document_title: Hurricane Sandy

question_text: when did super storm sandy hit the jersey shore

question_tokens: when did super storm sandy hit the jersey shore

root

text: Hurricane Sandy

text: Meteorological history

text: Hurricane Sandy began as a low pressure system which developed sufficient organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen on October 22 south of Kingston, Jamaica.[16] It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north. Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening,[16] and the system was named Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 22.[17] Early on October 24, an eye began developing, and it was moving steadily northward due to an approaching trough.[18] Later that day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.[19] At about 1900 UTC that day, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 85 mph (140 km/h).[20] Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 115 mph (185 km/h),[3] and at that intensity it made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 UTC on October 25.[21]

tag: p

text: After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure became disorganized,[22] and it turned to the north-northwest over the Bahamas.[23] By October 27, Sandy was no longer fully tropical, and despite strong shear, it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast.[24] After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[25] Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane,[26] and on October 28 an eye began redeveloping.[27] The storm moved around an upper-level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[28] Sandy briefly re-intensified to Category 2 intensity on the morning of October 29, around which time it had a wind diameter of over 1,150 miles (1,850 km), and a central pressure of 943 mb, which set records for many cities across the Northeastern United States for the lowest pressures ever observed.[29] The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast,[30] and the hurricane was no longer tropical by 2100 UTC on October 29.[31] About 2 1/2 hours later, Sandy made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey,[32] with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).[3] During the next four days, Sandy's remnants drifted northward and then northeastward over Ontario, before merging with another low pressure area over Eastern Canada on November 2.[3][33]

text: Forecasts

text: On October 23, 2012, the path of Hurricane Sandy was correctly predicted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) headquartered in Reading, England nearly eight days in advance of its striking the American East Coast. The computer model noted that the storm would turn west towards land and strike the New York/New Jersey region on October 29, rather than turn east and head out to the open Atlantic as most hurricanes in this position do. By October 27, four days after the ECMWF made its prediction, the National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center confirmed the path of the hurricane predicted by the European model. The National Weather Service was criticized for not employing its higher-resolution forecast models the way that its European counterpart did. A hardware and software upgrade completed at the end of 2013 enabled the weather service to make more accurate predictions, and do so far more in advance than the technology in 2012 had allowed.[34]

text: Relation to global warming

text: According to NCAR senior climatologist Kevin E. Trenberth, "The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be."[35] Although NOAA meteorologist Martin Hoerling attributes Sandy to "little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm",[36] Trenberth does agree that the storm was caused by "natural variability" but adds that it was "enhanced by global warming".[37] One factor contributing to the storm's strength was abnormally warm sea surface temperatures offshore the East Coast of the United States—more than 3 °C (5 °F) above normal, to which global warming had contributed 0.6 °C (1 °F).[37] As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.[37]

text: As they move north, Atlantic hurricanes typically are forced east and out to sea by the Prevailing Westerlies.[38] In Sandy's case, this typical pattern was blocked by a ridge of high pressure over Greenland resulting in a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, forming a kink in the jet stream, causing it to double back on itself off the East Coast. Sandy was caught up in this northwesterly flow.[38] The blocking pattern over Greenland also stalled an Arctic front which combined with the cyclone.[38] Mark Fischetti of Scientific American said that the jet stream's unusual shape was caused by the melting of Arctic ice.[39] Trenberth said that while a negative North Atlantic Oscillation and a blocking anticyclone were in place, the null hypothesis remained that this was just the natural variability of weather.[36] Sea level at New York and along the New Jersey coast has increased by nearly a foot (300 mm) over the last hundred years,[40] which contributed to the storm surge.[41] Harvard geologist Daniel P. Schrag calls Hurricane Sandy's 13-foot (4 m) storm surge an example of what will, by mid-century, be the "new norm on the Eastern seaboard".[42]

text: Preparations

text: Caribbean and Bermuda

text: After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[43] Early on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued.[44] At 1500 UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[45] In preparation of the storm, many residents stocked up on supplies and reinforced roofing material. Acting Prime Minister Peter Phillips urged people to take this storm seriously, and also to take care of their neighbors, especially the elderly, children, and disabled. Government officials shut down schools, government buildings, and the airport in Kingston on the day prior to the arrival of Sandy. Meanwhile, numerous and early curfews were put in place to protect residents, properties, and to prevent crime.[46] Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[47] By late October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning.[48]

text: The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23.[45] Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.[49] The Government of the Bahamas, at 1500 UTC on October 23, issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands, including the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.[45] Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[49] By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[50]

text: At 1515 UTC on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the anticipated wide-reaching impacts.[51]

text: United States

text: Wikinews has related news: U.S. prepares for arrival of Hurricane Sandy

tag: table

text: Much of the East Coast of the United States, in Mid-Atlantic and New England regions, had a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm producing a Fujiwhara effect.[52] Government weather forecasters said there was a 90% chance that the East Coast would be impacted by the storm. Jim Cisco of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center coined the term "Frankenstorm", as Sandy was expected to merge with a storm front a few days before Halloween.[53][54][55] As coverage continued, several media outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm".[56][57] Utilities and governments along the East Coast attempted to head off long-term power failures Sandy might cause. Power companies from the Southeast to New England alerted independent contractors to be ready to help repair storm damaged equipment quickly and asked employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University, using a computer model built on power outage data from previous hurricanes, conservatively forecast that 10 million customers along the Eastern Seaboard would lose power from the storm.[58]

text: Through regional offices in Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) monitored Sandy, closely coordinating with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and New England states.[59] President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy, allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm.[60] Flight cancellations and travel alerts on the U.S. East Coast were put in place in the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas.[61] Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were canceled by the afternoon of October 28[62] and Amtrak canceled some services through October 29 in preparation for the storm.[63] In addition, the National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy.[64]

text: Southeast

text: Florida

text: Schools on the Treasure Coast announced closures for October 26 in anticipation of Sandy.[65] A Russian intelligence-gathering ship was allowed to stay in Jacksonville to avoid Sandy; the port is not far from Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base.[66]

text: Carolinas

text: At 0900 UTC on October 26, a tropical storm watch was issued from the mouth of the Savannah River in South Carolina to Oregon Inlet, North Carolina, including Pamlico Sound.[67] Twelve hours later, the portion of the tropical storm watch from the Santee River in South Carolina to Duck, North Carolina, including Pamlico Sound, was upgraded to a warning.[68] Governor of North Carolina Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 eastern counties on October 26, which took effect on the following day.[69] By October 29, the state of emergency was extended to 24 counties in western North Carolina, with up to a foot (30 cm) of snow attributed to Sandy anticipated in higher elevations. The National Park Service closed at least five sections of the Blue Ridge Parkway.[70]

text: Virginia

text: On October 26, Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell declared a state of emergency. The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty-seven ships and forces to sea from Naval Station Norfolk for their protection.[71] Governor McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm.[72] Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney canceled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy. Vice President Joe Biden canceled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire.[73] President Barack Obama canceled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29, as well as a trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, the next day because of the impending storm.[74]

text: Mid-Atlantic

text: Washington, D.C.

