document_title: The Fault in Our Stars

question_text: who was the publisher of the fault in our stars

text: The Fault in Our Stars

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Hazel Grace Lancaster—a 16-year-old with cancer that has spread to her lungs—attends a cancer patient support group at her mother's behest. At first she hesitates because she feels like it has done her nothing. She thinks attending the support group could be the worst part of her life, until a particular support meeting, Hazel meets a 17-year-old boy named Augustus Waters, whose osteosarcoma caused him to lose his right leg, which was replaced with a prosthetic. Augustus is at the meeting to support his friend, Isaac, whose only remaining eye is soon to be removed due to cancer. Hazel and Augustus strike a bond immediately and agree to read each other's favorite novels. Augustus gives Hazel The Price of Dawn, and Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction, a novel written by Peter Van Houten, who lives in Amsterdam, about a cancer-stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel's own experience. After Augustus finishes reading her book, he is frustrated upon learning that the novel ends abruptly without a conclusion. Hazel explains the novel's author had retreated following the novel's publication and has not been heard from since.

text: A year later, Augustus reveals to Hazel that he has tracked down Van Houten's assistant, Lidewij, and, through her, has managed to start an e-mail correspondence with Van Houten. The two write to Van Houten with questions regarding the novel's ending and the fate of the mother of Anna. Van Houten eventually replies, explaining that he can only answer Hazel's questions in person. At a picnic, Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam to meet Van Houten.

text: While in Amsterdam, Augustus confesses his love for Hazel. Hazel and Augustus finally meet Van Houten but are shocked to find that he is a mean-spirited drunk. Horrified by Van Houten's behavior, Lidewij confesses to having arranged the meeting on his behalf, angering Van Houten, who proceeds to insult Hazel's cancer, starting an argument and causing Hazel and Augustus to flee from the drunken author's home.

text: Augustus confesses that his cancer has returned. The two affirm their love and support for each other. Upon their return to Indianapolis, Augustus's health worsens and he ends up in the ICU for a few days. Fearing his death, Augustus invites Isaac and Hazel to his pre-funeral, where they give eulogies. An extremely sick Augustus dies soon after. This leaves Hazel heartbroken and she doesn't know what to do with herself. After this traumatic event, Van Houten shows up at Augustus's funeral to apologize to Hazel.

text: Hazel learns that Augustus was writing a sequel to An Imperial Affliction. Hazel reads Augustus's words. He says getting hurt in this world is inevitable, but we do get to choose who we allow to hurt us, and that he is happy with his choice, and hopes she likes her choice too. The book closes with Hazel stating that she is happy with her choice.

text: Publication history[edit]

text: On December 21, 2011, Barnes & Noble accidentally shipped 1500 copies of The Fault in Our Stars before the release date to people who had pre-ordered the book. Green released a statement saying, "Mistakes happen. The people who made this error were not bad or incompetent people, and they were not acting maliciously. We all make mistakes, and it is not my wish to see Barnes and Noble or any of their employees vilified."[2] Many people who received the book pledged not to read it until its release date, January 10, 2012, or discuss it until the next day, January 11, as per a request of Green's not to spoil it for other readers. Most kept to this promise leaving the experience untarnished for those who got the book on the intended release date.[3]

text: The book rose to #84 on the Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble bestseller lists in June 2011 shortly after its title was announced.[4] Green promised that every pre-order would be hand-signed by him, requiring him to sign every copy of the first printing. He proposed that the general public vote on the color Sharpie he would use to sign the books, resulting in him signing the 150,000 books with a variety of Sharpie colors, each in proportion to the amount of votes received for that color.[5] However, some people who ordered from international booksellers received unsigned copies because those bookstores, including Amazon UK, underestimated how many books they needed and ordered more after the signing was complete, but Green agreed to fix this problem, telling people with unsigned pre-orders to email him so they could be sent a signed bookplate.[6] Many fans submitted their book cover designs to various outlets including Tumblr and Twitter, tagging Green in these posts so he could see them. The sizeable number of posts received has prompted Green's publisher Penguin to seek a fan-designed cover for a reprint of one of Green's other books, An Abundance of Katherines.[7] The Fault in Our Stars debuted at #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books[8] and remained in that spot for seven consecutive weeks.[9] A Hebrew edition of The Fault in Our Stars was published in Israel in August 2012 and more editions of the novel are forthcoming in Dutch, German, Spanish, French, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Chinese, and Portuguese. The Fault in Our Stars has also gained places on several bestseller lists. It was #1 on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list, #1 on the Indiebound bestseller list, and #9 on The Bookseller bestseller list. The novel was also The New York Times Book Review Editor's Choice.[10] As of January 2013, there are nearly 1 million copies of the novel in print.[11] In December 2012, it was announced that a special edition with a silver cover and an expanded Q&A, dubbed the 'Exclusive Collector's Edition', would be available from Barnes and Noble. All or at least most of the copies first available for purchase of this edition of the book contained a printing error wherein several pages of the first chapter were replaced with pages from the Q&A section at the back of the book.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Fault in Our Stars received critical acclaim. Critics mostly praised the book for its humor, strong characters, language, themes and new perspective on cancer and romance. The New York Times' review of the book called it "a blend of melancholy, sweet, philosophical and funny" and said that it "stays the course of tragic realism", while noting that the book's unpleasant plot details "do nothing to diminish the romance; in Green's hands, they only make it more moving."[13] NPR's Rachel Syme noted that "[Green's] voice is so compulsively readable that it defies categorization," saying that the "elegantly plotted" book "may be his best." [14] Time called The Fault in Our Stars "damn near genius."[15] Entertainment Weekly wrote, "[Augustus and Hazel's] love story is as real as it is doomed, and the gut-busting laughs that come early in the novel make the luminous final pages all the more heartbreaking", and gave the novel an overall A− grade.[16] Amazon.com calls it "insightful, bold, irreverent, and raw" and Green's "most ambitious and heartbreaking work yet."[17] The Manila Bulletin says that the book is "a collection of maudlin scenes and trite observations about the fragility of life and the wisdom of dying. And while it does talk about those things and more, the treatment of it is far from being maudlin or trite."[18] The Manila Bulletin also added that "Just two paragraphs into the work, and he immediately wallops the readers with such an insightful observation delivered in such an unsentimental way that its hard not to shake your head in admiration."[18] The Manila Bulletin stated that The Fault in Our Stars was a triumph for John Green.[18] USA Today called it a "elegiac comedy."[19] They gave the book a rating of four out of four stars.[19]The School Library Journal stated that it was "a strong choice for Adult Collections."[20] The Fault in Our Stars received a starred review from Kirkus Reviews, who described it as "a smartly crafted intellectual explosion of a romance."[21]

text: Several well-known authors have contributed their own positive reviews for the book. Jodi Picoult, author of My Sister's Keeper, calls The Fault in Our Stars "an electric portrait of young people who learn to live life with one foot in the grave." She goes on to say that the novel is "filled with staccato bursts of humor and tragedy." Bestselling author of The Book Thief, Markus Zusak, describes it as "a novel of life and death and the people caught in between" and "John Green at his best". Pertaining to Green's writing throughout the book, E. Lockhart, author of The Boyfriend List, says "He makes me laugh and gasp at the beauty of a sentence or the twist of a tale. He is one of the best writers alive and I am seething with envy of his talent."[17] Time named The Fault in Our Stars as the #1 fiction book of 2012.[22] Kirkus Reviews listed it among the top 100 children's books of 2012.[23] It also made USA Today's list of the top 10 books of 2012.[24] In 2013, the Edmonton Journal named the book one of their "favourite books of the year."[25]

