document_title: Planet of the Apes (2001 film)

question_text: where was planet of the apes 2001 filmed

root

text: Planet of the Apes (2001 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2029, aboard the United States Air Force space station Oberon, Leo Davidson works closely with primates who are trained for space missions. His favorite simian co-worker is a chimpanzee named Pericles. With a deadly electromagnetic storm approaching the station, a small space pod piloted by Pericles is used to probe the storm. Pericles's pod heads into the storm and disappears. Against his commanding officer's orders, Leo takes a second pod and goes in pursuit of Pericles. Entering the storm, Leo loses contact with the Oberon and crashes on a planet called Ashlar in the year 5021. He discovers that the world is ruled by humanoid apes who speak English, use domesticated horses for transportation, and treat human beings as slaves.

tag: p

text: Leo comes across a female chimpanzee named Ari, who protests the awful treatment humans receive. Ari decides to buy Leo and a female slave named Daena to have them work as servants in the house of her father, Senator Sandar. Leo escapes his cage and frees other humans. Limbo, a slave trader in captured humans, sees them but is taken prisoner to ensure his silence. General Thade and Colonel Attar march ape warriors in pursuit of the humans. Leo discovers Calima, the forbidden, but holy temple of "Semos", the first ape whom the apes revere as a god.

text: Calima turns out to be the remains of the Oberon which has crashed on the planet's surface and looks ancient (the name Calima coming from the sign "CAution LIve aniMAls", the relevant letters being the only ones not covered in dust). According to the computer logs, the station has been there for thousands of years. Leo deduces that when he entered the vortex he was pushed forward in time, while the Oberon, searching after him, was not, crashing on the planet long before he did.

text: The Oberon's log reveals that the apes on board, led by Semos, organized a mutiny and took control of the vessel after it crashed. The human and ape survivors of the struggle left the ship and their descendants are the people Leo has encountered since landing. The apes arrive and attack the humans who have gathered to see Leo, although he is able to even the odds when he uses the Oberon's last fragments of fuel to fire a final blast at the first wave of apes. The battle is halted as a familiar vehicle descends from the sky and is identified immediately by Leo. The pod is piloted by Pericles, the chimp astronaut. Pericles was pushed forward in time as Leo was, and had just now found his way to the planet. When Pericles lands and the pod opens, the apes interpret his arrival as the return of Semos, the first ape, who is their god. They bow, and hostilities between humans and apes suddenly cease.

text: Pericles runs into the wreck of the Oberon and Leo runs after him, followed by General Thade. Thade and Leo fight. Pericles tries to help Leo, but Thade throws him hard against a wall. Thade takes Leo's gun from him and tries to fire the weapon at Leo. Leo sees that Thade is within the pilot's deck and closes the automatic door, trapping Thade inside. Thade fires the weapon repeatedly at the door but the ricochets create sparks that cause Thade to huddle afraid under a control panel. Leo decides to escape the Planet of the Apes and return to Earth. He gives Pericles to Ari, who promises to look after him. He says goodbye and kisses Ari and Daena. Leo climbs aboard Pericles's undamaged pod and travels back in time through the same electromagnetic storm. Leo crashes in Washington, D.C. on Earth. He looks up at what appears to be the Lincoln Memorial, only to find that it is now a monument to General Thade. A swarm of police officers, firefighters, and news reporters descend on Leo, all of whom are apes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mark Wahlberg as Captain Leo Davidson
A United States Air Force astronaut who accidentally opens a portal to another world inhabited by talking human-like apes and is captured by them. Leo leads a rebellion of the planet's humans. Wahlberg had backed out of a commitment to Ocean's Eleven to take this role in Planet of the Apes. (Matt Damon was eventually cast in the Ocean's Eleven role.)[3] Whereas other actors contending for the Leo Davidson role wanted to see the script before signing a contract,[4] Wahlberg signed on after a five-minute meeting with Burton.[5] To avoid evoking associations with his previous work as an underwear model, Wahlberg did not wear a loincloth, even though Heston had worn one in the original film.[6]
Tim Roth as General Thade
A sinister chimpanzee military commander who wants control over the ape civilization. Thade also intends to marry Ari, but she dismisses him. Roth turned down the role of Severus Snape in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone because of his commitment to Planet of the Apes. Alan Rickman was eventually cast as Snape.[7] Roth rewrote some scenes to give his character a more frightening presence.[8]
Helena Bonham Carter as Ari
A female chimpanzee who protests the way humans are treated. She helps Leo lead the rebellion, and also develops a romantic attraction to him.
Michael Clarke Duncan as Colonel Attar
A gorilla military officer and Thade's closest associate and second-in-command. Djimon Hounsou had turned down the role because of scheduling conflicts with The Four Feathers.[9]
Estella Warren as Daena
A female slave who, like Ari, develops a romantic attraction to Leo.
Kris Kristofferson as Karubi
Daena's father. Karubi is killed by Thade while trying to escape. Kristofferson had immediately agreed to be cast. "The director Tim Burton is a hero of mine. I have eight kids and we've seen all of his films from Pee-wee's Big Adventure to Sleepy Hollow many times."[6]
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as General Krull
A gorilla and former military leader whose career had been destroyed by Thade. Krull became a servant of Senator Sandar and assisted the humans in their rebellion.
Paul Giamatti as Limbo
A comical orangutan who works in the trade business of human slaves. Limbo is caught in the conflict between humans and apes and tries his best to simply survive. Giamatti drew inspiration from W. C. Fields for his performance. While his prosthetic makeup was being applied, Giamatti watched episodes of Ultraman and various Japanese Godzilla films.[10]
Jonah (uncredited) as Pericles
A trained chimpanzee in a US Air Force program in 2029, working with Leo on the space station to fly space pods. He is launched on a mission that involves traveling through an electromagnetic storm. He appears in only a few scenes, interacting mainly with Leo and in the ending scene with Ari.

tag: ul

text: Small roles include David Warner (Senator Sandar), Lisa Marie (Nova), Erick Avari (Tival), Luke Eberl (Birn), Evan Parke (Gunnar), Glenn Shadix (Senator Nado), Freda Foh Shen (Bon), Chris Ellis (Lt. Gen. Karl Vasich) and Anne Ramsay (Lt. Col. Grace Alexander).

text: There are also cameo appearances by Charlton Heston (uncredited) as Zaius, Thade's father, and Linda Harrison (the woman in the cart). Both participated in two original films in the series, Planet of the Apes (1968) and Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) as George Taylor and Nova, respectively.

text: Development[edit]

text: Late 1980s[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox president Craig Baumgarten was impressed with Adam Rifkin's filmmaking with Never on Tuesday. In 1988, Rifkin was brought in the studio to pitch ideas for films. Rifkin, being a fan of the 1968 Planet of the Apes felt it was best to continue the film series. "Having independent film experience, I promised I could write and direct a huge-looking film for a reasonable price and budget, like Aliens."[11] Fox commissioned Rifkin to write what amounted to a sequel, "but not a sequel to the fifth film, an alternate sequel to the first film".[11] He took influences from Spartacus, with the storyline being "the ape empire had reached its Roman era. A descendant of Charlton Heston's character named Duke would eventually lead a human slave revolt against the oppressive Roman-esque apes, led by General Izan. A real sword and sandal spectacular, monkey style. Gladiator did the same movie without the ape costumes."[11]

text: Titled Return to the Planet of the Apes, the project was put on fast track and almost entered pre-production. Rick Baker was hired to design the prosthetic makeup with Danny Elfman composing the film score. Tom Cruise and Charlie Sheen were in contention for the lead role. "I can't accurately describe in words the utter euphoria I felt knowing that I, Adam Rifkin, was going to be resurrecting the Planet of the Apes. It all seemed too good to be true. I soon found out it was."[11] Days before the film was to commence pre-production, new studio executives arrived at Fox, which caused creative differences between Rifkin and the studio.[11] Rifkin was commissioned to rewrite the script through various drafts. The project was abandoned until Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh pitched their own idea, with the apes going through a Renaissance. In the story, the ape government becomes concerned over the new art works, the humans are revolting and the liberal apes shelter a half-human, half-ape from the gorillas. Roddy McDowall was enthusiastic about their proposal and agreed to play the Leonardo da Vinci-type character they had written for him. However, the executive Jackson spoke to was not a fan of the series and seemingly unaware of McDowall's involvement in the series, and Jackson turned his attention back to Heavenly Creatures.[12]

text: Oliver Stone[edit]

text: By 1993, Fox hired Don Murphy and Jane Hamsher as producers. Sam Raimi and Oliver Stone were being considered as possible directors,[11][13] though Stone signed on as executive producer/co-writer with a $1 million salary.[14] On the storyline, Stone explained in December 1993, "It has the discovery of cryogenically frozen Vedic Apes who hold the secret numeric codes to the Bible that foretold the end of civilizations. It deals with past versus the future. My concept is that there's a code inscribed in the Bible that predicts all historical events. The apes were there at the beginning and figured it all out."[15]

text: Stone brought Terry Hayes to write the screenplay entitled Return of the Apes.[14] Set in the near future, a plague is making humans extinct. Geneticist Will Robinson discovers the plague is a genetic time bomb embedded in the Stone Age. He time travels with a pregnant colleague named Billie Rae Diamond to a time when Palaeolithic humans were at war for the future of the planet with highly evolved apes. The apes' supreme commander is a gorilla named Drak. Robinson and Billie Rae discover a young human girl named Aiv (pronounced Eve) to be the next step in evolution. It is revealed that it was the apes that created the virus to destroy the human race. They protect her from the virus, thus ensuring the survival of the human race 102,000 years later. Billie Rae gives birth to a baby boy named Adam.[14]