text: On October 26, Mayor of Washington, D.C. Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency,[75] which President Obama signed on October 28.[76] The United States Office of Personnel Management announced federal offices in the Washington, D.C. area would be closed to the public on October 29–30.[77] In addition, Washington D.C. Metro service, both rail and bus, was canceled on October 29 due to expected high winds, the likelihood of widespread power outages, and the closing of the federal government.[78] The Smithsonian Institution closed for the day of October 29.[79]

text: Maryland

text: Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley declared a state of emergency on October 26.[71] By the following day, Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police, Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas, and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan.[80][81][82] Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. put workers on standby and made plans to bring in crews from other states.[83] On October 28, President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts.[84] Also, numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City, Worcester County, Wicomico County, and Somerset County.[85][86] Officials warned that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam could be eventually poured into the Chesapeake Bay, posing a potential environmental threat.[87]

text: The Maryland Transit Administration canceled all service for October 29 and October 30. The cancellations applied to buses, light rail, and Amtrak and MARC train service.[88] On October 29, six shelters opened in Baltimore, and early voting was canceled for the day.[79] Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date.[89] On October 29, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge and Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River were closed to traffic in the midday hours.[90]

text: Delaware

text: On October 28, Governor Markell declared a state of emergency, with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated.[91] In preparation for the storm, the Delaware Department of Transportation suspended some weekend construction projects, removed traffic cones and barrels from construction sites, and removed several span-wire overhead signs in Sussex County.[92] Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding.[91] Delaware roads were closed to the public, except for emergency and essential personnel,[93] and tolls on I-95 and Delaware Route 1 were waived.[94] DART First State transit service was also suspended during the storm.[95]

text: New Jersey

text: Preparations began on October 26, when officials in Cape May County advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate. There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking, Bay Head, Barnegat Light, Beach Haven, Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, Ship Bottom, and Stafford in Ocean County.[96][97][98] Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie ordered all residents of barrier islands from Sandy Hook to Cape May to evacuate and closed Atlantic City casinos. Tolls were suspended on the northbound Garden State Parkway and the westbound Atlantic City Expressway starting at 6 a.m. on October 28.[99] President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey, allowing the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken before Sandy's landfall.[100]

text: On October 28, Mayor of Hoboken Dawn Zimmer ordered residents of basement and street-level residential units to evacuate, due to possible flooding.[101] On October 29, residents of Logan Township were ordered to evacuate.[102] Jersey Central Power & Light told employees to prepare to work extended shifts.[83] Most schools, colleges and universities were closed October 29 while at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30.[103] Although tropical storm conditions were inevitable and hurricane-force winds were likely, the National Hurricane Center did not issue any tropical cyclone watches or warnings for New Jersey, because Sandy was forecast to become extratropical before landfall and thus would not be a tropical cyclone.[104]

text: Pennsylvania

text: Preparations in Pennsylvania began when Governor Tom Corbett declared a state of emergency on October 26.[71] Mayor of Philadelphia Michael Nutter asked residents in low-lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their homes by 1800 UTC October 28 and move to safer ground.[105] The Philadelphia International Airport suspended all flight operations for October 29.[106] On October 29, Philadelphia shut down its mass transit system.[79] On October 28, Mayor of Harrisburg Linda D. Thompson declared a state of disaster emergency for the city to go into effect at 5 a.m. October 29. Electric utilities in the state brought in crews and equipment from other states such as New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma, to assist with restoration efforts.[107]

text: New York

text: Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a statewide state of emergency and asked for a pre-disaster declaration on October 26,[108] which President Obama signed later that day.[109] By October 27, major carriers canceled all flights into and out of JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark-Liberty airports, and the Metro North and Long Island Rail Roads suspended service.[110] The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed,[111] and later the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel and Holland Tunnel were also closed.[112] On Long Island, an evacuation was ordered for South Shore, including areas south of Sunrise Highway, north of Route 25A, and in elevations of less than 16 feet (4.9 m) above sea level on the North Shore.[113] In Suffolk County, mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Fire Island and six towns.[114] Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29.[115]

text: New York City began taking precautions on October 26. Governor Cuomo ordered the closure of MTA and its subway on October 28, and the MTA suspended all subway, bus, and commuter rail service beginning at 2300 UTC.[116] After Hurricane Irene nearly submerged subways and tunnels in 2011,[117] entrances and grates were covered just before Sandy, but were still flooded.[118] PATH train service and stations as well as the Port Authority Bus Terminal were shut down in the early morning hours of October 29.[119][120]

text: Later on October 28, officials activated the coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit by Hurricane Irene in 2011. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city.[108] On October 29, Mayor Michael Bloomberg ordered public schools closed[119] and called for a mandatory evacuation of Zone A, which comprised areas near coastlines or waterways.[121] Additionally, 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city.[120] NYU Langone Medical Center canceled all surgeries and medical procedures, except for emergency procedures.[120] Additionally, one of NYU Langone Medical Center's backup generators failed on October 29, prompting the evacuation of hundreds of patients, including those from the hospital's various intensive care units.[122] U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29–30.[123]

text: New England

text: Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy partially activated the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26[124] and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.[125] On October 28, President Obama approved Connecticut's request for an emergency declaration, and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed.[126] On October 29, Governor Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways.[127] Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut.[128]

text: Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close. On October 28, President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts. Several shelters were opened, and many schools were closed.[129] The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority shut down all services on the afternoon of October 29.[130] On October 28, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch, and Maine's Governor Paul LePage all declared states of emergency.[79][131][132]

text: Appalachia and the Midwest

text: The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet (7.9 m), and possibly as high as 38 feet (12 m). Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet (5.8 m), with a potential of 33 feet (10 m) on October 30.[133] Flood warnings were issued in Chicago on October 29, where wave heights were expected to reach 18 to 23 feet (5.5 to 7.0 m) in Cook County and 25 feet (7.6 m) in northwest Indiana.[134] Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31, and waves of 33 feet (10 m) in Milwaukee and 20 feet (6.1 m) in Sheboygan were predicted for October 30.[135] The actual waves reached about 20 feet (6.1 m) but were less damaging than expected.[136][137] The village of Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area, though few residents signed up, and little flooding actually occurred.[135][137]

text: Michigan was impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west, mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy.[133] The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes, as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds, except those on Lake Superior.[138][139] Detroit-based DTE Energy released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response, and Consumers Energy did the same with more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees.[140] Due to the widespread power outages, numerous schools had to close, especially in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit.[141]