text: One notable unfavorable opinion appeared in the Daily Mail.[26] In the piece, the plot of The Fault in Our Stars was described as "mawkish at best, exploitative at worst" and the book was characterized as belonging to the "sick-lit" young adult genre, together with other young-adult novels such as Never Eighteen and Before I Die. This entire genre, as well as the genre of young-adult novels dealing with suicide and self-harm (the piece mentions Thirteen Reasons Why, By the Time You Read This, I'll Be Dead, The Lovely Bones, and Red Tears) was criticized as being "distasteful" and inappropriate for their target audience of teens.[27] The Guardian criticized the piece, pointing out in particular that The Fault in Our Stars was chosen by The Guardian as that month's "teen book club choice" because "it's a gripping read, featuring two compelling characters, that deals sensitively and even humorously with a difficult situation without descending into mawkishness." In general, The Guardian faulted the Daily Mail for suggesting that the issues of illness, depression, and sexuality are inappropriate precisely "in the one place where difficult subjects have traditionally been most sensitively explored for teens: fiction written specifically for them."[27] For his part, in an interview for The Guardian, John Green said: "The thing that bothered me about The Daily Mail piece was that it was a bit condescending to teenagers. I'm tired of adults telling teenagers that they aren't smart, that they can't read critically, that they aren't thoughtful, and I feel like that article made those arguments."[28]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In January 2012, Fox 2000, a division of 20th Century Fox, optioned the rights to adapt the novel into a feature film.[1] Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber wrote the adapted screenplay. Josh Boone signed on to direct a year later, in February 2013.[29] Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen produced the film.[30] Shailene Woodley stars as Hazel, while Ansel Elgort plays Augustus.[31][32] Nat Wolff was cast as Isaac, the friend that introduces them, and Laura Dern stars as Hazel's mother.[33] Sam Trammell was cast as Mr. Lancaster, Hazel's father.[34] On August 29, 2013, John Green announced that Mike Birbiglia would be playing Patrick, and on September 6, 2013, Green announced that Willem Dafoe would portray Peter Van Houten.

text: Principal photography began on August 26, 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which doubled for the novel's setting of Indianapolis, Indiana, with a few days in Amsterdam, before concluding October 16, 2013.[35][36] The film was released on June 6, 2014, in the United States.[37] It was positively received by critics, with praise going to Woodley's performance as well as the entire film. The film also proved to be commercially successful, retaining the No. 1 spot at the box-office during its opening weekend, and grossed over $307 million worldwide against its budget of $12 million.[38][39][40] It was released on Blu-Ray and DVD on September 16, 2014.


document_title: Stomach

question_text: where is the fundus of the stomach located

root

text: Stomach

text: Structure[edit]

text: In humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter  (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.

tag: p

text: The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and sympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.

text: In adult humans, the stomach has a relaxed, near empty volume of about 75 millilitres.[4] Because it is a distensible organ, it normally expands to hold about one litre of food.[5] The stomach of a newborn human baby will only be able to retain about 30 millilitres.

text: Sections[edit]

text: In classical anatomy, the human stomach is divided into four sections, beginning at the gastric cardia,[6] each of which has different cells and functions.

text:
The cardia is where the contents of the oesophagus empty into the stomach. The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar. Near the cardia is the lower oesophageal sphincter.[7] Recent research has shown that the cardia is not an anatomically distinct region of the stomach but a region of the oesophageal lining damaged by reflux.[8]
The fundus (from Latin, "bottom") is formed by the upper curvature of the organ.
The body is the main, central region.
The pylorus (from Greek, "gatekeeper") is the lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine.

tag: ul

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly, and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery inferiorly and the  left gastroepiploic artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the short gastric artery which arises from the splenic artery.

text: Histology[edit]

text: Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the human stomach walls consist of an outer mucosa, inner submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

text: The gastric mucosa of the stomach consists of the epithelium and the lamina propria (composed of loose connective tissue), with a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae separating it from the submucosa beneath. The submucosa lies under the mucosa and consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer. Meissner's plexus is in this layer. The muscularis externa lies beneath the submucosa and is unique from other organs of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of three layers:

text:
The inner oblique layer: This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the digestive system. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.
The middle circular layer: At this layer, the pylorus is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall which is normally tonically constricted forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete) pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum. This layer is concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach.
Auerbach's plexus (AKA myenteric plexus) is found between the outer longitudinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing peristalsis and mixing)
The outer longitudinal layer is responsible for moving the bolus towards the pylorus of the stomach through muscular shortening.

text: The stomach also possesses a serosa, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.

text: Gastric glands[edit]

text: In humans, different types of cells are found at the different layers of the gastric glands:

text:
Layer of stomach
Name
Secretion
Region of stomach
Staining

Isthmus of gland
Foveolar cells
Mucus gel layer
Fundic, cardiac, pyloric
Clear

Body of gland
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Gastric acid and intrinsic factor
Fundic only
Acidophilic

Base of gland
Chief (zymogenic) cells
Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Fundic only
Basophilic

Base of gland
Enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
Hormones gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin and somatostatin
Fundic, cardiac, pyloric
–

tag: table

text:
Human cardiac glands (at cardia)

Human pyloric glands (at pylorus)

Human fundic glands (at fundus)

text: Development[edit]

text: In early human embryogenesis, the ventral part of the embryo abuts the yolk sac. During the second week of development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.[10] The sac is surrounded by a network of vitelline arteries. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.[10] The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and the esophagus, and stomach form from the foregut.[10]

text: Function[edit]

text: Digestion[edit]

text: In the human digestive system, a bolus (a small rounded mass of chewed up food) enters the stomach through the oesophagus via the lower oesophageal sphincter. The stomach releases proteases (protein-digesting enzymes such as pepsin) and hydrochloric acid, which kills or inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH of 2 for the proteases to work. Food is churned by the stomach through muscular contractions of the wall called peristalsis – reducing the volume of the fundus, before looping around the fundus[11] and the body of stomach as the boluses are converted into chyme (partially digested food). Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum of the small intestine, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme within anywhere between forty minutes and a few hours. The average human stomach can comfortably hold about a litre of food.

text: Gastric juice in the stomach also contains pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid activates this inactive form of enzyme into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

text: Absorption[edit]

text: Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:

text:
Water, if the body is dehydrated
Medication, like aspirin
Amino acids[12]
10–20% of ingested ethanol (e.g. from alcoholic beverages)[13]
Caffeine[14]
To a small extent water-soluble vitamins (most are absorbed in the small intestine)[15]

text: The parietal cells of the human stomach are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. B12 is used in cellular metabolism and is necessary for the production of red blood cells, and the functioning of the nervous system.

text: Control of secretion and motility[edit]

text: The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the various digestive hormones of the digestive system:

text:
Gastrin
The hormone gastrin causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells, and pepsinogen from chief cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by G cells in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum, and digestive products (especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a pH normally less than 4 (high acid), as well as the hormone somatostatin.

Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has most effect on the gall bladder, causing gall bladder contractions, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of pancreatic juice which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. CCK is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine.

Secretin
In a different and rare manner, secretin, produced in the small intestine, has most effects on the pancreas, but will also diminish acid secretion in the stomach.

Gastric inhibitory peptide
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) decreases both gastric acid release and motility.

Enteroglucagon
Enteroglucagon decreases both gastric acid and motility.

text: Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the liver and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food.

text: Stomach acid[edit]

text: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.[16]  EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the submandibular gland, and the parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays also an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-oesophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.[17]

text: Stomach as nutrition sensor[edit]

text: The human stomach can "taste" sodium glutamate using glutamate receptors[18] and this information is passed to the lateral hypothalamus and limbic system in the brain as a palatability signal through the vagus nerve.[19] The stomach can also sense, independently of tongue and oral taste receptors, glucose,[20] carbohydrates,[21] proteins,[21] and fats.[22] This allows the brain to link nutritional value of foods to their tastes.[20]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal stomach.[23][24] Just over 150 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the stomach compared to other organs, with only some 20 genes being highly specific. The corresponding specific proteins expressed in stomach are mainly involved in creating a suitable environment for handling the digestion of food for uptake of nutrients. Highly stomach-specific proteins include GKN1, expressed in the mucosa; pepsinogen PGC and the lipase LIPF, expressed in chief cells; and gastric ATPase ATP4A and gastric intrinsic factor GIF, expressed in parietal cells.[25]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Diseases[edit]

text: A series of radiographs can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a swallow barium. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an endoscope. A gastric emptying scan is considered the gold standard to assess gastric emptying rate.[26]

text: A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of peptic ulcers, and gastritis, in humans are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, and an association has been seen with the development of stomach cancer.[27]

text:
A stomach rumble is actually noise from the intestines.
The stomach has to regenerate a new layer of mucus every two weeks, or else damage to the epithelium may result.

text: Surgery[edit]

text: In humans, many bariatric surgery procedures involve the stomach, in order to lose weight. A gastric band may be placed around the cardia area, which can adjust to limit intake. The anatomy of the stomach may be modified, or the stomach may be bypassed entirely.

text: Surgical removal of the stomach is called a gastrectomy, and removal of the cardia area is a called a cardiectomy.  "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe the removal of the heart.[28][29][30] A gastrectomy may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall.

text: History[edit]

text: There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community[31][32][33] over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the oesophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach."[34][35]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus which is derived from the Greek word stomachos (στόμαχος), ultimately from stoma (στόμα), "mouth".[36]  The words gastro- and gastric (meaning related to the stomach) are both derived from the Greek word gaster (γαστήρ, meaning "belly"[37][38]).[39]

text: Other animals[edit]

text:
Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species. Frequency of glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here.  Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent in Tylopoda (Tylopoda also has some cardiac glands opening onto ventral reticulum and rumen[40])  Many other variations exist among the mammals.[41][42]

Yellow
Oesophagus
Green
Glandular epithelium
Purple
Cardiac glands
Red
Gastric glands
Blue
Pyloric glands
Dark blue
Duodenum

text: Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the anus. These animals all consume diets that either require little storage of food, or no pre-digestion with gastric juices, or both.[43]

text: The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in humans. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa.[43]

text: In birds and crocodilians, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the proventriculus, lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the crop. Beyond lies the powerful muscular gizzard, lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.[43]

text: In insects there is also a crop. The insect stomach is called the midgut.

text: Information about the stomach in echinoderms or molluscs can be found under the respective articles.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Greater omentum and stomach of humans

Human stomach

A more realistic image, showing the celiac artery and its branches in humans; the liver has been raised, and the lesser omentum and anterior layer of the greater omentum removed.

An autopsy of a human stomach. 2012 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología

Human stomach

The gastrointestinal wall of the human stomach.

Endoscopic image of human fundic gland polyposis.


document_title: Electric chair

question_text: when was the last time someone was executed by electric chair

text: Electric chair

text: Invention[edit]

text: In the late 1870s to early 1880s, spread of arc lighting, a type of brilliant outdoor street lighting that required high voltages in the range of 3000-6000 volts, was followed by one story after another in newspapers about how the high voltages used were killing people, usually unwary linemen, a strange new phenomenon that seemed to instantaneously strike a victim dead without leaving a mark.[6] One of these accidents, in Buffalo, New York on August 7, 1881, led to the inception of the electric chair.[7] That evening a drunken dock worker, looking for the thrill of a tingling sensation he had noticed before, managed to sneak his way into a Brush Electric Company arc lighting power house and grabbed the brush and ground of a large electric dynamo. He died instantly. The coroner who investigated the case brought it up at a local Buffalo scientific society. Another member, Alfred P. Southwick, a dentist who had a technical background, thought some application could be found for the curious phenomenon.[8]

text: Southwick, local physician George E. Fell, and the head of the Buffalo ASPCA performed a series of experiments electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs, experimenting with animals in water, out of water, electrode types and placement, and conductive material until they came up with a repeatable method to euthanize animals using electricity.[9] Southwick went on in the early 1880s to advocate that this method be used as a more humane replacement for hanging in capital cases, coming to national attention when he published his ideas in scientific journals in 1882 and 1883. He worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a modified version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned, a device that from then on would be called the electric chair.[10]

text: The Gerry Commission[edit]

text: After a series of botched hangings in the United States, there was mounting criticism of this form of capital punishment and the death penalty in general. In 1886, newly elected New York State governor David B. Hill set up a three-member death penalty commission, which was chaired by the human rights advocate and reformer Elbridge Thomas Gerry and included New York lawyer and politician Matthew Hale and Southwick, to investigate a more humane means of execution.[11]

text: The commission members surveyed the history of execution and sent out a fact-finding questionnaire to government officials, lawyers, and medical experts all around the state asking for their opinion.[12] The questionnaires were a bit skewed because they pushed forward electrocution and did not include the choice of abolishing the death penalty, but, despite that, a slight majority of respondents recommended hanging over electrocution, and a few recommended the abolition of capital punishment. The commission also contacted electrical experts, including Thomson-Houston Electric Company's Elihu Thomson (who recommended high voltage AC connected to the head and the spine) and the inventor Thomas Edison (who also recommended AC, as well as using a Westinghouse generator).[13][14][15] They also attended electrocutions of dogs by George Fell who had worked with Southwick in the early 1880s experiments. Fell was conducting further experiments, electrocuting anesthetized dissected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject.[16][13]

text: In 1888, the Commission recommended electrocution using Southwick's electric chair idea with metal conductors attached to the condemned person's head and feet.[7] They further recommended that executions be handled by the state instead of the individual counties with three electric chairs set up at Auburn, Clinton, and Sing Sing prisons. A bill following these recommendations passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4, 1888, set to go into effect on January 1, 1889.