text: Fox president Peter Chernin called Return of the Apes "one of the best scripts I ever read".[14] Chernin was hoping Hayes' script would create a franchise that included sequels, spin-off television shows and merchandise.[16] In March 1994, Arnold Schwarzenegger signed on as Will Robinson with the condition he had approval of director. Chuck Russell was considered as a possible director before Phillip Noyce was hired in January 1995, while pre-production was nearing commencement with a $100 million budget.[13] Stone first approached Rick Baker, who worked on Rifkin's failed remake, to design the prosthetic makeup, but eventually hired Stan Winston.[16][17]

text: Fox became frustrated by the distance between their approach and Hayes' interpretation of Stone's ideas. As producer Don Murphy put it, "Terry wrote a Terminator and Fox wanted The Flintstones".[14] Fox studio executive Dylan Sellers felt the script could be improved by comedy. "What if Robinson finds himself in Ape land and the Apes are trying to play baseball? But they're missing one element, like the pitcher or something." Sellers continued. "Robinson knows what they're missing and he shows them, and they all start playing."[14] Sellers refused to give up his baseball scene, and when Hayes turned in the next script, sans baseball, Sellers fired him. Dissatisfied with Sellers' decision to fire Hayes, Noyce left Return of the Apes in February 1995 to work on The Saint.[13][14]

text: Columbus and Cameron[edit]

text: Stone pursued other films of his own, Chernin was replaced by Thomas Rothman, and a drunken Sellers crashed his car, killing a much-loved colleague and earning jail time, while producers Murphy and Hamsher were paid off. "After they got rid of us, they brought on Chris Columbus", Murphy stated. "Then I heard they did tests of apes skiing, which didn't make much sense."[18] Stan Winston was still working on the makeup designs. Columbus brought Sam Hamm, his co-writer on an unproduced Fantastic Four script, to write the screenplay. "We tried to do a story that was simultaneously a homage to the elements we liked from the five films, and would also incorporate a lot of material [from Pierre Boulle's novel] that had been jettisoned from the earlier production," Hamm continued. "The first half of the script bore little resemblance to the book, but a lot of the stuff in the second half comes directly from it, or directly inspired by it."[18]

text: Hamm's script had an ape astronaut from another planet crash-landing in New York Harbor, launching a virus that will make human beings extinct. Dr. Susan Landis, who works for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Alexander Troy, an Area 51 scientist, use the ape's spacecraft to return to the virus' planet of origin, hoping to find an antidote. They find an urban environment where apes armed with heavy weapons hunt humans. The main villain was Lord Zaius; in contrast to Dr. Zaius, Lord Zaius was very cruel to the humans. Landis and Troy discover the antidote and return to Earth, only to find in their 74-year absence that apes have taken over the planet. "The Statue of Liberty's once proud porcelain features have been crudely chiseled into the grotesque likeness of a great grinning ape".[18]

text: Schwarzenegger remained attached, but Fox had mixed emotions with Hamm's script.[18] When Columbus dropped out in late 1995 to work on Jingle All the Way, Fox offered the director's position to Roland Emmerich in January 1996.[13] James Cameron was in talks during the filming of Titanic as writer and producer. Cameron's version would have drawn elements from the original film and its sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes. After the financial and critical success of Titanic, Cameron dropped out.[18] After learning about his previous involvement, Chernin and Rothman met with Peter Jackson to learn about his original Renaissance idea. Jackson turned down directing the film with Schwarzenegger and Cameron as his producer, recognizing they would probably conflict over the direction.[12] Schwarzenegger left to work on Eraser.[13] Michael Bay then turned down the director's position.[18] Jackson again turned down the project while facing the possible cancellation of The Lord of the Rings in 1998, because he was unenthusiastic following Roddy McDowall's death.[12] In mid-1999, the Hughes brothers were interested in directing but were committed to From Hell.[18]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In 1999, William Broyles, Jr. turned down the chance to write the script, but decided to sign on "when I found out I could have an extensive amount of creative control". Fox projected the release date for July 2001, while Broyles sent the studio an outline and a chronicle of the fictional planet "Aschlar". Entitled The Visitor and billed as "episode one in the Chronicles of Aschlar",[18] Broyles' script caught the attention of director Tim Burton, who was hired in February 2000.[19] "I wasn't interested in doing a remake or a sequel of the original Planet of the Apes film," Burton said later. "But I was intrigued by the idea of revisiting that world. Like a lot of people, I was affected by the original film. I wanted to do a 're-imagining'."[20] Richard D. Zanuck signed on as producer in March.[21] "This is a very emotional film for me. I greenlighted the original Apes when I was the head of Fox in 1967."[22]

text: Under Burton's direction, Broyles wrote another draft, but his script was projected at a $200 million budget. Fox wanted to cut it to $100 million.[20][23] In August 2000, two months before principal photography, Fox brought Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal for rewrites.[24] Broyles "had a lot of respect with the work they [Konner and Rosenthal] did. And to think that given what I'd done and given what Tim wanted, they navigated the right course."[20] One of the considered endings had Leo Davidson crash-landing at Yankee Stadium, witnessing apes playing baseball. Various alternatives were considered before the filmmakers decided on the final one.[25] The production of Planet of the Apes was a difficult experience for Burton. This was largely contributed by Fox's adamant release date (July 2001), which meant that everything from pre-production to editing and visual effects work was rushed.[20]

text: Konner and Rosenthal were rewriting the script even as sets were being constructed.[25] Ari, Helena Bonham Carter's character, was originally a princess. She was changed to "a Senator's daughter with a liberal mentality".[26] One of the drafts had General Thade, Tim Roth's character, as an albino gorilla, but Burton felt chimpanzees were more frightening.[27] Limbo, Paul Giamatti's character "was supposed to turn into a good guy. There was supposed to be this touching personal growth thing at the end," Giamatti reflected. "But Tim [Burton] and I both thought that was kind of lame so we decided to just leave him as a jerk into the end."[10]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Burton wanted to begin filming in October 2000,[28] but it was pushed back to November 6, 2000 and ended in April 2001.[23][29] Filming for Planet of the Apes began at Lake Powell, where parts of the original film were shot. Due to a local drought, production crews had to pump in extra water.[27] The film was mostly shot at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, while other filming locations included lava plains in Hawaii and Trona Pinnacles at Ridgecrest. To preserve secrecy, the shooting script did not include the ending.[24][30] Stan Winston was the original makeup designer but left because of creative differences. Fox considered using computer-generated imagery to create the apes, but Burton insisted on using prosthetic makeup designed by Rick Baker.[23] Baker was previously involved with Adam Rifkin's unproduced remake. Burton commented, "I have a relationship with both of them [Winston and Baker], so that decision was hard," he says. "Stan worked on Edward Scissorhands and Baker did Martin Landau's makeup [as Béla Lugosi in Ed Wood]".[31]

text: On his hiring, Baker explained, "I did the Dino De Laurentiis version of King Kong in 1976 and was always disappointed because I wasn't able to do it as realistically as I wanted. I thought Apes would be a good way to make up for that." In addition to King Kong, Baker previously worked with designing ape makeup on Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey, and the 1998 remake of Mighty Joe Young.[32] The makeup took 4.5 hours to apply and 1.5 hours to remove. Burton explained, "it's like going to the dentist at two in the morning and having people poke at you for hours. Then you wear an ape costume until nine at night."[23][25] Burton was adamant that the apes should be substantially "more animal-like; flying through trees, climb walls, swing out of windows, and go ape shit when angry."[25] For a month and a half before shooting started, the actors who portrayed apes attended "ape school". Industrial Light & Magic, Rhythm and Hues Studios and Animal Logic were commissioned for the visual effects sequences. Rick Heinrichs served as the production designer and Colleen Atwood did costume design.[33]

text: To compose the film score, Burton hired regular collaborator Danny Elfman, who had previously been set as composer when Adam Rifkin was to do his remake in 1989.[11] Elfman noted that his work on Planet of the Apes contained more percussion instruments than usual.[34]

text: During filming, Roth held a grudge against Heston due to his work with the National Rifle Association: "It was very difficult for me. On one level, there's the man and he's my dad. But on the other level, the whole NRA thing is what it is now. I'm so against it, very vocally so. But it was inappropriate for the workplace. If I'm going to talk to him, I'll talk to him outside the workplace. So it was just two guys in makeup doing a scene."[35] Roth later claimed he would not have appeared in the film had he known he would be sharing a scene with Heston.[36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: To help market Planet of the Apes, Fox commissioned an Internet marketing campaign that also involved geocaching.[37] Hasbro released a toy line, while Dark Horse Comics published a comic book adaptation.[29] The original release date for the film was July 4, 2001.[38] Planet of the Apes was released on July 27, 2001 in 3,500 theaters across North America, earning $68,532,960 in its opening weekend.[2] This was the second-highest opening weekend of 2001, behind Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.[39] The film went on to gross $180,011,740 in North America and $182,200,000 elsewhere, for a worldwide total of $362,211,740.[2] Planet of the Apes was the tenth-highest-grossing film in North America,[39] and ninth-highest worldwide, of 2001.[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes has an approval rating of 45% based on 156 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "This remake of Planet of the Apes can't compare to the original in some critics' minds, but the striking visuals and B-movie charms may win you over."[41] On Metacritic the film has an average score of 50 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[43]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2½ stars; he praised the twist ending, but felt the film lacked a balanced story structure. "The movie is great-looking. Rick Baker's makeup is convincing even in the extreme closeups, and his apes sparkle with personality and presence. The sets and locations give us a proper sense of alien awe," Ebert commented. "Tim Burton made a film that's respectful to the original, and respectable in itself, but that's not enough. Ten years from now, it will be the 1968 version that people are still renting."[44] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave a negative review. "Call it a letdown, worsened by the forces of shoddy screenwriting. To quote Heston in both films, 'Damn them, damn them all'."[45]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times believed "the actors in the nonhuman roles are mostly too buried by makeup to make strong impressions. Unfortunately, none of the good work counts as much as you'd think it would," Turan said. "Planet of the Apes shows that taking material too seriously can be as much of a handicap as not taking it seriously at all."[46] Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times gave a more favorable review, feeling the script was balanced and the film served its purpose as "pure entertainment".[47] Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today enjoyed Planet of the Apes, feeling most of the credit should go to prosthetic makeup designer Rick Baker.[48]