text: As far as Ohio's western edge, areas were under a wind advisory.[142] All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 p.m.[143]

text: Governor of West Virginia Earl Ray Tomblin declared a state of emergency ahead of storm on October 29.[144] Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.[145]

text: Canada

text: The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement for Hurricane Sandy on October 25 from Southern Ontario to the Canadian Maritimes,[146] with the potential for heavy rain and strong winds.[147] On October 29, Environment Canada issued severe wind warnings for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley corridor, from Southwestern Ontario as far as Quebec City.[148] On October 30, Environment Canada issued storm surge warnings along the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.[149] Rainfall warnings were issued for the Charlevoix region in Quebec, as well as for several counties in New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, where about 2 to 3 inches (51 to 76 mm) of rain was to be expected.[150][151][152] Freezing rain warnings were issued for parts of Northern Ontario.[153]

text: Impact

text: At least 233 people were killed across the United States, the Caribbean, and Canada, as a result of the storm.[3][7][154][155][156][157][158]

text:
Deaths and damage by region

Region
Fatalities†
Missing
Damage
(USD)
Source(s)

Total
Direct
Indirect
N/A

 Bermuda
0
0
0
0
0
Minimal
[3]

 Canada
2
1
1
0
0
7008100000000000000♠$100 million
[154][159][160]

 Cuba
11
6
0
5
0
7009200000000000000♠$2 billion
[7][155][161][162]

 Dominican Republic
2
2
0
0
0
7007300000000000000♠$30 million
[7][155][163]

 Haiti
54
20
0
34
21
7008750000000000000♠$750 million
[7][156][164][165][166][167]

 Jamaica
2
1
1
0
0
7008100000000000000♠$100 million
[7][155][168]

Offshore of the U.S.
2
2
0
0
0
—
[3]

 Puerto Rico
1
1
0
0
0
—
[3]

 The Bahamas
2
2
0
0
0
7008700000000000000♠$700 million
[7][155][169]

 United States
157
71
85
1
0
7010714000000000000♠$71.4 billion
[14]

Totals:
7002233000000000000♠233
106
87
40
21
≥7010750000000000000♠$75 billion

* Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

text: Caribbean

text: Jamaica

text: Jamaica was the first country directly affected by Sandy, which was also the first hurricane to make landfall on the island since Hurricane Gilbert, 24 years prior. Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged, both from the winds and flooding rains. More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica's southern coast.[170] Stones falling from a hillside crushed one man to death as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston.[171] After 6 days another fatality recorded as a 27-year-old man, died due to electrocution, attempting a repair.[7] The country's sole electricity provider, the Jamaica Public Service Company, reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power. More than 1,000 people went to shelters. Jamaican authorities closed the island's international airports, and police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting.[172] Most buildings in the eastern portion of the island lost their roofs.[173] Damage was assessed at approximately $100 million throughout the country.[3]

text: Hispaniola

text: In Haiti, which was still recovering from both the 2010 earthquake and the ongoing cholera outbreak, at least 54 people died,[164] and approximately 200,000 were left homeless as a result of four days of ongoing rain from Hurricane Sandy.[174] Heavy damage occurred in Port-Salut after rivers overflowed their banks.[175] In the capital of Port-au-Prince, streets were flooded by the heavy rains, and it was reported that "the whole south of the country is underwater".[176] Most of the tents and buildings in the city's sprawling refugee camps and the Cité Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking, a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac.[173] Crops were also wiped out by the storm and the country would be making an appeal for emergency aid.[177] Damage in Haiti was estimated at $750 million (2012 USD), making it the costliest tropical cyclone in Haitian history.[165] In the month following Sandy, a resurgence of cholera linked to the storm killed at least 44 people and infected more than 5,000 others.[167]

text: In the neighboring Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated.[155] An employee of CNN estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded.[178] One person was killed in Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river.[155]

text: Cuba

text:
Costliest Cuban hurricanes

Hurricane
Season
Damage

Ike
2008
7009730000000000000♠$7.3 billion
[179]

Matthew
2016
7009258000000000000♠$2.58 billion
[180]

Irma
2017
7009220000000000000♠$2.2 billion
[181]

Gustav
2008
7009210000000000000♠$2.1 billion
[179]

Michelle
2001
7009200000000000000♠$2 billion
[182]

Sandy
2012
7009200000000000000♠$2 billion
[183]

Dennis
2005
7009150000000000000♠$1.5 billion
[184]

Ivan
2004
7009120000000000000♠$1.2 billion
[185]

Charley
2004
7008923000000000000♠$923 million
[185]

text: At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy's arrival.[186] While moving ashore, the storm produced waves up to 29 feet (9 meters) and a 6-foot (2 meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[187] There was widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof.[161] Electricity and water services were knocked out, and most of the trees in the city were damaged. Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province is estimated as high as $2 billion (2012 USD).[162] Sandy killed 11 people in the country – nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[188][189] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[190]

text: Bahamas

text: A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph (74 km/h) and a wind gust of 63 mph (102 km/h).[191] One person died from falling off his roof while attempting to fix a window shutter in the Lyford Cay area on New Providence. Another died in the Queen's Cove area on Grand Bahama Island where he drowned after the sea surge trapped him in his apartment.[155] Portions of the Bahamas lost power or cellular service, including an islandwide power outage on Bimini. Five homes were severely damaged near Williams's Town.[192] Overall damage in the Bahamas was about $700 million (2012 USD), with the most severe damage on Cat Island and Exuma where many houses were heavily damaged by wind and storm surge.[169]

text: Bermuda

text: Owing to the sheer size of the storm, Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains. On October 28, a weak F0 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish, damaging homes and businesses.[193] During a three-day span, the storm produced 0.98 in (25 mm) of rain at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The strongest winds were recorded on October 29: sustained winds reached 37 mph (60 km/h) and gusts peaked at 58 mph (93 km/h), which produced scattered minor damage.[194]

text: United States

text:
Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes
Cost refers to total estimated property damage