text: The Medico-Legal commission[edit]

text: The bill itself contained no details on the type or amount of electricity that should be used and the New York Medico-Legal Society, an informal society composed of doctors and lawyers, was given the task of determining these factors. In September 1888, a committee was formed and recommended 3000 volts, although the type of electricity, direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), was not determined, and since tests up to that point had been done on animals smaller than a human (dogs), some members were unsure that the lethality of AC had been conclusively proven.[17]

text: At this point the state's efforts to design the electric chair became intermixed with what has become to be known as the War of Currents, a competition between Thomas Edison's direct current power system and George Westinghouse's alternating current based system. The two companies had been competing commercially since 1886 and a series of events had turned it into an all-out media war in 1888. The committee head, neurologist Frederick Peterson, enlisted the services of Harold P. Brown as a consultant. Brown had been on his own crusade against alternating current after the shoddy installation of pole-mounted AC arc lighting lines in New York City had caused several deaths in early 1888. Peterson had been an assistant at Brown's July 1888 public electrocution of dogs with AC at Columbia College, an attempt by Brown to prove AC was more deadly than DC.[17] Technical assistance in these demonstrations was provided by Thomas Edison's West Orange laboratory and there grew to be some form of collusion between Edison Electric and Brown.[18][19][20] Back at West Orange on December 5, 1888 Brown set up an experiment with members of the press, members of the Medico-Legal Society including Elbridge Gerry who was also chairman of the death penalty commission, and Thomas Edison looking on. Brown used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human, including 4 calves and a lame horse, all dispatched with 750 volts of AC.[21] Based on these results the Medico-Legal Society recommended the use of 1000-1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities. Westinghouse criticized these test as a skewed self-serving demonstration designed to be a direct attack on alternating current and accused Brown of being in the employ of Edison.[22]

text: At the request of death penalty commission chairman Gerry, Medico-Legal Society members; electrotherapy expert Alphonse David Rockwell, Carlos Frederick MacDonald, and Columbia College professor Louis H. Laudy, were given the task of working out the details of electrode placement.[23][24][25] They again turned to Brown to supply the technical assistance. Brown asked Edison Electric Light to supply equipment for the tests and treasurer Francis S. Hastings (who seemed to be one of the primary movers at the company trying to portray Westinghouse as a peddler of death dealing AC current[20]) tried to obtain a Westinghouse AC generator for the test but found none was to be had.[23] They ended up using Edison's West Orange laboratory for the animal tests they conducted in mid-March 1889. Superintendent of Prisons Austin E. Lathrop asked Brown to design the chair, but Brown turned down the offer.[23] Dr. George Fell drew up the final designs for a simple oak chair and went against the Medico-Legal Society recommendations, changing the position of the electrodes to the head and the middle of the back.[16] Brown did take on the job of finding the generators needed to power the chair. He managed to surreptitiously acquire three Westinghouse AC generators that were being decommissioned with the help of Edison and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, a move that made sure that Westinghouse's equipment would be associated with the first execution.[26] The electric chair was built by Edwin F. Davis, the first "state electrician" (executioner) for the State of New York.[27]

text: First execution[edit]

text: The first person in line to die under New York's new electrocution law was Joseph Chappleau, convicted for beating his neighbor to death with a sled stake, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.[28] The next person scheduled to be executed was William Kemmler, convicted of murdering his wife with a hatchet. An appeal on Kemmler's behalf was made to the New York Court of Appeals on the grounds that use of electricity as a means of execution constituted a cruel and unusual punishment and was thus contrary to the constitutions of the United States and the state of New York.[29] On December 30, 1889, the writ of habeas corpus sworn out on Kemmler's behalf was denied by the court, with Judge Dwight writing in a lengthy ruling:

text: We have no doubt that if the Legislature of this State should undertake to proscribe for any offense against its laws the punishment of burning at the stake, breaking at the wheel, etc., it would be the duty of the courts to pronounce upon such attempt the condemnation of the Constitution. The question now to be answered is whether the legislative act here assailed is subject to the same condemnation. Certainly, it is not so on its face, for, although the mode of death described is conceded to be unusual, there is no common knowledge or consent that it is cruel; it is a question of fact whether an electric current of sufficient intensity and skillfully applied will produce death without unnecessary suffering.[30]

text: Kemmler was executed in New York's Auburn Prison on August 6, 1890; the "state electrician" was Edwin F. Davis. The first 17-second passage of 1,000 volts AC of current through Kemmler caused unconsciousness, but failed to stop his heart and breathing. The attending physicians, Edward Charles Spitzka and Carlos F. MacDonald, came forward to examine Kemmler. After confirming Kemmler was still alive, Spitzka reportedly called out, "Have the current turned on again, quick, no delay." The generator needed time to re-charge, however. In the second attempt, Kemmler received a 2,000 volt AC shock. Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled, and the areas around the electrodes singed. The entire execution took about eight minutes. George Westinghouse later commented that, "They would have done better using an axe",[31] and a witnessing reporter claimed that it was "an awful spectacle, far worse than hanging".[32]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: The electric chair was adopted by Ohio (1897), Massachusetts (1900), New Jersey (1906) and Virginia (1908), and soon became the prevalent method of execution in the United States, replacing hanging. Most of the states that currently use or have used the electric chair lie east of the Mississippi River. The electric chair remained the most prominent execution method until the mid-1980s when lethal injection became widely accepted for conducting judicial executions.

text: Other countries appear to have contemplated using the method, sometimes for special reasons. The only country other than the United States to use the electric chair was the Philippines, although the method was discontinued after 1976.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The United Kingdom considered replacing hanging with the electric chair (as well as considering the gas chamber, shooting, the guillotine and lethal injection) during the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, the findings of which were published in 1953. The Commission concluded that the electric chair had no particular advantages over hanging, and so, the electric chair was not adopted for use in the United Kingdom.

text: The United Kingdom performed its last execution in 1964, and abolished capital punishment for murder the following year, thereby rendering any debate over method moot.

text: Current use[edit]

text: A number of states still allow the condemned person to choose between electrocution and lethal injection. In all, twelve inmates nationwide - seven in Virginia, three in South Carolina, and one each in Arkansas and Tennessee - have opted for electrocution over lethal injection. The last use of the chair was on January 16, 2013, when Robert Gleason, Jr., decided to go to the electric chair in Virginia.[33]

text: After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines.[34] A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva.

text: Notable persons and events in the United States[edit]

text: Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted her sentence to life in a mental institution after a medical commission declared her insane.[35][36] A second woman sentenced to death in 1895, Maria Barbella, was acquitted the next year.[37] Martha M. Place became the first woman to receive the deadly current in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on March 20, 1899, for the murder of her 17-year-old stepdaughter, Ida Place.[38]

text: In a botched electrocution at Sing Sing in 1903, Fred Van Wormer was electrocuted and pronounced dead, but, upon arrival in the autopsy room, he was seen to be breathing once again. The executioner had gone home, and was called back to re-electrocute Wormer. Before the executioner returned, Wormer had died.

text: The electrocution of housewife Ruth Snyder at Sing Sing on the evening of January 12, 1928, for the March 1927 murder of her husband was made famous when news photographer Tom Howard, working for the New York Daily News, smuggled a hidden camera into the death chamber and photographed her in the electric chair as the current was turned on. The photograph was a front-page sensation the following morning, and remains one of the most famous photojournalism photographs of all time.[39]

text: A record was set on July 13, 1928, when seven men were executed consecutively in the electric chair at the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville.

text: On August 8, 1942, six German agents convicted of espionage and attempted sabotage in the Quirin case for their role in Operation Pastorius during World War II were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia jail.[40]

text: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed by electric chair in 1953, after being convicted of espionage, involving sharing secrets related to the atomic bomb with the Soviet Union.