text: Much criticism was leveled against the ambiguous ending. Tim Roth, who portrayed General Thade, said "I cannot explain that ending. I have seen it twice and I don't understand anything."[20] Helena Bonham Carter, who played Ari, said, "I thought it made sense, kind of. I don't understand why everyone went, 'Huh?' It's all a time warp thing. He's gone back and he realizes Thade's beat him there."[20] Although the ending was ambiguous, it was closer to the ending of the actual Pierre Boulle book than was the ending of the 1968 Charlton Heston movie version. In the first of two twist endings of the Pierre Boulle book, the astronaut escapes back to planet Earth, only to be greeted by a gorilla in a jeep on the landing strip. Burton claimed the ending was not supposed to make any sense, but it was more of a cliffhanger to be explained in a possible sequel. "It was a reasonable cliffhanger that could be used in case Fox or another filmmaker wanted to do another movie," he explained.[27]

text: The film was nominated for two BAFTA Awards, one for Best Make-up held by Rick Baker, the other for Best Costume Design. Roth (Supporting Actor), Bonham Carter (Supporting Actress), Colleen Atwood (Costume), and Rick Baker (Make-up) received nominations at the Saturn Awards.[49] Atwood and Baker were nominated at the 55th British Academy Film Awards,[50] while music composer Danny Elfman was nominated for his work at the 43rd Grammy Awards.[51] Planet of the Apes won Worst Remake at the 22nd Golden Raspberry Awards, while Heston (Worst Supporting Actor) and Estella Warren (Worst Supporting Actress) also won awards.[52]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Fox stated that if Planet of the Apes was a financial success, then a sequel would be commissioned.[31] Although the film was indeed a financial success, Fox decided not to proceed with a sequel. When asked whether he would be interested in working on a follow-up, director Tim Burton replied, "I'd rather jump out a window."[20] Mark Wahlberg and Helena Bonham Carter would have returned if Burton had decided to make another Apes film.[5][53] Paul Giamatti had been interested in reprising his role. "I think it'd be great to have apes driving cars, smoking cigars," Giamatti said. "Wearing glasses, sitting in a board room, stuff like that."[10] Planet of the Apes was the last film Burton worked on with his former fiancée Lisa Marie. After their relationship broke up, Burton started a relationship with Bonham Carter, who portrayed Ari. Planet of the Apes was also Burton's first collaboration with producer Richard D. Zanuck.[25][54]

text: Fox returned to the franchise in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes, a reboot of the series that proved to be a hit and led to its own sequels.[55][56][57]

text: Video game[edit]

text: In 1998, after 20th Century Fox had greenlit James Cameron's version of the film remake, the company's video game division, Fox Interactive, started planning a video game tie-in. The film project went on hold when Cameron pulled out, but Fox Interactive remained confident a remake would progress eventually and continued with the game.[58] Fox contracted French company Visiware as developer; with the film on hold, the creators developed their own story inspired by Boulle's novel and the original films. The game is an action-adventure in which the player controls astronaut Ulysses after he crashes on the Planet of the Apes.[59] The game was developed for PC and PlayStation.[60]

text: The game experienced serious delays due to setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive's decision to co-publish with a third party. Despite its long development, the game missed the debut of Burton's film.[60] Fox Interactive and co-publisher Ubisoft finally released the PC version on September 20, 2001;[61] the PlayStation version followed on August 22, 2002.[62] The game received mostly negative reviews.[63][64]

text: Additionally, Ubisoft and developer Torus Games produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color. It is a side-scroller following the first two films; the player controls astronaut Ben on the Planet of the Apes.[59][65] The Game Boy versions received average reviews.[66]


document_title: World Series of Poker

question_text: who won the first world series of poker at binions

text: World Series of Poker

text: Format[edit]

text: Since 1971, all WSOP events have been tournaments with cash prizes. In 1973, a five-card stud event was added. Since then, new events have been added and removed. Since 1976,[citation needed] a bracelet has been awarded to the winner of every event at the annual WSOP; later on,[when?] the winners of events before 1976 were retroactively given bracelets.[8]

text: The tournament grew slowly for over a decade, reaching 52 participants in 1982. In the early 1980s, satellite tournaments were introduced, allowing people to win their way into the various events. By 1987, there were over 2,100 entrants in the entire series.[1]

text: At the 2006 World Series of Poker, there were 45 events, covering the majority of poker variants. Participation in the Main Event peaked that year, with 8,773 players.[9]

text: Currently, Texas hold 'em, Omaha hold 'em and Seven-card stud and their lowball variants are played. H.O.R.S.E. has been played in the past and returned in 2006. Also, S.H.O.E. has been played in the past, and returned in 2007. Other events played in the past include Chinese poker, Five card stud, and many others. Like most tournaments, the sponsoring casino takes an entry fee (a percentage between 6% and 10%, depending on the buy-in) and distributes the rest, hence the prize money increasing with more players. In the 2005 Main Event, US$52,818,610 in prize money was distributed among 560 players, with US$7.5 million as the first prize. The 2006 Main Event, won by Jamie Gold, is the largest single poker tournament by prize pool or by entrant numbers in history; Gold pocketed US$12 million for his victory.  In July 2010, it was announced that the winner of the 2010 Main Event would receive just under US$9 million.

text: On June 2, 2011, the World Series of Poker and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté announced plans for an officially sanctioned special fundraising event, known as The Big One for One Drop, starting on July 1, 2012 with a record US$1 million entry fee.[10] 11% of the money (more precisely, $111,111 from each buy-in) went to Laliberté's charity, the One Drop Foundation, and the WSOP waived its normal 10% rake of the entry fees. At the time of the original announcement, 15 of the maximum 48 seats had been taken. By early December 2011, the field size had increased to 22, the minimum required for an official bracelet tournament.[11] Among those who committed early to the event were Johnny Chan, Daniel Negreanu, Jonathan Duhamel, Tom Dwan, Laliberté, billionaire businessman Phil Ruffin and Erik Seidel. On April 12, 2012, the WSOP announced that 30 players had committed to the tournament, which brought the first prize to $12.3 million, exceeding the record amount won by Jamie Gold. In the end, all 48 seats were filled, resulting in a first prize of $18.3 million.[12] Poker professional Antonio Esfandiari won the event, also receiving a special platinum WSOP bracelet.[13]

text: Highlights[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The number of participants in the WSOP grew every year from 2000 until 2006.  Following 2006, new online gambling legislation restricted the number of online qualifiers to the event.  2007 was the first dip in numbers in the 21st century while in 2008 more people participated than the previous year. In 2000, there were 4,780 entrants in the various events, but in 2005, the number rose to over 23,000 players.  In the main event alone, the number of participants grew from 839 in 2003 to 8,773 in 2006, and has hovered between 6,300 and 7,200 entrants in the eleven years since.[14] Phil Hellmuth has won the most bracelets with 15 followed by Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, and Phil Ivey with ten bracelets each. Crandell Addington is the only player to place in the top ten of the World Series of Poker Main Event eight times, albeit in earlier years with small fields compared to modern times. Four players have won the Main Event multiple times: Johnny Moss (1970, 1971, and 1974), Doyle Brunson (1976 and 1977), Stu Ungar (1980, 1981, and 1997) and Johnny Chan (1987 and 1988). Bracelet winners who first achieved fame in other fields include French actor/singer Patrick Bruel (in 1998), Danish soccer player Jan Vang Sørensen (in 2002), American actress Jennifer Tilly (in 2005), and American musician/record producer Steve Albini (in 2018). In recent years, there have been non-bracelet events at the WSOP; two of the most notable are the "World Series of Rock Paper Scissors" and "Ante Up for Africa."

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of a World Series of Poker began in 1969 with an event called the Texas Gambling Reunion.[15]  It was an invitational event sponsored by Tom Moore of San Antonio, Texas, and held at the Holiday Hotel and Casino in Reno.[15] This inaugural event was won by Crandell Addington.  The set of tournaments that the World Series of Poker (WSOP) would evolve into was the brainchild of Las Vegas casino owner and poker player Benny Binion. In 1970, the first WSOP at Binion's Horseshoe took place as a series of cash games that included five-card stud, deuce to seven low-ball draw, razz, seven-card stud, and Texas hold 'em.[citation needed] The format for the Main Event as a freeze-out Texas hold 'em game came the next year.  The winner in 1970, Johnny Moss, was elected by his peers as the first "World Champion of Poker" and received a silver cup as a prize.[15]

text: Acquisition by Harrah's[edit]

text: In 2004, Harrah's Entertainment (now Caesars Entertainment) purchased Binion's Horseshoe, retained the rights to the Horseshoe and World Series of Poker brands, sold the hotel and casino to MTR Gaming Group, and announced that the 2005 Series events would be held at the Harrah's-owned Rio Hotel and Casino, located just off the Las Vegas Strip.[15] The final two days of the main event in 2005 were held downtown at what is now the MTR-operated "Binion's" in celebration of the centennial of the founding of Las Vegas. The WSOP also added a made-for-television $2 million "freeroll" invitational Tournament of Champions (TOC) event first won by Annie Duke as a "winner-take-all" event.

text: Main Event[edit]

text: Since 1972, the Main Event of the WSOP has been the $10,000 buy-in no-limit Texas Hold 'em (NLHE) tournament (in 1971 the buy-in was $5,000 and the inaugural 1970 event was an invitational with winner determined by a vote from the players). Winners of the event not only get the largest prize of the tournament and a gold bracelet, but additionally their picture is placed in the Gallery of Champions at Binion's.