Rank
Hurricane
Season
Damage

1
Harvey
2017
7011198000000000000♠$198 billion

2
Katrina
2005
7011108000000000000♠$108 billion

3
Sandy
2012
7010714000000000000♠$71.4 billion

4
Ike
2008
7010295200000000000♠$29.5 billion

5
Andrew
1992
7010265000000000000♠$26.5 billion

6
Wilma
2005
7010210070000000000♠$21 billion

7
Ivan
2004
7010188200000000000♠$18.8 billion

8
Irene
2011
7010156000000000000♠$15.6 billion

9
Charley
2004
7010151130000000000♠$15.1 billion

10
Rita
2005
7010120370000000000♠$12 billion

Source: National Hurricane Center[195][196][197][nb 1]

text: A total of 24 U.S. states were in some way affected by Sandy. The hurricane caused tens of billions of dollars in damage in the United States, destroyed thousands of homes, left millions without electric service,[198] and caused 71 direct deaths in nine states, including 49 in New York, 10 in New Jersey, 3 in Connecticut, 2 each in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and 1 each in New Hampshire, Virginia and West Virginia.[7] There were also 2 direct deaths from Sandy in U.S. coastal waters in the Atlantic Ocean, about 90 miles (150 km) off the North Carolina coast, which are not counted in the U.S. total. In addition, the storm resulted in 87 indirect deaths.[3] In all, a total of 160 people were killed due to the storm, making Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit the United States mainland since Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the deadliest to hit the U.S. East Coast since Hurricane Agnes in 1972.[199]

text: Due to flooding and other storm-related problems, Amtrak canceled all Acela Express, Northeast Regional, Keystone, and Shuttle services for October 29 and 30.[200][201] More than 13,000 flights were canceled across the U.S. on October 29, and more than 3,500 were called off October 30.[202] From October 27 through early November 1, airlines canceled a total of 19,729 flights, according to FlightAware.[203]

text: On October 31, over 6 million customers were still without power in 15 states and the District of Columbia. The states with the most customers without power were New Jersey with 2,040,195 customers; New York with 1,933,147; Pennsylvania with 852,458; and Connecticut with 486,927.[204]

text: The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two-day closure for the storm.[205] More than 1,500 FEMA personnel were along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations, including search and rescue, situational awareness, communications and logistical support. In addition, 28 teams containing 294 FEMA Corps members were pre-staged to support Sandy responders. Three federal urban search and rescue task forces were positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed.[206]

text: On November 2, the American Red Cross announced they had 4,000 disaster workers across storm damaged areas, with thousands more en route from other states. Nearly 7,000 people spent the night in emergency shelters across the region.[207]

text: Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together, a live telethon on November 2 that featured rock and pop stars such as Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Jon Bon Jovi, Mary J. Blige, Sting and Christina Aguilera, raised around $23 million for American Red Cross hurricane relief efforts.[208]

text: As of November 5, 2012, the National Hurricane Center ranks Hurricane Sandy the second-costliest US hurricane since 1900 in constant 2010 dollars, and the sixth-costliest after adjusting for inflation, population and property values.[209] Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.[209]

text: Scientists at the University of Utah reported the energy generated by Sandy was equivalent to "small earthquakes between magnitudes 2 and 3".[210]

text: Southeast

text: Florida

text: In South Florida, Sandy lashed the area with rough surf, strong winds, and brief squalls. Along the coast of Miami-Dade County, waves reached 10 feet (3.0 m), but may have been as high as 20 feet (6.1 m) in Palm Beach County. In the former county, minor pounding occurred on a few coastal roads. Further north in Broward County, State Road A1A was inundated with sand and water, causing more than a 2 miles (3.2 km) stretch of the road to be closed for the entire weekend. Additionally, coastal flooding extended inland up to 2 blocks in some locations and a few houses in the area suffered water damage. In Manalapan, which is located in southern Palm Beach County, several beachfront homes were threatened by erosion. The Lake Worth Pier was also damaged by rough seas. In Palm Beach County alone, losses reached $14 million.[211] Sandy caused closures and cancellations of some activities at schools in Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties.[212] Storm surge from Sandy also caused flooding and beach erosion along coastal areas in South Florida.[213] Gusty winds also impacted South Florida, peaking at 67 mph (108 km/h) in Jupiter and Fowey Rocks Light, which is near Key Biscayne.[211] The storm left power outages across the region, which left many traffic lights out of order.[214]

text: In east-central Florida, damage was minor, though the storm left about 1,000 people without power.[215] Airlines at Miami International Airport canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or the Bahamas, while some airlines flying from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport canceled a total of 13 flights to the islands.[71] The Coast Guard rescued two sea men in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on the morning of October 26.[216] Brevard and Volusia Counties schools canceled all extracurricular activities for October 26, including football.[217]

text: Two panther kittens escaped from the White Oak Conservation Center in Nassau County after the hurricane swept a tree into the fence of their enclosure; they were missing for 24 hours before being found in good health.[218]

text: North Carolina

text: On October 28, Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties, due to snow and strong winds.[219]

text: North Carolina was spared from major damage for the most part (except at the immediate coastline), though winds, rain, and mountain snow affected the state through October 30. Ocracoke and Highway 12 on Hatteras Island were flooded with up to 2 feet (0.6 m) of water, closing part of the highway, while 20 people on a fishing trip were stranded on Portsmouth Island.[220]

text: There were three Hurricane Sandy-related deaths in the state.[7][221]

text: On October 29, the Coast Guard responded to a distress call from Bounty, which was built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty. It was taking on water about 90 miles (150 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras. Sixteen people were on board.[222] The Coast Guard said the 16 people abandoned ship and got into two lifeboats, wearing survival suits and life jackets.[223] The ship sank after the crew got off.[224] The Coast Guard rescued 14 crew members; another was found hours later but was unresponsive and later died.[225] The search for the captain, Robin Walbridge, was suspended on November 1, after efforts lasting more than 90 hours and covering approximately 12,000 square nautical miles (41,100 km²).[226]

text: Virginia

text: On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.[145] Gov. Bob McDonnell announced on October 30 that Virginia had been "spared a significant event", but cited concerns about rivers cresting and consequent flooding of major arteries. Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration, with Gov. McDonnell saying he was "delighted" that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately. At Sandy's peak, more than 180,000 customers were without power, most of whom were located in Northern Virginia.[204][227] There were three Hurricane Sandy-related fatalities in the state.[7][158]

text: Mid-Atlantic

text: Maryland and Washington, D.C.

text: The Supreme Court and the United States Government Office of Personnel Management were closed on October 30,[228][229] and schools were closed for two days.[230] MARC train and Virginia Railway Express were closed on October 30, and Metro rail and bus service were on Sunday schedule, opening at 2 p.m., until the system closes.[231]

text: At least 100 feet (30 m) of a fishing pier in Ocean City was destroyed. Governor Martin O'Malley said the pier was "half-gone".[232] Due to high winds, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge on I-95 were closed.[233] During the storm, the Mayor of Salisbury instituted a Civil Emergency and a curfew.[234] Interstate 68 in far western Maryland and northern West Virginia closed due to heavy snow, stranding multiple vehicles and requiring assistance from the National Guard.[235] Workers in Howard County tried to stop a sewage overflow caused by a power outage October 30. Raw sewage spilled at a rate of 2 million gallons per hour. It was unclear how much sewage had flowed into the Little Patuxent River.[236] Over 311,000 people were left without power as a result of the storm.[204]