text: James French was executed on August 10, 1966, the last person electrocuted until 1979. French was the first person executed in Oklahoma since Richard Dare was electrocuted June 1, 1963, and the only person executed in 1966.[citation needed]

text: On May 25, 1979, John Spenkelink became the first person to be electrocuted after the Gregg v. Georgia decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1976. He was the first person to be executed in the United States in this manner since 1966.

text: The last person to be executed by electric chair without the choice of an alternative method was Lynda Lyon Block on May 10, 2002, in Alabama.[41]

text: Decline[edit]

text: The use of the electric chair has declined as legislators sought what they believed to be more humane methods of execution. Lethal injection became the most widely used method, aided by media reports of botched electrocutions in the early 1980s.

text: The electric chair has been criticized because of several instances in which the subjects were killed only after being subjected to multiple electric shocks. This led to a call for ending of the practice, because many see it as cruel and unusual punishment.[42] Trying to address such concerns, Nebraska introduced a new electrocution protocol in 2004, which called for administration of a 15-second-long application of electric current at a potential of 2,450 volts; after a 15-minute wait, an official then checks for signs of life. New concerns raised regarding the 2004 protocol resulted, in April 2007, in the ushering in of the current Nebraska protocol, calling for a 20-second-long application of electric current at a potential of 2,450 volts. (Prior to the 2004 protocol change, an initial eight-second application of current at 2,450 volts was administered, followed by a one-second pause, then a 22-second application at 480 volts. After a 20-second break, the cycle was repeated three more times.)

text: In 1946, the electric chair failed to kill Willie Francis, who reportedly shrieked, "Take it off! Let me breathe!", after the current was applied. It turned out that the portable electric chair had been improperly set up by an intoxicated prison guard and inmate.[43] A case was brought before the U.S. Supreme Court (Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber),[44] with lawyers for the condemned arguing that although Francis did not die, he had, in fact, been executed. The argument was rejected on the basis that re-execution did not violate the double jeopardy clause of the 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution, and Francis was returned to the electric chair and successfully executed in 1947.

text: Recorded incidents of botched electrocutions were prevalent after the national moratorium ended January 17, 1977; two in Alabama, three in Florida, one in Georgia, one in Indiana, and three in Virginia. All five states now have lethal injection as the default method if a choice is not made.

text: As of 2015[update], the only places in the world which still reserve the electric chair as an option for execution are the U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. (Arkansas and Oklahoma laws provide for its use should lethal injection ever be held to be unconstitutional.) Inmates in the other states must select either it or lethal injection. In Kentucky, only inmates sentenced before a certain date can choose to be executed by electric chair. Tennessee was among the states that provided inmates with a choice of the electric chair or lethal injection; however, in May 2014, the state passed a law allowing the use of the electric chair if lethal injection drugs were unavailable or made unconstitutional.[45] In the state of Florida, on July 8, 1999, Allen Lee Davis, convicted of murder, was executed in the Florida electric chair "Old Sparky". Davis' face was bloodied, and photographs were taken, which were later posted on the Internet. An investigation concluded that Davis had begun bleeding before the electricity was applied and that the chair had functioned as designed, Florida’s Supreme Court ruled that the chair did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.[46]The 1997 execution of Pedro Medina in Florida created controversy when flames burst from the inmate's head. An autopsy found that Medina had died instantly when the first surge of electricity had destroyed his brain and brain stem, a judge ruled that Florida’s electric chair was in ‘excellent condition’ [47] Lethal injection has been the primary method of execution in the state of Florida since 2000. On February 15, 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court declared execution by electrocution to be "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibited by the Nebraska Constitution.[48]

text: Robert Gleason, executed in the electric chair at Greensville Correctional Center, Virginia, on January 16, 2013, is the most recent individual to choose electrocution over lethal injection.[49][50]


document_title: 50 home run club

question_text: who has the most homeruns in one season

question_tokens: who has the most homeruns in one season

text: 50 home run club

text: Members[edit]

text:
Key

Year
The year the player's 50 home run season occurred

Player (X)
Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point

Team
The player's team for his 50 home run season

HR
Number of home runs in that season

Career HR
The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career

^
Denotes single-season home run record progression

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

Player is active

text:
Members of the 50 home run club

Year
Player
Team
HR
Career HR
Ref

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth
New York Yankees
54^
714
[5]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (2)
New York Yankees
59^
714
[5]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (3)
New York Yankees
60^
714
[5]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (4)
New York Yankees
54
714
[5]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson
Chicago Cubs
56
244
[29]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx
Philadelphia Athletics
58
534
[30]

1938
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx (2)
Boston Red Sox
50
534
[30]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers
58
331
[31]

1947
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize
New York Giants
51
359
[32]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner
Pittsburgh Pirates
51
369
[33]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates
54
369
[33]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays
New York Giants
51
660
[34]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle
New York Yankees
52
536
[35]

1961
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle (2)
New York Yankees
54
536
[35]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
New York Yankees
61^
275
[36]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays (2)
San Francisco Giants
52
660
[34]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
Cincinnati Reds
52
348
[37]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
Detroit Tigers
51
319
[38]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Cleveland Indians
50
381
[39]

1996
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
Baltimore Orioles
50
210
[40]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
Oakland Athletics
52
583
[41]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
56
630
[42]

1997
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (2)
Oakland Athletics
St. Louis Cardinals
58
583
[41]

1998
Vaughn, GregGreg Vaughn
San Diego Padres
50
355
[43]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners
56
630
[42]

1998
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
66
609
[44]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (3)
St. Louis Cardinals
70^
583
[41]

1999
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (2)
Chicago Cubs
63
609
[44]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (4)
St. Louis Cardinals
65
583
[41]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (3)
Chicago Cubs
50
609
[44]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers
52
696
[45]

2001
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks
57
354
[46]

2001
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (4)
Chicago Cubs
64
609
[44]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
73^
762
[47]

2002
Thome, JimJim Thome
Cleveland Indians
52
612
[48]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2)
Texas Rangers
57
696
[45]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
Atlanta Braves
51
434
[49]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies
58
382
[8]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
Boston Red Sox
54
541
[50]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3)
New York Yankees
54
696
[45]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder[A]
Milwaukee Brewers
50
319
[52]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
Toronto Blue Jays
54
328
[53]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
Baltimore Orioles
53
261
[54]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins
59
267
[55]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
New York Yankees
52
56
[56]


document_title: Period 3 element

question_text: what element is in period 3 group 2

question_tokens: what element is in period 3 group 2

text: Period 3 element

text: Periodic trends[edit]

text: Atomic radius[edit]

text: As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases, the atomic radius decreases.

text: Electronegativity[edit]

text: As the atomic mass of elements in Period 3 increases, the electronegativity increases.

text: Ionization energy[edit]

text: As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases, the amount of energy required to remove its electrons (Ionization energy) increases.

text: Elements[edit]

text:
Chemical element
Chemical series
Electron configuration

11
Na
Sodium
Alkali metal
[Ne] 3s1

12
Mg
Magnesium
Alkaline earth metal
[Ne] 3s2

13
Al
Aluminium
Post-transition metal
[Ne] 3s2 3p1

14
Si
Silicon
Metalloid
[Ne] 3s2 3p2

15
P
Phosphorus
Polyatomic nonmetal
[Ne] 3s2 3p3

16
S
Sulfur
Polyatomic nonmetal
[Ne] 3s2 3p4

17
Cl
Chlorine
Diatomic nonmetal
[Ne] 3s2 3p5

18
Ar
Argon
Noble gas
[Ne] 3s2 3p6

text: Sodium[edit]

text: Sodium (symbol Na) is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite and rock salt. Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride.

