Report 1822[edit]

text: BBN Report 1822 specifies the method for connecting a host computer to an IMP. This connection and protocol is generally referred to as 1822, the report number.

text: The initial version of the 1822 protocol was developed in 1969: since it predates the OSI model by a decade, 1822 does not map cleanly into the OSI layers. However, it is accurate to say that the 1822 protocol incorporates the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer. The interface visible to the host system passes network layer addresses directly to a physical layer device.

text: To transmit data, the host constructs a message containing the numeric address of another host on the network (similar to an IP address on the Internet) and a data field, and transmits the message across the 1822 interface to the IMP. The IMP routes the message to the destination host using protocols that were eventually adopted by Internet routers. Messages could store a total length of 8159 Bits, of which the first 96 were reserved for the header (“leader”).[10]

text: While packets transmitted across the Internet are assumed to be unreliable, 1822 messages were guaranteed to be transmitted reliably to the addressed destination. If the message could not be delivered, the IMP sent to the originating host a message indicating that the delivery failed. In practice, however, there were (rare) conditions under which the host could miss a report of a message being lost, or under which the IMP could report a message as lost when it had in fact been received.


document_title: National Mathematics Day

question_text: whose birthday anniversary celebrated as national mathematics day

text: National Mathematics Day

text: In India, the day 'December 22 has been declared as the National Mathematics Day. The Declaration was made by Dr Manmohan Singh, Former Prime Minister of India, during the inaugural ceremony of the celebrations to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan held at the Madras University Centenary Auditorium on 26 February 2012. Dr Manmohan Singh also announced that the year 2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year.[1]

text: The Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 and died on 26 April 1920. It was in recognition of his contribution to mathematics the Government of India decided to celebrate Ramanujan's birthday as the National Mathematics Day every year and to celebrate 2012 as the National_Mathematics_Year. National Mathematics Day is celebrated with numerous educational events held at Indian schools and universities.[2]


document_title: Gold medal

question_text: how much gold is in the olympics gold medal

text: Gold medal

text: Military origins[edit]

text: Before the establishment of standard military awards, e.g., the Medal of Honor, it was common practice to have a medal specially created to provide national recognition for a significant military or naval victory or accomplishment. In the United States, Congress would enact a resolution asking the President to reward those responsible. The commanding officer would receive a gold medal and his officers silver medals.[1] Other countries similarly honored their military and naval victors in a similar fashion.

text: Competition medals[edit]

text: Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics.

text: Traditionally, medals are made of the following metals:

text:
Gold (or another yellow metal, e.g., brass)
Silver (or another grey metal, e.g., steel)
Bronze

text: Occasionally, Platinum medals can be awarded.

text: These metals designate the first three Ages of Man in Greek mythology: the Golden Age, when men lived among the gods, the Silver Age, where youth lasted a hundred years, and the Bronze Age, the era of heroes.

text: The custom of awarding the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze medals for the first three highest achievers dates from at least the 18th century, with the National Association of Amateur Athletes in the United States awarding such medals as early as 1884.[2]

text: This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given, not medals.

text: Olympic Games[edit]

text: At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a gold medal in recognition of their achievement.

text: At the Ancient Olympic Games only one winner per event was crowned with kotinos, an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold.[3] Herodotus describes a story that explains why there were only a few Greek men at the Battle of Thermopylae since "all other men were participating in the Olympic Games" and that the prize for the winner was "an olive-wreath". When Tigranes, an Armenian general learned this, he uttered to his leader: "Good heavens! what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour".[4] Hence medals were not awarded at the ancient Olympic Games.

text: At the 1896 Summer Olympics, winners received a silver medal and the second-place finisher received a bronze medal. In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The next three Olympics (1904, 1908, 1912) awarded the winners solid gold medals, but the medals themselves were smaller. The use of gold rapidly declined with the onset of the First World War and also with the onset of the Second World War.[5] The last series of Olympic medals to be made of solid gold were awarded at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden.

text: Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92.5% silver, and must contain a minimum of 6 grams of gold.[6] All Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick.[6] Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host. From 1928 through 1968 the design was always the same: the obverse showed a generic design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli of Greek goddess Nike with Rome's Colloseum in the background and text naming the host city; the reverse showed another generic design of Nike saluting an Olympic champion.

text: From the 1972 Summer Olympics through 2000, Cassioli's design (or a slight modification) remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassioli's design showed a Roman amphitheater for what originally were Greek games, a new obverse design was commissioned for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. For the 2008 Beijing Olympics medals had a diameter of 70mm and were 6mm thick, with the front displaying a winged figure of victory and the back showed a Beijing Olympics symbol surrounded by an inset jade circle.

text: Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. The silver and bronze medals have always borne the same designs.

text: Other gold medal awards[edit]

text: The award of a gold medal, often coupled with the award of silver and bronze medals to the next place finishers, has been adopted in other sports competitions and in other competitive fields, such as music and writing, as well as some competitive games. Typically bronze medals are awarded only to third place, but in some contests there is some variety, such as International barbershop music contests where bronze medals are awarded for third, fourth, and fifth place.