text: Delaware

text: By the afternoon of October 29, rainfall at Rehoboth Beach totaled 6.53 inches (166 mm). Other precipitation reports include nearly 7 inches (180 mm) at Indian River Inlet and more than 4 inches (100 mm) in Dover and Bear. At 4 p.m. on October 29, Delmarva Power reported on its website that more than 13,900 customers in Delaware and portions of the Eastern Shore of Maryland had lost electric service as high winds brought down trees and power lines. About 3,500 of those were in New Castle County, 2,900 were in Sussex, and more than 100 were in Kent County. Some residents in Kent and Sussex Counties experienced power outages that lasted up to nearly six hours. At the peak of the storm, more than 45,000 customers in Delaware were without power.[204] The Delaware Memorial Bridge speed limit was reduced to 25 mph (40 km/h) and the two outer lanes in each direction were closed. Officials planned to close the span entirely if sustained winds exceeded 50 mph (80 km/h). A wind gust of 64 mph (103 km/h) was measured at Lewes just before 2:30 p.m. on October 29. Delaware Route 1 was closed due to water inundation between Dewey Beach and Fenwick Island. In Dewey Beach, flood waters were 1 to 2 feet (0.30 to 0.61 m) in depth.[237] Following the impact in Delaware, President Barack Obama declared the entire state a federal disaster area, providing money and agencies for disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Sandy.[238]

text: New Jersey

text: A 50-foot (15 m) piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. Half the city of Hoboken flooded; the city of 50,000 had to evacuate two of its fire stations, the EMS headquarters, and the hospital. With the city cut off from area hospitals and fire suppression mutual aid, the city's Mayor asked for National Guard help.[225] In the early morning of October 30, authorities in Bergen County, New Jersey, evacuated residents after a berm overflowed and flooded several communities. Police Chief of Staff Jeanne Baratta said there were up to five feet (1.5 m) of water in the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry. The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues were undertaken in Carlstadt.[239] Baratta said the three towns had been "devastated" by the flood of water.[240] At the peak of the storm, more than 2,600,000 customers were without power.[204] There were 43 Hurricane Sandy-related deaths in the state of New Jersey.[7][241] Damage in the state was estimated at $36.8 billion.[242]

text: Pennsylvania

text: Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter said the city would have no mass transit operations on any lines October 30.[206] All major highways in and around the city of Philadelphia were closed on October 29 during the hurricane, including Interstate 95, the Blue Route portion of Interstate 476, the Vine Street Expressway, Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), and the Roosevelt Expressway; U.S. Route 1.[243] The highways reopened at 4 a.m. on October 30.[243] The Delaware River Port Authority also closed its major crossings over the Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey due to high winds, including the Commodore Barry Bridge, the Walt Whitman Bridge, the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge.[243] Trees and powerlines were downed throughout Altoona, and four buildings partially collapsed.[244] More than 1.2 million were left without power.[79] The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency reported 14 deaths believed to be related to Sandy.[245]

text: New York

text: New York governor Andrew Cuomo called National Guard members to help in the state. Storm impacts in Upstate New York were much more limited than in New York City; there was some flooding and a few downed trees.[246] Rochester area utilities reported slightly fewer than 19,000 customers without power, in seven counties.[247] In the state as a whole, however, more than 2,000,000 customers were without power at the peak of the storm.[204]

text: Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg announced that New York City public schools would be closed on Tuesday, October 30 and Wednesday, October 31, but they remained closed through Friday, November 2.[248] CUNY and NYU canceled all classes and campus activities for October 30.[249] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985.[250] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[251]

text: The East River overflowed its banks, flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft.[252] Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded.[253] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108-year history of the New York City subway system.[254] Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site.[255] Over 10 billion gallons of raw and partially treated sewage were released by the storm, 94% of which went into waters in and around New York and New Jersey.[256] In addition, a four-story Chelsea building's facade crumbled and collapsed, leaving the interior on full display; however, no one was hurt by the falling masonry.[257] The Atlantic Ocean storm surge also caused considerable flood damage to homes, buildings, roadways, boardwalks and mass transit facilities in low-lying coastal areas of the outer boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn and Staten Island.

text: After receiving many complaints that holding the marathon would divert needed resources, Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been canceled. The event was to take place on Sunday, November 4. Marathon officials said that they did not plan to reschedule.[258]

text: Gas shortages throughout the region led to an effort by the U.S. federal government to bring in gasoline and set up mobile truck distribution at which people could receive up to 10 gallons of gas, free of charge. This caused lines of up to 20 blocks long and was quickly suspended.[259] On Thursday, November 8, Mayor Bloomberg announced odd-even rationing of gasoline would be in effect beginning November 9 until further notice.[260]

text: On November 26, Governor Cuomo called Sandy "more impactful" than Hurricane Katrina, and estimated costs to New York at $42 billion.[261] Approximately 100,000 residences on Long Island were destroyed or severely damaged, including 2,000 that were rendered uninhabitable.[262] There were 53 Hurricane Sandy-related deaths in the state of New York.[263] In 2016, the hurricane was determined to have been the worst to strike the New York City area since at least 1700.[264]

text: New England

text: Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer Cape Cod and Buzzards Bay.[265] Nearly 300,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts,[204] and roads and buildings were flooded.[266] Over 100,000 customers lost power in Rhode Island.[267] Most of the damage was along the coastline, where some communities were flooded.[268] Mount Washington, New Hampshire saw the strongest measured wind gust from the storm at 140 mph.[269] Nearly 142,000 customers lost power in the state.[204]

text: Appalachia and Midwest

text: West Virginia

text: Sandy's rain became snow in the Appalachian mountains, leading to blizzard conditions in some areas, especially West Virginia,[3] when a tongue of dense and heavy Arctic air pushed south through the region. This would normally cause a Nor'easter, prompting some to dub Sandy a "nor'eastercane" or "Frankenstorm".[270] There was 1–3 feet (30–91 cm) of snowfall in 28 of West Virginia's 55 counties.[3][271] The highest snowfall accumulation was 36 inches (91 cm) near Richwood.[3] Other significant totals include 32 inches (81 cm) in Snowshoe, 29 inches (74 cm) in Quinwood,[272] and 28 inches (71 cm) in Davis, Flat Top, and Huttonsville.[273] By the morning of October 31, there were still 36 roads closed due to downed trees, powerlines, and snow in the road.[272] Approximately 271,800 customers lost power during the storm.[204]

text: There were reports of collapsed buildings in several counties due to the sheer weight of the wet, heavy snow.[274] Overall, there were seven fatalities related to Hurricane Sandy and its remnants in West Virginia,[275] including John Rose, Sr., the Republican candidate for the state's 47th district in the state legislature, who was killed in the aftermath of the storm by a falling tree limb broken off by the heavy snowfall.[276] Governor Earl Ray Tomblin asked President Obama for a federal disaster declaration, and on October 30, President Obama approved a state of emergency declaration for the state.[277]