text: Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

text: The free metal, elemental sodium, does not occur in nature but must be prepared from sodium compounds. Elemental sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. The same ion is also a component of many minerals, such as sodium nitrate.

text: Magnesium[edit]

text: Magnesium (symbol Mg) is an alkaline earth metal and has common oxidation number +2. It is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust[2] and ninth in the known universe as a whole.[3][4] Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of planet's mantle. The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Due to magnesium ion's high solubility in water, it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.[5]

text: The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, it is coated in a thin layer of oxide [see passivation], which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

text: Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.

text: Aluminium[edit]

text: Aluminium (symbol Al) or aluminum (American English) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements and a post-transition metal. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[6] The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.

text: Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

text: Silicon[edit]

text: Silicon (symbol Si) is a tetravalent metalloid. It is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery: silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824, and given the name silicium (from Latin: silicis, flints), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal. However, its final name, suggested in 1831, reflects the more physically similar elements carbon and boron.

text: Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.[7]

text: Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature. These include direct industrial building-use of clays, silica sand and stone. Silica is used in ceramic brick. Silicate goes into Portland cement for mortar and stucco, and when combined with silica sand and gravel, to make concrete. Silicates are also in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain, and in traditional quartz-based soda-lime glass. More modern silicon compounds such as silicon carbide form abrasives and high-strength ceramics. Silicon is the basis of the ubiquitous synthetic silicon-based polymers called silicones.

text: Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy. Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica), the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics (< 10%) is perhaps even more critical. Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it.

text: Phosphorus[edit]

text: Phosphorus (symbol P) is a multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.

text: The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen – hence its name given from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning "light-bearer" (Latin Lucifer), referring to the "Morning Star", the planet Venus. Although the term "phosphorescence", meaning glow after illumination, derives from this property of phosphorus, the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus and should be called chemiluminescence. It is also the lightest element to easily produce stable exceptions to the octet rule.

text: The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers. Other applications include the role of organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides and nerve agents, and matches.[8]

text: Sulfur[edit]

text: Sulfur (symbol S) is an abundant, multivalentnon-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an oxidant or reducing agent. It oxidizes most metals and several nonmetals, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine.

text: In nature, sulfur can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in ancient Greece, China and Egypt. Sulfur fumes were used as fumigants, and sulfur-containing medicinal mixtures were used as balms and antiparasitics. Sulfur is referenced in the Bible as brimstone in English, with this name still used in several nonscientific terms.[9] Sulfur was considered important enough to receive its own alchemical symbol. It was needed to make the best quality of black gunpowder, and the bright yellow powder was hypothesized by alchemists to contain some of the properties of gold, which they sought to synthesize from it. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was a basic element, rather than a compound.

text: Elemental sulfur was once extracted from salt domes where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form, but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum. The element's commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it, and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, a primary industrial chemical. Other well-known uses for the element are in matches, insecticides and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.

text: Chlorine[edit]

text: Chlorine (symbol Cl) is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine. It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

text: The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid, because acids were thought at the time to necessarily contain oxygen, a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, and Scheele named the supposed new element within this oxide as muriaticum. The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques. This was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it chlorine, from the Greek word χλωρος (chlōros), meaning "green-yellow."

text: Chlorine is a component of various compounds, including table salt. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion.

text: Argon[edit]

text: Argon (symbol Ar) is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table (the noble gases). Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide. Nearly all of this argon is radiogenic argon-40 derived from the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, being the preferred argon isotope produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas.

text: The name "argon" is derived from the Greek word αργον meaning "lazy" or "the inactive one", a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions. The complete octet (eight electrons) in the outer atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements. Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990.

text: Argon is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Argon gas also has uses in incandescent and fluorescent lighting, and other types of gas discharge tubes. Argon makes a distinctive blue-green gas laser.

text: Biological role[edit]

text: Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants. In animals, sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macromineral.

text: Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body; its ions are essential to all living cells, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers.[10] Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (e.g., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (e.g., to treat eclampsia).

text: Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium salts are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, it is well tolerated by plants and animals.[11] Because of their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.

text: Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals,[12] however various sea sponges need silicon in order to have structure. It is much more important to the metabolism of plants, particularly many grasses, and silicic acid (a type of silica) forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic diatoms.

text: Phosphorus is essential for life. As phosphate, it is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Demonstrating the link between phosphorus and life, elemental phosphorus was historically first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate minerals are fossils. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in some aquatic systems. Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.

text: Sulfur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins biotin and thiamine, the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.

text: Elemental chlorine is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all lifeforms, and is used as a pulmonary agent in chemical warfare; however, chlorine is necessary to most forms of life, including humans, in form of chloride ions.

text: Argon has no biological role. Like any gas besides oxygen, argon is an asphyxiant.

text: Table of elements[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Period 3 in the periodic table

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Group →

↓ Period

3
Sodium11Na
Magnesium12Mg

Aluminium13Al
Silicon14Si
Phosphorus15P
Sulfur16S
Chlorine17Cl
Argon18Ar

1 (red)=Gas
3 (black)=Solid
80 (green)=Liquid
109 (gray)=Unknown
Color of the atomic number shows state of matter (at 0 °C and 1 atm)

Primordial

From decay

Synthetic
Border shows natural occurrence of the element

Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Polyatomic nonmetal
Diatomic nonmetal
Noble gas


document_title: World of Dance (TV series)

question_text: who won the nbc world of dance 2017

question_tokens: who won the nbc world of dance 2017

text: World of Dance (TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Jennifer Lopez, who executive produced the series and serves as a judge, felt that the series would be a return to her roots; Lopez had achieved early fame as a member of the Fly Girls—the house dance crew of the Fox comedy series In Living Color. She explained that dance had been her "first form of artistic expression", and that the series "reminded me of all the reasons why I love dance and why I wanted to do this in the first place".[1]

text: NBC originally announced that World of Dance would premiere on May 8, 2017 as a lead-out for The Voice. However, on March 31, 2017, NBC pushed the premiere back to May 30, 2017, becoming a lead-out for the season premiere of America's Got Talent instead. On June 29, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second season.[2][3]

text: Dancers[edit]

text: Junior (under 18)[edit]

text:
Dance act
Age(s)
Hometown
Dance style
Elimination date
Placement

Eva Igo
14
Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota
Contemporary
August 8, 2017
World Final (2nd Place)

Diana Pombo
11
Miami, Florida
Contemporary
August 1, 2017
Divisional Final

The Mihacevich Sisters
12–16
Brunswick, Ohio
Contemporary
July 18, 2017
The Cut

ImmaBEAST
–
Los Angeles, California
Hip-Hop
July 18, 2017
The Cut

The Lab
–
West Covina, California
Hip-Hop
July 18, 2017
The Cut

D'Angelo and Amanda
16/17
Miami, Florida
Ballroom
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Mini ReQuest12
–
Auckland, New Zealand
Hip-Hop
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Boys of Temecula
–
Temecula, California
Jazz
June 27, 2017
The Duels