text: The winner of the Main Event has traditionally been given the unofficial title of World Champion. However, some believe that no-limit hold 'em is not the optimal structure for determining a champion poker player. In 2002, Daniel Negreanu argued that the Main Event should switch to pot-limit hold 'em, believing that pot-limit required a more complete set of poker skills than no-limit, although he admitted that such a change would likely never be made.[16] However, after the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E./Poker Players Championship event was added, many of the game's top professionals, including Negreanu, have since stated that this tournament ultimately decides the world's best player. The $50,000 buy-in, being five times larger than the buy-in for the Main Event, has thus far tended to deter amateurs from playing in this event, and the variety of games played require a broader knowledge of poker. The first $50,000 event, conducted as a H.O.R.S.E. tournament, was won by Chip Reese in 2006. In 2010, the $50,000 event changed from H.O.R.S.E. to an "8-game" format, adding no-limit hold 'em, pot-limit Omaha, and 2–7 triple draw to the mix, and was rechristened The Poker Players Championship,[17][18] with Michael Mizrachi winning the first edition of the revamped event.[19] Since Reese's death in December 2007, the winner of this event receives the David 'Chip' Reese Memorial Trophy in addition to the bracelet and the prize money.[20]

text: There have been many memorable moments during the main events, including Jack Straus's 1982 comeback win after discovering he had one $500 chip left when he thought he was out of the tournament. The end of the 1988 main event was featured in the movie Rounders. Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, the winners in 2003 and 2004, both qualified for the main event through satellite tournaments at the PokerStars online card room. Jerry Yang, the winner in 2007, had only been playing poker for two years prior to his victory. He won his seat at a $225 satellite tournament at Pechanga Resort & Casino, in California. With passage of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) of 2006 online poker sites have been barred from purchasing entrance directly for their users.

text: Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Winninghand

First place prize

Entrants

Runner-up

Losinghand

1970

 Johnny Moss

N/A

N/A

7

N/A

N/A

1971

 Johnny Moss

N/A

7004300000000000000♠30,000

6

 Walter "Puggy" Pearson

N/A

1972

 Thomas "Amarillo Slim" Preston, Jr.

K♥ J♦

7004800000000000000♠80,000

8

 Walter "Puggy" Pearson

6  6

1973

 Walter "Puggy" Pearson

A♠ 7♠

7005130000000000000♠130,000

13

 Johnny Moss

K♥ J♠

1974

 Johnny Moss

3♥ 3♠

7005160000000000000♠160,000

16

 Crandell Addington

A♣ 2♣

1975

 Brian "Sailor" Roberts

J♠ J♥

7005210000000000000♠210,000

21

 Bob Hooks

J♣ 9♣

1976

 Doyle Brunson

10♠ 2♠

7005220000000000000♠220,000

22

 Jesse Alto

A♠ J♦

1977

 Doyle Brunson

10♠ 2♥

7005340000000000000♠340,000

34

 Gary Berland

8♥ 5♣

1978

 Bobby Baldwin

Q♦ Q♣

7005210000000000000♠210,000

42

 Crandell Addington

9♦ 9♣

1979

 Hal Fowler

7♠ 6♦

7005270000000000000♠270,000

54

 Bobby Hoff

A♣ A♥

1980

 Stu Ungar

5♠ 4♠

7005385000000000000♠385,000

73

 Doyle Brunson

A♥ 7♠

1981

 Stu Ungar

A♥ Q♥

7005375000000000000♠375,000

75

 Perry Green

10♣ 9♦

1982

 Jack Straus

A♥ 10♠

7005520000000000000♠520,000

104

 Dewey Tomko

A♦ 4♦

1983

 Tom McEvoy

Q♦ Q♠

7005540000000000000♠540,000

108

 Rod Peate

K♦ J♦

1984

 Jack Keller

10♥ 10♠

7005660000000000000♠660,000

132

 Byron Wolford

6♥ 4♥

1985

 Bill Smith

3♠ 3♥

7005700000000000000♠700,000

140

 T. J. Cloutier

A♦ 3♣

1986

 Berry Johnston

A♠ 10♥

7005570000000000000♠570,000

141

 Mike Harthcock

A♦ 8♦

1987

 Johnny Chan

A♠ 9♣

7005625000000000000♠625,000

152

 Frank Henderson

4♦ 4♣

1988

 Johnny Chan

J♣ 9♣

7005700000000000000♠700,000

167

 Erik Seidel

Q♣ 7♥

1989

 Phil Hellmuth, Jr.

9♠ 9♣

7005755000000000000♠755,000

178

 Johnny Chan

A♠ 7♠

1990

 Mansour Matloubi

6♥ 6♠

7005895000000000000♠895,000

194

 Hans Lund

4♦ 4♣

1991

 Brad Daugherty

K♠ J♠

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

215

 Don Holt

7♥ 3♥

1992

 Hamid Dastmalchi

8♥ 4♣

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

201

 Tom Jacobs

J♦ 7♠

1993

 Jim Bechtel

J♠ 6♠

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

220

 Glenn Cozen

7♦ 4♥

1994

 Russ Hamilton

K♠ 8♥

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

268

 Hugh Vincent

8♣ 5♥

1995

 Dan Harrington

9♦ 8♦

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

273

 Howard Goldfarb

A♥ 7♣

1996

 Huck Seed

9♦ 8♦

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

295

 Bruce Van Horn

K♣ 8♣

1997

 Stu Ungar

A♥ 4♣

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

312

 John Strzemp

A♠ 8♣

1998

 Scotty Nguyen

J♦ 9♣

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

350

 Kevin McBride

Q♥ 10♥

1999

 Noel Furlong

5♣ 5♦

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

393

 Alan Goehring

6♥ 6♣

2000

 Chris Ferguson

A♠ 9♣

7006150000000000000♠1,500,000

512

 T. J. Cloutier

A♦ Q♣

2001

 Juan Carlos Mortensen

K♣ Q♣

7006150000000000000♠1,500,000

613

 Dewey Tomko

A♠ A♥

2002

 Robert Varkonyi

Q♦ 10♠

7006200000000000000♠2,000,000

631

 Julian Gardner

J♣ 8♣

2003

 Chris Moneymaker

5♦ 4♠

7006250000000000000♠2,500,000

839

 Sam Farha

J♥ 10♦

2004

 Greg Raymer

8♠ 8♦

7006500000000000000♠5,000,000

2,576

 David Williams

A♥ 4♠

2005

 Joe Hachem

7♣ 3♠

7006750000000000000♠7,500,000

5,619

 Steve Dannenmann

A♦ 3♣

2006

 Jamie Gold

Q♠ 9♣

7007120000000000000♠12,000,000

8,773

 Paul Wasicka

10♥ 10♠

2007

 Jerry Yang

8♦ 8♣

7006825000000000000♠8,250,000

6,358

 Tuan Lam

A♦ Q♦

2008

 Peter Eastgate

A♦ 5♠

7006915241600000000♠9,152,416

6,844

 Ivan Demidov

4♥ 2♥

2009

 Joe Cada

9♦ 9♣

7006854704200000000♠8,547,042

6,494

 Darvin Moon

Q♦ J♦

2010

 Jonathan Duhamel

A♠ J♥

7006894431000000000♠8,944,310

7,319

 John Racener

K♦ 8♦

2011

 Pius Heinz

A♠ K♣

7006871563800000000♠8,715,638

6,865

 Martin Staszko

10♣ 7♣

2012

 Greg Merson

K♦ 5♦

7006853185300000000♠8,531,853

6,598

 Jesse Sylvia

Q♠ J♠

2013

 Ryan Riess

A♥ K♥

7006836157000000000♠8,361,570

6,352

 Jay Farber

Q♠ 5♠

2014

 Martin Jacobson

10♥ 10♦

7007100000000000000♠10,000,000

6,683

 Felix Stephensen

A♥ 9♥

2015

 Joe McKeehen

A♥ 10♦

7006768334600000000♠7,683,346

6,420

 Joshua Beckley

4♣ 4♦

2016

 Qui Nguyen

K♣ 10♣

7006800531000000000♠8,005,310

6,737

 Gordon Vayo

J♠ 10♠

2017

 Scott Blumstein

A♥ 2♦

7006815000000000000♠8,150,000

7,221

 Dan Ott

A♦ 8♦

2018

 John Cynn

K♣ J♣

7006880000000000000♠8,800,000

7,874

 Tony Miles

Q♣ 8♥

text: (Flag indicates the country of residency of the player at the time of the event)

text: Players[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text: Since its inception, Stu Ungar and Johnny Moss are the only players to have won the Main Event three times. However, Moss's first victory came in a different format, as he was elected winner by vote of his fellow players at the conclusion of what was then a timed event. Moss (if the first time win by vote is counted), Ungar, Doyle Brunson, and Johnny Chan are the only people who have won the Main Event in consecutive years. Chan's second victory in 1988 was featured in the 1998 film Rounders.

text: Phil Hellmuth holds multiple WSOP records including most bracelets, most WSOP cashes, and most WSOP final tables. He is also the only player to have won the Main Events of both the WSOP and WSOP Europe.[21][22]

text: In recent years, the prize pool for the WSOP Main Event has become so large that the winner instantly becomes one of the top money winners of WSOP and even in tournament poker history. Before July 2012, the top seven players on the all-time WSOP Earnings list were Main Event champions from 2005 to 2011, among whom Jamie Gold topped those seven, he won the 2006 Main Event, which had then the biggest first prize for a single tournament, and still is the largest poker tournament by prize pool in history. However, the all-time leader is currently poker professional Daniel Negreanu, who has not won a Main Event, although he won the inaugural WSOP Asia Pacific Main Event in 2013. He is followed by professionals Antonio Esfandiari and Daniel Colman, both also yet to win a Main Event in Las Vegas.

text: The list below includes the WSOP Europe and WSOP Asia-Pacific, but excludes WSOP Circuit events and other non-bracelet events. The results are updated through the 2014 WSOP APAC.

text:
Overall:[23][24]