text: Ohio

text: Wind gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[278] On October 30, hundreds of school districts canceled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power.[279] Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding.[278] Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland. Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus.[279]

text: Michigan

text: The US Department of Energy reported that more than 120,000 customers lost power in Michigan as a result of the storm.[204] The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet (7 m) high were reported on southern Lake Huron.[141]

text: Kentucky

text: More than one foot (300 mm) of snow fell in eastern Kentucky as Sandy merged with an Arctic front.[280] Winter warnings in Harlan, Letcher, and Pike County were put into effect until October 31.[281]

text: Canada

text: The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105 km/h (63 mph). A 121 km/h (72 mph) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge.[282] One woman died after being hit by a piece of flying debris in Toronto.[154] At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power,[283] and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.[284] Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the Laurentides region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the Eastern Townships and 1,700 customers in Montreal.[285] Hundreds of flights were canceled.[286] Around 14,000 customers in Nova Scotia lost power during the height of the storm.[287] The Insurance Bureau of Canada's preliminary damage estimate was over $100 million for the nation.[160]

text: Aftermath

text: Relief efforts

text: Several media organizations contributed to the immediate relief effort: Disney–ABC Television Group held a "Day of Giving" on Monday, November 5, raising $17 million on their television stations for the American Red Cross[288] and NBC raised $23 million during their Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together telethon the same day.[289] On 31 October 2012, News Corporation donated $1 million to relief efforts in the New York metropolitan area.[290] As of December 2013, the NGO Hurricane Sandy New Jersey Relief Fund had distributed much of the funding raised in New Jersey.[291]

text: On November 6, the United Nations and World Food Programme promised humanitarian aid to at least 500,000 people in Santiago de Cuba.[292]

text: On December 12, 2012, the 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Various television channels in the United States and internationally aired the four-hour concert which was expected to reach over 1 billion people worldwide, featuring Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Dave Grohl, Billy Joel, Alicia Keys, Chris Martin, Paul McCartney, The Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Roger Waters, Eddie Vedder, Kanye West, and The Who. Web sites including Fuse.tv, MTV.com, YouTube, and the sites of AOL and Yahoo! planned to stream the performance.[293]

text: On December 28, 2012, the United States Senate approved an emergency Hurricane Sandy relief bill to provide $60 billion for US states affected by Sandy,[294] but the House in effect postponed action until the next session which began January 3 by adjourning without voting on the bill.[295] On January 4, 2013 House leaders pledged to vote on a flood insurance bill and an aid package by January 15.[296] On January 28, the Senate passed the $50.5 billion Sandy aid bill by a count of 62–36.[297] which President Obama signed into law January 29.[298]

text: In January 2013, The New York Times reported that those affected by the hurricane were still struggling to recover.[299]

text: In June 2013, NY Governor Andrew Cuomo set out to centralize recovery and rebuilding efforts in impacted areas of New York State by establishing the Governor's Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR). He aimed to address communities' most urgent needs, and to identify innovative and enduring solutions to strengthen the State's infrastructure and critical systems. Operating under the umbrella of New York Rising, GOSR utilized approximately $3.8 billion in flexible funding made available by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development's (HUD) Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) program to concentrate aid in four main areas: housing, small business, infrastructure, and the community reconstruction.[300]

text: On December 6, 2013, an analysis of Federal Emergency Management Agency data showed that fewer than half of those affected who requested disaster recovery assistance had received any, and a total of 30,000 residents of New York and New Jersey remained displaced.[301]

text: In March 2014, Newsday reported, that 17 months after the hurricane people displaced from rental units on Long Island faced unique difficulties due to lack of affordable rental housing and delays in housing program implementations by New York State. Close to 9,000 rental units on Long Island were damaged by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, and Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in 2011 per the NY State Governor's Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR).[302] New York State officials said that additional assistance would soon be available from the HUD's Community Development Block Grant funds via the New York Rising program.[303] On March 15, 2014, a group of those who remained displaced by the hurricane organized a protest at the Nassau Legislative building in Mineola, New York, to raise awareness of their frustration with the timeline for receiving financial assistance from the New York Rising program.[304]

text: As of March 2014[update], the GOSR released a press statement, that the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program had distributed more than $280 million in payments to 6,388 homeowners for damage from Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Irene or Tropical Storm Lee. Every eligible homeowner who had applied by January 20, 2014 had been issued a check for home reconstruction, including over 4,650 Nassau residents for over $201 million and over 1,350 Suffolk residents for over $65 million. The State also had made offers over $293 million to buyout homes of 709 homeowners.[305]

text: Political impact

text: Hurricane Sandy sparked much political commentary. Many scientists said warming oceans and greater atmospheric moisture were intensifying storms while rising sea levels were worsening coastal effects. November 2012 Representative Henry Waxman of California, the top Democrat of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, requested a hearing in the lame duck session on links between climate change and Hurricane Sandy.[306] Some news outlets labeled the storm the October surprise of the 2012 United States Presidential election,[307][308] while Democrats and Republicans accused each other of politicizing the storm.[309]

text: The storm hit the United States one week before its general United States elections, and affected the presidential campaign, local and state campaigns in storm-damaged areas. New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, one of Mitt Romney's leading supporters, praised President Barack Obama and his reaction to the hurricane, and toured storm-damaged areas of his state with the president.[310] It was reported at the time that Sandy might affect elections in several states, especially by curtailing early voting.[311] The Economist wrote, "[...]the weather is supposed to clear up well ahead of election day, but the impact could be felt in the turnout of early voters."[312] ABC News predicted this might be offset by a tendency to clear roads and restore power more quickly in urban areas.[313] The storm ignited a debate over whether Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney in 2011 proposed to eliminate the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).[314] The next day the Romney campaign promised to keep FEMA funded, but did not explain what other parts of the federal budget it would cut to pay for it.[315] Beyond the election, National Defense Magazine said Sandy "might cause a rethinking (in the USA) of how climate change threatens national security".[316]

text: In his news conference on November 14, President Obama said "... we can't attribute any particular weather event to climate change. What we do know is the temperature around the globe is increasing faster than was predicted even 10 years ago. We do know that the Arctic ice cap is melting faster than was predicted even five years ago. We do know that there have been extraordinarily — there have been an extraordinarily large number of severe weather events here in North America, but also around the globe. And I am a firm believer that climate change is real, that it is impacted by human behavior and carbon emissions. And as a consequence, I think we've got an obligation to future generations to do something about it."[317]

text: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.[318]

text: Financial markets impact

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)

text: Power outages and flooding in the area closed the New York Stock Exchange and other financial markets on both October 29 and 30, a weather-related closure that last happened in 1888.[319] When markets reopened on October 31, investors were relieved that it closed relatively flat that day. A week later, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners Capital Markets Bureau noted a slight uptick in the market (0.8%) and suggested that the negative economic impact of Hurricane Sandy was offset by the expected positive impacts of rebuilding.[320]