The Posse
–
San Jose, California
Contemporary
June 27, 2017
The Duels

KynTay
–
Alberta, Canada
Hip-Hop/Jazz
June 20, 2017
The Duels

801 Squad
–
Orem, Utah
–
June 13, 2017
Qualifiers

JJ and Joey
–
Johnston, Rhode Island
–
June 6, 2017
Qualifiers

Kaeli and Brandon
–
Ashburn, Virginia
–
June 6, 2017
Qualifiers

text: Upper (18 and over, up to 4 members)[edit]

text:
Finalist
Age
Hometown
Dance style
Elimination date
Placement

Les Twins
28
Paris, France
Hip-Hop
-
1st Place

Keone and Mari Madrid
29/31
San Diego, California
Urban Dance
August 1, 2017
Divisional Final

Luka and Jenalyn
19/16
Toronto, Canada
Cabaret Ballroom
July 25, 2017
The Cut

Du-Shaunt "Fik-Shun" Stegall
22
Las Vegas, Nevada
Freestyle Street Dancer
July 25, 2017
The Cut

Pasión
–
Santa Barbara, California
Flamenco
July 25, 2017
The Cut

DNA (Denys Drozdyuk and Antonina Skobina)
–
New York City, New York
Ballroom
July 11 , 2017
The Duels

Kings Unite12
–
Los Angeles, California
Hip-Hop
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Kyle Van Newkirk
–
Morrill, Nebraska
Tap
June 27, 2017
The Duels

Nick Daniels
18
Miami, Florida
Contemporary
June 20, 2017
The Duels

Quick Style
–
Oslo, Norway
Hip-Hop
June 20, 2017
The Duels

Trent Jeray
–
Memphis, Tennessee
–
June 13, 2017
Qualifiers

Vibration
–
Miami, Florida
–
June 13, 2017
Qualifiers

text: Team (18 and over, 5 or more members)[edit]

text:
Finalist
Age
Hometown
Dance style
Elimination date
Placement

Swing Latino
–
Cali, Colombia
Salsa
August 8, 2017
World Final (3rd Place)

Kinjaz
–
Los Angeles, California
Urban Dance
August 1, 2017
Divisional Final

Ian Eastwood and the Young Lions
–
Los Angeles, California
Urban Dance
July 25, 2017
The Cut

Chapkis Dance Family
–
Suisun City, California
Hip-Hop
July 25, 2017
The Cut

Super Cr3w
–
Las Vegas, Nevada
B-Boying
July 25, 2017
The Cut

Jabbawockeez
–
Las Vegas, Nevada
Hip-Hop
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Rhythmatic12
–
New York City, New York
Tap
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Rouge1
–
Los Angeles, California
Hip-Hop/Jazz
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Stroll Groove1
–
Los Angeles, California
Stepping
July 11, 2017
The Duels

Royal Flux1
–
Los Angeles, California
Contemporary
June 27, 2017
The Duels

Miami All-Stars
–
Miami, Florida
Latin Jazz
June 20, 2017
The Duels

Fuze
–
Los Angeles, California
–
June 6, 2017
Qualifiers

Nxt Lvl
–
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
Clogging
May 30, 2017
Qualifiers

text:
^1 Despite their Qualifier performance not being shown, this act's hometown and dance style were made available on the World of Dance website.
^2 MiniRequest, Kings Unite & Rhythmatic were the only groups not to have a full performance featured during their time on the show.

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text: In each round of the Qualifiers, the dance acts will perform a 2 minute routine in front of the judges and a live audience. They will be scored by the judges in 5 categories: Performance, Technique, Choreography, Creativity & Presentation. Each category is worth 20 points with a perfect score of 100. For the dance act to progress forward, they must receive a combined total score of 80 or higher.

text: Part 1: May 30[edit]

text:
Order
Name
Division
Performance Song
Judges' Score

Ne-Yo
Jennifer
Derek
TOTAL

1
Super Cr3w
Team
"Viva La Vida" - Coldplay
87
89
88
88

2
D'Angelo & Amanda
Junior
"Run Boy Run" - Woodkid
90
88
87
88.3

3
Les Twins
Upper
"Free" - 6LACK
95
96
96
95.7

4
Nxt Lvl
Team
"Move" - Luke Bryan
73
78
80
77

5
Keone & Mari
Upper
"Happy" - C2C
85
83
87
85

6
Kinjaz
Team
"High For This" - Ellie Goulding
89
92
92
91

7
Diana Pombo
Junior
"Bird Set Free" - Sia
88
92
89
89.7

text: Part 2: June 6[edit]

text:
Order
Name
Division
Performance Song
Judges' Score

Ne-Yo
Jennifer
Derek
TOTAL

1
The Lab
Junior
"Bad Boy for Life" - Puff Daddy
90
92
92
91.3

2
Fik-Shun
Upper
"Unsteady (Erich Lee Gravity Remix)" - X Ambassadors
90
92
91
91

3
Miami All Stars
Team
"Dance Again" - Jennifer Lopez
79
82
82
81

4
Luka & Jenalyn
Upper
"You Don't Own Me ft. G-Eazy" - Grace
83
89
88
86.7

5
Kaeli & Brandon
Junior
-
-
-
-
77.7

6
Fuze
Team
-
-
-
-
77.3

7
JJ & Joey
Junior
-
77
78
79
78

8
Quick Style
Upper
"Jolene" - Dolly Parton
85
88
87
86.7

9
Nick Daniels
Upper
"Secrets" - OneRepublic
85
89
87
87

text: Part 3: June 13[edit]

text:
Order
Name
Division
Performance Song
Judges' Score

Ne-Yo
Jennifer
Derek
TOTAL

1
Jabbawockeez
Team
"Still Feelin' It" - Mistah F.A.B
85
89
86
86.7

2
The Mihacevich Sisters
Junior
"Warrior" - Demi Lovato
82
90
89
87

3
Boys of Temecula
Junior
"Canned Heat" - Jamiroquai
-
-
-
80.3

4
KynTay
Junior
"Panda" - Desiigner
-
-
-
85.7

5
Kyle Van Newkirk
Upper
"Don't Wanna Know" - Maroon 5 ft. Kendrick Lamar
-
-
-
80.7

6
Chapkis Dance Family
Team
"All the Way Up" - Fat Joe and Remy Ma
-
-
-
89

7
Pasión
Upper
-
-
-
-
87.7

8
The Posse
Junior
"Scars To Your Beautiful" -
Alessia Cara

81
88
83
84

9
Swing Latino
Team
"Bemba Colora" - Celia Cruz
87
91
90
89.3

10
Ian Eastwood and the Young Lions
Team
"Chunky" - Bruno Mars
81
86
84
83.7

11
Vibration
Upper
-
-
-
-
78

12
801 Squad
Junior
"Fireball" - Pitbull ft. John Ryan
79
78
81
79.3

13
Trent Jeray
Upper
"Love You Now" - John Legend
77
82
79
79.3

14
DNA
Upper
"Powerful" - Major Lazer
82
88
88
86

15
Eva Igo
Junior
"River" - Bishop Briggs
85
89
90
88

text: The Duels[edit]

text: In each round of The Duels, two acts in the same division compete for a spot in the next round. In each division, the acts with the top qualifying scores choose their opponents, then both acts perform back-to-back, receiving feedback from the judges. After each performance, the judges will score them in the 5 categories: Performance, Technique, Creativity, Choreography & Presentation. Unlike the Qualifiers, only the final combined total score for each act is shown. The act with the highest score at the end of the duel moves on to the next round, the other faces immediate elimination.