Most bracelets: Phil Hellmuth (15)
Most earnings: Antonio Esfandiari ($21,107,812)
Most cashes: Phil Hellmuth (109)
Most final tables: Phil Hellmuth (53)
Youngest bracelet winner: Annette Obrestad (2007 WSOPE Main Event; 18 years, 364 days)
Oldest bracelet winner: Johnny Moss (aged 81; won the $1,500 Limit Ace to Five Draw event in 1988, on his 81st birthday)
Most bracelets in one year: Puggy Pearson (1973), Ted Forrest (1993), Phil Hellmuth (1993), Phil Ivey (2002), Jeff Lisandro (2009), George Danzer (2014 (his third bracelet that he won in 2014 was during the WSOP APAC)) (3 bracelets)
Most final tables in one year: An Tran (6 final tables, 1992)
Most cashes in one year: Chris Ferguson (2017) (23 cashes)
Most consecutive years with at least one bracelet: Bill Boyd (1971–1974), Doyle Brunson (1976–1979) (4)
Most consecutive years with at least one cash: Mike Sexton (30, 1988 – 2017)
Most Player of the Year awards (since 2004): Daniel Negreanu (2, 2004 and 2013)
Oldest WSOP event participant: Jack Ury (2010; age 97)

WSOP Main Events:[24]

Most Main Event wins: Johnny Moss (1970 (by vote), 1971, 1974), Stu Ungar (1980, 1981, 1997) (3)
Most Main Event wins in consecutive years: Johnny Moss (1970 (by vote) – 1971), Doyle Brunson (1976–1977), Stu Ungar (1980–1981), Johnny Chan (1987–1988) (2)
Most Main Event earnings: Jamie Gold ($12,000,000)
Most Main Event cashes: Berry Johnston (10)
Most consecutive Main Event cashes: Ronnie Bardah (2010–2014) (5)[25]
Most Main Event final tables: Doyle Brunson, Jesse Alto (5)
Youngest Main Event Champion: Joe Cada (2009; 21 years, 357 days)
Oldest Main Event Champion: Johnny Moss (1974; 66 years, 358 days)
Most Main Events played: Howard Andrew (1974–2014) (41)
Oldest Main Event participant: Jack Ury (2010; age 97)

text: Player of the Year[edit]

text: Since 2004, a Player of the Year (POY) award has been given to the player with the most points accumulated throughout the WSOP.  As of 2013, nine different players have won the ten awards, with Daniel Negreanu as the only two-time winner.

text: Only "open" events in which all players can participate count in the standings; this eliminates the Seniors, Ladies, and Casino Employee events.[26] Beginning with the 2006 World Series of Poker, the Main Event and the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. competition had no effect on the outcome of the winner of the Player of the Year award. In the 2008 World Series of Poker, the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. event counted toward the Player of the Year award, but the Main Event did not. Since 2009, all open events, including the Main Event, count towards Player of the Year. The Player of the Year standings were based upon performance solely at the WSOP in Las Vegas up until 2010, but beginning in 2011 have also taken the World Series of Poker Europe into account, and starting in 2013 also include events in the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific. The 2011 WSOP Player of the Year organized by Bluff Magazine used a different scoring system which took into account field sizes and buy-in amounts when calculating points earned.[27] This scoring system has been used ever since.

text:
Year

Winner

Bracelets

Final Tables

Cashes

WSOP Earnings (US$)

2004

Daniel Negreanu

1

5

6

7005346280000000000♠346,280

2005

Allen Cunningham

1

4

5

7006100711500000000♠1,007,115

2006

Jeff Madsen

2

4

4

7006146785200000000♠1,467,852

2007

Tom Schneider

2

3

3

7005416829000000000♠416,829

2008

Erick Lindgren

1

3

5

7006134852800000000♠1,348,528

2009

Jeff Lisandro

3

4

6

7005807521000000000♠807,521

2010

Frank Kassela

2

3

6

7006125531400000000♠1,255,314

2011

Ben Lamb

1

4

5

7006535297000000000♠5,352,970

2012

Greg Merson

2

2

5

7006978535400000000♠9,785,354

2013

Daniel Negreanu

2

4

10

7006195405400000000♠1,954,054

2014

George Danzer

3

5

10

7005878933000000000♠878,933

2015

Mike Gorodinsky

1

3

8

7006176648700000000♠1,766,487

2016

Jason Mercier[28]

2

4

11

7005960424000000000♠960,424

2017

Chris Ferguson

1

3

23

7005428423000000000♠428,423

text: Since 2016, the WSOP payout a bigger percentage of the field (15% instead of 10% until then).[29]

text: Poker Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Since its inception in 1979, the WSOP Poker Hall of Fame has honored 42 individuals.[30] Selection criteria for players include having competed against acknowledged top competition, played for high stakes, and played consistently well to gain the respect of their peers. For non-players, selection is based on positive and lasting contributions to the overall growth and success of poker.[citation needed]

text: Women of the WSOP[edit]

text: At present, women make up around 5% of the field in all the events at the annual World Series of Poker tournament.[31]

text: Vanessa Selbst, Barbara Enright and Nani Dollison all have won 3 WSOP Bracelets[32].

text: Last Woman Standing[edit]

text: In 2015, Kelly Minkin finished in 29th place in the Main Event earning the "Last Woman Standing". [33]

text: In the 2007 World Series of Poker, Maria Ho was the last woman remaining in the Championship Event, placing 38th out of 6,358 players and earning a $237,865 payday. She repeated this accomplishment in 2014, when she came in 77th place out of 6,683 players. Her 27th place "Last Woman Standing" finish at the 2011 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event along with a 2017 6th place final table finish makes Maria the only player to ever hold the title Last Woman Standing four times over and at both the WSOP and WSOPE Main Events[34].

text: In 1995, Barbara Enright became the only woman to make the Final Table of the World Series of Poker, finishing in 5th place.  She also finished in the money of the Main Event in 2005.  An Ambassador of Poker League of Nations, Barbara is the first woman to win two WSOP Bracelets, the first woman to win three bracelets, and the first woman to win an open event at the World Series of Poker.  Barbara is also the first woman to be inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame, the Women in Poker Hall of Fame, and the Senior Poker Hall of Fame, making her the only poker player to be in all three poker halls of fame.

text: WSOP Ladies Championship Events[edit]

text: List of World Series of Poker ladies champions

text: In 1977, the first Ladies only event was introduced in the form of $100 buy-in Stud Poker Tournament. Jackie McDaniels won that event to become the first Ladies Champion. She won one of the smallest prizes ($5,580) in WSOP history. By 2007, the popularity of the Ladies Event had grown to the point that it became the first Ladies-only event to have a prize pool greater than $1,000,000. The Ladies played Seven Card Stud for the event's first two decades, but have been playing Texas hold 'em since 2001.

text: Expansion[edit]

text: 2005 – WSOP Circuit[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Starting in 2005, the WSOP began the World Series of Poker Circuit, a satellite series held at Harrah's-owned properties in the United States. In addition to the $10,000 buy-in tournament at each site, qualifying players became eligible for a revamped Tournament of Champions. The 2005 TOC, made up of the top twenty qualifying players at each circuit event, along with the final table from the 2005 Main Event and the winners of nine or more bracelets (Johnny Chan, Doyle Brunson, and Phil Hellmuth) would participate in the revamped TOC at Caesars Palace.  Mike Matusow won the first prize of $1 million (US), and all the players at the final table were guaranteed a minimum of $25,000 for the eighth and ninth-place finishers.

text: During a break in the final table of the 2005 Main Event on July 16, Harrah's announced that eleven  properties — including the recently added Bally's and Caesar's properties — would host 2005–06 WSOP Circuit events that started on August 11 in Tunica, Mississippi.  One event that was scheduled for Biloxi, Mississippi, was canceled after the Grand Casino Biloxi, which was scheduled to host the event, suffered major damage from Hurricane Katrina. The Rio also hosted the 2006 World Series of Poker, which began on June 25 with satellite events and formally began the day after with the annual Casino Employee event, won in 2006 by Chris Gros. 2006 featured the Tournament of Champions on June 25 and 26, won by Mike Sexton. Various events led up to the Main Event, which was held from July 28 until August 10. The first prize of $12 million was awarded to Jamie Gold.

text: 2007 – World Series of Poker Europe[edit]

text: The World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE) is the first expansion of the World Series of Poker in series history. In September 2007, the first WSOP championship events outside of Las Vegas, complete with bracelets, were held.[35]  The inaugural WSOPE consisted of three events held in London from September 6–17, 2007. The main event, a GBP 10,000 buy-in no-limit hold 'em tournament, was won by Norwegian online prodigy Annette Obrestad on the day before her 19th birthday. This made her the youngest person ever to win a WSOP bracelet, a record that cannot be broken in the Las Vegas WSOP under current laws because the minimum legal age for casino gaming in Nevada is 21. Obrestad could play in the WSOPE because the minimum age for casino gaming in the United Kingdom is 18. While no definitive plans have been announced, WSOP Commissioner Jeffrey Pollack has indicated that in the next one to three years that other venues may start holding WSOP events.[citation needed] Two locations that have been mentioned as possible expansion sites are Egypt and South Africa,[36] and the World Series of Poker Africa was ultimately launched in South Africa in 2010. However, it is currently treated as a WSOP Circuit event, with no bracelets awarded. The next expansion of the WSOP that included bracelet events was ultimately to Australia.[37]

text: The WSOPE moved from London to Cannes, France in 2011. At that time, the buy-ins and payouts changed from being fixed in pounds to euros.[citation needed] The event moved again in 2013, this time to the Paris suburb of Enghien-les-Bains.[38]

text: In November 2013, it was announced that the WSOPE would in the future alternate with the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific (WSOP APAC), which launched in 2013. The WSOPE will now be held only in odd-numbered years, with WSOP APAC conducted in even-numbered years.[39]

text: WSOPE Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Winning Hand

Prize

Entrants

Runner-Up

Losing Hand

2007

Annette Obrestad

7♥ 7♠

£1,000,000

362

John Tabatabai

5♠ 6♦

2008

John Juanda

K♠ 6♣

£868,800

362

Stanislav Alekhin

A♣ 9♠

2009

Barry Shulman

10♠ 10♣

£801,603

334

Daniel Negreanu

4♠ 4♦

2010

James Bord

10♦ 10♥

£830,401

346

Fabrizio Baldassari

5♠ 5♥

2011

Elio Fox

A♦ 10♠

€1,400,000(£1,206,577)