text: Media coverage

text: As Hurricane Sandy approached the United States, forecasters and journalists gave it several different unofficial names, at first related to its projected snow content, then to its proximity to Halloween, and eventually to the overall size of the storm. Early nicknames included "Snowicane Sandy"[321] and "Snor'eastercane Sandy".[322][323] The most popular Halloween-related nickname was "Frankenstorm",[324][325] coined by Jim Cisco, a forecaster at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.[326][327][328] CNN banned the use of the term, saying it trivialized the destruction.[329][330]

text: The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States, as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system, resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane "Superstorm Sandy" by the media, public officials, and several organizations, including U.S. government agencies.[331][332][333][334][335][336][337] This persisted as the most common nickname well into 2013.[338][339] The term was also embraced by climate change proponents as a term for the new type of storms caused by global warming,[340][improper synthesis?] while other writers used the term but maintained that it was too soon to blame the storm on climate change.[341][342] Meanwhile, Popular Science called it "an imaginary scare-term that exists exclusively for shock value".[343]

text: Insurance fraud claims

text: Thousands of homeowners were denied their flood insurance claims based upon fraudulent engineers' reports, according to the whistleblowing efforts of Andrew Braum, an engineer who claimed that at least 175 of his more than 180 inspections were doctored.[344][345] As a result, a class-action racketeering lawsuit has been filed against several insurance companies and their contract engineering firms.[346] As of 2015[update], the Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to review all flood insurance claims.[347]

text: Baby boom

text: New Jersey hospitals saw a spike in births nine months after Sandy, causing some to believe that there was a post-Sandy baby boom. The Monmouth Medical Center saw a 35% jump, and two other hospitals saw 20% increases.[348] An expert stated that post-storm births that year were higher than in past disasters.[349]

text: Retirement of the name

text: Because of the exceptional damage and deaths caused by the storm in many countries, the name Sandy was later retired by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never be used again for a North Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced with Sara for the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season.[350]

text: In popular culture

text: In the Syfy television movie Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!, a radar image of Sandy can be seen (close to its landfall in New Jersey), but represented fictionally as an unnamed tropical storm heading towards Washington D.C. The storm is also featured in an episode of Shades of Blue.


document_title: Islamabad

question_text: when did islamabad became the capital of pakistan

text: Islamabad

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name of the city, Islamabad is derived from two words, Islam and abad, meaning "City of Islam". Islam is an Arabic word which refers to the religion of Islam and -abad is a Persian place name that means inhabited place or city.[19]

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia.[20] Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period.[21] Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.[22]

text: Excavations have revealed evidence of a prehistoric culture.Recently, in 2015/16 Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage Islamabad carried out first archaeological excavation in Islamabad and exposed the remains of a Buddhist stupa situated at Ban Faqiran near Shah Allah Ditta Caves. This stupa belongs to 2nd to 5th century AC . [23] Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone was the team leader of the project. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BC that show this region was home to Neolithic people who settled on the banks of the Swaan River,[20] who developed small communities in the region at around 3000 BC.[21][24] One end of the Indus Valley Civilization flourished here between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community.[20] A Buddhist town once existed in the region.[25] Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani used the corridor through Islamabad on their way to invade the Indian Subcontinent.[20]

text:
15th century Pharwala Fort beside the Swaan River

The popular Shrine of Meher Ali Shah was completed immediately before construction began on the future capital city just east of the shrine.

The caves at Shah Allah Ditta, on Islamabad's outskirts, were part of an ancient Buddhist monastic community

The restored village of Saidpur predates the surrounding city of Islamabad.

tag: ul

text: Construction and development[edit]

text: When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its first national capital. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons.[26] Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on the colonial centre of Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it equally distributed. Moreover, Karachi was located at the southern end of the country, making it vulnerable to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country.[27][28] Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.[29] The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north.[20]

text: In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959.[27][30] A Greek firm of architects, Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills.[31] The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early sixties and then to Islamabad when the essential development work was completed in 1966.[32]

text: Recent history[edit]

text: Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan.[33] As the capital city it has hosted a number of important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit.[34] Year 2014 has brought in major changes in Islamabad. Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus began on 28 February 2014 which was completed in March 2015, with 60 buses plying on the route. The Rawalpindi Development Authority took care of the project with a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab.[35] In October 2005, the city suffered some damage due to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6.[36] Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing.[37] In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer.[38]

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text:
Margalla Hills, Islamabad

Islamabad's verdant cityscape merges directly with the Margalla Hills

Constitution Avenue

Islamabad's deciduous trees change colours in autumn

text: Islamabad is located at 33°26′N 73°02′E / 33.43°N 73.04°E / 33.43; 73.04 at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory. Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft).[39][40] The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi stand side by side and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities,[41] where no exact boundary exists between the two cities.[29]

text: To the northeast of the city lies the hill station of Murree, and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila, Wah Cantt, and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan, Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad, 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar, 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNW of Lahore, and 300 kilometres (190 mi) WSW of Srinagar, the capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

text: The city of Islamabad expanses an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi).[42] A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located.[43]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha).[44] The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995.[45] Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967.[46][47] The city has recorded snowfall. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking 620 mm (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.[48][49]

text:
hideClimate data for Islamabad (1961–1990)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
30.1
(86.2)
30.0
(86)
34.4
(93.9)
40.6
(105.1)
45.6
(114.1)
46.6
(115.9)
45.0
(113)
42.0
(107.6)
38.1
(100.6)
37.8
(100)
32.2
(90)
28.3
(82.9)
46.6
(115.9)

Average high °C (°F)
17.7
(63.9)
19.1
(66.4)
23.9
(75)
30.1
(86.2)
35.3
(95.5)
38.7
(101.7)
35.0
(95)
33.4
(92.1)
33.5
(92.3)
30.9
(87.6)
25.4
(77.7)
19.7
(67.5)
28.6
(83.5)

Daily mean °C (°F)
10.1
(50.2)
12.1
(53.8)
16.9
(62.4)
22.6
(72.7)
27.5
(81.5)
31.2
(88.2)
29.7
(85.5)
28.5
(83.3)
27.0
(80.6)
22.4
(72.3)
16.5
(61.7)
11.6
(52.9)
21.3
(70.3)

Average low °C (°F)
2.6
(36.7)
5.1
(41.2)
9.9
(49.8)
15.0
(59)
19.7
(67.5)
23.7
(74.7)
24.3
(75.7)
23.5
(74.3)
20.6
(69.1)
13.9
(57)
7.5
(45.5)
3.4
(38.1)
14.1
(57.4)