text:
Song Not Shown
-

text:
Episode
Order
Division
Dance Act
Performance Song
Judges Score
Winner

Part 1
(June 20)
1
Upper
Fik-Shun
"Fragile" - Tech N9ne
90.7
Fik-Shun

Nick Daniels
"Wicked Game" - Raign
87.7

2
Team
Swing Latino
"Pa Lante" - Jose Aguirre
91.7
Swing Latino

Miami All-Stars
"Jumpin' Jack" - Voodoo Daddy
88.3

3
Junior
KynTay
"Bang Bang" - Jessie J ft. Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj
82.7
Eva Igo

Eva Igo
"It's a Man's Man's Man's World" - Juliet Simms
89.0

4
Upper
Keone & Mari
"Like Real People Do" - Hozier
91.3
Keone & Mari

Quick Style
"Guidance" - Travis Scott
89.3

Part 2
(June 27)
1
Junior
The Posse
"In the Name of Love" - Martin Garrix
86.0
Diana Pombo

Diana Pombo
"Rise" - Katy Perry
91.3

2
Team
Super Cr3w
"Workin' Day And Night" - Michael Jackson
89.0
Super Cr3w

Royal Flux
"Brother" - Matt Corby
86.3

3
Junior
The Lab
"All I Do Is Win" - DJ Khaled
89.7
The Lab

Boys of Temecula
"Shut Up and Dance" - Walk the Moon
84.7

4
Upper
Kyle Van Newkirk
"Classic Man" - Jidenna
86.0
Les Twins

Les Twins
"Deep in the Bottom (of Africa)" - Monique Bingham
92.0

Part 3
(July 11)
1
Team
Kinjaz
"Change (Kinja Bang)" - TroyBoi
91.3
Kinjaz

Stroll Groove
"My Prerogative" - Bobby Brown
81.3

2
Upper
Luka & Jenalyn
"Don't Let Me Down" - The Chainsmokers
88.7
Luka & Jenalyn

DNA
"Love Runs Out" - OneRepublic
80.3

3
Junior
Mini Request
-
85.7
Immabeast

Immabeast
"Juice" - AD
86.0

4
Upper
Kings Unite
-
83.7
Pasión

Pasión
"Code Name Vivaldi" - The Piano Guys
87.3

5
Team
Rhythmatic
-
86.3
Chapkis Dance Family

Chapkis Dance Family
"Get Like Me" - Nelly
88.7

6
Junior
D'Angelo & Amanda
"Hip Hip Chin Chin" - Club Des Belugas
78.7
The Mihacevich Sisters

The Mihacevich Sisters
"Unstoppable" - Sia
81.0

7
Team
Rouge
"Trini Dem Girls" - Nicki Minaj
80
Ian Eastwood and The Young Lions

Jabbawockeez
"Scenario" - A Tribe Called Quest
84.7

Ian Eastwood and the Young Lions
"Hot in Herre" - Nelly
85.7

text: The Cut[edit]

text: In The Cut, the 15 remaining acts compete for two spots in each of their divisions. Guest judge Misty Copeland joined the panel for this segment.

text:
Song Not Shown
-

text:
Episode
Order
Division
Dance Act
Performance Song
Judges Score

Part 1
(July 18)
1
Junior
Diana Pombo
"Rise Up" - Andra Day
92

2
ImmaBEAST
"Look At Me Now" - Chris Brown
84.2

3
The Mihacevich Sisters
"Beautiful Thing" - Grace VanderWaal
85.5

4
The Lab
"Disco Inferno" - 50 Cent
86

5
Eva Igo
"Creep" - Ember Island
92.5

6
Team
Swing Latino
"Welcome To The Party" - Har-You Percussion Group
92.5

7
Super Cr3w
"Let It Go" - James Bay
88.8

Part 2
(July 25)
1
Team
Kinjaz
"No Limit" - Usher
93.5

2
Chapkis Dance Family
-
85.8

3
Ian Eastwood and the Young Lions
"Have Mercy" - Eryn Allen Kane
89

4
Upper
Luka & Jenalyn
"The Hills" - The Weekend
80.5

5
Fik-Shun
"7 Years" - Lukas Graham
84.2

6
Pasión
"Livin' La Vida Loca" - Ricky Martin
78.8

7
Les Twins
"Never Know" - 6LACK
93.5

8
Keone & Mari
"Darkness And Light" - John Legend ft. Brittany Howard
93.2

text: Divisional Final[edit]

text: In the Divisional Final, the 2 remaining acts in each division square off, with only one act going to the World Final to represent their division. Keone and Mari were awarded the only 100 score given by one judge in the whole season during the Divisional Final.

text:
Order
Division
Dance Act
Performance Song
Judges Score

1
Team
Kinjaz
"Work Song" - Hozier
92.3

2
Swing Latino
"Gracias A La Vida" - Mercedes Sosa
94.7

3
Upper
Keone & Mari
"The Way You Look Tonight" - Frank Sinatra
95

4
Les Twins
"Some Minds" - Flume ft. Andrew Wyatt
97.7

5
Junior
Diana Pombo
"Wild Things" - Alessia Cara
89.3

6
Eva Igo
"Ready Or Not" - Mischa "Book" Chillak ft. Esthero
96.7

text: World Final[edit]

text: In the World Final, the final 3 acts, one from each division, compete to win the one million dollar prize.

text: Winner (BY .2): Les Twins (Average Score: 93.8)

text: Runner-Up: Eva Igo (Average Score: 93.6)

text: 2nd Runner-Up: Swing Latino (Average Score: 93.2)

text:
Order
Division
Dance Act
Performance Song
Judges Score

1
Upper
Les Twins
"Stole The Show" - Kygo ft. Parson James
93

2
Team
Swing Latino
"Conga" - Miami Sound Machine
91.7

3
Junior
Eva Igo
"In the Air Tonight" - Natalie Taylor
91

4
Junior
Eva Igo
"Alive" - Sia
96.3

5
Team
Swing Latino
"Magdalena, Mi Amor (Quimbara)" - DLG (Dark Latin Groove)
94.7

6
Upper
Les Twins
"Scream" - Michael Jackson
94.7

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
rank

1
The Qualifiers 1
May 30, 2017
Tuesday 10:00 p.m.
2.4
9
9.71[4]
2

2
The Qualifiers 2
June 6, 2017
1.9
7
8.42[5]
2

3
The Qualifiers 3
June 13, 2017
1.9
8
8.04[6]
2

4
The Duels 1
June 20, 2017
1.8
7
7.61[7]
2

5
The Duels 2
June 27, 2017
1.8
8
7.51[8]
2

6
The Duels 3
July 11, 2017
1.7
7
7.08[9]
2

7
The Cut 1
July 18, 2017
1.6
7
6.91[10]
2

8
The Cut 2
July 25, 2017
1.6
7
6.88[11]
2

9
Divisional Final
August 1, 2017
1.7
7
7.00[12]
2

10
World Final
August 8, 2017
1.9
8
8.00[13]
2