593

Chris Moorman

A♥ 7♠

2012

Phil Hellmuth

A♥ 10♦

€1,022,376

420

Sergii Baranov

A♠ 4♣

2013

Adrián Mateos

A♠ K♣

€1,000,000

375

Fabrice Soulier

9♦ 8♦

2015

Kevin MacPhee

A♦ 4♦

€883,000

313

David Lopez

K♥ K♣

2017

Marti Roca de Torres

Q♥ 5♦

€1,115,207

529

Gianluca Speranza

10♠ 8♦

text: 2010 World Series of Poker – Africa[edit]

text: In 2010, the WSOP expanded overseas once again, only this time to Gauteng, South Africa. Although the 2010 event was part of the WSOP Circuit, winners did not earn a gold ring or standing for the WSOP Circuit National Championship, both of which were common for other circuit events.[40]  This policy changed in 2012.[41]  The WSOPA did not occur in 2011 but would come back in 2012.

text: 2013 World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific[edit]

text: On April 30, 2012, the WSOP and Australian casino Crown Melbourne jointly announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific (WSOP APAC). The first edition of the event was held at Crown's Melbourne Casino from April 4–15, 2013 and featured five bracelet events in the series.[37]

text: WSOP APAC Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Winning Hand

Prize

Entrants

Runner-Up

Losing Hand

2013

Daniel Negreanu

2♠ 2♥

A$1,038,825

405

Daniel Marton

A♠ 7♠

2014

Scott Davies

6♦ 6♠

A$850,136

329

Jack Salter

Q♣ 10♣

text: 2015 – WSOP International Circuit[edit]

text: In 2015, the WSOP International Circuit was launched, with rounds in Canada, Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Africa. The winners of each tournament join the WSOP Circuit winners to play the WSOP Global Casino Championship.[42] The International Circuit has expanded to 13 tournaments for the 2017/18 season.[43]

text: WSOP television coverage[edit]

text: The earliest filming of the World Series was a special produced by Binion's Horseshoe in 1973 and narrated by Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder. CBS began covering the World Series in the late 1970s.

text: In the early 1980s, the event was again broadcast as specials. In the late 1980s, the World Series returned to television as ESPN took over broadcasting. Initially, coverage only consisted of just a single one-hour taped-delay broadcast of the Main Event.

text: ESPN Classic currently airs many of the old broadcasts from the mid-1990s and beyond. Since no "pocket cam" existed, very few hole cards were actually shown to television viewers. Generally, ESPN used poker-playing actors such as Dick Van Patten, Vince Van Patten, and Gabe Kaplan, with either the tournament director (usually Jim Albrecht) or a poker professional, of which one was Phil Hellmuth, joining the team. Unlike today's coverage, ESPN featured no pre-taped interviews or profiles on the players. In addition, the commentators were generally on the casino floor itself.

text: In the 1994 coverage of the final hand of the Main Event shows Hugh Vincent holding 8♣ 5♥ .  The flop was 8♣ 2♠ 6♦, indicating that there were two 8♣ in the deck.  The tournament director announces that Hugh Vincent needed two running spades to win.  The likely hand for Hugh Vincent was 8♠ 5♠, but there is no known video of the actual hand turned over by Hugh Vincent.[44]

text: Early 2000s[edit]

text: From 1999 to 2001, the World Series of Poker was broadcast by The Discovery Channel.  These hour-long programs presented more of an overview or recap of the WSOP as opposed to broadcasting an actual live event with play-by-play analysis and color commentary.  The Discovery Channel's broadcast also featured final table players interviews interlaced throughout the show.  ESPN would resume coverage the following year.

text: ESPN's coverage in 2002 was typical of their coverage in the 1990s (recorded in video, little or no post-production commentary or player profiles, no card cams).  However, the final table broadcast was expanded over two one-hour episodes. The 2002 WSOP was the first with the "sneak peek" (later called the pocket cam, or hole cam).

text: 2003: Major expansion[edit]

text: In 2003, Fred Christenson secured the long-term rights acquisition for ESPN,[45] and the channel expanded their coverage to new heights with their coverage of the WSOP.  They included coverage of the entire tournament, with a "Featured Table".  At this table, the viewers could see the player's hole cards and subsequent strategy.  The action was also broadcast as if live, though on tape-delay.  2003 was the first year that the broadcast covered action preceding the final table. Since then, ESPN has greatly expanded its coverage to include many of the preliminary events of the WSOP, especially Texas Hold 'Em. Also, their coverage of the main event now typically includes at least one hour program on each day. For the first two years of its existence, ESPN was broadcasting one hour programs of the "circuit" events that the WSOP has at various Harrah's-owned casinos, but ESPN did not renew these events. ESPN's coverage now includes many of the trappings of sports coverage, such as lighter segments (called "The Nuts") and interviews. ESPN's coverage has been largely driven by Matt Maranz, Executive Producer for the WSOP telecasts. Maranz previously worked on ESPN's football pre-game show, and has also produced taped segments for NBC's Olympic coverage.

text: Coverage would increase in 2004 and 2005 to include preliminary events from the WSOP, in addition to the "Main Event". ESPN has expanded poker to all-new levels, especially with their coverage of the 2006 WSOP, including providing the entire final table of the 2006 Main Event via pay-per-view airing. In 2008, ESPN experimented with the idea of a delayed final table.  This idea presented greater sponsorship opportunities and notoriety, culminating in a recap of the Main Event and the conclusion of the 2008 Main Event final table. In 2009, ESPN announced they would again move the final table to November 2009. The WSOP also decided there would be no rebuy events in 2009. The decision was reached because of complaints that rebuy events provided an unfair advantage to professionals with no limitation on how much money they can spend for an event.  There were 57 bracelet events that year. The 2010 WSOP had the same number of bracelet events as in 2009, again with no rebuy events.

text: With 58 bracelet events and no rebuy events, the 2011 WSOP featured unprecedented "nearly live" coverage, with broadcasts being delayed by much smaller amounts of time while still satisfying Nevada Gaming Commission regulators. Caesars Entertainment, via WSOP.com, streamed final-table coverage of all bracelet events on a 5-minute delay, although without pocket cams. The ESPN family of networks aired 36 hours of Main Event coverage leading up to the November Nine on a 30-minute delay, showing the hole cards of all players who voluntarily entered the pot once the hand ended. The Main Event final table was broadcast on a 15-minute delay with the same policy regarding hole cards. The first day of the final table was aired on ESPN2 and the final day on ESPN, with both days also streamed on ESPN3 and WSOP.com.

text: POKER PROductions, led by Mori Eskandani, a former poker player turned television executive, has produced the World Series of Poker Europe since 2008 and World Series of Poker since 2011.  Eskandani pioneered the live broadcast format seen at the WSOP Final Table since 2011. Once a 2-day format, the Final Table is now carried over 3 nights, after several years of a "November Nine", the Final Table was held in July for the 2018 Main Event. Ratings for the Final Table have remained consistent with poker's boom despite Black Friday.

text: WSOP broadcasters[edit]

text:
1973 (special) – Jimmy Snyder
1978 (CBS) – Brent Musburger and Jimmy Snyder
1979 (CBS) – Frank Glieber and Jimmy Snyder
1981 (special) – Curt Gowdy
1983 (special) – Curt Gowdy and Bobby Baldwin
1987 (special) – Ted Robinson
1988 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1989 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1990 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1991 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1992 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1993 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1994 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1995 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1996 – Was not televised
1997 (ESPN) – Gabe Kaplan and Jim Albrecht
1998 (ESPN) – Vince Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1999 (The Discovery Channel)
2000 (The Discovery Channel)
2001 (The Discovery Channel)

2002 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Gabe Kaplan; (ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2003 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2004 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2005 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla
2006 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay-per-view; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla
2007 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay-per-view; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill
2008 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill
2009 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez

2010 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN3) – James Hartigan and Adam Schoenfeld, Phil Hellmuth, Gavin Griffin, Bernard Lee, Jonathan Aguiar, Joseph Cheong; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez
2011 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad and Kara Scott; (ESPN2 & 3 LIVE) Lon McEachern, David Tuchman, Antonio Esfandiari, Norman Chad, Phil Hellmuth, Olivier Busquet, Johnny Chan, Vanessa Rousso
2012 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, and Olivier Busquet
2013 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Marianela Pereyra, and Phil Hellmuth
2014 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Daniel Negreanu, and Phil Hellmuth
2015 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Daniel Negreanu, and Phil Hellmuth
2016 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott

2017 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, and Kara Scott
2018 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, and Joe Stapleton

text: Marketing[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The WSOP has corporate sponsors and licensed products which pay fees to market themselves as an official sponsors and/or licensees and exclusively use the WSOP insignia and cross-promote with their events.  Besides the Harrah's properties and ESPN, major sponsors have included Jack Links Beef Jerky, Miller Brewing's "Milwaukee's Best" brand of beers, Pepsi's SoBe Adrenaline Rush energy drink (sponsors of the 2005 TOC), Helene Curtis's Degree brand of anti-perspirant/deodorant, United States Playing Card's Bicycle Pro Cards, Bluff Magazine, GlaxoSmithKline/Bayer's Levitra erectile dysfunction medicine, and The Hershey Company.  Licensees include Glu Mobile, Activision (video games for different platforms such as Nintendo's GameCube, Microsoft's Xbox, Sony's PlayStation 2, and PC, featuring computer-generated versions of stars like Chris Ferguson), and products made by different companies ranging from chip sets, playing cards, hand-held games, and clothing like caps and shirts. The official playing cards and chips are manufactured by Excalibur Electronics, Inc. which is based out of Miami, Florida and has been the main chip licensee since 2005. The fees and licenses bring in more than a million dollars to Harrah's.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: In 2003[46] and 2004,[47] DVD sets were released by ESPN of the Main Event.