Record low °C (°F)
−6.1
(21)
−2.2
(28)
−0.3
(31.5)
5.1
(41.2)
10.5
(50.9)
15.0
(59)
17.8
(64)
17.0
(62.6)
13.3
(55.9)
5.7
(42.3)
−0.6
(30.9)
−4.1
(24.6)
−6.1
(21)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
56.1
(2.209)
73.5
(2.894)
89.8
(3.535)
61.8
(2.433)
39.2
(1.543)
62.2
(2.449)
267.0
(10.512)
309.9
(12.201)
98.2
(3.866)
29.3
(1.154)
17.8
(0.701)
37.3
(1.469)
1,142.1
(44.966)

Mean monthly sunshine hours
195.7
187.1
202.3
252.4
311.9
300.1
264.4
250.7
262.2
275.5
247.9
195.6
2,945.8

Source #1: NOAA (normals)[50]

Source #2: PMD (extremes)[51]

text: Cityscape[edit]

text:
Zones in Islamabad

Zone
Area

acres
km2

I
54,958.25
222.4081

II
9,804.92
39.6791

III
50,393.01
203.9333

IV
69,814.35
282.5287

V
39,029.45
157.9466

Source:
Lahore Real Estate[52]

text: Civic administration[edit]

text: The main administrative authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city.[53][54] Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.[55] Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area.[52] Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km (1 1⁄4 mi × 1 1⁄4 mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.[56]

text: Sectors[edit]

text: Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17),[52] of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.[55] The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17.[52] Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.[55] In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University.[57][58][59] The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed.[52] F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F-8 sector.[55] G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17.[52] Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8,[55] and the Karachi Company shopping center in G-9.

text: The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17.[52] The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12.[55] The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.[55] Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.[52]

text: Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area[edit]

text: When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.[60][61] However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab .[62]

text: Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway.[61] Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway.[63] Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.[60]

text:
Mega Mall of Islamabad The Centaurus

PTET & ISE Tower

Pakistan Secretariat

Star and Crescent Monument near the start of Shakarparian

Faisal Mosque

Daman-e-Koh Park

Sunset over the Lake View Park

view of Blue Area, the commercial hub of the city.

Blue Area

Pakistan Monument

Constitution Avenue in Islamabad

Saidpur villagekami

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Islamabad's architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti, Prime Minister’s secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone.[30]

text: The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture.[64] The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.[65] The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions.[66] The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC.[67] The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city.[68]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±%

1972
77,000
—

1981
204,000
+164.9%

1998
529,180
+159.4%

2017
1,014,825
+91.8%

Source: [69][70]

text: The mother tongue of the majority of the population is Punjabi, at 68% and the major dialect is Pothohari. 15% of the population are Pashto speakers, 18% speak other languages.[71] The total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority (691,977) coming from Punjab. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from Sindh and rest from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir. Smaller populations emigrated from Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan, and Gilgit–Baltistan.[72]

text: The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15.[73] Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%.[74] 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree.[75] The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213[76] and the unemployment rate is 15.70%.[77]

text: Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.53% of the population Muslim. In rural areas this percentage is 98.80%. Per 1998 census in urban areas the percentage of Muslims is 97.83%. The second largest religion is Christianity, with 4.07% of the population, 0.94% in rural areas and 5.70% in the city. Hinduism accounts for 0.02% of the population, and other minorities 0.03%.[78]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP.[79] Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange, and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange.[80] The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares.[81]

text: According to the World Bank's Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan.[82] Islambad's businesses are Pakistan's most compliant for paying tax dues.[83] As of 2012[update], Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.[84]

text: Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Some jobs have relocated from India to Islamabad.[85] Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.[86] Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea.[87]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan, Soanian, and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad.[88][89] Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan.[89]

text: Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda.[90] The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif, which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region.[91] The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people.[92]

text: The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan.[93]

text: Education[edit]

text: Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%,[74] and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country.[94] A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organisations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards, O/A Levels, or IGCSE. According to Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognised institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious, 367 primary, 162 middle, 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges).[95] There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty.[95]

text: The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys only institutes, 175 girls only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad.[95] Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls.[95] There are 16 recognised universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers.[95] Most of the top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, also have their headquarters in the capital.[16] The world's second largest general university by enrolment, Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University, Bahria University, Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Capital University of Science & Technology, National Defence University, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages, Iqra University, International Islamic University, Virtual University of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University The University of Lahore, Abasyn University and The Millennium University College.

text:
NUST
Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering
Foundation University
Institute of Space Technology
International Islamic University
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Quaid-i-Azam University
SZABIST
[University of Lahore]]
University College of Islamabad
[Abasyn university]]
Roots Ivy College

text: Health care[edit]

text: Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand.[96] Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services.[97] The hospital has 30 major medical departments.[98] PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties.[99]

text: The Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank.[100] The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services.[101] PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center.[102]

text: PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.[103] The hospital consists of a 100[103]-bed facility and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, General Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care Unit/Coronary Care Unit, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Radiology, and Dental Department.[104] Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations.[105] According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries, and 5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds.[106]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world through Islamabad International Airport. The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located outside Islamabad in Fateh Jang.

text: Public transport[edit]

text: The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 24 km (14.9 mi) bus rapid transit system that serves the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan. It uses dedicated bus lanes for all of its route covering 24 bus stations. Metro Bus has Unique existing in Pakistan that was the project given by Turkey to Pakistan. This Service covers a huge distance from city Saddar, Rawalpindi to Pak-Secretariat, Islamabad. This Service is very reliable and is producing consistent results as Labor force as well as students are using this govt. provided service on daily basis. It has reduced the time consumption by reducing the route. Now this bus service is being extended to more areas in Islamabad that include areas near G-13 and H-12. Work is currently being done to keep it along the Kashmir Highway.[107].

text: Private transport[edit]

text: People use private transport like Taxi, Careem and Uber for their local journey. In March, 2016 Careem become functional Islamabad and Rawalpindi with an exciting services of Taxi.

text: Roadways[edit]

text: M-2 Motorway is 367 km (228 mi) long and connect Islamabad and Lahore.[108] M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is 155 km (96 mi) long.[108] Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.[109]

text: Sports[edit]

text: Islamabad has a multi-purpose Sports Complex opposite Aabpara. The complex includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. 2004 SAF Games were held in the stadium. There is another Multipurpose Sports Complex in the F6 Markaz. Offered facilities include Tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre-glass boards and a Futsal ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad. Major sports in the city include Cricket, Football, Squash, Hockey, Table Tennis, Rugby and Boxing.[110] The city is home to Islamabad United which won the first ever Pakistan Super League in 2016[111] and Islamabad All Stars which participates in the Super Kabaddi League. Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills.[112] Swimming pools of Pakistan Sports Complex are good. There are three pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends. Few swimmers, however, demand more hygienic conditions in showers and rest rooms.[113]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Amman, Jordan[114]
 Beijing, China[115]
 Seoul, South Korea[116]
 Jakarta, Indonesia 1984, Restarted in 2010[117]
 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates[118]