text: Video games[edit]

text: In 2005, a video game based on the tournament series, titled World Series of Poker, was released for several consoles and PC. A sequel called World Series of Poker: Tournament of Champions came out in 2006. In 2007, World Series of Poker 2008: Battle for the Bracelets was released. WSOP video poker machines now appear at some Harrah's casinos; the machines are standard video poker machines, but have a bonus feature which allows a player to play a modified game of Texas Hold 'em against the machine.[48]

text: WSOP Poker Academy[edit]

text: Beginning in 2007, Harrah's announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Academy, a poker school aimed at providing poker players with the skills needed to win a WSOP bracelet.  The instructors for the Academy include Annie Duke, Phil Hellmuth, Jr., Greg Raymer, Scott Fischman, Mark Kroon, Mark Seif, Alex Outhred, and former FBI interrogator Joe Navarro.  Initial academies were launched in Tunica, Mississippi, Indiana, and Las Vegas.[citation needed]

text: WSOP online[edit]

text: In September 2009, Harrah's signed an agreement with Dragonfish, the B2B arm of 888 Holdings, to provide its online gaming services. The offering went live in the UK later that year, allowing UK users to play for real money. Real money online poker is available in the United States, but only in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey.

text: WSOP Arizona Lottery[edit]

text: In December 2010, the Arizona Lottery issued Game Number 739: World Series of Poker $5 Scratchers(sm) with a $50,000 top prize.  Played on two tables, the game included a second chance drawing for non-winning tickets to win one of two Grand Prize Trip Packages that included a seat at the 2011 World Series of Poker Main Event or one of eight WSOP Poker Party Prize Packs.[citation needed]


document_title: Our Cartoon President

question_text: who does the voice of our cartoon president

text: Our Cartoon President

text: Premise[edit]

text: Our Cartoon President looks to open "the White House doors for an 'all access' look at a typical day in Donald Trump's world, examining quintessentially Trumpian details of the presidency and his most important relationships. It's a world in which no one is safe, from close family and confidants to key political figures of both parties and members of the media."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jeff Bergman as Donald Trump
Cody Lindquist as Melania Trump
William Sadler as John F. Kelly, Jeff Sessions, and Mitch McConnell
Emily Lynne as Ivanka Trump, Eric Trump, Karen Pence, and Nancy Pelosi
John Viener as Mike Pence
Gabriel Gundacker as Donald Trump Jr., Stephen Miller, and Brian Kilmeade
Griffin Newman as Jared Kushner
Molly Gordon as Sarah Huckabee Sanders
Jim Santangeli as H. R. McMaster and Fred Trump
James Adomian as Ted Cruz and Sean Hannity
Zach Cherry as Ben Carson and Colin Kaepernick

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Amanda Philipson as Rachel Maddow
Stephen Colbert as Wolf Blitzer and God
Brett Davis as Anderson Cooper
Katie Rich as Betsy DeVos
Mike Leech as Paul Ryan
Anna Eilinsfeld as Ainsley Earhardt
Thomas Whittington as Chuck Schumer
R.J. Fried as Steve Doocy
Zach Smilovitz as Steve Mnuchin
Paul Christie as Jim Mattis
Matthew Piazzi as George Stephanopoulos and Jim Acosta

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Arthur Lai as Xi Jinping
Godfrey as Barack Obama
Aaron Landon as Justin Trudeau
Thomas Berkley as Rex Tillerson
Jen Spyra as Hillary Clinton

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"State of the Union"
Story by : Stephen Colbert, Chris Licht, Matt Lapin, Tim Luecke & R. J. Fried
Teleplay by : R.J. Fried
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)[a]
0.439[2]

The president tries to improve his sagging approval ratings by giving the greatest State of the Union address ever delivered. Simultaneously, he attempts to improve his relationship with Melania during their wedding anniversary.
Cold Open: The president gives an address to the citizens of the United States.

2
"Disaster Response"
Zach Smilovitz
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)
0.417[2]

The president avoids comforting disaster victims by recruiting a team of impersonators to replace him; the president's son Eric sets out to prove he's truly a part of the Trump family.
Cold Open: Donald Trump Jr. appears on Hannity to comment on the release of the Nunes memo.

3
"Rolling Back Obama"
Mike Leech
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
0.298[3]

The president seeks to outdo his predecessor's achievements and craft a legacy greater than Obama's.
Cold Open: The president calls in to Fox & Friends to comment on the firing of Rob Porter.

4
"Family Leave"
Bob Powers
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
0.260[4]

In order to grow closer to his daughter Ivanka, the president begins embracing more liberal policy positions, such as her proposal for paid family leave; as a result, the president's favorite morning show host suffers an existential breakdown.
Cold Open: The president addresses the Conservative Political Action Conference.

5
"State Dinner"
Cathy Lew
March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)
0.124[5]

The president tries to outdo Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau when he comes to the White House for a state dinner. Meanwhile, Don Jr. sees his visit as an opportunity to befriend someone popular and well-liked.
Cold Open: The president delivers the opening monologue at the 90th Academy Awards and introduces an "In Memoriam" montage that includes various entertainment industry figures accused of sexual harassment.

6
"Media Strategy"
Sam West
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
0.164[6]

The first lady gets caught rolling her eyes on camera causing a news media frenzy that the president is forced to contend with. She soon finds herself seeking "face coaching" from Sarah Huckabee Sanders.
Cold Open: The president unveils his March Madness bracket and a commercial for Ted Cruz's reelection campaign is aired.

7
"Wealth Gap"
Jennifer F. Jackson
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
0.199[7]

After receiving an honorable mention in a Forbes Magazine list entitled "70 Over 70", the president sets to prove to the world just how rich he is by throwing an extravagant marriage ceremony to renew his vows with Melania. Meanwhile, the vice-president begins to become more focused on monetary concerns and it begins to have a negative effect on his marriage.
Cold Open: Anderson Cooper interviews the president who is responding to Stormy Daniels' interview with Cooper on 60 Minutes.

8
"Government Shutdown"
Gabe Gundacker
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
0.195[8]

General Kelly goes out of town and leaves the president to make sure the government is funded by the time he returns, but the president throws a party instead. Meanwhile, Nancy Pelosi, Chuck Schumer, Mitch McConnell, and Paul Ryan spend time quality time together as they put off negotiating a budget agreement.
Cold Open: The president gives a speech at the March for Our Lives and debuts a PSA advocating for the firing of Robert Mueller.

9
"Church and State"
Eliana Kwartler
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
0.180[9]

After a hot mic gaffe at a church service, the president's approval rating with evangelicals is threatened. In response, the president seeks help from Mike Pence to become the most Christian president in history in time for the annual White House Easter Egg Roll. Meanwhile, Jared Kushner seeks new friends and turns to the only two potential people left in the White House – Don Jr. and Eric, who try to convert him to "Trumpism."
Cold Open: The president holds a press briefing regarding the Stormy Daniels scandal and announces the hiring of a new lawyer.

10
"First Pitch"
R. J. Field
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
0.171[10]

The president prepares to throw the first pitch at a Washington Nationals baseball game leading him to question his own masculinity. Meanwhile, Ivanka tries to distinguish herself as a feminist icon by opening a school in Africa and turns to Hillary Clinton for help.
Cold Open: The president holds a press briefing in the White House Rose Garden regarding the Russia investigation, a divorce, and the appointment of John R. Bolton as National Security Advisor. Bolton goes on to give a televised address from the Oval Office.

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Premiered early online through the ShowtimeAnytime app on January 28, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The series is a spin-off from The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, which, since 2016, had featured a series of sketches featuring a cartoon caricature of Trump designed by Tim Luecke and voiced by Brian Stack. The sketches used Adobe Character Animator to allow Colbert to interact with the character in real-time.[11][12] The character was also featured in an animated short during Colbert's election night special for Showtime.[12][13]

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the online success of the sketches, Late Show showrunner Chris Licht suggested to Tim Luecke and Matt Lappin that they develop the concept into its own television series. In their pitch to Showtime, Luecke and Lappin described the potential series as a look "behind the scenes at the White House" and that their goal would be to "produce it as quickly as we possibly could so that we could begin to keep up with the news cycle."[14]

text: On July 27, 2017, Showtime announced that it had greenlit an animated series based on the sketches, with Colbert, Matt Lappin and Chris Licht as executive producers.[11][15]

text: On December 18, 2017, it was announced that the series would premiere on February 11, 2018.[16][17] On May 30, 2018, a trailer for the additional seven episodes of season one was released.[18]

text: On March 8, 2018, Showtime announced that they were ordering an additional seven episodes of the series that are set to air during the summer of 2018. This order would bring the first season total of episodes up to seventeen.[19][20] On May 30, 2018, it was announced that the additional seven episodes of season one would premiere on July 15, 2018.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On December 18, 2017, Showtime released the first teaser trailer for the series.[16][17] On May 30, 2018, a trailer for the additional seven episodes of season one was released.[18]

text: 2018 White House Correspondents' Dinner[edit]

text: On April 28, 2018, a special three-minute video created by the cast and crew of the series aired during the 2018 White House Correspondents Dinner.[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Our Cartoon President has been met with a mixed to negative response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 30% approval rating with an average rating of 5.17 out of 10 based on 20 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Sugar-coated satire, Our Cartoon President wavers between scathing social criticism and softball slings in a way that's as unsatisfying as it is uncomfortable."[22] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 42 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23]

text: Jack Nevins of The Guardian praised the show, calling it a farce that "nailed the Trump drama," and contrasting the show's surreal workplace comedy approach with the more reality and headline-driven approach of other late night comedy shows.[24] In contrast, USA Today critic Kelly Lawler reviewed Our Cartoon President negatively, describing it as "slight, dated and unsustainable". She also concluded that "Watching one episode is enough to get the point. Watching nine more feels unnecessary."[25] Ben Travers of Indiewire also reviewed the show unfavorably, calling it "a pointless, unfunny drudge" and criticized it for humanizing Trump.[26] In a mixed review, Brian Lowry of CNN wrote that "While Our Cartoon President certainly has its moments, the best news for Showtime might be it's only stuck with this experiment in quick-turnaround animation, at least initially, for 10 weeks." He also said that the show suffered from many of the same problems as That's My Bush!, a sitcom produced in 2001 satirizing the presidency of George W. Bush.[27] Matt Wilstein of The Daily Beast was more favorable, writing that "The biggest surprise [of the show] is how hilarious it is" and praising the show for being "...remarkably adept at boiling down characters to their core traits, from Trump and his family to members of his Cabinet and Congress to the Fox News personalities he spends most of his day watching."[28]


document_title: Human iron metabolism

question_text: where is iron absorbed in the digestive system

text: Human iron metabolism

text: Importance of iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state, iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.

text: Cellular respiration[edit]

text: Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis).

text: Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells.

text: Oxygen transport[edit]

text: The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O2) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In muscles cells, iron binds myoglobin, which regulates its release.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.[1]

text: Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. Also, there are virtually no truly free iron ions in the cell, since they readily form complexes with organic molecules. However, some of the intracellular iron is bound to low-affinity complexes, and is termed labile iron or "free" iron. Iron in such complexes can cause damage as described above.[2]

text: To prevent that kind of damage, all life forms that use iron bind the iron atoms to proteins. This binding allows cells to benefit from iron while also limiting its ability to do harm.[1][3] Typical intracellular labile iron concentrations in bacteria are 10-20 micromolar,[4] though they can be 10-fold higher in anaerobic environment,[5] where free radicals and reactive oxygen species are scarcer. In mammalian cells, intracellular labile iron concentrations are typically smaller than 1 micromolar, less than 5 percent of total cellular iron.[2]

text: Bacterial protection[edit]

text: In response to a systemic bacterial infection, the immune system initiates a process known as iron withholding. If bacteria are to survive, then they must obtain iron from their environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder they have to work to get iron, the greater a metabolic price they must pay. That means that iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly. So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against most bacterial infections; there are some exceptions however. TB causing bacterium can reside within macrophages which are an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi utilises manganese in place of iron. People with increased amounts of iron, like people with hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial infection.[6]

text: Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short-term bacterial infection, it can cause problems when inflammation goes on for longer. Since the liver produces hepcidin in response to inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin levels can increase as the result of non-bacterial sources of inflammation, like viral infection, cancer, auto-immune diseases or other chronic diseases. When this occurs, the sequestration of iron appears to be the major cause of the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease, in which not enough iron is available to produce enough hemoglobin-containing red blood cells.[3]

text: Body iron stores[edit]

text: Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies (∼38 mg iron/kg body weight for women and ∼50 mg iron/kg body for men).[7] Of this, about 6997250000000000000♠2.5 g is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood, and most of the rest (approximately 2 grams in adult men, and somewhat less in women of childbearing age) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells, but most common in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body. The reserves of iron in industrialized countries tend to be lower in children and women of child-bearing age than in men and in the elderly. Women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through menstruation, pregnancy or lactation have lower non-hemoglobin body stores, which may consist of 6996500000000000000♠500 mg, or even less.

text: Of the body's total iron content, about 6996399999999999999♠400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen (myoglobin) or performing energy-producing redox reactions (cytochromes). A relatively small amount (3–4 mg) circulates through the plasma, bound to transferrin.[8] Because of its toxicity, free soluble iron is kept in low concentration in the body.

text: Iron deficiency first affects the storage iron in the body, and depletion of these stores is thought to be relatively non-symptomatic, although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it. Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency. Iron-deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before cells run out of the iron needed for intracellular processes like electron transport.

text: Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed red blood cells. Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin which is an ill-defined deposit of protein and iron, created by macrophages where excess iron is present, either locally or systemically for example among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions. If the systemic iron overload is corrected, over time the hemosiderin is slowly resorbed by macrophages.

text: Mechanisms of iron regulation[edit]

text: Human iron homeostasis is regulated at two different levels. Systemic iron levels are balanced by the controlled absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes, the cells that line the interior of the intestines, and the uncontrolled loss of iron from epithelial sloughing, sweat, injuries and blood loss. In addition, systemic iron is continuously recycled. Cellular iron levels are controlled differently by different cell types due to the expression of particular iron regulatory and transport proteins.

text: Systemic iron regulation[edit]

text: Dietary iron uptake[edit]

text: The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally the best-absorbed forms of iron come from animal products. Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body’s need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake. Heme iron in animals is from blood and heme-containing proteins in meat and mitochondria, whereas in plants, heme iron is present in mitochondria in all cells that use oxygen for respiration.

text: Like most mineral nutrients, the majority of the iron absorbed from digested food or supplements is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining. These cells have special molecules that allow them to move iron into the body. To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as heme protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+.[9] A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

text: These intestinal lining cells can then either store the iron as ferritin, which is accomplished by Fe3+ binding to apoferritin (in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell dies and is sloughed off into feces), or the cell can release it into the body via the only known iron exporter in mammals, ferroportin. Hephaestin, a ferroxidase that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ and is found mainly in the small intestine, helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells. In contrast, ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone. The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia.[10] Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium, zinc, or manganese.[11][citation needed]

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation, in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: Iron recycling and loss[edit]

text: Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system, which breaks down aged red blood cells. In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 6994100000000000000♠1 mg a day for men, and 1.5–2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods.[citation needed] People with gastrointestinal parasitic infections, more commonly found in developing countries, often lose more.[1] Those who cannot regulate absorption well enough get disorders of iron overload. In these diseases, the toxicity of iron starts overwhelming the body's ability to bind and store it.[12]

text: Cellular iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron import[edit]

text: Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor-mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and GAPDH. TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin-bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main player in this process.[13][14] The higher order multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) also acts as a transferrin receptor.[15][16] Transferrin-bound ferric iron is recognized by these transferrin receptors, triggering a conformational change that causes endocytosis. Iron then enters the cytoplasm from the endosome via importer DMT1 after being reduced to its ferrous state by a STEAP family reductase.[17]

text: Alternatively, iron can enter the cell directly via plasma membrane divalent cation importers such as DMT1 and ZIP14 (Zrt-Irt-like protein 14).[18] Again, iron enters the cytoplasm in the ferrous state after being reduced in the extracellular space by a reductase such as STEAP2, STEAP3 (in erythrocytes), Dcytb (in enterocytes) and SDR2.[17]

text: The labile iron pool[edit]

text: In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM).[19] In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions).[19] Alternatively, iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones.[20] Specifically, poly-r(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin (for storage) and non-heme iron enzymes (for use in catalysis).[18][21] The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron's ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Iron from this pool can be taken up by mitochondria via mitoferrin to synthesize Fe-S clusters and heme groups.[17]

text: The storage iron pool[edit]

text: Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain.[22] Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload.[23] The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM.[19]

text: Iron export[edit]

text: Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, erythrocytes, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin.[24] It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by ceruloplasmin and/or hephaestin (mostly in enterocytes), which oxidize iron to its ferric state so it can bind ferritin in the extracellular medium.[17] Hepcidin causes the internalization of ferroportin, decreasing iron export. Besides, hepcidin seems to downregulate both TFR1 and DMT1 through an unknown mechanism.[25] Another player assisting ferroportin in effecting cellular iron export is GAPDH.[26] A specific post translationally modified isoform of GAPDH is recruited to the surface of iron loaded cells where it recruits apo-transferrin in close proximity to ferroportin so as to rapidly chelate the iron extruded.[27]

text: The expression of hepcidin, which only occurs in certain cell types such as hepatocytes, is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level and it represents the link between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis due to hepcidin's role as "gatekeeper" of iron release from enterocytes into the rest of the body.[17] Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone, a hormone which inhibits hepcidin and so increases the availability of iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis.[28]

text: Translational control of cellular iron[edit]

text: Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2.[29] When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA.[17]

text: Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5' UTRs, so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2, preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage protein and the detrimental export of iron. In contrast, TFR1 and some DMT1 variants contain 3' UTR IREs, which bind IRP2 under iron deficiency, stabilizing the mRNA, which guarantees the synthesis of iron importers.[17]

text: Iron-related pathology[edit]

text: Iron deficiency[edit]

text: Functional or actual iron deficiency can result from a variety of causes. These causes can be grouped into several categories:

text:
Increased demand for iron, which the diet cannot accommodate.
Increased loss of iron (usually through loss of blood).
Nutritional deficiency. This can result due to a lack of dietary iron or consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption, including calcium, phytates and tannins. Black tea steeped for long has high tannins.
Inability to absorb iron: A common cause of iron deficiency is the widespread use of acid reducing medications, the strongest of which are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole.[citation needed]
Damage to the intestinal lining. Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum, or diseases like Crohn's or celiac sprue which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption.
Inflammation leading to hepcidin-induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes (see above).

text: Iron overload[edit]

text: The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa. It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process. Also, in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption), even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of iron overload. Large amounts of free iron in the circulation will cause damage to critical cells in the liver, the heart and other metabolically active organs.

text: Iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of transferrin available to bind it, but the body is able to vigorously regulate its iron uptake. Thus, iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet over-consumption[1][30] rather than variations in diet. The type of acute toxicity from iron ingestion causes severe mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract, among other problems.

text: Chronic iron toxicity is usually the result of more chronic iron overload syndromes associated with genetic diseases, repeated transfusions or other causes. In such cases the iron stores of an adult may reach 50 grams (10 times normal total body iron) or more. Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) caused by mutations in either the gene RGMc gene, a member of a three gene repulsive guidance molecule family,[31] (also called hemojuvelin (HJV), and HFE2), Hemojuvelin, or the HAMP gene that encodes (an iron regulatory peptide). The exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult hemochromatosis, which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders, remain unsolved. So while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of hemochromatosis, they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mutated genes.